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Contents
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
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Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Jar Testing
Jar Testing....................................................................................................................... 46
Jar Test Equipment............................................................................................. 48
Stock Jar Testing Solutions................................................................................ 48
Basic Jar Testing Procedure............................................................................... 50
Modifications of the Basic Jar Test.................................................................................. 52
Enhanced Coagulation....................................................................................... 52
Direct and Contact Filtration............................................................................... 52
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)............................................................................. 52
Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC).................................................................... 53
Procedure for pH Correction for Jar Testing.................................................................... 54
Clarification
Clarifiers.......................................................................................................................... 60
Settling Clarifiers............................................................................................................. 61
Sedimentation Tanks and Settling Clarifiers....................................................... 61
Shallow Depth Settling Clarifiers (High Rate Settlers)........................................ 63
Upflow Clarifiers................................................................................................. 64
Adsorption Clarifiers........................................................................................... 67
Dissolved Air Flotation........................................................................................ 68
Clarifier Loading Rates.................................................................................................... 71
Sludge Management and Removal................................................................................. 71
Sludge Blow Down or Desludge......................................................................... 72
Re-establishment of Sludge Blanket in an Upflow Clarifier............................................. 73
Comparison of Clarifier Performance.............................................................................. 74
Clarifier Operation and Trouble Shooting........................................................................ 75
Operational Variables......................................................................................... 75
Trouble Shooting Guide..................................................................................... 75
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Chapter 8
Chapter 9
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Chapter 10
Closing Words........................................................................................................ 99
References. .......................................................................................................................................... 99
Appendices
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Mixing............................................................................................................................ 100
Some Polymers Used In Water Treatment.................................................................... 103
Example Product Specifications for Alum...................................................................... 106
Example Jar Test Record Sheet.................................................................................... 107
An Alternative Method for Expressing Alum Concentrations......................................... 108
Floc Size Chart.............................................................................................................. 108
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