HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Vin Cng ngh thng tin & truyn thng CdiT

PTiT 08/2012

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Ni dung chnh
Phn 1. Hiu c tng qut v c s d liu, cc h thng qun tr c s d liu

Phn 2. Phng php phn tch, thit k v xy dng cc h thng CSDL Phn 3. Mt s k thut nng cao to v thc thi d liu vi DBMS Phn 4. Thc hnh trn mt s h qun tr CSDL ph bin (SQL Server, Oracle,)

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Phn 1: Tng quan v CSDL, h thng CSDL

1. Tng quan v c s d liu

2. Tng quan v h quan tri CSDL

3. i s quan h

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1. Tng quan C s d liu

C s d liu l gi ?

C s d liu co th c xem la tp hp co cu truc cua thng tin, c lu tr trn cac thit bi lu tr thng tin co th thoa man yu cu khai thac thng tin ng thi cho nhiu ngi s dung hay nhiu chng trinh ng dung vi cac muc ich khac nhau.

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1. Tng quan c s d liu

Cc u im ca C s d liu V ban than thng tin lu tr:
Giam thiu s trung lp thng tin n mc thp nht, do o: Bao am tinh nht quan Tinh toan ven cua d liu am bao d liu co th c truy xut theo nhiu cach khac nhau Kha nng chia se thng tin cho nhiu ngi s dung va nhiu ng dung khac nhau

V hiu qua s dung thng tin:

Chia se thng tin cho nhiu ngi khac nhau Tit kim tai nguyn Tng hiu qua khai thac

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh c s d liu Database Model

L mt tp hp cc khi nim v ky php dung m t d liu, cc mi quan h ca d liu, cc rng buc trn d liu ca mt t chc Gm ba thnh phn: Phn m t cu truc ca CSDL; Phn m t cc thao tc, nh nghia cc phep ton c phep trn d liu; Phn m t cc rng buc ton ven m bo s chnh xc ca d liu Mi loi m hinh c trng cho mt phng php tip cn d liu ca ngi phn tch thit k d liu

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh c s d liu Database Model

M hinh d liu phn cp (Hierachical Data Model)
M hinh d liu mng (Network Data Model) M hinh d liu quan h (Relational Data Model) M hinh hng i tng (Object Oriented Model)

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2. Tng qut v h thng qun tr c s d liu (DBMS)

Yu cu t ra cho Database
Phn nh trung thc th gii thc Ti thiu s d tha d liu c lp gia cc chng trinh v d liu m bo tnh an ton, bo mt ca d liu Hiu sut s dng cao, thi gian tr li ca h thng phi phu hp

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2. Tng qut v h thng qun tr c s d liu (DBMS)

Gii thiu DBMS

H quan tri c s d liu la h thng cac chng trinh nhm to lp, x l, thay i, quan l va khai thac cac CSDL Mt s HQTCSDL hin nay: Foxpro, Access, Oracle, Microsoft SQL... Muc tiu cua h QT CSDL:
Tinh sn sang cua d liu (data availability) Tinh toan ven cua d liu (data integrity) Tinh an toan cua d liu (data security) Tinh c lp cua d liu (data independency)
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2. Tng qut v h thng qun tr c s d liu (DBMS)

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2. Tng qut v h thng qun tr c s d liu (DBMS)

Nhng tnh nng quan trng ca DBMS
1. Cho php ngi s dng to ra mt c s d liu mi. Vic ny s c thc hin thng qua mt ngn ng inh ngha d liu (Data Definition Languages-DDLs). 2. Cho php ngi s dng truy vn c s d liu thng qua ngn ng thao tc d liu (Data Manipulaton Languages-DMLs). 3. H tr vic lu tr mt khi lng rt ln d liu m khng gy mt mt v tn tht thng tin. Kch c in hnh l t nhiu gigabytes tr ln v lu tr chng hiu qua trong mt khoang thi gian rt di. ng nhin lu tr tt trong khoang thi gian di th cn phai duy tr , cp nht thng tin tt v hiu qua. ng thi, duy tr tnh bao mt v tnh ton vn d liu trong cc x l c thc hin trong h thng. 4. Kim sot truy nhp d liu t nhiu ngi s dng cng mt lc.
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2. Tng qut v h thng qun tr c s d liu (DBMS)

Cc u im ca DBMS
Kim sot s d tha d liu m bo d liu ng nht Cung cp thm thng tin t d liu Kinh t khi tng khi lng d liu To cn bng cho cc yu cu b xung t Ci thin tnh truy nhp ca d liu

H tr s sn c ca khi lng ln Ci thin nng sut thc hin ca h d liu thng H tr chia s d liu Ci thin s bo dng Ci thin s ton ven d liu Ci thin bo mt d liu Chun ha thng tin v d liu
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Tng x l ng thi Ci thin vic sao lu v phc hi Ci thin tnh p ng ti cc truy vn

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2. Tng qut v h thng qun tr c s d liu (DBMS)

Cc nhc im ca DBMS
Tnh phc tp
Kch c ln Tn chi ph mua v bo tri Thm chi ph cho cc phn cng h tr Chi ph chuyn i h thng Hn ch v nng sut thc hin (cho mt s trng hp c th) nh hng rt ln i vi cc trng hp hng

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2. Tng qut v h thng qun tr c s d liu (DBMS)

M hinh kin truc tng qut 3 mc h c s d liu

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2. Tng qut v h thng qun tr c s d liu (DBMS)

M hinh kin truc tng qut 3 mc h c s d liu
Mc trong (mc vt ly Physical level) M t cch thc d liu c lu tr thc s M t ton b chi tit cng nh ng dn truy cp d liu

Mc quan nim hay mc logic (Conception level)

n cc thng tin chi tit c m t mc trong

M t: cc thc th, kiu d liu, mi quan h, rng buc d liu

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2. Tng qut v h thng qun tr c s d liu (DBMS)

M hinh kin truc tng qut 3 mc h c s d liu
Mc ngoi hay mc khung nhin (View level) Gm cc khung nhin (View) khc nhau Mi khung nhin m t mt phn Database m mt ngi dung hoc nhm ngi dung quan tm, ng thi khng hin th phn cn li ca Database cho ngui dung hoc nhm ngi dung ny.

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2. Tng qut v h thng qun tr c s d liu (DBMS)

V d v vic chuyn i lc gia cc mc tru tng

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh c s d liu quan h

M hinh d liu quan h c Codd xut nm 1970 v n nay tr thnh m hinh c s dng ph bin trong cc h qun tr c s d liu thng mi.
C s d liu quan h l mt c s d liu trong tt c d liu c t chc trong cc bng c mi quan h vi nhau. Mi mt bng bao gm cc dng v cc ct: mi mt dng c gi l mt bn ghi v mi mt ct l mt trng (thuc tnh).

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh c s d liu quan h

Bng

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Thc th - Entity i tng ca th gii thc, c th l C th: 1 con ngi, 1 vt Tru tng: 1 cng ty, 1 quc gia Dng vt ly: v d thc th Sinh vin, thc th Gio vin Dng khi nim: v d thc th Cng vic, thc th Mn hc

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Thuc tnh ca thc th - Attribute Biu din cc c im ca thc th: tn gi v min gi tr Tn thuc tnh: Dy ky t c theo DBMS cho phep Min gi tr: Tp cc gi tr thuc tnh c th nhn, V d gii tnh (nam/n), thng (1,2,3..12), trong Database

Mi thc th c cc gi tr (Value) cho mi thuc tnh ca n

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Thuc tnh ca thc th - Attribute Min gi tr ca thuc tnh c th thuc cc kiu S (nguyn, thc) K t Character Xu ky t - String

Logic True/False
Ngy thng (mm/dd/yy)
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m thanh, hinh nh,..

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Thuc tnh ca thc th - Attribute MaSV = DTVT0901

HoTen = Nguyn Thy Linh

s1 GioiTinh = N NgaySinh = 10/12/1983

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SinhVien

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Thuc tnh n (Simple attribute) L thuc tnh khng th chia ra thnh cc phn con nh hn

Thuc tnh kt hp (Composite attribute)

L thuc tnh c th chia thnh cc thuc tnh con c lp nhau
Quan/Huyen

Phuong/Xa
DiaChi DuongPho
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SoNha

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Thuc tnh mt gi tr (Simple value attribute) L thuc tnh ch c mt gi tr duy nht Thuc tnh nhiu gi tr (Multi value attribute) L thuc tnh c th c nhiu hn mt gi tr Thuc tnh suy ra (Derived attribute) L thuc tnh m gi tr ca n c th suy ra c t cc thuc tnh hoc thc th lin kt khc

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Gi tr rng (Null value) Mt thc th khng c gi tr i vi mt thuc tnh Gi tr ca thuc tnh l cha bit C tn ti nhng khng c thng tin Hoc khng bit c c tn ti hay khng

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Loi thc th (Entity type) Mt tp cc thc th c chung mt tp cc thuc tnh Tp thc th (Entity set) Tp tt c cc thc th thuc cung mt loi thc th trong Database ti bt k thi im no

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Tch cc ca cc min gi tr Cc thuc tnh - Attributes: A1, A2An

Min gi tr tng ng - Domain: D1, D2 Dn

Tch cc ca n min l D1xD2xxDn l tp tt c n b (n-tuples) l (d1,d2,,dn) sao cho di Di, v d

D1 = (a,b), D2 = (1,2), D1xD2 = {(a,1),(a,2),(b,1),(b,2)}

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

nh danh ca thc th - Identification L 1 hay nhiu cc thuc tnh lm phn bit thc th ny vi thc th khc trong 1 tp hp (lp) cc thc th cung loi Nhiu thuc tnh c th lm nh danh

ngi xy dng Database phi chn nh danh l duy nht

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Quan h - Relation 1 tp con ca tch cc ca 1 hoc nhiu min

Ch tim hiu cc quan h l 1 tp hu hn

Mi hng ca quan h gi l b (tuples) Quan h l tp con ca tch cc D1xD2xxDn l quan h n ngi Mi b ca quan h c n thnh phn (n ct) Cc ct ca quan h gi l thuc tnh
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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Quan h - Relation C th nh nghia quan h nh sau Gi = {A1,A2,An} l tp hu hn cc thuc tnh Mi Ai vi i = 1 n c min gi tr tng ng l Dom(Ai) Quan h R trn l tp con ca tch cc Dom(A1)xDom(A2)xxDom(An) ky hiu l R() hoc R(A1,A2,An)
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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Biu din quan h theo dng bng - Table Biu din 1 quan h trn tp cc thuc tnh theo 1 bng 2 chiu

Cc thuc tnh (Attributes) ca quan h l cc ct A1, A2,, An khng nht thit phn bit nhau
Cc hng (Row) ca quan h c gi l cc b (tuple) c gi l cc bn ghi (Record) ca quan h, ky hiu l r R() Gi tr ca mi mt b gm n thnh phn gi tr r = (d1, d2,.., dn) c rut ra gi tr t cc min xc nh tng ng
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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Biu din quan h theo dng bng - Table Gi tr ca mi mt b gm n thnh phn gi tr r = (d1, d2,.., dn) c rut ra gi tr t cc min xc nh tng ng r(A1) = d1 D(A1) r(A2) = d2 D(A2) ... r(An) = dn D(An)
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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Biu din quan h theo dng bng - Table

Attributes

A1 r1(A1) Tuples r2(A1) . rm(A1)

A2
r1(A2) r2(A2) . rm(A2)

.
. . . .

An
r1(An) r2(An) . rm(An)

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Biu din quan h theo dng bng - Table V d: quan h SinhVien(M SV, H tn, Ngy sinh, a ch)
M SV H tn Ng Thy Linh Hong Thanh Nga Ngy sinh 17/5/1982 2/8/1983 a ch T Sn, Bc Ninh Sn, Phng Hi

t1 t2

HHAA14950 HHAA14951

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Bc ca quan h S thuc tnh ca quan h Lc lng ca quan h S b ca quan h, ky hiu l |R| Tp con cc thuc tnh Ky hiu X khi v ch khi A X A

Cc thuc tnh ca X cng l thuc tnh ca

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Kho ca quan h - Key Kho ca 1 quan h r trn tp thuc tnh = {A1, A2, An} l tp con K {A1,A2 An} tho mn tnh cht t1, t2 r th t1(K) t2(K) Nu K1 l kho ca quan h r(A1, A2, An) v K1 K2 Khi bt k t1, t2 r thi t t1(K1) t2(K1) t1(K2) t2(K2) ngha l K2 cng l kho ca r

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Kho ca quan h - Key nh nghia kho

Kho ca quan h r trn tp thuc tnh = {A1, A2, An} l tp con K sao cho bt k hai b khc nhau t1, t2 r lun tho mn t1(K) t2(K) v bt k tp con thc s K1 K no u khng c tnh cht
Trong 1 quan h c th c rt nhiu kho

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Tng quan c s d liu

M hinh quan h Relational Data Model

Biu din cc thc th v thuc tnh

Simpl e Composite Multi-value
Attribute Name

Attribute Name
Attribute Name

EntityName
Attribute Name

Key
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Attribute Name

Derived

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