,17(*5$/'$1)81*6,75$16(1'(1

,QWHJUDOWDN7HQWXGDQ,QWHJUDO7HQWX )XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ

Konsep integral tak tentu diperkenalkan sebagai kebalikan operasi pendiferensialan., yaitu sebagai bentuk yang paling umum dari anti turunan. Integral tentu diperkenalkan sebagai limit jumlah Riemann sebagai generalisasi dari proses perhitungan luas daerah tertutup pada bidang datar. Keterkaitan antara kedua integral ini dikenal sebagai Teorema Dasar Kalkulus (TDK), yang salah satunya adalah turunan dari bentuk integral tentu dengan peubah di limit atasnya. Fungsi transenden yang kita kenal sampai saat ini adalah fungsi trigonometri. Dengan TDK dan konsep fungsi invers diperkenalkan fungsi transenden lain serta berbagai sifatnya, yaitu fungsi logaritma, eksponen, hiperbolik, invers trigonometri, dan invers hiperbolik.

,QWHJUDOWDN7HQWXGDQ,QWHJUDO7HQWX

,QWHJUDOWDN7HQWX 8QWXNIXQJVLI \DQJ WHUGHILQLVLSDGDVHODQJWHUEXND,NLWDDNDQPHQHQWXNDQVXDWX IXQJVL ) \DQJ PHPHQXKL ) c[ I [ SDGD , )XQJVL ) VHSHUWL LQL GLQDPDNDQ DQWL WXUXQDQ DWDXIXQJVLSULPLWLI GDULIXQJVLI SDGDVHODQJ,8QWXNIXQJVLI \DQJ GLNHWDKXL NLWD GDSDW PHPSXQ\DL OHELK GDUL VDWX DQWL WXUXQDQ VHSHUWL GLSHUOLKDWNDQ SDGD LOXVWUDVL EHULNXW ,OXVWUDVL )XQJVLI [ VLQ[[ 5 PHPSXQ\DLEHEHUDSDDQWLWXUXQDQ'LVLQL WHUGDSDWWLJDIXQJVL) \DQJPHPHQXKL) c[ I [SDGD5\DLWX .DUHQD )[
   FRV[)[

VLQ [GDQ)[

FRV [

)c[ )c[

   VLQ[ VLQ[ I [ VLQ[ FRV[ VLQ[ I [

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


FRV[VLQ[ VLQ[ I [

PDND IXQJVL ) ) GDQ ) VHPXDQ\D DGDODK DQWL WXUXQDQ GDUL IXQJVL I SDGD 5 +XEXQJDQ DQWDUDNHWLJDDQWLWXUXQDQGDULIXQJVLI WHUVHEXWDGDODK      FRV[ VLQ [   FRV [    )HQRPHQD SDGD LOXVWUDVL LQL PHQ\DWDNDQ EDKZD DQWL WXUXQDQ GDUL VXDWX IXQJVL WLGDN WXQJJDODQWLWXUXQDQ\DQJ VDWXGDQ\DQJ ODLQQ\DEHUEHGDGHQJDQVXDWXNRQVWDQWDUHDO +DOLQLGLGDVDUNDQDWDVWHRUHPDEHULNXW 7HRUHPD 0LVDONDQIXQJVLI WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQSDGDVHODQJWHUEXND,-LNDI c[ SDGD,PDNDI [ && NRQVWDQWDUHDO 

)c[

%XNWL 7HWDSNDQWLWLN[ SDGDVHODQJ,)XQJVLI \DQJWHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQSDGD, PHPHQXKL 715SDGDVHODQJWHUWXWXS\DQJWLWLNXMXQJQ\D[ GDQ[GHQJDQ[ ,$NLEDWQ\DWHUGD SDWS GLDQWDUD[ GDQ[ VHKLQJJD I  [   I  [  I c S [  [ .DUHQDI c[ SDGD,PDNDI cS  VHKLQJJDSDGDVHODQJ, EHUODNXI [ $PELOODK& I [PDNDI [ && NRQVWDQWDUHDOT $NLEDW-LNDI c[ J c[SDGDVHODQJ,PDNDI [ I [ J[ && NRQVWDQWDUHDO

%XNWL .DUHQDI c[ J c[SDGD,PDNDI  Jc[ SDGD,%HUGDVDUNDQ7HRUH PDI  J [ &VHKLQJJDI [ J[ && NRQVWDQWDUHDOT .HPEDOLSDGD,OXVWUDVLNDUHQD)c[ )c[ )c[ I [PDNDEHUGDVDU NDQ$NLEDWGLSHUROHKEDKZD))GDQ) KDQ\DEHUEHGDVXDWXNRQVWDQWDUHDO

$QWL'LIHUHQVLDO .DUHQDDQWLWXUXQDQGDULVXDWXIXQJVLWLGDNWXQJJDOPDNDNLWDPHP SXQ\DLEHQWXNDQWLWXUXQDQ\DQJ SDOLQJXPXP GDULVXDWX IXQJVL SDGD VHODQJ , %HQWXN XPXP GDUL DQWL WXUXQDQ LQL GLQDPDNDQ DQWL GLIHUHQVLDO %HUGDVDUNDQ $NLEDW  DQWL GLIHUHQVLDOGDULIXQJVLI SDGDVHODQJ, DGDODKIXQJVL\ )[  &GHQJDQ) c[ I [ SDGD , ,QWHJUDO WDN 7HQWX 3URVHV PHQHQWXNDQ DQWL GLIHUHQVLDO GDUL IXQJVL I SDGD VHODQJ , GLQDPDNDQLQWHJUDOWDNWHQWX GDULIXQJVLI SDGDVHODQJ,GDQGLWXOLVGHQJDQODPEDQJ I [G[ )[ &) VXDWXDQWLWXUXQDQGDULI SDGD, /DPEDQJ I [G[ GLEDFDLQWHJUDOWDNWHQWXGDULIXQJVLI ,OXVWUDVL -LND)[ [PDNDG)[ [ G['DULVLQLGLSHUROHK G) [ [ G[ [  & )[ & /DPEDQJ [ G[ [  & PHQ\DWDNDQEDKZDLQWHJUDOWDNWHQWXGDULIXQJVLI [ [[ 5 WHUKDGDS SHXEDK[ KDVLOQ\DDGDODKIXQJVL)[ [  &[ 5 GDQ& NRQVWDQWDUHDO

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



.DUHQD KDVLO LQWHJUDO WDN WHQWX DGDODK VXDWX DQWL WXUXQDQ GLWDPEDK NRQVWDQWD UHDO PDNDUXPXVLQWHJUDOWDNWHQWXODQJVXQJDNDQGLSHUROHKGDULUXPXVGLIHUHQVLDO\DQJEHU NDLWDQ%HUGDVDUNDQLQLNLWDPHPSXQ\DLUXPXVLQWHJUDOWDNWHQWXSDGDWHRUHPDEHULNXW 7HRUHPD $ % 5XPXVGDVDU  I [ J [ G[  N I [G[ 5XPXVUXPXV,QWHJUDOWDN7HQWX I [G[  J[G[

5XPXVLQWHJUDOGHQJDQSHQJJDQWLDQ 0LVDONDQIXQJVLJ WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQSDGD'J GDQ5J , 'J5JGDQ, VXDWXVHODQJ-LNDIXQJVL) DGDODKVXDWXDQWLWXUXQDQGDUL IXQJVLI SDGD,PDNDGHQJDQSHQJJDQWLDQX J[GLSHUROHK 5XPXVLQWHJUDOSDUVLDO -LNDIXQJVLX GDQY WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQSDGDVHODQJ,PDND X GY XY  Y GX 5XPXVWHNQLV\DQJEHUNDLWDQGHQJDQIXQJVL\ [QQ ELODQJDQUDVLRQDO [ Q [ Q G[  & Q ELODQJDQUDVLRQDOGDQQ z  Q  5XPXVWHNQLV\DQJEHUNDLWDQGHQJDQIXQJVLWULJRQRPHWUL VLQ[ G[ FRV[  & FVF [ G[ FRW[  & FRV[ G[ VLQ[  & VHF[ WDQ[ G[ VHF[  & VHF [ G[ WDQ[  & FVF[ FRW[ G[ FVF[  & I J[ J c[G[ I XGX )X & )J[  &

N I [G[N NRQVWDQWD

& '

&DWDWDQ 3DGDUXPXVLQWHJUDOSDUVLDONLWDPLVDONDQIXQJVL\DQJGLLQWHJUDONDQX GDQGY 'DULGY \DQJGLNHWDKXLGLSHUROHKY  &VHKLQJJD X GY X Y  & Y  &GX \DQJELODGLVHGHUKDQDNDQDNDQPHQJKDVLONDQ X GY XY  X& Y GX  & GX XY  X& Y GX  &X XY  Y GX ,QL EHUDUWL EDKZD SDGD VDDW PHQHQWXNDQ Y GDUL GY \DQJ GLNHWDKXL NRQVWDQWD SHQJLQWHJUDODQQ\DWLGDNSHUOXGLVHUWDNDQ ,OXVWUDVL 3DGD,OXVWUDVLIXQJVL\ VLQ[ PHPSXQ\DLWLJDEXDKDQWLWXUXQDQ,QL EHUDUWLEDKZD VLQ [ G[ GDSDWGLKLWXQJGHQJDQWLJDFDUDEHUGDVDUNDQ7HRUHPD &DUD3HUWDPD VLQ[ G[ &DUD .HGXD VLQ[ G[ &DUD .HWLJD VLQ[ G[ VLQ[ G [ VLQ[ FRV[ G[ FRV[ VLQ[ G[
     FRV[  & VLQ[ GVLQ[ VLQ [  &  FRV[ GFRV[ FRV [  &

 3DGDSURVHVSHUKLWXQJDQLQLG[ GLJDQWL  G [FRV[ G[ GLJDQWLG VLQ[GDQVLQ[ G[ GLJDQWLG FRV[EHUGDVDUNDQ7HRUHPD%.HPXGLDQKDVLODNKLUQ\DGLSHUROHKEHU GDVDUNDQUXPXVWHNQLV\DQJEHUNDLWDQGHQJDQLQWHJUDOIXQJVLVLQXVGDQNRVLQXV

%HULNXW LQL DGDODK EHEHUDSD FRQWRK SHQJJXQDDQ 7HRUHPD  GDODP SHUKLWXQJDQ LQWHJUDOWDNWHQWX'DODPEHUEDJDLNDVXVVHULQJNDOLSHUKLWXQJDQLQWHJUDOWDNWHQWXGDSDW GLNHUMDNDQ GHQJDQ OHELK GDUL VDWX FDUD -XJD KDVLOQ\D WLGDN SHUVLV VDPD \DQJ VDWX EHUEHGD NRQVWDQWD GHQJDQ \DQJ ODLQQ\D EHUGDVDUNDQ NRQVHS LQWHJUDO WDN WHQWX 8QWXN

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



PH\DNLQNDQEDKZDKDVLO\DQJGLSHUROHKEHUEHGDNRQVWDQWDVHULQJNDOLGLSHUOXNDQSURVHV SHUKLWXQJDQ\DQJDJDNSDQMDQJ ,OXVWUDVL    ,QWHJUDO WDN WHQWX

[ G[ GDSDW GLKLWXQJ GHQJDQ HPSDW PDFDP FDUD [  DSHQJJDQWLDQW [  ESHQJJDQWLDQW [   FPHWRGH LQWHJUDOSDUVLDO GDQGPHQXOLVNDQSHPELODQJVHEDJDL[ [    D'HQJDQSHQJJDQWLDQW

[ G[ [ 

 

[  GLSHUROHKGW W  GW W

W GW 

G[ GDQ[ GW W
 

W W   W & G[ VHKLQJJDG[ W

W  -DGL

 [  [    [   & [   GLSHUROHK GW

E'HQJDQSHQJJDQWLDQW 'DULW

[   MXJDGLSHUROHKW 

[ G[ [ 

W   W W GW
 

[  VHKLQJJD[  W    GW

G[  [ 

W GW

W   -DGL W  W  &

  

F'HQJDQLQWHJUDOSDUVLDONLWDPLVDONDQ PDND -DGL

x

 [  [    [   & X [ GDQ GY GDQY G[  [   [  

GX

G[

G'HQJDQSHWXQMXNSDGDVRDO

[ G[ [ 

 [ [    [  G[

 [ [     [  [  &  

[ G[ [ 

 

&DWDWDQ +DVLO\DQJNHWLJDVDPDGHQJDQKDVLOODLQQ\DNDUHQD

 [  [    [   &

[   G[ [ 

[  G[ 

G[ [ 

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ

 [ [     [  [   & 

[   [   [     &    [  [    [   & G[ VHKLQJJDG[ W  W VLQW GW [    [      &  



&RQWRK +LWXQJODKVLQ [ G[ -DZDE 0LVDONDQW

 

G[  [ JDQWLDQLQLLQWHJUDOQ\DGDSDWGLWXOLVVHEDJDL [ PDNDGW [ G[ X

W GW'HQJDQSHQJ

6HNDUDQJJXQDNDQUXPXVLQWHJUDOSDUVLDOXQWXNPHQJKLWXQJ W VLQW GW.LWDPLVDONDQ PDND -DGL GX [ G[  W VLQW GW W GW GDQGY GDQY VLQW GW FRVW

VLQ

VLQW W GW

VLQ

&RQWRK +LWXQJODK VLQ [ G[ -DZDE VLQ [ G[

 [ FRV [  VLQ [   & VLQ [ VLQ[ G[

 

 W FRVW  FRVW GW

W FRVW  VLQW &

  FRV [  FRV [G FRV[ FRV[  FRV [   FRV [  & 

 

  FRV [ G FRV[

&RQWRK +LWXQJODK VLQ [ G[

-DZDE 'HQJDQUXPXVWULJRQRPHWULVLQ [ GLSHUROHK VLQ [ G[ VLQ [ G[

         

 

   

FRV[  FRV[ 

  

 
   

   

FRV[ GDQFRV [ FRV[ G[


 

 

 

FRV[

FRV [ G[
  

G[  [
 

VLQ[ 

 

 FRV[ G[   FRV[ G[  

FRV[ G[

VLQ[  &

&RQWRK +LWXQJODK WDQ [ G[ -DZDE WDQ [ G[

WDQ [ WDQ [ G[

WDQ [ VHF [  G[

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



WDQ [ VHF [ G[  WDQ [ G[

 

WDQ [ G WDQ[ VHF [  G[ WDQ [  WDQ[  [  & &RQWRK 7HQWXNDQDWXUDQIXQJVLI \DQJNRQWLQXSDGD5PHPSXQ\DLWHSDWVDWXWLWLN EHORNGLGHQJDQJDULVVLQJJXQJGLWLWLNEHORNQ\DVHMDMDU\ [GDQI sc [  -DZDE .DUHQDI sc [

PDND I s [ G[ [  & .DUHQD I sc [  PDND IXQJVL I PHPSXQ\DL WXUXQDQ NHGXD GL WLWLN EHORN  VHKLQJJDI s  $NLEDWQ\D   & VHKLQJJD& -DGLDWXUDQIXQJVLI s DGDODK I s [ [  'DULVLQLGLSHUROHKDWXUDQIXQJVLI c\DLWX I c[ [ G[ [  [  & .DUHQDJDULVVLQJJXQJGLWLWLNEHORNQ\DVHMDMDU\ [PDNDI c $NLEDWQ\D      &VHKLQJJD& .DUHQDLWXDWXUDQIXQJVLI c DGDODK I c[ [  [   'DULVLQLGLSHUROHKDWXUDQIXQJVLI\DLWX    I [ [  [  G[  [  [  [  & .DUHQDIXQJVLI PHODOXLWLWLNPDNDI  $NLEDWQ\D VHKLQJJD&   'HQJDQGHPLNLDQDWXUDQIXQJVLI DGDODK  I [
   

     &

[  [  [     

6RDO/DWLKDQ
 [ [  G[  [  [ G[

8QWXNVRDOVDPSDLGHQJDQKLWXQJODKVHWLDSLQWHJUDO\DQJGLEHULNDQ

 

[  G[  [ 

 VLQ  [G[  FRV [ G[  [ VLQ[ G[  VLQ  [ G[  FRV[ VLQ[ G[  VLQ[ VLQ[ VLQ[ G[

 [   [  G[

 FRV[ VLQ [ G[ VLQ [ G[     FRV [

 FRW [ G[


VLQ  [ G[    VLQ [

 VHF [ G[

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



 3HUOLKDWNDQEDKZD) [ [_[_ DGDODKVX  *UDGLHQJDULVVLQJJXQJGLVHWLDSWLWLNSDGD IXQJVLI DGDODKI c[ [  [-LNDI DWXDQWLWXUXQDQGDUL I [ _[_ SDGD 5 PHODOXL WLWLN  WHQWXNDQ DWXUDQ IXQJVL .HPXGLDQKLWXQJODK)[G[ I  7HQWXNDQDWXUDQIXQJVLLPSOLVLW )[\  \DQJ PHODOXL WLWLN  GDQ JUDGLHQ  6HEXDKWLWLNPDWHULEHUJHUDNGDUL NHDGDDQ GLDPGHQJDQSHUFHSDWDQ DW W W JDULVVLQJJXQJQ\DGLVHWLDSWLWLN [\SDGD PGHWLN7HQWXNDQNHFHSDWDQQ\DSDGDVHWL JUDILN)[\ GLWHQWXNDQROHKDWXUDQ DSVDDW W GDQVDDWWLWLN PDWHUL LWX EHUKHQWL [ \ c  \ z  NHPXGLDQ EHUJHUDN ODJL 7HQWXNDQ SXOD \ SHUVDPDDQ JHUDN GDUL WLWLN PDWHUL WHUVHEXW
x

,QWHJUDO7HQWX /XDV 'DHUDK   3DGD *E NLWD PHPSXQ\DL GDHUDK ' GL ELGDQJ \DQJ GLEDWDVL JUDILN IXQJVLNRQWLQXIJDULV[ DJDULV[ EGDQVXPEX[GHQJDQI [t SDGD>DE@GDQ D d E6HFDUDVLQJNDWGLWXOLV ' ^[ \D d [ d Ed \ d I [` /XDVGDHUDK' GLKLWXQJGHQJDQSURVHVOLPLWGHQJDQODQJNDKNRQVWUXNVLVHEDJDLEHULNXW \  6HODQJ WHUWXWXS >DE@ GLEDJL Q EDJLDQ \DQJ VDPD SDQMDQJ VHKLQJJDGLSHUROHKWLWLNSHPEDJLDQ I D [  [  [  }  [L  [L  }  [Q E +LPSXQDQ WLWLNWLWLN SHPEDJLDQ 3 ^[ [ [ }  [Q` ' GLQDPDNDQSDUWLVL XQWXN>DE@6HODQJEDJLDQNHL GDULSDU WLVL3 DGDODK>[L[L@L }QGDQSDQMDQJVHODQJQ\D D E [ DGDODK'[L [L  [L3DQMDQJSDUWLVL 3GLWXOLV 3 GL *E GHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDL 3 PDNV ' [L 
x

'
 D [ [L [L E F FL FQ [

 1LODLHNVDNOXDVGDHUDK' GLFDSDLELODQ o f8QWXNSDUWLVL\DQJVHWLDSVHODQJEDJLDQ Q\DVDPDSDQMDQJQ o f VDPDDUWLQ\DGHQJDQ 3 o VHKLQJJD /XDV' OLP I FL  ' [L

Q Q of L 

*E

 3LOLKODKFL >[L[L@ L   }  Q NHPXGLDQEXDWODKSHU VHJLSDQMDQJGHQJDQXNXUDQ DODV ' [L [L  [LL   }  Q  GDQ WLQJJL I FLFL >[L[L@L   }  Q /XDVSHUVHJLSDQMDQJNHL SDGD*EDGDODK'/L I FL'[L VHKLQJJDOXDVGDHUDK' \DQJGLKDPSLULROHKQ EXDKSHUVHJL SDQMDQJDGDODK Q /XDV' | I FL  '[L
x x

dL dQ

OLP I FL  ' [L 
Q 3 o L 

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



&DWDWDQ

 I FL  '[L
Q L 

 *HQHUDOLVDVL GDUL NRQVWUXNVL OXDV GDHUDK LQL PHPEHULNDQ UDQFDQJDQ NRQVHS LQWHJUDO WHQWX 'DODP NDVXV GL DWDV ' [ ' [L E  D   Q  VHKLQJJDXQWXNFL [L GLSHUROHK /XDV' ED Q I  [L   Q of Q L  OLP
Q L 

I F' [  I F' [  }  I FQ' [Q

8QWXNPHQJKLWXQJOLPLWLQLQ\DWDNDQ I  [L  VHEDJDLIXQJVLGDULQ

5XPXV3HQMXPODKDQ+LQJJD 3HUKDWLNDQEHQWXNSHQMXPODKDQEHUKLQJJD

Q L 

I  [L  [L

D  L'[

DL
Q

'DODPNDVXVIXQJVLI EHUEHQWXNVXNXEDQ\DNMXPODKWHUVHEXWGDSDWGLQ\DWDNDQVHEDJDL IXQJVLGDULQ'DVDUQ\DDGDODKNLWDGDSDWPHQ\DWDNDQ L N N GDULQ8QWXNN ,OXVWUDVL

L 

ED  Q

GDQUDQFDQJDQQ\DGLEHULNDQGDODPLOXVWUDVLEHULNXW
Q L 

} VHEDJDLIXQJVL

x  x L
Q L 

   }      }  Q

Q NDOL

Q
 

8QWXNN

NLWDPHPHUOXNDQUXPXVEHULNXWXQWXNSHQMXPODKDQKLQJJD
L

ODKQ VXNXGHUHWDULWPHWLND\DQJWHODKGLSHODMDULGL608 DL  EL
Q Q  L  Q L 

Q Q  EHUGDVDUNDQUXPXVMXP

DL EL 
Q 

GDQ FDL
Q L 

F DL 
Q L 

,OXVWUDVL .LWDDNDQPHQ\DWDNDQ L  VHEDJDLIXQJVLGDULQ%HUGDVDUNDQUXPXV GHQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQVLIDWSHQMXPODKDQKLQJJDGLSHUROHK .DUHQD

L L

L    L
Q

L  L  
Q

 L    L  
Q 

 L    L   GHQJDQ  L  GLFDUL
Q Q L  L  L  L 

L    L  
Q 

        }  Q   Q

Q    

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


 L 
Q L 

PDNDGHQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQ&RQWRKGLSHUROHK Q    
Q L     

Q Q   Q Q Q   Q
 

 L 
L

Q  Q  Q 
 

L 
Q  L

  Q

Q 
 

 

Q   Q 

Q Q  Q  

Q Q   Q  

.HVLPSXODQ -DZDE
 \

&RQWRK +LWXQJODKOXDVGDHUDK'

L 


Q Q  Q  

^[ \d [ d d \ d [`

[

 [

Q Q Q  Q       L   L  OLP   L   L  Q Q Q o f Q Q of Q Q L  Q L  L  L          OLP  Q    Q Q     Q Q  Q        Q o f Q Q  Q    

 I  [L  Q of Q L  OLP
Q

*E

6HODQJ >@ GLEDJL Q EDJLDQ \DQJ VDPD SDQMDQJ VHKLQJJD    SDQMDQJ VHWLDS VHODQJ EDJLDQQ\D DGDODK '[  Q Q 7LWLNWLWLNSHPEDJLDQVHODQJQ\DDGDODK   [ [  } [L  L } [Q  Q Q L 0LVDONDQI [ [GDQDPELOODKFL [L  PDND Q  L   I [L   L   L   Q Q Q %HUGDVDUNDQ&DWDWDQGLKDODPDQOXDVGDHUDK' DGDODK OLP

,QWHJUDO7HQWX ,QWHJUDOWHQWXVHEDJDLOLPLWMXPODK5LHPDQQGLNRQVWUXNVLVHEDJDLSHU XPXPDQGDULNRQVHSOXDVGDHUDK.RQGLVLQ\DWLGDNSHUOXIXQJVLI NRQWLQX GDQ EHUQLODL WDNQHJDWLISDGDVHODQJWHUWXWXS>DE@

0LVDONDQIXQJVLIWHUGHILQLVLSDGDVHODQJWHUWXWXS>DE@  %XDWODKSDUWLVL3 XQWXN>DE@GHQJDQWLWLNWLWLNSHPEDJLDQ D [  [  [  }  [L  [L  }  [Q E 6HODQJEDJLDQNHL GDULSDUWLVL3 DGDODK>[L [L@L }Q\DQJSDQMDQJVHODQJQ\D' [L [L  [L3DQMDQJSDUWLVL 3GLWXOLV 3 GLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDL 3 PDNV ' [L 
d L d Q

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


Q L 

 3LOLKODKFL >[L  [L@L

 3HUKDWLNDQ OLPLW MXPODK 5LHPDQQ XQWXN 3 o  \DLWX OLP I FL  ' [L  -LND
Q

GLQDPDNDQMXPODK5LHPDQQGDULIXQJVLISDGD>DE@

}Q NHPXGLDQEHQWXNODKMXPODK I FL  ' [L \DQJ

OLPLWLQLDGDIXQJVLI GLNDWDNDQWHULQWHJUDONDQ5LHPDQQSDGDVHODQJ>DE@GDQGLWXOLV -LNDOLPLWLQLWLGDNDGDIXQJVLI WLGDNWHULQWHJUDONDQ5LHPDQQSDGD>DE@

E D E D Q

3 o L

I  [  G[
E D

3 o L

OLP I FL  ' [L 
Q 

'HILQLVL ,QWHJUDOWHQWXGDULIXQJVLI SDGDVHODQJWHUWXWXS>DE@GLWXOLVGHQJDQODP EDQJ I  [  G[  GLGHILQLVLNDQ VHEDJDL I  [  G[

Q

DGD 'DODP EHQWXN SHQXOLVDQ H  G OLPLW MXPODK 5LHPDQQ GDUL IXQJVL I SDGD VHODQJ >DE@XQWXN 3 o DGDODK/GLWXOLV OLP I FL  ' [L MLND
3 o L Q 

3 o L

OLP I FL  ' [L ELOD OLPLW LQL



 H!   G!
&DWDWDQ

3 G

I FL  ' [L  /  H  FL > [L  [L @ 



E x 3DGD SHQXOLVDQ D I  [  G[  I [ D GDQ E EHUWXUXWWXUXW GLQDPDNDQ LQWHJUDQ OLPLW EDZDKGDQOLPLWDWDV GDULLQWHJUDOWHQWXQ\D

x 3DGDNRQVHSLQWHJUDOWHQWXVHFDUDLPSOLVLWGLDQGDLNDQEDKZDD d E3HPEDWDVDQLQL VHODQMXWQ\DNLWDKLODQJNDQGHQJDQPHQGHILQLVLNDQ I  [  G[

D D

x 3HXEDK [ GDSDW GLJDQWL ROHK SHXEDK ODLQ WDQSD EHUSHQJDUXK SDGD OLPLW MXPODKQ\D \DLWX x ,QWHJUDOWHQWXGDSDWGLKLWXQJGHQJDQOLPLWMXPODK5LHPDQQVHSHUWLSURVHVPHQJKLWXQJ OXDV GDHUDK SDGD &RQWRK  %LOD VHODQJ WHUWXWXS >DE@ GLEDJL Q EDJLDQ \DQJ VDPD SDQMDQJQ o f VDPDDUWLQ\DGHQJDQ 3 o  .HWHUNDLWDQDQWDUDNHNRQWLQXDQIXQJVLSDGDVHODQJWHUWXWXS>DE@GHQJDQNHWHULQWH JUDODQQ\DGLEHULNDQGDODPWHRUHPDEHULNXW 7HRUHPD -LNDIXQJVLI NRQWLQXSDGDVHODQJWHUWXWXS>DE@NHFXDOLGLVHMXPODKEHU KLQJJDWLWLNGDQIXQJVLI WHUEDWDVSDGD>DE@PDNDIXQJVLI WHULQWHJUDONDQSDGD>DE@ I  [  G[
E D

GDQ I  [  G[
E D

 I  [  G[ ELODD ! E
D E

I X GX
E D

I W  GW 
E D

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



&RQWRK +LWXQJODK  [    [  G[ GHQJDQOLPLWMXPODK5LHPDQQ

 

[ [

 [  

*E

-DZDE 6HODQJ >@ GLEDJL Q EDJLDQ VDPD SDQMDQJ VHKLQJJD SDQMDQJ VHWLDS VHODQJ EDJLDQQ\D DGDODK '[    7LWLNWLWLNSHPEDJLDQVHODQJQ\DDGDODK Q Q   [ [  } [L  L  } [Q  Q Q 0LVDONDQI [ [  [GDQDPELOODKFL [L  L  Q

PDND

I FL

I [L

'HQJDQOLPLWMXPODK5LHPDQQLQWHJUDOWHQWXIXQJVLI SDGDVHODQJ>@DGDODK

 L L        L   L     L Q Q Q Q Q

  L   Q

[
 

  [  G[

    OLP   Q  Q   Q    Q    Q o f Q  Q 

  OLP  L   3 o Q Q L 
Q

 Q   Q OLP  L   Q of Q QL  L    

6LIDWVLIDW ,QWHJUDO 7HQWX EHULNXW 7HRUHPD

%HUEDJDL VLIDW LQWHJUDO WHQWX GLEHULNDQ SDGD WHRUHPD

 -LND IXQJVL I WHULQWHJUDONDQ SDGD >DE@ PDND QLODL LQWHJUDO WHQWXQ\D VHEDJDL OLPLW MXPODK5LHPDQQDGDODKWXQJJDO  ,QWHJUDOWHQWXIXQJVLNRQVWDQI [ N  N G[
E D

 -LND IXQJVL I GDQ J WHULQWHJUDONDQ SDGD >DE@ PDND IXQJVL D I  E J D GDQ E NRQVWDQWDMXJDWHULQWHJUDONDQSDGD>DE@GDQPHPHQXKL  D I  [   E J  [  G[
E D

3 oL

OLP N '[L
Q 

N E  D 

D I  [  G[  E J  [  G[ 
E D E D E D F

 -LND IXQJVL I WHULQWHJUDONDQ SDGD >DE@ GDQ F >DE@ PDND IXQJVL I MXJD  -LND IXQJVL I WHULQWHJUDONDQ SDGD VHODQJ WHUWXWXS , \DQJ PHPXDW WLWLN D E GDQ F PDND WHULQWHJUDONDQSDGD>DF@GDQSDGD>FE@GHQJDQ I  [  G[ I  [  G[  I  [  G[ 
E F D

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


I  [  G[  I  [  G[ 
F E F D E D

I  [  G[
E D

 -LNDIXQJVLI WHULQWHJUDONDQSDGD>DE@GDQI [ t SDGD>DE@PDND I  [  G[ t   -LNDIXQJVLI GDQJ WHULQWHJUDONDQSDGD>DE@GDQI [d J[SDGD>DE@PDND I  [  G[ d J  [  G[ 

E D E D E D

 -LNDIXQJVLI WHULQWHJUDONDQSDGD>DE@ PDNDIXQJVL_I_ MXJDWHULQWHJUDONDQSDGD>DE@ GDQPHPHQXKL I  [  G[ d

E D

I  [  G[ 

 /XDVGDHUDK' \DQJGLEDWDVLROHKJUDILNIXQJVLNRQWLQXI SDGD>DE@JDULV[ ULV[ E GDQVXPEX[ DGDODK/ I  [  G[ 

E D

DJD

 0LVDONDQIXQJVLI WHULQWHJUDONDQSDGDVHODQJWHUWXWXS>DD@

x

D -LNDI DGDODKIXQJVLJHQDSSDGD>DD@PDND I  [  G[
D

E -LNDI DGDODKIXQJVLJDQMLOSDGD>DD@PDND I  [  G[
D D d [ dE

D

 I  [  G[ 
D

 -LNDIXQJVLI NRQWLQXSDGD>DE@P

E D

PLQ I  [  GDQ 0

D



PDNV I  [  PDND
D d [ dE

PE  D  d I  [  G[ d 0 E  D  

6LIDWVLIDW LQWHJUDO WHQWX GL DWDV GLJXQDNDQ GDODP SHPEXNWLDQ WHRUHPD GDVDU NDONXOXV \DQJ PHQJNDLWNDQLQWHJUDO WDN WHQWX GHQJDQ LQWHJUDO WHQWX %HULNXW LQL DGDODK EHEHUDSDFRQWRKVRDOWHQWDQJSHQJJXQDDQ7HRUHPD &RQWRK -LNDI DGDODKIXQJVLJDQMLOSDGDVHODQJ>@GDQ I  [  G[
 

-DZDE.DUHQDI DGDODKIXQJVLJDQMLOSDGDVHODQJ>@PDNDI [ I [XQWXN VHWLDS[ >@$NLEDWQ\DSDGDVHODQJ>@EHUODNXI [ I ['DULVLQLLQ WHJUDO\DQJDNDQGLKLWXQJGDSDWGLWXOLVNDQVHEDJDL 8QWXNPHQJKLWXQJLQWHJUDOWHUDNKLUJXQDNDQSHQJJDQWLDQW [$NLEDWQ\DGW G[ VHKLQJJDG[ GW/LPLWDWDVGDQOLPLWEDZDKLQWHJUDOQ\DMXJDEHUXEDK[  W GDQ[  W -DGLNLWDPHPSXQ\DL


KLWXQJODK I  [  G[ 
 

I  [  G[




 I [  G[ 


,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


 I W  GW 
  S 



I  [  G[




 I [  G[


I W  GW
 

 I  [  G[
 

 

&RQWRK 7XQMXNNDQEDKZD  S  d  VHF [ G[ d  S     -DZDE 0LVDONDQ I  [  PLQ I  [   VHF [   d [ d  S .DUHQD I c [    GDQ PDNV I  [ 
d [ d S  

VHF [ WDQ [ t  SD   VHF [ GDVHODQJ>  S @PDNDIXQJVLI PRQRWRQQDLNSDGDVHODQJLQLDNLEDWQ\D 

d [ d S  

I 

I   S 



%HUGDVDUNDQ7HRUHPD\DQJNHNLWDPHPSXQ\DL
S 

VHKLQJJD

   S   d  VHF [ G[ d    S     
 

GDQWHUEXNWLODK\DQJGLLQJLQNDQT 6RDO/DWLKDQ

S  d  VHF [ G[ d  S   
S 

 %XNWLNDQOXDVVHJLWLJDGHQJDQSDQMDQJDODV  D GDQWLQJJLW DGDODK/  DW  %XNWLNDQOXDVWUDSHVLXPGHQJDQVLVLVHMDMDU  D GDQE VHUWDWLQJJLW DGDODK/  W D E

8QWXN VRDO  VDPSDL GHQJDQ  KLWXQJODK VHWLDS LQWHJUDO WHQWX \DQJ GLEHULNDQ GHQJDQOLPLWMXPODK5LHPDQQ
 [  G[
 

8QWXNVRDOVDPSDLGHQJDQSDGDVHWL   DS GDHUDK ' \DQJ GLEHULNDQ KLWXQJODK  [ [ G[   [    [  G[   OXDVQ\D  ' ^[ \d [ d d \ d [`  7XQMXNNDQEDKZD  ' ^[ \d [ d [ d \ d `   [ G[   ' ^[ \d [ d d \ d   [` d d      [   ' ^[ \d [ d _ [ _ d \ d `  'DHUDK ' GLEDWDVLROHKSDUDERO \ [ GDQ  7XQMXNNDQEDKZD S JDULV\ [   S  d   VLQ  [ d S     'DHUDK' GLEDWDVLROHKSDUDERO\ [  [ S   GDQJDULV\ [


  [    G[


7HRUHPD'DVDU.DONXOXV 3URVHVPHQJKLWXQJLQWHJUDOWHQWXGHQJDQOLPLWMXPODK5LHPDQQFXNXSUXPLWPHVNL SXQIXQJVLQ\DVHGHUKDQD.LWDGDSDWPHPDQIDDWNDQKDVLOSHUKLWXQJDQLQWHJUDOWDNWHQWX

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



GDODPSURVHVPHQJKLWXQJLQWHJUDOWHQWX5XPXV\DQJPHQJNDLWNDQLQWHJUDOWHQWXGDQLQ WHJUDOWDNWHQWXLQLGLNHQDOVHEDJDL7HRUHPD'DVDU.DONXOXV 7HRUHPD 7HRUHPD'DVDU.DONXOXV -LNDIXQJVLI NRQWLQXSDGD>DE@GDQIXQJVL) E DGDODKVXDWXDQWLWXUXQDQGDULI SDGD>DE@PDND D I  [  G[ ) E  ) D  %XNWL%XDWODKSDUWLVL3 XQWXN>DE@GHQJDQWLWLNWLWLNSHPEDJLDQ D [  [  [  }  [L  [L  }  [Q E .DUHQD) c[ I [ [ >DE@PDNDSDGDVHODQJEDJLDQNHL>[L[L@\DQJSDQMDQJ Q\D'[L IXQJVL) NRQWLQXGDQWHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQ$NLEDWQ\DPHQXUXW715XQWXNWXUXQDQ 'DULVLQLGLSHUROHK  FL  [L  [L 
I FL  ) cFL  )  [L   )  [L   [L  [L

'HQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQKDVLOLQL )E )D
Q

)[L )[L

I FL [L  [L

I FL'[L L

} Q

)[Q )[Q  )[Q )[Q  }  )[ )[

L

 )  [L   )  [L 


.HPXGLDQ NDUHQD IXQJVL I NRQWLQX SDGD >DE@ PDND MXPODK 5LHPDQQ LQL PHPSXQ\DL OLPLWXQWXN 3 o $NLEDWQ\DGHQJDQPHQJDPELOOLPLWQ\DXQWXN 3 o GLSHUROHK \DQJPHPEHULNDQ OLP I FL  '[L
Q 3 o L  E

I FL  '[L
Q 

OLP  ) E  )  D 
Q 3 o L 

VHKLQJJDWHUEXNWLODK\DQJGLLQJLQNDQT I  [  G[
E D

I  [  G[
D

) E  )  D 

&DWDWDQ 7HRUHPD'DVDU.DONXOXVVHODQMXWQ\DNLWDWXOLVNDQGDODPEHQWXN

 )  [  E D

) E  )  D  ) c

I GDQ I NRQWLQXSDGD> D  E@

,OXVWUDVL  %LOD &RQWRK  GDQ  GLVHOHVDLNDQ GHQJDQ 7HRUHPD 'DVDU .DONXOXVSURVHVQ\DOHELKVHGHUKDQDGDQPHPEHULNDQKDVLO\DQJVDPD x &RQWRK /XDV'
 

[  G[
 

x &RQWRK   [    [  G[

  [   [   

  [   

 

    

  

  

       

 

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



&RQWRK +LWXQJODK [ [ G[ 
 

-DZDE 7XOLVNDQLQWHJUDQQ\DGDODPEHQWXNWDQSDQLODLPXWODNNHPXGLDQJXQDNDQ7HR UHPDGDQKDVLOQ\DDGDODK



[ [ G[




&RQWRK +LWXQJODK


   


  [     [                  
 

[[  G[  [ [  G[
  



[  G[  [  G[
  

 G[ G[ VHKLQJJDG[ X GX X   [    'DULSHQJJDQWLDQLQLGLSHUROHKX  [  VHKLQJJD[  X  'HQJDQSHQJJDQ WLDQLQLOLPLWEDZDKGDQOLPLWDWDVLQWHJUDOQ\DEHUXEDKPHQMDGL MLND[ PDNDX GDQMLND[ PDNDX  -DGL       [   X     [  G[ X X GX  X   GX    X   X    -DZDE 0LVDONDQX  [  PDNDGX
 

[ G[   [ 

 

 

         
VLQ  [ G[   FRV [

 

  

 

&RQWRK+LWXQJODK


S

-DZDE 0LVDONDQW   FRV[PDNDG[ VLQ[ G[ GDQFRV[ W  'HQJDQSHQJ JDQWLDQLQLOLPLWEDZDKGDQOLPLWDWDVLQWHJUDOQ\DEHUXEDKPHQMDGL  MLND[ PDNDW GDQMLND[   SPDNDW

3HUKDWLNDQ EDKZD GL VLQL OLPLW DWDV LQWHJUDO \DQJ EDUX OHELK NHFLO GDULSDGD OLPLW EDZDKQ\D +DO LQL GLVHEDENDQ ROHK SHQJJDQWLDQ GHQJDQ IXQJVL W   FRV [ \DQJ  PRQRWRQWXUXQSDGDVHODQJ>  S@-DGL
S  

VLQ  [ G[  FRV [


  

S

 W    W    GW
 

FRV [ VLQ [ G[  FRV [




S

   

  W W   W  

FRV [  VLQ [ G[   FRV [

 

           


 

W  GW W

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



7HRUHPD1LODL5DWDUDWD715XQWXN,QWHJUDO .LWDPHPSXQ\DLIXQJVLI \DQJWHULQ WHJUDONDQSDGD>DE@0LVDONDQ3 DGDODKVXDWXSDUWLVLXQWXN>DE@\DQJ PHPEDJLVHODQJ LQLDWDVQ EDJLDQ\DQJVDPDSDQMDQJGHQJDQ'[ E  DQ-LNDNLWDPHQJDPELOFL GL VHWLDSVHODQJEDJLDQQ\DPDNDQLODLUDWDUDWDGDULQ EXDKELODQJDQ DGDODK ED  GLSHUROHK Q Q PHQJKDVLONDQQLODLUDWDUDWD 'DUL '[ I  F I FI F} I FQ I F  I FL   QL 
Q

'[ \DQJ ELODGLJDQWLNDQSDGDEHQWXNWHUDNKLUDNDQ ED

.DUHQDIXQJVLI WHULQWHJUDONDQSDGD>DE@PDNDGHQJDQPHQJDPELOOLPLWUXDVSDOLQJND QDQDGDXQWXN 3 o VHKLQJJDNLWDPHPSXQ\DL I  F  ED

3 o

'[ ED

I F 
Q L  L Q

 I FL  '[  ED L 
Q

OLP

I  F  '[
L  L

3DGDEHQWXNLQLI FGLNHQDOVHEDJDLQLODLUDWDUDWD IXQJVLI SDGD>DE@6HMDODQGHQJDQ KDVLOLQLNLWDPHPSXQ\DLWHRUHPDEHULNXW 7HRUHPD7HRUHPD1LODL5DWDUDWDXQWXN,QWHJUDO 715,QWHJUDO-LNDIXQJVLI NRQWLQXSDGD>DE@PDNDWHUGDSDWF >DE@VHKLQJJD I  [  G[
E D

 ED

I  [ G[ 
E D

I F E  D  

%XNWL'DODPNDVXVD

PXVQ\DWHUEXNWLVHFDUDRWRPDWLVGHQJDQF P

EPDND I  [  G[
E D

'DODP NDVXV D  E NDUHQD IXQJVL I NRQWLQX SDGD >DE@ PDND IXQJVL I PHQFDSDL HNVWULPPXWODNQ\DSDGD>DE@\DLWXWHUGDSDWP GDQ0 5 VHKLQJJD %HUGDVDUNDQ7HRUHPDWHQWDQJNHVDPDDQXQWXNLQWHJUDOGLSHUROHK .DUHQDD EPDND P E  D  d I  [  G[ d 0 E  D 
E D D d [ dE

E

GDQI F E  D

VHKLQJJDUX

PLQ I  [  d I  [  d PDNV I  [ 
D d[ dE

0

.HPXGLDQ EHUGDVDUNDQ 7HRUHPD  WHQWDQJ 7HRUHPD 1LODL $QWDUD IXQJVL NRQWLQX PDNDWHUGDSDWF >DE@VHKLQJJD

Pd

 E I  [ G[ d 0  ED D

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


I  F
E D

,QLPHPEHULNDQ

 ED

I  [  G[ 
E D

VHKLQJJDWHUEXNWLODK\DQJGLLQJLQNDQT
\ I F I

I  [  G[

I F E  D  

%HULNXWLQLDGDODKWDIVLUDQGDUL715,QWHJWUDO I  [  G[
E D

I F E  D  

3DGD*E OXDVGDHUDK GL EDZDKJUDILN IXQJVL NRQWLQX I GDQGLDWDV>DE@DGDODK

F E [

D

I  [  G[
E D

*E

/XDV GDHUDK LQL VDPD GHQJDQ OXDV SHUVHJL SDQMDQJ \DQJ DODVQ\DE  D GDQWLQJJLQ\DI F\DLWX/ I F E  D

7XUXQDQGDUL)XQJVL,QWHJUDO7HQWXGHQJDQ3HXEDK/LPLW$WDV ,QWHJUDOWHQWXGDUL IXQJVLI SDGD>DE@KDQ\DEHUJDQWXQJSDGDOLPLWEDZDKE GDQOLPLWDWDVDGDQWLGDNEHU JDQWXQJSDGDSHXEDKQ\D%HUGDVDUNDQLQLMLNDIXQJVLI NRQWLQXSDGD>DE@GDQ[ >DE@ PDNDLQWHJUDOWHQWX EHUQLODLWXQJJDOXQWXNVHWLDS[ >DE@,QLEHUDUWLEDKZDNDLWDQDQWDUD[ >DE@GHQJDQ QLODLLQWHJUDOQ\DPHPEHQWXNVXDWXIXQJVLGHQJDQDWXUDQ )XQJVLLQLGLNHQDOVHEDJDLIXQJVLLQWHJUDOWHQWXGHQJDQSHXEDKOLPLWDWDV )  [ I W  GW 
[ D

I  [  G[
E D

-LNDI Wt WDILVUDQJHRPHWULGDULIXQJVL DGDODKOXDVGDHUDK' ^W[D d W d [d \ d I W` \DLWXGDHUDK\DQJGLEDWDVLJUDILNIXQJVLNRQWLQX\ I W JDULVW DJDULVW [ GDQVXPEX[ 7HUQ\DWDEDKZDIXQJVLI \DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQVHSHUWLLQL )  [ I W  GW
[ D

'

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ
D [ ['[ E W



7HRUHPD   7HRUHPD 'DVDU .DONXOXV IXQJVL )  [ 

[ D

*E

WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQSDGD>DE@GDQWXUXQDQQ\DVDPDGHQJDQ I [ +DVLO SHQWLQJ LQL GLNHQDO MXJD VHEDJDL 7HRUHPD 'DVDU.DONXOXV\DQJOHQJNDSQ\DVHEDJDLEHULNXW I [ [ >DE@

c c &DWDWDQ) cDEHUDUWL ) DGDQ) cEEHUDUWL ) D

I W  GW WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQSDGD>DE@GHQJDQ) c[

-LND IXQJVL I NRQWLQX SDGD >DE@ PDND

%XNWL 7HRUHPD LQL GLEXNWLNDQ GHQJDQ GHILQLVL WXUXQDQ VLIDW LQWHJUDO WHQWX GDQ 715 ,QWHJUDO3HUKDWLNDQ*ENLWDPLVDONDQ[ >DE@VHKLQJJD[  '[ >DE@PDND ) c [  )  [  '[   )  [  '[ o  '[ OLP OLP OLP
'[ o  '[ o 

OLP

D  ['[ I W  GW  I W  GW '[ D [

[  ['[ I W  GW  I W  GW '[ D D

'[ o 

'HQJDQGHPLNLDQWHUEXNWLODKWHRUHPDLQLT G [ I W  GW G[ D

'[ o 

OLP I  [  T'[ 

  I F '[  F '[

'[ o 

OLP

 ['[ I W  GW '[ [

[  T'[   d T d  I  [ 

I OLP  [  T'[  '[ o 

7HRUHPDGDSDWGLWXOLVGHQJDQQRWDVL/HLEQL]

I  [  I NRQWLQXSDGD>D  E@   FRV [  [ 5

,OXVWUDVL

x x

G [  FRV W GW G[ D

G [ G  G [  W  GW   W  GW   W  GW G[  G[ [ G[    [   [ t 
J [ D

8QWXNPHQHQWXNDQWXUXQDQIXQJVL )  [  ) [ ) c[

. J [GHQJDQ .  [ 

I W  GW J WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQWXOLVODK I W  GW 
[ D

%HUGDVDUNDQDWXUDQUDQWDLNLWDPHPSXQ\DL

. cJ[  J c[GHQJDQ. c[

I [

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


) c[ I J[  J c[ I  J  [   J c [  

$NLEDWQ\D -DGLNLWDPHPSXQ\DL

GLPDQDIXQJVLJ WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQSDGDVHODQJWHUEXND, \DQJPHPXDWD GDQJ[ *HQHUDOLVDVL KDVLO WHUDNKLU PHPEHULNDQ VXDWX UXPXV \DQJ GLNHQDO VHEDJDL DWXUDQ /HLEQL] \DLWX G J [ I W  GW I  J  [   J c [   I  K [   Kc [   G[ K  [  GL PDQDIXQJVLJ GDQ K WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQ SDGD VHODQJ WHUEXND , \DQJ PHPXDW J [ GDQ K [ ,OXVWUDVL%HUGDVDUNDQDWXUDQ/HLEQL] G VLQ [   GW G[ FRV [ W    FRV [   VLQ [   VLQ [  FRV [
[

G J [ I W  GW G[ D

FRV [  FVF [  VLQ [  VHF [ 

&RQWRK -LNDIXQJVLI NRQWLQXSDGD>fGDQPHPHQXKL I W  GW  WHQWXNDQI GDQI c G [ I W  GW G[  I [    [ G  [  [   G[

[   [   

-DZDE .DUHQDIXQJVLI NRQWLQXSDGD>fPDNDGHQJDQDWXUDQ/HLEQL]GLSHUROHK  [    [ 

8QWXNPHQJKLWXQJI JDQWLNDQ[ 'DULEHQWXNI [   [

 [    [  GLSHUROHK I [  [    [[ z  8QWXNPHQJKLWXQJI cWHQWXNDQWXUXQDQNHGXDUXDVEHQWXN LQL WHUKDGDS [ NHPXGLDQ JDQWLNDQ[ PDNDGLSHUROHK I c[   [  [   I c  I c
 

SDGDEHQWXNLQLGLSHUROHK I  I  

VHKLQJJD

&RQWRK %XNWLNDQEDKZDIXQJVL I  [ 

[ [

GW [ ! NRQVWDQSDGDVHODQJf W

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



-DZDE )XQJVLI NRQVWDQSDGDVHODQJf I c[ SDGDf%HUGDVDUNDQDWXU DQ/HLEQL]NDUHQDLQWHJUDQ\ W NRQWLQXSDGDVHODQJf\DQJPHPXDW [ GDQ [ PDND     I c [        [ !   [ [ [ [ .DUHQDI c[ SDGDVHODQJfPDNDIXQJVLI NRQVWDQSDGDVHODQJfGHQJDQ GHPLNLDQWHUEXNWLODK\DQJGLLQJLQNDQT 6RDO/DWLKDQ
8QWXN VRDO  VDPSDL GHQJDQ  KLWXQJODKVHWLDSLQWHJUDOWHQWX\DQJGLEHULNDQ   -LND IXQJVL I NRQWLQX SDGD VHODQJ >f GDQ I  [  Ic GDQ

 

    

S  S  S

[ G[   [ 


 

S  



FRV [ G[   VLQ [ [ FRV [ G[  [



[   G[    [  [ G[ 


 FRV S  [  G[ 
  




[  [ 

G[

[ 

  W 

[ GW

KLWXQJODKI c[

S 

VLQ  [ G[   FRV [

 +LWXQJODK OLP

[ o

 7HQWXNDQ IXQJVL I GDQ VXDWX NRQVWDQWD F  -LNDI  [ 

\DQJPHPHQXKL I W  GW
[   [ F 

 [ W GW  [    W 

S

FRV [


S  

 

VLQ [

G[ 

 [ G[ 
 

 [  [ [ G[ 
 


  



S  VLQ G[   [ [

 7XQMXNNDQ I   [  G[
I  [  G[
 

 -LNDI IXQJVLJDQMLOSDGDVHODQJ>@GDQ  -LND IXQJVL I NRQWLQX SDGD VHODQJ >f GDQ
[ 

I  [  G[ 
 

8QWXNIXQJVLI \DQJNRQWLQXSDGD>DE@QL ODLUDWDUDWDDULWPHWLNDGDULIXQJVL I SDGD>DE@ GLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDL  E I  [  G[  $06 ED D GDQ QLODL UDWDUDWD NXDGUDW GDUL IXQJVL I SDGD >DE@GLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDL  +LWXQJODK $06 GDQ 506 GDUL IXQJVL I [ VLQ [ SDGDVHODQJ>S@  +LWXQJODK $06 GDQ 506 GDUL IXQJVL I [
506  E I  [  G[  ED D

SDGD5WHQWXNDQI c[I s [GDQI cs [

 [  W   J W  GW  J NRQWLQX

 FRV [   

  EXNWLNDQ I  [  G[
 

 

I W  G W

[  FRV S [   KLWXQJODK I 

[ [  SDGDVHODQJ>@