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MINIMUM
ESSENTIALS
ENGLISH
Second Edition
Fred Obrecht
FAST-REFERENCE HELP WITH...
Grammar • Spelling • Diction • Mechanics • DocumentationPunctuation • Effective Sentence Construction • The ParagraphComposition Writing • Term Paper Writing
PLUS...
Word Lists • Study TipsNotes on Literary Criticism • Tips on Essay WritingA Chart of Error Symbols Geared to the TextNew—Style Rules for MLA, APA, and Chicago Manual of StyleBarron's Educational Series, Inc.
OF
 
CONTENTS
USAGE/MECHANICS
1 CAPITALIZATION 1
1A Proper names 11B Abbreviations and acronyms 11C Capitalize titles indicating rank orrelationship 1ID Capitalize the first word in title 1IE Capitalize the first word in sentence 1IF Capitalization review chart 1
2 THE COMMA 2
2A Use a comma to separate independentclauses joined by a coordinatingconjunction 22B Use commas to separate items in aseries 22C Use a comma to separate coordinateadjectives modifying same noun 22D Use a comma to set off an introductoryphrase or clause 22E Use a pair of commas to set off nonrestricrive clauses in a sentence 22F Use a comma to set off n on restrictiveclauses following main clause 32G Use commas to set off an appositive 32H Use commas to set off words in directaddress 321 A comma can take the place of anomitted word or phrase 32J A comma is sometimes needed forclarity 32K Incorrect use of the comma 3
3 THE SEMICOLON 3
3A Use a semicolon between relatedindependent clauses not joined by acoordinating conjunction 33B Use a semicolon between independentclauses joined by a conjunctive adverb 33C Use a semicolon to separate coordinateclauses if clauses have commas 33D Use a semicolon to separate items in aseries 4
4
4A•IB4C4D
5
5AMi5C
6
6A6C
7
7A
715
8
8A
THE COLON, HYPHEN,AND APOSTROPHE 4
Colon 4Hyphen 4Apostrophe 5Incorrect use of the apostrophe 5
THE DASH, QUESTION MARK,AND EXCLAMATION POINT 5Dash 5
Question mark 6Exclamation point 6
QUOTATION MARKS,PARENTHESES, AND ITALICS 6
Quotation marks 6Parentheses 7Italics/underlining 7
SPELLING, WORD PARTS 8
Spelling 8Word parts 9
ABBREVIATIONS,NUMBERS 13
Abbreviations 13Numbers 13
1 GRAMMAR9 THE PARTS OF SPEECH:AN OVERVIEW 15
9C Words that modify or describe orlimit 159D Words that relate and connect 169E Words that express emotion:Interjections 16
10 NOUN 16
10A Batch nouns and countable nouns 1710B Abstract and concrete nouns 17IOC Proper and common nouns 1710D Collective nouns 1710E Nominals 17
11 VERB 17
11A Intransitive verbs 171 IB Transitive verbs 1711C Linking verbs 181 ID Principal parts of verbs ISHE Tenseandmood 201 IF Tense, shift in tense 2011G Voice 2111H Present infinitive 21111 Subjunctive mood 2111J Special use of the present tense 211 IK Historical present 2111L Verb forms and verbals 2111M Passive voice 22
12 MODIFIERS 22
12A Adjectives and adverbs 2212B Adjectives 2212C Adverbs 2312D Misplaced modifiers 2312E Dangling constructions 2412F Illogical comparisons 24
13 PRONOUNS 25
13A Personal pronouns 2513B Demonstrative pronouns 2613C Interrogative pronouns 26)3D Relative pronouns 2613E Indefinite pronouns 27
14 CONNECTIVES 27
14A Coordinating conjunctions 2714B Subordinating conjunctions 2714C Conjunctive adverb 27
15 PREPOSITIONS 2716 INTERJECTIONS 2717 SUBJECT-VERBAGREEMENT 2718 PRONOUN-ANTECEDENTAGREEMENT 2919 PRONOUN REFERENCE 2920 SENTENCE STRUCTURE 31
20A Simple sentences 3120B Complex sentences 3120C Compound sentences 3120D Basic sentence patterns 3120E Dependent clauses 3220F Phrases 3220G Sentence fragments 3320H Run-on sentences 33201 Faulty coordination or subordination 33
21 PREDICATION 3422 TRANSITIONAL WORDS ANDPHRASES 35
23A Description 3623B Narration 3623C Explanation of a process 3623D Classification and division 3623E Definition 3723F Comparison and contrast 3723G Cause and effect 3723H Persuasion 37
24 HOW TO WRITE ANIMPROMPTU ESSAY 37
24A Where do [ bcaiT.' 3824B Pregnant sentences 3824C Writing assignments 40
25 ORGANIZATION 41
25A Main idea 4125B Supporting material 4125C Transition 4125D Openings and closings 41
26 STYLE 42
26A Formal writing style 4226B Informal writing style 4226C Popular writing style 4226D Elevated writing style 4226E Esoteric writing style 43
27 WORD CHOICE 43
27A Diction 4327B Colloquialisms 4327C Frequently misused or confused words 44
28 IMAGERY ANDFIGURATIVE LANGUAGE 45
28A Simile 4528B Metaphor 452SC Synecdoche 4528D Metonymy 4528E Personification 4528F Terms used in the discussion or analysisof poetry 45
29 WORDINESS 4730 REDUNDANCY 4731 OMISSIONS 47
31A Careless omissions 4731B Incomplete comparisons 4831C Missing transitions 48
32 SEXIST LANGUAGE 4833 TWELVE MISTAKES THATFAIL TESTS 4834 DOCUMENTATION 55
34A Bibliography 5534B MLA documentation 5534C APA documentation 6134D CMS documentation 67
35 LITERARY CRITICISM 71INDEX 72
CORRECTION SYMBOLS
Inside Back Cover9A Naming words 159B Asserting action or being: Verbs 15
RHETORICAL SKILLS
23 STRATEGY/WRITINGSTRATEGIES 36
© Copyright 1999 and 1993 by Fred Obrecht
 AH inquiries should be addressed to:
Barron's Educational Series, Inc.250 Wireless BoulevardHauppauge, New Yoik 11788htlp J/w'ww. narronseduccomLibrary ofCcmgress Catalog Card No. 98-74451Internaliona] StandardBciokNo.0-7641-0745-3Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publkatioii DataAvailable upon request
PRINTED IN HIE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
9S765432
 
USAGE/MECHANICS
1 CAPITALIZATION
Take the trouble to capitalize words only according tostandard principles. Do not capitalize words unnecessarily.The rules of capitalization are generally clear and lesssubject to exceptions than most rules of language.Nevertheless, if you encounter problems, a good recentdictionary should help you, especially where the capitalization of a word depends upon its use: "the bible of show business" but "the Holy Bible," "my big brother"but "your Big Brother in Washington."
1A Proper names
Note that common nouns like
boulevard, heights, university, park,
and
store
are capitalized when they accompany proper nouns.1. Names of persons or specific entities or trademarks
Sarah Kaltgrad, J. P. Morgan, Mohammed,Nissan Maxima, William the Conqueror, theConstitution, English 101, Peabody Award, theStatue of Liberty, Cheerios
2. Geographical names
Little Neck, New York, the Southwest, Colorado,Niagara Falls, Quebec, Rocky Mountains,Yellowstone Park, MacArthur Park, Zuma Beach,Coney Island, Germany, Europe, Asia, MissouriRiver, Bermuda Triangle, Rodeo Drive, Cape Fear
3. Specific nations, cultures, ethnic groups, and lan
guages
Mexican, Thai, Cherokee, English, Afro-American,Pacific Islanders, Tahttians, Chinese, Koreans,Bosnians, IraniansFarsi, English, Russian, Armenian, Spanish,Chinese, Swedish
4. Schools, institutions, government divisions and agencies, companies
United Way, Library of Congress, UCLA,Securities and Exchange Commission, HoustonOilers, General Mills, Kent School, Red Cross,Rotary Club, Medicare, Coast Guard
5. Days, months, commemorative days, or holidays
Monday, March, Veterans' Day, Father's Day,Thanksgiving
6. Significant events or periods, historical documents
the Fourteenth Amendment, Middle Ages,Operation Desert Storm, the Bill of Rights, theGreat Depression, Prohibition, the Constitution
7. Religious references to documents, holidays, personages or deities
the Bible, Koran, Upanishads, Genesis,Revelations, Easter, Allah, Messiah, Christian,Hindu, Moslem, Judaic, Mormon, Christmas, YomKippur
8. Words used in a special sense
We all know that Time waits for no man.Only the all-consuming, obsessive drive for Moneyremains as a motivation.
1B Abbreviations and acronyms
Capitalize abbreviations or shortened forms of capitalized words
USC, NBC, IBM, AT&T, CA, NYC, NFL, MADD,UNESCO
1C Capitalize titles indicating rank orrelationship
Capitalize titles and words denoting family relationshipsthat precede the name but not those that follow it,
Mama McCaslin; Cousin Jenny; President WilliamClinton; George Bush, the president of the UnitedStates; Governor Pete Wilson; General Taylor-George West, the captain; Phillip Stein, ourgovernor; Aunt Adrienne; Adrienne, my aunt
When words indicating family relationships are substituted for proper names, they are usually capitalized:
Well, Father, you certainly did well on the coursetod ay I
ID Capitalize the first word and all otherimportant words in titles
Articles
(the, a, an),
coordinating conjunctions
(and, but, for, or, yet),
prepositions
(in, to, for, around, up, under),
and the
to
in infinitives are not normally capitalized,unless they are the first word in the title.
1E Always capitalize the first word in asentence and the first word in directlyquoted speech
Never have so many viewers tuned in to oneprogram.Are you sure? Well, then, let's cancel thewedding. I'm serious.Father Mike often says, "Blessed are those whoare funny."Without hesitation, Elizabeth shouted, "Down withthe Bruins!"
Keep in mind this handy rule: common (uncapitalized)nouns are often preceded by articles
(a, an, the)
or bylimiting words like
each, many, several, every, some.
IF Capitalization review chart
Capitals
No Capitals
Lieutenant Cameron Winston the lieutenant in charge, every
lieutenant
the Korean War the gas wars of the 70'sGerman, Swedish, Tagolog Foreign languagesEast-West University your local university
the
U.S. Army a rough and ready army1
of 00

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