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Moemaka, PO Box 320-207, San Francisco CA 94132-0207, USA
Phone: (510) 854 - 6501
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uAsmpyfenf;wpfrsKd;udk azmfjywdkif; xkdpyfenf;\ t"dym,f AsKywfwdkYudk a&S;OD;pGm azmfjy
rdwfqufNyD;rS pyfenf;rsm;t& acwfenf;t& oauFwrsm;? *Pef;trSwfrsm;jzifh pepfcsjyygonf/
yxrwGif uAsmwpfyk'fjzifh erlemay; &Sif;jyygonf/ xdkYaemufwGif jrefrmpmayordkif;wavQmufvHk;rS
aumif;Edk;&m&muAsmrsm;udk a&G;cs,f oufqdkif&muAsmpyfenf;twGuf erlemrsm;xyf ay;xm;
ygonf/ aemufxyfay;xm;aom erlemjyuAsmrsm;rSmvnf; acwftqufquf pHxm;cJhMuaom
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
uAsmrsm;omjzpf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;taejzifh uAsmpyfenf;avhvm&if uAsmt&omudkyg

0goemPfcHtavsmuf zwfIcHpm;EdkifMu&ef jzpfygonf/
avhvmoifMum;&ef
jrefrmuAsmzGJYenf;pmtkyfrSm tajccHynmtxufwef; ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh jrefrm

uAsmpyfenf;trsKd;rsKd;\ tajccHoabmudk od&Sdem;vnf&ef &nf&G,fa&;om; jyKpkxm;jcif; jzpfyg
onf/
xdkYjyif tajccHynmtxufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh ausmif;oHk; jrefrmuAsm vufa&G;pif
yg uAsmrsm;udk avhvm&mwGifvnf; pmtkyfyg uAsmpyfenf;rsm;ESifh wGJzufavhvm&ef taxmuf
tul jzpfEdkifygonf/ omreftm;jzifh ausmif;om;wdkYonf oHayguf? oHcsyf? av;vHk;pyfvuFm?
a'G;csKd; tp&Sdaom vG,fulonfhuAsmpyfenf;rsm;udk prf;oyfa&;zGJYMunfhoifhMuonf/ uAsma&;zGJYrI
0goemxHkNyD; uAsmPfcHaumif;aom ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh pmtkyfyg uAsmpyfenf;
trsKd;rsKd;udkomru? jyifyrS uAsmtrsKd;rsKd;udkyg zwfIavhvm enf;,la&;zGJYMunfhEdkifygonf/ uAsm
pyfenf;rsm; oduRrf;xm;Hkjzifh ajymifajrmufaom uAsmaumif;rsm; a&;zGJYEdkifpGrf;NyD[k rrSwf,lEdkifaomf
vnf; uAsmpyfenf;rsm;udk avhvmwwfuGrf;xm;jcif;onf uAsmaumif ;rsm;a&;zG JY Edkif&ef tajccHaumif ;
w&yf &&S dxm;jcif ;yif jzpf ygonfxk
/ dYaMumifh q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf vdktyfcsuf tenf;trsm;
tvkduf? 0goemtEkt&ifhtvdkuf pmtkyfyg uAsmpyfenf;rsm;ESifh erlemjyuAsmrsm;udk ESpfouf
aysmf&TifpGm vG,fvG,fulul zwfIavhvmoGm;Muapvdkygonf/
10
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
rmwdum
pOf
taMumif;t&m
1/
jrefrmtu&mrsm;
12
2/
toHtrsKd;rsKd;
16
3/
towftrsKd;rsKd;
18
4/
oHayguf
20
5/
oHcsyf
25
6/
av;vHk;pyfvuFm
27
7/
&wk
33
8/
a'G;csKd;
39
9/
BwdcsKd;
43
10/
av;csKd;
46
11/
oHcsKd
52
12/
wsmcsif;
56
13/
tdkifcsif;
60
14/
vGrf;csif;
63
15/
aw;xyf
66
pmrsufESm
11
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
tcef; (1)
jrefrmtu&mrsm;
o&
jrefrmbmomwGif tajccHo& (11) vHk;&Sdonf/ 4if;wkdYrSm t? tm? td? tD? tk? tl? at?
tJ? atm? atmf? tdk wdkYjzpfonf/ o&qdkonfrSm rnfonfhtu&mudkrQ rrDScdk&bJ rdrdbmom toHxGuf
qdkEdkifaom tu&mrsm; jzpfonf/
Asnf;
Asnf;qdkonfrSm o&ESifhrSDwGJzufrSom toHxGufEdkifaom tu&mrsm;jzpfonf/
jrefrmAsnf; (33) vHk; &Sdonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm u
c
*
C
p
q
Z
ps
#
X
!
w
x
'
"
y
z
A
b
,
&
v
0
[
V
t
i
n
P
e
r
o
wdkYjzpfonf/
o& ESifh Asnf; aygif;pyfyHk

Asnf;jzpfaom ]]uf}}udk o&jzpfaom ]]t}}ESifh aygif;vQif ]]u}} [l toHxGufonf/ xdkenf;wl
uf + t
uf + tm
uf + tm;
uf + tk
uf + tl
uf + tl;
12
=u
= um
= um;
= uk
= ul
= ul;
uf + td = ud
uf + tD = uD
uf + tD; = uD;
uf + ath = auh
uf + at = au
uf + at; = au;
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
um&ef
um&ef [lonfrSm tu&m\ tqHk;oHjzpfonf/ ]]um&E}} [laom ygVdpum;rSm qif;ouf
vmaom pum;jzpfonf/ Oyrm - ]]u}}tu&m\toHonf ]]t}} jzpfonf/ ]]um}}tu&m\toHonf
]]tm}}jzpfonf/ ]]um;}} tu&m\ toHonf ]]tm;}} jzpfonf/ ]]cJ}} [kqdkvQif ]]tJ}} um&ef[k
od&rnf/ ]]pl;}}[kqdkvQif ]]tl;}} um&ef[k od&rnf/ um&ef,l&mwGif tu&m\tqHk;oHcsif;
tnD,lonfvnf; &Sdonf/ wydk'fESifh wydk'fwdkY\tqHk;&Sd toHcsif; tnD,lonfvnf;&Sdonf/ ESpfydk'f?
oHk;ydk'f paom 0guswdkY\ tqHk;&Sd toHcsif; tnD,lonfvnf; &Sdonf/ tu&m\ tqHk;um&efudk
0Pum&ef? pmydk'f\tqHk;um&efudk y'um&ef? 0gus\tqHk;um&efudk 0gusum&ef [l
ac:Muonf/
um&ef (64) yg; &Sdonf/ atmufwGif; Z,m;jzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/
t um&efrsKd;
tm um&efrsKd;
tm; um&efrsKd;
t
td ()
tk (O)
ath
tJh
atmh
tdkY
tuf
atmuf
tdkuf
tifh
atmifh
tdkifh
tpf
tOfh
tnfh
twf
tdwf
tkwf
tefY
tdefY
tkefY
tyf
tdyf
tm
tD ()
tl (OD)
at ({)
t,f
atmf
tdk
tif
atmif
tdkif
tOf
tnf
tef
tdef
tkef
-
tm;
tD;
tl; (OD;)
at;
tJ
atm (Mo)
tdk;
tif;
atmif;
tdkif;
tOf;
tnf ;
tef;
tdef;
tkef;
-
13
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
tkyf
tHh
tdrfh
tHkY
28 +
tH
tdrf
tHk
18 +
trf;
tdrf;
tHk;
18 = 64
um&efwlrsm;
atmufygwdkYonf um&efwlrsm; jzpfMuonf/
um;
= pm;? 0g;? ig;? vm;? xGm;? wm;? yGm;? ysm;/
cif
= rif? Muif? jrif? pif? vGif? &Sif/
aumif;
= axmif;? armif;? aomif;? ausmif;? apmif;/
ar
= az? aqG? a0? ajr? a&T? aiG/
prf;
= *srf;? pGrf;? urf;? zrf;? vrf;/
apm
= arm? awm? aom? ajym? aum/
at;
= ai;? av;? awG;? aqG;? a&;/
wdk;
= NzdK;? pdk;? rdk;? tdk;? BudK;? qdk;/
xGwf
= uRwf? vGwf? qGwf? rGwf? &Twf/
eD = wD? pD? &D? NyD? csD? oD? nD/
txufygtwdkif; um&efoabmudk odatmif tBudrfBudrf txyfxyf avhusifh&rnf/ xdkYjyif
wvHk;csif;xyfrQru ESpfvHk;wGJ? oHk;vHk;wGJ? av;vHk;wGJ ponfjzifh um&eftxyf? eabxyfrsm;udkvnf;
avhusifhoifhonf/
atmufwGif erlemjyxm;ygonf/
1/ rmrm
vmyg/
2/ ntcg
vrom/
3/ apmaz
aemaus/
4/ pHkNrdKifwGif;
xHkBudKifoif;/
5/ a&wHcGef
a[r0ef
6/ rmrm csmcsm
omom ,m,m/
7/ yef;ydawmufrif;
vrf;wavSsmufoif;/
8/ rJZmawmifajc
oJomaomifajr
yGJcganmifa&/
9/ ay;p&mvnf; aiGr&Sd
ajy;p&mvnf; ajrr&Sd/
10/ tMuHr&Sd aemufvdkuf
qefr&Sd aumufpdkuf/
txufyg erlemrsm;udkrSD; trsKd;rsKd;avhusifhMunfhyg/ txl;ojzifh pum;yHkrsm;? pum;xmrsm;

udk avhusifhMunfhvQif ydk vG,fvG,fulul oabmaygufygvdrfhrnf/ txl;rSwf&efrSm um&efnDatmif
14
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
avhusifh&mwGif toHvnf;nD? towfvnf;nDvQif taumif; qHk;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif uAsmhoabm

onf &GwfqdkrIudk y"mexm;aomaMumifh toHnD towfrnDyJvnf; pyfqdkavh&SdMuonf/ Oyrm
tm;jzifh yef;vdkarT;ygap
prf;vdkat;ygap [laompum;wGif ]]yef;}}ESifh ]]prf;}}onf towf rwlacs/ odkY&mwGif toHudk
t"duxm; pyfqdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifr[m&|om& paom yk*dKvfwdkYum; toHnD towfnD pyfqdkavh&Sdonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap
um&efEdkifatmif avhusifh&mwGif toHtrsKd;rsKd;xyf avhusifhoifhonf/
15
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
tcef; (2)
toHtrsKd;rsKd;
uAsmzGJYqdk&mwGif (1) yuwdoH
(2) atmufjrpfoH
(3) 0doZeDoH (0paygufoH)
[l toHoHk;rsKd;&Sdonf/ atmufwGif Z,m;jzifh jyxm;ygonf/
yuwdoH
tm
tD
tl
at
t,f
atmufjrpfoH
tmh = t
tDh = td
tlY = tk
ath = ath
t,fh = tJh
0doZeDoH
tm;
tD;
tl;
at;
tJ;
(1) yuwdoH qdkonfrSm atmufjrpfESifh 0doZeD rygaom um&efjzpfonf/ wufoH [lvnf;

ac:onf/
(2) atmufjrpfoH qdkonfrSm atmufjrpfygaom um&efpkESifh atmufjrpfrygaomfvnf;
atmufjrpfoH &Gwfzwf&aom t? td? tk ponfh um&efpkyif jzpfonf/ oufoH [lvnf;
ac:onf/
(3) 0doZeDoH qdkonfrSm 0paygufygaomtoHyif jzpfonf/ edrfhoH [lvnf; ac:onf/
uowf? powf? wowf? yowf wdkYrSm atmufjrpfoHuJhodkY toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ xdktowfoHrsm;
udk wdkifoH [l ac:onf/
xdktoHoHk;rsKd;teuf yuwdoHac: wufoHudk csDoH [lvnf; ac:onf/
atmufjrpfoHac: oufoH? 0doZeDoHac: edrfhoHESifh wdkifoHwdkYudk uAsmvuFm\ tcsoHrsm;
jzpfaomaMumifh csoH [lvnf; ac:onf/
uAsmzGJYqdk&mwGif csDoHESifhcsoHwdkYudk wvSnfhpDa&;EdkifvQif okwdom,memaysmfzG,f jzpfonf/
toHae toHxm;? toHoGm; toHvm acsmarm ajyjypfwwfonf/ uAsmpmqdk\ cHpm;rIudkvdkuf
csDoHcsoHajyjypfatmif pDuHk;wwf&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh atmufygudkcef;ysKdUvm pmydk'fudkIyg/
]]Zmwdykn? *kPfrmejzifh
oHy[Hk;pHk;? zufrJhMuHK;om;
tm;oHk;axmifxm;? rsKd;av;yg;\
16
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
wufyGm;apmifrmef? vTm;wHcGefudk
jyif;0Sefrkefwdkif;? cwfcsKd;vIdif;
jzwfydkif;vSnf;cs? wwfpGrf;vSom;}}
tydk'fwGif ajyjypfom,maom wufoH um&efrsm;udk tvGefroHk;bJ jyif;xefrmausmaom
toHrsm;udkomoHk; zGJYqdkxm;onf udk awGYEdkifygonf/ tvm;wl uAsmyg toHrsm;udk ppfaq;MunfhI
Edkifonf/
17
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
tcef; (3)
towftrsKd;rsKd;
towfqdkonfrSm t-o& toH aoatmif owfxm;aom wHcGefvTm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/
towf (10) rsKd;&Sdonf/ xdk (10) rsKd;um; u owf
= uf
... (uuf)
i owf
= if
... (uif)
p owf
= pf
... (upf)
O (nuav;) owf = Of
... (pOf)
n owf
= nf
... (rnf)
w owf
= wf
... (wwf)
e owf
= ef
... (qef)
y owf
= yf
... (tyf)
r owf
= rf
... (urf)
, owf
= ,f
... (&,f)
xdkYjyif jrefrmpmayxJwGif ygVdbmomrS qif;oufvmaom ygVdouf towftu&mwdkYvnf;
rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ 4if;wdkYudk owfxl; [k ac:onf/ ygVdouf towf 26 yg;&Sdonf/ ,if; towf
(26) yg;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
trSwfpOf
towf
trnf
om"u
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
uf
cf
*f
if
pf
Zf
Of
#f
Xf
Pf
wf
xf
'f
u-owf
c-owf
*-owf
i-owf
p-owf
Z-owf
O(nuav;) owf
#-owf
X-owf
P-owf
w-owf
x-owf
'-owf
u&0duf
rkcf
b0*f
tmedoif
{u!pf
{u&mZf
,mOf
0#f
ygXf
Pf
twdwf
&d,mykxf
yk'f
18
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
pOf
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/
20/
21/
22/
23/
24/
25/
26/
towf
"f
ef
yf
Af
bf
rf
,f
&f
vf
0f
of
[f
Vf
trnf
"-owf
e-owf
y-owf
A-owf
b-owf
r-owf
,-owf
&-owf
v-owf
0-owf
o-owf
[-owf
V-owf
om"u
0ZD&m0k"f
Adrmef
ZrL'dyf
j'Af
vmbf
tm&mrf
t"dym,f
rm&f
wuodkvf
odOdK0f;
Oykof
od[f&moD
oD[kdVf
uAsmpDuHk;&mwGif towfcsif; wlnDEdkiforQ wlnDatmif tm;xkwfMuonf/ a&S;ynm&SdwdkYonf

(e owfudk e owfcsif;) (r owfudk r owfcsif;) (y owfudk yowfcsif;) (w owfudk wowf
csif;) wlnDatmif *kjyK pyfqdkwwfMuonf/
,cktcgwGif towfwlum&efrsm;jzifh r&Edkifaomtcg towfrwl um&efwdkYudk oHk;pGJMuonf
udkvnf; awGY&wwfonf/ toHudk y"mejyKpyfaomenf;[k rSwf,l&ef jzpfonf/
,if;odkY towfwl? toHwlrpyfyJ toHwludk t"duxm; pyfqdkvQif ynm&SdwdkY ESpfoufyHkr&/
]i e r? w y ESpf&yf? oHwlpyfaomf? ynwfac:xHk;? pmwHk; rnf&} [k refvnfq&mawmf
rdefYqdkcJhzl;onfudk axmuf/
19
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
tcef; (4)
oHayguf
oHayguft"dym,f/
/ toHudk aygufa&muf ay:vGifpGm zwf&Gwf&aom vuFmwdktrsKd;
tpm; jzpfonf/ jrefrmuAsm pwif oifMum;aomtcg ]uAsmtp oHaygufu} [k qdkdk;&Sdonfhtwdkif;
oHaygufudk a&S;OD;pGm oifMum;ay;avh&Sdonf/ oHaygufonf av;vHk; pyfvuFmzGJYenf;\tajccH
jzpfonf/ uAsmzGJYenf;trsKd;rsKd;wGif tvG,fqHk;jzpfonf/
oHaygufpyfenf;udk vG,fvG,fodEdkif&ef ]tp av;vHk;? tv,f oHk;? tqHk; ig; ckepf} [l
rSwfom;avh&Sdonf/
yxr oHaygufpyfenf; (4 - 3 - 2)
(1) tpydk'fwGif av;vHk; &Sd&rnf/
(2) tv,fwGif oHk;vHk; &Sd&rnf/
(3) aemufqHk;tcswGif ig;vHk; odkYr[kwf ckepfvHk; &Sdrnf/
(4) um&ef,lyHkrSm 4- 3- 2 pepf jzpfonf/ tpydk'f av;vHk; teuf pwkwae&m? tv,f
ydk'f oHk;vHk;teuf wwd,ae&m? aemufqHk; ydk'f ig;vHk; odkYr[kwf ckepfvHk;teuf 'kwd,ae&mwdkY
um&efnD&rnf[k qdkvdkonf/
erlem
tp av;vHk;
tv,f oHk;
tqHk; ig; ckepf
20
- - - (+)
- - (+)
- (+) - - - /
(odkYr[kwf)
- (+) - - - - - /
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
erlemjy uAsmrsm;
1/ zGJYEGJYa&;pD
uAsmoD
arhqD ay;vdkuf&m/
oHcsKdpyfvm;
aw;xyfvm;
arum; rodyg/
zwfMunfhjyefvQif
olYpm,Of
arhwGif r&Sif;yg/
cspfygaMumif;vm;
rkef;aMumif;vm;
arum; rodyg/
- - (+)
- (+)
(+) - - - (+)
- (+)
(+) - - - (+)
- (+)
(+) - - - (+)
- (+)
(+) - -
-/
-/
-/
-/
aiGwm&D
2/ a&mifjcnfajcmufoG,f
b0*fu,f
tHhzG,f q,fh&Spfjzm/
3/ &eHYrjy,f
yef;pHy,f
cufoG,f ESmarmif;jzm/
4/ ysKdysKd&G,f&G,f
aemifhaqGr,f
cspfzG,frsm;onfom/
5/ rif;qufig;oG,f
&SifbdkYr,f
eef;v,fwifonfom/
6/ ydefaumavSi,f
jrpfyifv,f
tvG,frul;om/
7/ ESif;wzGJzGJ
wydkYwGJ
aygufvJiHkum;um;/
9/ ra&mifhr&J
qm;ysm;jrJ
trJwpfESifhig;/
10/ rdk;r&GmyJ
clukdvTJ
cETJqifumxm;/
21
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
11/ erf;ruHk
vSrsKd;pHk
ydkufNcHKwauG;auG;/
12/ csrf;rvHk
cef;a&TbHk
wlpHkrpufao;/
13/ a&TMumy'Hk
yGifh0giHk
xHkxHkoif;ysH YarT;/
14/ wdrfndKyHkYyHkY
rdk;tHkYtHkY
aqmfvIHYajrmufavnif;/
15/ rjyefrwHkY
wNyHKUNyHKU
cspfwHkYrajyvQif;/
pdEausmfol OD;Mo
u0dvuPmowfyHk
avhusifhcef;
1/ atmufygpmydk'fwdkYudk oHaygufuAsm jzpfvmatmif jznfhyg/
(u) jrom;aumufyif
v,f,mjyif
- (+) - - -/
(c) anmif;&GufavcsD
- - (+)
ryD0dk;w0g;/
(*) - - - (+)
&Gmonfhrdk;
jynfusKd;twGufyg/
2/ atmufygtaMumif;t&mwdkYudk oHaygufwpfyk'fpD zGJYyg/
(u) wdkYawm&Gm
(c) eHeufcif;
(*) yef;O,smOf
3/ atmufyg oHaygufrsm;wGif rSmaomae&mrsm;udk jyifay;yg/
(u) oHk;vlYxdyfyef;
xGwfMuiSef;
yGifhvef;usufoa&/
22
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
(c) pmusufMuyg
ntcsdef
om,mMunfEl;zG,f/
(*) aiGMu,fjzLazG;
qGwfvdkY,l
b,foljzpfoenf;/
'kwd, oHaygufpyfenf; (4 - 3 - 1)
oHaygufpyfenf;wGif 4 - 3 - 1 um&efyHkpHudk oHk;onf/
erlem/ / ESvHk;npfnrf;
- - - (+)
vlrdkufoGrf;
- - (+)
vrf;udkrodEdkif/ (+) - - - - /
erlemjy uAsmrsm;
(1) wGif;jyif tdyfzef
twefwef
rSefap&Sifh opm/
(2) wazsmufqdwfqdwf
rsufpdrSdwf
ydwfwHk zHk;wHk zGifh/
(3) vlysif; vlNydef;
pdwfrxdef;
bdef;udk pm; rIdif/
u0dvuPmowfyHk
avhusifhcef;
1/ atmufygwkdYudk oHaygufjzpfatmif jznfhpyfyg/
(u) aiGESif;ykvJ
aqmif;OD;yGJ
(+) - - - - /
(c) BudKwifjyifqif
- - (+)
oifwdkYtm;xkwfMu/
(*) - - - (+)
wdkYtm;xm;
EGm;nDaemifESifhyg/
rSwfcsuf/ / oHaygufpyfenf; tajccH&vQif ig;vHk;csESifhjzpfap? ckepfvHk;csESifhjzpfap
oifhawmfovdk pyfqdkEdkifonf/
23
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
ckepfvHk;cs&mwGifvnf; ]]orifacsi,f
- - - (+)
pdkif'&,f
- - (+)
a0;e,fa&SmifMujrm;ajrmifpG/}}
- (+) - () - - ()/
[louJhodkY tqHk;ydk'fwGif pwkwae&mESifh owrae&mwdkYudk um&efnDatmifpyfqdkEdkifao;onf/
xkdYjyif ]]EG,fyef;yef;cGmndK
- - - - (+)
ESif;pdkpdk
- - (+)
jymodkaqmif;v&uf}}
- (+) - - - /
[louJhodkY yxrydk'fwGif ig;vHk;xm; pyfqdkonfvnf;&Sdonf/ pdwful;Pf&Sdoavmuf
uGefYjrL;pyf qdkEdkifcGifh &Sd onf / oHayguf pyf enfausnuf
;ud k atmuf taMumif;t&mtrsKd;rsKd;? um&ef,lyHkpepf
trsKd;rsKd; avhusifhMunfhoifhonf/
24
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
tcef; (5)
oHcsyf
oHcsyft"dym,f
,drf;csif;? ewfcsif;? avSawmfoH paom oDcsif;wdkY\tMum; xnfhoGif;csyfnyf wdkifum
azmufum oDqdk&aom oDcsif;oHwdkrsKd; jzpfaomaMumifh ]oHcsyf} [kac:onf/
pyfenf;
oHcsyfpyf&mwGif twdkif? tazmuf wpfpHkpD yg&jrJjzpfonf/
twdkifykd'fwGif ckepfvHk;cH taygufydk'fwGif ckepfvHk;jzpfap? &SpfvHk;jzpfap tkyf&onf/ um&ef
,lyHkrSm 7 - 3 odkYr[kwf 7 - 4 jzpfonf/
erlem
twdkif/
/ bkef;awmfBuD;vdkY oufawmf&Snf (a&S)

------+
tazmuf/ / wdkYwawG a&csrf;tdk;BuD;
--+----/
erlemjy uAsmrsm;
1/ rdk;vm;uGJ armifwdkY armifwdkY/
avvm;uGJY armifwdkY armifwdkY/ (oHcsyftcsD)
2/ bkef;awmfxGef;vdkY av;uGef;om
a&TNrdKUatmifcsm ewfjynftvm;
3/ zefjymcGufeJY ausmufpufa&
tarmajyatmif wdkufyghrr/
4/ a&Tvufckyf tkyfumwD;
aysmoD;rSnfhrSnfh pm;&atmif/
5/ tdk;pnfom;rsm; usufoa&
urmoacsF ajymvdkYrqHk;/
6/ awZm a0jzm aMujimausmf
rdk;ay: bdk;awmf r wJh&yfom;/
7/ a[hvm; armifwdkY 0g;/ (oHcsyftcs)
25
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
,cktcg oBuFefyGJwGif oHcsyfuAsmrsm; txl;acwfpm;onf/ oHcsyf0dkif;rsm;udk vltrsm;

0dkif;tHkem;axmifMuonf/ wdkif;jynf jyKjyifp&mudprsm;udk avSmifajymif&,farm,if; [moPf
ygaom tusKd;jyKtoday;oHcsyfrsm; pyfqdkonfrSm jrefrmhtpOftvmwck jzpfayonf/
avhusifhcef;
1/ oHcsyf\t"dym,fudk &Sif;jyyg/
2/ ausmif;oefY&Sif;a&; vkyftm;ay;yGJtwGuf oHcsyf 10 yk'fcefY a&;pyfyg/
3/ erlemjy oHcsyfrsm;\ um&ef,lyHkpepfrsm;udk azmfjyyg/
26
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
tcef; (6)
av;vHk;pyfvuFm
av;vHk;pyfvuFmt"dym,f
av;vHk;vQif wpfyg'pyfqdk&aom uAsmtzGJY jzpfonf/ vuFm qdkonfrSm tvuFm&rS
qif;oufvmaom pum;jzpfonf/ wefqm qifjcif;[k t"dym,f&onf/ jrefrmuAsmwGif
toHk;rsm;aom uAsm tzGJYjzpfonf/ yk*HacwfrS ,aeYacwftxd av;vHk;pyf vuFmenf;udk
oHk;avh&Sdonf/
pyfenf;
oHaygufpyfenf;udk em;vnfvQif vuFmpyfenf;udk tvkdvdk em;vnfEdkifonf/ av;vHk;vQif
wpfBudrfjzwfawmuf pnf;0g;rSefrSef zGJY&onf/ zGJYaomtcg atmufygyHkpHtwdkif; um&ef,l zGJYqdk&
onf/
(1) 4 - 3 - 2 enf;
(2) 4 - 3 - 1 enf;
(3) 4 - 1 enf;
(4) 4 - 2 enf;
(5) 3 - 1 enf;
(6) 3 - 2 enf;
[l pyfqdkEdkifonf/
txl ;rSwf&efrSm av;vHk;pyfvuFmwGif 4 - 3 - 2 pyfenf;on
f tajccHjzpfonf/ xdkrSqifhyGm;
trsKd;rsKd;jzmxGufvmjcif; jzpfonf/
27
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
atmufyg erlem;rsm;udk Munfhyg/

(1) 4 - 3 - 2 enf;
b,fawmb,fNrdK if
rodE dkifcJh
rcdkifpdwf0 rf;
aeYwdkif;vGrf;rQ
(2) 4 - 3 - 1 enf;
uAsmNrdKifw Gi f
yef;vGiv
f Gifudk
oifcl;vdku
cl;yefMuavmh
vSonfhjrwfyef;
cdkifvHk;vef;\/
- - - (+)
- - (+) (+) - - ()
- - () () - - (+)
- - (+) - /
(3) 4 - 1 enf;
yxr&G, f
i,faomfuwnfh
- - - (+)
() - - -
- - (+)
- (+) (+) - ()
- () - /
(4) 4 - 2 enf;
woaEa "
- - - (+)
wayvsOf;vsOf;
- (+) - ()
wnOf;qdk;qdk;
- () - (+)
wndK;vsvs
- (+) - ()
wwvGrf;vGr f;
- () - (+)
worf;[,f[,f
- (+) - ()
wwG,fwmwm
- () - (+)
w[mvIduv
f Iduf
- (+) - ()
wdIu fiifi if
- () - (+)
wyifyef;yef;
- (+) - ()
(a&;enf;udk &xm;ajy; pyfenf;[kvnf; ac:onf/)
(5) 3 - 1 enf;
ckepfa xGvQif
a&ESifhawmifxyf
28
- - (+) (+) - - rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
(6) 3 - 2 enf;
atmifcsmrnfom;
a&TjynfOD;pGef;
- - (+) - (+) - -
pyfenf; (6)rsKd;tjyif tjcm;enf;rsm;vnf; &SdEdkifygao;onf/odkY&mwGif us,frnfpdk;

ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh oifhHkom jyvdkufygonf/
av;vHk;pyfvuFm
um&efoHk;csufpvHk; towfvnf;nD? um&efvnf;nD 4 - 3 - 2 enf;ESifhpyfqdkvQif
oHk;csufnDpyfenf; [k a&S;uac:Muonf/
erlem
EkxGm;xGwx
f Gwf
a&rSvGwfonfh
acGGwfMumwdrf;/
4 - 1 enf;jzifhpyfqdkvQif OD;wdkufpyfenf; [k a&S;uac:Muonf/
erlem
oBuFefESpq
f ef;
yef;uuHhaumf
4 - 2 enf;jzifh pyfqdkvQif jzpfap? 3 - 2 enf;jzifh pyfqdkvQifjzpfap um&efwlpyfqdkvQif
bDvl;&,fpyfenf; [k a&S;u ac:Muonf/
erlem
(u) onfwGifa&TNrdKU
onfodkYapwD
(c) ay:aEGvvQif
awmifuNcdrfhjrL;
vuFmwpfyk'fwGif pyfenf;trsKd;rsKd;a&maESm pyfqdkEdkifonf/ taMumif;t&mESifh vdkufzuf
atmif pyfenf;wpfrsKd;wnf;udkjzpfap? ESpfrsKd; oHk; rsKd;udkjzpfap a&maESm pyfq dkMuonf/
xdkum&eftpyf wdkYudk odem;vnfatmif tm;xkwfMu&monf/
vuFmtcsydk'frsm;
vuFm\ tqHk;owftcsydk'fwGif av;vHk;jzifhcsxm;onfvnf; &Sdonf/ ckepfvHk;jzifh csxm;onf
vnf; &Sdonf/ ckepfvHk; tcsydk'fenf;udk cdkifGwfcufjzmcsenf; [kac:Muonf/
29
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
av;vHk;csenf;
ocifrGefudk
csefbpd ifppf? tjypfrJha&;
cGiv
fh Qifay;\/ aoG;onftedp m
ighc Em wnfh/
ckepfvHk;csenf;
(u) a&TMumae0,f
vSrf;aomES,fodkY
ndK;i,fworf;orf;wum;/
(c) &SifaESmif;IHUwG
om;axG;vSudk
rdbigwdkY auG;rnfzdkY/
erlemjyuAsmrsm;
1/ jruefom
awmifusacsmif;aw;? a&0ifajy;vSnfh
a&at;MunfpGm? uefydkifrmvsuf
Mumaygif;xHkxHk? iSufrsKd;pHkonf
bHk0wom? eEmayavm
wlpG[kwm/
2/ odk;uav
ykym;ewfawmif
tacgifjrifhzsm;? pHkawmjym;
eHY&Sm;BudKifvGifh? cgwefyGifhonf
a&TESifh,dk;rSm;? yef;pum;/
odk;uav
pum;yGifhESifh
EIdif;wifhEdk;onf? &JrsKd;orD;
armifBuD;ESr? nufvSjympif
r,fhonfyifonf c&D;om;/
odk;uav
NrdwfvGwfpkvnf;
ti,fwnf;u? uGrf;0ifMuonf
arG;zwl&if;? rsKd;onfrif;ESifh
cspfjcif;pkHk;? oufxufqHk;onf
ESvHk;rjcm;? apmifhw&m;/
aqGrdrif;
rsufokwfeDpif
30
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
&xnf;zsifESifh? usKdif;pifjr0g
rwfBuD;vsmudk
r,fomBudKufrd? wkr&Sd/
3/ oHa0*vuFm
- toufpnf;pdrf? cEmtdrfum;? wdrfwcJeuf? Munfh,if; ysufodkY? rsufpdatmufwGif?
aysmufvGifhpOf? ocFg&puf? olYydkifeuf? oGufoGufvnfum? yg&&Smonf? cEmtedpygwum;/
bHkeef;wdkuftdrf? olYpnf;pdrfESifh? *kPfod&farmufNzdK;? bkef;wefcdk;vnf;? rdk;odkYcsKef;ap?
ynmawGvnf;? awmifajrw&Sd? pGrf;owdvnf;? rd*&mZm? odkYjzpfygvnf;? ocFg&rif;? olYajc&if;?
acGpif;rmefcsKd;? OD;TwfvQKd;onf? bkef;rsKd;ru,fEdkifygwum;/
- yk*dKvfwGifrnf? ac:Murnfum;? azGenf&if;jrpf? &Smppfaomf? jzpfvQifysufjim;? cEm
ig;wnfh? w&m;xifrI? rl&if;Iu? ESpfck {uef? kyfESifhemrfwnfh? azmufjyefwwfvS? ocFg&rdkY? edp
cdkifusnf? jrJrwnfonf? ysufrnfrkcsygwum;/
v,fwDy@Dw OD;armifBuD;
4/ olwnf;wpfa,muf? aumif;zdkYa&mufrl? olwpfa,mufrSm? ysufvifhumom? "rwmwnfh/
- a&Ttdrfeef;ESifh? MuiSmef;vnf;cH? rwfaygif;&Hvsuf? aysmfpH &dyfNidrf? pnf;pdrfruGm? rif;csrf;
omum;? ork'&m? a&rsufESmxuf? cPwufonfh? a&yGufyrm? wpfoufvsmwnfh/
- Muifemoem;? ightm;rowf? ,ckvTwfvnf;? rvGwfMurm? vlwumwdkY? cEmcdkifusnf?
twnfrjrJ? azmufvGJwwfonf? rcGwf pom? ow0gwnfh/
- &Sdcdk;aumfa&mf? ylaZmftuGef? yefcJhwHk\? cdkufMuHK0dyguf? oHompuf? BudKufvwfwGefrl?
wHkYr,lvdk? MunfndKpdwfoef? ocifrGefudk? csefbdppfppf? tjypfrJha&;? cGifhvQifay;\? aoG;onftedpm?
ighcEm wnfh/
teEol&d,
avhusifhcef;
1/ av;vHk;pyfvuFm\ t"dym,fudk &Sif;jyyg/
2/ 4 - 2 pyfenf;ac: &xm;ajy;pyfenf;udk uAsmerlemjy &Sif;jyyg/
3/ atmufygtaMumif;t&mwdkYudk vuFmwdkrsm; zGJYyg/
(u) ausmif;om,m
(c) vli,fhtm;rmef
(*) rdk;OD;Icif;
4/ atmufygvuFmwGif um&efrsm;udk&Sm um&ef,lyHkpepfudkyg azmfjyyg/
a&Ttdrfeef;ESifh? MuiSef;vnf;cH
rwfaygif;&Hvsuf? aysmfpH&dyfNidrf
pnf;pdrfruGm? rif;csrf;omum;
ork'&m? a&rsufESmxuf
cPwufonfh? a&yGufyrm
wpfoufvsmwnfh/ /
31
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
5/ atmufygvuFmwGif vdkaeaom um&efrsm;udk jznfhzGJYyg/

(u) uGef;tydkif;wdkif;twnfjynftpdkYNrdKUtcef;eef;toD;xD;tql(c) aEGOD;umv
jrLrIef-
rdIif;-a0a0
vGrf;zG,f-wnfh/
(*) 0if;0if;0g0g
yef;rm-onf
oif;umarT;&eHYcsLvsuf
-wumudk
Munfapvdk\/
6/ atmufygvuFmpyfenf;wdkYudk a&S;u rnfhodkYac:Muoenf;/
(u) towfwl toHwl 4 - 3- 2 pyfenf;
(c) 4 - 1 pyfenf;
(*) 3 - 2 pyfenf;
7/ oif&&Sdaom vuFmwyk'fudka&; rnfonfhum&ef,lyHkpepfjzifh pyfxm;onfudk azmfjyyg/
32
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
tcef; (7)
&wk
&wkt"dym,f
&wkqdkonfrSm obif? tcrf;tem;? tajctae[l t"dym,f &Sdaom jrefrmpum;jzpfonf/
tcsKdUu ouwbmom ]&dwk}rSqif;ouf &wkjzpfvmonf[k rdefYqdkMuonf/ &dwk [laom
ouwpum;onf tcg&moD[k t"dym,f&onf/
&wkpyfenf;
&wkpyfenf;rSm vuFmpyfenf;uJhodkYyifjzpfonf/ 4 - 3 - 2 enf;? 4 - 3 - 1 enf;? 4 1 enf; paom pyfenf;wdkYjzifh um&ef,l&onf/ odkY&mwGif tydk'fta&twGufudkvkduf &wktrsKd;tpm;
oHk;rsKd;cGJxm;onf/
(1) {uydk'f &wk
(2) ydk'fpHk &wk
(3) tjznfhcH &wk
[ljzpfonf/
(1) {uydk'f &wk
wpfydk'fwnf;om a&;pyfaom &wkudk {uydk'f&wk[kac:onf/ pyfenf;rSm vuFmpyfenf;
twdkif;jzpf &wkcs&mwGif cdkifGefYcufjzm csenf;ac: ckepfvHk;csenf;udk toHk;rsm;onf/
ukef;abmifacwfOD; pmqdk vuf0JokE& trwfBuD;\ ]]tqdkifqdkifvQif}}tpcsD rJZmopfawmbGJY
{uydk'f&wkudk Munfhyg/ tydk'f wydk'f wnf;jzifh rJZmopfawm\ oabmokyfudk ay:vGifatmif
jcHKiHkzGJYqdkxm;onfudk awGYEdkifygonf/
]]tqdkifqdkifvQif? awmNrdKifvnfvSnfh? urf;vHk;jynfhrQ? IMunfhav&m? aMumufzG,fomwnfh?
jymjymvGvG? rdIif;ysarSmifarSmif? awmESifhawmifvnf;? wdrfawmifrdk;&Sd? axG;,SufNidrSs? vGrf;rdpzG,f?
33
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
aumif;uifv,f? awmifv,fawmifxdyf? rdk;ndK&dyfESifh wdrfvdyfaqmfnTef;? p xGef;onf? ae0ef;ay:

vG,fcsifbdonf/}}
(2) ydk'fpHk &wk
&wkwGif oHk;ydk'fvQif wpfpHk[k ac:onfjzpf&m oHk;ydk'fzGJYqdkvQif ykd'fpHk&wk [kac:qdkMuonf/
xl;jcm;onfrSm tydk'fwdkif; tcsDum&ef csif;? tcsum&efcsif; nDGwf&jcif;jzpfonf/
wGif pmqdkvuf0JokE&trwfBuD;\ ]]rJZmawmifawmifajc}} tpcsD ydk'fpHk&wkudkyif om"u
jyygrnf/ trwfBuD;onf rJZmopfawm\ oabmokyfESifh rdrd\b0cHpm;csufwdkYudk &wkoHk;ydk'fjzifh
ay:vGifatmif zGJYqdkxm;onfudk awGYjrifEdkifygonf/
yxrydk'fwGif ]]rJZmawmifajc}} tpcsDonf/ 'kwd,ydk'fwGif ]]oJomaomifajc}} tpcsDonf/
wwd,ydk'fwGif ]]yGJcganmifa&}} tp csDonf/ &wkudk tqHk;owf&mwGif tcsum&efcsif; wlnD&onfudk
MunfhygOD;/
yxrydk'fwGif ]]a&TjynfXme a0;aomaMumifh}} [k csonf/
'kwd,ydk'fwGif ]]avjynfvmu at;aomaMumifh}} [k csonf/
wwd,ydk'fwGif ]]aejcnfjzmrS aEG;aomaMumifh}} [k csonf/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh &wkwGif tcsDnD tcsnDjcif;onf t"du jzpfonf/
tjznfhcH &wk
tjznfhcH &wkqdkonfrSm pmqdkwpfOD;u tcsDnD tcsnD &wk ESpfykd'fudkomvQif a&;zGJYxm;aom
&wkrsKd;jzpfonf/ aemufaESmif; ynm&SdwdkYjznfhvdkvQif jznfhMuavmh[l wwd,ydk'fudk tjznfhcH&ef
uGufvyfcsefcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
pmqdktcsif;csif; Pfupm;aom &wk? pdefac:aom&wk [k qdkEdkifayonf/ atmufygyHkpHudk
Munfhyg/
ndKUndKUjymjym? qif;jyifvsmrl
jypfrSmrpuf? q,fESpfoufu
acsmnufGwfoG,f? ewfESifhqG,f
&G,fvnf;&G,fysKd? ndKvnf; ndK0if;
jzL&Gif;a&mk? aemifhoufpkudk
EdIif;Iacsrl? xGm;jym jzLonf
rwl\odkY wl\odkY/
rdkYrdkYtmum? rdk;a'0gvQif
A,fnmawmifajrmuf? avjynfavSmuf
NzdK;ajzmufdk;&J? vQyfyef;MuJvsuf
rpJnif;nif;? usL;wnfhvQif;
y0if;vSnfhvdk? vGrf;pdrfhqdkodkY
avcsKdaygif;nD? Hk;pkNyDrS
r,fhqDwll? onfrdk;jzLonf
uvl\odkY jrL\odkY/
34
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
txufyg &wkudk pmqdkawmf e0a';u ESpfydk'frQom a&; tjznfhcH&wktjzpf zGJYcJhonf/

e0a';u uGufvyfcsefxm;aom wwd,ydk'fudk &Sifol&Ju atmufygtwdkif; jznfh qdkcJhonf/
odkYodkYomom? r,fhae&modkY
tmumrIdif;a0? aeYwdkif;apu
oufa0jrcJ? ol&JaMumifhom
vGrf;Asmygrl? wdrfjymruGuf
wdrfeufrnf;rdkY? wdrfajcndKUESifh
xyfydkYrpJ? &GmoGef;MuJu
ykvJyrm? qif;uvsmvSsif
opmjrJwl? wvsuflonf
rjzL\odkY jzL\odkY/ /
&Sifol&J
&wkavmuwGif e0a';? ewf&Sifaemif? avSmfum;oHk;axmifrSL;? aZ,s&Erdwf? &SifoHcdk?
pdEausmfol? vuf0JokE& paomyk*dKvfrsm; xif&Sm;cJhonfjzpf&m a&S;u &wktrsKd;rsKd;udk &SmazG
avhusufapvdkygonf/
&wktrsKd;rsKd;teuf xl;jcm;qef;opfaom &wkwpfyk'fudk azmfjyvdkonf/ xdk&wkrSm tjcm;&wk
rsm;ESifhrwl? wpfrlxl;jcm;onf/ ydk;awmifhwJrsm; vrf;oGm;aomtcg udk,fum,onf wGefcsnf
vdrfcsnf? ydefcsnf azmif;csnf wpfvSnfhpD&SdwwfouJhodkY av;vHk; wpfyg'? ig;vHk; wpfyg'
wvSnfhpDpyfqdk&aom&wk rsKd;jzpfonf/ xdk&wkrsKd;udk awmifhwJwGefY &wk [kac:Muonf/
&Sifr[m&|omom&\ ]]0Pybm}} csD awmifhwJwGefY &wkudk yHkpHtjzpf avhvmMunfhyg/
]]0Pybm? uvsmzl;popf? ysKdrspfrspfvQif? uspfvspfwifh pHy,f? vSrsKd;<u,fom;? qHoG,f
jrNrdwfpdkY? qif;a&mifysKdUudk? ewfwdkY qifxkdufwef? qif;pHkMuefwnfh? tvGef&aycuf? jzLNrdwf&GufESi?fh
vufvufjra&mifajy;? a&T&nfa&;odkY? ysHUarT;a&Ttus? a&TxbDESifh? rsufpDa&Tem;awmif;? EGJYEGJYaemif;rl?
a&mifarmif;uGrf;&nfoGm;? oufwifvm;odkY? vufzsm;'ef;eDa&mif? vSwefaqmifrl? rsufawmif
aumhGwfao;? pkwfjzifha&;odkY? BudKifat;uwdk;&nf? xHkrsKd;csnf? ewfjynf rdk;olZm? ysHoufvmodkY?
IomwifhpEdk;? vSacgifrdk;? jypfrsKd;rSJYrxif? ewfkyfoGifodkY? jzLpifxGef;a&mif0if;? vSrSefuif;ud?k
ncif;qnf;qmwGif? uGEkfyfjrifonf? &,f& TifjyHK ;wHkY rjyHK;wkHY/
a'0p&m? jyifvsmwifhqif;a&mif? a&TMuufawmif0,f? vSacgifwifhrsKd;vGwf? q,fhESpfywf
vQif? &pfywfjcL;ajrSmifpD? a&TxbDESifh? tmeDodef;wefrsKd;? a&Tcg;BudK;vnf;? pHrsKd;aeYwdkif;yif? tjr
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uRef;wGifZrLvHk;? NydKifwdkif;HI;onf? jypfvHk;uif;a0;pGm? rdk;olZmodkY? qnf;qmn&DwGif? uREkfyfjrif
onf/
a&T& ifz Hk; wHkY rzHk; wHkY/
yOuvsm? ndKjymwifhqif;a&mif? a&TMuufawmif0,f? jzLa&mif&xnf;qG? oG,facGcs?
xGef;yudk,fa&mif0if;? jymEGJY&Sif;rl? ysHU&Tif;eHYomaysmif;? rarT;awmif;wnfh? wifhaMumif;arT;pHy,f?
IcsifzG,fwd? edum,fqif;a&mifajrU? q,fESpfaphudk? MuHa&GUoH&nfxif? jrifhMuwifcJh? jyiftifewfESifh
avsm? jymEGJYacsmvQif? wifharmvGefuspfvspf? pkvnf;opfESifh? ajyjypfqifhqHkqnf;? rdnufMunf;onf?
pkvnf;xHk;wHkY? rxHk; wHkY/}}
&Sifr[m&|om&
35
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
jrefrmpmayordkif;wGif &wktrsKd;rsKd; xGef;um;cJhonf/ &wkcsD enf;rsm;udk pmqdkwdkY pdwful;

mPftrsKd;rsKd; uGefYjrL;cJhMuonf/ &wkcsenf;rSmvnf; trsKd;rsKd;axGjym;cJhMuonf/ ]]&wkcszG,f?
toG,foG,f? ajcmufq,fBud,m}} [lyif pdEausmfolOD;Mo u u0dvuPm owfyHkusrf;wGif
qdkcJhonfr[kwfygavm/
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txufygBud,m (60) onf &wkcs&mwGif toHk;jyKavh&Sdaom Bud,mrsm;yifjzpfonf/

,cktcgwGif &wkta&;tom; enf;yg;vmcJhNyD/ odkY&mwGif tcsKdUacwfopfpmqdkwdkYonf &wki,frsm;
a&;zGJYMuao;onf/ Bud,mtcsrsm;udkvnf; wpfrsKd;wpfzHk wDxGifqef;opf a&;zGJYwwfMuao;onf/
uAsmpmqdkonf wDxGifol? pdwful;mPf xufjrufoljzpfav&m a&S;dk;a&;pOform;pOfudk uRrf;usif
Edkifeif;NyDqdkvQif topfwDxGif zefwD;EdkifcGifh&SdaMumif; owdjyK&ef jzpfonf/
erlemjy uAsmrsm;
1/ ESpful;vnf? rdk;pnfysHUysL;? aqmfdkufusL;u? txl;wvnf? wqef;rnfonf? wdkY jynfjyKAm?
ta&SUrSmESifh? bmomrwl? &cdkifrlum;? vlvnf;waxG? a&vnf;wjcm;? zsm;vnf;wufouf?
aMumufrufcsifzG,f? yifv,facsmif;ajrmif;? rBuD;awmif;wnfh? aqmif;aqmif;qdkif;qdkif;? NydKif;&dkif;?wd
rdIif;rIdif;tkyfaxG? a0a0rdkYrdkY? ndKU&dkUESifh? jrodkY&Sdrf;&Sdrf;? cyfodrf;awmawmif? ukefatmifyfw
uHk;? ajrmfrqHk;
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- xpfusL;jrnf? wdrfjcnfrjrif? xufaumif;uifu? odkYyifrae? aeYwdkif;apGaomf?
vGrf;axGrsm;zG,f? toG,foG,fvQif? i,f&G,ftppf? atmufarhvpfu? rESpfr&Sm;? uGef;xif;yg;odkY?
pum;xufjruf? nDayvsuf[k? pdkufpufvnf;ac:? ausmfonfa0;enf;? bk&m;BuD;u? jzifnD;ukef
atmif? a&Tawmif&Sifcspf? arGESpfynf;jzif? NrdKUvnfwGif? bk&ifapwD? tnDoifhavsmf? t&mawmudk?
raemfrsufI? aMu;rHkjyK? aumif;rIvnfyGm;? uHoHk;yg;jzifh? pum;ESpfyif? ylaZmfwif? pdwf&TifMunfq? Hk;
oDwif;oHk;onf? tqHk;zsm;0,f NidvS\/
36
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
&SpfOD;wnf? a&Tjynfa&Teef;? a&TbHkuGef;0,f? armfuGef;xm;vSnfh? vHk;pHkjynfhom;? qDwnfh

vuf,m? aexGuf&mu? urmpOfwdkif;? wkzufEIdif;om;? ppfudkif;yif;,? t0rif;0H? yk*HtaMu?
oa&acw&m? xdk&yfrSmum;? odkYcgtvdk? 0gqdkrdk;v? a&mufavuvQif? wkypD&if? jrwfqH&Sif0,f?
obifyGJBuD;? tNzD;NzD;wnfh? qDrD;rqHk;? oDwif;oHk;? aeYvHk;rcsm? w&m;emrS? o'gjrwfav;? qGrf;
vkyfauR;? ta&;wjcm;? wyg;onfrSm? Murmvnf;aqmf? raysmfESvHk;? r&TifjyHK;onf? ycHk;yg;0,f
xdvS\/
&SifawaZmfom&
2/ wifhvSay[ef? bufr&efwnfh? ajcmufwefewf&Gm? bHkuvmodkY? jymjymvwfvwf? rGwfrGwf
nufnuf? 0if;vufa&mifa&T? tacgifaywnfh? awmifaeewf[ef? jrwfopfMuefESifh? yef;refa&;acs?
xHk;aeraMum? ywfavsmqHMum? uswdkif;omvQif? a&T0gydwf&Sif;? xnfcsif;pHy,f? eHY<u,fvIdifMuL?
rOLrsufrnf;? ay:xyfpnf;ESifh? r&nf;rxif? jzKwfjcnf;jrifu? ewfyif,dk;rSm? 0dk;0g;awG;cRwf?
pdwfvHk;Gwfonf? bHkxGwfeef;awmif aewdkYavm/
- &ifhrQa&TMuef? &GufryGefwnfh? 0gpGefeDarmif;? yifwdkif;ajymif;u? oufaygif;xif,Hk?
vSedwHkvnf;? yef;pHka&m&Suf? xHk;jr&GufESifh? vdkufzufwifhrSwf? udk,f0wfawmfrSm? rvm&eHY? arT;ysHU
BudKif&Tif;? y,if;a&T&nf? yGwfvJhMunfodkY? jr&nfaMumpdrf;? vJhvJh&Sdrf;rQ? cyfodrf;uvsm? IzG,fomvQi
f?
od*FgvQHawmuf? vufaumufvufusyf? &nfvQyfqHusif? rQrxifvnf;? wdkif;yifxifrSwf? vSacgif
xGwfonf? Mumewfwefaqmif aywdkYavm/
- qifhcsapGoGef? &ufrcsefwnfh? ,k*eftvHk;? jr&nfzHk;om;? vSqHk;wifae? xHkoa&vnf;?
axGaxGMunfhwdkif;? jypfrsKd;Idif;onf? pHcdkif;avSmfopf? a&TES,fepfrQ? wifjypfrpuf? vJhvJhnufudk?
xufewfbHkae? ckoma<uodkY? wifhaeIajrmf? tausmfysHUrTef;? 0if;Nidrfh&Tef;udk? awmifwef;aeavm?
ewfayavm[k? awG;awmacsrd? wyfrodcJh? jrifrdjzKwfjcnf;? arSsmfuwnf;u? tlonf;pHkTwf?
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3/ jrjrajr;? qD;ao;rdk;jzL? jrLvnf;a<uvifh? ryGifhaejcnf? rMunfaumif;uif? xufcGiftHkYys?
NidrfhrQudk,fwGif;? qD;ESif;us&Trf;? csrf;wdkYpGvnf;? &ifhrQMumanmif;? waygif;&ufusL;? rzl;&ufav?
a[r&moD? em&DyGm;wdk;? aomufrdk;nOfh&Snf? aqmif;cgvnfonf? csrf;onf olYt[efwum;/
- &G&GauG;? arT;arT;ysys? &J&JvSom;? cdkifjryGifhzl;? aqmif;OD;yef;vQif? txl;olESihf?
rwifhav&m? r,fESifhomvQif? Murmzefqifh? &nfyGifhom;? ocifhyefzdkY? pD&ifydkY? pdrf;ndKU&Gufxyf?
jc,fvSyfxGm;xGm;? wjcm;xl;axG? nSmwHajc0,f? iHkajycsyfief;? wqef;xl;vnf? yef;a&T&nfonf?
uRrf;onf olYtrSefwum;/
- ysysarT;? ydkufaxG;&ifaiGY? wlpufavhudk? atmufarhjrifa,mif? &Sifharmifac:wrf;?
azmfi,fuRrf;ESifh? tvGrf;&Snfjrifh? MumonfESifhaomf? xyfqifhAsmyg? raysmfpGm? tcgo&pf? aqmif;rsKd;
ESpfvnf;? tjzpfonfES,f? r&SdzG,fwnfh? oufvS,faemifESifh? MuifaywifhpG? rsufyGifhpHwnf? rsKd;cspf
Munfonf? vGrf;onf olYrwefwum;/
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5/ a0&Tef;pEm? csrf;&dyfomodkY? rsufESmwlI? wonfholvQif? ZrLatmifcef;? a&TbHkeef;odkY?
a&mufyef;BuD;tif? aer&TifcJh? vGifvnf;wqdkif? NrdKifvnf;waxG? a&vnf;wxl;? a0;acgifusL;udk?
37
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
a&mufzl;rnfxm;? a&Tnmzsm;[k? a&S;zsm;rqG? Mum;&onfom? b,f&yfrSm[k? jcif;&mwpd? wyfrodcJh?

uRef;BuDh;csufcsm? wdkYae&mESifh? bmomuGJvrf;? NrdKifawm0Srf;0,f? tcsrf;rwl? tylrrQ? MuHKbd&&Sifh?
odCFatmifajr? v,fcsufaAG0,f? aevnf;wqef;? eef;vnf;wjcm;? raxGjym;yJ? udk;yg;e0&wf?
a&Tjymom'fu? rsufjrwfvQH&nf? xGef;vSnfhvnfonf? aejcnfxJwGifygvdrhfrnf/
- ae0ef;zef0g? xdefpMumvnf;? tmumzdwfpD;? uRef;vHk;nD;rQ? xdeD;rdk;v,f? NzdK;NzdK;u,f?
tHhzG,f,Sufoef;? Ircef;wnfh? a&Teef;rSefpD? &Sd&mqDodkY? ajrmufcsDOD;wif? puf&m0ifvnf;?
Munfvif&Sdcdk;? puf&mEdk;vnf;? vufrdk;vSnfhvnf? arQmfrdonf&Sifh? a&TjynfawmfrSm? ckcsdefcgudk?
olZ mompH? rd wfeH rjym;? "mwfwHc g;\? ,Gef ;pm;a&SUrSm? aysmf zG,f om&Si fh? oDwmywfuH k;?
jrpfESifhusKH;vnf;? wvHk;wnf;a&? pD;awGawGwnfh? rdk;aEGracgif? vuf,majrmifvsuf? ewfaqmif,lydkY?
av\odkYvQif? a&TNrdKUa&Tjynf? 0ef;ywfvnfonf? a&MunfoJjyifomvdrfhrnf/
- aEGuRef;oefum? ckcsdefcgudk? ausmif;om&mrfcif;? apwDwGif;0,f? owif;tvSL? a&Tjynfol
wdkY? qk,lpnf;a0;? jzLjzLazG;vdrfh? pufarS;cdkufwGif? tdyfrufjrifodkY? r&Tiflw? vGrf;vdkufvS&Sifh?
nTefjyusKd;quf? q,fausmfoufu? Muifzuftwl? awmif;qk,lonf? tdrfolacsmoG,f? oHk;a,mufr,f
ESifh? yifv,fjcm;&m? c&D;uGmodkY? rSmvnf;rMum;? oGm;vnf;roifh? jzpfojzifhvQif? ylcGifh&Snfa&;?
&Sdacsao;\? &ifaoG;a&Tawmif? om;armifESr? qif;od*FwdkY? arG;b&ifcGif? a&Tvufwif? ,liifydkuf
jzm;? aysmfrnfrsm;ESifh? ESpfyg;rsufjcnf? om;ESif;&nfonf? a&TvnfqGJcsif&Smvdrfhrnf/
vuf0JokE&
rSwfcsuf/ / ysKdU? armfuGef;? {csif;wdkYonf vuFmpyfenf;jzifh pyfqdkMuaom uAsm
trsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ taMumif;t&mudkvdkuf tenf;i,frQom xl;jcm;onf/ udk;cef;ysKdU?
aerdbHkcef;ysKdU? Orm'EDysKdU? bvmwd,ysKdU ponfwdkYonf bk&m;a[mZmwfvrf;udk tajcjyK a&;zGJYjcif;
jzpfonf/ tmoHEdkifarmfuGef;? jynfpkefarmfuGef;? wkwfoHa&mufarmfuGef; ponfwdkYonf ppfatmifa&;?
oHwref qufoG,fa&; paom ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ yvdyfpm;{csif;? rif;&J'DA{csif;
paom {csif;wdkYonf om;awmf orD;awmfwdkYudk a&Tem;awmfoGif;&aom tzGJYrsm;jzpfonf/ av;vHk;pyf
vuFmyHkpHudk tajcjyK zGJYqdk&aom uAsmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;yif jzpfonf/ Zmwfvrf;uAsm? rSwfwrf;uAsm?
om;acsmhuAsmrsm;aywnf;/
avhusifhcef;
1/ oifodaom &wkpmqdk ig;OD;\ trnfudk azmfjy ESpfoufaom &wkwpfyk'fudk a&;jyyg/
2/ atmufyg taMumif;t&mwdkYudk &wki,f wpfyk'fpDa&;yg/
(u) trsKd;om;aeY
(c) awmifukef;ay:u apwD
(*) tmZmenf
3/ pHerlemjy uAsmrsm;teuf ]a0&Tef;pEm} csDwk\ um&ef,lyHkpepfudk azmfjyyg/
38
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
tcef; (*)
a'G;csKd;
a'G;csKd;t"dym,f
tcsKd; ESpfcsKd;yg0ifaom uAsmrsKd;jzpfonf/ yxrtcsKd;udk tcH[lvnf;aumif;? tcsD[l
vnf;aumif;ac: 'kwd,tcsKd;ukd ttkyf [lvnf;aumif;? tcs [lvnf;aumif; ac:onf/
ESpfqpfcsKd; [lvnf; ac:Muao;onf/
a'G;csKd;pyfenf;
tcsKd;ESpfcsKd;&Sdonfhteuf tcHcsKd;wGif tenf;qHk; ESpfydk'fjzifha&;NyD; ttkyfcsKd;wGif tenf;qHk;
ESpfydk'fjzifh tkyfavh&Sdonf/
2 ydk'fcH - 2 ydk'ftkyf a'G;csKd;
3 ydk'fcH - 4 ydk'ftkyf a'G;csKd; ponfjzifh pdwful;Pf&Sdoavmuf uGefYjrL;a&;om;Edkifonf/
a'G;csKd;uAsmwGif ydk'fqHk;um&ef (tcsKd;owfum&ef) rsm;onf csoHrsm; jzpf&onf/ txl;ojzifh
0doZeDoHrsm; jzpfavh&Sdonf/ rnfonfhtcgrQ csDoH ac: wufoHrjzpfap&/ xdkYjyif ydk'fwGif;um&efrsm;
vnf; &Sdonf/
vlav;&,fidk
- - - ()
ckdzrf;vdkYay;/
() - - (+)/
cdkjzLcdkjymeufu,f
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a'G;csKd;wGif tcHydk'f tqHk;um&efonf ]ay;} jzpf ttkyfydk'f tqHk;um&efonf ]ao;}
jzpfonf/
39
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
tcHydk'fwGif ]idk} ESifh ]cdk} onf ydk'fwGif;um&efjzpfonf/ ttkyfydk'fwGif ]euf} ESifh ]cuf} onf
ykd'fwGif;um&efjzpfonf/
tcHydk'ftqHk;um&ef (tcsKd;owfum&ef) ESifh ttkyfydk'fqHk; um&ef (tcsKd;owfum&ef) wdkYudk
(+) jzifh jyxm;ygonf/ ydk'fwGif;um&efrsm;udk () jzifh jyxm;ygonf/
a&TusD;&,fom
{nfhvma&mhovm;/
cef;0u BudK
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jyxm;ygonf/
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xaemif;yif nDaemifu
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yef;awmfjzL
yifjruf aeZmxlvS
bdk;awmifolwJ/
- - - ()
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- - - ()
- - - - ()
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(+) jzifhjy ydk'fwGif;um&efrsm;udk () jzifh
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OD;pGmtcsKd;owf tcHum&efESifh ttkyfum&efwdkYudk &SmMunfhyg/ xdkYaemuf ydk'fwGif;um&efrsm;udk

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usL;vmwJh rdk;oHi,f
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40
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
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erlemjy uAsmrsm;
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wdrfeDu 0if;/
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41
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
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7/ Iwdkif;i,fpdk
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bdk;awmhf jynfBuD;/
avhusifhcef;
1/ atmufygwdkYudk a'G;csKd;uAsmwGif tcsKd;owf tcHum&efESifh ttkyfum&efrsm;udk a&G;jyyg/
aqG;rjy,f
av;yifv,f arkESifh
ayGrIwEIef;/
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rjrif&aomfvJ
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atmufarhrrkef;/
2/ erlemjy a'G;csKd;uAsmrsm;wGif ydk'fwGif;um&ef,lyHkrsm;udk azmfjyyg/
3/ atmufyg taMumif;t&mwdkYudk a'G;csKd;wyk'fpD zGJYjyyg/
(u) arG;&yfajr
(c) jrom;v,f,m
(*) tm;upm;yGJ
(C) yk&pfzl;csdef
4/ atmufyg a'G;csKd;wGif trSm;jyifyg/
aEG&moD tcgxJrSm
tifMuif;wJh yef;rmvm
a0vGifwJhawm/
avjynfi,f&Tif
tifMuif;yif arT;&eHYi,f
oif;MuLomayh/
42
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
tcef; (9)
BwdcsKd;
BwdcsKd;t"dym,f
]]Bwd}} [lonfrSm oHk;ck[k t"dym,f&aom ygVdpum;pum; jzpfonf/ tcsKd;oHk;csKd; yg0ifaom
uAsmtrsKd;tpm; jzpfonf/
BwdcsKd;pyfenf;
a'G;csKd;pyfenf;udkodvQif BwdcsKd;pyfenf;udkod&ef rcufawmhacs/ a'G;csKd;[laom tcsKd;ESpfckay:
wGif txufu wcsKd;xyfqifhvdkufHkrQom jzpfonf/ xyfwdk;vdkufaom yxrtcsKd;rSm csDoHac:wufoH
jzifh qHk;&onf/ csDoHac: wufoHrSwpfyg; tjcm;toHrsm;jzifh tcsKd;um&efrcsEdkif/
yxr tcsKd;um&eftwdkif; 'kwd,tcsKd;wGif ydk'fwGif;um&ef ,l&onf/ xdkodkY yxrtcsKd;
um&ef\ aemufodkYvdkuf 'kwd,tcsKd; tqHk;owfcgeD;wGif um&efwl ,l&onfudk cGmaxmufum&ef
[k qdkMuonf/ cGmaxmufum&ef ,lrdatmif txl;*kpdkuf&onf/ cGmaxmufum&efvGJvQif
yxrtcsKd;ESifh 'kwd,tcsKd; tcsdwftqufrrdyJ woD;wjcm;pD jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh
cGmaxmufum&efrdzdkY owdr&yJ &SdwwfMuonf/
erlem
(y) tcsKd;
('k) tcsKd;
wydkYwGJ
aygufvJ&,f iHkpDpD
zl;wHu csD/
onf&moD
Am[Du tajymif;/
-
- - - - (+)
- - (+)/
-+
+ - - (+)/
43
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
(w) tcsKd;
ysKdwdkYarmif a&TaoQmifwGJ (i,fESifh)

-----*
cgrrD ,m,DcGJ (vdkY&,f)
-----*
vGJayghonfaqmif;/
- - (+)
onf ydk'fwGif;um&ef,lyHkudk jyonf/ (+) onf tcsKd;um&efudk jyonf/ + onf
cGmaxmufum&efudk jyonf/
BwdcsKd;wGif ]]zl;wHucsD}} rS ]]csD}} onf yxrtcsKd;um&ef jzpfonf/
]]Am[Du tajymif;}} rS ]]ajymif;}} onf 'kwd,tcsKd;um&ef jzpfonf/
]]vGJayghonfaqmif;}} rS ]]aqmif;}} onf wwd,tcsKd;um&ef jzpfonf/
- yxrtcsKd;wGif ]]wGJ}} ESifh ]]vJ}} wdkYonfvnf;aumif;? ]]pD}} ESifh ]]csD}} wdkYonfvnf;aumif;
um&efnDMuonf/
- 'kwd,tcsKd;wGif ]]onf&moD}} rS ]]oD}} ESifh ]]Am[Dutajymif;}} rS ]][D}} wdkYonf um&ef
nDMuonf/ xdkum&efonf yxrtcsKd; um&efESifh tcsdwftqufrdatmif nD&jrJjzpfonf/ xdkum&efudk
cGmaxmufum&ef[l ac:onf/
- wwd,tcsKd;wGif ]]wGJ}}? ]]cGJ}} ESifh ]]vGJ}} wdkYonf ykd'fwGif;um&efrsm; jzpfMuonf/
BwdcsKd;uAsmwGif qifhxm;aom yxrtcsKd;udk jzKwfvdkufvSsif a'G;csKd;omvQif usef&pfay
vdrfhrnf/
erlemjy uAsmrsm;
(1) rJZvD yifysKdatmuf
aygufvmygwJh a&Twrm
cg;csufu em/
a&pD;&,fwcg
a&om&,fwvSnfh (vSJY)/
olrsm;vdk wdkYrdkif;w,f
wdkif;odyg&JU/
(2) a&TvrSm ,kef0yfvdkY
qefzGyfonfh tzdk;tkd
a[m Munfhygqdk/
qdkomqdk
ydkrdkonfhpum;/
uav; tidkwdwfatmif
t&dyfta,mifjyw,f
zdk;v ewfom;/
(3) atmufjynf a&wdk;vdkY
&GufBudK; rEdkifygvdk
vIdif;armufvdkYrdk/
44
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
rrav;u aMumufvdkYidk
armifzkef;rdk b,fhES,ful;(&r,f)
avmif;avSu vl;/
(4) ysKdav;wdkY tdrfOD;
qwfoGm;zl;wJh wpfHkESpfHk
aus;awGu tHk/
rtHkygESifh udka&Taus;/
ysKdwdkYarmif &Sifvdifjyefawmh
em; yefzdkYav;/
(5) ysKdav;wdkY tdrfpGef;
uGef; q,fhESpfyif
apmifha&Smufapcsif/
q,fhESpfyif
&Sifatmify arG;/
r,fESifharmif uHqdkifawmh
ausmif;wdkifzdkYav;/
avhusifhcef;
1/ ]]nae&D}}[laom acgif;pOfjzifh BwdcsKd;uAsmwpfyk'fpyf tcsKd;um&efrsm;udk xkwfjyyg/
2/ erlemjy uAsmrsm;xJu cGmaxmufum&ef ,lyHkpepfudk azmfjyyg/
3/ atmufygtaMumif;t&mwdkYudk BwdcsKd;uAsm zGJYjyyg/
(u) qdyfurf;om
(c) uRef;a&T0g
(*) aMumifuav; ylpD
45
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
tcef;(10)
av;csKd;
av;csKd;t"dym,f
wufoH ac: yuwdoHjzifh cs&aom tcsKd;ESpfckESifh atmufjrpfoH? 0doZeDoHwdkYjzifh cs&aom
tcsKd;ESpfckaygif; tcsKd;av;ckyg0ifaom uAsmtrsKd;tpm; jzpfonf/
av;csKd;pyfenf;
a'G;csKd;ESifh BwdcsKd;pyfenf;udkodvQif av;csKd;pyfenf;onf rcJ,Of;NyD/ tajccH a'G;csKd;tay:wGif
wufoHac: yuwdoHjzifh cs&aom tcsKd;ESpfck xyfqifhvdkufvQif av;csKd;jzpfvmonf/ av;csKd;wGif
wwd,tcsKd; cGmaxmufum&ef ygavh&Sdonf/
46
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
erlem
(y) tcsKd;
('k) tcsKd;
(w) tcsKd;
(p) tcsKd;
yefygwJh yefyg/
a&Trif;0H awmifay:dk;u
yef;csKd;vdkYvm/
tyGifh&,f0g
tnmrSm a&T&nfvl;
yef0Hhygzl;/
- - - (+)/
---- - (+)/
--
- - - (+)
- - (+)
txufyg av;csKd;wGif tcsKd;um&efrsm;udk odkY odoifhonf/

(y) tcsKd;um&efrSm ]]yg}}? ('k) tcsKd;um&efrSm ]]vm}} jzpfonf/
(y) tcsdK;um&efESifh ('k) tcsKd;um&ef tjrJnD&onfudk owdjyKyg/
(w) tcsKd;um&efrSm ]]vl;}} jzpfonf/ (p) tcsKd;um&efrSm ]]zl;}} jzpfonf/
(w) tcsKd;um&efESifh (p) tcsKd;um&efwdkY tjrJnD&onfudk owdjyKyg/
(w) tcsKd;wGif ]]tyGif&,f0g}} rS ]]0g}} ESifh ]]tnmrSm a&T&nfvl;}} rS ]]nm}} wdkYonf um&ef
nDMuonf/ txufu (y) ('k) tcsKd;um&efrsm;ESifhvnf; nD&onf/ xdkum&efudk cGmaxmufum&ef
[kac:onf/
('k) tcsKd;rS ]]dk;}} ESifh ]]csKd;}}? (w) tcsKd;rS ]]0g}} ESifh ]]nm}} wdkYonf ydk'fwGif;um&efrsm;
jzpfMuonf/
av;csKd;? BwdcsKd;ESifh av;csKd;uAsmwdkYwGif toHaetoHxm; tvGefta&;BuD;onf/ pmvHk;a&
wlaomfvnf; toHtedrfhtjrifh? twuftus ajyjypfatmif zGJYwwf&onf/ toHxGuf &Gwfqdk&onf/
q&mESihfwuG tjcm;olrsm; &Gwfqdkjyonfudkvnf; em;xJwGif pGJaeatmif em;axmif&onf/
em;tavhtusifh tvGefta&;BuD;aom aw;uAsm trsKd;tpm;jzpfayonf/
pmqdkwkdYonf av;csKd;uAsmudk pmaMumif;av;aMumif;rS pmaMumif;rsm;pGmtxd a&;zGJYavh&Sd
onf/ pdwful;Pf <u,fvQif <u,fovdk a&;zGJYwwfMuonf/
]]a&T0uyg/
yef;rmvm/
tnmr&Sd/
iHkwdwd/}}
[laom twdkqHk;av;csKd;rSonf aMumif;a&ajrmufjrm;pGm yg0ifaom r[mav;csKd;BuD;rsm;txd
a&;zGJYavh&SdMuonf/
zdk;olawmf OD;rif;? vl OD;rif;? v,fwDq&mawmf? q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;? v,fwDy@dw
OD;armifBuD; paom pmqdkBuD;wdkYonf av;csKd;BuD;rsm;udk zGJYqdkcJhMuaom pmqdkBuD;wdkYonf av;csKd;
BuD;rsm;udk zGJYqdkcJhMuaom pmqdkynm&SifBuD;rsm;yif jzpfayonf/ xdkpmqdkwdkYteuf q&mBuD; ocif
udk,fawmfrIdif;onfum; ]]r[mav;csKd;BuD;}} rsm;udk tajrmuftjrm; zGJYqdk pmqdkavmuwGif wHcGef
xlaom yk*dKvfBuD;aywnf;/
47
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
ae&mwGif tvsOf;oifh av;csKd;BuD;wdkYwGif yg0ifavh&Sdaom eabum&eftaMumif;udk

vnf; azmfjyygOD;tHh/
um&efwl toHwl pum;vHk;rsm;udk xyfzGJYqdkvQif ]]eabxyf}}onf[k qdkonf/ atmufygwdkY
onf eabxyfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
(u) aqmif;vufrGef
a'gif;iSufwGef
(c) vwefcl;
tvSxl;
(*) jrpHy,fiHk
vv,f,kef
qq,fyHk
(C) a[m[dkuNrdKifv,f
apmysKdvScdkifpHy,f
(i) aumif;rsKd;taxGaxG&,fvdkY
cRefapjrap apm/
a'gif;tdk;a0&,feJY
wGefap uap aom/
rQjzifh eabxyfum&ef\oabmudk odEdkifavmufNyD/ xdkodkYum&ef,l&mwGif wvHk;csdwf?
ESpfvHk;csdwfrQjzifh wif;rwdrfyJ pum;tm;vHk;vdkvdk eabxyf um&ef,lxm;vSsiref
f usnf;&Gufowf
eabxyfu m&ef [k ac:wwfMuonf/
ojzef
a'G;csKd;? BwdcsKd;ESifh av;csKd;wdkYudk wcgw&H ojzef [k trnfwyfac:onfudk awGYzl;ayrnf/
xdkodkYac:onfrSm oDqdk wD;rIwfrIqdkif&m *Dwoabmudkvkduf jzpfonf/ ywfysKd;? ,dk;',m; ponfwdkYudk
oDqdkwD;rIwf NyD;qHk;aomtcg toHudkjzefajzaom oabmjzifh a'G;csKd;udkjzpfap? BwdcsKd;udkjzpfap?
av;csKd;udkjzpfap oDqdk tqHk;owfavh&Sdonf/ xdktcgrsKd;wGif a'G;csKd;ojzef? BwdcsKd;ojzef? av;csKd;
ojzef[k ac:avh&Sdonf/
cGef;axmuf
kyfao;? ZmwfobifESifh tNidrfhponfwdkYwGif rif;om; rif;orD; ESpfyg;oGm;tcef; vl&Tifawmf
u taxmuftBudK EIwfcGef;qufonfhoabmjzifh tcsKd;wpfckckudk oDqdkonf/ xdktcgrsKd;wGif
cGef;axmuf qdkonf[k ac:Muonf/ wpfzef cGef;axmuftpm; uGef;axmuf[lvnf; ac:Muao;
onf/ Zmwfobif ujy&mwGif vrf;c&D; rif;om; rif;orD;wdkY ,m,D opfcufwJeef;aqmuf
wpfaxmufem;aeonfudk taMumif;jyKaomaMumifh uGef;axmuf [kac:aMumif; ynm&Sifrsm;u
rdefYqdkMuonf/
48
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
erlemjy uAsmrsm;
(1) iga,musfm;
vm;vm;rS bmrxD/
aoG;nDnD ,SOfNydKifETJ,if
uJacgifu wnf/
tmZmenf
jrefjynf arhcspfom;/
aMumufqdkwm e,frvm;w,f
usm;qdkrS usm;/
aiGwm&D
(2) aEG waygif;
a&Tausmif;&,fwJh ydwfcJhNyD/
cspfcifol aqGtrsm;
oGm;aygh XmeD/
aiGwm&D
jyefNyDuGJY &Gmaus;/
0oefqef;cgrS
&Tifvef;pGm aqGtrsm;&,fESifh
pum;ukef pHkpHkajymzdkY&,f
aZmpdkufvdkYawG;/
aiGwm&D
(3) oljzLvQif t,lajzmifhEdkifiJh
olarSmifhrSmpdk;rdw,f/
cGifhoem;vQifjzifh
jrifhzsm; a[rmESifh
acsmifauvm a&T0gauGYrSm
awmarGYawmhr,f/
raoHk a&TbHkBuD;rSmv
opfoD;ESifh yGJawmfwnf (w,f)
zefjc,fwJh0wfvJ/
arT;vdkY&,fvIdif
tkyfvHk; pHy,fBudKifwJh
jraucdkif rif&nfvJhudk
&Sif;r,fh MuHqJ/
vIdifxdyfacgifwif
49
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
(4) ndKUukef;,H acsmufeHab;rSmv

wdkYbkef;uH tavsmufarG;a&mhxifh
wacgufajy;rSjzifh rdk;xdk;ra,mif
cavmufuav;&,fwJh 'dk;'dk;a'gif/
ESpfudk,fcsKdUwmaMumifh
csKdbdkYwl ejymwkwfawGESifh
ysKdwdkYvl ,mrvkyfw,f
tm;xkwfrJharmifrSm aemfuG,f
0g;ckwfwJh awmif/
[Jh - qdkum BudrfwHajrmufrSjzifh
vSnfhvdk&m wdrf,Ha&mufEdkifiJh
tdrfjcHaygufygwJh EGm;nDaemif
pm;tDatmifAs - naeapmif;
tm;pnfatmify - 0apaMumif;/
aqmifcGifhudk &G,f
armifESifhr,f wl,SOfwGJygvdkY
aemifwifhw,f vljrif&JcgrS
,liifum jcLqifvdkYqGJyghr,f
yGJ0ifhrJh acsmif;ol&JU
vSnf;,OfeJY armif;/
owdk;yD,
(5) NrdKUvkvif omwJhuGef;qDodkY
wdkYocif pmzGJYvdkYTef;vdkufuJh
'geJY vGrf;MuayawmhuGm/
NrdKUolBuD;&,fvdkY
wdkYxD;aewrQayaygh
a&Tva&mif bGJYowif;&,feJY
OD;rifa&mif Adkvf0ifcHvdkYrdkY
[dktvsif,ref ppftifusif;w,f
cif;wJhAsL[m/
jrwfavmuD obm0wGifjzifh
"mwfaumvD cgr&wmrdkY
jrefrmrsmh bkef;orm
HI;ygaygh uHwrsKd;/
ref;tysufrSm
pef;v*f romr,mrdkY
Arm Armcsif;awmifrS
50
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
twif;&efrlvdkY
&efoludk &ef[lrrSwfwJhjyif
udk,fhwyfudk,f jyefumeif;MuwJh
zsif;vSwJh ujrif;rtaumif AdkvfwcsKdU&,fu
udk,fhzdkY tvGwfkef;a&mhr,fvkdY
awmifukef; omom,m,m jrif;rPdpcef;qDu
wa&Smifa&Smif ykef;umtwGif;odwJh
rif;trdzrf;csifwJhjyif
y&rf;ywm awmf&mavsmf&majy;Muawmh
ta&;&Sif rBuHomoeJY
uHMurm a&S;0#fa<u;ayxifh
av;wdkifpOf &GmtwGif;wGifjzihf
t*FvdyfawGudk twif;Budwfra[hvdkYprf;cJhwJh
wazmifazmifowif; ajymifajymifvif;cJhwJh
awmifwGif;u ocifudk
atmifMwif;r&cif zrf;wJhjyif
tMurf;ywrf; rvkyfaumif;aomfvJ
Oaumif;jzwfum taoowfMuowJh
rauseyf&Smol acsmifwyJhAef;wdkY&JU
ajy&yfrSm wabmifeJYvGrf;Muayawmh
awmifwref;NrdKU aevESpfaqmiftndK;wGifjzifh
ajyjrefrmhwabmif rpdk;&&SmwJh
tacgiftjref; tarSmifoef;ordkY
atmifyef;ndKUcJh&wJh
atmifqef;wdkY a&Tva&miftzdk;/
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;
avhusifhcef;
1/ erlemjyxm;aom uAsmrsm;xJu tcsKd;um&efrsm;udk xkwfjyyg/
2/ rdrdusufrSwfcJhzl;aom av;csKd;wpfyk'fudk a&;jy qDavsmfaom acgif;pOf wyfay;yg/
3/ atmufygpum;wdkY\ t"dym,fudk oif em;vnfoa&GU &Sif;jyyg/
(u) ojzef
(c) cGef;axmuf
(*) eabxyfum&ef
4/ oifa&;vdkaom taMumif;t&mwpfck odkYr[kwf tawG;wpfckudk av;csKd;i,fwpfyk'f
a&;zGJYyg/
51
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
tcef;(11)
oHcsKd
oHcsKdt"dym,f/
/ toHcsKdcsKdomom&Gwf&aom av;csKd;uAsmrsKd;jzpfonf/ kyfao;yGJ
rsm;wGif vufpGJawmfkyfac: pmqdkkyfudk udkif&aom pmqdkudkifonf tvSLtaMumif;? tvSL&SiftaMumif;
wdkYudk kyfao;pifvufwef;udkudkifvsuf Z0ePfjzifh csufcsif;zGJYqdkavh&Sdaom uAsmrsKd;jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh vsifjrefaom Z0ePfudkyif vufwef;Pf[k qdkMujcif;jzpfonf/
oHcsKdpyfenf;/
/ oHcsKdpyfenf;rSm av;csKd;pyfenf; twdkif;yif jzpfonf/ tcsKd;
av;csKd;ygonf/ wwd,tcsKd;wGif cGmaxmufum&efygonf/ csDoH csoHtaetxm;? um&ef
taetxm; tenf;i,fuGJonf/ odkY&mwGif oHcsKdoDqdkyHkudk em;axmifMunfhrSomvSsif oHcsKd\oabmudk
em;vnfEdkifayrnf/ um&ef,lyHkpepfrSmrl av;csKd; um&ef,lyHktwdkif;yif jzpfonf/
erlem
ajry0&H {oef&yfwGifrS
uHpyfum *a[aqmfMu
oli,fazmf t&G,faumif;awGaygh
q,facsmif;pD qvHajrmuf
aygif;&Spfa,muf aumufpdkufol/
at;csKdcsKd aw;tqdkvdkufumygh
aMu;ydkufqH aiGusyfjym;
rSwfom;um r,liifbJ
bk&m;0if 0wfawmfwuf
aqmfESufum aMu;pnfwD;&efzdkY
rBuD;vm rr,fwdk;wdkYu
o,fydk;um azmftaygif;i,fESifh
taMumif;cH tajcjyKayMu
aumif;rIzdkYvSL/
bk&m; &wemESifh
trsm;wum pm;p&mzdkYomygh
wcsKdUw0ufcl;vdkY
vufOD;yif wifa0rSscJh
52
------+--+---+--+--+--+---+
- - + - - ()/
------+--+---+
-+---+--+--+
-+---+--+---+--+---+--+---+-- + - ()/
----+---+---+--+--+-+---+rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
jynfh0 oDu&DESifh
AD&PD bHkrSmjzpfygowJh
uopfyif omonfhatmufrSmv
&Spfa,mufNydKif aqGvHkrdi,fwdkY
bHkAdrmef jymom'fBuD;awGESifh
ewforD;awG jzpfapaMumif;&,fvdkY
waumif;udkif aMu;pnfESufumygh
avmif;a&puf ta&;,l
aoG;wlwJh pdwful;/
ok'em ewf&Gma&mufvSsifjzifh
Avcsmaemufatmif pdwfaysmfydkufMuvdrfh
aumufpdkufovdk ukd,fwdkYrukef;Mu&aybk
[dkxHk;pH 0wtavh
odrfarGYpGm rmP0DwdkY
tmom0wD qdkwJhyef;awGESihf
udk,fvQrf;atmif xdefxdefnD;
pdefbD;wif pdefqHywf
em;uyfacG pdef&wemESifh
a&TeYHom acsumvdrf;umygh
Zmtxnf Mumjcnfpdrf;i,fESifh
urvm txnfay:rSm
wm&SnfaysmfvdkY Nidrf;Muygvdrhf
rdef;r&SpfOD;/
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
-+--+----+---+---+----+---+---+
- ()/
---+-+---+-----+------+
--++--+---+
--+
---+--+---+-----+--()/
armif;axmif OD;ausmfvS
() vuPmonf tcsKd;um&efudk jyonf/ (+) vuPmonf ydk'fwGif; um&efudk jyonf/

wwd,tcsKd;qHk;cgeD;wGif ]]avmif;a&pufta&;,l}} rS ]],}} ESifh ]]aoG;wlwJh pdwful;}} rS
]]wl}} wdkYonf cGmaxmuf um&efrsm; jzpfMuonf/
oHcsKdpmqdkrsm;/
/ jrefrmpmayavmuwGif xif&Sm;aom oHcsKdpmqdkrSm ]]armif;axmif
OD;ausmfvS}} jzpfonf/ OD;ausmfvStjyif om0wdOD;BuD;? tvHkNrdKU uif;prf;&Gmu OD;jrwf0if;? ausmufum
&Gmu OD;ausmf? acsmif;OD; q,f&Gmu Pfus,ftrnfcH OD;MuL? rif;pm0efESifh OD;aysmfbG,f ponfwdkY
xif&Sm;Muonf/ OD;Pfus,fESifh OD;ausmfvSwdkYonf oHcsKdpmqdkNydKifzufrsm; jzpfMuonf/
1930 ckESpfaemufydkif; acwfprf;pmay ay:xGef;aom acwfwGif uAsmpmqdk q&maZmf*sDonf
oHcsKdtrsm;tjym; a&;om;zGJYqdkcJhonf/
53
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
erlemjy uAsmrsm;
udE&marmifESH
vl"avhvdkygh? tawGY&,ftmHkESifh? umr*kPfcHpHomygh? NrdKif,HrSm arwmzsef;&SmMu? &Iprf;zsmh
xdyfacgif/ / iSuftrsm;wGifrS? oem;i,fp&mygh? kyfa&mif0g tvGefvSaywJh? udE&Dr,farmifwdkY?
jrifh[dkawmifqG,fpcef;rSmv? EG,fief; ESpfudk,f,SOf? Nidrfh{,if olwdkYETJ&SmMu? cJMuvlUoGif/ /
lygHkoPmefwifhygbd? uHcGifhpDrH? wd&pmefom[k jzpf&SmMu? cspfp&mhyHktjyif? jrifolwdkYraem/ /
ETJumi,fcsD? zl;pDpD a&T&ifrdkY&,fESifh? b,fodkYvQif BuHeD;yg&? rBuD; udE&DarwdkY? ckraoG uHom
zufcsifawmhw,f? rif;vlxufacsm/ /
OD;BuD;
awmyef;rsm;
qGwfyvJhyg[k? GwfEGJYum jrLarQmfarQmf? vluJhaemf rac:&SdaomfvJ? ac:bdoa,mifa,mif
aygh? oa&aqmif avavSmif vIyf&SmMu? awmtkyfvHk; yef;axGaxG/ / tpdrf;ESifhtjym? eDt0g
jzLwcsKdUomygh? olwdkUudk b,fqDu? b,fyef;csD pkwfrif aq;i,fESifh? ,Ofaus;atmif wrifvm?
qif , if & S m avorS e f ; ygbd ? yef ; wd k Y t ajc/ / wyif u d k wyif N yd K if o nf h j yif ? wNrd K if u d k
wNrdKifausmatmif[k? taemuH tmHk,lonfhES,f? wMuLMuLxHktBudKifESifh? pHk*EdkifrSm *kPfNydKif
yGifh&SmMu? awmwifhwJh yHktae? pHkoa&&Tifvef;/ / yrm&,fqdk? pHuydkvfjynfawmf a[mif;qDodkU?
ESpfaomif;NcH&H oCFmESifh? a'opm&D tjref;rSmv? pcef;pOfNrdKif&*HkwdkYrSm? BudKiftxHk wMuLMuLESifh?
o,rL udk,fawmfjrwfudkv? xGufeyfu,f BudKqdk? yef;xdkxdk ylaZmfyGifh&SmMu? ,cifhtcg onfwyHkodkY?
onf&*Hkvkdyif &Sd&Smvdrfh? awmtwdyef;/
OD;rQif
pmqdkrSm usefppfom;
wdkifwdkif;rSm tvHxl? odkif;bGJYjzL ,rxmESifh? awmfr[m pifnGefYaygif;wGifjzifh? &Gmarmif;
axmif *gaarmfu? q&mausmf vlvGefESifh? rif;pm0ef woG,fygh? ,if;aysmfzG,f Pfus,f wGJygvdkY?
weJpD oHcsKdavQmufyg&? aygif;av;a,muf i,fuRef,Hk/ / ref;NrdKUydkif jynfawmf0efu? &SdtvGef
MuH&G,faqmif? vlYabmifrSm aMunmvIdif;ygbd? wdkif;odrfhodrfhwkef/ / &dr'HayguHwdkif;? ordkif;pmwif
?
&mZ0if rwdrfaumEdkifbk? rif;apm aemf&xmuJhodkY? rwfr[m xHawmfarSmuf? OD;ajrmuf yPmvIH?
AdkvfyHkxk c,rf;/ / iaxG;l;uJhodkY? acsmif;OD;&Gmtq,fu? Pfus,fudk yrmTefcJh? rif;pm0ef axmif
vufHk;rSmawmh? ivHk;vufz,f[k? ,if;aysmfbG,f anmifOD;zD;uJhodkY? jynfBuD;0ef rdefYawmfcsufu,fESifh?
xrf;&Gufol rsufESma[mif;wdkY? &Gmarmif;axmif *garmfu? q&mausmf umvom;rSmawmh? ykym;
awmifajc&if;qDu? ewfjrif;udk rdatmifzrf;onfhES,f? vufwef; Pfacgifu0dayaygh? rPdpEmESifh?
ppfonfyg yPmcdk&? pmqdkrSm usefppfom;uJhodkY? oxHk0if*kPfxif&Sm;ayvdrfh? tm;vHk;aemufxrf;/ /
armif;axmif OD;ausmfvS
54
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
avhusifhcef;
1/ oHcsKd[lonf tb,fenf;/
2/ vufwef;Pf [laom pum;udk &Sif;jyyg/
3/ erlemjyxm;aom oHcsKdrsm;teuf OD;rQif\ oHcsKd um&ef,lyHkpepfudk azmfjyyg/
4/ oifEIwfwuf&aom oHcsKdwpfyk'fudka&; tcsKd;um&efrsm;udk azmfjyyg/
55
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
tcef; (12)
wsmcsif;
wsmcsif;t"dym,f
]]wsm}} [laompum;onf csKdjrom,m ysLiSmodrfarGYpGmzGJYqdk&aom aw;uAsm[k t"dym,f
&Sdonf/ xdkodkY om,mcsKdjrpGmoDqdk&aom aw;uAsmrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh wsmcsif; [k ac:Muonf/
wsmbGJY[lvnf; ac:dk;ac:pOf &Sdonf/
wsmcsif;qdkonfrSm jrefrmh*DwwGif xH? wsm? aw? awsm paom toHpOfrsm;&Sd&m om,m
emaysmfzG,f ]wsmoH} jzifhoDqdk&aom aw;uAsmwrsKd;jzpfonf[k rSwfom;&onf/ wsmcsif;udk wl&d,m
ESifhwGJzuf oD qdk wD; rIwf &aom aw;oDcsif;trsKd;tpm;[k qdkEdkifonf/
wsmcsif;pyfenf;
wsmcsif; um&ef,lyHk pepfonf av;csKd; um&ef,lyHkpepfESifh qifqifwlonf/ tu&mpmvHk;
ta&twGufESifh toHoGm; toHvm xl;jcm;onfrSty av;csKd;yHkoPmefyif jzpfonf[k vG,fatmif
rSwfom;Edkifonf/ tqHk; owfwdkif; ]]av;}} [laompum;ESifh cs&onf/ xdkYaemuf rdrdESpfoufoavmuf
av;csKd;ydk'frsm;udk qufum qufum a&;Edkifonf/ wpfydk'fESifhwpfydk'ftcsdwftqufrdap&ef
,ciftydk'f\ tqHk;cs um&efESifh aemufwydk'f\ tp um&efudk csdwfrdatmifpyfqdk&onf/ wsmcsif;
wyk'fvHk;udk tqHk;owfvdkaomtcg tydk'fi,fuav;ESpfckudk zGJY toHt&Sdefowf&onf/
ydef;aumavSi,f&Sif
(1) rdk;OD;umv? acsmif;usNyDqdkvQif
yef;avmifaMumrSm? ydef;aumavSi,f&Sif
awmifbufu,fwcGif? xGuf0ifazmufum;
yJhygrnfhol? rygvl
xdk;olwpfa,mufom;i,fESifhav;/
(2) ig;ydqm;ysm;? azmufum;&atmif
yJvGef;yJBuD; oD;oD;,lMunf;aqmif
wufrudkajrmif? uGrf;aygifeDaMumif;
ebl;cufndK? udkif;nTwf,dk
yifudk ESD;om;aygif;i,fESifhav;/
56
-? - - - -
-? - - - -
- ? - - +
? - -
- (+) - - -/
+? - + -
+? - + - -
? - - +
+? - - +
- () - - -/
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
(3) carmufrSmaumif;? tkyfaqmif;i,fryg

odk;vnf;rpyf? 0g;yyfu,fwapom
xdk;0g;udk,frSm? A,fnmycHk;
ajcESifhausmufuef? wGef;vdkufvSef
tm;tefvGefBuD;qHk;i,fESifhav;/
(4) cg;awmif;usKdufvHk;? ycHk;cJawG
acG;uvnf;pD;? 'D;'D;usonfha&
pm;zdkrSmay? csufavxrif;
reyfEdkifNyD? wpDpD
eef;eDomrD;tdk;uif;i,fESifhav;/
(5) 0rf;vdkPfwGif;i,frSm? oGwfoGif;jrJyif
taiGYajcmif;ajcmif;? pavmif;ESifhig;yduif
avSqdkufwnfhvQif? aMu;vifESifhusif;
dk;&Gufu,fzl;acgif? tm yg;udkavmif
csOfaygifylonfh [if;i,fESifhav;/
(6) wpfa,mufcsif;onf? xrif;cl;aomf
wpfqkyfu,faeYwdkif;? vrdkif;&SdylaZmf
aoG;aomufu,fac:? tazmfaygif;nSd
iHkYumiHkYum? 0yfom
qkyfumavG;vdkufbdonfESifhav;/
pm;rdpm;&m? 0rf;rSmusifhawmhonf/
ydef;aumolBuD;rSm? csrf;omjrifhawmhonf/
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-? - - - +
? - - - - +
+? - + +? - - +
- () - - -/
+? - + -
+? - + - -
? - - +
+? - - +
- - (+) - - -/
- -? - + -
+? - + - - -
-+
- +? - - - +
- (+) - - - /
-? - + -
- +? - + - -
+? - + -
+? - - +
- () - - - /
0efBuD;ya'o&mZm
erlemjy uAsmrsm;
1/
0oefumv rdk;uswnfhvQif
0oefumv? rdk;uswnfhvQif
aysmfaysmfyg;yg;? r,m;ESifhaqGi,fvif
vufwGJi,fajciif? udk,fwGift0wf
ykqdk;tus? pkwfjyJNyD
csnfeDaAmif; wGwfwGwfu,fESifhav;/
rkd;a&pGwfvdkY? t0wfu,fryg
om;orD;udk? udk,fxD;ayGYvdkYom
aq;wHwpfxGm? udkufumxGef,if;
57
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
v,fuGufu,fwpfcGif? xGefa&;i,f
a&0ifykpGefwGif;i,fESifhav;/
zm;aygifpif;i,f? jcif;yvdkif;0,f
ckyDavm? a&maESmomvG,f
[if;&Gufu,fEke,f? wpfoG,fuefpGef;
ql;ykyfu,fuif;yHk? tvHk;pHk
zl;iHkoma&m>yrf;onfESifhav;/
csKdvnf;csKdvGef;? &nf&Trf;rsm;pGm
MuH[if; <uufem;aygif;?
aomif;ajymif;a&mom
tdrfodkYa&mufcg? vsifpGmcsufjyKwf
xrif;uyl? [if;uyl
SLSLom&Srf; ikwfu,fESifhav;/
tvkwfu,f{&mom? iHkYumavG;awmhonf/
om;ajr;i,frmcsm? A,fnmaxG;awmhonf/
0efBuD;ya'o&mZm
2/
aEGOD;umv jrLxaomcg
aEGOD;umv? jrLxaomcg
&if;axmif&if;qGJ? aqmifjrJtdk;vG,fum
"m;ESD;xufpGm? cg;rSmcsyfvsuf
xef;yGifhxef;cdkif? &Tef;NrdKifNrdKif
uvdkifomvG,fvdkY wufonfESifhav;/
xef;yifxef;vuf? xef;&Gufu,fa0a0
pifatmifckwfxpf? Ekrspfu,fxef;OD;a&
r,m;i,faqG? xef;a&odrf;qnf;
om;ajr;[pfaMumf? acG;0ufu,fac:
xef;avSsmfom ,kefydkufpnf;i,fESifhav;/
ac:oHdkuf[nf;? vlvnf;aMumfjim
acG;[pfvl[pf? cwfypfu,fajcmufaomcg
ykwwfu,f,kefcg? awmrSm&SdMu
iHk; Muufu,f zGwf a>r? 0HykavG
raexGufvmMuonfwnfhav;/
58
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
0rf;omtm;&? r,m;uwpfoG,f
[if;&Gufqdk;aumif;? aomif;ajymif;a&mvG,f
vifuwoG,f? ,kefi,fup
awmow0g? awGYwdkif;udkom
tdwfrSmom,l csonfESifhav;/
odkYESifha&mufu? cPatmifhvQif
wHpdkYxufESifh? xef;vsufzdkrSmuif
[if;tdk;qlvQif? tuifcwfNyD;
tdk;uif;ESifhavSmf? a&ESifhaMumf
rdk;arQmfikwfoD;i,fESifhav;/
ESD;a'gif;vef;BuD;? cl;NyD;aomcg
orD;ESifhom;? rsm;vdkYr0ifom
'l;wpfbuf[m? wGef;umz,fvsuf
olYxufigav? pm;awmhrnfap
pm;ayomvS tkef;cGufu,fESifhav;/
iHkYvsufudk,fpDom qkyfumavG;awmhonf/
NyD;vQifa&r&Sm acG;omauG;awmhonf/
0efBuD;ya'o&mZm
avhusifhcef;
1/ wsmcsif;[k tb,fhaMumihfac:oenf;/
2/ ]yef;rsKd;pHkvif ausmif;O,smOf} [laom acgif;pOfjzifh wsmcsif;wpfyk'fzGJYjyyg/
3/ xif&Sm;aom wsmcsif;pmqdkBuD;udk oifodygovm;/ xdkpmqdkBuD;\trnfudk azmfjyyg/
4/ ]0oefumv rdk;uswnfhvQif} wsmcsif;\ um&ef,lyHkudk azmfjyyg/
59
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
tcef; (13)
tdkifcsif;
tdkifcsif;t"dym,f/
/ toH tdkiftdkif? toH NrdKifNrdKifESifh oHNydKifoDqdk&aom tcsif;rsKd;
jzpfaomaMumifh ]]tdkifcsif;}} [kac:onf/ aumufpdkuf&mwGif rdef;uav;rsm; oDqdkavh&Sdaom uAsm
wpfrsKd;yif jzpfonf/
tdkifcsif;pyfenf;/
/ tdkifcsif;pyfenf;rSm rcufvS/ tpcsD&mwGif ]]cspfwJholi,fav
oli,fcsif;aumif; a,mufrwdkYav}} [k tpcsDonf/ tqHk;cs&mwGif ]]tysKdjzLi,fu uRrf;? vGrf;wHkYwif
av}} [l csonf/ avSeH"m;xpfum; r[kwfacs/ ]]tysKdjzLi,fESrrSm? MuHK&wif&Sif}}? ]]tysKdjzL
i,fuaygif;ygwJh? olaumif;i,fav;}} ponfjzifh a&;zGJYavh&Sdonf/ wcgw&HwGif ]]cspfwif;i,f
aESmonf? ajympdkYiJhav;}} [lvnf;aumif;? ]]jrifwdkif;rkef;p&mh? *kef;rtdk? a&vdkcef;ajcmufygapom;}}
[l vnf;aumif; a&;zGJYwwfao;onf/ Pf&Sdovdk zGJYEdkifcGifh&Sdonf/ pnf;BuD;urf;BuD;um; r[kwfvS/
xdkYaMumifh um&ef,lyHkpepf txl;rjyawmhNyD/ erlemjy tdkifcsif;rsm;udk avhvmvQif em;vnfEdkifavmufNyD/
erlemjy uAsmrsm;
1/ cspfwJholav
oli,fcsif;aumif; a,mufrwdkYav/
0gqdki,frS 0gacgif? a&azmifazmifESifh
&Gmhawmifuacsmif;? &Gmhaemufaygif;udk
xaemif;aMumifuspf? ql;&pfyGifhum
rdk;r&Gmonf? &GmygaomfvJ rdk;roJ/
v,fjyifi,frS ywfoef;
ysKdUaumufief;ESifh? tvGrf;i,frSazsmf&m
ESrBuD;r,fompdkufwJh aumufief;wmudk
armifuav;i,f armifrvmonf
rvmuwJ-ESrBuD;i,f0rf;renf;/
aumufief;i,frS oG,f0dkuf
uefoif;ay:u? arQmfrdvdkufwdkif;
ysKdBudKufwJhol? y0gxnfudk
xdyfvnfrSmaygif;? qHoG,faysmif;i,fESifh
aygif;aMumhvludk? pdwfwlaESm? rajym&av
&if;rmyefvsuf? aumufpdkufwufudk
60
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
vufckyfyifawmif? yanmifyifvS? aESmyifcGESifh

vrf;rwdk;vQKd? qD;csKH&dyfrSmv? wqdwfu,fcdkNyD;vSsif
csKHndKpGef;rSmwJh - tvGrf;ajzav;/
2/ cspfwJholi,fav
ighudkvG,f tr,fBuD;ESifh bBuD;zsufvdkY
tdrfav;axmifhrSm ql;awGcsvsuf
zsufenf;i,frSaphpHk
avSum;cHkrSm
*VKefarmifhaMumifh apmifhawmhw,f/
avSum;OD;rSm - bDvl;armifhaMumifh apmifhawmhw,f/
avSum;ajcrSm - ql;avarmifhaMumifh MuJawmhw,f/
tdrfwdkifwdkif;rSm - EGm;dkif;armifhaMumifh csnfawmhw,f/
x&HMum;rSm - "m;oGm;armifhaMumifh xm;awmhw,f/
tdrfMurf;Mum;rSm - tyfoGm;armifhaMumifhpDawmhw,f/
tdrfrdk;acgifrSm - vSHaxmifarmifhaMumifh pdkufawmhw,f/
armifvJb,fuwufyghr,f? r,fvJb,fuqif;yghr,f/
<uufuJhta,mif? aMumif&JUtvm;
xkyfESifha,mufudk? xdk;azmufoGm;u
xkyfom;i,frSrcdkif? xkyfwdkifi,frSydk;xdk;
tv,facgifrSm? azmifazmifusKd;u
olcdk;qdknTef;? rD;wifxGef;vdkY? 0ef;Muaomcg
qif;csckef - vrf;qHka&mufygvdrfhr,fvm;&Sif/
nDrtaxG;-a&Twav;udk? ajy;Munfhacs
apvaomcg? tr,frr? uGefrcJtdk? jrifhiJhigwdkY
&Gmv,facgifwGif? ckwifBuD;rSm? apmif;wD;vdkYav;/
&SifNidrf;r,f
3/ cspfwJholi,fav
jrif;reDom;? jrif;usm;cGmrJ
wvHk;xJESifh? tdk;vTJypfwif
wdrfrdk;rnf;ESifh? uonf;ppfodkY? ESpfrnf0ifonf
oefvsifudk a&mufzl;ygp&Sif/
oefvsifi,frSru? rkwrESifh
'vwoG,f? xm;0,fwjcm;
,dk;',m;wvdkuf? urefydkufudk? wdkufaomcgrl
"m;udkodkYudkif? vSHudkodkYEkwf
61
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
ppfajrjyifrSm? 0ifumckwf
wkwfu,f&Srf;ajy? xGm;xGm;i,faMu? atmifavNyDwJh
qDrvl;wJh ayzl;pmESifh? rSmvdkufuJh&Sif
tysKdjzLi,fuuGrf; - vGrf;wHkYwifav;/
tdkifcsif;ESifhywfouf ou&mZf 700 ausmf? 900 ausmftwGif; a&TbdkNrdKUawmifbuf
oHk;axmifhtdkif&GmrSpwif ay:aygufvmaom oHk;axmifhtkdifcsif;ESifh ou&mZf 1100 ywf0ef;usif
ay:vmaom &mjynfhtdkifcsif; [l tdkifcsif;trnfrsm; awGY&onf/ xif&Sm;aom tdkifcsif;pmqdkrsm;rSm
awmifwGif;&SifNidrf;r,f? vuf0JokE& ponfwdkY jzpfonf/
avhusifhcef;
1/ tdkifcsif;\t"dym,fudk &Sif;jyyg/
2/ rdrdausmif;om,myHkudk tdkifcsif;wpfyk'fzGJYqdkyg/
3/ oiftESpfoufqHk; a&S;utdkifcsif;wpfyk'fudk a&;jyyg/
62
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
tcef; (14)
vGrf;csif;
vGrf;csif;t"dym,f
vGrf;csif;qdkonfrSm vGrf;qGwfMunfEl;zG,faumif;aom aw;oHjzifh zGJYqdkxm;onfh aw;uAsm
jzpfonf/ a&TbdkNrdKU ajrmufbuf aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;rS pwifay:aygufvmaomaMumifh ,cifu
]]ajrmufbufoH}} [k ac:wGifcJh aMumif; od&onf/
vGrf;csif;pyfenf;
vGrf;csif;wGif tcsKd;ESpfck ygonf/ tcsKd;\ tqHk;rsm;wGif ]]av;}} [laom pum;ygavh&Sdonf/
pum; oHk;vHk;? av;vHk;? ig;vHk;? ajcmufvHk; rSefrSefygwwf wpfvHk;csdwfum&efudk toHk;rsm;onf/
um&ef,lyHkrSm vuFmpyfum&ef ,lyHk,lenf;rsKd;yif jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif yg'twGif; jyef*[yfum&ef
ac: jcaoFhvnfjyefum&efudkvnf; toHk;jyK zGJYqdkwwfao;onf/
jyef*[yfum&ef qdkonfrSm um&efwpfckudk cHxm;NyD;aemuf xdkum&efESifhrwlaom um&efopf
wpfrsKd;udk ajymif;NyD;aemuf rlvucHcJhaom um&efudk jyeftkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ jyef*[yfum&ef,lyHkudk
jcaoFhvnfjyef [kvnf; ac:onf/
vGrf;csif;onf aw;*DwbufodkY wdrf;Gwfaom uAsmrsKd;jzpfonf/ &Gwfzwfaomtcg *DwoH
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aumufief;u oljyefyHkrSm? cwmiHk yef;ESpfqifhi,fESifh? yef;0ifhvdkY&Gmudk0if? tjrifqef;ygbdw,fav;/
nOfhcsrf;&,fae&D? csdefawmfrD? auoDyef;ESifh? a&cyfvrf;rSm? pcef;oifhvdkY? xufqifheDa&mif?
csnfpdrf;aygifESifh? ,Ofatmifawmol? oeyfcg; uGufyg;rSmulvdkY? trlBuD;urf;ukefudk? b,fNrdKUyHk
omcsifaom&,fvdkY? ajymMur,fav;/
OD;BuD;
armifBuD;wdkY aysmfpH&m
rvGrf;a&mhaomfaumh? uRef;armharmhajrmufcGif? rl;a&,Of vuf,mpD;ygvdkY? armifBuD;wdkYaysmfwJh
&Gm? ajrmufnmESifh awmifpG,fvufu,fu? tif;ESpfbuf umw,fav;/ wpfacgufu,fvrf;qHk?
&Gmoabmudk ajymr,Hkaomf? MuHKvQif0ifcJhygvm;aemf ta0;/
64
jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
ESrjymjzL? a&mufawmfrlvQif? rylcsrf;Nidrf? tjcif&,fajreD;? xef;&Gufu,fpD;ygwJh? armifBuD;

tdrfrSm? pnf;pdrfi,fcH? [if;csOfaygifzuf? jyKwfAl;&GufESifh? ydcsufu,f &HNyD;vQif? qefxrif; &Jausmfu
dk?
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OD;BuD;
q,fhtdrfrifh pnf;pdrf
pnf;pdrfBuD;ygbd? kwfoD;awmifhudkif? ESpfa,mufu,fxdkif? ,SOfvufNydKif us,fpyspfu,fESifh?
zG,fopfajrtif&HvdkY? ZGef;rwef uefa,mufoGm;i,fESifh? <uufezm; ykef;&nfusKdonf? tvdkAsm pm;yHkwifh
ygbd? acgif;rifhq,ftdrfayrdkY? tajcBuD;vSawmif;udkav;/
pm;aomufzG,f&m? NyD;aomcg0,f? &omcsrf;Nidrf? tjcifajrouf? yifxef;&GufESifh? acgifysuf
tdrfwGif? pnf;pdrfBuD;&if? ajcvdrfwifvdkY? ckwifMurf;ayguf? oHk;acsmif;axmufrSm? arSmufcsnf vSefc?snf
tqD&,fzdef;? rSdef;wJhcsnfESihf? rMunforf;a0? xnfrif;yHkaevdkufw,f? EGm;a&jyefYtay:rSm?
acgif;uawmf udk,fwdkifESdyfcgrS? ol tdyfw,fav;/
OD;BuD;
avhusifhcef;
1/ vGrf;csif;[lonf tb,fenf;/
2/ jyef*[yf ac: jcaoFhvnfjyefum&ef taMumif;udk erlemjy &Sif;yg/
3/ ]]awma[0ef}} [laom acgif;pOfjzifh vGrf;csif;wpfyk'fudk pDuHk;yg/
4/ erlemjy uAsmrsm;teuf oifESpfouf&m wpfyk'fudk um&ef,lyHkESifhwuG azmfjyyg/
65
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
tcef; (15)
aw;xyf
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/ ]]aw;xyf[lonfum; aw;dk;wGifxyf pyfaomaMumifh aw;xyf
ac:onf}} [l uAsmAEom&usrf;wGif qdkonf/
aw;xyfpyfenf;/
/ aw;xyfpyfenf;udk tydkif; 3 ydkif;cGJ MunfhMupdkY/ yxrydkif;wGif
4 ydk'fcH? 2 ydk'ftkyfonf/ 'kwd,ydkif;wGif 2 ydk'fwuf? 2 ydk'fcH? 2 ydk'ftkyfonf/ wwd,ydkif;wGif 4
ydk'fcH? 2 ydk'ftkyfonf/ tm;vHk;aygif; 18 ydk'f&Sdonf/ tqHk;ydk'fwGif ]]av;}} [laom pum;vHk;jzifh
owf&onf/
xdkYaMumifh
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ESpfydk'fwufjyef? ESpfydk'fcH? trSefESpfydk'ftkyf/
tm'd0peH? av;ydk'fcH? trSefESpfydk'ftkyf/}}
[l a&S;ynm&Sdrsm; trSwftom;jyKcJhMuonf/
aw;xyfpyfwwfatmif q&mBuD; pavOD;yknu enf;ay;cJhonfrSm rSwfom;zG,faumif;onf/
OD;ykn\enf;rSm ]]pyfrlenf;a&;vdkygvQif? aw;udkom&atmifusufygawmh? cufvSzl;rsKd;od*Fg? pdk;&drfESifh
Asm}} [ljzpfonf/ aw;xyfpyfenf;wwfvdkvQif aw;xyftrsKd;rsKd;udkom &atmifusufygawmh[k
qdkvdkonf/ tjcm; uAsmpyfenf;rsm;udk uRrf;usifvdkvQifvnf; OD;ykn enf;ay;cJhonfhtwdkif;
]]aw;udkom &atmifusufygawmh}} [laomenf;yifwnf;/ OD;yknay;cJhaom enf;aumif;wpfvufyif/
erlem
4 ydk'fcH
2 ydk'ftkyf
66
yxrydkif;
(1/ aw;xyfudk PfqvdkY
(2/ MuHMuawmhpyfyHk
(3/ q,fh&Spfydk'f awGYMuHKvQif
(4/ tvHk;pHkjynfhjrJ/
(5/ tprSm ajcmufvHk;csDonf
(6/ qHk;avNyD ckepfESifhyJ/
+
-
+
+
++
+/
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jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;
'kwd,ydkif;
2 ydk'fwuf (7/ ? ? ? onf? udkrSm
(8/ o'gudkrSwfpGJ/
2 ydk'fcH
(9/ t"dym,f w,frvGJapeJY
(10/ MuHcJvdkYpyfyg/
2 ydk'ftkyf (11/ owfajcmufaxG pyfajcmufyg;
(12/ rrSm;atmif MunfhMuav&m/
4 ydk'fcH
2 ydk'ftkyf
wwd,ydkif;
(13/ ayg&mPuxmudk
(14/ tcgcg mPfIvdkY
(15/ {csif;pk vuFmawG
(16/ uRrf;oifhvSay/
(17/ aw;xyfdk; olYtaerSm
(18/ pyfMuav mPfoGm;eJYav;/
----+
+ - - /
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+ - - - - (+)
- - (+) (+) - + +--+

- /
--- - - - -/
um&efpepfudk yHkpHjzifhjyNyD;jzpf pmjzifh xyf&Sif;rjyawmhyg/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;

em;IyfaxG;rnfpdk; tus,frjyjcif; jzpfygonf/
aw;xyfonf apmif;? ywvm; paom wl&d,mypnf; wckckESifh oDqdk&aom aw;uAsmrsKd;
jzpf&m aw;xyfudk oDqdkwwfatmif avhusifh&monf/
rEav;acwfonf aw;xyfxGef;um;aom acwfjzpfonf/ OD;ykn? tcsKyfwef;q&maz?
awmiforefv,fpm; armifazi,f paom pmqdkwdkY\ aw;xyfrsm;udk &SmazGavhvmMu&ef jzpfonf/
erlemjy aw;xyfrsm;
1/ olajymif,if acgifuGefYvdkY
aMumif0HhwJh vlyg
a&SmifrwGefY ausmufaomfrm,if
aemufawmfyg oHacsmif;/
aysmhMupdkY nDvG,f,if
a&TqD0,f csufwJhza,mif;/
tdk;awmfu rJhydef,if
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Pfapmif; cg;rl/
wrmyif xdyfzsm;u
Muuf[if;cg; oD;EdkifwJhvl/
67
uAsmq&m wifrdk;
olrnf;u arSmifulr,f
oljzL,if jzLcsif;ygh
Muifcsif; Muifr,fqdk
udk;qavmufydk/
qdk;MupdkY wu,fqdk,if
'jrAdkvfvkyfEdkifiJhav;/
OD;ykn
2/ pnf;pdrfawmf,pfrl;vdkY? rjzpfzl; Em? uopfOD; od*FgrSm? tvdrmvGefom;/ / a&Tig;oef;
ESpfuka#rSm? tazsmfajz MuL;a&mhovm;/ / bolYurS rrIvmw,f? ukPmw&m;/ / vlY&Gmudk Iyg
jim;r,fvdkY? bk&m;udkol0g/ tifMuifNrdKif ukdefeef;rSm? pm pmwrf;xdk;vsufyg/ / aum0dvomryg?
tdkEmodMum;iJh? bk&m;udk udk;uG,frSef? qifcJhjrefjref/ / axmifpuK rSdefcJhjyefvQif? pdefrsufrSef
qufr,fyghav;/
OD;ykn
3/ a&T0wbHktkyf? pmvkyfwdkif; igyg? b,fawmhurS vlY&Gmudk? rIwmr&Sd/ pdwfnpfwdkif;
tjypfwifonf? igbk&if rdk;utod/ / tusifhwef pm*DrSm? wqHjcnfr&Sd/ / b,folYrSm bmr&Sdw,fvdkY?
igrod xifw,f/ / b,fzl;pm b,frSmnm;wmvJ? igodMum;odyg&JUuG,f/ / u,foifhrS igu,fr,f?
wu,fyif {uefrSwfygawmh? 0w&yfig;bHkpH? aMu;wGufrnfMuH/ / raumif;rI usKyfMuHvQif?
a&Tpm&Hpl;ygaphav;/ /
OD;ykn
avhusifhcef;
1/ erlemjyxm;aom aw;xyfrsm;teuf ESpfouf&m wpfyk'f\ um&ef,lyHkudk azmfjyyg/
2/ aw;xyf[lonf tb,fenf;/
3/ aw;xyfpyfwwfvdkvQif rnfodkYusifhoHk;&rnf[k OD;yknu rSmoenf;/
4/ atmufygtaMumif;t&mwdkYudk aw;xyfzGJYyg/
(u) jrwfq&m
(c) bk&m;yGJawmf
(*) rdk;aomufcsdef
rdk;rc uGef,uf
rdk;rc\ *kPfxl;aqmifrsm;
2011 rdk;rcrdwfaqGrsm; = tifeft,f'Daxmufulonfh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; 600
2010 oufBuD;pmayynm&Sif - armifom&? OD;0if;az? armifpGrf;&nf? a':rmrmat;
2009 ckESpf rdk;rccspfolrsm; - tifeft,f'DygwD? vlxk pdef0if;? armif0Ho? tawG;tjrif r*Zif;
2008 ckESpf - rdk;rccspfolrsm; - [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif
tMuHay;tzGJY
wifrdk; (2003-2006)? armifpGrf;&nf (2003 rS)? rmrmat; (2006 rS)? OD;0if;az (2006 rS)?
aMu;rkHOD;aomif; (2007 - 2008)
t,f'Dwm tzGJY
armif&pf (2003)? Zmenf0if; (2004)? rsKd;atmifvif; (2009)? udkOD; (2010)
pmapmif ESifh 'DZdkif;

udkOD;? roEm (2005)? atmifxuf (2010)
toH
a&'D,dkcspfolrsm; (qpf'eD) - OD;yefwsm(2006)?
(eef;azmaq;? apmt,faum? ar&D? cifoufyef? ESif;jrwfcdkif? oHpOf&wem)
owif; ESifh jyefMum;a&; tzGJY (2004)

rdk;rc taxmufawmfrsm;
0kdif;awmfom;rsm;
jrefrmtdkiftufpfyD (2006)? Mo&o (2007)? aumif;uifjym (2008)? rdk;rc0if; (2007)? atmifa0; (2008)?
nGefYaxG; (2008)? aZrdIif; (2008)? oef;pdk;vIdif (2008)? rdk;csKdoif; (2008)? a[refoZif (2008)?
opfaumif;tdrf (2009)? rdk;pJae (2009)? 0if;jrwf (2009)? avmt,fpdk; (2009)? cdkifrmausmfaZm (2009)?
*spfwl; (rkH&Gm) (2009)? yef;csDatmifvwf (2009)? umwGef; apmidk (2010)? umwGef; bDkrm (2010)? yef;csD
atmifxuf (2010)? umwGef; aZmfrIdif;(OuvH) (2010)? &ef0if; (awmifwHcg;) (2010)? cifvGef; (2010)?
Zm0g&D (r,f&Dvef;) (2011)? udkwifat; (2011)? au (2011)? yGifhjzLeEm (2011)? rkd;,Hrc (2011)?
cifESif;vGif (2011)? ol&defxuf (2011)? oef;0if;vIdif (2011)?
rdk;rc rD'D,m u xkwfa0cJhonfh pmtkyfESifh rSwfwrf;rsm; pm&if;

(1) rdk;rc a&'D,dk - wifrdk;eJY 12 v&moD cHpm;rIrsm;? toHoGif;tifwmAsL; pkpnf;rIrsm;? 2004
(2) rdk;rc a&'D,dk - 2004 ckESpf tywfpOf tpDtpOfrsm; toHzdkifaygif;csKyf? 2005
(3) Zm*em - oD;av;oD;eJY aq;a&mifpkHtNidrfh? 'DAD'D &kyfoHacG? 2006
(4) rdk;rc rD'D,m - vpOfowif;v$mrsm; 2006 aygif;csKyf? yD'Dtufzf pD'D? 2007
(5) Zm*em - 1990 oBuFef oHcsyfrsm; - pD'D &kyfoHacG ? 2007
(6) 2007 oHCmhoydwf ta&;awmfykH "mwfykHrSwfwrf;rsm; - yD'Dtufzf pD'D ? 2007
(7) 2007 oHCmhoydwf ta&;awmfykH trSwfw& aw;oDcsif;? uAsm rSwfwrf;rsm; - 'DAD'D &kyfoHacG? 2007
(8) uAsmq&mBuD; OD;wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; 1 v jynfh? zvfrD;tdrfodkY tvGrf;pm pmpkrsm; - pmtkyf? 2007
(9) uAsmq&mBuD; OD;wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; 6 v jynfh? pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ txdrf;trSwf - pmtkyf? 2007
(10) rdk;rc rD'D,m - aMu;rkH OD;aomif; (atmifAv) uG,fvGefjcif; - trSwfw& pmpkrsm; - pmtkyf? 2008
(11) oD;av;oD;eJY aq;a&mifpkH tNidrfh? uefawmfBuD; arQmfpifuRef;yGJ 2007 - 'DAD'D &kyfoHacG? 2008
(12) rdk;rc rD'D,m - a':atmifqef;pkMunf 63 ESpfajrmufarG;aeYyGJ a':rmrmat; *kPfjyKtpDtpOf - 'DAD'D
&kyfoHacG? 2008
(13) rdk;rc rD'D,m - [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif ESifh pme,fZif;aqmif;yg;rsm; - pmtkyf? 2008
(14) rdk;rc rD'D,m - rmrmat; azmif;a';&Sif;&efyHkaiG - oDcsif;pD'D ? 2008
(trsKd;om;a&;oDcsif;opfrsm; ESifh EdkifiHawmfoDcsif; jyefvnfxkwfazmfrI)
(15) rdk;rc rD'D,m - wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& pmpkrsm; - pmtkyf? 2009
(16) uAsmq&mBuD; (OD;) wifrdk; - jrefrmhb0? jrefrmh0ef;usifESihf jrefrmhuAsm pmwrf;? 2010
(17) atmifa0; - ta&;awmfykH&ifckefolrsm; tm&ftufzfat a&'D,dk aqmif;yg;rsm;? 2010
(18) rdk;rcrD'D,m - [Hom0wD OD;0if;wifeJY ar;cGef;rsm;? 2010
(19) armifarmif0rf; - a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ ESvHk;om;yHk&dyfrsm;? 2011
(20) pk 66 - a':atmifqef;pkMunf 66 ESpfajrmufarG;aeY trSwfw&? 2011
,ck
(21) uAsmq&m wifrdk; - jrefrmuAsmzGJUenf;

U Tin Moe - How To Compose The Poems1

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rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

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rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

5/ atmufygvuFmwGif vdkaeaom um&efrsm;udk jznfhzGJYyg/

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

aumif;uifv,f? awmifv,fawmifxdyf? rdk;ndK&dyfESifh wdrfvdyfaqmfnTef;? p xGef;onf? ae0ef;ay:

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

txufyg &wkudk pmqdkawmf e0a';u ESpfydk'frQom a&; tjznfhcH&wktjzpf zGJYcJhonf/

jrefrmpmayordkif;wGif &wktrsKd;rsKd; xGef;um;cJhonf/ &wkcsD enf;rsm;udk pmqdkwdkY pdwful;

txufygBud,m (60) onf &wkcs&mwGif toHk;jyKavh&Sdaom Bud,mrsm;yifjzpfonf/

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

&SpfOD;wnf? a&Tjynfa&Teef;? a&TbHkuGef;0,f? armfuGef;xm;vSnfh? vHk;pHkjynfhom;? qDwnfh

a&mufzl;rnfxm;? a&Tnmzsm;[k? a&S;zsm;rqG? Mum;&onfom? b,f&yfrSm[k? jcif;&mwpd? wyfrodcJh?

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

OD;pGmtcsKd;owf tcHum&efESifh ttkyfum&efwdkYudk &SmMunfhyg/ xdkYaemuf ydk'fwGif;um&efrsm;udk

uAsmwGif ]]usL;vmwJh rdk;oHi,f}} [laom tydk'f &Gwfqdkjy ajyjypfap&ef &nf&G,fvsuf

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

ysKdwdkYarmif a&TaoQmifwGJ (i,fESifh)

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

txufyg av;csKd;wGif tcsKd;um&efrsm;udk odkY odoifhonf/

ae&mwGif tvsOf;oifh av;csKd;BuD;wdkYwGif yg0ifavh&Sdaom eabum&eftaMumif;udk

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

(4) ndKUukef;,H acsmufeHab;rSmv

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

() vuPmonf tcsKd;um&efudk jyonf/ (+) vuPmonf ydk'fwGif; um&efudk jyonf/

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJUu pDpOfxkwfa0onf