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Lecture 25
Engineering 473
Machine Design
Lubrication Zones
Boundary Mixed-film Hydrodynamic
Boundary Lubrication Lubrication Lubrication Lubrication
Coefficient of Friction
Contact between
journal and bearing
Mixed-film Lubrication
Intermittent contact
µn
Journal rides on a fluid Bearing Parameter ≡
film. Film is created by the p
motion of the journal.
µ ≡ dynamic viscosity, lb - sec/in 2
n ≡ rotational speed, rev/sec
p ≡ pressure (force/projected area), psi
Stable/Unstable Lubrication
Hydrodynamic Lubrication
Boundary
Lubrication
Mixed-film
Lubrication
Hydrodynamic
Lubrication
is often referred to as stable
lubrication.
Coefficient of Friction
du
µ=τ
dy
Units
ips SI
lbf N
lbf − sec m2 N − sec
in 2 = = reyn =
in 2 m m2
in
sec sec
in m
β is equal to 2π for a
full bearing
We will only be
considering the full
bearing case.
Analysis Assumptions
æ dp ö æ ∂τ ö
å Fx = 0 = çè p + dx dx ÷ødydz + τdxdz − çç τ + ∂y dy ÷÷dxdz − pdydz
è ø
dp ∂τ ∂u dp ∂ 2u
= τ=µ =µ 2
dx ∂y ∂y dx ∂y
X-Momentum Equation
(Continued)
X-Momentum Eq.
dp ∂ 2u
=µ 2
dx ∂y
General Solution
∂ 2 u 1 dp
=
∂y 2
µ dx
∂u 1 dp Boundary Conditions
= y + C1 (x )
∂y µ dx y = 0, u = 0
1 dp 2 y = h(x), u = -U
u= y + C1 (x )y + C2 (x )
2µ dx
X-Momentum Equation
(Continued)
1 dp 2
u= y + C1 (x )y + C2 (x )
2µ dx
y = 0, u = 0 C2 (x ) = 0
U h (x ) dp
y = h(x), u = -U C1 (x ) = − −
h (x ) 2µ dx
u=
1 dp 2
2µ dx
(
y − h (x )y −
U
)
h (x )
y
Note that h(x) and
dp/dx are not known
at this point.
Mass Flow Rate
h (x )
= ρ ò udy
m
0
h (x )
=ρ
m ò
æ 1 dp 2
çç ( )
y − h (x )y −
U ö
y ÷÷dy
h (x ) ø
0 è 2µ dx
é h (x )3 dp Uh (x )ù
= ρ ê−
m − ú
ë 12µ dx 2 û
Conservation of Mass
é h (x )3 dp Uh (x ) ù
= ρ ê−
m − ú
ë 12µ dx 2 û
d h (x ) dp ö
æ 3
dh
ç ÷ = −6 U
dx è µ dx ÷ø
ç dx Reynold’s Equation
h(x) Relationship
cr = radial clearance
θ
e
ε=
cr
h (θ ) = c r (1 + ε ⋅ cos θ )
e h min = c r (1 − ε )
h max = c r (1 + ε )
æ æ 2x ö ö
h (x ) = c r çç1 + ε ⋅ cos ç ÷ ÷÷
è è D øø
Sommerfeld Solution
A. Sommerfeld solved these
d h (x ) dp ö
æ equations in 1904 to find the
3
dh
ç ÷ = −6 U pressure distribution around the
dx è µ dx ÷ø
ç dx bearing.
∂ æ h (x ) dp ö ∂ æ h (x ) dp ö
3 3
∂h Governing
ç ÷− ç ÷ = −6U
∂x çè µ dx ÷ø ∂z çè µ dz ÷ø ∂x Equation
µU æ l2 2ö 3ε ⋅ sinθ
p = 2 çç − z ÷÷ 0≤θ≤π
rcr è 4 ø (1 + ε ⋅ cosθ )3
Short-Bearing Pressure Distributions
%
Assignment