You are on page 1of 34

Basic Geology: An Overview

Tito Satria Putra Perdana


DCS Borehole Geologist Schlumberger

2008 Schlumberger. All rights reserved. An asterisk is used throughout this presentation to denote a mark of Schlumberger. Other company, product, and service names are the properties of their respective owners.

2 5/29/2011
2

Outlines
What is Geology? What are Rocks?: Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Processes in Geology: Exogenic, Endogenic Petroleum System

3 5/29/2011

What is Geology ?
Geology (from Greek, geo earth and logos study): is the science that comprises the study of the solid earth and the processes by which it is shaped and changed.

4 5/29/2011

What is Geology 2?

5 5/29/2011

What is Rock - Definition


Rock: simply a mixture of minerals where the composition may vary in containment minerals. Mineral: naturally occurring, inorganic substance, characterized by an exact crystal structure. Chemical structure can be exact or varying.

6 5/29/2011

What is rock 2 - Mineral


How do we classify minerals? Crystal structure (Hexagonal, Trigonal, etc) Chemical composition (Silicates, Oxide, Sulfide, etc) Physics (Hardness, Specific gravity, Color, Luster, Streak, Cleavage)

7 5/29/2011

What is rock-3 - Mineral


Example of minerals: Quartz (SiO2): silica mineral, trigonal crystal, hardness 7 (Mohs Scale), luster vitreous to waxy.

8 5/29/2011

What is rock 4 - Mineral


Example of minerals: Calcite (CaCO3): carbonate mineral, trigonal crystal, hardness 3 (Mohs Scale), luster vitreous to pearly.

9 5/29/2011

What is rock 5 Rock Type


Types of rock: Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock

10 5/29/2011

What is rock 6 Igneous Rock


Igneous Rock: formed through cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

11 5/29/2011

What is rock 6 Igneous Rock

12 5/29/2011

What is rock 7 Mineral in Igneous Rock

1400C

800C

13 5/29/2011

What is rock 8 Igneous Rock Type

14 5/29/2011

What is rock 9 Sedimentary Rock


The origin of sedimentary rocks
4 basic processes:
Weathering Transport Deposition Compaction and cementation

A sedimentary rock has a long history and has been subjected to modification by various processes
15 5/29/2011

What is rock 10 Sedimentary Rock Type


Siliciclastics: Weathering product Transported Derived from the land
Chemical rocks: Evaporation, precipitation Biochemical rocks: Plants or animals skeletons making sediments

16 5/29/2011

What is Rock 11 - Siliciclastic Rocks


Made by the accumulation of particle of older rock (clasts or mineral grains) deposited in basin area. Classified mainly by its grain size

Conglomerate / Breccia Sandstone Siltstone Claystone


Wentworth scale

AT UI Student Chapter

17

What is Rock 12 - Siliciclatic Rock


Texture Grain size Grain Shape Sorting Grain Orientation

18

What is rock 13 Chemical Rock


Chemical
Deposited from aqueous solution and precipitation by chemical process. No energy or current dependent. Evaporation process (Gypsum, Halite)

stalactit e

stalagmit e

19 5/29/2011

Salt lake

What is Rock 14 Biochemical Rock


Biochemical Rocks Form from biological process. Their shell and skeletal are rich of Ca, Mg, Si. Carbonate rock (CaCO3), Coal

20 5/29/2011

What is Rock 15 - Metamorphic Rocks


From existing igneous or sedimentary rocks Mineral and textural change under high pressure and high temperatures More complex as it deals with heat, pressure which lead to physics and chemical change

21

What is Rock 16 Metamorphic Rock Classification


Foliated

Non Foliated

Complex composition Foliation (banding, slaty, schistosity etc) Gneiss, Schist, Slate (parent rock is shale)

Few mineral Granular, No mineral orientation

Quartz Quartzite, Limestone Marble, Coal Anthracite Coal

22

Geological Processes Rock Cycle

23 5/29/2011

Geological Processes Exogenic Processes

24 5/29/2011

Geological Processes endogenic Plate Tectonic

25 5/29/2011

Geological Processes - Folding

Anticline Syncline Youngest rock Oldest rock

26

Geological Processes - Folding

27

Geological Process - Faulting

28

Geological Processes - Faulting

Example

Kabab Canyon, Utah


29

Geological Processes - Faulting

Oil or Gas

Fault
Water

30

Structural Hydrocarbon Traps


Oil/Gas Contact
Oil / Water Contact

Gas

Closure

Oil
Fold (Anticlinal) Trap

Salt Diapir

Seal Oil

31

Big Picture of Petroleum System


Petroleum system consists of: Mature source rock

Presense of organic matter Sufficient temperature and pressure E.g: Shale

Migration path

Typically from a structurally low are to a higher are due to HC relative bouyancy

Reservoir rock

Body of rock with adequate porosity to store the fluids and permeability to transmit the fluids. E.g: Sandstone, Limestone

Seal

Simply an impermeable rock that act as barrier to further migration of HC liquids Shale, Evaporite sedimentary rock ( Halite, gypsum)

32

Big Picture of Petroleum System


Trap

A configuration of rocks suitable for containing HC and sealed by the cap rock in which HC will not migrate
Structural traps (fault, fold), Stratigraphic Trap (Pinch out, unconformities, reef build ups, etc)

Timing

Appropriate relative timing of formation and the process of HC generation, migration, and accumulation are important for HC to accumulate and preserved.

33

Cross section of Petroleum System

34

You might also like