faint shadowings.Sir Clements Markham first traveled in Peru more than sixty years ago, when anaval cadet on a British warship, and ever since he has made a special study of everythingconnected with that mysterious and fascinating country. He is recognized as a highauthority upon its history, topography, and archaeology, and has produced many standardworks upon these subjects, not the least interesting of which is the volume just published,which was written at the advanced age of eighty.The book commences with an account of the sources of our information respectingthe history of the Inca civilization. One of the most interesting stories told is that of anative author, Don Felipe Huaman Poma de Ayala (an adopted Spanish name), chief of atribe, who wrote a thick quarto of 1179 pages, cleverly illustrated in pen and ink by himself,called
Nueve Coronica y Buen Gobierno
(sic). The book describes the customs, the laws,the traditions, and history of Peru under the Incas; it gives accounts with illustrations of the palaces, the costumes, the weapons, the agricultural and musical instruments, andcontains portraits of the twelve historical Incas and the eight first Spanish Viceroys. Aboveall in interest is the open and fearless attack upon the cruel tyranny from which theunfortunate Indians suffered. Says Sir Clements Markham:"The combined writer and artist spares neither priest nor corregidor.... The author traveled all over Peru in some capacity, interceding for, and trying to protect, theunfortunate people.... It is addressed to King Philip II and the author had the temerity totake it down to Lima for transmission to Spain. He hoped to be appointed Protector of theIndians. We do not know what became of him."Nor do we know anything about the reception of his book, though it reachedEurope, for it was discovered three years ago in the Royal Library at Copenhagen. After describing the other native and Spanish authorities, Sir Clements Markhamforcibly captures the attention by a description of the mysterious city of Tiahuanacu onLake Titicaca. Absolutely nothing but perfectly unreliable tradition is known about thebuilders of this great city. Its age is evidently enormous, for, as our author says:"The surface of the Lake is 12,508 ft. above the sea.... The city covered a largearea, built by highly skilled masons, and with the use of enormous stones. One stone is36 ft. long by 7, weighing 170 tons, another 26 ft by 16 by 6.... The movement and placingof such monoliths points to a dense population, to an organized government, andconsequently to a large area under cultivation, with arrangements for the conveyance of supplies from various directions.... There is ample proof of the very advanced stagereached by the builders in architectural art.... This, then, is the mystery. A vast citycontaining palace, temple, judgment hall, or whatever fancy may reconstruct among theruins, with statues, elaborately carved stones, and many triumphs of masonic art, was builtin a region where corn will not ripen, and which could not possibly support a densepopulation.... The builders may best be described as a megalithic people in a megalithicage, an age when cyclopean stones were transported, and cyclopean edifices raised."The last sentence shows a truly scientific spirit of caution which unfortunately is nottoo common amongst archaeologists. At Cuzco and Ollantay-Tampu there are other imposing remains of the same kind of cyclopean architecture. At Cuzco there is a fortressdefended by
three enormous parallel walls
with advancing and retiring angles for enfilading. The stones of the outer wall have the following dimensions at the corners: 14ft. by 12; 10 ft. by 6; etc. What can the purpose of these enormous stones have been?How can they have been raised? Were there giants in those days, or had the builderssome strange powers of which we are ignorant? H.P. Blavatsky, in
The Secret Doctrine
,