Succeeding With Technology Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain

Software from Conception to Installation and Beyond System Software Application Software Smart Software: Artificial Intelligence
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Succeeding with Technology 4th ed> Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Trends
There is a shift from a hardware view of computing to software & services
"Ten years out, in terms of actual hardware costs you can almost think of hardware as being free -- I'm not saying it will be absolutely free -- but in terms of the power of the servers, the power of the network will not be a limiting factor," Gates said, referring to networked computers and advances in the speed of the Internet.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Trends
Software has become more expensive than hardware for several reasons: Technology has resulted in reduced hardware costs. Software requires more time to develop. Developers salaries have increased.
Software from Conception to Installation and Beyond

Key Terms System software Application software Programming language Web service Copyright Software license Single-user license Open-source software Creative Commons license Shareware Software bugs & patches
Two Types of Software System Software

controls the hardware runs the computer system operating system disk management tools
Application Software
provides services for people programs written to perform tasks word processor, spreadsheets and database
How Software Works

Software consists of a number of files, at least one of which is executable Executable File: stores computer instructions in binary machine language
http://www.mozilla.com/firefox/
Programming Languages
A programming language is the primary tool of computer programmers, providing English-like commands for writing software that is translated into the detailed step-by-step instructions executed by the processor.
A Programming Statement in C++
cout << "\nPlease Enter The Password:";

Syntax: a set of rules that describe how programming statements and commands should be written.
Programming Languages
The evolution of programming languages can be thought of in terms of generations of languages.

Evolution of Programming Languages

Although programming languages have evolved beyond four generations, most software is developed using variations of third-level languages.
Visual Programming
Visual programming uses a graphical or visual interface for software development combined with programming language textbased commands.
Integrated Development Environment

Software today is created using an integrated development environment. An IDE combines all the tools required for software engineering into one package.
Object-oriented Programming
Object-oriented programming languages are based on the creation and interaction of reusable programming objects.
Web Service
Web service is a software system that automates tasks by controlling communication between computers over the Internet.
Application Programming Interface

The use of an API opens up a system or device so that others besides the manufacturer can develop software to run on the system or device.
Software Copyrights and Licenses

Copyright: defines exclusive rights legally granted to the owner. Software License: Defines permissions, rights, and restrictions provided to the person who purchases a copy of the software. Single User/Multiuser
Most PC software will not allow the user to install the software without first clicking I accept the terms in the License Agreement.
Freeware
Freeware is software that is made available to the public for free. Reasons include: build customer interest and name recognition wish to make a valuable donation to society others believe that all software should be free (www.fsf.org)
Open Source
Open-source software evolves from the combined contribution of its users.
The Free Software Directory (http://directory.fsf.org) lists over 5000 software titles in 22 categories licensed under the GPL.
Creative Commons License

Creative Commons license is designed to allow the creators of intellectual property to specify the terms of the license in order to grant certain freedoms to users, while still providing the owner with some control of the property and the ability to profit from the distribution of the work.
(http://creativecommons.org).
Off-the-shelf Software
Off-the-shelf software is mass-produced software designed for use by the general public. Shareware Marketed under a "try before you buy" philosophy
Subscription Model
With a software subscription you pay an annual fee for as long as you wish to use the software. This model is ideal for software such as virus protection that requires continuous updates.
Rich Internet Applications

Rich Internet applications are delivered using a Web interface.
Rich Internet Applications Examples
Custom-designed software
Custom Designed software, either inhouse developed or contracted, is software designed to solve a unique and specific problem. Companies will sometimes market their custom software to others in the industry.
Installing Software
Software for personal computers typically comes on CDs or is downloaded as a compressed file.
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System Software
Key Terms Operating system Command-based user interface Graphical User Interface Boot process Multitasking Device driver Utility programs Microsoft Windows Mac OS Linux
The Operating System

The software that controls the computers use of its hardware. Acts as an interface between application software and hardware.
Operating System Functions

Operating systems are designed to support a variety of computer platforms and uses, such as the following:
Single computer Single User Single computer Multiple Users Multiple computers
personal computer (desktop, notebook, or smart phone) that supports one user at a time
larger mainframe or server computers that can accommodate hundreds or thousands of people
large computer network with thousands of computers attached around the world or a home network with several computers
Special-purpose computers
embedded systems that control sophisticated military aircraft, the space shuttle, some home appliances, and a variety of other special-purpose computers
User Interface-Command-based
User Interface-Graphical User Interface
Multi-Tasking
Multitasking is the ability of the OS to run several programs or tasks at the same time.
Device Driver
Any device that connects to a computer includes associated software called the device driver that must be installed in order for the operating system to recognize and communicate with the device.
Managing Files
Windows users make use of a program named Documents to manage their files, while Mac users use Finder.
Utility Programs (the other system software)

Programs designed to assist the machine in running smoothly, securely, and efficiently: Virus Detection Spam and Pop-up blockers Adware & Spyware protection Defragmentation Windows Cleaners Programs that assist us in maintaining and manipulating system resources: File Compression (WinZip) File and Disk Management & Backup CD/DVD Burners
Application Software
Key Terms Word Processing Spreadsheet Software Optimization Presentation Software Database management Personal Information management Software Suites
Productivity Software
Word Processing: Document production Spreadsheet: Numeric analysis software often used for carrying out what if scenarios. Database: For managing and querying data records Presentation: For developing supportive visual aides to accompany a presentation.
Personal Information Management

PIM software helps individuals store useful information, such as to-do lists, appointment calendars, and contact lists. In addition, information in a PIM can be linked.
Software Suite
A software suite is a collection of application software packages sold together.
Additional Applications Software
Applications Software for Businesses and Organizations

Application software can be used to process routine transactions, provide information to help people make better decisions, and perform a number of specialized functions to handle unique but important tasks.
Call center employees use order entry software to access product information and place orders.
Software for Information, Decision Support, & Specialized Purposes

Physicians also use software to make better decisions. Sophisticated software is now being used to increase the cure rate.
Smart Software: AI
Key Terms Artificial Intelligence Turing Test Conventional AI Computational Intelligence Expert System Neural Network Fuzzy Logic Genetic Algorithm Robotics Computer vision Natural language processing Speech recognition Intelligent Agent Virtual reality
Artificial Intelligence
AI refers to the science and engineering of creating computer systems that simulate human thought and behavior.
Turing Test
A human judge engages in a natural language conversation with two other parties, one human, the other a machine; if the judge cannot reliably tell which is which, then the machine is said to pass the test.
Computational Intelligence
Conventional AI
Neural Networks
Fuzzy Systems
Evolutionary Computation
Expert Systems
Case-based Reasoning
Bayesian Networks
Behaviorbased AI
Conventional Intelligence
Relies on the programmer to instill the software with logical functionality to solve problems.
Conventional AI
Expert Systems
Bayesian Networks
Behaviorbased AI
Expert Systems
Expert systems are created with the assistance of a human expert who provides subjectspecific knowledge.
AI software maintains a library of problem cases and solutions when confronted by a new problem adjusts and applies a relevant previous solution to the new problem.
Retrieve
Reuse
Revise
Retain
Bayesian network
Is a graphical model that represents a set of variables and their relationships and dependencies.
Behavior-based
Is a methodology that simulates intelligence by combining many semiautonomous modules. Each module has a specific activity for which it is responsible.
Computational Intelligence
Sets up a system whereby the software can develop intelligence through an iterative process.
Neural Network
A neural network simulates the functioning of the neurons in a human brain in software. A neural network is loaded with a random program, and the output is measured against a desired output, which positively or negatively affects the pathways between neurons.
Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy logic is derived from fuzzy set theory, which deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than precise.
Genetic Algorithm
A genetic algorithm is a form of evolutionary computation that is used to solve large, complex problems where a number of algorithms or models change and evolve until the best one emerges.
AI Applications
Robotics Computer Vision Natural Language Processing
Speech Recognition
Handwriting Recognition Face Recognition Intelligent Agents Artificial Creativity

Virtual Reality
Virtual reality is often linked to artificial intelligence because it leans on AI technologies. Immersive virtual reality refers to a simulation in which the user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer.
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Chapter 3

Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain

Software from Conception to Installation and Beyond

Two Types of Software System Software

How Software Works

cout << "\nPlease Enter The Password:";

The evolution of programming languages can be thought of in terms of generations of languages.

Evolution of Programming Languages

Integrated Development Environment

Application Programming Interface

Software Copyrights and Licenses

Creative Commons License

Rich Internet Applications

Rich Internet Applications Examples

The Operating System

Operating System Functions

User Interface-Graphical User Interface

Utility Programs (the other system software)

Personal Information Management

Additional Applications Software

Applications Software for Businesses and Organizations

Software for Information, Decision Support, & Specialized Purposes

Handwriting Recognition Face Recognition Intelligent Agents Artificial Creativity

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