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7uDtpd;k 7. txde;f odr;f cH ud,
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atmufrS &kef;xGufum vHk;0vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHtjzpf
a-unmonf? 188^ ckEpS frpS I Alva*;7D;,m;udk tydik f
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EdkifiHEiS fh yl;aygif;vkdufonf? odk\7mwGif *smreDwk\d ppf&=H;
jyefojzifh Alva*;7D;,m;Edkiif v
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ppfavsmfa-u;rsm; ay;7&Hkru/ Alva*;7D;,m; EdkifiHydkif
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f iG f tm+m7SifpeH pf xGe;f um;vmjyefonf?

Al;c7ufjrdK\
1935 ckEpS f {jyDvwGif wwd,aAm7pfb7k ifonf tpdk;7
udk udk,fwidk Of D;pD;I tm+m7Siftjzpf tkycf sKyfonf?
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awmif;qdck sufa-umifh &lar;eD;,ef;wd\ku Alva*;7D;,ef;
wdk\tm; 'dk;A&l;*s awmifydkif;ukd ay;tyfvdkuf7onf?
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a-unmaomtcg/ Alva*;7D;,m; EdkifiHonf *smreD
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f monfh
tcg Al;va*;7D;,m;Edik if o
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1944 ckEpS f pufwifbmvwGif &k7w
S \kdu Alva*;7D;,m;
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H dk &k7Sw\dku csKyfudkifxm;7mrS
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&Hk;pkdufjrdK\jzpfonf?
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c7ufjrdK\onf &lar;eD;,m;EkdifiH ay:aygufrvmrDuyif

10

Al;c7ufjrdK\

Al;'yufjrdK\

Al;c7ufjrdK\usufoa7aqmif trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a7;jywkduf taqmufttHk-uD;. &=cif;wpfpdwfwpfa'o

wnf7SdjyD; jzpfaom jrdK\jzpfaomfvnf;/ 14 7mpkESpfurS

pwif wnfaxmifaom jrdK\jzpfojzihf taumif;qHk;jrdK\
wjrdK\[kum; rac:Ekid facs? 1861 ckESpfwGif a0gavhuD;
,m;ESihf armfva';AD;,m;e,f 2e,fuakd ygif;I &lar;eD;
,m;EkdifiH xlaxmifaomtcg a0gavhuD;,m;e,f.
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S fonf? Al;c
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rS 1918 ckESpftxd ESpfrsm;twGi;f *smrefwkd\ odrf;ydu
k f
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d uBmppftwGi;f url &lar;eD;,m;
tpk;d 7. bufajymif;r=a-umihf Al;c7ufjrdK\onf r[mrdwf
a7m *smrefwkd\uyg wkdufckdufjcif; cH7avonf?
Al;c7ufjrdK\onf r-umao;rD ESpfrsm; twGi;f uyif
pufr=vufr= vkyfief;ukd csJ\xGifvkyu
f kdif vmcJh.? EkdifiH
jcm;rS csnrf ~ifudk rSm,lI txnf7ufvyk o
f nhf vkyif ef;
onf wkd;wufxGe;f um; vm.? Al;c7ufjrdK\. xif7Sm;
aom pufr=vufr=vkyfief;rsm;rSm ajrxnfvkyfief;/ oH
xnfvkyfie;f/ txnftvdyf/ om;a7/ qyfjym/ pUL/
t7uf paom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf? Al;c7ufjrdK\onf

11

"mwfqD tajrmuftjrm; jzef\jzL;7mjrdK\-uD;vnf; jzpf

avonf?
1961 ckEpS f cef\reS ;f ajct7 Al;c7ufjrKd \. vlO;D a7onf
1229135 a,mufjzpfonf? jrdK\oljrdK\om;rsm;onf t
a7S\wdik ;f . 0wfpm;qif,ifrE= Sifh "avhxk;H pHudv
k u
dk fem-u
aomfvnf;/ txl;ojzihf txufwef;vFmwkd\url t
aemufwidk ;f ,Ofaus;r=udk vku
d ef m-uonf? 1846 ckEpS f
wGif wnfaxmifaom Al;c7uf wUodkvo
f nf Oa7my
ta7S\ykdif;Y taumif;qHk;wUokdvfrsm;teuf wck t
ygt0ifjzpf.?
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ESifh t-uD;qHk;jrdK\ jzpfonf? AD,if;em;jrdK\ ta7S\ajrmuf
zuf 135 rkdiftuGm 'ef;nKjrpfay:wGif cGI wnf7Sdae
aom tjrGmjrKd \jzpfonf? 'ef;nKjrpf. taemufzufurf;
ay:7Sd Al;'jrdK\/ tkAd ;l 'jrdK\wd\kEiS hf ta7S\zuf urf;ay:7Sd yuf
jrdK\w\dkudk aygif;I Al;'yufjrdK\[k wGio
f nf? Al;'jrdK\onf
awmifukef;ykdif;Y wnfI yufjrdK\rSmrl ajredrfhykdif;wGif
wnfonf? wzufurf;ESifh wzufurf;ukd wHwm;-uD;

Al;'yufjrdK\
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7SdI tufuGi;f urf;jrdK\[I
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f iG f usef;rma7;t
wGuf tvGeftzkd;wefaom emrnfausmf aq;prf;rsm;
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[ef;/ atmp-wdKa*gho/ tAm;/ qvApaom vlrsKd;rsm;
tqufquf 0ifa7mufaexkid -f uum Al;'ESifh yufjrdK\rsm;
ay:aygufvmonf? 1361 ckEpS w
f iG f Al;'jrdK\onf [efa*
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Al;'yufjrdK\onf t-uD;qHk;qdyu
f rf;jrdK\jzpfI oabmrsm;

pGm O'g[kd 0ifxGufoGm;vmEdkifonf? 'kwd, uBmppf

twGi;f 1944 45 ckEpS w
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Al;'yufjrdK\wiG f a7S;a[mif;ESihf acwfopf taqmuf
ttHktrsm;tjym; 7Sdonf? txl;ojzihf Al;'jrdK\wiG f a7S;
u aqmufvkycf aJh om bk7ihfeef;awmf/ bdou
d cf H bk7m;
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Al;'yufjrdK\7Sd ygvDrefvFwfawmf

12

Al;yif

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vlord sm;onhf Al;yif. toD;t7GuEf Sihf tyGihfrsm;

13

Al;oD;/ Al;7Gu/f Al;nGe\fw\ku

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Jh nf?

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vnf; t*vefjynf oHtzGJ\.acgif;aqmiftjzpf cH,l
vdkufonf? (c7pf,mef omoemhta7;yHk&=? ) 1533
ckESpfwGif uefwmAm7D*dk+f;tky-f uD; u7ef;rm;u uuf
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bk7ifr/ yXr&=? )
om;a,musfm; uav;om ajr|mfrSef;aeaom [ife

14

Al;vif; tef;

aAhpabmupm;jcif;

tef;Al;vif;tm; 'kwd, -uif,mawmf rdzk7m;tjzpf ajr|mufpm;pOf

7D bk7ifonf tef;tay:Y wjznf;jznf; tjypfjrifvm

um tef;.tysdKawmf *sdef;aq;rdk;ESifh arWmouf0ifcJh
jyefonf? xdk\a-umifh tef;udk oPmrwnf[k pGyfpGJI
vef'efar~mpf if-u;D Y tusO;f csxm;jy;D v~if w7m;cGif wif
um ppfaq;aponf? w7m;&Hk;awmfrS ao'+fp7D ifvu
kd f
ojzifh 1536 ckESpf arv 19 7ufae\wiG f acgif;jzwfI
tqH;k pD7ifjcif; cH7avonf?
aAhpabmupm;jcif;?
?jcif;vH;k cwfjcif;onf jrefrm
vlrsKd ;wdk\. trsKd ;om; upm;enf;jzpfouJo
h k\d aAhpabm
upm;jcif;onfvnf; tar7duefvrl sdK;wd\k. trsKd ;om;
upm;enf; jzpfonf? aAhpabm upm;jcif;onf upm;
uGi;f twGi;f Y abmvH;k udk vufjzifh ypfIif;/ AufwjH zifh
&du
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aAhpabm upm;jcif;udk tar7duefjynfwiG ;f ppf t
wGi;f u Adkvcf sKyfjzpfcho
J l tufAem 'lA,fa'; qdkolonf
1839 ckEpS fwGif e,l;a,mhjynfe,f ul;yg;pawmif;jrdK\Y
pwifwx
D iG fcho
J nf? xdktvsiu
f rl ,if; upm;enf;rsKd ;
udk upm;cJh-uaomfvnf; 'lA,fa';. pnf;urf;pepfcs

15

rSwfupm;r=a-umifh ,ckacwf vlodrsm;aom aAhpabm

upm;enf;ay:vmcJhonf? wDxGifol 'lA,fa';tm;
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trsdK;om; aAhpabmcef;rESifh jywdkufwck zGifhvSpfxm;
avonf? ,if;upm;enf;onf jrefrmEdik fio
H k\d a7muf7dS
vmjyjD zpfaomfvnf;acwfrpm;ao;acs?
aAhpabmupm;onft
h cg uGi;f -u;D .tv,f twGi;f
upm;uGi;f w0du
k w
f iG f A[djk yKupm;-uonf? tjyifuiG ;f
onf us,Ef ikd o
f r~us,7f I/ pnf;&d;k cwf xm;wwfonf?
twGi;f upm;uGif;onf 7mZrwfuu
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wzufv~if ay 90 7Sno
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ajccHaxmif/h wwd,tajccHaxmif[
h k ac:.? useaf xmifh
waxmifu
h kd t*vyd b
f momjzifh [kr;f yvdwaf c:I AufwH
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H kid Ef iS hf abmvHk;ypf
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1
92 vufr a0;onf? Tum; vl-uD;rsm;twGuf aAh
pabmupm;uGif;jzpfI/ uav;rsm;twGuf upm;uGif;

aAhabmupm;jcif;

aAhabmupm;jcif;onf ukd,fvuf-uHhckdifa7; upm;enf;aumif; wckjzpfonf?

16

aAhabmupm;jcif;
udkrl xdk\xufao;aomtv,fuGi;f jyKvyk fEkid o
f nf? t
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f J 82 ayxm;I abmvH;k
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f nf?
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1112 vufr cGmxm;7onf?
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k iG af zmhcI
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f m;onf?
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abmvHk;&dkufaom AufwHonf opfrmom;jzifh jyK
vkyx
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aAhpabm upm;7mY tenf;qH;k 'dik v
f -l u;D wa,muf
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aAhpabm upm;7mwGif toif; 2 oif; ,SOjf ydKiu

f
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zufudk om;a7vuftdwf pGyfxm;7onf? ,mvufjzifh
abmvHk; ypfwwfoljzpfv~if 0Jvufukd vuftw
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f m;avh 7Sd-uonf?

*syefEkdifiHwGif txl;acwfpm;vsuf7Sdaom aAhpabm tjydKiftqkdif upm;ae-upOf

17

aAuif z7efppf

aAhpabmupm;jcif;
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l nf abmvH;k ypfvw
F cf sed w
f iG f owfrw
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xm;aom ae7muGuu
f dk rdrdajcwzufjzifh eif;rdxm;ap
7onf? abmvHk;ypfolonf abmvHk;udk AufwHudkif.
'l;atmufvnf;rus/ ycH;k ay:vnf; rausmaf pbJ ypfay;rS
pepfrSefabmvHk;[k ac:onf? pepfrSefabmvHk; jzpfyg
vsuEf iS hf Aufwu
H ikd fu abmvH;k udk qD;Ir&du
k b
f J 7yfae
v~ijf zpfap/ abmvHk;udk AufwHuidk u
f vSr;f &du
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ESihf rrdvku
d v
f ~ifjzpfap 'dik fv-l uD;u px&dkuf[k ac:I
tqHk;tjzwfay;onf? px&dkuf 3 cg ac:7v~if
AufwHudkifxGuf7onf? odk\aomfvnf; wwd,t-udrf
px&du
k f ac:onfwiG f zrf;olvufrS abmvH;k vGwu
f s
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udik f &du
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20

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21

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22

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23

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kd af umif;pdwf y,f7mS ;

24

aA'ifykd0,f a7mAwf

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25

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jzifh tvkyftrsdK;rsdK;udk ajymif;vJvkyfudkifcJhonf? A,f
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f rm;orCod\k 0ifa7mufc7hJ m
rsm;r-umrD ta7;ygt7ma7mufaom toif;0ifwOD;
jzpfvmjyD;v~if/ 1911 ckESpfwGif orC.vufaxmuf
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jAdwdo~ avbmygwDacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol tm;euf A,fAif

30

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31

qJyif jzpfonf? qm*sdrf;.vuf7mwdk\onf rxdwxd

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cJah vonf? tuf'ifAm7mwUodv
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oefjyD;v~if/ jyZmwf trsm;tjym; a7;om;cJhonf?
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jynfhESpfcef\wGif xdkacwf xdktcgu txif7Sm;qHk;aom
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f D;jcif; cH7jyefonf? pydeaf 7wyfu
vnf; jrKd \ukd 1866 ckEpS w
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f ;D
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ojzifh ,cktcg acwfrv
D yS aom jrdK\-u;D wjrKd \ jzpfaeav
jyD? vlOD;a7rSm (1958 ckESpf oefaumifpm7if;t7)
250000 a,muf jzpfavonf?
A,fav? ?A,favonf taemufwdik ;f obifavm
uY xif7Sm;aom jyZmwf wrsdK;jzpfonf? wOD;csif;
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avonf jyifopfpum;vH;k jzpfI a7S;vufwifpum;
A,fvm7D(u7ef)rS qif;oufvmonf? Zmwfvrf;
ZmwfuGuu
f kd if;/ Zmwfaumif. pdwt
f ajctaeudkif;
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tu[k qdk-uonf?
A,favwGif t"dutcsuo
f nf *Dwjzpfonf? tcsdK\
u A,favonf aw;*Dwudk o&kyaf zmfaom tu[kqkd
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hf ikd 7f m aw;*Dwwd\k
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A,favonf a7S;a7mrESifh*7dwdk\. yefwdkrdkif;ac:
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36

A,fav

uBmausmf &k7S A,fav u[efw7yf

37

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acwfpm;cJo
h nf? aemuf tESpw
f 7mcef\twGi;f A,fav
onf tDwvDEdkifiHwGif zG\HjzdK; xGef;um;vmonf?
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A,favonf jyifopfeef;wGif;Y acwfpm;vmonf?
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H \kd ul;puf
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avonf?
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vum7Gwfjcif; wvSnhjf zpfonf? 1600 jynfEh pS cf ef\wiG f
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hJ nf? A,fav
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16 7mpkEpS t
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bJaecJh7m 18 7mpkESpfxJwGif Zef; aZmhZufEdkAm;onf
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k obm0usapcJhonf?
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arS;rSed v
f maom A,favudk jyefvnf ta7mifxGufvm
apolrSm &k7SrS aumf7D,dk*7yfzm (A,fav'g&dkufwm)
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Zmwfonf &k7o
S k\dvnf; jyef\ymG ;a7muf7cSd h7J m 1^35 ckEpS f

cef\u &k7w
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wdk;wufcJhonf? EkdifiH7yfjcm;rS A,fav'g&dkufwm t
ausmftarmfwdk\onf &k7SA,favudk tqifhtwef; jrifh
onfxuf jrifhatmif zefwD; oif-um;ay;-uonf? odk\
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f v,fykid ;f wGif A,favobif n|dK;rSed f
vm7m rD7,
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hf ifay;cJah vonf?
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csKyaf omA,favtzG\u
J kd 1909 ckEpS w
f iG f yg7pfjrKd \Y yGx
J w
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apcJ7h m/ qef;opfvyS aom &k7AS ,favonf tvGeaf usmf
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tu0d%m nDZif;puD;ESifh trsdK;orD; A,favtu0d%m
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k zG\J ujywifquf
aom A,favuZmwfwdk\rSm 7SD[m7mZm;'D/ yDxa7mh
7Sum/ rD;iSuf/ ief;a7tkid fponfw\dkjzpfI xl;uJvSy
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A,favtzGJ\rsm;pGm ay:aygufcho
J nf? tpd;k 7tkycf sKyfa7;
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tqufquf. tm;ay;ulnrD u
= kd 77Sv
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f nf; A,favonf quf
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avtzGJ\/ ayh (*s) pwkef; A,favtzGJ\/ qefz7efpPudk
A,favtzGJ\rsm;onf emrnf7aom tzGJ\rsm;jzpfonf?
txl;ojzifh 'kwd,uBmppfjyD;umvwGif A,favonf
tar7duefjynfaxmifpkY ydkradk cwfpm;I tqifhtwef;
wd;k wufvmonf? xdjk yif t*vef7dS quf'vm0JA,fav
tuoifausmif;rS A,favtu0d%mrsm;pGm ay:xGuf
cJhavonf? uBmwGif tausmf-um;qHk; jzpfcJhaom
A,fav tu0d%m ESpfOD;rSm &k7SrS tmygAvdkAmESifh
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ajymifajrmufaom A,favuajconfwOD; jzpfvm
7efrSm vG,fulonf r[kwfacs? i,f7G,pf OfupI ESpf
aygif;rsm;pGm xdxda7mufa7muf/ jyif;jyif;xefxef avh

38

AJ t,fvufZNm *a7[rf

A,fav
usifh7onf? &k7S tifyD;7D;,,f A,fav twwfoif
ausmif;wGif touf 3 ESpfrS 6 ESpf txd uav;ol
i,frsm;udk pwif oif-um;ay;onf? A,fav uonfh
tcg pD;aomzdeyfrsdK;udk oif-um;r=tajccH 2 ESpfausmf
rSom pD;I avhusihcf iG 7hf onf? A,favuajconf wOD;
tzdk\ u-udK; uenf;rsm;udk u`rf;usif&Hkomru/ *Dw/
yef;csDEiS fh yef;yktwwfw\dkudkyg em;vnfxm;7ef vdt
k yf
ayao;onf?
AJt,fvufZNm*a7[rf(c7pf 18^4 1922)?
?
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H dk\
wOD;ESifh wOD; pum;ajymqdk qufoG,fEdkifatmif
aqmif7Gufaom pum;ajyma-u;eef;(pum;ajyma-u;
eef;&=?)udk pwifwDxGifcJholrSm t,fvufZNm *a7
[rfAJ jzpfavonf? ,ckacwfY toH;k jyKvsu7f d-S uaom
pum;ajyma-u;eef;rsm;onf AJ. acwfrpS wifI tqifh
qifh jyKjyifr=jzifh wdk;wufvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? AJonf
pifppf i,fpOfuwnf;u od_yH nmudk avhvmqnf;yl;cJo
h l
r[kwaf omfvnf;/ od_q
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avonf?
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kd nf pum;oHynmudk wwf
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ay;jcif;wdk\udk aqmif7u
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q7m jzpfvmonf? aemiftcg aAmhpwefwUodv
k w
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jrefpGm wdk;wufvsuf7Sdonf? AJonf a-u;eef;-udK; w
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f nf;ydk\Ekid 7f ef rm
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vnf; -uHpnfonf? AJonf toHZD0udPaA' ynm7Sif
wOD;tjzpf vlwdk\. pum;oHxGufyHk/ ajymyHkajymenf;

39

pum;ajyma-u;eef;ukd wDxGifcJhol t,fvufZNm *a7[rfAJ

wd\kukd u`r;f usifojl zpfonf? pifppf AJonf v~ypf pf"mwf

ta-umif;udk u`r;f usifol r[kwfaomfvnf; tcsed ftm;
7onfhtcgwkdi;f ol.vufaxmufjzpfaom pufq7m
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rsdK; -uHqprf;oyf vkyfudkifcJhavonf?
18^4 ckEpS f ZGev
f xJwiG f AJonf pum;ajyma-u;eef;
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kH ifciG u
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AJonf tjcm;wDxGirf =rsm;pGmudkvnf;jyKcJhao;onf?

AJ t,fvufZNm *a7[rf
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AJ7if;yifv,fwGif; &k7S od_Hokawoe a7ikyfoabm pl;prf;7SmazG avhvmaepOf

40

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41

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42

AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH
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44

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45

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AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHwGif acG;rsm;ukd vSnf;qGJ7eftwGuf ,ae\wkdif toHk;jyKvsuf7Sd-uonf?

46

AJvzkd; tmom *sdrf;

AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH

AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH7SdjrdK\rsm;wGif wl;ajrmif;vrf;rsm; azmufvkyfxm;

-uojzihf/ jrdK\cif;om,m qdwfjidrfI oef\7Sif;ayonf?

tjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;aomfvnf; yXr uBmppf-uD;

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f nf;

47

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ayg[ife7Dpywf jzpfonf? r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf AJv
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bk7if. nDawmf csm;rif;om;udk eef;apmifhxm;onf?
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AJvzkd; tmom *sdrf;

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jAdwdo~EkdifiHjyK okcrdef tmom *sdrf; AJvzkd;

pm;csD;usL;vmcJ-h uonf? 1891ck ESpw

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D efepftzG\J acgif;aqmif
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av;awmf avmhaqmhpAm7D tem;,laomtcg AJvzdk;
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48

AJvzkd; tmom *sdrf;

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49

AJvzwfjrdK\
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50

AJvAkdtm Awf7Sul; El;nwfao

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pwefonf tvGefw;dk wufcho
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onf wenf;tm;jzifq
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onfh jrdK\a[mif;ESifh acwfrD taqmufttHkrsm;7Sdonfh

acwfrD O,smOfyef;jcHrsm;jzifh crf;em;wifhw,faom jrdK\
opf[lI ESpfydkif; 7Sdavonf? aAmhpwefjrdK\wGif wU
odkvfrsm;/ aumvdyfrsm; trsm;tjym;7SdI uBmausmf
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k o
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jrdK\. qifajczH;k Y wnf7o
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jrdK\onf ynma7;ESifh tEkynm xGef;um;aom jrdK\-uD;
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tar7duef pm-uD;aycef\wdk\udk jyKpka7;om;cJh-uol pm
a7;q7m-uD;rsm;wGif aAmhpwefjrdK\om; trsm;tjym;
yg0ifonf[k qd-k uonf? xdka-umifh aAmhpwefjrKd \ukd t
ar7duef tufoif;jrdK\ [k ac:a0:-uavonf?

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jynfe,fuav;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf;/ Oa7myedkifiH-uD;rsm; wefcdk;tm+m jydKifqdkifr=Y pufuGif;rvGwfcJhacs? xdka-umifh
yxruBmppf-uD;. ppfrD;onf r-uD;us,fvSaom aAmhpeD;,m;jynfe,f. jrdK\awmfrS xI awmufcJhavonf?

aAmhpeD;,m;ESifh [m;ZD*dkAD;em;?
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aygif;onf ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;Ekdiif H. jynfe,fwckjzpfI
wcgu -op-wD;,m;[efa*7D tifykid f,m. jynfe,f
wckjzpfcahJ vonf? ,if;wd\o
k nf aAmfvuefu`e;f qG,.
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opfawmrsm; zHk;vFrf;vsu7f I
dS ajr-oZm aumif;rGeaf om
awmif-um;rsm;ESifh qm;Am;jrpfESifh ,if;. vuf
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vkyfuidk -f uI/ pdu
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jrif;pm;*sHK/ ESHpm;ajymif;/ ADoGmav~mf ponfwdk\ESifh opf
oD;rsm;udk pdkufysdK;vkyfudkif-uonf? opfoD;ajcmufESifh
opfwdk\onf t"duxGufukefrsm; jzpf-uavonf? oH/
a-u;eD/ ref*ed/ ausmufrD;aoG; ponfhwGi;f xGufyPnf;

53

rsm;xGufaomfvnf;/ ul;oef;oGm;vma7; cufcJjcif;

a-umifh trsm;tjym; wl;azmf vkyfudkifjcif; r7Sday? jrdK\
-uD;rsm;rSm qm;7m*sJAdkjrdK\/ armhpwmjrdK\ESifh Aef*smvl
umjrdK\w\kd jzpfavonf? yxr uBmppfr;D -uD;udk awmuf
avmifapcJhaom rD;yGm;onf aAmhpeD;,m;e,f jrdK\awmf
qm;7m*sJAdkjrdK\rS ay:xGufcJhavonf? (uBmppf yxr
&=)
aAmhpeD;,m;ESifh [m;ZD*kAd D;em;e,fwk\d. tajctae
rSm tjcm;aAmfvuefe,frsm; enf;wl rjidrfrouf v=yf
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jyef-unfrh nfqv
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vyfaome,frsm; jzpfcJh-uonf? aemifwGif ,if;wdk\udk
[efa*7DEikd fiHu odrf;ydkufcho
J nf? ,if;onfah emufwGif
wl7uD tifyidk f,mwGi;f od\k usa7mufc7hJ jyefonf? 18^^
ckESpfwGif &k7Sm;wl7uD ppfyGJjzpfyGm;aomtcg &k7Sm;.
tultnDjzifh ,if;e,f ESpef ,fonf ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyaf 7;7
cJhonf? od\kaomf tjcm;Oa7myvufeufEkdifiH-uD;rsm;u
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f 7 xdke,f
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vdkufonf? xdka-umifh xdke,fom;wdk\onf rausreyf
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f kyfcsKyfa7;77ef v=yf7Sm;qlylr=rsm; jyKchJ

aAmhpeD;,m;ESihf [m;ZD*kdAD;em;

aAmhpy7yfa7vuf-um;
zufrS taemufawmifbufok\d tvGef tauG\taumuf
rsm;aom jrpfa-umif;ozG,f wnf7Sdavonf?
Oa7mywku
d fzufo\dk usaom taemufzuftpGe;f wGif
wl7uDEdik fiH. jrdK\awmf tPwefAl(,cif uGefpwefwDEkd
y,f). qdyfurf;jzpfaom *dk;v'if;[Gef; oabmqdyf
wnf7Sdonf? aAmhpy7yf a7vuf-um;wGif a7pD;oef
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tM7m,frsm;vSI rD;jywdkufrsm;pGm aqmufvkyfxm;7
avonf?
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um;wcsyo
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wl7uDtpdk;7u tapmifhtaexlxyfpGm csxm;onf?
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a7vuf-um;onf yifv,feuf. wckwnf;aom xGuf
aygufjzpfayonf? (yifv,feuf &=?)
1451 ckEpS rf pS I a7vuf-um;twGi;f oGm;vmcGiu
hf dk
wl7uDu -uD;pdk;cJo
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a-umif;udk EkdifiHtoD;oD;rS ukefoabmrsm; toHk;jyK

avonf? aAmhpeD;,m;e,fom; qAfvlrsdK;rsm;uvnf;

,if;wdk\. e,fudk qm;AD;,m;ESifh yl;aygif;apvdkonf?
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tdrfa7S\Oy7mZmrif;om;ESifh -uif,mawmfwdk\ qm;7m*sJ
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54

aAmhZ0J *sdrf;

aAmhpy7yfa7vuf-um;
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urf;ESpzf ufukd wl7uDtm; ydik q
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jyefI ay;cJah vonf?
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vuf-um;ae7monf a7wdrfojzifh EGm;toGif zefqif;
jyD;aomf ul;jzwfajy;onf[k qdkavonf?
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uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xifjrifvmatmif a7;om;jyKpkcJh
ol aAmhZ0Jtm; tcsdK\u tawmfqHk;aom tK_Wda7;
ol[k todtrSwjf yK-uavonf?

aAmhZ0Jonf aemifavmhatmfuifvuf jzpfvmonfh

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55

aAmhZ0J *sdrf;
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r=-uD;us,fpnfum;vSaom jrdK\-uD;wjrdK\vnf; jzpfonf?
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rS ta7S\awmifzuf rkid f ^0 cef\qefwufvmv~if *7Ge;f jrpf
xJodk\ a7mufvmjyD;aomf ,if;. vuf0Jzufurf;
ay:Ywnf7daS om aAmf'k;d jrdK\ukd awG\7ayvdrrf nf? aAmf'k;d

56

aAmf'd;k jrdK\
jrdK\onf ZD;7Ge;f pD7ifpek ,f. jrdK\awmfjzpfI/ yg7pfjrdK\awmfrS
taemufawmifzuf rdik f 360 cef\uGma0;avonf?
aAmf';kd jrdK\o\kd ta7mufwiG f *7Ge;f jrpfonf auG\aumuf
ae7m/ ,if;onfyif aAmf'k;d jrdK\twGuf tvGeaf umif;rGef
aom oabmqdyfudk jzpfaponf? obm0oabmqdyf
aumif;udk jyKjyifrGr;f rHxm;jyefojzifh tvGe-f uD;rm;aom
oabm-uD;rsm;rSty oabm-uD;rsm;pGmwdk\onf aAmf
'd;k jrKd \o\kd 0ifxu
G o
f mG ;vmEdik -f uonf? txl;ojzifh awmif
tar7duwku
d frS jyifopfEidk if o
H k\d vma7mufaom oabm
-uD;rsm;onf aAmf';dk jrdK\ok\d qdkufuyf-uavonf? aAmf';dk
jrdK\. jrpfurf;wav~mufY acwfro
D abmusi;f -uD; rsm;
pGm7SI
d oabmwnfaqmufaomvkyfief;onf aAmf'k;d jrdK\
. ta7;ygaom vkyif ef;w7yf jzpfavonf?
aAmf'dk;jrdK\onf awmifukef;xlxyfI aea7mifjcnf7
aom tufu;D wde;f a'o.tv,fY wnf7o
dS nf? ,if;
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a-umifh 0dkift7ufvkyfief;udk aAmf'dk;jrdK\Y t-uD;tus,f
vkyu
f ikd o
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aom taqmufttHrk sm;rSm 12 7mpk/ 14 7mpk acwfu
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pdeaf qA7ef;/ pdefu7Gm;bk7m;7Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm; jzpfonf?
xdkjyif a7mracwf Zmwf&Hk0dkif; tysuftpD;wckESifh cef\
nm;vSaom jrdK\wcH g; 4 aygufvnf; 7Sad o;onf? aAmf';kd
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f csmjrdK\EiS fh e,f-uD; w
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emrnfausmf aAmf'kd; 0kdift7ufESihf pyspfo;D rsm;xGuf7m aAmf'kd;jrdK\. &=cif;

57

aAmf'kd;jrdK\

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rsm;aomtm;jzifh aAmfeD,dku`ef;. ajrrsufESmjyif
onf awmifrsm;xlxyfonf? aAmfeD,dku`ef;. awmif
pOf awmifwef;wdk\wGif tjrifhqHk;jzpfaom uDemAmvl

rif;orD; t,fveD monf t*vefjynf7h iS f 'kw,

d [ife7D
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jzpfymG ;cJI
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f iG f
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aAmf';dk onf jyifopfjrdK\awmf acWjzpfcaJh o;onf?
yXruBmppf-uD;twGi;f uvnf; yg7pfjrdK\. tajc
tae pdk;7drf7aomtcg/ jyifopftpdk;7onf aAmf'dk;odk\
ajymif;a7F\ &Hk;pdkufc7Jh onf? xdjk yif tar7duefjynfaxmif
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aAmf'k;d odk\ ydk\jyD;aomf xdkrw
S qifh jzef\jzL;7onf? 'kwd,
uBmppftwGif; (1940 jynfhESpf ZGefv)uvnf; jyif
opftpdk;7onf AD7jSD rdK\o\dk rajymif;rD/ aAmf';dk jrdK\Y ,m,D
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d
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7pfjrdK\awmf usqHk;jyD;aemuf r-umrD *smrefwyfrsm;u
aAmf'dk;udkvnf; odrf;ydu
k fI a7ikyfoabm tajccHpcef;
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jyifopfESihf tar7duefwyfrsm;u aAmf';dk jrdK\udk jyefvnf
odr;f ydu
k cf 7hJ avonf?
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d `ef;onf ta7S\tdNd,
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k aemuf wwd,
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aAmfeD,kdu`ef; wnfae7mjyajryHk

awmifxdyfonf yifv,fjyiftxuf ay 13000 ausmf

cef\jrifhonf? jrpfacsmif;rsm;vnf; aygrsm;I ,if;wdk\
onf cef;ajcmufonfr7SdbJ a7rsm;jzifh jynfhv~HIom
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onf 7FH\EGHxlajymaom ajraysmhajredrfhrsm; jzpfonf?
taumif;qHk; oabmqdyfonf A&l;ae; yifv,fatmf
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d nf? 'kw,
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ppftwGi;f u ,if;onf *syefw\k.
d tajccH a7wyfpcef;
jzpfcahJ vonf?

58

aAmfeD,u
dk `ef;
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ojzifh 7moDOwk yltku
d fpGwfjyD;v~if wESpyf wfvk;H vdkvdk
yif rdk;7Gmwwfonf? yljyif;ajcmufaoG\aom tcgor,
[lI ajymyavmufatmif r7Sdacs? yifv,fav aumif;
pGm77Sdaeaoma-umifv
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r7Sad y? rdk;rsm;vSaom a'ojzpfojzifh odyfonf;xlxyf
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rsm;rS opftrsdK;aygif; 50 ausmfxGufI u`ef;opf
paom tzkd;wefopfrsm;vnf; yg0ifavonf?
aAmfe,
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vnf; 7So
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awmifzufurf;&d;k wef;Y 7Sdaom AmvpfygyefjrdK\Y wnf
7Sdonf? pdefESifh tjcm; ausmufrsuf7wemrsm;udkvnf;
wl;azmf 77Sdonf? odk\aomf pdefrsm;onf tmz7du pdef
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vufeuf

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aAmfeD,kdu`ef;wGif ,ae\xufwkdif i,f7G,fpOf xdrf;jrm;vufxyfay;onhf

"avh7Sd -uao;onf?

59

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tv,fYrl r,Ofaus;ao;ol trsm;tjym; 7Sd-uao;
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u`ef;rsm;rS rav;vlrsdK;rsm; a7mufvm-uaomtcg
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wdk\onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh tPvrft,l0g'Drsm;jzpf-u
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f rl sKd ;rsm;vnf; vma7muf
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dk `ef;onf 5 7mpkESpcf ef\uyif
w&kwfEkdifiHESifh ukefoG,fr= tquftoG,f 7SdcJhonf?
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rS ql;vl;vlrsdK;rsm;vnf; aAmfeD,dku`ef;ajrmufydkif;Y
vma7mufaexdkif-uonf? Oa7mywkdufom;rsm;vnf;
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wdkufom;wdk\onf ay:wl*D oabmom;rsm;jzpf-uI
16 7mpkEpS ftwGi;f Y a7mufc-hJ uonf? ay:wl*/D 'yfcsEiS hf
t*vyd w
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csKyaf 7; &kyo
f rd ;f jyD;aomtcg/ 'yfcstpd;k 7onf 194^ ck

60

aAmfeD,u
dk `ef;

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ESpfrSpI tkyfcsKyfa7;vGwfvyfr= tawmftoifh ay;cJh

onf? 1950 jynfhESpfwGif tif'dkeD;7Sm;oRwEkdifiH xl
axmifaomtcg 'yfcsaAmfeD,ko
d nf jynfe,fwcktjzpf
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62

aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,f

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63

aAmfv*gjrpf

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64

aAmfvwJ,m;

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65

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aAmfv'Gif pwefav

aAmfvwJ,m;

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k ifujy7ef pdik ;f jyif;
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aom orkdif;rsm;onf zwfaumif;jyD; ausmf-um;aomf
vnf;/ ol\uu
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acwfEkdiif Ha7;ESihf t,l0g'a7;qdik f7m tzGJ\tpnf;rsm;udk
cyfjyif;jyif;ESifh -urf;-urf; a0zefa7;om;ol jzpfonf?
ol. uif'pf'D [lonfh pmajymif jyZmwfYyif vlra= 7;
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hf ajc
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tuf'Gyf bk7if eef;pGef\onfh ta7;wGif jAdwdefEdkifiHESifh
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wOD;wnf;aomom; jzpfonf?
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I 1888 ckwGif bGJ\7cJhjyD;aemufzcifjzpfol. vkyfief;
udk 0ifa7muf OD;pD;vkyfuidk cf o
Jh nf? tESpf ESpq
f ,fausmf
ausmf pD;yGm;a7;zufwGif vHk;yef;cJhjyD;aemuf 1908 ckESpf
wGif zcifjzpfol. ae7mjzpfaom AsL'vDrS uGefqm;A
wpftrwftjzpf a7G;aumufwifajr|mufjcif; cH7onf?
1916 ckESpfwGif Akdemavm tpdk;vufxufY aAmfv'Gif
onf ygvDref twGi;f 0eftjzpf xrf;7Guf7onf? 191^
ckEpS w
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wGif ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7; 0ef-uD;tjzpf aqmif7Guf7
onf? 1922 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif usif;yaom
uGeq
f m;Awpf ygwDpnf;a0;yGYJ aAmfv'Gif rde\f-um;aom
rdef\cGef;. *,uf&dkufr=a-umifh vGdKufa*smh. nGef\
aygif;tpdk;7 jyKwfusI Adkemavmtpdk;7 wufvmav
onf? (avmAdkem &=? ) Adkemavmtpdk;7 tzG\JwiG f
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xGufvu
dk af omtcg aAmfv'Gif0ef-uD;csKyf jzpfvmonf?
odk\7mwGif 1924 ckESpf Zefe0g7DY usif;yaom a7G;
aumufy-JG uD;Y aAmfv'Gif.ygwD &H=;edro
fh mG ;aoma-umifh
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twdkuftcHacgif;aqmiftjzpf aqmif7Guf7avonf?
xdkESpf atmufwdkbmv a7G;aumufyGJwGif aAmfv'Gif.

66

aAmfv'Gif pwefav

jAdwdo~ eef;7ef;0efjzpfcJhol pwefavaAmfv'Gif

ygwD tEdkif7ojzifh 1929 ckESpftxd 0ef-uD;csKyftjzpf

aqmif7Guf7onf? xdktcsdefumvtwGif; aAmfv'Gif
tpd;k 7onf qdAk D,uf&k7SEiS fh qufqaH 7;/ tvkyfvufrJh
jyem/ oydwfta7;awmfykH paom jyem-uD;aygif;
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aAmfv'Giftpdk;7 jyKwfusavonf? 1931 ckESpfwGif
7Raq rUa':e,f acgif;aqmifaom nGef\aygif;
tpdk;7wufcJh7m aAmfv'Gifonf y7DADaumifpDOU}ESifh
wHqyd af wmf0ef-uD;tjzpf xrf;aqmifc7Jh onf? ygvDref
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aAmfv'Gifonfvnf; tpdk;7tzGJ\wiG f -oZmt7Sdq;Hk ykCdKvf
jzpfaeavonf? 1935 ckESpf ZGefvwGif rUa':e,f
7mxl;rS EkwfxGuaf omtcg aAmfv'Gio
f nf 0ef-uD;csKyf
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vDeDESifh [pfwvmwdk\onf usL;ausmfr=rsm;jzifh EkdifiH
aygif;csKyftoif;-uD;udk zufjydKiftefwkcJhojzifh uBmh

67

Ekid fiaH 7; tawmfv=y7f mS ;cJh7avonf? xdt

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ay:vmonf?
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vsnf;zG\Jpnf;csif-uonf? TonfwGirf S oabmrwkduf
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rS aAmfv7SDApfwdk\u tjywftowf tiftm;-uD;um
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v7SDApfygwD trnfwGifvmonf? aAmfv7SDApfwdk\um;
vuf0J Edkiif Ha7;udk pGJjrJpGm ,Hk-unf-uolrsm; jzpfonf?
vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJ 0g'udk t-uGif;rJh axmufcHI/ qif;
7Jom; tvkyform;rsm; vufxJodk\ EdkifiHa7;tm+m
a7muf7aSd 7;udk a7S;&=aqmif7u
G f-uonf?
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rsm;Y puf&Hktvkyform;rsm;uif;/ ppfom;rsm;ESifh
awmifolv,form;rsm;uif; qdkAD,ufac: aumifpD

aAmfv'Gifum; Ekdiif Ha7;Yomr[kwf/ rnfonfh bm

om7yfYrqdk pum;ajymxdol jzpfonf? ol. rdef\cGef;
rsm;udk pkI t*vefjynfta-umif; (1926) /u`Eyfk f
wdk\.tarG (1928)/ rdef\cGe;f rsm;ESifh rSwfwrf;rsm;
(1935) [lI pmtkyrf sm;xkwfa0cJhonf? ol. tjcm;
pmayvuf7mrsm;rSm vGwfvyfa7;. rD;&SL;wdkif
(1935)/ t*vefjynftm; o&kyfazmfol (1939)/
*0ifESifh vljydef; (1926) ponfwdk\jzpfonf?
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f pESifh yxruBmppf t
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onf &k7Sbmoma0g[m7 aAmfv7SifpwpfrS qif;ouf
I vlrsm;pk[k t"d_g,f7onf? ,if;ygwDonf 1918ckEpS f
aemufyikd ;f wGif &k7S uGejf rLepfygwDtjzpf uBmwGif ausmf
-um;vmavonf?
aAmfv7SAD pfygwD. rlvtprSm 1813 ckEpS af vmufu
jzpfonf? ay:pu ,if;trnfjzifh r[kwfbJ yavcg
aemhESifh tufZJa7mhwdk\acgif;aqmifaom tvkyform;
vGwaf jrmufa7; tkypf t
k jzpfrS wjznf;jznf; aAmfv7SAD pf
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pnf;rsOf;um; awmfvSefa7;-uD; atmifjrifa7;twGuf
t"duvlpo
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f rm;
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anmif;ao;acs? tkypf w
k Gif acgif;aqmifom7SdI aemuf
vdkufr7Sdoavmuf 7Sm;aeonf? 1898 ckESpfavmuf
a7mufI vDeif/ u7yfqif/ rmawmh paom xif7mS ;onfh
ykCdKvf-uD;rsm; 0ifa7muftm;ay;rS xdktkyfpkrsm; zGH\jzdK;
vmavonf? ,if;tcsed ftxdyif ygwDonf rnfonfh
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G f7
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orm;wd\k. qdk7S,'f rD u
kd 7uftzG\Juav;rsm; jrdK\widk ;f wGif
ay:vmavonf?
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f k\dbmvkyf7rvJ [laompm
tkyYf vDeifu tzGJ\0ifwOD;pDtm; toD;toD; vkyif ef;
wm0ef cstyfay;I ppfwyfrS ppfom;yrm xrf;aqmif
apjcif;jzifh awmfveS fa7;tiftm;pkukd pkpnf;um aZmuf

68

aAmfv7SDApf

aAmfvDabmupm;jcif;

tzG\Jrsm; zG\J-uonf? yxruBmppf jzpfaomtcg &k7w

S k\d
ppfxJ0ifa7muf-uonfudk vDeifacgif;aqmifaom aAmf
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d ppfonf
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[k 0g'jzef\ uwday;vdku7f m vlxkoabmus jzpfomG ;
avonf? 191^ ckESpf rwfvwGif Zmbk7iftpd;k 7usI
-um;jzwftpd;k 7wufonf? t,fvufZNm um7ifpuD.
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h aeaom jidrf;
csrf;a7;/ aygifrkef\ESifh v,fajrudk ray;Edki&f Hkru qlyrl =
rsm;udkyif rxde;f odr;f Ekdifojzifh 191^ ckEpS f Ek0d ifbmv
^ 7ufae\wiG f tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ppfom;paom
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tm+m7vmonf? xdktcsdefrSpI qdkAD,ufqdk7S,f
vpfoRwEdik if H tpd;k 7 ay:aygufvmI/ aAmfv7SAD pfygwD
acgif;aqmif vDeifonf xdq
k kAd D,uftpd;k 7. yxrqH;k
aom obmywd jzpfvmavonf?
aAmfv7SDApfygwD tm+m7jyD;aemuf 1918 ckESpf
rwfv 6 7ufae\rS pwifusi;f yaom aAmfv7SAD pfygwD.
oWrt-udrfajrmuf uGef*7ufwGif aAmfv7SDApfygwD
tm; &k7SuGefjrLepfygwD (aAmfv7SDApf) [laomtrnf
opfo\kd ajymif;7ef wnDwnGww
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kd o
f nfrS
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?wif;epfabmvk;H upm;
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vDabm upm;jcif;[k ac:onf? ,if;upm;enf;onf
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69

vmjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;odk\ upm;enf;wrsdK;udk atmif

jrifpGm wDxGifjyD;aemuf/ uBmt7yf7yf7Sd c7pf,ef vl
i,frsm;toif;rsm;u wqifh jzef\vdkuf7m/ ,cktcg
tESH\tjym; acwfpm;aeaom upm;enf;wrsdK; jzpf
aeavjyD? jrefrmEkdifiHodk\rl 1920 jynfhESpfavmufwGif
c7pf,efvli,frsm;toif;ESifh ppfykvdyfwyfrsm;udk t
a-umif;jyKum a7muf7v
Sd monfrSpI aAmfvDabmupm;
enf; tpysdK;cJhavonf? 1921 22 ckESpfwGif ausmif;
aygif;pHk aAmfvDabmupm;jydKifyGJ-uD; usif;ycJh-uonf?
odk\7mwGif tpOfwpdkuf acwfpm;jcif;r7SdbJ wdrjf rKyfae
ouJhok\d jzpfjy;D rS 1946 ckEpS f 'kwd,uBmppfjyD;p tcsed f
wGif r[mrdwfwyfom;rsm; upm;-uonfwGif wzef
jyefay: vmjyefonf? odk\7mwGif pepfwus upm;-u
ao;onf r[kwfacs? 1951 ckESpfwGif trsdK;om;
udk,fvuf-uHhcdkifa7; aumifpDrS upm;enf; pnf;rsOf;
Oya'rsm; 7SmazGowfrw
S fonf? 1952 ckESpw
f Gif jrefrm
EkdifiH taysmfwrf; aAmfvDabm tzGJ\csKyfudk zGJ\pnf;I/
1956 ckESpfwGif tjynfjynfqdkif7m upm;enf; Oya'
rsm;ESifh n|dE=dif;csrSwfonf? xdkaemuf EdkifiHwGif;Y
aAmfvaD bmupm;jydKifyJrG sm; usif;yI EdkifijH cm;Y usif;y
aom upm;yGJrsm;wGifvnf; yg0if,SOfjyd|ifEdkif7ef tm;
ay;onf? 1961 ckESpf 'DZbmwGif 7efukefjrdK\Y usif;
ycJhonfh 'kwd,t-udrfajrmuf ta7S\awmiftm7S u`ef;
qG,f tm;upm;jydKifyw
GJ Gif 0ifa7muf,OS fjydKif7m/ jrefrm
aAmfvDabmtoif;u AkdvfpGJum a7FwHqdyfqk 77SdcJh
avonf?
aAmfvDabm upm;onfhtcg pnf;rsOf; wus
upm;rnfqdku wzufv~if vl 6 a,mufpD yg0if,SOf
jydKif7onf? odk\7mwGif udk,v
f ufv=yf7Sm;r= oufouf
twGuf tanmif;ajy tnmajy upm;rnf qdkygrl 11
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kd yif yg0ifupm;Edik o
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,if;upm;enf;onf upm;&HkwGif;Yjzpfap/ jyifyuGif;
jyifYjzpfap rnfonhaf e7mYrqdk upm;Edik o
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vsm;ay 60/ teHay 30 7Sd7onf? wif;epfabmvHk; u
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onf? aAmfvDabmupm;jcif;. 7nf7G,cf sufrmS upm;
enf;Oya't7 ydkufudk ausmfI abmvHk;ykwyf \dkum ,if;

aAmfvDabmupm;jcif;

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77SdcJhojzihf/ ta7S\awmiftm7Su`ef;qG,f abmfvDabmjydKifyGJ yxrqkjzpfaom a7FwHqdyfudk qGwfcl;cJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiH abmfvDabm vuf
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H kd\ESihf ,SOfjydKifupm;7mwGifvnf;/ 3 yGJpvHk;wkdif;Y tEkdif77SdchJonf?

70

aAmfvDabmupm;jcif;

aAmf,m

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abmvH;k udk wzufrw
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71

tcg wzuftoif;rS wzefjyefI ykwyf \k7d onf? ,if;od\k

tjyeftvSef rydk\Edkifygu abmvHk;usaomzufu w
zufok\d trSwaf y;7onf? abmvH;k udk pay;aom zufrS
trSw7f v~if rlvu pay;olyif abmvH;k udk qufvufI
pwif&dkufyk\d7onf? Tod\kr[kwfbJ pay;aom toif;
zufwGif abmvHk;usI wzuftoif;u abmvH;k pwif
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onf? Tenf;twkdif; qufvuf upm;oGm;7onf?
aAmfvaD bmupm;jcif;onf Om+fzswv
f wfjcif;/ud,
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ESifh upm;Edik fjcif;/ 'dkifvl-uD; rygbJ acsmarmpGm upm;
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ESifh oabmysufrsm; tp7Sdaom ab;tM7m,f7Sdonfh
ae7mrsm;rS uif;a0;pGm oGm;vmEdkif-uap7ef jyKvkyf
xm;aom a7a-umif;trSwftom;rsm;udk aAmf,m
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72

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74

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75

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76

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77

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78

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jrdK\-uD;wdki;f odk\ ae\pOf av,mOftquftoG,f 7Sdonf?
u,f7pfAsef yifv,furf;ajcay:7Sd zm7efuD;,m;jrdK\ok\d
Adk*dk;wm;jrdK\rS uke;f vrf;c7D;jzifhoGm;aomf ^21 7uf-um
aomfvnf; ,if;jrKd \ 2jrdK\ ava-umif; tquftoG,f7jdS y;D
jzpfojzifh ava-umif;jzifh 2 em7DESifh a7mufEkdifonf?
xdka-umifh Adk*dk;wm;jrdK\onf udkvHk;AD;,m;Ekdiif H. a7mif;
0,fazmufum;a7;/ pD;yGm;a7;/ EkdifiaH 7;/ pmay,Ofaus;
r=ESifh tEkynm A[dktcsuftcsm jrdK\-uD; jzpfonf? t
xnftvdy/f Advwfajr/ a7arF;/ AD,m/ o-um;/ okwf
aq;/ *sKH r=e\f/ rD;jcpfEiS hf acsmuvuf/ om;a7xnfyPnf;
ponf xkwfvkyfaom puf&k-H uD;rsm;7So
d nf? 0ef;usif7Sd
vGifjyifa'owGif od;k EGm; wd7>mefrsm; arG;jrLI tcsdK\
ae7mwGif *sHK/ rka,m/ opfawmfoD;/ yef;oD;/ rufro
Hk D;
rsm;udk pdu
k fysdK;-uonf? ,if;xGuu
f kefrsm;udk Edik fiHjcm;
od\k tajrmuftjrm; wifyk\donf?

79

,Ofaus;r= tEkynmt7mwGiv
f nf; Ad*k ;kd wm;jrdK\onf
awmiftar7duwdkuf wwdu
k fv;Hk wGif txif7Sm;qHk;jzpf
onf? xdka-umifh awmiftar7duwkduf. tufoif;
jrdK\ [kyif ac:prSwfjyK-uonf? 15^2 ckESpfu wnf
axmifcJhaom trsdK;om;wUodkvfonfif;/ 1604 ck
ESpu
f wnfaxmifchaJ om qefAmwdkvkad rtrsKd ;om;aum
vdyo
f nfif;/ 1653 ckESpfu wnfaxmifchaJ om *suZf ;l
tpfaumvdyfonfif;/ Oya'ynmY ausmf-um;aom
tjcm;wUodv
k f 2ckonfif; Ad*k ;dk wm;jrdK\. pmay tEk
ynmESihf ,Ofaus;r=qikd 7f m taqmufttHrk sm;jzpfonf?
xdkjyif 1823 ckESpfu wnfaxmifcJhaom trsdK;om;jy
wkduf/ eQwf-unfah r~mfpif -uD;/ pm-unfyh duwfwdkuf/
*Dwynmoifausmif; ponfwdk\vnf; txift7Sm; 7Sd
onf?
jrKd \ay:wGif 167mpkEpS Ef iS 1hf ^7mpkEpS rf sm;u wnfaqmuf
cJhaom bk7m;7Sdcdk;ausmif; paom a7S;a[mif;taqmuf
ttHk-uD;rsm;ESifhtwl oRwtdrfawmf/ tpdk;7&Hk;/ vFwf
awmf paom acwfrD taqmufttHk-uDaygif;rsm;pGm
udv
k nf; awG\Eidk o
f nf?
Adk*dk;wm;jrdK\. vlOD;a7onf 1959 ckESpf cef\rSef;
oef;acgifpm7if;t7 1180000 jzpfavonf?
Adkvfpm;iSuf ?

?pEdu
k if Suf &=?

Adkvpf m;yJyif ? ? Adv

k pf m;yJyifonf vD*rl ED ;kd pD;rsKd ;7if;/
yufyDvDtdkEGdKuf'D; rsdK;7if;cGJ. zmpDtdkvyf rsdK;pdwfwGif
yg0ifaom yJyifrsdK;jzpfonf? ,if;udk &kQaA' tvdk
tm;jzifh zmpDtdkvyf Amv*g7pf[k ac:onf?
Adkvpf m;yJyifukd tar7duwdu
k f tv,fyikd ;f ESiahf wmif
tar7duwku
d f7Sd wdki;f 7if;om;wd\ku yXrOD;qH;k pdkufysdK;
cJhonf? 16 7mpkESpfwGif jAdwdefEdkifiHYvnf; pdkufysdK;cJh
onf? tdN,
d Edik if w
H iG f pwifaygufa7mufaom tyifjzpf
onf[k tqd7k daS omfvnf;/ t,fvzke;f a'uGe'f k;d qdo
k lu
Adkvpf m;yJyifonf awmiftar7duwdu
k fwGif rlvayguf
a7mufaom tyifjzpfonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? Adkvf
pm;yJaph[k xifrSwf7aom taphESifh tar7duefEdkifiH
ayguf tjcm;yJaphrsm;udk ckESpfoU7mZf taotcsm
razmfjyEkdifonfh tcsdefuwnf;u wnfaqmufcJhaom
yD;&l;AD;,ef; oif;csKid f;*lrsm;wGif awG\7onf?
yifaxmifrsdK;/ yifEG,frsdK;[lI Adkvfpm;yJyif 2rsdK;7Sd
onf? ESppf Of pdkuyf sdK;7aom tyifrsdK; jzpfonf? t&dki;f
aygufonfh Adv
k pf m;yJyif[I
l rnfonfah 'owGirf ~ rawG\

Adkvfpm;yJyif

Adkvwmaumifht,fvufZjNdK
wufvsuf toD;oD;onf? 7Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f rd;k 7GmpwGif
pdkufonf? rdk;ukefv~if rpdkufawmhacs? odk\aomf prf;a7
7onfha'owGif a7ay;oGif;I pdu
k fysKd ;ojzifh wESpfywf
vH;k Adv
k pf m;yJukd pm;oH;k 7onf? jrefrmEkid if w
H iG rf l aqmif;
7moDESihf aEGrul;rDpyf-um;wGif pdu
k fysKd ;onf? odk\7mwGif
yljyif;aom 7moDa7mufv~if yifE,
G frsdK; Adkvfpm;yJyifudk
rpdkuaf wmhacs?

7acs? 7GufjrFm 3 7Gufyg7So

d nfh 7Gufaygif;rsm;rSm c`eI
f
t7Guftem;wGif acG;oGm;pdyf ryg7Sdacs? tyGifhrsm;rSm
tjzLa7mif/ od\kr[kwf 0g-uef\-uef\a7mifjzpfonf? c7rf;
a7mifoef;onfh tyGirhf sm;vnf; 7Sdao;onf? t7G,t
f m;
jzifh tvsm;vufr0ufcef\7Sdonf? tyGifhwGif 0wfqHzdk
10 ck 7Sdonfhteuf 9 ckrSm wom;wnf; aygif;pyfae
jyD;v~if usef 1 ckrSm oufoufvGwfvsuf7Sdonf?
Adkvfpm;yJoD;onf ESpfajrmif;uGJ oD;awmifhrsdK; jzpfI
a,bk,stm;jzifh tvsm; 6 vufrcef\ 7Snfaomf
vnf;/ 6 vufrxuf7Snfaom oD;awmifhrsm;udkvnf;
awG\7onf? oD;awmifhwGif taphrsm;yg7Sdonf? taph
rsm;. ta7mifrSm tjzL/ tndK/ odk\r[kwf eDusifusif
a7mifjzpfonf? tjyma7mifrS teufa7mifxd ta7mif
trsKd ;rsKd ; uGJjym;vsuf 7Sdonfudkvnf; awG\7ao;onf?
Adkvfpm;yJudk jyifopfyJ/ yJykawmifh [lIvnf; ac:
onf? jyifopfy[
J k ac:qdkaomfvnf; jyifopfEkid if rH S vm
aomyJrsdK; r[kwaf y? tar7duefjynfaxmifp/k uae'g/
*7dwfjAdwde/f Oa7mywdkuaf jrmufydki;f / tdN,
d / jrefrm p
aomEkdifirH sm;wGif pdkufysdK;onfhtyifjzpfonf? vGifjyif
ajrjyef\rsm;rSmxuf ukef;ajrjrifhrsm;wGif ydkrdkoefpGrf;
onf? jrefrmEdik if H ajrnDt7yfa'owGif -o*kwv
f v,frS
atmufwdkbmvxd pdkufysdK;Edkifonf? ukef;jrifht7yfa'
orsm;wGirf l {jyDvrS ZGefvtxd pdu
k yf sdK;-u.? Adkvpf m;
yJyifonf tvif;udk -udKufaomfvnf;/ aeyludkrl rESpf
oufay? uGif;jyif/ v[mjyif ponfwdk\wGif pdkufysdK;
jcif;xuf opfyiftumtuG,7f adS om O,smOfyef;jcHrsm;Y
pdkufoifhayonf? od\k7mwGif avmif;7dyu
f sonfh ae7mY
um; aumif;pGm7Sifoefjcif; r7Sdacs? rmuspaf om ajrrsdK;
Y Adv
k fpm;yJudk pdu
k fIr7acs? rdk;rukefrpD u
dk fv~if ajrmif;
azmfI pdkuf7onf? pdkpGwfaom7moDwGif a7rvdkaomf
vnf;/ajcmufaoG\aom7moDwGif ajrmif;udkwywfw-udrf
a7oGi;f ay;jcif;/ od\kr[kwf ae\pOf a7yufzse;f ay;jcif; p
onfwdk\udk jyKvkyfay;7onf? pdkufysdK;pOfwGif ajrudk
ruspfap7ef r-umr-um wl;qGI aygif;jrufrsm;udk
oifay;edkifu omIaumif;.? taphcsonfhtcg 6
vufrpDjcm;I ajrwGif teufwvufrcef\jrKyfatmif
taphcsoifhonf? Adkvfpm;yJyif wwef;ESifh wwef;udk
waycGcJ ef\ jcm;ap7rnf?
yifEG,rf sdK;jzpfaom Adkvfpm;yJudk arjrdK\yJoD;awmifh/
odk\r[kwf Adkvfpm;yJ wdkiaf xmifrsdK;[k ac:onf? tyif
EG,w
f ufap7ef pifrxd;k 7bJ 0g;vuf/ od\kr[kwf 0g;wdik f
ponfudk axmifay;7onf? tyifrmS vlw7yfcef\ EG,f

AdkvfwJiu
S f?

?iSuo
f cl ;kd &=?

AdkeywfeydkvD,ef ?

?eydv
k ,
D ef bk7ifrsm;&=?

Adkem avm? ? avmtef'&l; Adkem&=?

Adkvwmaumift
h ,fvufZjNdK (c7pf1^45 182^)
?
?wmvsHvlrsdK; &lyaA'ynm7Sif aumifht,f
vufZjNdKAdkvwmonf v~ypf pfynm vufawG\7mS azGavh
vmolw\w
kd iG f a7S\aqmifyCk Kd v-f uD; wOD;jzpfonf? Adv
k wm
tm; *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh v~yfppfzdtm;,lepfudk Adk\[k
rSnafh c:xm;-uonf?
Adv
k wmudk wvDEikd fiH udk;rdk;jrdK\Y 1^45 ckESpf az
azmf0g7D 18 7ufae\wiG f *k+o
f a77Sd rdbwd\rk S zGm;jrifonf?
1^69 ckEpS fEiS hf 1^^1 ckEpS rf sm;wGif v~yfppfqkid 7f m puf
opfwckta-umif; pmwrf; 2apmifa7;om; xkwfa0
onfwiG f emrnf-uD;vmonf? 1^^4 ckEpS w
f iG f ud;k rd;k jrdK\
awmf0ifausmif;wGif &lyaA'ygarmQjzpfvmI/ 1^^9
ckwGif yg;AD;,m;wUodkvfY obm0,xmblwynm
(&lyaA') ygarmQ tjzpf ajymif;a7F\cef\tyfjcif; cH7
onf? olonf 1^^^ ckEpS u
f yif tDvufx&dak zm7yfac:
v~ypf pf"mwfvkyf ud7,
d mESihf tDvufx&dpk ukyaf c: v~yf
ppfjywdk\ukd wDxGifcJh7mrStp v~yfppfynm avmuwGif
xif7Sm;aom wdk;wufr=rsm; jzpfcJhavonf? Adkvwm
onf a7aowGif jzpfay:vmaom AvHpk rD sm;udk avhvm
jcif;jzifh "mwfaiG\rsm;ta-umif; tzdk;weftcsuftvuf
rsm;udk 7SmazGawG\7SdcJhonf? v~yfppfyPwdk/ ,l'DtdkrDwm/
v~yfppfuGef'if;qm; ponfwdk\onf Adkvwm. wD
xGifr=rsm; jzpfonf? 1800 jynfhESpfwGif Adk\vwdwfydkif;
ac: v~yfppfAufx7Dtk;d udk wDxGijf yKvkyfvu
dk f7m txl;
yif emrnf-u;D vmonf? 1^49 ckEpS w
f iG f ol. uGe'f if;
qm; ta-umif;pmwrf;twGuf vef'efjrdK\ awmf0ift
oif;-u;D rS aumhyvD,efwq
H yd u
f kd cs;D jri| chf o
hJ nf? Adv
k wm
wDxGifaom v~yfppfud7d,mrsm;ta-umif;udk jyifopf

80

Adkvwmaumifht,fvufZjNdK

AdkvpfAm;qdkifrGef

bk7ifeydv
k D,ef -um;odaomtcg/ 1801 ckESpfwGif Adv
k
wmtm; yg7pfjrdK\ok\dvma7mufI ol. wDxiG fr=rsm; t
a-umif; a[majymap7m txl;yiftm;7ojzihf a7FwHqyd f
csD;jri| o
hf nf? od\kjzifh Adv
k wmonf vD*se;f atmhatmfem
bGJ\wHqdyfESifh tdkif,ef;ua7mif; bGJ\wHqdyfudk 77Sd&Hkru
aumifhbGJ\ukyd g tyfEiS ;f jcif;cH7onf?
Adv
k wmonf 1804 ckEpS fwiG f vkyfief;rS tem;,lchJ
onf? 182^ ckESpf rwfv 5 7ufae\wGifudk;rdk;jrdK\Yyif
uG,fveG favonf?
AdkvpfAm;qkdirf eG f (c7pf 1^83 1830) ? ? qdik rf eG *f kd
vpfAm;onf awmiftar7duwdkuf rsdK;cspfykCdKvf/ ppf
Adv
k cf sKy-f u;D ESihf Edik if jH yK okcrdef jzpfonf? awmiftar7du
EkdifiHrsm;udk pydeftpdk;7 vufatmufrS vGwfajrmufap
7ef -udK;pm;aqmif7u
G o
f l jzpfojzifh ol\tm; u,fwif
ol [k ac:a0:-uonf? awmiftar7du a*smh0g7Sif
wef [kvnf; wifpm;ac:a0:-uonf? (0g7Sefwef
a*smh &=?)
Adv
k pfAm;udk xdkpOfu pydeu
f v
dk edk jD zpfaeaom AifeZD ;GD
vm;jynf u7uyfjrKd \wGif 1^83 ckESpf Zlvidk v
f 27ufae\
wGif zGm;jrifonf? Adv
k pfAm;.rdbrsm;onf tkycf sKyaf 7;

AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH vGwfvyfa7;udk a&S\aqmif7,lay;cJhol

qdkifrGefAdkvpfAm;

81

vlwef;pm;avmurS -u,
G 0f csr;f omolrsm; jzpf-uonf?
pydefEikd fiH r'7pfjrdK\awmfo\dk Oya'ynm oGm;a7muf oif
,ljyD;aemuf/ Oa7mywcGif vSnfhvnf oGm;vmcJhonf?
Adv
k pfAm;onf u7uyfjrdK\Y 1801 ckEpS rf S 1804ckEpS f
txd jyefIaexdik o
f nf? ZeD;jzpfol uG,fveG af omtcg/
Oa7myod\k wzefjyefomG ;onf? xdktacgufwiG f a7mrjrdK\
od\k a7mufcphJ Ofu Adv
k pfAm;onf rdrZd mwd wdik ;f jynftm;
vufatmufcHb0rS u,fwif7ef od}mefcschaJ vonf?
rsdK;&dk;*k+fodQmtvdkufqdkaomf/ AdkvpfAm;onf pydef
tpdk;7zufawmfom;jzpf7efom ta-umif;7Sdaomfvnf;
ol.xufoefaom rsdK;cspfpw
d fa-umifh tkycf sKyfol pydef
tpdk;7tm;yif acgif;aqmif awmfvSefol jzpfavonf?
1810ckESpf awmfvSeyf keu
f efr= rjzpfyGm;rDuav;wGif ol
onf AifeDZGD;vm;odk\ jyefoGm;onf? OD;pGmY rsdK;cspfol
ykefrsm; ta7;&H=;edrfhoGm;aomfvnf; AdkvpfAm;onf r
avsmhaomZGJoWdjzifh tcGifhaumif;,lvsuf qufvuf
-upH nfcahJ vonf? 1819 ckEpS w
f iG f AifeZD ;DG vm;rS tef;'D;
awmifudkausmfI e,l;*7me'gjynfe,fzufodk\ atmif
jrifpGm csDwufEkdifcJhonf? xdkaemuf e,l;*7me'gESifh
AifeDZGD;vm; 2 jynfaxmifudk yl;aygif;I udkvHk;AD;,m;
jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHtjzpf zGJ\pnf;vdkufonf? ,if;jynf
axmifpkwGif Adv
k pfAm;tm; oRw wifajr|muf-uonf?
Adv
k pfAm;onf udv
k k;H AD;,m;jynfaxmifprk S pydew
f \dkukd
armif;xkwfjyD;aemuf/ tufuGma'gESifh yD;&l;jynfrsm;
wGif jzpfyGm;aeaom awmfvSefa7;udk oGm;a7muf ulnD
onf? odk\aomf tufuGma'g rsdK;cspfacgif;aqmifwdk\ESifh
Adv
k pfAm;onf aphpyfr7ojzif/h yD;&l;jynfuo
kd m 0ifa7muf
tultnDay;onf? Adv
k pfAm;tm; yD;&l;vlxku tm+m
7Sifwifajr|mufI pydeftyk fcsKyfr=udk wGe;f vSe7f m/ r-umrD
yD;&l;jynfonf pydev
f ufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufomG ;onf?
Adv
k pfAm;vnf; yD;&l;Ekid if .
H tm+m7Sit
f jzpfrS Ekwx
f u
G f
vdu
k o
f nf? 1825 ckEpS w
f iG f yD;&l;awmifyidk ;f jynfe,frsm;
onf oD;jcm;Edik fix
H al xmifI Adv
k pfAm;tm; *k+fjyKaom
tm;jzifh AdkvpfAD;,m;EkdifiH[k rSnfhac:onf? AdkvpfAD;
,m;EdkifiH &=?) AdkvpfAm;ud,
k w
f kdifyif AdkvpfAD;,m;Ekdif
iHtwGuf zG\Jpnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya' a7;qGJay;av
onf? 1825 ckEpS w
f Gif yem;rm;jrdK\Y usi;f yaom tar7d
uwdkufrsm;7Sd oRwEkid if Hrsm;. yxrqHk; uGefz7ifw
h iG f
tar7duEdkiif Haygif;csKyf tzGJ\-uD;zGJ\7ef pDpOfonf? odk\7m
wGif ratmifjrifacs? 1826 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1828 ckEpS rf sm;wGif
AdkvpfAm;onf udkvHk;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpk oRw tjzpf
jyefvnf ta7G;cH7onf? od\k7mwGif 7DywfAvpfuefygwD

AdkvpfAm;qdkifrGef

AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH

0ifw\dku Adv
k pfAm;onf awmiftar7duEkdiif rH sm;udk tif
ydki,
f mzGJ\I tm+m7Sio
f zG,f tjrJwrf;tkyfpk;d 7efvdkvm;
ol[kpGyfpGJum ol\tm;vkyf-uH7efyif -uHpnf-uonf?
,if;odk\jzifh oludk,fwkdif vGwfvyfa7; 7,lay;cJhaom
awmiftar7du EdkifirH sm; wpfvHk;wpfpnf;wnf; nDnD
nGwfnGwf jynfaxmifpkzGJ\pnf;7ef AdkvpfAm;.t-uH
onf ysujf ym;7onf? 1829 ckEpS w
f iG f AifeZD ;DG vm;jynf
onf udv
k k;H AD;,m;jynfaxmifprk S cGJxu
G fvku
d af omtcg
Adv
k pfAm;onf oRw7mxl;rS EkwfxGufvu
dk 7f I udkv;Hk
AD;,m;EkdifiH umw*sD;em;jrdK\ok\d oGm;a7mufum tem;,l
aecJah vonf? AdkvpfAm;onf ol. pnf;pdrOf Pmrsm;udk
awmiftar7duEkdifiHrsm; vGwfvyfa7;twGuf tukef

tpifoHk;pGJvdkufjyD; jzpfojzifh qif;7JndK| ;i,fpGm aexdkif

7onf?
1830 jynfhESpf 'DZifbmv 10 7ufae\wiG f awmif
tar7duEkdifiHrsm;. u,fwifol-uD; qdkifrGefAdkvpfAm;
onf udv
k ;kH AD;,m;Ekid if H qefwmrmwmjrdK\teD;wGif uG,f
vGeo
f nf?
Adv
k pfAm;. *k+o
f wif;onf touf7iS fpOfuxuf
uG,fvGefaomtcgrS ydkrdkausmf-um;cJhonf? awmift
ar7duwku
d Ef iS hf tar7duefjynfaxmifp7k Sd jrdK\-uD; jrdK\i,f
tcsdK\udkyif AdkvpfAm;. trnfudk *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh
rSnfhac:jcif;/ AifeDZGD;vm; Ekid fiHok;H '*g;udk Adv
k pfAm;[k
trnfay;jcif; ponfjzifh ol\tm; *k+jf yKcJ-h uavonf?

ukef;acgifacgifY wnf7Sdaom EdkifiHjzpfI awmiftar7du oRwEdkifiHrsm;teuf vlodenf;vSaomEdkifiHjzpfavonf?
odk\aomf xdkEdkifiHta-umif;udk avhvm-unfhonfhtcg/ aea7mifjcnfESifhqD;ESif;uJhodk\ qef\usifbufrsm; tjydKif7Sdae
onfh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f EkdifiHjzpfa-umif; awG\7ayrnf?

AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH? ?awmiftar7duwdkuf. yVr

tus,f0ef;qHk;EdkifiHjzpfaom AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiHonf
obm0wGif;xGufyPnf;wdk\jzifh t-uG,f0qHk;aomEdkifiH
wEdkifiHvnf;jzpfonf? xdkjyif awmiftar7duwdu
k w
f iG f
yifv,fESifh qufpyfjcif;r7Sdaom ukef;wGi;f ydki;f EdkifiH 2
EdkifiH7Sdonfhteuf AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiHonf wEdkifiHjzpf
onf? ajrmufzufwiG f A7mZD;Edik if /H ta7S\zufwGif A7mZD;
ESifh yg;7a*G;EdkifiH/ awmifzufwGif tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH/
taemufzufwGif csDvDEiS yfh D;&l;Edik fiHwk\dESihf e,ferd dwf pyf
vsuf7o
dS nf? ,if;Edkifiu
H kd awmiftar7duwku
d f rsKd ;cspf
ykCdKvf-uD; qdkifrGefAdkvpfAm;tm; *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh Adk
vpfAD;,m;EdkifiH[k ac:wGifcJhonf?(AdkvpfAm; qdkif
rGef &=?) 1825 ckESpfrSpI AdkvpfAD;,m; oRwEdkifiH
jzpfvmcJo
h nf?
Akv
d pfA;D ,m;Edik if Honf rlvu pwk7ef;rdik f 900000
cef\us,0f ef;I ypdzw
d f ork]7murf;ajctxda7mufaomf
vnf;/ 19 7mpkEiS hf 20 7mpkEpS f tpavmufu tdref ;D csi;f
5 Edik if EH iS hf t-udr-f udrf ppfjzpfch7J mrS a'oaygif;rsm;pGmudk
vufvw
F v
f u
kd 7f 7m/ ,cktcg pkpak ygif; 424162 pwk
7ef;rdik fom 7Sad wmhojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHxuf wqcGJausmf
us,f0ef;onf? 1884 ckESpw
f Gif csDvDEkid if HEiS fh ppfjzpfjyD;
onfhaemuf yifv,furf;&dk;wef;a'oudkvnf; vuf
vFwcf 7hJ ojzifh ukef;wGi;f Edik if H jzpfch7J onf?

Adv
k pfAD;,m; Ekdiif Honf vloal exdkif7m uBmh ukef;
ajrtjrifhqk;H a'owckjzpfonf? tef;'D;awmifwef;-uD;
onf Adv
k pfAD;,m;Edkiif H taemufzufrS ta7S\awmifzuf
odk\ wef;qif;wnf7Sdaeonf? tef;'D;awmifwef;onf
Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Ekid if w
H iG ;f Y aumf'v
D m;7m;atmhqD'ifw,fEiS hf
aumf'v
D m;7m;7D,[
J al om rsO;f jydKiaf wmifwef; 2 oG,t
f
jzpf jzmqif;vmonf? ta7S\zuf7Sd aumf'Dvm;7m;7D,J
awmifwef;onf taemufzuf7Sd csDvED kid if EH iS hf e,fedrdwf
ozG,f wnf7daS eaom aumf'Dvm;7m; atmhqD'ifw,f
awmifwef;ESifh rdkif 80 cef\a0;onf? AdkvpfAD;,m;Edik if H
ukd ajrrsuEf SmoGijf yift7 oHk;ydki;f cGjJ cm;Edkio
f nf? aumf'D
vm;7m;awmifwef; 2 ck-um;7Sd atmfvwDyvmEdkukef;
jrif/h ta7S\aumf'v
D m;7m;awmifwef; ta7S\zuf7dS ,Ge*f wf
a'oESifh tDvmaemhac: awmifykid f;ajredrhv
f Gif jyifa'o
wd\jk zpfonf? atmfvwDyvmEdu
k ek ;f jrifhonf ay 11500
rS 15000 txdjrifo
h nf? ,if;onf Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Edik fiH
tus,t
f 0ef;. 16 7mcdik Ef e= ;f r~om 7Sad omfvnf; wEdik if H
vH;k 7Sd vlO;D a7. ^5 7mcdik Ef e= ;f wd\k rSw
D if;aexdik 7f m vlae
pdyfaom tydkif;jzpfonf? tzdk;wef oWKwGif;rsm;jzifh
-uG,0f aom a'ojzpfonf? oHjzLrsm;pGm xGufonf?
,Gef*wfa'oonf AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH tus,ft0ef;.
14 7mcdkifE=ef;7SdI tDavmaemh ajredrfhvGifjyifa'orSmrl
^0 7mcdik Ef e= ;f us,0f ef;onf? ,Ge*f wfa'owGif jrpf0rS ;f

82

AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH
i,frsm;/ apmufrwfaom awmifapmif;rsm;ESifh nGef
acsmufrsm; 7Sdaomfvnf; 7moDOwkaumif;rGefI a7
aumif;rGefpGm7aoma-umifh EdkifiHwGif; v,f,mpdkufysdK;
a7; xGef;um;7m t"dutydkif;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH. -uufaygifap; txGufqHk;tydkif;
vnf; jzpfonf? tif'D;,ef;vlrsdK;wdk\ trsm;tm;jzifh
aexdik af vonf? tDvmaemh ajredrv
hf iG jf yif a'oYrl vlae
uso
J nf? tcsKd \ae7mwGif rd;k rsm;I opfawmxlxyfjy;D v~if
tcsdK\ae7mY rdk;yg;I u`/J EGm; arG;jrLEdkif&Hk jrufcif;rsm;
om 7So
d nf?
Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Edkifiw
H Gif -uD;us,x
f if7mS ;aomjrpf-uD;
rsm; r7Sdaomfvnf;/ jrpfacsmif;rsm;tm;jzifh ul;oef;
oGm;vmEdik o
f nfh c7D;vrf;rSm rdkifaygif; 5580 cef\7d.
S ?
,Gef*wfa'owGif tRZkefjrpf-uD;. jrpfvufwufrsm;
jzpfom rmrdk;a7;/ *Ggyl7J/ aAeD/ rJ'7ma''Datmhpaom
jrpfrsm;wGif a7rsm;onft
h cg oabmi,frsm;jzifh ul;oef;
oGm;vmEdik o
f nf? xdka'orS xGufaom -uufaygifap;
rsm;udk jrpfa-umif;rsm;jzifh tRZkefjrpfodk\ ta7muf
ydk\I EdkifiHjcm;od\k wifydk\a7mif;cs-uonf? uBmay:wGif
tjrihfq;kH aom wDwDumum tdik -f uD;onf AdkvpfAD;,m;

AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH wnfae7mjy ajryHk

83

Ekid if EH iS hf yD;&l;Edik if H 2 Edik if u

H dk cGI wnfaeonf? yifv,f
a7rsufESmjyif txuf 12645 ay jrifhI pwk7ef;rdkif
3200 us,f0ef;onf? wzufurf;rS wzufurf;odk\
oabm-uD;rsm; ckwfarmif;oGm;vmEdkifonf? xdktdkifxJ
7Sd a7rSm tvGeaf t;jraomfvnf; rnfonft
h cgr~ a7rcJ
acs? atmfvwDyvmEdkukef;jrifhay:Y ydktdk;ydkac: qm;
ieftkid -f uD;7S7d m/ wDwu
D mumtdkicf ef\yif us,f0ef;onf?
tdkif-uD; 2 ckonf a'pm*Gga';&dk;jrpfjzifh qufvsuf7Sd
avonf?
Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Ekid if o
H nf awmif,OfpeG ;f wef;. ajrmuf
zufwGif vHk;vHk;usa7mufae7m/ tylykid ;f ZkefEkid fiyH if jzpf
onf? od\ak omfvnf; tat;qH;k rS tylq;kH txd 7moDOwk
trsdK;rsdK;7Sdonf? ukef;jrifha'owGif at;I ajredrfhvGif
jyifa'owGif ylaEG;I xdkif;rd=if;onf? atmfvwDyvmEdk
ukef;jrifha'owGif tylcsdeyf srf;r~jcif; zm7if[dkuf 50'D*
7D7I
Sd aEGESifh aqmif;tylcsed f ruGmvSacs? wEdkifiv
H Hk;.
ysrf;r~tylcsed o
f nf zm7if[ku
d f ^^ 'D*7Djzpfonf? Adkvpf
AD;,m; ajrmufydkif;onf awmifydkif;xuf rdk;rsm;onf?
ajrmufydki;f wGif rdk;a7csdef vufr 40 rS 80 txd 7GmI
awmifydkif;wGif vufr 20 rS 40 txd7Gmonf?
1959 ckEpS f cef\reS ;f ajc oef;acgifpm7if;t7 Adv
k pfA;D
,m;Ekdiif H. vlOD;a7onf 3349000 cef\jzpfI tif'D;
,ef;vlrsdK; w0ufausmf yg0ifonf? vljzLrsdK;157mcdkif
E=ef;cef\om7SdI tif'D;,ef;ESifh vljzLujym; rufpwDZdk
vlrsKd ;um; 357mcdik Ef e= ;f 7So
d nf? atmfvwDyvmEdu
k ek ;f jrifh
a'owGif vlaepdyI
f tDvmaemh ajredrv
hf iG jf yifa'owGif
vlaeenf;onf? vljzLrsm;ESifhtpdk;7ydkif;u pydefbmom
pum;udk ajymqdkaomfvnf;/ tif'D;,ef;vlrsdK;wdk\url
,if;wdk\. a7S;a[mif;bmompum;jzpfaom trm;7m;
ESifh auGcsLtm; bmompum;udkom ajymqdkI bdk;pOf
abmifqufrS "avhxHk;pHwdk\udkom vdkufem aexdkif-u
onfukd awG\7onf? tif';D ,ef;vlrsKd ;wdk\onf rdrdwk\d.
pm;0wfaer= zlvaHk 7;om *7kpu
kd fI Ekdiif aH 7;/ uBmha7;7m
ponfw\kYd pdwv
f nf; r0ifpm;/ yg0ifpu
G zf ufjcif;vnf;
vH;k 0rjyKacs? Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Edik if w
H iG f tpd;k 7 todtrSwjf yK
t,l0g'onf a7mruufovpf c7pf,mef*+
kd ;f jzpfonf?
odk\7mwGif vlwdki;f vGwv
f yfpmG udk;uG,fEkdifcGih7f do
S nf?
Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Ekid if o
H nf wGi;f xGufoWKrsm;jzifh -uG,f
0aomEdkifiHjzpfonf? a7S;tcgu aiGtrsm;qHk; xGufcJh
aomfvnf;/ ,cktcg oHjzLwGif;rsm; awG\7Sdojzifh aiG
onf 'kw,
d txGurf sm;qH;k oWKjzpfI oHjzLu yxrpGJ
onf? uBmay:wGif oHjzL 'kwd,trsm;qHk; xGufaom

AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH

AdkvpfAD;,m;wdkif;7if;om;wdk\ a7S;a[mif;"avhxHk;pHt7 usif;yonfh yGJawmfwckwGif oDqdkwD;r=wfae-upOf

Edik if jH zpfonf? tef;qD;,m;/ ydw

k ;kd qD;/ td&k ;l &d;k ESihf vmyuf
e,fw0du
k fwGif oHjzLtrsm;qHk;xGuo
f nf? tjcm; xif
7Sm;aom oWKrsm;rSm 0l;z7rf/ caemufpdrf;/ cJ/ oGyf/
a-u;eD/ a7FESifh -uGyfwdk\jzpfonf? AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH.
t"du pD;yGm;a7;vkyif ef;onf oWKwiG ;f vkyif ef;jzpfonf?
Edik if x
H u
G u
f ek w
f efz;kd . 95 7mcdik Ef e= ;f udk oWKrsm; a7mif;
jcif;jzifh 77Sdonf? a7eHvnf; tenf;i,f awG\xm;jyD;
jzpf7m/ aemufxyfI tajrmuftjrm; awG\z,
G 7f o
Sd nf[k
cef\reS ;f -uonf?
Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Edik if H vlO;D a7 3 yHk 2yHck ef\onf v,f,m
pdu
k yf sdK;vkyu
f ikd -f uaomfvnf;/ wEdik if v
H ;Hk . 2 7mcdik Ef e= ;f
r~om ajrwGio
f m pdkufysdK;vkyfuidk -f uonf? t"du pdu
k f
ysdK;a7; xGufukefrsm;rSm uau;tdk;/ o-um;/ ajymif;/
rka,m/ tmvl;/ umzD/ -uufaygifap;wdk\ jzpfonf?
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiHonf awmiftar7duwdu
k fwiG f -uuf
aygifap; 'kwd,trsm;qHk; xGufaomEdkifiHjzpfonf?
awmifydkif;vGifjyifwGif u`J EGm; arG;jrLojzifh om;a7
rsm;vnf; a7mif;cs-uonf?
Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Edik if .
H ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7;rSm awmif
ukef;jrifhrsm;a-umifh cufcJonf? rD;7xm;vrf;/ um;
vrf; ponfwdk\wGif vG,fulpGmrazmufEdkiaf cs? 1951ck

wGif AdkvpfAD;,m;Edkiif YH rD;7xm;vrf; rdkiaf ygif; 1491

r~77dS m 112^ rdik cf ef\rmS ykCvduuk$+Drsm;.vufxw
J iG f
7Sdonf? xif7Sm;aomrD;7xm;vrf;-uD;rsm;rSm vmyuf
jrdK\rS tef;'D;awmifudkausmfI csDvDEdkifiH tm;7D;um;jrdK\
txdif;/ vmyufjrKd \rS wDwu
D mumtdik af y:7Sd *GguDjrdK\ok\/d
,if;rSu;l wd\koabmjzifh yD;7l;Edik if zH ufurf;7Sd ylEjkd rdK\o\kjd zwf
um xdkrw
S qifh yD;7l;urf;ajc7Sd armfvif;'dk;jrdK\txdif;/
vmyufjrdK\rS awmifzufodk\ tdk7;l 7dk;/ ylvum,dk; paom
jrdK\rsm;udkjzwfum csv
D DEikd if Hurf;ajc7Sd tefwzdk *ufpwm;
jrdK\ok\d if; qufoG,fxm;onfh vrf;rsm;jzpfonf? armf
awmfum;vrf;rSmrl tpkpk rdkifaygif; 6000 cef\7o
Sd nf?
vrf;rsm;rSm wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmonf[lI r7Sdaomf
vnf; Owkra7G; oGm;vmEdkifaomvrf;rsm; jzpfonf?
,cktcg ava-umif;c7D; ay:aygufvm7m AdkvpfAD;
,m;EkdifiHonf uBmt7yf7yfESifh tquftoG,f ydkrdk
vG,u
f v
l mavonf?
AdkvpfAD;,m;Edik fiHwiG f jrdK\awmf 2 ck7do
S nf[k qdk7ay
rnf? vmyufjrdK\onf A[dktpdk;7 &Hk;pdku7f mjrdK\awmf-uD;
jzpfaomfvnf;/ qlua7;jrdK\onf w7m;vFwfawmfcsKyf
wnf7m jrKd \awmfjzpfonf? ,if;jrdK\ukd Adv
k pfA;D ,m; yxr
oRw qlua7;tm; *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh rSnfhac:xm;

84

AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH
jcif;jzpfonf? vmyufjrdK\onf yifv,fa7rsufESmjyif
txuf 11800 ayjrifI
h / qlua7;jrdK\onf 8532 ay
jrifhonf? vrf;rsm;rSm usOf;I taqmufttHkrsm;onf
pydefAo
d u
k m yHkpt
H wdik f;jzpfonf?
Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Ekid if o
H nf a7S;acwf tif;um; tifyikd ,
f m
.wpdwfwa'ojzpfcJh.? xdkaemuf pydefwdk\.vuf
atmufo\kd ESp7f maygif;rsm;pGm usa7mufc7hJ m/ 1825 ckEpS f
wGif vGwfvyfaom oRwEdkiif H jzpfvmonf? 1938ck
ESpfwGif twnfjyK jy}mef;vdkufaom zGJ\pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya't7 Ekid if aH wmfoRwudk 4 ESpw
f -urd f jynfol
wdk\u wdkuf7kduaf 7G;aumufwifajr|muf7onf? ygvDref
Oya'jyKtzGJ\wGif txufvFwfawmf atmufvFwfawmf
[lI ESpcf k7Sd7m txufvFwfawmfwGif 6ESpfw-udrf a7G;
aumufwifajr|muf7aom trwf 2^OD; yg0ifI atmuf
vFwfawmfwGif 4 ESpfw-udrf a7G;aumufwifajr|muf7
aom jynfol\udk,fpm;vS,f 120yg0if.? 3 yHk 1 yHk
aom txufvFwfawmftrwfrsm;onf 2 ESpfv~if w
-udrf xGufay;-u7.? atmufvw
F fawmf trwf OD;a7

tm;vH;k .w0ufonf 2 ESpw

f -urd x
f u
G f ay;7avonf?
touf 21ESpjf ynfholwidk f; rJqN ay;Edkicf iG 7fh do
S nf?
Adv
k pfA;D ,m; Ekid if w
H iG f e,f 9 e,f7o
dS nf? ,if;wd\rk mS
vmyuf/udkcsmArf;Am;/ ydkwdk;qD;/ qefwmu7k/ csLuGDq
um;/ w7dZ/ td&k l;&dk;/ aAeD/ yef'w
dk dk\jzpfonf?
rlvwef;ynma7;rSm tcvGwfroifrae7 jzpf.?
193^ckEpS u
f rl rlvwef;ausmif;aygif; 2000 7SI
d ausmif;
om;aygif; 145000 7So
d nf? qlua7;jrdK\/ vmyufjrKd \EiS hf
udkcsmArf;Am;jrdK\w\kdY wUodv
k af usmif; wausmif;pD 7Sd
avonf? qlua7;jrdK\7dS qefz7efpPudak q;AD;,m; wU
odv
k o
f nf tar7duwdu
k f7Sd wUodv
k frsm;teuf Oya'
ESifh aq;ynmqdkif7m r[mXmersm; tjynfhtpHk7Sdaom
yxrqH;k wUodv
k jf zpfonf?
touf 19ESpfrS55ESpt
f wGi;f 7Sd a,musfm;wdki;f ppf
ynmudk roifrae7pepf7Sd.? xdkjyif touf14ESpfrS
18 ESpftwGi;f 7Sd a,musfm;uav;rsm;onfvnf; a7S;OD;
oifppfynmudk ausmif;wGif tjrJwrf;oif,l-u7onf?
omreftcsed frsm;wGif tjrw
J rf; ppfwyftwGuf owfrw
S f

AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH wdkif;7if;om;wkd\onf &dk;om;I aysmf7FifpGm aexdkifavh7Sd-uonf?

85

AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH
xm;aom ppfom;OD;a7rSm 1943 ckEpS f Oya't7 15000
jzpfavonf?
Adk[D;rD;,m;e,f? ?Ad[
k ;D rD;,m; e,fonf csuu
f kd
qvdAk m;uD;,m;Ekdifi.
H taemufzuftusq;Hk e,fjzpf
onf? yxruBmppfrwdik rf u
D ,if;onf -op-w;D ,m;
[efa*7Dtifydkif,mtwGi;f Y xif7Sm;aom jynfe,f w
e,fjzpfco
hJ nf?
Adk[D;rD;,m;e,fonf rSefuluGuf yHko!mef7Sdaom
ukef;jrifh-uD;jzpfonf? taemufajrmufzufwGif qU
qGeef jD ynfe,fukd tdk;awmifwef;uif;/ ta7S\ajrmufzuf
wGif qdkifvD;7Sm;e,fudk *sdKif;,ifah wmifwef;uif;/ t
aemufawmifzufwGif AmaA;7D;,m;jynfe,fukd Adk[;D rD;
,m;opfawmac: awmifwef;rsm;uif;/ ta7S\awmif
zufwGif rdka7;AD;,m;e,fudk tpf*avmif;ukef;jrifh-uD;
uif; Adk[D;rD;,m;e,fESifh jcm;xm;avonf? *sKd if;,ifh
awmifwef;Y jrpfjzm;cHaom tJhvAjrpf txufydkif;ESifh
,if;. jrpfvufwufrsm;onf we,fv;kH Y jzmI pD;qif;
vsuf7Sdonf? Adk[D;rD;,m;. xGufaygufrsm;onf
ajrmufzufwGif tJhzAjrpf0Srf;rSty useftm;vHk;onf
awmif-um;vrf;rsm; jzpfonf?
Adk[;D rD;,m;e,fonfpwk7ef;rdkif 20000 cef\us,f
I/ jrefrmEdkifiH weom7Dwdkif;cef\ 7Sdonf? vlOD;a7
^1093^6 a,muf7d7S m/ weom7Dwdki;f vlO;D a7. 5
qausmf7Sdavonf? trsm;tm;jzifh csufvlrsdK;ESifh *sm
refvlrsdK;wdk\ aexdik f-uI *sL;vlrsdK;vnf; 5 yHk 1 yHkcef\7Sd
onf? trsm;tm;jzifh A7if*sD*k+
d ;f 0ifrsm; jzpf-uonf?
Adk[D;rD;,m;[laomtrnfonf wdkif;7if;vlrsdK; uJh
tEG,f0if AdktD;rsm;tm; tpGJjyKI wGifjcif; jzpfonf?
od77Sd or~ Adk[D;rD;,m;e,fY tapmqH;k aexdkifcho
J rl sm;
jzpfaom xdkAdktD;wdkif;7if;om;rsm;tm; c7pfawmfay:p
tcsed u
f rmudrk efvrl sdK;wd\ku wdu
k x
f w
k I
f aexdki-f ujyef
7m/ ,if;wd\ktm; *smrefw\dkuif;/ *smrefw\dktm; qvA
tEG,f0if csufw\dk uif; armif;xkwf aexdki-f uonf?
62^ ckEpS w
f iG f qrdb
k 7k ifvufxufY tuGu
J JG jzpfaeaom
Adk[D;rD;,m;e,fonf pnf;vHk;rdavonf? 805 ckESpf
wGif 7Sm;vrdef;bk7ifu odrf;ydu
k fxm;cJhjyD;aemuf r-um
rDyif rdka7;AD;,m;EdkifiH. vufatmufcH jzpfcJhonf?
1000jynfhESpfausmfcef\url Adk[D;rD;,m;onf *smref
e,fwe,ftjzpf a7muf7SdaeI 1198ckwGif oD;jcm;
jynfaxmif jzpfvmjyefonf? 1253 ckESpfrS 12^8 ckESpf
twGif;Y Adk[D;rD;,m;onf Oa7mywdkufwGif tiftm;

Adk[D;rD;,m;e,f
tawmifw
h if;qHk; wdik ;f jynfwjynf jzpfvmonf? 1200
jynfhESpfaemufydkif;wGif tkypf k;d aom vlZif;Awfrif;quf
jzpfaom Ad[
k ;D rD;,m;bk7ifrsm;onf {u7mZfbk7ifcsn;f
jzpf-uonf? odk\7mwGif 15 7mpkESpfrsm;Y *`efwyfpudk
ta-umif;jyKI jzpfyGm;aom t,l0g'a7; ppfyGJrsm;ESifh
1618 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;aom ESpo
f ;kH q,fppfyJrG sm;a-umifh
Adk[D;rD;,m;EdkifiHonf arS;rSdefoGm;7onf? jynfoljynf
om;rsm;onf trsdK;om;pdwf"mwfrsm; usqif;csdefY
[ufZAwfrif;rsm; tkypf ;kd vsuf7do
S nf? 18 7mpkESpfusrS
yif Adk[D;rD;,m; vlxo
k nf EkdifiHa7;Ed;k -um;vmum t
rsdK;om;tcGifhta7;rsm;/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa7;ESifh EdkifiH
a7;vGwv
f yfrw
= k\dukd awmif;qdv
k m-uonf? 19 7mpkcef\
wGif -op-wD;,m;[efa*7Dtpd;k 7tm; tawmfyif raus
reyfjzpfaecJ-h uonf? yxruBmppfjyD;aomtcg Ad[
k D;
rD;,m;jynfe,fonf csufuq
kd vdAk m;uD;,m;Edik if o
H pf.
e,fwe,f jzpfvmonf? 'kw,
d uBmppftwGi;f Yrl *sm
reftkyfcsKyfcHe,f jzpfaecJhjyD;v~if 'kwd,uBmppfjyD;rS
csufuq
dk vdAk m;uD;,m;Ekdiif .
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a7muf7o
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k ;D rD;,m;e,fonf csuu
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vHk;wGif t-uG,0f tpnf;um; tzGJ\jzdK;qHk;aom e,fjzpf
onf? csuw
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kd y7m[jrKd \awmfonf Ad[
k ;D rD;,m;e,fwiG f
wnf7SdI 7D;uifAwf/ yDvqef/ AGwfApf/ um;vpAwf
paom xif7mS ;onfh jrKd \-u;D rsm;onfvnf; ,if;e,fYyif
yg0ifonf? Ad[
k D;rD;,m;e,f. jrifrh m;aom uke;f jyifESihf
ajr-oZmaumif;aom jrpf0Srf;a'orsm;onf v,f,m
vkyu
f ikd f7ef tvGeaf umif;rGeo
f jzifh *sHK/ rka,m/ tmvl;/
&dkif;pyg;/ jrif;pm;*sHK/ o-um;rkefvm ponfwdk\ xGuf
onf? O,smOftvkyfvnf; rsm;pGmjzpfxGef;aom a'o
jzpfonf? awmifukef;rsm;wGif opfawmrsm; ayguf
a7mufvsuf7Sdaoma-umifh opfvkyfief;vnf; t-uD;t
us,fvyk fudkif-uonf? Adk[D;rD;,m;jynfe,f taemuf
ajrmufyikd ;f Yrl oWKrsm;xGuo
f nf? txl;ojzifh oHwiG ;f
rsm;pGm7Sdonf? a-uGxnfyPnf;rsm;vkyfudkifEdkifonfh 7FH\
ajrrsdK;vnf;7So
d jzifh a-uGxnfvyk if ef;vkyfudki-f uonf?
,if;tydki;f wGif oH/ oHr+d/ jcnfEiS hf od;k arG;/ tdraf xmif
y7dabm*/ pUL/ "mwkaA'yPnf;rsm;/ a-uGxnf/ zef
xnf ponfh pufrv
= yk if ef;rsm; vkyu
f ikd 7f m puf&-kH uD;rsm;
jzifh pnfum;onf? Ad[
k ;D rD;,m;e,fxu
G f zefxnfonf
uBmausmf jzpfonf? Adk[D;rD;,m;. tjcm; xif7Sm;
aom xGufukefrSm yDvZifemAD,mac: uBmausmf
AD,mjzpfonf?

86

Adk;eD;v

Adk[D;rD;,m;e,f
Ad[
k ;D rD;,m;e,fonf jynfwiG ;f ul;oef; oGm;vma7;
twGuf tvGefaumif;rGefaom rD;7xm;vrf;ESifh um;
vrf;-uD;rsm; 7Sd&Hkru jynfyjrdK\-uD;rsm;jzpfaom AD,if;
em;/ '7ufZ'if ponfhjrdK\-uD;rsm;ESifh rD;7xmvrf;jzifh
tquftoG,7f o
dS nf?
Ad[
k ;D rD;,m;e,fwiG f *smrefwUodkvfEiS fh csufwU
odv
k rf sm;7So
d nfh teuf 1348 ckEpS u
f wnfaxmifcahJ om
y7m[wUodv
k o
f nf Oa7mywdu
k 7f dS a7S;tusqk;H wU
odkvw
f ckjzpfonf?
Ad;k eD;v(c7pf 1885 1962) ? ?eD;vAd;k onf 'de;f rwfvl
rsdK; &lyaA'ynm7Sif wOD;jzpfI/ tufwrf. cmtdrzf J\G
pnf;yHk 0g'opfudk pwifazmfxw
k cf ahJ vonf? t7m0 K
rSeo
f r~. tajccH,lepfjzpfaom tufwrfrsm;. zGJ\pnf;
wnfaeyHo
k nf aep-um0 m zG\Jpnf;wnfaeyHEk iS hf tvm;
wljzpfonf? tufwrf.tv,fA[d7k dS av;vHaom 0wf
qHuJhodk\jzpfonfh EsL;uvD;,wfudk v~yfppf"mwftm;
aqmifaom tDvufx7Gefrsm;u/ aeudk j*dK[frsm;vSnfh
ywfae-uonfhenf;wl vSnyfh wfae-uonf? tufwrf
wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh (ae7mvGwf) [if;vif;jyifrsm;
yg7So
d nf[k Ad;k uol.t,ltqrsm;udk xkwaf zmfco
hJ nf?
Ad;k .tufwrf0g'opfukd tajcjyKI ta7;ygaomod_H
ynmwd;k wufr=rsm;udk jyKvkyfEkid cf -Jh uonf? ,if;wd\kwiG f
tufwrf.pGr;f tifukd xkw,
f t
l oH;k jyKjcif;vnf; yg0ifchJ

tEkjrL okawoevkyfief;wGif EdkAifqk csD;jr|ihfcH7onfh

&lyaA' od_Hynmausmf eD;v Adk;

87

I/ tufwrf(tEkjrL) AHk; vkyfudkifEkdifonftxd ayguf

ajrmuf atmifjrifcho
J nf? Adk;onf rdr.
d 0g'opfukd wd;k
wuf jyKjyifch7J m/ a7'D,dkoWd-uGjcif;udk awG\7d7S mrS ay:
aygufvmaom jyemrsm;udk if;/ *smref &lyaA'
ynm7Sif yvef\. uGrfwefot
D dk7rD S ay:aygufvmaom
jyemrsm;udkif; ajz7Si;f Edkicf ahJ vonf?
Akd;onf 'def;rwfEidk if H udkyif[m;*if;jrdK\Y 1885 ckEpS f
atmufwb
kd mv ^ 7ufae\wiG f zGm;jrifI/ udyk if[m;*if;
wUodv
k rf S 'D*7Db\J7G 7Scd o
hJ nf? a7S;OD;pGm Ad;k . od_o
H ak w
oevkyif ef;wdk\rmS oWKrsm;rS tDvufx7Gefot
D 7dk u
D kd pl;
prf;avhvmjcif; jzpfonf? aemiftcgwGif t*vefjynf
odk\ oGm;a7mufI 7lyaA'ynm7Sif tausmftarmf-uD;
rsm;jzpf-uaom a*s/ a*s/ oGerf qifEiS hf avmh7m;om;zd\kw\kd
vufatmufwGif od_Hoak woevkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif
7Guo
f nf? tufwrfcmtdrzf \JpG nf;yH0k g'opfukd xkwaf zmf
cJph Ofu Adk;onf touf28 ESpt
f 7G,fr~om 7Sdao;onf?
1920 jynfEh pS w
f iG f udyk if[m;*if;wUodv
k w
f iG f oDt7kd uf
wpfu,f& lyaA'od_Hausmif;udk uln Dwnfaxmif
ay;onf? 1922 ckEpS f touftm;jzihf 3^ ESpw
f iG f 7ly
aA'twGuf uBmausmf EdkAq
J -k uD;udk 77S7d m/ xdak cwft
xd EdkAJqk 7olrsm;xJwGif toufti,fqHk; jzpfav
onf? tjcm; Ekid if rH sm;pGmwd\kuvnf; ol. 7lyaA'ynm
pGrf;7nfudk *k+fjyKcsD;usL;aomtm;jzifh qkwHqdyfrsm;
csD;jr|ih-f uavonf? 1926 ckESpw
f iG f awmf0iftoif;-uD;
. EkdifiHjcm;toif;0iftjzpf a7G;cs,fjcif; cH7onf?
1938 39 ckESpfwGif tar7duefjynfaxmifpkodk\ acW
oGm;a7mufI/ tufwrfprG ;f tif okawoevkyfief;rsm;
udk aqmif7u
G cf 7hJ m/ od_yH nm7Si-f uD; tJvAwftidk ;f pwdik ;f
ESiv
hf nf; awG\qkEH ;SD aESmcJah vonf?
xdt
k csed w
f Gif Ad;k onf ,la7;eD;,rf;tufwrfukcd JpG w
d f
I ,la7;eD;,rf;xJY odrk ;DS vsu7f adS eaompGr;f tifukd trsm;
tjym; xkw,
f ltoH;k jyK7ef -udK;yrf;vsu7f o
Sd nf? 1940
jynfhEpS w
f Gif *smrefwyfrsm;u 'de;f rwfEidk fiu
H kd wdu
k fcu
kd f
odrf;ydu
k v
f ku
d faomtcg/ t*vefjynfok\d xGufajy;wdr;f
a7SmifaecJhonf? xdkaemufwGif t*vdyEf Sifh tar7duef
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;udk ulnDcJh7m/ tufwrf (tEkjrL) AHk;
vkyfudkif7eftwGuf od_Hynm7yfqkid f7m tcuftcJrsm;
ajz7Sif;ay;jcif;jzifh trsm;qHk;ulnDcJhonf? aemiftcg
Adk;onf e,l;rUqDudk avmhpt,fvrdk; tufwrfrpf
y&dk*sufwGif t-uHay;t7m7Sdtjzpf aqmif7Guf7onf?
1945 ckEpS fwGif 'de;f rwfEidk if Hok\djyefoGm;.? 1962 ckEpS f
Ekd0ifbmv 18 7ufae\wiG f uG,fvGefonf?

Adk;0g;ppfyGJ
aemufq;kH Y 1899 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mv 11 7ufae\
wGif jAdwdo~ESifh Adk;0g;wdk\ ppfpwifwdkufcdkuf-uonf?
-o7de;f z7D;pwdwfjynfe,fonf Ad;k 0g;wdk\ESifhy;l aygif;um
jAdwdo~tm; wkdufcku
d favonf? xdpk pfyGJwiG f -uD;us,f
aom wdu
k yf J-G uD;rsm; r7SdvSacs? acsmif;ajrmif; wdu
k cf ku
d f
jcif;/ axmifzrf;I wdkufjcif;/ jrdK\-uD;rsm;udk 0dik ;f 7Hydwq
f k\d
jcif;rsm;om rsm;avonf? ppfy.
GJ tpwGif Adk;0g;wdk\u
ta7;omavonf? Ad;k 0g;wdk\onf typftcwfu`r;f usif
jyD;v~if xdka'o. ta-umif;7if;udk aumif;pGmodol
rsm;jzpf-u.? Ad;k 0g;wdk\zufrS 'DApf/ vl0AD kw
d m/ 'vma7;
ponfh Adkvcf sKyf-uD;rsm;u tkycf sKyw
f du
k fcu
kd .
f ? jAdwo
d ~
wdk\onf 1990jynfhESpf Zefe0g7Dvwdkifatmif Adk;0g;wdk\
zdEdyS w
f u
kd fcu
kd jf cif;udo
k m cHae7avonf?
1900 jynfEh pS f Zefe0g7DvwGiaf vmha7mAwfEiS haf vmh
upfcsemwdk\ OD;pD;onfh tiftm;-uD;rm;aom jAdwdo~
wyfopfrsm; a7mufvmavonf? (upfcsemtdyf/ tdyf
&=?) xdEk pS f azazmf0g7Dv 2^ 7ufae\wiG f Ad;k 0g;ppfAv
kd f
csKyf-uD; u7Gef,DESifh wyfom; 4axmifcef\onf yg;'D
AwfY vufeufcs-u7avonf? xdkEpS f rwfv 137uf
ae\wGif -o7def;z7D;pwdwfjynfe,f. jrdK\awmf AvGrf;
zGew
f ed ;f jrKd \ukd avmha7mAwfu csDwuford ;f ydu
k u
f m ,if;
jynfe,fudk jAw
d o
d ~yikd t
f jzpf a-unmEkid cf o
hJ nf?
avmha7mAwfacgif;aqmifaom jAdwdo~ppfwyfrsm;
onf ajrmufzufo\kcd sw
D ufum *sKd [ufpAwfjrdK\ukd odr;f
ydu
k o
f nf? xdkaemuf ZGev
f 57ufae\wiG af wmiftmz7du
oRwEdkiif .
H jrdK\awmf y7Dwk;d 7D;,m;jrdK\ukd odrf;ydu
k jf yef
avonf? xdEk pS f pufwifbmvwGif Ad;k 0g;Adv
k cf sKyf Adw
k m
ESihf vufatmufcw
H yfrsm;udk avmha7mAwfu vufeuf
csapI/ awmiftmz7duoRwEkdifiHudk x7efpAm;jynf
e,f[t
k rnfajymif;um jAdwo
d ~yikd t
f jzpf a-unmonf?
useAf k;d 0g;wyfrsm;onf awmcdkoGm;um ajymufusm;
pepfjzifh wdkufcdkufao;onf? xdktcsdefwGif avmha7m
Awfonf t*vefo\kjd yefomG ;I avmhupfcsemu jAdwo
d ~
wyfrsm;udk OD;pD;wdkufcdkufvsuf7Sdonf? avmhupfcsem
onf Adk;0g;wdk\. ajymufusm;ppfqifr=udk tpGrf;ukef
ESrd ef if;vdu
k 7f m 1902 ckEpS f arv 317ufae\wiG f Ad;k 0g;ppfyJG
onf tqHk;owftjyD;wdkifa7mufchaJ vonf?
Ad;k 0g;wd\konf wyfom;tiftm; 95000r~EiS hf jAw
d o
d ~
wd\k. 200000ausmf7daS om wyfudk 3 ESprf ~ -uHh-uHhcHI
wdkufcdkufcJhonf? y7Dwdk;7D;,m;jrdK\Y 1902ckESpf arv
317ufae\wiG f csKyq
f akd om zma7;epf*if;pmcsKyt
f 7/ x7ef
pAm;ESifh -o7def;z7D;pwdwfwdk\onf jAdwdo~ udkvedk Drsm;

Ad;k 0g;ppfyJG (c7pf 1899 1902)?

?tmz7duwdu
k f
awmifydkif;7Sd Adk;0g;jynfe,frsm;jzpfaom -o7def;z7D;
pwdwfESihf x7efpAm;jynfe,frsm;ESihf jAdwdo~tpdk;7wdk\
1899 ckESpfrS 1920 ckESpftwGif; jzpfyGm;aom ppfyGJudk
Ad;k 0g;ppfyJ[
G k ac:onf? xdpk pfyu
GJ kd awmiftmz7duppfyJG
[k vnf;ac:-uonf?
Adk;0g;[laompum;rSm 'yfcsbmomjzifh v,form;
[k ac:jcif;jzpfonf? 1652 ckEpS cf ef\u a[mfvefEkid firH S
'yfcsvlrsdK;wpkonf tmz7duwdkufawmifydkif; a'o
rsm;od\k oGm;a7mufI v,f,mpdu
k yf sKd ;jcif;jzifh tajcpdu
k f
aexdkif-uonf? xdkolwdk\rS qif;oufolrsm;udk Adk;0g;
[kac:-uonf? 1^96 ckEpS w
f iG f tmz7duwku
d 7f dS Ad;k 0g;
wdk\. a'oopfrsm;udk jAdwdo~wdk\ 0ifa7mufodrf;ydkuf
onf? jAw
d o
d ~tyk cf sKyo
f nfukd rvdv
k m;olw\o
kd nf 1836
ckwGif olwdk\.a'orsm;udk pGef\I x\dkxufajrmufzuf
usaom a'orsm;odk\ ajymif;a7F\um tdk;opftdrfopf
xlaxmif-uonf? xdka'oudkvnf; awmiftmz7du
oRwEdkifiHESifh -o7def;z7D;pwdwf[lI udkvdkeDEkdifiHopf
wnfaxmifonf? awmiftmz7du oRwEdkifiH[kac:
aoma'oonf aemiftcg x7efpAm;jynfe,f[k wGif
vmonf?
1884 ckESpfwGif awmiftmz7duoRwEdkifiHY a7F
wGif;rsm; awG\onfhowif;a-umifh EdkifijH cm;om;rsm; t
rsm;tjym;yif xdka'oxJodk\ 0ifa7mufvm-uonf? xdk
EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh jAdwdo~ vlrsdK;rsm;
jzpf-uonf? Adk;0g;wdk\uvnf; olwk\d. tkycf sKyfa7;wGif
jAdwdo~wdk\ 0iffa7mufjc,fvS,frnfudk pdk;7GH\-uonf?
xd\ak -umifh awmiftmz7duoRwEdik if .
H oRw aygu&l;
*g;u EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;tm; csKyfcs,fuef\owfonfh
Oya'rsm;udk jyKvkyfavonf? xdt
k cg EkdifijH cm;om;rsm;
uvnf; rcHr7yfEidk jf zpfum/ tcGiht
f a7; ydkay;7ef qlyl
awmif;qdk-uonf? Edkiif Hjcm;om;wdk\zufrS jAdwo
d ~wdk\u
tm;ay;avonf?
,if;wdk\jzifh xdkta7;rSm Adk;0g;wdk\ESifh EdkifiHjcm;om;
wdk\ tiftm;jydKif-uonfh tajcrS/ Adk;0g;ESifh jAdwdo~wdk\
tiftm;jydKifonfh tajcodk\ qdkufa7mufoGm;avonf?
1896 ckEpS w
f iG f vufeufpu
JG ikd f wdu
k cf u
kd -f uonfh tajc
od\ak 7mufvmonf? t*vyd v
f rl sKd ; *srd ;f qefqo
kd u
l vuf
eufukid f wdkucf dkufa7;udk OD;aqmifch7J m/ ,if;x-uGr=udk
*sdr;f qefwdkufy[
GJ k ac:-u.? xdkta7;wGif *sdrf;qefw\dk
zufu &=;H edro
fh Gm;avonf? od\k7mwGif jAdwo
d ~ESihf Ad;k 0g;
wdk\ ta7;onf jyD;jidr;f oGm;jcif; r7Sdacs?

88

Adk;0g;ppfyGJ

Aufpudk 'g *g;r

jzpfvm-uonf? Adk;0g;wdk\vnf; jAdwdo~tpdk;7 oPmcH

rsm;tjzpf cH,l-uonf? odk\aomf 1906 ckESpfwGif t*
vefjynfY vpfA7,fygwD -uD;pdk;vmaomtcg/ xdkjynf
e,f 2 e,fudk wm0efcHtkyfcsKyfa7;ay;tyfonf? jynf
e,frsm;wGif Adk;0g;ppfa-umifh ysupf D;7onfhtwGuf a':
vm 15000000 avsmaf -u;tjzpf jAdwo
d ~wdk\u ay;
avonf? ausmif;rsm;Yvnf; 'yfcsbmomudk oif
cGifhjyKonf? ,if;odk\ jAdwdo~tpdk;7. oufn|mr=rsm;
a-umifh Adk;0g;ESifh jAdwdo~qufqHa7;onf txl;yif
aumif;rGefvmonf? 1910 ckEpS w
f Gif xdjk ynfe,f 2e,f
onf awmiftmz7dujynfaxmifpkEdkifiHtwGif;Y udk,f
ydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh7 jynfe,frsm;jzpfvmavonf? (awmif
tmz7du jynfaxmifpk&=? )
Aufpudk 'g *g;r(c7pf 1460cef\1524)? ?e,fajr
opfpl;prf;7SmazGcJholrsm;teuf ay:wl*DvlrsdK; Aufpudk
'g*g;ronf uBmwGif tausmf-um;qHk; ykCdKvfwOD;
jzpfayonf? e,fajropf7SmazGro
= nf pGef\pGef\pm;pm;jyK7
oavmuf tvGeftusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;vSojzifh a7S;acwf
rsm;rStpjyKI Oa7mywGifacwfpm;cJhonf? wEdkifiHESifh

e,fajropf7SmazGr=Y tausmfqHk; ykCdKvfjzpfonfh Aufpudk'g*g;r

89

wEdik if H tjydKife,fopfrsm;7Sm-ujyD;v~i/f oufqidk 7f m rdrd

wd\kEdik fi.
H ydik feufEiS fh wefc;kd tm+mudk e,fcsJ\c-Jh uonf?
wcgu wefcdk;-uD;EdkifiHrsm;jzpf-uaom pydefESifh ay:wl
*,fEkid fiHw\dkonfvnf; csr;f om-uG,0f aom ta7S\wikd ;f /
txl;ojzifh tdNd,EkdifiHodk\ ydkifeufcsJ\vdk-uonf? xdk
a-umifh ,if;a'orsm;od\k tjrefq;Hk aygufa7mufaom yif
v,fc7D;vrf;udk tjydKif-udK;pm;7SmazGc-Jh uonf?
ay:wl*w
D \dkonf ESpfaygif; 60cef\r~ tmz7duwdu
k f
taemufzufurf;ajcwav~muf awmifzufo\dk c7D;vrf;
udk wjznf;jznf;prf;I oabmvFi-fh unfch -Jh u7m/ 1488
ckEpS w
f iG f Amwl;vl;ar,k't
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l nf tmz7duwdu
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av~muf tawmfyif c7D;aygufcJhonf? ('D;twfAmwl;
vl;ar,k&=?) xdkaemuf 10ESpfeD;yg;r~ ay:wl*Dwdk\.
a7S\qufvuf-udK;yrf;r=onf c7D;ra7mufbJ 7SdaecJhav
onf? xdktawmtwGif; pydefEkdifiHu 1492 ckESpfwGif
ta7S\wikd ;f od\k oGm;aom yifv,fc7D;ud7k mS 7ef udkvAH yfukd
vFwv
f u
kd 7f m tar7duwdu
k o
f \kd oGm;7mc7D;vrf;p 7cJah v
onf? (udkvAH yfpD&=?) xdt
k cg ay:wl*w
D \kdonf tm;
usrcH/ tmz7dwdkufudk ywfI ta7SoGm; c7D;vrf;udk
qufvuf7mS azG7ef t-uHtpnfjyK-uavonf?
,if;onft
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AufpyGwfcsDtar7d*dk

Aufpudk 'g *g;r

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yrS tdNd,odk\ yifv,fc7D;udk pwifawG\7SdcJhavonf?
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ay:wl*,fEkdifiHodk\ jyefa7mufaomtcg/ bk7ifrif;
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tar7duefEdkifiHudk pwifawG\7SdcJhol tar7d*dkAufpyGufcsD

90

AufpyGufcsDtar7d*dk

AufqDrmqm [ife7D

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91

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ykyf7[ef;rif; oDwif;oHk;7mjzpfaom AufwDuifeef;jrdK\7Sd AufwDuifeef;awmf

92

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onf? xdkum'ife,f *dk+f;csKyfrsm;onf ykyf7[ef;rif;
-uD;. twdkiyf ifcH ykCKd vrf sm;jzpfonf? 1509 ckEpS rf pS I
um'ife,faumvdyfac: um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyftzGJ\onf
yky7f [ef;rif;wyg; ysv
H eG v
f ~if t&du
k t
f 7mudk qufcrH nfh

93

ykCKd vftm; rdrdw\dktxJrS rJpepfjzifh a7G;cs,w

f ifajr|muf7
onf? (um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyf &=?)
AufwDuifeef;jrdK\awmfwGif oD;jcm;tkycf sKyfaom rD;
7xm;Xme/a-u;eef;ESifh pmydk\vyk fief;Xme/ aiGa-u;Xme/
toHvFifhXme/ jynfolhvkyfief;Xme/ yHkESdyfXmeponfwdk\
7Sdonf? yky7f [ef;rif;-uD;Y EdkifijH cm;odk\ oHwrefrsm;ap
vFwfjcif;/ Edik if jH cm;rS oHwrefrsm; vufcHEidk fjcif; paom
tcGifhta7;ESifh tm+m7Sdavonf? udk,fydkif av,mOf
uGi;f wckaqmufvky7f efyif tpDtpOf 7Sdavonf? Ekdiif H
awmf. b@ma7;twGuf uBmt7yf7yfrS A7if*sD
*d+
k ;f 0ifrsm; vSL'gef;aom tvSLaiGESifh AufwDuifeef;
jrdK\wGif;rS aumufcH77Sdaom tcGefawmfay:wGif trSDjyK
avonf? xdjk yif wvDtpd;k 7u ,cif omoemajr
rsm;udk odrf;ydkufxm;cJhonfhtwGuf avsmfa-u;oabm
jzifh ay;aom aiGvnf;7So
d nf?
Aufwu
D ifeef;jrKd \onf uBmay:7Sd A7if*s*D +
kd ;f 0ifw\.
kd
txGwt
f jrwf xm;7mXmejzpfonf? yXr yky7f [ef;rif;
vnf;jzpfI ocifa,&=ESifh t7if;ESD;qHk; wrefawmf-uD;
vnf;jzpfaom pdeyf Dwm(7Sifayw&k)onf a7mrbk7ife;D
&d;k vufxuf c7pf 6^ckEpS w
f iG f Tt7yfY um;pifwifI
towfc7H onf[k A7if*sD*k+
d f;0ifrsm;u ,H-k unf-uo
jzifh ESpfpOf A7if*sD*dk+f;0ifrsm; tajrmuftrsm; vm
a7muf-uonf?
Aufwu
D ifeef;jrdK\onf uBmha7S;a[mif;pmayESifh tEk
ynmvuf7mrsm; pka0;7ma'o tjzpfjzifhvnf; ausmf
-um;onf? a7S;a[mif;jywdkuf-uD; 5 ck/ yef;csD jywdkuf
2ckESifh pm-unfhwkduf-uD;wckwdk\rSm uBmausmfrsm; jzpf
onf? a7S;a[mif; jywkduf-uD;rsm;wGif a7S;*7d/ a7mr
ESifh tD*spfvuf7m &kyfwkrsm;/ ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm
rykyfrodk;ap7ef aq;jzifh pDrHjyKvkyfxm;aom rHrD&kyfu
vmyfrsm;ponfw\u
kd kd awG\Eikd I
f / yef;csjD ywku
d w
f iG rf l uBm
ausmf yef;csDynm7Sif-uD;rsm;jzpfaom zdvpfydkvpfyd/ vD
,dkem'dk'gAifcsD/ 7ufzDt,f/ wpf7eS /f rdkufu,ftef*svkd
ponfwdk\. vuf7mrsm;ESifhwuG tjcm;xif7Sm;aom
yef;csDausmw
f \dk. t,l0g'a7;7m yef;csDum;rsm;7Sdonf?
Aufwu
D ifpm-unfw
h u
kd -f uD;rSmrl uBmay:wGif 7Sm;yg;I
tzdk;wefvSaom a7S;a[mif;pmayrsm; pka0;7mXme jzpf
onf? a7S;*7dpmrlrsm;/ a7mrpmrlrsm;/ ta7S\wdkif; qdkif
7mpmrlrsm;/ 47mpkacwfavmufu ynm7Sd-uD; qDq&dk
a7;om;cJah om 'D7yD wfAvdumusr;f vufa7;pmrluo
hJ \kd
aom 7Sm;yg;onfh pmrlrsm;/ bmom7yf trsdK;rsdK;ESifh
usrf;*eftrsdK;rsdK; 7Sdonf? pkpkaygif; pmtkyfpmwrf;3

AufwDuifeef;jrdK\
odef; 5 aomif;cef\ 7SdI vufa7;pmrl 5 aomif;ausmf
7So
d nf?
AufwDeef;jrdK\. xl;jcm;csuf w7yfum; ppfwyf
yif jzpfonf? ppfwyfonf jrKd \ukd umuG,7f ef t"duxm;
I zG\pJ nf;xm;onfr[kwb
f /J yky7f [ef;rif;-u;D . ud,
k 7f H
awmfwyftjzpf tr=xrf;aqmif7efESifh t,l0g'a7; t
crf;tem;rsm;wGif vdu
k yf gqifEJ7F efom t"dujzpfonf?
ppfom;rsm;rSm EkdifiHjcm;ppfom;rsm; jzpfonf? vGefcJh
aomESpaf ygif; 450 cef\u vlZef;ESifh Zl;7pfe,f 2e,fEiS hf
yky7f [ef;rif;-uD;wd\k csKyq
f ckd ahJ ompmcsKyt
f 7 xdek ,f 2e,f
rS ppfom;rsm; vma7muftr=xrf;7jcif;jzpfonf? ppf0wf
wefqmrSm tv,facwfyef;csDausmf rdkufu,ftef*svkd
wDxGifcJhaom yHkprH sdK;udk ,ckwdkif 0wfpm;oHk;pGJvsufyif
7Sdonf? ppfwyfwGif ppfom; 100 cef\7Sdavonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;? ?Aufw;D 7D;,m;qdo
k nfrmS omref
rsufpjd zifh -unfI
h rjrifEdkifaom qJwckom7Sdonfh tyif
i,fuav;rsm; jzpfonf? rdkU&dpk ukyfac: rSefbv
D ;l jzifh
-unfhrSom jrifEdkifonf? ,if;wdk\onf &dk;&dk;qJuav;
rsm;jzpfI tyifavmuwGif tqifhtwef;tedrfhqHk;ESifh
ta7twGuf trsm;qHk;jzpfonf? odk\7mwGif tjcm;t
yifrsm;rSmuJhodk\ uvdk&dkzD;ac: pdrf;a7mifj'yf ryg7Sdacs?
Aufw;D 7D;,m;wGif y&dw
k kyd vmZrfac: oufO;D &kyjf zifh jyD;
aom qJwckpD 7Sdonf? t7G,ftm;jzifh AufwD;7D;,m;
t0dki;f wckonf wvufr.25400yHkwyHkom-uD;onf?

vl-uD;vli,fra7G; jzpfyGm;avh7Sdaom 'pfzoD;7D;,m; qHkqdk\em(0J)

ESifh tqkwfa7mifem(,m)wdk\. AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;? (tqaygif;
rsm;pGm yHk-uD;csJ\xm;onf)?

AufwD;7D;,m;
,if;udk tqaygif; 1000 t-uD;cs\JI -unfrh S cJwHxyd f
zsm;cef\7do
S nfudk awG\7onf?
AufwD;7D;,m;udk yHko!meftvdkuf 4 rsdK; cGJxm;
onf? t0dik f;/ od\kr[kwf tvH;k yH7k o
dS nfh Aufw;D 7D;,m;udk
aumhqkid f[kac:I/ wkwfacsmif;yHk Aufw;D 7D;,m;udk Auf
qDvdkif[kac:onf? 0uftluJhodk\ auG;aumufaeaom
Aufw;D 7D;,m;udk pydik f7v
D m[kac:I/ 0uftyl kH Aufw;D 7D;
,m;tqef;wrsdK;udk pydkif&dkud[kac:onf? 0ufjcHESifh
tylzrk sm;udk jzpfapwwfaom pwufzv
D dkaumhqkid f/ EsL
rd;k eD;,m;ac: tqkwfa7mifemudk jzpfapwwfaom EsLrdk
aumhqdkif/ wdkufzGdKufac: tla7mifzsm;udk jzpfapwwf
aom Aufqv
D dkif/ tqkwfausm&dk; emAfa-um tqpft
jrpfponfY a7m*gjzpfapwufaom p-wufwkad umhqdkif
ponfwk\drSm tm;vHk; AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;jzpf-uonf?
a7m*gjzpfapwwfaom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;onf vl/
wd7>mefESifh tyifw\dkwiG f aoG;/ t&d;k / aysmhaysmif;aom
wpf&LS ;/ yifpnfEiS hf toD;rsm;twGi;f Y aewwfI wd;k yGm;
vm-uonf? ,if;wdk\onf taoG;/ -uGufom;/ wpf&LS ;
wdk\udk pm;aomufI tvGeftqdyfjyif;aom "mwfudk
xkwfypf-uojzifh ,if;wdk\rSDwif;aexdkif7m opfyif/ wd
7>mefESihf vlwk\dtm; a7m*gusa7mufapwwfonf? T
AufwD;7D;,m;rsdK;udk uyfyg;[k ac:onf? 'pfzoD;7D;
,m;qHq
k \ekd m/ tqkwaf 7mifem/ *dEk akd nmif;usa7m*g/ ukwf
[D;acsmif;qdk;/ wufwewfa7m*g/ wsLAmu,fydk;pGJem/
qpfzvpfa7m*g/ OD;aESmufajr|;a7mifa7m*g/ a'gifhoef;
em/ uk}Elem/ yvdyaf 7m*gponfw\rkd mS tqdyk g Aufw;D 7D;
,m;rsm;rS xGufaom tqdyfa-umifh jzpfvmaom a7m
*grsm; jzpf-uonf? oD;ESyH ifrsm;od\k txufyg Aufw;D 7D;
,m;rsm; 0ifvmaomtcg uGif;vdu
k f jcHvdkuf ysufjyKef;
wwfonf? tpm;taomufrsm; ykyo
f dk;jcif;/ pnfoGwf
Al;rS tpm;tpmrsm; tqdyfjzpfjcif;wdk\onfvnf; T
Aufw;D 7D;,m;wd\ka-umifyh if jzpfavonf?
opfyif/ wd7>mefESifh vlwdk\tm; tusdK;rsm;pGmjyK
aom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;vnf;7SdI ,if;wdk\udk qufy&dk
zdkuf[kac:onf? ,if;wd\konf ajrqDvFmwGif toifh7Sd
aom -o*JepfyPnf;rsm;udk tpmtjzpfjzifh tokH;jyKI
,if;rS7aom pGr;f tifjzifh avxJrS Edu
k x
f &d*k siu
f kd ajrqD
vFmxJo\kd a7mufatmif oGi;f ,l-uonf? od\kjzifh oD;ESyH if
rsm;udk -uD;xGm;oefpGrf;atmif tusdK;jyKay;-uonf?
tvm;wl Aufw;D 7D;,m;wd\k. tjcm;tusKd ;jyKenf; wck
rSm tyifaoESifh wd7>mefaorsm;udk trd=uf7Sif;orm;
uJho\kd okwo
f if7iS ;f vif;ay;jcif;yif jzpfonf? ,if;tykyf

94

AufwD;7D;,m;

AufwD;7D;,m;aA'

todk;rsm;udk tqdkygAufwD;7D;,m;rsm;uom pm;rypf

ygu uBmajray:wGif tyif7SifESifh wd7>mef7Sifwdk\
xuf tyifao wd7>mefaowd\ku rsm;IaernfrSm rkcs
jzpfayonf? xdjk yif 'decf /J axmywf/ aq;wHaomufaq;/
vufzufajcmuf/ udkudk;r=ef\ ponfwdk\udk teH\t7om
wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf tmifjyKjyif7mY toH;k jyK7aom Auf
wD;7D;,m;rsKd ;vnf;7Sad yonf?
a7m*gjzpfapwwfaom AufwD;7D;,mwdk\. xl;jcm;
csufw7yfrSm tyltat;'+fESifh tpma7pm acgif;yg;
jcif;'+fukd xl;xl;uJucJ EH idk 7f nf7jdS cif;yif jzpfonf? ,if;
wd\konf toufwnfwHhaeedik f7ef tajctae rom,m
aomtcg ,if;wdk\rS pydk;(a7m*gatmif;ydk;)[kac:aom
qJrsm; aygufyGm;vmonf? pydk;wdk\Y xlxJaom eH7H
rsm;7SdI tyltat;'+f ponfrsm;udk -uHh-uHhcHEdkif
onf? qlaeaoma7wGif &dk;&dk;AufwD;7D;,m;rsm; csuf
csif;vdkyif aoqHk;oGm;aomfvnf; pydk;rsm;rSmrl 16em7D
wdik af tmif raobJaeEdik -f uonf? tylcsed f oknatmuf
3207Sad omt7nfwiG f pydk;rsm;udkxnfhI tat;cHxm;
aomtcg touf7Sijf rJ 7Sifvsuf7Sdonfudk awG\7onf?
pydk;wdk\onf tHh-ozG,faumif;avmifatmif -umjrifh

pGmtouf7Sif aeEdkifjyD;v~if tajctaeaumif;vm

onfESifhwjydKifeuf AufwD;7D;,m;rsm; jyefIjzpfvm-u
jyefonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;wdk\onf tajctaeaumif;v~if t
vGefvsifjrefpmG -uD;jyif;aygufyGm;wwfonf? AufwD;7D;
,m; tcsdK\wGif em7D0uftcsdeftwGif; AufwD;7D;,m;
wckrS -uD;jyif;vmI ESpfcktjzpfodk\ uGJxGufEdkifonf?
TuJo
h \kd wem7DwGif w-udru
f Jx
G u
G rf nfqkyd gu Aufw;D
7D;,m; wckrS 24 em7DtwGif; AufwD;7D;,m;aygif;
18000000 txd wdk;yGm;vmEdkifI 48em7D-umaomf
Aufw;D 7D;,m;aygif; ukaukm jzpfvmEdkifayonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;wdk\udk enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh aoapEdkif
onf? avxJY7Sdaom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;udk aoap7ef
twGuf aea7mifESifh tmv-wm0dkiftdkvuf ac: c7rf;
ab;a7mifjcnfwdk\udk toHk;jyKavh7Sd-uonf? tpm;t
aomufrsm;udk rD;ESifhcsufjyKwfjcif;/ aygif;jcif;wdk\onf
,if;wdk\wGif7Sdaom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;udk owf7ef t
aumif;qHk;enf;rsm;yif jzpfonf? tat;cHjcif;ESifh t
ajcmufvSef;jcif;wdk\jzifh AufwD;7D;,m;tm;vHk;udk rao
apEdik /f ,if;wd\k r-uD;ryGm;atmifom wm;qD;Edik af yonf?

AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;onf ae7mwumwGif 7Sdae7m/ ,if;wdk\onf vloW0gwdk\tm; aumif;usdK;udkay;Edkifonfhenf;wl

aoapavmufaom tema7m*grsm; pGJuyfaprnfh qdk;usdK;rsm;udkvnf; ay;Ekdif-uonf? AufwD;7D;,m;aA'onf
AufwD;7D;,m;wdk\.ta-umif;udk avhvmI/ aq;ynmESifh a7m*ga0'emrsm;udk umuG,fonfh ynm7yfrsm;twGuf
tajccHynmtjzpf tusdK;7SdpGm toHk;csEdkifonf?

AufwD;7D;,m;aA'? ?Aufw;D 7D;,m;aA'onf Auf

wD;7D;,m;udkavhvmaom ynm7yfjzpfonf? (AufwD;
7D;,m;7=?) ,if;ynm7yfonf omrefrsufpdjzifh
rjrifEdkifaom tyifESifhoW0guav;rsm;udk avhvm
aom rdkU&dkAdkif-ovdk*sD ynm7yfwGif tusHK;0ifonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk aq;ynmYa7m*ga0'emrsm;udk
umuG,af 7;twGufaomfif;/ 0dkift7uf vkyfief;rsKd ;uJh
od\ak om Aufw;D 7D;,m;ESihf oufqikd o
f nfh pufrv
= ufrv
= yk f
ief;rsm;twGufaomfif;/ wd7>mefrsm;wGifjzpfyGm;aom
a7m*grsm;udk avhvm7eftwGufaomfif;/ tyifrsm;Y
jzpfyGm;aom a7m*gudk avhvm7eftwGuf aomfif;
toH;k jyKEkid fonf? 19 7mpkEpS f tv,favmufwGif Auf

95

wD;7D;,m;aA'onf vl0yD g;pwm;. vkyu

f idk f-udK;pm;r=
a-umifh wdk;wuf-uD;yGm;vmaom od_Hynm7yf jzpf
onf? (yg;pwm; vl0D &=? )
AufwD;7D;,m; a7m*goufa7mufaponf r[kwf
acs? vl.udk,cf m twGi;f tjyifwiG f a7m*grjzpfapbJ
7Sdaeaom Aufw;D 7D;,m;rsm;vnf; 7Sdao;onf? xdkjyif
tcsdK\aom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;onf ,if;wdk\ rSDcdkaexdkif
aomoltwGuf tusdK;7Sdaom tvkyfudkyif aqmif7Guf
ay;avh7o
dS nf? yHyk rmvlw\kt
d wGuf toH;k 0ifaom ADwm
rif bDrsm;udk tlxw
J iG 7f daS om tcsKd \aom Aufw;D 7D;,m;
wd\ku azmfxw
k fay;-uonf?
Aufw;D 7D;,m;rsm;a-umifh ul;pufwwfaom a7m*g

AufwD;7D;,m;aA'
trsm;yifjzpfwwfacsonf? (ul;pufwwfaom a7m*g
rsm;7=? ) ,if;txJwGif tvGefao;i,fonfh Adkif;
7yfrsm;a-umifh jzpfaoma7m*gvnf; 7Sdonf? yHkyrm
ausmuf-uD;a7m*g/ 0ufoufa7m*g/ ydkvD,dka7m*grsm;
jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif AufwD;7D;,m;a-umifh jzpf
aom xif7Sm;onfh a7m*gtcsdK\wk\drSm wkdufzdKG uftla7mif
zsm;/ 0rf;udkufa7m*g/ wsLAmu,f ydk;pGJema7m*g (wD
ADa7m*g)/ yvdyfa7m*g/ umv0rf;a7m*gESifh 'pfzoD;7D;
,m; qHkqdk\ema7m*grsm; jzpfavonf? ,if;a7m*grsm;
rjzpfymG ;ap7ef AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk tajccHxm;aom
umuG,ef nf;rsm;7Sad vonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'wGif ,if;a7m*gydk;rsm;ta-umif;
udk pHv
k ifpmG oif-um;avhvm7onf? xdjk yif ,if;a7m*g
yd;k rsm;onf vl.udk,cf NmwGif rnfodk\rnfyHk a7m*gjzpf
yGm;apyHk/ ,if;wdk\a-umifh jzpfymG ;aoma7m*grsm;udk rnf
uJo
h \kd prf;oyf-unf7h I
= a7m*g.ta-umif;7if;udk rnfo\kd
azmf7yHkESifh ,if;a7m*grsm;udk rnfok\dukoI rnfokd\um
uG,f7ef vdktyfyHkwdk\udk tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh oif-um;
avhvm7avonf?

prf;oyf-unhfaom pwufzvkdaumhuyf atm7d, a7m*gykd;onf

yifeDqvif tp7Sdaom ywdZD0eaq;rsm;ESihf ukoI7Ekdirf nhf t
a-umif; txufygyHkwGif awG\7onf? a7m*gykd;rSm aq;ESihf xd
awG\onhfae7mwGif raygufryGm;I/ oufqkdif7m ywdZD0eaq;yg
aom a7ppfpUL0dkif;ywfvnfwGif -unfvifaom t0kdif;rsm;ukd
awG\Edkifonf?

aomufa7/ EGm;Ed\k paom vlw\dk rSD0o

J nfh tpm;tpm
rsm;rSvnf; ul;pufwwfaom a7m*grsm;jyef\yGm;Edkif7
um;/ oef\7Sif;aomaomufa7/ EGm;Edk\ ponfwk\d77Sad p7ef
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk toHk;jyKI ppfaq;7ayonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;onf tema7m*grsm;udk jzpfapEdkifaom
a-umifh tema7m*gwdk\rS umuG,fEdik 7f ef AufwD;7D;,m;
ADZrsdK;udk pif-u,fap7ef jyKvkyfenf;trsdK;rsdK;7Sdonf?

,if;enf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh cGJpdwfynmonf

rsm;pGm xajrmufatmifjrifhcJh7Hkru vlem tajrmuf
tjrm;. toufuv
kd nf; u,fq,fEkid cf haJ yonf? Auf
wD;7D;,m;aA'okawoDrsm;. aus;Zl;a-umifh tpGrf;
xufaom yifeDqvifpaomywdZD0eaq;rsm; ay:
cJ7h ayonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udkavhvm7mwGif a7m*god<daA'
udkvnf; em;vnf7ayonf? odk\rSomv~if aq;nmESifh
a7m*ga0'emrsm;udk umuG,fonfh ynm7yfwdk\twGuf
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk tajccHynmtjzpf tusdK;7SdpGm
toH;k csEikd af yrnf?
ul;pufwwfaoma7m*gjzpfymG ;vmonfhtcg a7m*g
.ta-umif;7if;udk 7SmazG7mwGif AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk
toHk;cs7onf? ,if;uJo
h \dka7m*gydk;udk pH;k prf;7SmazGonfh
tcg atmufygenf;pHepfudk toHk;jyK7onf? zwf7=ol
vG,fulpGm em;vnfEdkifapjcif;iSm tqkwfema7m*gudk
yHkpx
H m;I 7Sif;vif;azmfjyygtHh?
(u) vlem. a7m*g7mZ0ifudk pHkprf;jy;D v~if prf;oyf
-unf7h rnfh yPnf;rSmtqkwef m a7m*goonf[k
xif7aom vlem.ovdyf jzpfonf?
(c) wDADa7m*gydk;7Sdr7Sd ,if;ovdyfudk rSefjym;ay:
wGif wifI aq;a7mifqdk;jyD;v~if rdkU7dkpukyf
rSeaf jymif;ESifh -unfh7p= pfaq;jcif;?
(*) ovdyw
f iG f wDAD a7m*gydk; 7Srd 7SdodEdkif7ef ydk;udk
rsdK;yGm;I-unfhjcif;?
() ,if;rS wDAaD 7m*gydk;[kxif7aomydk; aygufyGm;
vmygu ,if;. "mwkaA'"mwfobm0udk
ppfaq; -unfhEdkifjcif;? wDADa7m*gydk;twGuf
Tppfaq;r=ukd toHk;rjyKwwfacs?
(i) ,if;wDAaD 7m*gyd;k udk ywdyPnf;yg7Sdaom aoG;
-uufwuf7nfESifh ppfaq;-unfhjcif;? a7m*g
ta-umif;7if;7SmazG7mwGif Tenf;udk roHk;
acs?
(p) vlem.ovdyfudk oifhawmfovdk jyKjyifum
wd7>mefrsm;Y xdk;oGif;I vufawG\prf;oyf
ppfaq;jcif;?
a7m*g. ta-umif;7if;udk 7SmazGonfhtcg pHv
k ifap
jcif;iSm txufyg pHkprf;r= enf;pHepfudk azmfjyxm;aomf
vnf;/ tcsdK\aom a7m*grsm;twGuf txufazmfjyyg
enf;tm;vHk;udk toHk;jyK7ef rvdkay?
ppfaq;aom ovdyfrS wsLAmu,f AufqDvyfac:
wDAaD 7m*gyd;k udk 7SmazGawG\7dyS gu vlemwGif wsLAmu,f

96

AufwD;7D;,m;aA'

Aufx7Dtkd;

ydk;pGJem tqkwfwGifjzpfyGm;a-umif;od7ojzifh oifhawmf

aomaq;rsm;ESihf tjrefqk;H ukoEdkifayrnf?
wcgwpf7w
H iG f a7m*gyd;k udk 7SmazGarG;jrLIr7onft
h cg/
vlem.aoG;udk azmufxkwfppfaq;I a7m*gydk;. t
a-umif;7if;udk 7SmazG7onf? yHyk rm umvom;a7m*g
jzpfaom qpfzvifa7m*gudk ppfaq;7ef AD/'D/tmt,f[k
rSnfhac:xm;aom aoG;ppfenf;wpfrsdK;jzifh ppf7onf?
vl. ta7jym;wGif oufqkid f7m a7m*gydk;rS xkwfxm;
aomt7mjzifh ppfaq;jcif;jzifhvnf; a7m*g.ta-umif;
7if;udk odEikd favonf? wsLAmu,fy;dk pGJem 7Sdr7Sd prf;oyf
enf;wpfrsdK;jzpfaom wsLAmuvif prf;oyfenf;onf
ta7jym;wGif;odk\ a7m*gydk;oGif;I prf;oyfenf;wpfrsdK;
jzpfonf?
a7m*gumuG,fa7;wGif Aufw;D 7D;,m;aA'udk toHk;
jyKjcif;tm;jzifh a7m*gjzpfEdkifaomolrsm;udk ,if;a7m*g
jyD;aomolrsm;rS cGx
J w
k f Edik fjyD;v~if umuG,af q;rsm;udk
xdk;ay;jcif;jzifh a7m*grS umuG,fay;Edkio
f nf? ausmuf
-uD;a7m*grjzpfap7ef ausmufaq;xdk;ay;jcif; oabm
rsdK;jzpfonf? (usef;rma7;7=?) xdkjyif a7m*gudk
jyef\yGm;apaomolrsm;udkvnf; pHkprf;7SmazGI oifhavsmf
ovdk ta7;,ljcif;tm;jzifh ul;pufwwfaom a7m*ga0
'emrsm; jyef\yGm;jcif;r7Sdatmif ESdrfeif;Edkifavonf?
a7m*g77SdjyD;aomtcgwGifvnf; aysmufuif;ap7ef
oihfavsmfaomaq;jzifh uko7avonf? yHkpHtm;jzifh
'pfao;7D;,m; qHq
k k\dema7m*gjzpfaeaom vlemtwGuf
tefwDawmhqif tqdyfajzaq;xdk;ay;I uko7efvdk
onf? ( aq;ynmESifh cGJpdwfynm7=? )
oifhavsmfaom ywdZ0D eaq;udk vlemodk\ay;7ef t
wGuf Aufw;D 7D;,m;aA'udk toH;k jyKEkid fonf? ,cktcg
wGif ywdZ0D eaq; trsm;tjym;yif ay:xGufaejyD;jzpfI/
a7m*gyd;k ESihf oifhavsmfaom ywdZD0eaq;udk AufwD;7D;
,m;aA'jzifh prf;oyf7mS azGEkid o
f nf? yHw
k iG -f unfyh g? ,if;
odk\v~if temESihfaq; udkufatmifay;Edkifjcif;a-umifh
a7m*gvsifjrefpGm aysmufuif;um vlemvnf;oufom/
aq;zdk;aiGvnf; tukeftusenf;onf tusdK;aus;Zl;cH
pm;7onf? xdkjyif vlem.ta7jym;wGif prf;oyfjcif;
tm;jzifhvlemESifhroifhaom ywdZD0eaq;udkvnf; od
Edkifaoma-umifh rvdkvm;tyfaom a0'emcHpm;r=rsm;udk
a7Smif7Sm;Edkifayonf? yHkyrmyifeDqvifESifh roifh
a-umif;prf;oyfawG\7d7S aomoltm; yifeq
D vifrxdk;jcif;
tm;jzifh vlem.toufudkyif u,fq,f7ma7mufEkdif
ayonf?

97

,if;odk\v~if Aufw;D 7D;,m;aA'udk umuG,af 7;/ uko

a7;/ pl;prf;a7;wd\kwiG f tzufzufrS wd;k wuf-uD;yGm;ap7ef
aqmif7Gufjcif;jzifh uBmay:7Sdvlwdk\twGuf tusdK;
jzpfxGef;apjcif;a-umifh yg;pwm;/ aumh paom ykCdKvf
-uD;rsm;tm; uBmhaus;Zl;7Sif-uD;rsm;tjzpf rSwfwrf;
wif7ayonf?
a'gufwma':azh
Auf x 7Dt dk ; ?
?armfawmfum;wGif toHk;jyKaom
v~yfppf"mwftk;d udk t*vdyf bmomjzifh Aufx7Dtdk;[k
ac:onf? jrefrmarmfawmf tvkyf7Hkwdk\wGifvnf; Auf
x7D[laom a0g[m7udk vloHk;rsm;onf? odk\aomf xdk
tdk;udk pwd;k 7dwAf ufx7D/ od\kr[kwf tufusLrlav;wm;/
odk\r[kwf v~yfppf"mwfavSmift;dk [k od_Hynma0g[m7
tvdk ac:wGio
f ifo
h nf?
tqdkyg Aufx7Dt;dk rsm;udk armfawmfum;/ a7'D,dkt
oHzrf;pufrsm;Y omru "mwfr;D xGe;f 7mYvnf; toH;k jyK
Edkifonf? xdkr~ruao;/ tcsdK\ v~yfppf"mwfESifh oGm;
aom ,mOfrsm;udkvnf; Aufx7Dtdk;jzifh oGm;vmckwf
armif;EkdifI/ a7ikyfoabmrsm;onfvnf; a7atmufY
oGm;vmvsuf7SdpOf Aufx7Drsm;udkomv~if vHk;vHk;
vsm;vsm;rSDcdk-u7onf? T"mwftdk;rsdK;udk toHk;jyK7
onfh tjcm;udPrsm;vnf;tajrmuftjrm;yif 7Sday
ao;onf?
Aufx7Dtdk;[kqdkonfhtwGuf v~yfppf"mwfudk odk
avSmifxm;aomtd;k [lI xifrw
S faumif; xifrw
S f-uay
rnf? trSerf mS rnfonfhv~ypf pf"mwftk;d / v~yfppf"mwf
cJrsdK;yifrqdk twGif;7Sd"mwfyPnf;rsm; v=yf7Sm;azmuf
jyefrj= zifh v~ypf pf"mwfukd zefw;D xkwaf y;onfh t7mcsn;f
yifjzpfavonf? Aufx7Dtdk;ESifh tjcm;omref Auf
x7Dtdk;/ v~yfppf"mwfcw
J dk\. jcm;em;csufrSm Todk\jzpf
onf? omrefAufx7Dt;kd / od\rk [kwf "mwfcw
J \o
kd nf tm;
ukecf ef;oGm;aomtcg twGi;f 7S"d mwfyPnf; (t7nf/ od\k
r[kwf tzwf)tjyif v~ypf pf"mwfzko
d WKjym;rsm;udk t
opfvJay;rSomv~if tm;opfjyef7Ekdifonf? Aufx7D
tdk;rlum; "mwftdk;twGif;odk\ v~yfppf"mwfudk ajymif;
jyefjzwfpD;apjcif;jzifh xyfwvJvJ tm;jyefoGif;ay;Edkif
avonf?
Aufx7Dtdk;rsm;udk-unfhv~if twGi;f Y v~yfppf"mwf
avSmifcef;uav;rsm; wpfckESiw
fh pfckyl;wGv
J suf wnf7Sd
onfudk awG\7Sd7vdrfhrnf? tqdkyg "mwfavSmifcef;rsm;
wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh qmvzsL7pftufqpftaysmh
7nfudk xnfx
h m;I/ xdkt7nfxw
J iG f ESpx
f m;aom v~yf

Aufx7Dtkd;
v~ypf pf"mwfavSmiftk;d rS v~ypf pf"mwfukd toHk;jyKae
csdew
f Gif cJjym;rsm;tay:Y vufqmvzdwf pGJuyfvmI
tufqpf.tm;vnf; wjznf;jznf; avsmo
h mG ;avonf?
v~yfp pf"mwfavSm iftdk; twGif; wGif tufqpf7nf
. odyo
f nf;qonf "mwft;kd Ytm;jynfhcsed w
f iG f 139r~
7SI
d tm;enf;oGm;csed w
f iG f 111 cef\7dS a-umif;od7onf?
"mwft;kd 7Sd tcef;toD;toD;wd\k. "mwftm;onf tm;
avsmo
h Gm;v~if "mwft;kd udk tm;opfjyefoGif;7ef vdktyf
jy[
D o
k 7d monf?
Aufx7Dtdk;tm;jyefoGif;onf[kqdk7mrSm "mwftdk;
twGif;7Sd "mwfyPnf;rsm;udk rlvtajcodk\ jyefa7muf
atmif jyKvkyfay;jcif;yifjzpfonf? tm;jyefoGif;aom
tcg/ 'DpDum;7ifhac: v~ypf pf"mwfwzufowfp;D aom
"mwf-udK;tzdkudk "mwftdk;"mwfzdkwdkifodk\vnf;aumif;/
"mwf-udK;trudk "mwfrwdkifodk\vnf;aumif; qufay;
jcif;jzifh v~yfppf"mwfudk ajymif;jyefpD;0ifap7avonf?

ppf"mwfzdk "mwfroWKjym;rSm cJjym;rsm; jzpf-uonf?

"mwfzdkoWKjym;tjzpf cJjym;rsm;udk vufyga7muf
qdu
k Ef iS fh zHk;tkyx
f m;onf? "mwfroWKjym;tjzpf toHk;
jyKaom cJjym;rSmum; a7jr|KyfuJhodk\yGa,mif;a,mif; 7Sd
onf? xdkcJjym;rsm;udk tzdkwck trwck tpOfvdkuf cs
xm;I/ wpfcEk Siw
hf pfcpk yf-um;wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh opf
jym;cHxm;avh 7So
d nf?
xdkaemuf v~yfppf"mwfavSmifcef;rsm;udk zef/ odk\r
[kwf u`Jaumfjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom udk,fxnftdk;wGif
tpOfvdkufyl;wGJIxnfhxm;7onf? xdktjyif tcef; t
oD;toD;.txufY "mwftm;prf;oyf7eftwGuEf iS hf t
aiG\ysHoGm;aoma7tpm; a7opfjznfhay;7eftwGuf t
zH;k 7Siw
f yfxm;aom taygufwpfcpk v
D nf; yg7Sjd rjJ zpfonf?
"mwftm; 6 Adk\7Sdaom v~yfppf"mwfavSmiftdk;rsm;wGif
"mwftm; 2 Ad\kcef\pD7aSd om "mwfavSmifcef; 3cef; ygavh
7SdI/ 16 cef;/ tcef; 60 txdyg0ifaom "mwftdk;-uD;
rsm;vnf; 7Sad vonf?

v~yfppf"mwftm; toHk;csenf;ukd pwifawG\7SdcsdefrpS I rsufarSmufacwfwkdifatmif wDxGiftoHk;jyKcJhaom Aufx7Dtkd; trsKd;rsKd;

tqihfqihf wkd;wufajymif;vmyHkukd awG\jrifEkdiaf yonf?

98

 -

rufqdkydkaw;rD;,m;(tD7wf)EdkifiH. ae7mY ESpfaygif; 5000 cef\u/ bkef;awmufcJhaom EdkifiH-uD;jzpfonf?
wl;azmfawG\7Sd7aomausmufwHk;rsm;/ pOfhtkwfrsm;rS yef;csDyef;ykvuf7mrsm;/ yduwfwdkufrS 7FH\pmcsyfrsm;udk
avhvm7jcif;jzifh tvGef-uD;us,fcrf;em;aom a7S;acwfEdkifiH-uD; wpfEkdifiHjzpfa-umif; od7avonf?

AufADvHk;eD;,m;Ekdifi?H
?uBmhordki;f wGif a7S;acwf
,Ofaus;r=pwifxGef;um;7ma'orsm;teuf wcktyg
t0ifjzpfaom AufADvHk;eD;,m;onf tm7Swdkuf t
aemufyidk f; wdki;f *7pfjrpf ESihf ,lza7;wD;jrpf 2 oG,fwdk\
,SOfjydKifp;D qif;7m awmifbufjrpf0rS f;a'owGif wnf7cdS hJ
I/ ,ck tD7wfEdik fiH. awmifykid f;jzpfavonf? (wdki;f *
7pfjrpf? ,lza7;wD;jrpf&=?)
a7S;a7S;tcguyg;7Si;f yifv,fauG\onf ,ckAC'uf
jrdK\wnf7m t7yftxda7mufonf[k od_Henf;pHepfrsm;
jzifh avhvmpl;prf;olwdk\uqdk-uonf? ESpfy7da>'7Snf
-umaomf jrpf 2 jrFmrS ygvmaom oJajrrsm; ydk\wufI
ay:vmaom ukef;ajronf wjznf;jznf; us,fjyef\
vmonf? xdkjyifjrpf 2 oG,fwdk\onf ESpfpOfa7vFrf;rdk;
avh7Sdaoma-umifh eHk;ajrrsm;urf;ajcay:wifI wif
I usefcJhonf? xdkEkH;ajrrsm;onf ajr-oZmxufoef
aumif;rGefI/ jrpf 2oG,frSa7udkvnf; vHkavmufpGm7
Edkifojzifh xdka'ow0dkufonf pdkufysdK;jzpfxGef;onf?
xdk\a-umifh tm7Stv,fydkif;rS ajropfae7mopf7SmazG
olrsm;onf jrpf 2 jrFma'owGif tajcpdkufaexdkif-u
jcif;jzpfonf? rdk;yg;aomfvnf; jrpf 2 oG,frS a7oG,f
wl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifh pdkufysKd ;vkyu
f kid Ef idk fojzifh xdak 'owGif
vma7muf aexdkifolrsm; wpfpwpfp rsm;jym;vm
avonf?
jrpfEpS jf rmF a'owGif vlw\kd pwif0ifa7mufaexdik o
f nfh
acwfrmS bDpD 5000cef\ujzpfonf? ,if;wd\o
k nf awmif
uke;f / awmifypl mrsm;ay:wGiv
f nf;aumif;/ uke;f zd\kIvnf;
aumif; td;k tdrw
f nfaqmufaexdik -f uonf? xdak 'owGif
pwifvma7mufaexdkifolrsm;onf qD;rdkufESifh qD;rdkuf
r[kwaf omvlrsKd ;rsm;jzpf-uonf?
qD;rdkufr[kwfaomvlrsdK;tkypf x
k JwGif qlrm;7D;,ef;
vlrsdK;wdk\um ,Ofaus;r=t7mwGifacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf
-uonf? bDpD 3000 ausmcf ef\wGif jrpfESpjf rFma'o w
av~mufY qlrm;7D;,efw\ko
d nf AufAv
D ;Hk tygt0if jrKd \7;dk
jzifh0ef;7Hxm;aom oD;jcm;vGwfvyfonfh jrdK\uav;

99

aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm wnfaxmifaexdkif-uonfrSm
bDpD 2500 cef\wdkifatmifjzpfonf? (AufADvHk;jrdK\&=?)
xdpk Ofu xdak 'owav~mufukd qlrm;[kac:a0:-uonf?
bDpD 2500cef\wiG f qlrm;jrdK\uav;rsm;. ajrmufzuf
tufuwfa'orS qm*Get
f rnf7dS qD;rdkuv
f rl sKd ; od;k xde;f
acgif;aqmif-uD;wOD;onf ppfa7;ppf7mY u`rf;usifo
jzifh jrdK\uav;rsm;udw
k jrdK\jyD;wjrdK\ wdu
k cf u
kd o
f rd ;f ydu
k u
f m/
AufADvHk;jrdK\ukd tajcjyKjyD;v~if/ AufADvk;H eD;,m;Edik if Hudk
pwif xlaxmifavonf? qD;rdkufwdk\onf qlrm;wdk\
avmuf,Ofaus;r= tqifhtwef; r7Sday? xdk\a-umifh
ql;rm;wdk\.,Ofaus;r=ukd twk,lusifhoHk;-uonf? odk\
aomfajrmufbufyidk ;f wGif qD;rdkufvlrsdK;wdk\. "avhx;Hk pH
rsm;vnf; vFrf;rdk;cJhonfjzpfI/ AufADvHk;eD;,m;EdkifiH
ajrmufyikd ;f udk tufuwf[I
l vnf;aumif;/ awmifyikd ;f udk
qlrm;[lIvnf;aumif;ac:a0:-ujcif;jzpfavonf? od\k
aomf aemiftcg AufAv
D k;H eD;,m;[lIac:a0:vm-uav
onf?
qm*Ge.
f vufxuf vGejf y;D onfah emufwiG f AufAv
D ;kH
eD;,m;EdkifiHonf n|dK;rSdefvmavonf? EdkifiHwGif;odk\ t
jcm;vlrsdK;rsm; 0ifa7mufwkdufcdkufjcif; jyK-uojzifh
aemufqHk;wGif Edkiif H-uD; jydKuyGJ supf D;7avonf?
od\kaomfbpD D 2000 cef\wiG f qm*Ge.
f tEG,fawmfjzpf
aom [RL7mADrif;onf jydKuGJaeaomAufADvHk;eD;,m;
EkdifiHudk jyefvnfpkpnf;onf? EdkifiHudk armfuGef;wif
avmuf atmifpHepfusepGmtkyfcsKyfonf? tkyfcsKyfa7;
pHepfaumif;rsm;udv
k nf;xGicf ho
J nf? txl;ojzifh [RL
7mADrif;-uD;onf ,if;jyKpkcJhaom Oya'rsm;twGuf
Ekid if Horkdif;wGif xif7mS ;ausmf-um;aom rif;wpfyg;jzpfcJh
onf?
[RL7mADrif;-uD; uHukejf yD;aemufwiG f ta7S\ajrmuf
zufa'orsm;rS uufqdkuf vl7dkif;rsdK;wdk\onf csOf;eif;
wdu
k cf u
kd fjy;D aomf/ AufAv
D ;kH eD;,m;Ekid fit
H wGi;f 0ifa7muf
aexdkif-uonf? wpESihw
f p Edkifit
H wGif;Y pdk;rdk;rif;rlcJh
-uonfrmS bDpD 1^50rS 1200 cef\widk af tmif yifjzpf.?

AufADvHk;eD;,m;EkdifiH

,cktcg ysufpD;vsuf7SdI AufADvHk;eD;,m;EkdifiH aumif;pm;pOfu wnfaqmufcJhaom tpf7Swm taqmufttHk

od\kaomf AufADv;kH Edkiif t

H wGif;rS 7S7d if;pGv
J rl sKd ;rsm;u uuf
qdkuw
f \kdukd wjznf;jznf; jyefvnfvrF ;f rd;k jyD;aemuf AwfAD
vHk;eD;,m;wGif rlvwdki;f 7if;om;rif;wdk\ jyefvnftyk pf k;d
-uavonf?
xdt
k csed fwGif ajrmufzufrS Edkiif eH D;csif;jzpfaomtqD;
7D;,m;onf wpwp xif7Sm;vmonf? (tqD;7D;,m;
7=?) AufAv
D k;H eD;,m;ESifh tqD;7D;,m;Edik fiHwk\donf t
csif;csif;xdyg;wdkufcdkufr=rsm;7Sdvm-u7mrS tiftm;jydKif
vm-uavonf? xdt
k wGi;f AufAv
D ;kH eD;,m;Edik if H twGi;f
Yvnf; 7Sd7if;pGJ wkdif;7if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh oJuMm7
bufrS csO;f eif;0ifa7mufvmaom aumv'D;,ef;vlrsKd ;/
tm7rD;,ef;vlrsdK;wd\konf wdu
k fcu
dk fvsu7f o
Sd nf?
aumv'D;,ef;ESifh tm7rD;,ef;wd\konf AufADvHk;eD;
,m;Y ta7;omvm-uonf? tqD;7D;,m;uvnf;
AufADvHk;eD;,m;udk vFr;f rd;k Edik af tmif-udK;pm;onf? Auf
ADvk;H eD;,m;ESifh tqD;7D;,m;wd\konf tiftm;jydKif-ujyef
onf? tqD;7D;,m;EdkifiH. qifemu7pfrif;onf bDpD
689 ckEpS w
f iG f AufAv
D ;Hk jrdK\awmf-uD;udk wdkucf ku
d zf sufqD;

onf? od\kaomf om;awmf tDqm[uf'ifu jrdK\awmf-u;D

udk jyefvnf jyKjyifavonf?
bDpD 606 ckEpS w
f Gif AufAv
D k;H eD;,m; Edik fio
H m;rsm;ESihf
rd'vlrsKd ;wdk\y;l aygif;I tqD;7D;,m;Edik if .
H -uD;us,fcrf;
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vHk;eD;,m;EkdifiH-uD; us,fjyef\atmifvnf; aqmif7GufcJh

100

AufADvHk;eD;,m;EkdifiH
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101

AufADvHk;eD;,m;EdkifiH
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ay:wGif oH;k ajr|mifyh kH usL7d;k t7if;ESihf zdEydS af 7;om;-uonf?
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oudk 0ifa7mufpdk;rdk;aomqD;rdkufvlrsdK;rsm;/ tqD;7D;
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aqmufc-hJ uavonf?

102

AufADvHk;jrdK\

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AufADv;Hk jrdK\awmf7Sif rm;'yfAJewfrif;. ausmif;aqmif
wdk\jzpfonf?

103

AufADvHk;jrdK\onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwdrfaumcJhjyD;
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104

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105

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106

A*vm;jynfe,f

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107

jynfe,f. tus,ft0ef;onf 33805 pwk7ef;rdik jf zpf

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A*vm;jynfe,f

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108

A*vm;jynfe,f

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wUodkvfrS Oya'qdkif7m yg7*lbGJ\udk 77SdcJhjyD;aemuf/
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116

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awmrwfrmqm7pf. vuf7;Hk wpfql jzpfvmonf? (rm
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117

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119

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127

ApfZrwfatmhwkdzGef

APwsLvjrpf
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twnfjyK7m trsdK;om;Zmwf&Hk ponfwdk\jzpfonf? xdk
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Adik ;f rm;jrdK\ukd c7pf 9^5 ckEpS w
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128

AwfZrwfatmhwkdzGef

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ApfZrwfonf 7JprG ;f oWdESihf jynfph aHk om A7if'ifAwf

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k f
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28 yGu
J kd tEdkipf JcG o
hJ ljzpfonf? wUodkvfwGif Oya'ESihf
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vFwaf wmftrwftjzpf a7G;aumufwifajr|mufc7H onf?
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f jzpf cef\xm;
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129

refEkdifiHawmf-uD; xlaxmif7ef tjrJ-uHpnfaeaomol

jzpfonf? ,if;od\k xlaxmifEikd 7f ef OD;pGmEdik if iH ,fuav;
rsm; aoG;pnf;yl;aygif;rdz\kdtwGuf -op-wD;,m;udk aoG;
ESifh oH0g'twdkif; ESrd ef if;7rnf[-k uHK;0g;avonf? xdk
a-umifh y7uf7mS ;ppfwyfrsm;udk topfwzef wd;k cs\JjyKjyif
pDrHav7m y7yf7Sm;vFwfawmfu vdktyfaomaiGudk
cGihrf jyKojzifh ApfZrwfonf yXr 0DvsHb7k ifEiS hf wdkiyf if
um vFwaf wmfEiS hf qef\usifzufjyKI tcGeaf umufcjH yD;
v~if ppfwyfrsm;udk wdk;csJ\jyKjyifonf? 1864 ckESpw
f Gif
jrdK\pm;-uD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfonfh e,fuav; 2 e,ftwGuf
'def;rwfEkdifiHESifh ydkifqdkifr=tjiif;yGm;7mrStp tiftm;
awmifhwif;jyD;jzpfaom y7yf7Sm;ppfwyfrsm;onf -op
-wD;,m;EkdifiHESifhaygif;um 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk ppfcsDwdkuf
cdkufonf? 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk atmifjrifaomtcg ,if;
e,frsm;udk roifrh wifjh zpfatmif a0jcrf;7mrStp 1866
ckESpfwGif -op-wD;,m;Edkiif HESihpf pfjzpfjyefonf? -op-wD;
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7G,fonfhtwdkif; *smrefEdkifiHrsm;. acgif;aqmiftjzpf
a7mufvmonf? ApfZrwfonf -op-wD;,m;. t
aygif;ygEdik fiiH ,frsm;udk y7yf7Sm;Ekdiif HwiG f;odk\ oGwfoGif;

ApfZrwfatmhwkdzGef
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f Gif zG\Jpnf;onf?
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f nf?
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wGif *smreDEdik fiHawmf-uD; pwifay:aygufvmum y7yf
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ApfZrwfonf *smreDEidk if H. eef;7if;0eftjzpf tESpf
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f Gif -op-wD;,m;
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f iG f
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jyKjyefonf? ,if;od\kjzifh Oa7mywkduw
f Gif rsm;pGmta7;
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rsm;vufxufwiG f wefck;d wufcho
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t,fonf vH;k 0tavsmrh ay;7bJ rdrt
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twkdif; aqmif7GufEkdifcGifhESifh wvDjynfaxmifpk t
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. qNudkvdkufavsmI pHepfwustkyfcsKyfaoma-umifh
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ajr|mv
f ifh-uonf?
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jynfysufwGif bk7ifwufjzpf7oljzpfonf? xdka-umifh
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usifvdRmvSaom aumifhuAl;onf tDref;EsLt,f.
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atmifz\dkjzpfvmonf? xdyk kCdKvf-uD;. tultnDjzifh tD
ref;EsLt,fbk7ifonf cef;ajcmufaeaom b@ma7;/
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aeaom wyfrawmfwk\djzifh tajctaeqdk;aeonfh wkdi;f
jynfukd tajctaeaumif;rGefI acwfrDv
S m7ef -udK;pm;
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-wD;,ef;wd\ktm; wvDu`e;f qG,rf aS rmif;xkwf7ef -udK;

130

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ApfwmtDref;EsLt,f/ 'kwd,

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tDref;EsLt,fb7k iftm; wvD jynfaxmifpk. bk7if
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u 0ifa7muford ;f ,lvu
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pm;7jyefonf? xdkta7;wGif jyifopfESifh t*vdyfwdk\.

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ty wvDwpfEdkifiHv;Hk onf 'kwd, ApfwmtDref;EsL

131

Awf7pfcswf (c7pf 1888 19^5 )? ?touf12ESpf

t7G,fuyif tazmfrygwa,mufwnf; uBmwywfc7D;
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tufAvif Awfonf pGe\pf m;onfzh ufwiG f xl;c`eo
f jl zpfay
onf? Awfonf awmif0if7dk;pGef;ESifh ajrmuf0if&kd;pGef;
ESpfckpvHk;udk av,mOfysHjzifh yXrOD;qHk; jzwfoef;ysHcJh
oljzpf&Hkru/ vlolta7muftaygufenf;aom xdka7cJ
uMm7t7yfrsm;od\k tacgufacguf pGe\fpGe\fpm;pm; a7muf
7Scd ho
J lvnf; jzpfayonf?
7pfcsuftufAvifAwfonf 1888 ckESpf atmufwdk
bmv 25 7ufae\wGif tar7duefjynfaxmifpk Am*sifeD;
,m;jynfe,f 0ifcsufpwmjrdK\Y arG;zGm;onf? Am*sif;eD;
,m;wUodv
k Ef Sihf tar7duef a7wyfrawmfqkid 7f m ppf
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d jzpf tr=xrf;cJo
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wzef 192^ ckEpS f ZGev
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132

Awf7pfcswf

Awftuf'ref

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133

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134

Awftuf'ref

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135

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136

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137

awmfwGif vFwfawmftrwfrsm;onf Awf*suf.rlESifh

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138

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141

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142

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trsdK;orD;tm; tyfESif;avonf? yefxGmrif;orD; pd;k pH
aom Ad+kd;jrdK\udk oma7acW7mjrdK\u tkyfpdk;onfh
'GWaygifrif;-uD;u Oyg,fwrH sOjf zifh -upH nfI rif;orD;
udkyg ac:aqmifomG ;a-umif; azmfjyyg7Sdavonf?
oa7acW7mjrdK\wGif Ad+k;d rdz7k m; oif;csKd i;f ae7m
wnf7Sdjcif;/ jrdK\a[mif; ESpf7yfvHk;wGif jrdK\&kd;/ jytdk;
tjydKtysufwdk\udk 'd}awG\jrifEkdifjcif;wdk\udkaxmufv~if
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f cgu TjrdK\ESpfjrdK\onf tjydKiftqkid f xGef;um;
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vlrsKd ;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r=qikd 7f m "avhxk;H wrf;wGif t"du

tcsurf sm;rSm vlrsm;aoqH;k jyD;aemufwGif rD; oj*dK[fI

t&kd;ESifhjymrsm;udk ajrt&kd;;tdk;wdk\wGif xnfhoGif;jr|KyfESH
jcif;ESifh ysL'*g;[k ,ck ac:prSwfjyKonfh trSwfvQ
+mrsm; yg7Sdonfh aiGjym;0dkif;uav;rsm;udk toHk;jyK
jcif;udk taxmuftxm;cdkifvHkpGm avhvmod7SdjyD; jzpf
acsonf? Ad+kd;jrdK\a[mif;a'owGif uGi;f qif; okaw
oejyK7mY jrdK\&d;k tjyifzufwiG f t&kd;td;k jr|KyfEo
HS nfh tkwf
ukef;i,frsm;udkawG\7jyD;v~if jrdK\wGif;rSvnf; ysL'*g;
tenf;i,fudk awG\7SdcJh7avonf? Ttjcif;t7mwdk\
onf oa7acW7mrS ysL,Ofaus;r=jyef\ESH\jcif;. oJ
vGefprsm;jzpfay7m/ Ad+kd;jrdK\onf oa7acW7mESifh
tu,fyif acwfjydKix
f eG ;f um;cJhjcif; [kwrf [kwf/ [kwf
v~if rnfonfhoU7mZftydkif;tjcm;wGif xGef;um;cJh
onfudk teD;pyfqHk; od7Sd7efESifh tkwfukef;a[mif; t
ajrmuftjrm; wnf7Sdaeonfh Ad+k;d jrdK\a[mif;rS ,Of
aus;r= taxmuftxm;rsm;udk wwfEdik o
f r~ azmfxkwf
7ef[laom 7nf7G,fcsufwdk\jzifh xdkjrdK\a[mif;twGif;Y
pHepfwus wl;azmfokawoejyKr=udk pwifaqmif7Guf
cJo
h nf?
1959 ckEpS f ZGev
f twGi;f rSw;l azmfru
= kd pwifc7hJ m ,ck
tcsdeftxd tkwfukef; aygif; 9 ckudk azmfxkwfjyD; jzpf

144

Ad+kd;jrdK\a[mif;
onf? tkwu
f ke;f wckprD S ay:aygufawG\7d7S aom tjcif;
t7mrsm;rSm atmufygtwdki;f jzpf.?
ukef;trSwf (1)? Tukef;i,fonf ajrmufzuf jrdK\&d;k
. tjyifwGif usa7mufaeonf? t&kd;tdk; ^ vHk;udk
wl;azmf77So
d jzifh oif;csKd i;f uke;f [kyif ,lq7.? xdt
k &k;d
tdk;rsm;udk tkwf&kd;edrfhedrfhwdk\jzifh av;axmifhuGufrsm;
jyKvkyfxm;aom taqmufttHkwGif jr|KyfESHxm;jcif;
jzpfavonf?
uke;f trSw(f 2)? Tuke;f onf ajrjyifrS 13 ayjrifhI
jrdK\wGif;Y tjrifhrm;qHk; ukef;-uD;jzpfonf? eef;awmf
7m[kac:wGifaom twGif;jrdK\&kd;. ajrmufzufudkuf
300cef\wiG f wnf7o
Sd nf? wl;azmfonft
h cgwGif qif0if
wck/ tcef;7Snf-uD;wckESifh awmifajrmufwef;vsuf
aeaom tcef;i,faygif; 8 cef;yg0ifonfh ta7S\zuf
vSnfh tkwfwdkuftaqmufttHk atmufydkif;udk awG\7
onf? taqmufttHkonf rD;avmifjyD;rS jydKysufoGm;
a-umif;od7.? twGif;Y ajrtdk;ajrcGuf ajrmuf
jrm;pGm uGJtufysufpD;usef7pfaom tydkif;tpwdk\udk
t"dutm;jzifh azmfxkwfEdkifavonf? tjcm;yPnf;
rsm;rSm taqmufttHkESifhqdkif7m oHr=dyGifh-uD;rsm;/ oH

acsmif;rsm;/ t*awjym;rsm;/ -uufiSuf wd7>mef

t&kd;rsm;/ vl&kd;tenf;i,fESifh vltoHk;taqmifrsm;
jzpfonfh ajrykwD;/ ausmufykwD;rsm;/ a-uGaphrsm;/
ao;i,fyg;vFmaom a7FqD;cGH aiGqD;cGHrsm; ponfwdk\
jzpf.? a7S;a[mif;yPnf;rsm;teuf ordkif;taxmuf
txm;twGuf tzdk;xkdufwefaom yPnf;wckrSm wH
qdyfESdyf7myg7Sdaom 7FH\wHk;uav;wckyif jzpf.? xdk
wHqdyfwGif a7;om;xm;aom tQ7mudk axmufjcif;
jzifh vGecf aJh om ESpaf ygif; 1200 rS 1500 cef\twGi;f u
toHk;jyKcJhaom tdNd,awmifydkif;tQ7mrS aygufyGm;
vmonfh ta7;tom;jzpfa-umif; cef\rSef;Edkifav
onf? tkww
f dkuf-uD;onf a7S;bkef;-uD;ausmif;o!mef
jzpf[ef7Sdaomfvnf; bmoma7;ESifhqdkifaom 0 K
yPnf;wpHk w7mr~rawG\ojzifh bkef;-uD;ausmif;avm/
vlae wdkufwmavm[lI twdtus ydkif;jcm; rodEkdif
ao;acs?
ukef;trSwf (3)? trSwf (3) ESifh (4) ukef;wdk\rSm
trSwf 2 .ta7S\zufwiG f zdck aemufqikd f wnfaeonf?
trSwf 2 tkwfwdkuf-uD;udk rlvu rnfodk\toHk;jyKcJh
a-umif;udk eD;pyfvsufaeaom ukef;rsm;rS taxmuf

trSwf 2 ukef;-uD;ukd wl;azmfvsuf7SdpOf ay:Ivmaom qif0ifESihf tcef;7Snf-uD;

145

Ad+kd;jrdK\a[mif;
txm; 7Edkifaumif;onfudk ar~mfrSef;I trSwf(3)ESifh
(4) wdk\udkwl;azmfonf? odk\aomf trSwf(3)wGif
wrlx;l jcm;aom taqmufttHu
k dkawG\7.? yHo
k !mef
rSm tv,fwGif puf0dki;f yuf7SdI 4 rsufESmwGif av;
axmifh tkwcf krH sm; pGe;f xGufvsuf wnfaqmufxm;.?
xdktaqmufttHkwckvHk;udk puf0dkif;tkwfwHwkdif; 2
xyfum7Hxm;avonf? pHepfyHkt7ajraygufapwDESifh
wl[ef7Sdaomfvnf; tkwfcHkrsm; pGef;xGufaeyHkESifh rlv
uyif ajray:Ypdkufxl;xm;jcif;r[kwfa-umif; ajr
vFmtaetxm;rSod77Sd ojzifv
h nf;aumif;/ omoema7;
qdik 7f m0 KyPnf;wpHw
k ckurkd ~ rawG\7jcif;a-umifh vnf;
aumif; apwDykxdk;tjzpf wnfxm;cJh[efrwla-umif;
,lqzG,7f mjzpfaeacsonf?
ukef;trSwf (4)? Tukef;rSm trSwf (3). ajrmuf
zufwiG u
f yfvsuf7.
Sd ? Tae7mwGif av;axmifh tkwf
wdkuf tajcydkif;udk wl;azmfawG\7Sd7onf? taqmuf
ttHkrmS eH7H 2 xyfjyKvkyfxm;7Sjd cif;jzifh twGi;f cef;rESifh
ywfv nf p-uu dkpDr Hx m;onf? Tyufy HkpHr Sm
yk*Hbk7m;yufyHkrsm;. a7S\ajy;yHkpHtjzpf OD;pGmawG\7Sd7
avonf?
ukef;trSwf (5) (6) (^) (8) wdk\rSm eef;awmf

ukef;[kqdkaom twGi;f jrdK\7d;k . ta7S\taemuf tkw&f kd;

rsm;ESifh tv,fydkif;ukef;jrifhrsm;wGif wl;azmfonfh
ae7mrsm;jzpfonf? trSwf(5)wGif tkwfjrpftajcom
usef7pfaom tcef;aygif;rsm;pGmyg0ifonfh taqmuf
ttHkudkvnf;aumif;/ trSwf (^)wGif tvm;wl t
aqmufttHki,fwckudkvnf;aumif; azmfxkwfawG\jrif
7.? trSwf(6)rSm taemufzuftkwf&kd;ESifh uyfvsuf
7Sad om jytd;k o!meftaqmufttHkjzpfI/ trSwf(8)rSm
twGi;f jrdK\&;dk . ta7S\zufwHcg;0jzpfavonf? ta7S\zuf
tkwjf rKd \&;dk udk xdt
k ayguf0Y twGi;f ydik ;f rS tkww
f w
H idk ;f wd\k
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apmifch 7kd ef *lwckpjD yKvyk x
f m;[efvnf;yg0if.? tayguf
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k x
f x
l m;7m
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ukef;trSw(f 9)onf txufazmfjyyg eef;awmfuek f;
. awmifzufwGifwnf7Sd.? ,ck wl;azmfjyD;pD;or~
awG\7onfrSm awmifajrmuf tvsm; 84 ay/ ta7S\
taemuf ay 40 cef\7aSd om tkwfwu
dk f taqmufttHk
-uD;jzpf.? twGif;ydkif;wGif tcef;rsm; zGJ\xm;jcif;r7Sd/
ajrmufzufeH7HwGif 0ifayguf-uD;wckom7Sd.? t
aqmufttHk.twGif;Yyif rlvuopfom;wdkif-uD;

trSwf 2 ukef;-uD;ukd wl;azmfjyD;aemuf &kyfvHk;ay:vmaom taqmufttkH-uD;ukd Tokd\&=jrif7onf?

146

Ad+kd;jrdK\a[mif;

trSwf 2 ukef;ESihf zkdcaemufqkdifwnf7Sdonhf trSwf 3 ukef;ukd rwl;azmfrD

8 wdkifpdkufxlaqmufvkyfxm;a-umif; od7Sd7onf?
Twdkuf-uD; twGif;wGif yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;yg0ifaom t&kd;
tdk; ajrmufjrm;pGm jr|KyfESHxm;onfudk awG\7Sd7av7m
jrdK\wiG ;f Y txl;wvnf pDrHI t&kd;tdk;rsm; jr|KyfESHjcif;rSm

pdwf0if;pm;zG,f7maom "avhxHk;wrf; w7yfyif jzpf

avonf?
txufygtkwfukef;rsm;Y wl;azmf7mrS ay:ayguf
aomtaxmuftxm;rsm;t7 Ad+kd;jrdK\onf oa7

trSwf 3 ukef;ukd wl;azmfjyD;aemuf &kyfvkH;ay:vmaom taqmufttHk

147

acW7mjrdK\ESifh ,Ofaus;r="avhxHk;wrf;tm;jzifh quf

pyfr=tawmftwef 7SdcJha-umif;odom.? odk\aomf
oa7acW7muJhodk\ Ak<omoem xGef;um;aom t
axmuftxm;rsm;udk rawG\7ao;acs? oa7acW7mESifh
acwfjydKif/ odk\r[kwt
f enf;i,f aESmif;aomumvwGif
Ad+kd;jrdK\ xGef;um;cJhygu omoema7;qdkif7m ,Of
aus;r=tpdwftydkif;rsm; rnfonfhta-umif;a-umifh
ul;,Sufjyef\ESH\jcif; r7SdcJhonfudk tajz7Sm7OD;acsrnf?
Ad+kd;jrdK\onf oa7acW7mxufyif a7S;usoavm
[laom jyemvnf; ay:aygufvmavonf? pifppf
tm;jzifh pHepfwus wl;azmfokawoevkyfief;udk
Ad+kd;jrdK\rSyif tpjyKcJh7.? TpHepftwdkif; tjcm;
jrdK\a[mif; 2 ae7m 3 ae7mr~ aqmif7GufjyD;rSomv~if
tajctjrpfckid fvkaH om n|dEi=d f;r=wdk\udk jyKvkyfEkid facsrnf?
Ad +k d; jrdK \ a[mif; wGi f qufv ufw l ; azmfa eqJ
jzpfavonf?
OD;atmifaomf
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vnfae-uonfrmS bk7m;[k od7deS m;vnfae-u.? od
7Sdem;vnfae-uonfhtwdkif;yif jrwfpGmbk7m; udk,f
awmfwkdifuvnf; jAm,k yk#m;-uD;tm; igbk7m;
onf odoifo
h x
d du
k faom w7m;tvH;k pHu
k kd odtyfayjyD?
y,foifhy,fxkdufaom w7m;tvHk;pHu
k dk y,ftyfayjyD?
xdka-umifh igbk7m;onf Ak<jzpfawmfrlay.? a[m
-um;awmfrlonfudkaxmufI Ak<[laom trnfum;
bk7m;. trnfawmfjzpfa-umif; odtyf.?
odk\7mwGif xdkAk<[laom trnfonf bk7m;ESifhom
oufqdkio
f nfr[kwf/ yduwfawmf tcsdK\w\dkY wwfod
vdRmaom ynm7SdykCdKvfrsm;udkvnf; Ak<[laom
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rsm;ESiv
hf nf; oufqikd af ejyef.? xd\ak -umifh ,if;Ak<onf
(1) okwAk< yduwfusrf;*efwdk\Y t-um;
tjrifrsm;aom 7[ef;
(2)pwko PAk< oPmav;yg;udk o da om
7[Mm(wenf;) tEkAk</
jrwfpGmbk7m;a[m-um;awmf
rlaomenf;jzifh oPmav;yg;
udk odaom7[Mm (om0u)
(3)yaPuAk< ESpfoacsESifh uBmwpfodef;
yg7rDjznfhI oPmav;yg;udk
udk,fwdkif xdk;xGif;Iodaom
yaPuAk<g (bk7m;i,f)

(4) onKA<k av;oacsE Sifh uBmwpfodef;/

(odk\r[kwf) 7SpfoacsESifh uBm
wpfodef;/ (odk\r[kwf) wpfqJh
ajcmufoacsE Sihf uBmwpfodef;
yg7rDjznfhI w7m;tvHk;pHkudk
udk,fawmfwdkifxdk;xGif;Iod
aombk7m;
[lI av;yg;jzpfvmonf? xdkodk\ jzpfvmjim;aomf
vnf; Ak<bk7m;um; w7m;tvH;k pHkudk tuket
f pifwwf
od vdrmaom ynmawmfjzifh Ak<trnf ac:wGifjcif;
jzpf.? yaPuAk<g/ 7[Mm/ om0uwdk\rSmum; w7m;
wpdww
f a'oudk wwfodvdRmaomynmjzifh Ak<trnf
ac:wGifjcif;jzpf.? odk\aomf ,if;wdk\rSmum; Ak<
bk7m;ESirhf E=id ;f ,SOt
f yf/ rE=di;f ,SOaf umif;? oDv/ orm"d/
ynm paom t7m7maom *k+af us;Zl;rSmyif Ak<bk7m;
ESifh tvGefuGmjcm;vS.? Ak<bk7m;um; avmuoHk;yg;
wGif wkzufjydKuzf uf r7SdaomykCdKvfx;l jzpfonf?
avmuoHk;yg;wGif wwfodvdRmaomynm7Sd ykCdKvf
wdkif; Ak<bk7m;trnfudk cH,lxdkufonfr[kwf? (1)
Zmwdr[W trsdK;Zmwf. -uD;us,fjrifhjrwfjcif;
(2) yknr[Wbkef;oBm ukov
dk f yg7rDawmf. -uD;
us,fjrifjh rwfjcif; / (3) oDvr[W tusio
hf v
D awmf
. -uD;us,fjrifhjrwfjcif; / (4) orm"dr[W wnf
-unfcdkifcHhaom orm"dawmf. -uD;us,fjrifhjrwfjcif;
(5)<dr[W wefcdk;awmf.-uD;us,fjrifhjrwfjcif;
(6)Ak<dr[Wm+fynmawmf. -uD;us,fjrifhjrwf
jcif;/ Todk\ -uD;us,fjrifhjrwfjcif;trsdK;rsdK;ESifh jynfhpHk
aom ykCdKvfxl;onfom avmuoHk;ygwGif Ak<bk7m;
[laom trnfawmf cH,lxdkufonf? ,if;ykCdKvfxl;rS
om vlewfjAmoW0gtrsm;udk oHo7m0 fqif;7JrS
u,fwifEdik .
f ? xdAk <k bk7m;. *k+fawmf aus;Zl;awmf
wdk\um; atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf?
(1) Ak<Wa0om7% m+fawmf (2) tmo0W,
a0om7% m+fawmf (3) tM7m, a0om7% m+f
awmf (4) ed,sme a0om7% m+fawmf/ Tav;yg;
aom a0om7% m+fawmfwk\dum; yaPuAk<g/ 7[Mm/
om0uwdk\ESifh roufqdkif/ Ak<bk7m;ESifhom oufqdkif
aom m+fawmfwdk\wnf;?
(1) tmo,mEko, m+fawmf/ (2) jNd,
ya7m y7d,Wd m+fawmf / (3) ,ruygd[m7d,
m+fawmf (4) r[mu&k+m ormyWdm+fawmf/
(5) onKw m+fawmf / (6) tem07+ m+fawmf/

148

Tajcmufyg;aom tom"m7+ m+fawmfw\dk um;

yaPuAk<g/ 7[Mm/ om0uwd\Ek iS hf roufqikd /f Ak<bk7m;
ESiho
f m oufqkid faom m+fawmfwdk\wnf;?
(1) Xmem+me m+fawmf / (2) uRM7 0dyguM7
m+fawmf/ (3) ordeDydy'gm+fawmf/ (4)
taeu"mwk emem"mwk m+fawmf/ (5) jNd,a7m
y7d,Wdm+fawmf/ (6) emem'drkWdum+fawmf (^)
psmem'doHudavoa0g'ge0k}mem+fawmf/ (8) yka
ed0km+fawmf/ (9) 'dpQKpkwlyygw m+fawmf/
(10) tmo0Q,m+fawmf / Tq,fyg;aom 'o
Av m+fawmfwd\k um; yaPuAk<g/ 7[Mm/ om0u
wdk\EiS hrf oufqkid f/ Ak<bk7m;ESio
fh m oufqkid faom m+f
awmfwdk\wnf;?
(1) a,musfm;wusdyftm;udk aqmifEdkifaom um
}m0uqif (2) umm0uqif q,fpD;tm;udk aqmif
Ekdifaom *a*,sqif (3) *a*,sqif q,fpD;tm;udk
aqmifEidk af om y@7qif (4) y@7qif q,fp;D tm;
udkaqmifEdkiaf om wqif (5) wqif q,fpD;tm;
udk aqmifEdkifaom yd*vqif (6) yd*v
qif q,fpD;
tm;udk aqmifEdkifaom *qif (^) *qif q,fpD;
tm;udk aqmifEidk af om r*vqif (8) r*vqif q,f
pD;tm;udk aqmifEkdifaom a[rqif (9) a[rqif
q,fpD;tm;udk aqmifEkdifaom Oaygoxqif (10)
Oaygoxqif q,fpD;tm;udkaqmifEkid af om q]Mqif/
Tq]Mqif q,fpD;tm;[laom 'oAvtm;awmfwdk\
um; yaPuAk<g/ 7[Mm/ om0uwdk\ESifh roufqdkif/
Ak<bk7m;ESifhom oufqdkifaom tm;awmfwdk\wnf;?
twdwf/ tem*wf/ yPK_ef w7m;pkY tydwftyif
r7Sdaom m+fawmf (3) yg;/ um,uHr=/ 0pDuHr=/
raemuHr=onf m+fawmfa7S\oGm;7Sdjcif;/ m+fawmfodk\
tpOfvdkufjcif; (3) yg;? qN/ 0D7d,/ "Ra'oem/
orm"d/ ynm/ 0drkWd ,kwfavsmhr=r7Sdjcif; (6) yg;?
'0g/ 70g/ tzk/ a0*g,dwW/ tAsm0 re/ t_docg
EkayQm r7Sdjcif; (6) yg;? TqJh7Spfyg;aom tma0
+du *k+fawmfwdk\tm; yaPuAk<g/ 7[Mm/ om0u
wdk\EiS hf roufqkid f/ Ak<bk7m;ESio
hf m oufqidk af om *k+f
awmfwdk\wnf;?
(1) ykaed0gomEkwd m+fawmf (2) 'dpQK
m+fawmf (3) tmo0Q, m+fawmf/ ToH;k yg;
aom 0d%mm+fawmfwdk\um; Ak<bk7m;. 0d%m+f
awmfwdk\wnf;?
(1) 0dyemm+fawmf (2) raemr,d<d m+f

149

awmf (3) <d0d" m+fawmf (4)'daomw m+f

awmf (5) y7pdW0dZmee m+fawmf (6) ykaed0gom
Ekwd m+fawmf (^) 'dpQK m+fawmf (8) tm
o0Q, m+fawmf/ T7Spyf g;aom 0d%mm+fawmfw\dk
um; Ak<bk7m;. 0d%mm+fawmfw\dk wnf;?
(1) oDvoH07 (2) jN,
d *kW (3) abmZe
rWnK (4) Zm*7d,mEka,m* (5) o<g (6) owd
(^) [d7d (8) -oW_ (9) okw (10) pm* (11)
ynm (12) yXrpsmef (13) 'kwd,psmef (14) wwd,
psmef (15) pwkpsmef/ TwpfqJh ig;yg;aom p7+
wdk\um; Ak<bk7m;. p7+awmfwdk\wnf;?
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a7mifjcnfawmf (4) -o'gwjzLazG;aom a7mifjcnf
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a7mifjcnfawmf (6) yb7 jydK;jydK;jyufaom a7mif
jcnfawmf / Tajcmufyg;aom a7mifjcnfawmfwdk\um;
Ak<bk7m;. a7mifjcnfawmfwkd\wnf;? (a7mifjcnfawmf
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awmf wefcdk;awmf taygif;ESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom Ak<
bk7m;onf avmuoHk;yg;Y yGifhawmfrl7ef tvGef7cJ
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7Guaf wmfr.
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tusifhwdk\udk av;oacsESifh uBmwpfodef; jznfhusifh
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f Bmwpfode;f jznfu
h sihf
qnf;yl7.?
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0d7,
d yg7rD (6) cMDyg7rD (^) oPmyg7rD (8) t"d}mef
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q,fyg;jzpfonf?
xdkyg7rD q,fyg;udkyif cmudk,frSty Amwd7
jzpfaom yPnf;OPm jynf7Gmwkdi;f um; ponfwk\dukd riJh
uGufbJ jznfhusifh qnf;yl;7aom omref yg7rD q,f
yg;? cmudk,f. tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom rsufpd/ em;/
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k ft*g tpdwf
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twGuf jznfhusifhqnf;yl;7jcif; (3) Ak<p7d,
bk7m;jzpf7ef tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf jznfhusifh qnf;yl;7
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aemuf bk7m;jzpfa-umif; tusiw
fh dk\ukd jznfhusifh qnf;
yl;7m yg7rDjznfh7m ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfxm;aomtcg
umvcsif; rwlaomfvnf; bk7m;jzpfvmaomtcgY
um; (oaAk<gororm) [k a[mawmfrlonft
h wkdi;f
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ayonf?
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onf? Ak<0g'Dwdk\onfvnf; onKbk7m;7SifESifh pyf
vsOf;I xl;jrwfaom r*vmatmifajr t7yfrsm;udk
owfrw
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O,smOf/
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atmifajr/
(3) "Rp-um w7m;OD; a[mawmfrl7m rd*'g0kef
awm
(4) y7dedmefpHawmfrl7m ukodem&Hk tif-uif;
awmwdk\yg0ifavonf? tqdkyg av;Xmeudk bk7m;zl;
vmol taygif;wdk\tm; "RoHa0* jzpfapum ewf7Gm
ok*wdodk\ vm;a7mufapwwfaom Xmexl; Xmejrwf
rsm; jzpf-uonf[kqdkonf? wzef ,if;Xme av;ck
teuf r[maAm"d atmifajrt7yfonf txl;jrwf
tvGefuq
J k;H jzpfonf? uBmOD;tcg edrdwfjy -um&Hk-uD;
rsm;onf r[maAm'dyifae7mrS aygufI/ ajrjyifay:
xGef;7mwGiv
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vnf; aemufqHk;rS ysufonf[k usrf;*efrsm;Yvm7Sd
onf? xd\k jyif aAm"dyifESifh yifawmfae7monf yGifh
avaombk7m;7Sifwdkif; rpGef\vFwftyfaom/ odk\r[kwf
vFJajymif;jcif;r7Sdaom t0dZ[dwXme av;yg;wGif
wpfyg;tygt0ifjzpfonf?
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r[maAm"datmifajr/ odk\r[kwf aAm'dyifEiS hf a7Fyif
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Ak<*,m[kac:onf? Ak<*,monf tdNd,EkdifiH AD[m;
jynfe,fwGif wnf7Sdonf? umvuWm;jrdK\rS rD;7xm;

150

Ak<*,m

Ak<*,m7Sd r[maAm"d apwDawmf

vrf;tm;jzifh 292 rdkif uGma0;aom *,mc&kdifxJwGif

wnf7SdI *,mjrdK\rSawmifzuf ^ rdkifa0;onf? *,m
blwmrS Ak<*,modk\ wUpDarmfawmfum;/ jrif;vSnf;
ponfwdk\jzifh vG,fupl mG oGm;a7mufEkdifonf? a7S;,cif
u xdkae7ma'ow0dkufudk r[ef\ac: [dNLbkef;-uD;
rsm;-uD;pdk;cJh7m/ Ak<t,l0g'D bk7m;zl;rsm;twGuf
rsm;pGmtaESmifht,SufawG\-u7onf? ,cktcgwGifrl
tdNd,jynfaxmifpktpdk;7u Ak<*,mudk 1949 ckESpf
bk7m;ausmif;uef tufOya't7 1953 ckESpf arv
28 7ufae\rS pI tkyfcsKyfa7;tzGJ\jzifh tkyfcsKyfvsuf
7Sdonf? xkdjyif tpdk;7u aiGajrmufjrm;pGm tukeftus
cHI omoemhtaqmufttHkrsm;udk jyifqifrGrf;rHay;
avonf?
Ak<*,monf Ak<t,l0g'Dtaygif;wdk\. txGwf
tjrwfqHk;jzpfjcif;rSm xdka'oY jrwfpGmbk7m;ocif
onf onKwa7FOm+fawmfudk77SdI rm7fig;yg;udk
atmifjrifcJhaom atmifajrjzpfaoma-umifhwnf;?
xdt
k 7yfu/kd jrefrmwd\u
k aAm"dr@/ od\rk [kwf aAm"dr@dKif
[kac:a0:avonf?

151

bk7m;7Sio
f nf bk7m;tjzpfukd 7awmfrljyD;aemufwiG f
xdka'ow0du
k f7Sd XmeckepfXmewGif wXmev~if cke7uf
pD oWoWm[ pHawmfrlcJhonf? (oWXme7=?)
xdkXmewdk\onf Ak<*,mY t"duzl;ar~mfzG,f7mrsm;wGif
yg0if-uayonf? Ak<*,mY t"du zl;ar~mf7ef Xme
rsm;rSm
(1) r[maAm"dapwDawmf ? ? xdak pwDawmf
onf ESpfaygif; ESpfaxmifausmf-umcJhjyDjzpfI/ oD7d
"Rmaomurif;-uD; eef;pH 10 ESpf 11 ESpfcef\wiG f pwif
wnfxm;aom bk7m;7SifyGifhawmfrl7m txdrf;trSwf
apwDjzpfonf? oD7d"Rmaomurif;-uD;. aemuf
Ak<0g'Drif;rsm;u xyfrHrGrf;rH-uI/ jAdwdo~tpdk;7
vufxufwGif jrefrmbk7if rif;wkef;rif;. tvdkt7
jAdwdo~tpdk;7u rGrf;rHjyifqifay;onf? tdNd,tpdk;7
vufxufwGif bk7m;ausmif;uef tkyfcsKyfa7; tzGJ\u
tkyfcsKyfI rGrf;rHjyifqifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;onf? xdk
apwDawmf-uD;onf Om+fawmftjrifh ay 180 cef\7Sd
onf? t7if;um;jyD;v~if tzsm;7SL;aom av;axmifh
yHko!mef7SdI Adokumvuf7m xl;jcm;aumif;rGefvS
onf? apwDawmfonf ESpfqifhjzpfonf? atmufydkif;
onf *lausmif;yHkjzpfI twGif;Y &kyfyGm;awmfwql
udef;0yfvsuf7Sdonf? tay:ydkif;onf apwDjzpfonf?
apwDawmf. zdeyfawmf axmifhav;axmifhY apwDr
-uD;. yHko!mefrsdK; t7HapwD wpfqlpD 7Sdonf?
(2) r[maAm"dyif ? ? Ak<t,l0g'D bk7m;zl;rsm;
twGuf Ak<*,mY t"duzl;ajrmf-uaom r[m
aAm"dyifonf ayw7mcef\jrifhonf? r[maAm"dapwD.
taemufzufwGif7Sdonf? jrwfpGmbk7m;ocif. zGm;
zufawmfwyg;jzpfI/ onKwa7FOm+fawmfudk 77SdcJh
7mjzpfonfh rlvaAm"dyifum; r[kwfay? ordkif;rsm;
tqdkt7 [dNLbk7ifoouonf xdkaAm"dyifudk ckwf
vSJzsufqD;cJhonf? odk\aomf xdkr[maAm"dyif. tjrpf
ae7mrSyif aAm"dyifwyif aygufvmonf? xdak Am"dyif
onfvnf; 18^0 jynfhEpS w
f iG f tyifvo
J mG ;7m/ xdt
k csdef
u r[maAm"dapwDudk jAdwdo~tpdk;7trdef\jzifh jyif
qifrGrf;rHvsuf7Sdaom qmt,fvufZNm; uif*rfu
rlv aAm"dyifae7mYvJusomG ;aom yifr-uD;rS tudkif;
wudkif;udk jyefI pdkufysdK;xm;cJh7m/ ,ck zl;awG\-u7
aom r[maAm"dyifonf xdkaAm"dyifyGm; jzpfavonf?
(3) oWoWm[Xmersm;?? (u) 0Zd7moe
yifawmf? xdkyifawmfonfr[maAm"dyif.ajc
7if;Y7SdI/ jrwfpGmbk7m;ocif onKw a7FOm+fawmf

Ak<*,m
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xdkyifawmfonf r[maAm"dyifESifh r[maAm"dapwD
wd\k.t-um; r[maAm"dyif. ta7S\zufY 7Sdavonf?
bk7m;7Sifonf bk7m;tjzpfudk7awmfrljyD;onfrSpI
ty7mZdwyifay:rSrxbJ ckepf7ufwikd w
f kid f t7[W
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ckepf7ufpaH wmfrcl o
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,if;onfhaemuf yif.ta7S\ajrmufaxmifh 104 ay
cef\tuGmwGif 7yfawmfrI
l onKwa7FOm+fawmfukd 77m
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ae7mudk 7wepure oWm[[k ac:onf?
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wdk\ zefqif;tyfaom 7wem7 a7FtdrfY y}mef;usr;f
udk oH;k oyfvsu/f ckepf7uf pHawmfrlcJhonf? xdkae7mudk
7we7oWm[[kac:onf? pwkoWm[ pHcJh
aom xdak e7mwGif ,cktcg tkww
f u
dk f apwDi,fwql
7SdI/ tEkynm vuf7majrmufaom xlygausmufwdkif
rsm;jzifh 0ef;7Hvsuf 7Sdonf?
(i) tZygvanmifyif? ? r[maAm"d apwD
awmf-uD;. ta7S\rsuEf mS ay ^0 cef\wGif jrwfpmG bk7m;
ocifonf rm7fewforD;awmfo;Hk yg;ESihf [H[
k ku
H yk#m;
wdk\ukq
d k;H rI ckepf7ufoDwif;oHk;awmfrcl aJh om tZygv
qdwfausmif;anmifyif7SdcJhonf? xdkae7mwGif ausmuf
pm Xmeu txdrf;trSwf pdkufxlxm;aom ausmuf

wdik 7f do
S nf? yVroWm[pHcahJ om xdkae7mudk tZygv
oWm[[k ac:onf?
(p) rkpvdNmtdkif? ? bk7m;7Sif q}oWm[udk
pHawmfrlcJhonfh ae7mjzpfonf? r[maAm"d apwD
awmf-uD;. ta7S\awmifzuf ay 1^0 cef\wiG f rkpvdNm
tdkif 7Scd 7hJ m/ xdktidk t
f eD; usn;f yif7if;Y ckepf7ufpaH epOf
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udk,fukad cGvsuf yifjyKum vSL'gef;jcif;udk jcD;ajr|muf
pHaeawmfrlcJhonf? xdkae7mudk txdrf;trSwfjyKaom
taqmufttHk rawG\7aomfvnf; wcgu 7SdcJhbl;
[efwlI ajratmufjrKyfae[ef7Sda-umif; taxmuf
txm;tptersm; awG\7onf? xdkoWm[udk rkpvdN
oWm[[k ac:onf?
(q) 7mZm,wevif;vGef;yif ? ? r[maAm"d ap
wDawmf-uD;. awmifzuf ay ^0 cef\wGif bk7m;7Sif
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f u
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onfrS 49 7ufajrmufwGif xdkvif;vGef;yif7if;Yyif
OUvm Zeyk'rf S wykbduukeo
f nf nDaemifwk\d
tm; qHawmf7Spfql ay;oem;awmfrlI o7+*Hk ESpfyg;
wnfapcJhonf? qHawmfrsm;udk a7Fwd*HkapwDY Xmyem
wnfapcJhonf? ( a7Fwd*Hkbk7m;/ bduESifh wyk
7?)
qdkcJhaom t"du Xmersm;tjyif/ tavmif;awmf
qHawmfy,f7m taemfrm aomifurf;ae7m/ 'kU7p7d,
6 ESp fusifh 7m O&ka0} awmwef ; (r[maA"d
apwDawmfrS ta7S\ajrmufzuf/ ae7V7mjrpf. ta7S\
zuf 6 rkdifcef\)/ aoeed*Hk;7GmrS olaX;orD; okZm
wm emEdk\qGrf;csuf7mXme/ emEdk\qGrf;udk bk7m;
7SifbkOf;ay;7mXme/ Edk\qGrf;xnfhaom a7FcGufudk t
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vnf; teD;ywf0ef;usif w0dkufY vSnfhvnfzl;ajrmfEdkif
-uavonf?
qdkcJhjyD;aom r[maAm"dyifESifhwuG oWXmewdk\
wnf7Sd7m e,fajrudk bk7m;7Sif vufxufawmftcgu
*,m[k rac:ao;? xdkpOfu *,m[lonf oD;jcm;
a'owck. trnfjzpfonf? jrwfpGmbk7m;onf bk7m;
jzpfawmfrljyD;aemuf "Rmp-umw7m;OD; a[mfawmfrl7ef
r[maAm"dyifrS wqJ7h pS ,
f lZemuGma0;aom rd*'g0kef
awmodk\ ajcvsif-uGawmfrl7m r[maAm"dyifESifh *,m

152

Ak<*,m

Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0wDtoif;

.pyf-um;Y Oyutrnf7dS wUwGe;f ESihf awG\qakH -umif;

0denf;r[m0g ygdawmfEiS fh t}uxmwdk\Y vm7Sdonf?
DumYvnf; r[maAm"dESifh *,monf oHk;*g0kwf uGm
a-umif;ajymqdo
k nf? r[maAm"dyif77Sd m e,fajronf
*,me,fwGif tygt0ifjzpfcJhaomf Todk\jyqdk7ef r7Sd
ay? odk\jzpfI jrwfpGmbk7m; yGifhawmfrrlrDuyif r[m
aAm"dyifESifh oHk;*g0kwfa0;aomt7yfY *,m[kac:
aom t7yfoD;jcm;7Sdonf? bk7m;y7dedmefjyKjyD;aemuf
wGif *,me,f us,fjyef\vmI r[maAm"dyif7Sdaom
t7yfonf *,me,ftwGi;f 0ifomG ;jyD;v~i/f Ak<bk7m;7Sif
onKw a7FOm+fawmf7jcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom a'o
w0dkufudk Ak<*,m[k ac:wGifvmonf? Ak<*,mY
bk7m;7Sif onKwOm+f77Sjd cif;ESihf pyfvsOf;aomae7m
rsm;wGif t"dutxdrf;trSwfrsm; yXrqHk; pwif
pdkufxlcJholrSm taomuac: oD7d"Rmaomurif;-uD;
jzpfavonf?
Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0
jrefrmukRm7Dtoif;rsm;7=?

ukRm7Dfoif;

? ?

Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0wDtoif; ? ? wGJa7; cGJ

a7;jyemrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhjyD;aemuf Ak<bmom
jrefrm rdef;rrsm;toif; pcef;odrf;oGm;aomtcg t
rsK;d orD; tzGJ\-uD;[lI rnfrnf77 r7Sdawmhojzihf 1931
ckESpfcef\wGif rif;-uD;uawmf a':jrar/ 0wfvHkuawmf
a':apmwifwkd\u -uD;r;I jrefrm trsKd;orD;tzG\J ukd
wnfaxmif-uonf? ,if;tzGJ\onf vlr=a7;ukdom OD;
pm;ay;I aqmif7GufcJh-u&Hkru tzGJ\0ifrsm;onf bm
omrsKd;pHk jzpfaeojzihf Ak<bmomESihf omoema7;ukdyg
aqmif7u
G fEkdif7ef trsKd;orD; toif;wck 7Sdoihfonf[k
,lqonfuwa-umif;/ Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0
toif;[lI7Sdaomfvnf; Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0wD
toif;[lI oD;jcm;r7Sdjcif;/ Ak<bmom uvsm+
,k0toif;wGifvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm; toif;oltjzpf
yg0ifEkdifcGihfr7Sdjcif;a-umihfwa-umif; Ak<bmomuvsm
+ ,k0wD toif;[lI oD;jcm;wnfaxmifcJh-uonf?
Ak<bmom uvsm+ ,k0wDtoif;-uD;ukd 1312 ck
ESp/f wyk\dwv
JG jynhaf usmf 3 7uf/ (1951 ckEpS /f azzGm7Dv
24 7uf) ae\wGif wnfaxmifonf? toif;. 7nf
7G,fcsufrsm;rSm Ak<bmom pmay y7d,Wdrsm;ukd
oD;jcm;avhvmqnf;yl; 7SmrSD;a7;ESihf tESH\tjym; jyef\
yGm;xGef;um;a7;wk\dtwGuf aqmif7Guf -udK;yrf;7ef/ 7Sif

153

7efukejf rdK\ Adkvfwaxmif7yf/ 62 vrf;7Sd Ak<bmom uvsm+

,k0wDtoif;wdkuf

awmfbk7m; a[m-um;cJhonhf w7m;awmfrsm;ukd ukd,f

awG\tm;jzihf enf;rSefvrf;us tm;xkwf qnf;yl;I
aygif;oif;tm;ay;7ef/ Ak<bmom0if tcsi;f csi;f ulnD
,kdi;f yif nDnw
G fjcif;ESihf tqihftwef; wkd;wufaprnhf
ta-umif;ukd tm;ay;ulnD7efESihf toif;olrsm;ESihf t
jcm; Ak<bmom0if ykCKd vfrsm;. um,Av/ m+Av
wkd;wufa7;twGuf aygif;oif;qufqHrl. ta-umif;
ukd jzpfxGef;a7;rsm;twGuf aqmif7Guf7efwkd\jzpfonf?
toif;-uD;. OU}mrSm tjidr;f pm; Edkiif aH wmfw7m;
0ef-uD;csKyf OD;odrf;armif. ZeD; a':apmwif jzpfjyD;
v~if jrdK\awmf7Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;u tr=aqmiftjzpf
yg0ifaqmif7u
G fum toif; pwifwnfaxmifonhaf e\rS
pI txufyg 7nf7G,fcsufrsm; atmifjrif7ef Ak<bm
omESifh pyfvsOf;onhf udPrsm;ukd aqmif7Gufco
Jh nfom
ru/ 1952 ckEpS f pufwifbmvwGif *syefEdik if HY usi;f y
cJhaom uBmh Ak<bmom uGefz7ihfokd\vnf; ukd,fpm;
vS,f apvFwfcJhonf? ESpfpOf uxdefouef; uyfvSL
jcif;/ ysufpD;,kd,Gif;vsuf7Sdaom bk7m;ausmif;rsm;ukd
jyKjyif7Sif;vif;jcif; ponfh a0,s0PudPrsm;ukd aqmif
7GufcJhonfomru q}o*g,emwif yGJawmf-uD;Y
vnf; toif;taejzihf aiGtm; vkyftm; ulnDaqmif
7GufcJhavonf? xkdjyif Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0 t
oif;-u;D rS -uD;r;usi;f yonhf r*vm w7m;awmf pmar;yGJ
rsm;wGif pmaumvm;7Spf qk7-uolrsm;tm; paum
vm;7Spfqak y;onhf tcrf;tem;wkdif;wGif toif;-uD;rS

Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0wDtoif;

Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;

tau`;tarG;jzihf {nhfcHavonf? toif;-uD;onf Ak<

bmom0if trsKd;orD; tvkyform;rsm;. um,Av/
m+Av wk;d wufa7;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqrH = ajyjypfpmG
ESihf tzkd;E=e;f oufompGmjzihf wnf;ckEd kdirf nhf a*[m jzpf
ajrmuf7eftwGuf -uD;pm;cJhonhftavsmuf 7efukefjrdK\
62 vrf;wGif toif;ykid f wku
d w
f vH;k ukd 0,f,I
l Ak<bm
omtrsKd;orD; tvkyform;rsm;twGuf wnf;ckdonhf
a*[mESifh toif;wkduf-uD;ukd zGihfvSpfxm;avonf?
Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0toif; ? ? 0dik /f trf/
bD/ attoif;[k jrefrmwd\k todrsm;aeaom Ak<bmom
uvsm+,k0 toif;onf jAdwdo~ vufatmufcH
jrefrmEkdifiHtm; EkdifiHa7;v=yf7Sm;r=udk tpysdK; vrf;xGif
ay;cJhaomtoif;-uD;jzpfonf? c7pf,ef vli,frsm;
.toif;udk 0dik /f trf/ pD/ at [kac:ouJo
h \kd Ak<bmom
vli,frsm;.toif;udk twdkaumuftm;jzifh 0dkif/ trf/
bD/ at[kac:onf? t7Snftm;jzifhrl ,ef;rif; Ak<pf
tufppdk Dat7Si;f [k jzpfonf?
Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;udk 1906 (jrefrm
oU7mZf 126^) ckESpfwGif rsdK;cspfpdwf xufoef-u
aom xdkpOftcgu vli,frsm;jzpf-uonfh OD;baz/
trfat OD;armif-uD;ESifh a'gufwmOD;b7ifw\dk 7efukejf rdK\
vefuwfpwmvrf;wGif pwifwnfaxmifcJh-uonf?
xdktcsdefu jrefrmwdk\onf tzdESdyfcHb0 a7mufae7m
toif;tyif;zGJ\r=udk rjyK7Jatmif 7Sdaecsdef jzpfojzifh
tvGefxufo efaom rsdK;cspfpdw f"mwfa-umifho m
atmifjrifpGmzGJ\pnf;EkdifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? toif;.7nf
7G,fcsufrSm trsdK;/ bmom/ omoem/ ynm[laom
ta-umif; 4 yg;udk vlr=0efxrf; vkyfief;wdk\jzifh zGH\jzdK;
atmif aqmif7Guf7efjzpfonf? rsdK;cspfpdwf xufoef
aom vli,frsm;. ZGJvHk\va-umifh toif;-uD;onf
wpwp -uD;yGm;vmcJ7h m/ armfvjrdKi/f yJc;l / ykord /f anmif
av;yif/ [omw/ jynf/ rMav;/ ysOf;rem; paom
jrdK\-uD;rsm;wGif toif;cGJrsm; ay:aygufcJhavonf?
jrefrmwEkdifiHvHk;wGif toif;cGJaygif; 400 ausmftxd
ay:aygufcJhavonf? ,if;odk\ toif;-uD;onf wp
wp-uD;yGm;vmonfhtavsmuf 1911 ckESpfwGif vef
uwfpwmvrf;rS vGPvrf;odk\/ xdkrS 1920 jynfhESpw
f Gif
ql;avbk7m;vrf;odk\ tqifhqifhajymif;I toif;wdkuf
iSm;um zGifhvSpfEikd v
f mcJo
h nf? acwfynmwwf vli,f
rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;yk/ OD;odrf;armif/ OD;pk/ OD;aratmif/
OD;armifarmiftek ;f cdki/f OD;bpD/ OD;oif;armif/ OD;bvd=if/

Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0toif;-uD;ukd pwif ysKd;axmif7mwGif

yg0ifcJhaom rsKd;cspfykCdKvf-uD; OD;baz

OD;pdefvSatmif polwk\dvnf; toif;-uD;wGif 0ifa7muf

aqmif7u
G v
f mcJ-h uonf?
1911 ckESpfESifh 1914 ckESpfrsm;wGif Ak<bmom
uvsm+,k0toif;. yXrESihf 'kw,
d t-udrf nDvmcH
rsm;udk 7efukefjrdK\Yusif;yEdkifcJhonf? 1915 ckESpfwGif
rMav;jrdK\Y wwd,t-udrfajrmuf nDvmcHudkvnf;
aumif;/ 1916 ckEpS w
f iG f [omwjrKd\Y pwkWt-urd af jrmuf
nDvmcHukv
d nf;aumif;/ 191^ ckEpS fwGif ysOf;rem;jrdK\Y
yVrt-udraf jrmuf nDvmcHuv
dk nf;aumif; rysurf uGuf
ESpq
f ufusi;f yEkid cf o
hJ nf? 191^ ckEpS w
f iG f jAdwo
d ~ygvDref
atmufvFwaf wmfY tdNd,jynfqdkif7m 0ef-uD;rGefaw*l
onf jAdwdo~tifydkif,mESifh waygif;wnf;jzpfaom
tdNd,jynfudk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa7; wpwp ay;tyf
7rnf[laom jyXmef;csufudk ausnmvdkufonf? xdk
ausnmcsufudk pdwf0ifpm;rdaom Ak<bmom uvsm+
,k0toif;onf EdkifiHa7;e,fxJodk\ pwif0ifa7muf
vmcJhonf? 191^ ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif tdNd,jynf
qkdi7f m 0ef-uD; rGefaw*l/ tdNd,jynf bk7ifcHcsKyf avmh
csrf;pzd\kwk\dESihf awG\qkI
H jrefrmhtcGiht
f a7; awmif;qd7k ef
0dik /f trf/ bD/ at toif;rS ud,
k fpm;vS,frsm; jzpfaom
OD;az/ OD;baz/ OD;aratmif/ OD;pkwdk\tm; umvuWm;

154

Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;

0kdif/ trf/ bD/ at ac: Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;-uD;ukd a7S\aqmifwnfaxmifay;cJh-uonhf rsKd;cspfykCdKvf

trf/ at OD;armif-uD; (0J) ESihf a'gufwm OD;b7if (,m)

jrdK\odk\apvFwfonf? odk\7mwGif 1918 ckESpf ZGefvwGif

xGuaf y:vmaom rGefaw*lcsr;f pzdk\ tpD7ifcpH mY jref
rmjynftwGuf tkycf sKyrf = jyKjyifajymif;vJa7; axmufcH
csufrsm;ryg7Sdojzifh 1919 ckEpS f arv 18 7ufae\wiG f
0dki/f trf/ bD/ at udk,fpm;vS,rf sm;jzpfaom OD;baz/
OD;ykEiS fh OD;xGef;7Sed fw\dktm; Advwfo\dk apvFwfI awmif;
qdkapjyefonf? odk\7mwGif jAdwdo~wdk\u jrefrmwdk\.
awmif;qdkcsufudk vspfvsLjyKjrJjyKvsuf7Sdonf? xdk\
a-umifh 1920 jynhEf SpfwGif OD;baz/ OD;yk/ OD;odrf;armif
wkd\tm; apvFwfawmif;qdkjyef7m tdNd,jynfESifh wef;
wltyk cf sKyaf 7; ay;ygrnfqakd om uwdukd Advwftpd;k 7
xHrS 77Scd ahJ vonf?
Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0toif;onf ,if;od\k wp
wp EdkifiHa7;e,fy,fwGif;odk\ 0ifa7mufcJh7m/ jrefrm
wEdkifiHvHk; ysH\ESH\ausmf-um;cJhonf? 191^ ckESpf yVr
t-udrfajrmuf nDvmcHudk ysOf;rem;jrdK\wGif usif;yjyD;
aemuf 1918 ckEpS fwiG f q}r t-udraf jrmuf nDvmcHukd
armfvjrdKifjrdK\Yvnf;aumif;/ 1919 ckESpfwiG f oWrt
-udrfajrmufnDvmcHudk ykodrfjrdK\Yvnf;aumif;/ 1920
jynfEh pS w
f iG f t}rt-urd af jrmufnv
D mcHukd jynfjrdK\Yvnf;
aumif;usif;ycJh-uonf? t}rt-udrf ajrmufnDvmcH

155

-uD;Yyif Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;xuf Ekid if aH 7;udk

ydrk u
kd s,jf yef\pmG aqmif7u
G Ef idk 7f ef ,if;ESit
hf vm;wl toif;
aygif; 2000 udk pkaygif;I *s/D pD/ bD/ at ac: jrefrm
toif;csKyf-uD; wnfaxmif7ef qHk;jzwfvdkuf-uonf?
(*s/D pD/bD/at7=?)
*sD/ pD/ bD/ at toif;-uD; ay:aygufvmjyD;aemuf
1921 ckESpfwGif rMav;jrdK\Y e0rt-udrfajrmuf nD
vmcH-uD; usif;yjyD;onfrSpI Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0
toif;ESihf ,if;. vkyif ef;wd\konf wjznf;jznf; arS;rSed f
vmcJhonf? 0dkif/trf/bD/at toif;tr=aqmif vl-uD;
rsm;yif/ *s/D pD/bD/at toif;Yyg0ifaeojzifh *sD/pD/bD/at
toif;vkyfief;ESifhyif rtm;rvyf 7Sdae-uaoma-umifh
0dik /f trf/bD/at toif;rSm avmif;7drfrdaom opfyifi,f
uJhok\d nd|K;rSed v
f mcJ7h onf? ,if;od\k uHZmwmarS;rSed af om
tcsed fydki;f wGif 192^28 ckEpS f OU}-uD; 0wfvaHk wmf7
OD;bpD vufxufY 0dki/f trf/bD/at toif;wkduu
f dk vl
pnfum;7m ql;avbk7m;vrf;rS pywfvrf;odk\ ajymif;
a7F\cJh7onf? 1929 ckESpf OU}-uD; OD;armifarmiftkef;
cdik f vufxufwiG f yef;qd;k wef;odk\ ajymif;a7F\chI
J / 1935
ckEpS t
f xd wnf7cdS ho
J nf? 1935 ckESpw
f iG f OU} 0wfvkH
awmf7 OD;odr;f armif vufxufY pywfvrf;ESihf 'gv[dk
ZDvrf;axmifhodk\ wzef ajymif;a7F\um 3 ESpf zGifhvSpfcJh

Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;
jyD;aemuf 1938 ckESpfwGif ,ckvuf7Sd a7ausmfvrf;
toif;wdkuf ae7modk\ ajymif;a7F\cJhonf? 1952 ckESpf
wGif taqmufttHo
k pf aqmufvyk fEkid cf o
Jh nf?
Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;. vkyfief;rsm;udk
vnf; 1932 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 5 7ufae\wiG f usi;f yaom
tpnf;ta0;-uD;u twdtus qHk;jzwfcsufcscJhonf?
0dik /f trf/ bD/ at toif;onf rnfonft
h cgr~ wkid ;f a7;
jynfrw
= iG f aqmif7u
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r[kwcf jhJ cif;a-ummifh toif;. pnf;urf;Oya'wGif azmf
jyxm;aom omoema7;/ bmoma7;/ ynma7;ESifh
usef;rma7;wdk\udkomv~if aqmif7Gufrnfjzpfa-umif;
qHk;jzwfI wduspGm aqmif7GufcJh-uonf? xdkqHk;jzwf
csufESifhtnD qufvufaqmif7GufcJh7m/ ppftjyD;wGif
xdt
k oif;. vkyfief;rsm; ydkrdkc7D;a7mufco
Jh nf? pm7dW
r@dKif jyefvnfxlaxmif7ef r*vmw7m;awmf pmar;
yGJrsm;usif;yjcif;/ usef;rma7;twGuf ajy;yGJ jydKifyGJ
rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;/ ynma7;twGuf bmoma7;ESifh ynm
a7; pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; xkwfa0jcif;/ a[majymyGJrsm;
usi;f yjcif;wd\kukd aqmif7u
G 7f m Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0
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awmf pmar;yGJrsm;udk ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; usif;ycJh7m/ 12
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a7mufajzqdkjyD; olaygif; 25^511 a,muf7SdjyD; jzpf
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udk Ekid if HawmfoRw-uD;u ESppf Ofcs;D ajr|mufco
hJ nf?
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1960 jynfhEpS f arv 16 7ufae\wiG f Ekid if aH wmftpd;k 7u
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7Guf-uonf? EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfajrmufa7;twGuf
ausmif;xdkifq7mawmfrsm;tzGJ\. -o0g'udk cH,lI
q7m'g,um yl;aygif;aqmif7Guf-uonf? 7Srf;jynf
e,fESihf u7ifjynfe,frsm;odk\ q7mawmfrsm; -uGa7muf
I jynfe,fvlxk. EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfajrmufa7;
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-udK;yrf;aqmif7GufEkdifcrJh a= -umifh jrefrmoU7mZf 1323
ckEpS f (1961) 0gacgifvjynfh paeae\wiG f Ak<bmomudk
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a-umifh Ak<o7+yifudk t*vyd b
f momjzifh tif';D ,ef;
a7Smh (tdNd,usnfaph) yif[v
k nf; ac:-uavonf?
Ak<o7+yifonf tylydkif;a'otyifjzpfonfh t
wkdif; ylaEG;pdkpGwfaom 7moDOwkrsdK;ESifh ajr-oZm
aumif;udk ESpfoufonf? taphrwnfap7ef tyGifhwdk\
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qmyGif ho nf? 7moDO wka t;jraoma'orsm;wGif
yGifhcsdefukefv~if tjrpfrsm;udkwl;azmfI aqmif;ukef
onftxd odrf;qnf;xm;7onf? ta-umif;rl Ak<
o7+yifonf tat;'+f/ qD;ESif;'+fukd rcHEkdifacs?
at;jronfh 7moDtwGif; pdkufysdK;vdkv~if rSefysdK;tdrf
rsm;xJwiG f pdu
k fysKd ;-u7onf?

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tvSpdkufAk<o7+yifrsm;udk rdk;OD;

ustcgwGif wl;I topfjyefpkduf-uonf? Ak<o7+
yifrsm;udk &H-k uD;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ twef;vdkufpI
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jrefrmEkdifiHwGif Ak<o7+tyGifhteDESifh t0grsdK;wdk\
tavhusaygufa7mufonf? aetdrf yef;jcHESifh O,smOf
yef;jcHrsm;wGif ta7mifpHk Ak<o7+yifrsm;udk tvS
pdu
k yf sKd ;-uavonf?
Ak<o7+yif. tjrpfESifh t7Gufonf tcsdK\t7yf
a'orsm;wGif aq;zuf0ifa-umif; od7onf? tjrpfzk
udk ac`;xkwfaq;ESifh qD;7Fifaq;tjzpfoHk;-uonf?
tdNd,Ekid if HwGif twufzkrsm;udkjyKwI
f vltwGufvnf;
aumif;/ wd7>mefrsm;twGufvnf;aumif; aq;rsm;wGif
xnho
f k;H -uonf? *smAm;u`ef;wGif twufzrk sm;udkjcpfI
t7nfnp| jf yD;v~if 0rf;azm0rf;a,mifaysmufaq;tjzpf t
oHk;jyK-uonf? tcsdK\Ak<o7+rsdK;pdwf0if tyifrsm;.
tjrpfzk/ twufzkrsm;udk pm;oHk;-uonf? oabm
tm'gvGwfyifonf Ak<o7+rsdK;pdwfwrsdK;yifjzpf
avonf?
Ak<o7+yifrS taphudk aumfzDaphtpm; toHk;jyK
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taphrsm;udk-udwfI tHk-uonf? taphrsm;udk a7pdrf
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-uonf? xdt
k aphrsm;rS c7rf;a7mifEk qdk;aq; xkw,
f l
7Edkifonfhjyif/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif xdktaphrsm;udk pdyfykwD;
rsm;oDuk;H -uavonf?

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Ak<bk7m;7Sif. omoemawmfonf tdNd,EdkifiH rdra'oY pwif7mrS tm7SwdkufEdkifiHrsm;odk\ ysH\ESH\cJh7m
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onfudkawG\Ekdifonf?

Ak<omoem0if ? ?Ak<omoem0ifqo
kd nfrmS Ak<
omoemESihf 0Ho[laom pum; 2 7yf aygif;pyfxm;jcif;
jzpfI Ak<bk7m;ocif. omoemoHk;7yfudk vdkufem
usifh-uHtm;xkwfol tquftEG,frsm;[k t"d_m,f7
onf? wenf;tm;jzifh Ak<omoemoHk;7yf. tpOf
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Ak<bk7m;ocif. omoemoHk;7yfum; (1) bk7m;

ocif. tqHk;tr -o0g'pum;rsm;jzpfonfh yduwf

usrf;pmrsm; wnf;[laom y7d,Wdomoem/ (2)
,if;yduwfusrf;pmrsm;twdki;f vdkufemusifh-uH tm;
xkwfonfh usifh0wfydywfrsm;wnf;[laom ydyWd
omoem/ (3) ,if;usif0h wfydywfrsm;udk vkdufem
usif-h uHtm;xkwfojzifh 77So
d nfh r*fzdkvef dmefw7m;udk
odrt
= usdK;wnf;[laomyda0"omoemwdk\jzpfonf?

160

Ak<bmoem0if
rdra'orS omoempwifyHk
Ak<omoemawmfonf vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; 2501
ausmfrSpwifI ,ck tdNd,EkdifiHtv,fydkif;jzpfaom
rdra'oY xGef;um;cJah vonf? r[moU7mZf 103
ckESpf (bDpD 6 7mpkEpS f) wGif rdra'o r*"wdik ;f Y a*g
wr bk7m;ocif yGiahf wmfro
l nfrpS I Ak<omoem pwif
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ywfvHk; w7m;a'oemrsm; a[m-um;jyo qHk;rawmfrl
jcif;jzifh Ak<omoemawmfukd tajccscaJh vonf?
a*gwrbk7m;7Sif y7dedmefpHawmfrljyD;aemuf bk7m;
ocif a[m-um;awmfrlcJhonfh "RESifh 0de,wdk\onf
bk7m;ocifudk,fpm; Ak<omoemtjzpf usefcJhav
onf? bk7m;ocif7SdpOfuwnf;uyif y7d,wftm;vHk;
udk tm;vHk;aom 7[ef;rsm; E=wfwufaqmifEkdif-u
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awmfrI
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awmf uG,af ysmuf arS;rSdefjcif;.ta-umif; edrdwf
t7dyfta,mif ay:vmavonf? t"R0g'D tv%D/
ygybdQKwdk\ tm;r-uD;ao;rD y7d,Wd omoem[l
aom "RESihf 0de,udk o*g,emwifrjS zpfrnf[k ax7f
-uD;rsm; odjrifawmfrlvmaoma-umifh r[moU7mZf
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xm;-uonf? xdktcsdefu rSwfwrf;wifonf qdkaomf
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r=a-umifh Ak<omoemonf tESpf 100 wdkif pnfyif
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rif;-uD; vufxufY 'kw,
d o*g,em wif7jyefonf?
xdktcsdefwGif Ak<omoemonf rdra'oY omru
tdNd,EkdifiHt7yf7yfodk\ ysH\ESH\aejyDjzpfojzifh ta7S\wkdif;
7[ef;ud,
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pm;vS,f 4 yg;/ aygif; 8 yg; yg0ifaom OD;pD;tzGJ\ESifh

161

7Sifoumrd rax7fwdk\u tr;jyKI 7[ef; ^00 ESifh

o*g,emwif-uum w7m;awmft,ltq c`wfacsmf
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omoem*d+
k ;f uGJjcif;
,if;odk\ Ak<omoemawmfudk rysufr,Gif;atmif
q7mtpOftqufwdk\ xdef;odrf;onfh-um;rSyif 7[ef;
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tyfonf[k t,l7SdcJh-uaom 0%Dwdkif;om; tv%Drsm;
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udk jyKjyifa7;*dk+f;[kac:onf? r[moHdu *dk+;f 0if
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omoemawmf qufvuf jyef\yGm;cJhaomfvnf; oHm
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uGv
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omoemoU7mZf 218 ckESpfwGif arm7d,EkdifiH
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apjcif;/ "Rw7m;awmftwkdif; qHk;raomtrdef\awmf
rsm;udk -um7SnfpGm raysmufrysuf wnfwHh pdrfhaomiSg
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. eH7rH sm;ay:wGif u$nf;xGi;f I pdu
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jzpf-uavonf? xdktcg wddrsm;onf ouef;0wfI
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ae-uavonf? OykofrjyKaom 7[ef;wdk\tm; trwf

Ak<omoem0if
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ud;k wdik ;f udk;Xmeodk\omoemysH\ESH\yHk
omoemawmf. -uD;pGmaomab;7efudk Todk\
jidrf;apjyD;aomf oD7d"Rmaomurif;onf omoem
oU7mZf 235 ckESpw
f Gif y7d,Wd omoemawmf-uD;udk
wpHkwa,mufaom 7efolwdk\ 0ifa7mufaESmifh,Suf
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ajr|mufaxmufyHhaom obifjzpfojzifh wwd,o*g
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ac: omoemhwrefrsm; apvFwfI omoemjyKap
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ndK ysufonfr[kwfbJ omoem0efxrf; 7[ef;rsm;udk
t-unfndKysufjcif;om jzpfonf[k od7onf? ,if;
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onf wjznf;jznf; n|dK;rSdefoGm;avonf? odk\7mwGif
rif;-uD;ewf7GmpHjyD;aemuf tESpf 200 cef\t-um tdNd
, taemufajrmufydkif;udk *7dvlrsdK;wdk\ odrf;ydkufaom
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tcg omoemh'g,umjzpfvmonf? rdvdNESifh 7Sifem*
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d f;0if
jyefjzpfvmEkdifapaom usrf;-uD;[k Ak<omoem0if
qkdif7m okawoDwk\du rSwfcsufcs-uonf?
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tdNd,jynfrrSm Ak<omoemonf omoem oU7mZf
622 ckEpS w
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d rif;vufxufo\kad 7mufaomf jyef
vnfxeG f;vif;vmjyefonf? uedou
d rif;onf oD7"d Rm

162

Ak<omoem0if
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tdNd,EdkifiHY omoemvHk;0arS;rSdeo
f Gm;yHk
omoemoU7mZf 900 ausmfwGif Ak<omoem0if
rif;rsm;ewf7GmpHI [dNLomoem0ifrif;rsm; pdk;pHaom
tcg tdNd,ajrmufydkif;wGif Ak<omoemawmf n|dK;rSdef

163

cJhI [dNLomoemt,ltqrsm; Ak<omoemxJY

a7maESmvmcJhjyefonf? omoem oU7mZf 1100
cef\wGif xdka'oodk\ [ef;vlrsdK;rsm; tvHk;t7if;ESifh
csDwufodrf;ydkufjyD;aemuf 7[ef;ausmif;awmfrsm;/
pmoifwdkufrsm; ponfh Ak<omoedu taqmufttHk
rsm;udkzsufq;D I 7[ef;awmfrsm;udk owfjcif;/ yduwf
awmfrsm;udk rD;7=d\jcif;wdk\udk jyKvkyf-uojzifh Ak<om
oemawmf-uD;onf txl;yif nd|K;EGrf;cJh7onf?
,if;od\k omoem n|Kd ;rSdecf 7Jh mrS omoem oU7mZf
1149 ckESpfwGif eef;wufaom [mo~bk7ifonf Ak<
omoem0ifj zpfo nfhtavsmuf omoemawmfudk
tvGef csD;yifhojzifh omoemawmf xGef;vif;cJh7jyef
onf? xdkrif;vufxuf evN Ak<wUodkvf-uD;onf
tvGef xif7Sm;ausmfapmvSonf? odk\7mwGif [mo~
rif; ewf7GmpHjyD;aemuf Ak<omoemonf wjznf;jznf;
n|Kd ;rSed v
f mjyefonf? omoem oU7mZf 1500 cef\wiG f
tdNd,Ekdiif H r*"wdki;f udk ygvrif;rsm; tkypf ;kd aomtcg
Ak<omoemonf tdNd,EkdifiHY aemufqHk;taeESifh
xGef;awmufcJhjyefonf? bk7ifrsm; udk,fwkdifomoem
udk csD;yifhcJh-uojzifh Ak<omoemjyefvnf xGef;vif;cJh
jcif;jzpfonf? Ak<wUodv
k frsm;Y ynmqnf;yl;-uaom
7[ef;awmfrsm;onf ta7S\awmiftm7SEkdifiHrsm;odk\ om
oemjyK7ef -uGa7muf-uavonf? wdAufEidk if rH S Ak<om
oemudv
k nf; ygvEkid if rH S 7[ef;ynm7Srd sm;yif jyKjyifrrG ;f
rHay;cJ-h uonf? ,if;od\k omoemawmf xGe;f vif;vmcJh
aomfvnf; omoemoU7mZf 1500 ausmfwGif tP
vrf t,l0g'Drsm; tdNd,EkdifiHudk tkyfcsKyfaomtcg
Ak<omoemawmfonf tdNd,EdkifiHY arS;rSdefoGm;um
vHk;0uG,faysmufouJhodk\ jzpfoGm;awmhonf?
ax7m0g'ESihrf [m,me*dk+f;uGv
J cGJ suf
Ak<omoem. rlv*dk+f;uG-J uD;jzpfaom ax7m0g'
ESifh r[m,me*dk+f; 2 *dk+f;pvHk;. tajccHoabm
w7m;rsm;onf oPm 4 yg;/ rCif 8 yg;/ uH/ uH.tusKd ;
w7m;/ teWw7m;/ r*fw7m;/ zdkvfw7m; ponfjzifh
twlwlyifjzpfaomfvnf; "Rt,ltqwGif uGJvGJcsuf
7Sd-uayonf? jrwfpGmbk7m;a[m-um;aom w7m;
awmfonf oGQmw*dk+f;ESit
fh nD tp/ tv,f/ tqH;k
wdwdusus jynfhpHkjyD;om; jzpfojzifh ,if;w7m;awmf
wdk\udk vdkufemusifh-uH tm;xkwfjcif;/ raysmufrysuf
atmif aumif;pGm apmifha7Smufjcif;wdk\om jyKzdk\vkdonf
[k ax7m0g'*d+
k f;0ifrsm;u ,lq-uonf? r[m,me

Ak<omoem0if
*dk+f;0ifrsm;url jrwfpGmbk7m;a[m-um;cJhaom w7m;
awmfonf t7if;cHw7m;r~om jzpfonfhtwGuf ,if;
udk tajcjyKjyD; wdk;wuf -uHqEkdifzk\dvo
dk nf[k ,lq-u
onf? ax7m0g'*dk+f;0ifrsm;u jrwfpGmbk7m; w7m;
awmf 0denf;awmfwdk\udk vdkufemusifhoHk;oifhonf[k
,lqI r[m,me*dk+f;0ifwdk\u jrwfpmG bk7m;tay:Y
o<g,Hk-unfjcif;7Sd&Hkr~EiS fh r*fzdkvftxd tqifhqifh7Ekdif
onf[k ,lq-uonf?
,if;odk\ tajccHoabmwlvsuf t,ltq uGJuGJ
aom omoem*dk+;f -uD; 2 *dk+;f onf tm7Swdkuf 3 yHk
2 yHkcef\wdkiaf tmif ysH\EH\ScJhonf? r[m,me Ak<omoem
*dk+f;onf ,ck uD7jynfe,fudk tajcjyKI [dr0Mm
ajrmufykid ;f eDayg/ wdAuf/ w&ky/f *syef/ &k7S/ wl7uDw\dk
od\kjyef\I ax7m0g' Ak<omoemonf [dr0Mm awmif
ydkif; jrefrm/ oD[dkf/ ,d;k ',m;/ uamZ/ vmtdk EdkifiH
wdk\ok\d ysH\ESH\onf? xdka-umifh r[m,me*dk+f;udk ajrmuf
ydik ;f omoem*d+
k f;[k ac:avh7d-S uI ax7m0g'*d+
k ;f udk
awmifyidk f;omoem*dk+;f [kac:-uonf?
w&kyfEkdifiHodk\ Ak<omoemjyef\yGm;yHk
tdNd,EkdifiHajrmufydkif;Y xGef;um;cJhaom r[m
,meAk<omoemonf tm7Swku
d f tv,fyidk f;rS wqifh
w&kyfEkdifiHodk\ {u7mZfbk7ifrif;wDvufxuf omoem
oU7mZf 604 ckESpfwGifa7muf7Sdvmonf? w&kyfEkdifiH
odk\ tdNd,EdkifiHom; Ak<t,l0g'D bkef;-uD; 2 yg;-uG
vmojzifh {u7mZfbk7ifrif;jrwfudk,fwdkif ausmif;
aqmuf udk;uG,fonf? xdkausmif;Yyif odwif;oHk;
,if; bke;f awmf-uD;rsm;onf oou&kd f bmomjzifh
7Sdaom okww
f 7m;udk w&kyfbmomodk\ jyefqkad vonf?
aemufxyfvnf; tdNd,ESifh tm7Stv,fydkif;om; Ak<
t,l0g'D bkef;awmf-uD;rsm; wokwfjyD;wokwf a7muf
vmI Ak<w7m;awmfrsm;udk w&kyfbmomodk\ jyefqdk7m
[efrif;quf ukefqHk;onfhtcg Ak<omoemqdkif7m
usrf;pmtkyfaygif; 350 cef\ jyefqjdk yD;cJhonf? od\k7mwGif
omoemoU7mZf 809 rS 1133 ckESpftwGif;jzpfaom
w&kyfEkdifiH. tarSmifacwfrwdkifrD Ak<omoemonf
w&kyfEkdifiHY zGH\jzdK;r=aES;ao;onf? omoem oU7mZf
900 cef\usaomtcg omoemawmfonf txl;ysH\ESH\I
wEkdiif Hv;Hk . udk;uG,faom t"du t,l0g'-uD; jzpfcJh
a-umif;jzihf okawoDrsm;u qdk-uonf? omoem
oU7mZf 90^ ckESpf rwdik rf u
D av;wGirf S w&kyw
f idk ;f 7if;
om;rsm;tm; omoemhabmifodk\ 0ifcGifhudk 7SDcsDvef;

bk7ifu cGihjf yKcJhonf? tdNd,Ekdiif Hodk\ vma7mufI c7D;

oGm; rSwfwrf;rsm; a7;om;cJhaom w&kyfbkef;awmf
-uD; zmvD,efESihf qGe,
f Ge;f wd\konf xdak cwfu xif7Sm;
aom bkef;awmf-uD;rsm;jzpf-uonf?
xdktcsdeftxd w&kyfEkdifiHY r[m,me Ak<omoem
onf ,efqDjrpfajrmufzufYom txl;ysH\ESH\I awmif
zufY uGezf l;ZD;ESifh wmtdkt,l0g'rsm; vFrf;rd;k aeojzifh
zGH\jzdK;r=r7SdvSacs? omoemoU7mZf 1000 cef\wGif
w&kyfEkdiif H ajrmufyidk f;Y omoema7;qkdif7m taqmuf
ttHkaygif; 13000 ausmf7SdI oHmawmf wodef;cef\
7Sdonf[k rSwfwrf;rsm;Y awG\7onfudkaxmufI om
oemawmf rnfr~zGH\jzdK;a-umif; odomonf? w&kyEf dik if H
ajrmufydkif;Y tvGefzGH\jzdK;aeaom Ak<omoemonf w
jznf;jznf; ajrmufzufodk\ e,fcsJ\I refcsL;7D;,m;jynf/
xdkrSwqifh ,mvl;jrpfukad usmI
f udk7D;,m;EkdifiHwGi;f odk\
omoem oU7mZf 913 ckESpfwGif a7mufvmonf?
omoemoU7mZf 1064 ckESpfwGif uefwHkjrdK\odk\
a7mufvmaom aAm"d"Rax7fonf w&kyfEikd if H ajrmuf
ydkif;Y omoemjyK7m/ txl;yifatmifjrifonf? xdk
rax7ftm; yVrajrmuf qufcHonfh rax7fonf
awmifydkif;w&kyfEkdifiHodk\ -uGa7mufomoemjyK7mrS Ak<
omoemonf w&kyfEidk fiH wEdkiif v
H ;Hk wGif r-uHKzl;atmif
xGef;um;vmcJhonf? wefrif;quftpwGif {u7mZf
bk7ifrsm;onf uGefzl;ZD; t,l0g'udk ouf0ifolrsm;
jzpfonfhtavsmuf Ak<omoem0if 7[ef;/ oDv7Sif
ponfrsm;tm; vlxGufapcJhao;onf? wefrif;quf
aemufykid f;wGif Ak<omoemonf w&kyfEdkiif HYom xGef;
um;onfr[kwf/ *syefEkdifiHzufok\dyif wqifh ysH\ESH\omG ;
onftxd zGH\jzdK;cJhonf? rifrif;rsm;ESifh refcsL;rif;
rsm;vufxufwGif Ak<omoemonf wzef arS;rSdef
oGm;um orwEkdifiHacwfa7mufrS wzef yGiv
fh if;vmcJh
onf? odk\7mwGif a7S;uuJhodk\ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; xGef;
um;onfum; r[kwfacs? xdkacwfwGifyif w&kyfbm
omjzifh yd uwf o Hk; yHk ay:aygufv mcJho nf ?
udk7D;,m;Ak<omoem
w&kyEf idk if b
H ufY omoemxGe;f vif;aepOf omoem
oU7mZf 913 ckEpS w
f iG f w&kyEf idk if zH ufrS bkef;awmf-uD;
wpfyg;onf ud7k D;,m;Ekdiif zH ufok\d-uGvmum w7m;"R
a[m-um;jyo7m/ udk7D;,mEkdifiHonf r-umrD Ak<
omoemEdkifiH jzpfvmonf? omoemoU7mZf 1462
ckESpf aemufydkif; aumf,lrif;rsm;vufxufY om;

164

Ak<omoem0if
av;a,muf7Sdaom rdom;pkwGif tenf;qHk; om;w
a,muf omoemabmif0if7efyif bk7ifhtrdef\jzifh xkwf
xm;onftxd bk7ifrsm;udk,fwdkif omoemudk jcD;jr|ifh
cJhavonf? omoemoU7mZf 1936 ckESpfwGif aumf
,lrif;qufjywfI ,Drif;quf wufvmaomtcg Edik if H
wGif;Y Ak<t,l0g'Dbkef;awmf-uD;rsm; tm+mxufae
onfudk wjznf;jznf;&kyfodrf;um Ak<omoemudk rif;
rsm;udk,fwdkif vspfvsL&=I taxmuftyHh rjyKbJ ae
vdu
k o
f jzifh wjznf;jznf; arS;rSdefaysmuf uG,foGm;onf
rSm ,ckwkdifyif jzpfawmhonf?
*syefEkdifiH Ak<omoem
w&kyfEkdifiHESifh udk7D;,m;EkdifiHwdk\wGif xGef;um;ysH\ESH\
cJhaomr[m,meAk<omoemonf omoemoU7mZf
896 ckEpS fcef\wGif yifv,fuu
kd l;I *syefEikd fizH ufo\kd jyef\
yGm;cJhonf? xdkESpfwGif udk7D;,m;EkdifiH ydwfacs;jynfh7Sif
bk7ifu yduwfawmfrsm;udk *syefb7k ifhxHydk\I r[m
rdwfzGJ\7mrS pwifa7muf7Sdonf[kqdk7ayrnf? ydwfacs;
jynfh7Sifonf vufaqmifrsm;ESifhtwl o0+fvFm w
apmifyg yg;vdkufao;onf? ,if;o0+fvFmwGif Ak<
w7m;awmf. rGefjrwfyHk/ vdkufemusifhoHk;ygu xl;uJ
aom tusdK;ukd 7Sd77SdyHkwdk\udk xnfhoGif;a7;om;vdkuf
onf? odk\7mwGif rd&kd;zvm udk;uG,faeaom t,l0g'
udk ypfy,fI t,lopfudk ouf0if,-kH unf7ef tcuf
tcJ taESmifht,Sufrsm;ESifh 7ifqdkifae7ojzifh om
oemawmf jyef\yGm;r= zifhEFJcJh7onf? {u7mZf bk7if
ud,
k w
f idk u
f rl Ak<t,l0g'udk ESpo
f ufaomfvnf; twdik f
yifcH trwf-uD;rsm;. qNudk ,laecJhojzifh -uef\-umcJh
avonf? Ak<t,l0g'udk ouf0if-unfndKxdkufonf
[k qHk;jzwfolw\dkuwzuf/ rd&d;k zvm ewfudk;uG,fr=udk
rpGef\xkduf[k qdkolwdk\uwzuf tjiif;yGm;-u,if;jzifh
omoemoU7mZf 1131 ckEpS w
f iG f jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpf7m t
,l0g' rajymif;vJvo
kd w
l \kd ta7;7=;H edro
hf nfwiG f *syefEikd if H
Y Ak<omoem pwifxGef;vif;vmonf? txl;ojzifh
txufwef;vFmwdk\wGif xGef;um;cJah vonf?
xdk\aemuf qktdaumwifaem {u7Dbk7ifr vuf
xufwGif *syefEdkifiH. -uD;yGm;wdk;wufa7;udkrsm;pGm
aqmif7Gufaom &=dwdkukwkdif;7Sd rif;om;-uD;onf Ak<
t,l0g'udk txl;-unfnKd olyDyD bk7m;ausmif;uefrsm;
aqmufvkyfjcif;/ w&kyfEkdifiHok\d bkef;awmf-uD;rsm;udkap
vFwI
f Ak<t,l0g'wdk;wufjyef\yGm;a7;twGuf avhvm
apum *syefEdkifiHY omoemawmfjyef\ymG ;atmif aqmif

165

7Gufapjcif;wdk\ukd jyKonf? &=dwdkukwkdi;f 7Sd rif;om;um;

*syefEkdifiH. oD7d"Rmaomurif;[k ac:qdk7avmuf
atmif Ak<omoemawmfudk txl;yif csD;yifhcJhaom
ykCdKvfjzpfonf? udk,fwdkifvnf; w7m;awmfudk a[m
ajymI omoemESifhqdkifaomudPY tm;ayonf?
xdak cwfwGif omoemawmfonf *syefEdik if YH aevdv
k vdk
xGef;vif;cJhonf? w&ky/f udk7;D ,m;paomEdik firH sm;rS Ak<
t,l0g'D7[ef;rsm;onf wokwjf yD;wokwf a7muf7v
dS m
-uonf? xkdaemuf rif;tqufqufwd\k omoemawmf
udk qufvufcsD;jr|ifh-u7m/ *syefEikd fiH Ak<omoemonf
t7Sed 7f vmonf?
1283 ckESpfwGif em7mjrdK\udk aejynfawmfjyKI pdk;pH
aom a7Smrlwifaem rif;vufxuf Ak<omoemudk
vGefpGmjcD;ajr|mufonf? aejynfawmfrSpI e,ftoD;
oD;Y bkef; -uD;ausmif;rsm;/ oDv7SifZ7yfr sm;udk
tajrmuftjrm; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;onf? xdkausmif;
aygif; rsm;pGmudk tkyfcsKyfaom omoemydkifq7mawmf
-uD;ausmif;udkvnf; em7aejynfawmfY aqmufvkyf
.? xdkausmif;awmf-uD;wGif jrwfpmG bk7m; &kyfwkawmf
onf ,ckwdkif ausmf-um;aom em7mqif;wkawmf-uD;
jzpfonf? bk7ifu,
kd w
f kid f r-umrD 7[ef;0wfonf[kyif
qdk-uonf? omoemU7mZf 1868 ckESpf 7=d*Gefwdk\
usaomf Ak<omoemonf arS;rSdefI 7Sifwdkt,l0g'
ydkrdkxGef;um;vmonf? xdkjyif EdkifiHjcm;om; wdki;f wyg;
om;rsm;tm; c7pfESpf 1853 ckESpfwGif wHcg;zGifhI 0if
cGifhjyKvkdufaomtcg c7pf,mefomoemjyKrsm; a7muf
7Sv
d mojzifh Ak<omoemonf *syefjynfY wjznf;jznf;
arS;rSed cf h7J avonf?
ta7S\awmiftm7S Ak<omoem
r[m,me Ak<omoemonf tdNd,EdkifiH ajrmuf
ydkif;rS ,if;odk\v~if wdAuf/ w&kyf/ udk7D;,m;/ *syef
paom EdkifiHrsm;odk\omr[kwf/ tdNd,EkdifiHESifh ul;oef;
a7mif;0,fr= tquftoG,f7Sdaom ta7S\tdNd,u`ef;pk
odk\yif ysH\ESH\oGm;cJhonf? a7S;OD;pGm odm7yljrdK\ (,ck
pumyljrdK\)/ xdkrS qlrm;-wm;u`ef;/ xdkrS oD7d0dZ,rnf
aom EdkifiHawmf/ xdkrS *smAm;u`ef;/ uamZ EkdifiH
ponfwdk\ok\d tqifhqifha7muf7SdcJh7m/ ,ckwdkif xif7Sm;
vsuf7daS om aAma7mAka"m/ tif;aum0wf ponfh om
oedutaqmufttHk-uD;rsm;rSm omoema7muf7dS xGe;f
um;cJhbl;a-umif; taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpf-uonf?
(aAma7mAka"m? tif;aum0wf7=? )

Ak<omoem0if
,if;odk\ r[m,me Ak<omoemonf ta7S\awmif
tm7SEikd if Hrsm;odk\ xd;k 0ifvmonfh tcsed fwGif ax7m0g'
Ak<omoemonfvnf; xdkEdkifiHrsm;odk\ a7muf7SdjyD; jzpf
onf? oD7dRmaomurif;-uD; vufxuf jrefrmEdkifiH
ESifh ta7S\awmif tm7Sa'orsm;odk\ apvFwfaom om
oemjyK "R'lwrsm;.vkyfief;onf oD[dkfomoemjyK
vkyfief;avmuf xdt
k csed u
f ratmifjrifao;aomfvnf;
omoemhrsdK;aphudk csay;ouJhodk\ jzpfcJhonf? xdka'o
rsm;Y ax7m0g' Ak<omoemvnf; tiftm;-uD;rm;
jcif; r7Sdao;onfhtwGuf r[m,me Ak<omoem
a7mufvmonft
h cg tjydKit
f qdkif jyif;jyif;xefxef jzpf
jcif;r7Sb
d J 0g' 2 ckpvH;k udk Ekid if o
H l Edik if o
H m;rsm; pkaygif;
vufcH-u[ef wlonf?
ax7m0g'Ak<omoemxGef;um;jcif;
odk\7mwGif omoemoU7mZf 930 jyn\w
f iG f ax7m
0g't,ltqrsm;udk 7Si;f vif;azmfjyEdkifaom ax7m0g'
tmZmenf r[mAk<amorax7f xGef;um; ay:ayguf
vmonft
h wGuf xdEk idk if rH sm;wGif ax7m0g'om xGe;f um;
jyef\yGm;cdkifjrJcJh7onf? (r[mAk<amo/ 7Sif7=?)
o*g,em tqufqufwifcJhjyD;/ q7mtpOftquf
xde;f odr;f cJo
h nfh ax7m0g'usr;f rsm;ESifh t}uxmusrf;
rsm;onf oD[dkfbmomjzifhom a7;jyD;7SI
d / ygdbmom
jzifh r7Sdojzifh 7Sifr[mAk<amoyif usrf;tm;vH;k udk
bmomjyefqdkI ,if;usrf;rsm;. tzGifht}uxmrsm;
udkyg a7;om;jyKpkavonf? 7Sirf [mAk<amo. t}
uxmESifh ygdbmomjyefusrf;rsm;onf ax7m0g'Ak<
omoema7mifukd 'kwd,t-urd fxeG f;ajymifapcJo
h nf?
oD[dk u
f `e;f wGif wzef xGe;f ajymifvmcJhaom ax7m
0g' Ak<omoemonf ta7S\awmif tm7Sa'orsm;odk\
jyef\yGm;vmcJhjyefonf? odk\7mwGif omoem oU7mZf
1501 ausmfcef\wGif tdNd,awmifydkif;om;rsm; jzpf-u
aom (apm) aus;ukvm;vlrsdK;wd\konf oD[kd fu`ef;udk
0ifa7mufwu
kd cf u
kd -f uojzifh ax7m0g' Ak<omoemonf
ab;tM7m,fESifh -uHKawG\jyefojzifh arS;rSdefc7Jh jyefonf?
xdktcsdefwGif jrefrmEkdifiHY xD;eef;pdk;pHaeaom taemf
7xmrif;apmonf jrefrmEkid if Hajrmufyikd ;f rS 0ifa7mufvm
aom r[m,me Ak<omoem a7maESmaeonfh ewfu;dk
uG,rf = t,l0g'udk wkdif;oljynfom;wdk\ ,Hk-unf udk;
uG,faeonfukd rESpo
f ufojzifh rSefuefaom t,l0g'
udk7SmazGaecdkuf 7Sift7[HESifhawG\I ax7m0g' Ak<om
oemudk ouf0if,kH-unfum txl;yifapmifha7Smuf jcD;

ajr|mufojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHY ax7m0g'omoem xGef;

awmufaeonfh tcsdefjzpfonf? (Ak<omoem0if(jref
rmEdkifiH) t7[H/ 7Sifvnf;7=? )
ax7m0g'Edkiif H
taemf7xmrif;aemuf qufcH-uaom yk*Hrif;rsm;
onf oD[dkfAk<omoem jyefvnfwnfaxmif7mwGif
tultnD taxmuftyHh ay;cJh-uonf? ,if;odk\jzifh
omoemoU7mZf 1^00 ausmfausmfcef\wGif jrefrm
EkdifiHESifh oD[dkfEdkifiHwdk\onf ax7m0g'Ak<omoem.
A[dktcsuftcsm Xm-uD;rsm; jzpfvmcJh-uonf? a7S;
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif w&kyf/ wdAufESifh uamZEkdifiH
rsm;rSwqifh a7muf7SdvmI r[m,me Ak<omoemudk
ouf0if -unfnKd ae-uaom ,dk;',m;EkdifiHonfvnf;
13 7mpkESifh 14 7mpkESpfrsm;wGif ax7m0g' Ak<omoem
tajcusI xGef;um;ae7m jrefrmEkdifiEH Sifh ul;vl;quf
qHr= rsm;vm7mrS ax7m0gAk< omoem. A[dk
tcsut
f csmXme-uD; wpfct
k jzpfok\dw;kd wufvmcJo
h nf?
t,k<,jrdK\ysufEiS hf AefaumufjrdK\awmfwk\d7dS Ak<omoem
qdki7f m taqmufttHrk sm;udk axmufjcif;jzifh ,d;k ',m;
EdkifiHY ax7m0g'Ak<omoem rnfr~xGef;awmufcJh
a-umif;odEkdifonf? wcgu wefcdk;xGm;cJhI ,d;k ',m;
wdk\ tay:odk\yif vFrf;rdk;EkdifcJhonfh uamZEkdifiHonf
15 7mpkESpfwGif ,dk;',m; vufatmufodk\ usa7mufchJ
onf? ,if;odk\jzifh [dNLt,l0g'ESifh r[m,me Ak<
omoemxGef;um;7m uamZEkdifiHonfvnf; ax7m
0g' Ak<omoem. tcsuftjcm Xmetjzpf ajymif;
vJcJhonf? vmtdkEdkifiHodk\vnf; Tenf;yif wqifhrS
wqifh omoemawmf a7muf7SdoGm;cJhjyefonf? ,if;
odk\jzifh jrefrm/ ,d;k ',m;/ uamZ/ vmtdk/ oD[dkf
Edik if -H uD; 5 Ekid if o
H nf ax7m0g' Ak<omoem xGe;f um;
7m Ekid fi-H uD;rsm;tjzpf a7muf7cdS h-J uonf?
ax7m0g' Ak<omoemonf ta7S\awmiftm7SwGif
wjznf;jznf; xGef;um;cJh7m/ omoemoU7mZf 2415
ckEpS fwiG f jrefrmEkdifiH rif;wke;f rif;w7m;-uD; vufxuf
wGif ax70g'Ak<omoem. yVro*g,em obifukd
rMav;aejynfawmfY oHmawmf 2400 ESifh usif;y
cJo
h nf? oD[kd Yf usi;f yonfh pwk o*g,em obif
wGif yduwfoHk;yHkudk ayxuftQ7m wifouJo
h \dk T
yVro*g,em obifwGif ausmufjym;a7 ^29 csyf
ay: ausmufxuftQ7mwifI Ak<omoemawmf-uD;
wnfwcHh ikd jf raJ tmif aqmif7u
G cf o
hJ nf?

166

Ak<omoem0if

Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEkdifiH)

ax7m0g' Ak<omoem xGe;f um;7m oD[kd u

f `e;f ESihf
jrefrmEdkifiHudk jAdwo
d ~tpdk;7uvnf;aumif;/ uam'D;
,m;ESifh vmtdkEkdifiHudk jyifopftpdk;7uvnf;aumif;
odr;f ydu
k v
f u
kd af omtcg omoemawmfujkdc;D jri| rhf nfh omo
emh'g,umrif;rsm;. axmufyrhH r= 7Sad wmhaomfvnf; ,if;
tpdk;7rsm;onf bmomudk;uG,fr=udk vGwfvyfcGifhay;
cJhonfhtwGuf omoemawmf-uD; raysmufruG,f jzpf
cJhavonf? omoemh0efxrf; 7[ef;rsm;u pmay
y7d,Wdudk xde;f odrf;cJh-uouJo
h k\d Ak<omoem0if Ekid fiH
olEkdifiHom;rsm;uvnf; omoemh0wfudk rarhravsmh
apmifha7Smufaqmif7Guf-uonfhtwGuf arS;rSdefoGm;
jcif;r7SdvSacs? ,dk;',m;EkdifiHYrl tpOfwpdkuf vGwf
vyfaom EkdifijH zpfonft
h wGuf omoemh'g,um jynfh
7Sifrif;wd\k. taxmuftyHhudk tpOfwpdkuf 77SdcJhonf?
1948 ckEpS w
f iG f jrefrmEdkifiH vGwv
f yfa7;7jyD;aemuf
Ak<omoemawmfonf jrefrmEkdifiHY ydkrdkpnfyif vm
avonf? usef ax7m0g'EkdifiHwdk\onfvnf; xdkenf;
twkdi;f yif jzpf-uonf? jrwfpmG bk7m; a[m-um;awmf
rltyfaom edum,f 5 7yfwdk\udk txyfxyf tqifhqifh
a7;ul;7mY owdc`wf,Gif; a7;rSm;rdjcif;udk txl;oef\
7Si;f pif-u,fapvdkIwa-umif;/ xdkpif-u,faom yd
uwfawmfrsm;udk pufwifyHkESdyfI uBmt7yf7yfodk\ ysH\
ESH\apjcif;tm;jzifh omoemawmf-uD; t"Gef\7Snfapvdk
Iwa-umif;/ jrefrmEkdifiHawmfESifhwuG Ak<omoem0if
EdkifiHtm;vHk;u omoemawmfudk pkaygif;jcD;ajr|muf
vdkaoma-umifhwa-umif;/ jrefrm/ ,dk;,m;/ uamZ/
vmtdk[laom ax7m0g'EkdifiHrsm;rS oHmawmfrsm;.
qHk;jzwfcsuft7 omoemoU7mZf 2498 ckESpfwGif
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH 7efukejf rdK\ oD7rd *vmuBmat;
apwDteD; q}oH*Dwd r[mygom+*kom vdk+*f akl wmf

-uD;Y jynfwiG ;f rS oHmawmf 24^3 yg;/ uBmt7yf7yfrS

144 yg;wdk\ESifh 2 ESpfwdik fwdkif q}o*g,em obifudk
usif;yonf? ,if;o*g,emobifudk ax7m0g'Ekid fiH
rsm;uomru/ tdN,
d / yguPwef/ w&kyf paom tjcm;
Ak<omoem0ifrsm;7Sd7m Ekid if rH sm;uyg wufa7mufjcD;jr|ifh
-uonf? xdkjyif omoem2500 jynfh txdrf;trSwfyGJ
rsm;udk ta7S\awmif tm7Swidk if t
H m;vHk;ESifh oD[kd fEkdifiH/
tdNd,EkdifiHwdk\Yvnf; crf;em;-uD;us,fpGm usif;y-u
avonf? ,if;odk\jzifh ta7S\awmif tm7Sa'orsm;wGif
ax7m0g' Ak<omoemawmf-uD;onf wwd,t-udrf
jyefvnf xGe;f yvmcJah vonf? (o*g,em7=? )
jrefrmEkdifiHtpdk;7onf omoema7;qdkif7m tuf
Oya'wck jy}mef;jyD;aemuf Ak<omoem a7mif0g
xGef;vif;a7;twGuf aqmif7Guf7ef Ak<omoemtzGJ\
udk zGJ\pnf;onf? (Ak<omoetzGJ\7=?) ,if;tzGJ\
-uD;u tbd"Rmpmar;yGJrsm;usif;yI y7d,Wd om
oemjyef\yGm;atmif aqmif7Gufjcif;/ EkdifiHwGif; EkdifiHy
wd\kY ydyWdXme omoe7dyo
f mrsm;udzk iG hv
f pS I
f ydyWd
omoem jyef\yGm;atmif aqmif7Gufjcif;/ "R'lwac:
omoemh wrefXmersm;zGifhvSpfI omoem rxGef;um;
ao;aom jynfwGif;7Sd awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifh jynfy
EkdifiH-uD;rsm;odk\ omoemjyKapjcif;/ "Ra7mifjcnfac:
w7m;awmfpmapmifudk t*vdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0I
uBmt7yf7yfodk\ jzef\a0jcif;wdk\jyKvsuf7Sdojzifh Ak<
omoemawmfonf uBmt7yf7yfY tenf;ESifh t
rsm; qdkovdk xGef;um;vsuf7Sdavonf? 1961 ckESpf
Zlvdkif v 26 7ufae\wGif jrefrmEkdifiHtpdk;7u Ak<
bmomudk EkdifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jy}mef;vdkufojzifh
omoemawmf aevdkvvdk xGef;vif;OD;rnfh edrdwfjzpf
avonf?

-
x
jrefrmEkdifiHodk\ Ak<omoemudk wyk/ bdunDaemifwdk\ yXrqHk;,laqmifcJh-uonf? jrwfpGmbk7m; oufawmfxif
7Sm;pOfuyif Ak<omoemonf ok0#blrdwkdif;/ okemy7Mwdkif;/ a,mewdkif;wdk\odk\ ysH\ESH\vmonf? oxHkacwf/
yk*Hacwf/ rMav;acwfponfwdk\Y omoemudk apmifha7SmufcJhaom q7mawmf-uD;rsm;ESifh ok"Rm*dk+f;/ a7Fusif*dk+f;/
'Gg7*dk+f;[lI *dk+f;-uD;oHk;*dk+f; ay:aygufvmavonf?

Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEkdifiH) ? ? omoem0if

qdkaompum;rSm omoe0Ho ygdbmomrS qif;ouf
vmonf? omoe0Hoomoem0if/ Ak<0HoAk<0if/

167

7mZ0Ho7mZ0if/ r[m0Hor[m0ifpaom pum;rsm;

uJo
h \dkwnf;? omoem0HoY omoewpfy'k f/ 0Howyk'f
jzpfI ESpyf k'fwpGJ yfxm;onf? omoejrwfpGmbk7m;.

Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEdkifiH)
tqHk;tr-o0g'pum;/ 0HotquftEG,?f omoe
0HojrwfpGmbk7m;.tqH;k tr -o0g'pum; tquf
tEG,f? ,if;tqHk;tr-o0g'pum;udk oif-um;vdkuf
emusi-fhut
H m;xkwo
f t
l quftEG,[
f k t"d_m,f7onf?
omoemqdkaom pum;rSm (1) y7d,Wdomoem/
(2) ydyWdomoem/ (3) yda0"omoem[lI oH;k
yg;jzpfonf? ,if;oH;k yg;wdk\wGif y7d,Wdomoemum;
jrwfpGmbk7m;. tqHk;tr -o0g'pum;jzpfaom yd
uwfusrf;pmrsm;jzpfonf? ydyWd omoemum; xdk
yduwfusr;f pmrsm;Y yg7So
d nfhtwdki;f xdyk d uwfusrf;
pmrsm;. nFefjycsuftwdkif;vdkufemusifh-uH tm;
xkwftyfaomusifh0wf ydywfrsm;jzpfonf? yda0"
omoemum; xdkusif0h wf ydywfrsm;udk vdkufemusifh
-uHtm;xkwfojzifh 77SdaomtusdK;rsm;/ r*fzdkvf edmef
jzpfonf? ,if;omoem oHk;yg;vHk; tquftEG,fudk
omoem0ifqo
kd nf?
xdkomoemoHk;yg;um; jrwfpGmbk7m;yGifhawmfrlaom
tcgrSpI ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm rdra'oY xGef;um;cJh
onf? aemuf wpwp tjcm;EkdifiH t7yfa'orsm;odk\
qif;oufysH\ESH\vsufxGef;um;cJhonf?

xdo
k k\d xGe;f um;cJh7m jrefrmEkdifiHY qif;ouf ysH\ESH\chJ
yHu
k m; Tod\w
k nf;? ok0#blrw
d ikd ;f / todwVe/ aygQ7
0wDjrdK\om; wykESihf bdu nDaemifw\dkonf vSnf;
ig;7mESifh rdra'oodk\ ukeful;oGm;7m/ jrwfpGmbk7m;
yGifhawmfrlI av;qJhudk;7uftvGef vif;vGef;yif7if;Y
odwif;oHk;awmfrlcdkuf oGm;a7mufzl;ajrmf-ujyD;v~if
toifh,laqmifv maom ysm;rHk\ qkyfE Si fh rHk\- uGuf
uspfwdk\udk vSL'gef;I a'G0gpdu o7+*Hk aqmuf
wnfum Oygoumtjzpf cH,l-uonf? aemuf jrwf
pGmbk7m;xH tjrJqnf;uyf udk;uG,f7mudk awmif;yef
aomtcg qHawmf7Spfqludk 77SdcJhI/ rdrdwdk\ae7m tod
wVe aygQ70wDjrdK\odk\ a7mufaomtcg apwDwql
wnfum qHawmf7pS q
f u
l kd XmyemI qnf;uyf ud;k uG,f
-uonf? ,if;apwDum; ,ck zl;ajrmfae-u7aom
a7Fwd*akH pwDyifjzpfonf? (bduESihf wyk? a7Fw*d kH
bk7m;7=? )
jrwfpGmbk7m; 0gawmf ESpfq,fausmfwGif om
0 djynfrS ,lZemoHk;7m uGma0;aom okemy7Mwkdi;f
(ty7Mwkdif;) 0g+dZ*gr7Gm (v,fudkif;ausmif;awmf
7m7Gm) Y plyk#/ r[myk# ol-u,
G n
f aD emif ESpaf ,muf

7efukefjrdK\ oD7dr*vmukef;ajr7Sd Ak<wUokdvfyduwfwkdufrSm acwftrSDqHk; taqmufttkHwckjzpfonf?

168

Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEkdifiH)
wd\kae-uonf? aemufyg ukefonfig;7mESihf wa,muf
wvSnhf ukeful;oGm;avh7-Sd uonf?
wpfae\aomtcg r[myk#onf vSn;f ig;7mwd\kjzifh
rdra'ood\k ukeful;oGm;7m/ om0 djynf aZw0ef
ausmif; jrwfpGmbk7m;xHodk\a7mufI w7m;awmfudk
em7ojzifh tu`wfw7m;7um vufaxmuf ukeo
f nf
-uD;udkac:I TyPnf;OPmwdk\udk nDplyk#tm; ay;
yg[k rSm-um;jyD;v~if jrwfpGmbk7m;txHawmfY 7[ef;
jyKavonf? aemufjrwfpmG bk7m;xH cGifhyefI rdrdae7m
okemy7Mwdkif;odk\ jyefvmjyD;v~if uR}mef;w7m;ukd
tm;xkwf7m/ 0gwGif;Yyifv~if 7[Mmtjzpfodk\a7muf
avonf?
wpfae\aomtcg plyk#onf ukeo
f nfig;7mESiw
hf uG
oabmjzifh ukeful;oGm;-u7m/ rv,u`ef;odk\a7mufI
tzdk;rsm;pGmxdkufaom pNul;ESpfwdk\udk7cJhojzifh r[m
yk#rax7ftm; av~mufxm;aomtcg r[myk#
rax7fonf plyk#ESifh ukefonfwd\ktm; jrwfpGb7k m;
odwif;oHk;7ef pNul;ausmif;awmfaqmufv~if aumif;
rnf[k rdef\-um;aoma-umifh pNul; ausmif;awmf
aqmuf-uonf? jrwfpGmbk7m;vnf; ausmif;awmf
aqmufonfrSpI jyD;qHk;onfhwkdif -uGvmI rjywf od
wif;oH;k awmfro
l nf?
ausmif;awmfjyD;aomtcg r[myk# rax7fonf
jrwfpmG bk7m;xHomG ;I yifhav~muf7m/ cGifh7ojzif/h a7S;
OD;pGmjyefvmonf? jrwfpGmbk7m;onf udk,fawmfjrwf
t0iftyg oHmawmf av;7mudk;q,fudk;yg;ESifhwuG
-uGvmawmfrlI oPAawmifa7mufv~if oPA
7aohtm; w7m;a[mI 7[Mmtjzpfodk\ a7mufapjyD;
v~if {[dbdQK 7[ef;jyKawmfrlI oHmawmf ig;7m
jynfhapvsuf 0g+dZ*gr7Gm pNul;ausmif;odk\-uGawmf
rlI ckepf7ufywfvHk; odwif;oHk;awmfrlonf? plyk#rS
pI 'g,,m 'g,dumrwdk\vnf; bk7m;tr;7Sdaom oH
mawmfwdk\tm; ckepf7ufywfvHk; tvSL-uD;ay;um w
7m;awmfudk em7ojzifh/ 7Spfaomif;av;axmifaom
oW0gwd\k w7m;xl;ud7k -uonf?
jrwfpGmbk7m;onf 0g+dZ*gr7GmrS jyef-uGawmfrlI
eR'gjrpfodk\a7mufaomtcg tajcGt7HESifhwuG eR'g
e*g;onf jrwfpGmbk7m;ESifh oHmawmfwdk\tm; ylaZmf
oUm7jyKjyD;v~if tjrJu;dk uG,7f m apwDudk awmif;yef
ojzifh jrwfpGmbk7m;onf eR'gjrpfem;Y ajcawmf7m
wql csawmfrlonf? oPAawmifodk\ a7mufaom
tcg oPArax7f awmif;yefojzifh ajcawmf7mwql

169

csawmfro
l nf? w7Ha7mtcg jrwfpmG ;bk7m;onf aemuf
yg oHmawmftrsm;ESifh a'opm7D-uGcsDawmfrlcJ7h m
a,meuwkdif; Zif;r,ft7yfodk\a7mufI rJydef;acsmif;
em;wGifaeaom v0-uD;onf ckepfESpft7G,f7Sdaom
rdrdom;i,fukd jrwfpGmbk7m;xHtyfESHI omra+jyKap
onf? 7Sio
f mra+vnf; uR}mef;pD;jzef;ojzifh r-um
rD 7[Mmtjzpfo\kda7mufonf?
Tod\kv~if txufazmfjyyg ta-umif;rsm;udk axmuf
xm;v~if jrwfpGmbk7m; oufawmf xif7Sm;7SdpOfuyif
omoemawmfonf ok0#blrdwdkif;/ ty7Mwdkif;
(okemy7Mwdkif;)/ a,meuwkdif;tm;jzifh oHk;a-umif;
oHk;oG,f qif;oufvsuf jrefrmEdkifiHodk\ a7mufvm
a-umif;xif7Sm;onf? xdkjyifvnf; wwd, o*g,em
rwifrDtwGif; ,if;wdkif;-uD;oHk;wkdif;odk\ 7[Mmrsm;
t-udrf-udrfa7mufvm-uonf? xdkodk\ a7mufvmaomf
vnf; omoemawmfonf ESpfumv 7Snfvsm;pGm
rwnfjrJay? ta-umif;um; yduwfawmfudk E=wf
aqmifaomacwfjzpfjcif;/ yduwf wwfajrmufaom
ykCdKvfrsm;u tjrJaexdik fvsuf omoemawmf. t7if;
rlv y"mejzpfaom yduwfawmfwd\k udk oif-um;csydk\
ay;r= r7Sjd cif;wd\ka-umifjh zpfonf?
omoem 235 ESpfodk\ a7mufI wwd, o*g,em
wifjyD;aomtcg armCvdykWwd rax7f-uD;onf
omoemwnfxGef;Edkifrnfh ae7mXmersm;udk qifjcif
-unfh&=awmfrI
l / ukd;wkid ;f ukd;Xmeok\d omoemjyKapvFwf
awmfrlonf? xdt
k cg jrefrmEdkifiHwGif (1) ty7Mwdki;f
(okemy7Mwdkif;)/ (2) a,meuwdkif;/ (3) ok0#
blrw
d idk ;f [lI oH;k Xme yg0ifco
hJ nf?
xdko;Hk Xmewd\kwiG f a,meu"R7Qdw rax7fukd ty
7Mwdkif; (okemy7Mwdkif;) odk\ omoemjyK7ef apvFwf
onf? xdkrax7fonf ckepfaomif;aom ty7Mwdkif;
om;wdk\tm; tCdQKyrokWefudka[monf? rif;rsdK;rS
a,musfm;waxmifESifh rdef;rajcmufaomif;wdk\ 7[ef;
jyK-uonf?
r[m7Qdw rax7fudk a,meuwdki;f odk\ omoem
jyK7efapvFwfonf? xdkrax7fonf a,meuwdki;f om;
wdk\tm; umum7rokWefudk a[monf? wodef;
ckepfaomif;aom oW0gwdk\ r*fzdkvfudk7-uonf?
a,mufsm;waomif; 7[ef;jyK-uonf?
ok0#blrw
d ikd ;f od\k aom+rax7fEiS hf OW7 rax7f
wd\kukd omoemjyK7efapvFwfonf? ok0# blrdwdkif;Y
oD7drmaomurif; rif;jyKvsuf7Sdonf? rif;rsdK;Y arG;

Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEdkifiH)

Ak<wUokdvfyduwfwkdu7f Sd aypmrsm;xm;7m cef;raqmifwGifae\pOfvkdyif okawoDbkef;awmf-uD;rsm; ynm7SmazGavhvmvsuf 7Sd-uonf?

zGm;wdkif;aom om;orD;wdk\udk a7apmifh bDvl;r w

a,muf tajcGt7HESifhwuG ork]7mrSxGufI pm;avh
7So
d nf?
rax7fwdk\ -uGa7mufvmcdkuf rif;rsdK;wGif om;w
a,muf arG;zGm;ojzifh vlw\dkonf bDv;l rudk ESdref if;7ef
vufeufrsm; udkifaqmifIvm7m/ rax7fwdk\ESifh awG\
v~if ta-umif;pHk ar;jref;ajymqdkaecdkuf tjcHt7HESifh
wuG bDv;l rvmonf? xdt
k cg rax7fw\dkonf bDv;l r
ab;7efukd ESdrfeif;jyD;aemuf rvmEkid fatmif t7Htwm;
jyKI a7mufvmaom y7dowfwdk\tm; jAZmvokWef
udk a[mojzifh o7+*Hkov
D Y wnf-uonf? ajcmuf
aomif;aom oW0gwdk\ w7m;xl;udk7-uonf? trsdK;
om; oH;k axmifig;7mESifh trsdK;orD; waxmifig;7mwdk\
7[ef;jyK-uonf?
Todk\v~if jrefrmEkdifiHodk\ jrwfpGmbk7m; omoem
awmf oHk;a-umif;oH;k oG,f qif;oufvmcJhonf? xdkodk\
vmcJh7m/ omoem0ifESifh pyfvsOf;aom pmtkyf pm

wrf; rSww
f rf;trsKd ;rsKd ;wd\w
k iG f a,meu"R7Qdwrax7f
. q7mwynfh tquftEG,Ef iS hf r[m7Qdwrax7f.
q7mwynfh tquftEG,fwdk\onf rxif7Sm;acs?
aom+rax7fEiS hf OW7rax7fw\.
kd q7mwynfh tquf
tEG,fwdk\om xif7Sm;onf? xdktwGuf xif7Sm;aom
aom+ rax7fESifh OW7 rax7fwdk\. q7mwynfh
tquftEG,fwdk\udkom a7;om;ygtHh? a7;om;7mY
vnf; jrwfpmG bk7m; vufxufaomtcg 0denf;t7mY
{w'*fbGJ\xl;jzifh jcD;usL;jcif;cH7aom t7SifOygvdrS
pI oDaygrif;vufxufY xif7Sm;vdkaom omoemjyK
q7mawmfwdk\ wkdifatmif jrefrmEdkifiH omoem0ifudk
a7;om;7efjzpfonf?
(u) rdra'o omoem0if
(1) t7SifOygvd/ (2) t7Sif'gou/ (3) t7Sif
aom+/ (4) t7SifodC0ESifh t7SifpN0%d/ (5) t7Sif
armCvdykWwd/ T7[Mm rax7f-uD; ig;yg;wdk\

170

Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEkdifiH)
um; jrwfpmG bk7m; y7dedmefpHvGeo
f nfrpS I rdra'o
Y q7mwynfhqufum omoemawmfudk apmifha7Smuf
-uonf?
(c) ok0#blrd (oxHk) omoem0if
t7Siaf rmCvdyW
k wd. wynfh (1) t7Siaf om+
ESihf t7SifOW7/ (2) t7Siaf ombdw/ (3) t7Siaf omr
'W/ (4) t7Sifokrewd/ (5) t7Sifaomygu/ (6)
t7Sifaomr'W/ (^) t7Sit
f aemr'D/ (8) t7Sif
t"dov
D / (9) t7SiAf sme'D/ (10) t7Sio
f v
D Ak<Ed iS hf
t7Sifr[mumv/ (11) t7Sif"R'D (t7Sift7[H)/
T7[Mmrax7f-uD; wqJhwyg;wdk\um; ok0#blrd
(oxH)k Y q7mwynfhqufum omoemawmfukd apmifh
a7Smuf-uonf?
(*) yk*Homoem0if
t7Sif"R'D (t7Sit
f 7[H) . wynfh (1) t7Sif
*k+om7/(2) yXr t7Sit
f Cy@dw/ (3) 'kw,
d t7Sif
tCy@dw/ (4) wwd, tCy@dw/ (t7Sif tC0Ho)/
(5) t7SifOW7mZD0/ (6) yXr q_' t7Sifo<R
aZmwdygv/ (^) 'kwd, q_'t7SifOm+o<R (t7Sif
o<ROm+)/ (8)wwd,q_'t7Sif o<RoD7d/ T
rax7f-uD; 7Spyf g;wd\kum; yk*aH cwf q7mwynfq
h ufum
omoemawmfudk apmifha7Smuf-uonf?
() ycef;-uD; omoem0if
wwd, q_' t7Sio
f <RoD7.
d wynfh (1) ycef;
-uD;jrdK\ acruwdkuf t7Sifok"Rpm7D/ (2) ycef;-uD;jrdK\
taemufvuf0gusOrifausmif;t7SiftC"Rmvum7/
(3) ycef;-uD;jrdK\ aemifb7Gm t7Sif"ReN/ (4) EG,feD
rkcfausmif; t7Siyf kn0goD/ (5) ycef;-uD;jrdK\ ta7S\vuf
bkBq7mawmf t7SifpNrLom/ Trax7f-uD; ig;yg;
wdk\um; ycef;-uD;jrdK\Y q7mwynfhqufum omoem
awmfudk apmifha7Smuf-uonf?
(i) a7Fbdk/ tr7yl7/ rMav;omoem0if
bkBq7mawmf t7Sipf NrLom. wynfh (1)
omoemydkif rif;tdkq7mawmf t7Si*f +
k oD7d (*k+mbd
vum7 o<R r[m"R7mZm "d7mZ*k&k)/ (2) yXr
Am;u7mq7mawmf t7Si"f RmbdeN (wdyd umvum7
od7d"Z r[m"R7mZ*k&k)/ (3) omoemydkif oJtif;
q7mawmf t7Sifol7d, (ol7d,m0Hombd od7dy07m

171

vum7 "Raoemywd r[m"R7mZm"d7mZ*k&k)/ (4)

omoemydkif 'kwd, Am;u7m q7mawmf t7Sifynm
aZmw (ynmaZmwmbd od7dy07 0dZ,mvum7 "R
aoemywd r[m"R7mZm"d7mZ*k&k)/ (5) omoemydkif
'kw,
d armif;axmif q7mawmf t7Siaf O,s"R (aO,s
"Rmbdrek yd 07 Om+udWd od7"d Z "R aoemywd r[m
"R7mZm"d 7mZ*k&k)/ (6)awmifawmf omoemydkif
q7mawmf t7Sifrmvm (rmvmvum7"Z "Raoem
ywd twkv "dywd od7yd 07 r[m"R 7mZm"d 7mZ*k&)k /
Tq7mawmf-uD; ajcmufyg; wdk\um; a7Fbdk/ tr7yl7/
rMav;wdk\Y q7mwynfhqufum omoemawmfudk
apmifha7Smuf-uonf? Tum; oDaygrif;vufxuf
wdkifatmif ok"Rm*dk+f; omoem0ifjzpfonf? (t7Sif
ynmaZmwESifh t7SifaO,s"Rwdk\um; q7mwynfh
r[kw/f t7Sio
f 7l ,
d . wynfhrsm;jzpf-uonf?)
xdkodk\ q7mwynfh qufum ruGJrjym; omoem
awmfudk apmifha7Smufvm-uaomfvnf; oU7mZf
1214 ckESpf yVr o*g,emwif rif;wke;f rif; eef;wuf
vmaomtcg 'kwd, armif;axmifq7mawmf t7Sif
aO,s"Rudk omoemydik f wifajr|mufavonf?
xdktcg omoemydkiftr;7Sdaom ok"Rmq7mawmf
7Spfyg;wd\konf a7Fusifq7mawmf t7SifZm*7udk ok"Rm
odk\vm7ef qifhac:onfudk rif;wkef;rif;w7m;-uD; od
awmfrlv~if ok"Rm q7mawmfrsm;ESifh a7Fusifq7m
awmfudk auseyfatmif av~mufxm;jyD;aomf a7Fusif
q7mawmfudk aemuftcg ok"Rmu qifhac:jcif;rjyK
Ekdifatmif *+0drw
k f trde\fxw
k af wmfrlonf? xdt
k cgrS
pI a7Fusiq
f 7mawmfvnf; a7Fusiw
f u
kd rf (r[m"Rdum
7mrwkduf)/ x7Humwdkuf/ 7rnf;oif;wdkuf/ rif;cif;
wdkuf/ jrawmifwdkuf/ Ta7Fusifig;wdkufudk OD;pD;OD;cdkif
jyKum ok"Rmq7mawmfrsm;ESifh rqufoG,fbJ 0denf;
uH oD;jcm;jyKIaeonf? xdktcgrSpI ok"Rm*dk+f;/ a7F
usi*f +
kd ;f [k omoemawmfY *d+
k ;f -u;D ESp*f +
kd ;f uGo
J nf?
oU7mZf 1214 ckESpfrSmyif 7mrnwdkif; tkwfzdkjrdK\
uefukef;ausmif;wdkufY odwif;oHk;awmfrlaom tkwfzkd
q7mawmf t7SiOf UH0HormvmESifh 7mrnwdki;f 7Sd *d+
k ;f
tkyf *dk+f;axmuf q7mawmfwdk\onf Zmw7tkdif
O'ukaQyodrfY 0denf;uHjyKjcif;udk ta-umif;jyKI
0denf;uHajrmufrajrmuf tjiif;tcHkjzpfyGm;onfhtwGuf
tkwfzdkq7mawmfu rdrdESifhoabmwl7m wynfh7[ef;
wdk\ESifh 0denf;uHoD;jcm;jyKIaeojzifh tkwfzdkq7mawmf
w*dk+f;/ useq
f 7mawmfrsm;u w*dk+f; ESpf*dk+;f uGJ-u

Ak<omoemhtzGJ\. 7nf7G,fcsuft7 Ak<0g' pmay ,Ofaus;r=wkd\ wkd;wufa7;twGuf aqmif7Gu7f ef wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfcJhaom

Ak<wUokdvf yduwfwkdufwGif a7S;a[mif;aypmESifh yk7ykdufrsm;tjyif/ bmompHk pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm;vnf; jynhfpHkpGm 7Sdonfjzpf7m
Ekdiif jH cm;okawoDrsm; OD;wkdu7f mXe-uD;jzpfonf?

172

Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEdkifiH)

Ak<omoemtzGJ\

jyefonf? xdko\kd *dk+;f uGJaomfvnf; 'Gg7*d+

k f; trnfukd
r7ao;?
aemuf oU7mZf 121^ ckESpfodk\ a7mufaomtcg
'g,umwd\konf uHjzifh 7Scd k;d jcif; rSefonf/ 'Gg7jzifh 7Sdc;dk
jcif;rSefonf[k wzufESifhwzuf tjiif;tcHk jzpfyGm;
jyef7m/ tkwfzkq
d 7mawmfxH av~mufxm;aomtcg 'Gg7
jzifh 7Sdckd;jcif;rSm ,xmblw userSefuefa-umif; qHk;
jzwfonft
h wGuf tkwfzkq
d 7mawmf.*d+
k ;f udk 'Gg7*dk+f;
[ktrnfay;-uonf? usefq7mawmfrsm;*dk+f;udk uH
*dk+f;[k trnfay;-uonf? Todk\v~if ok"Rm*dk+f;/
a7Fusif*dk+f;/ 'Gg7*dk+f;[lI *dk+f;-uD; oHk;*dk+f; jzpf
ay:vmonf? *dk+f;-uD;oHk;*dk+f; jzpfay:vmonfh t
avsmuf q7mwynfh tquftEG,f omoem0ifvnf;
oHk;rsdK; jzpfvmonf?
a7Fusif*dk+f;omoem0ifY rdra'o omoem0if
ESifh ok0#blrd (oxHk) omoem0ifum; ok"Rm*dk+f;
omoem0ifESifh wlonf? yk*Homoem0ifY 'kwd,
tCy@dwryg/ ckepfyg;omjzpfonf? ycef;omoem
0ifY t7Sifykn0goDwkdifatmifwlI aemufq,f
tif;*d+
k ;f tkyf t7SifOm+vum7/ 'Dy,
J if;earm7Gm/
t7Sifyknm7B/ 'DyJ,if; earm*dk+f;tkyf t7Sif0dpm7dN/
oD;vHk;awm7 *+m0drkwf trde\fawmf7 oD;vH;k q7mawmf
t7SifpNdrm/ a7Fusifq7mawmf t7SifZm*7 (Zm*7m
bd"Zo<R0Ho twkv "dywd r[m"R7mZm"d7mZ*k&k)/
r[m0dok<g7mr q7mawmf t7Sif0dok<gpm7 (0dok<g
pm7mbd"Z "dywd y07 r[m"R 7mZm"d7mZ*k&k) wkdif
atmif tquftEG,f wrsKd ;jyonf? Tum; oDaygrif;
vufxufwkdiaf tmif a7Fusif*dk+f;omoem0ifwnf;?
'Gg7*dk+f; omoem0ifY rdra'o omoem0if
um; ok"Rm*dk+f; omoem0ifESifhwlonf? oxHk om
oem0ifY t7Sifaom+rSpI t7SiAf sme'Dwidk fatmif
wlI/ aemuf t7Sifr[mumv t7Sit
f 7d,0Ho xnfh
onf? yk*Homoem0ifY t7SifOW7mZD0/ t7Sifo<R
aZmwdygv/ t7Sifo<ROm+/ t7Sifo<RoD7d av;
qufomjyonf? aemuf a7iHkq7mawmf/ t7Sifr[m
t7d,0Ho/ t7Sio
f <RudW/d t7Siw
f o
d moe"Z/ t7Sif
"R7mZ*k&k/ t7Siw
f dydumvum7 (awmifzDvm ykCKd vf
ausmf)/ t7Sifr[mwd (tjrifh)/ t7SifpNynm
(jrdK\-uD;)/ t7Sif*k+oD7d (a7jrdef)/ t7Sifuvsm+"Zd
(a7jrdef)/ omoemydkif rif;tdkq7mawmf t7Si*f +
k oD7d/
yXr Am;u7mq7mawmf t7Sif"RmbdeN/ omoemydkif
oJtif;q7mawmf t7Sifol7d,/ omoemydkif 'kwd,

173

Am;u7m q7mawmf t7SifynmaZmw/ tkwfzdkq7m

awmf t7SiOf UH0o
H rmvmwkdiaf tmif tquftEG,f w
rsdK;jyonf? ? Tum; oDaygrif;vufxufwkdifatmif
'Gg7*d+
k f;omoem0ifwnf;?
rSwfcsuf ? ?omoem0ifukd a7;om;-um7mY wusr;f
ESifhwusrf;/ w*dk+f;ESifhw*dk+f;/ ykCdKvfwOD;ESifh wOD;
tquftEG,rf wlay? rwlaomfvnf; rSeu
f efv~if ,kWd
7Sdv~if tav;tjrwf rSwfom;tyfonf? ta-umif;
um; q7mwOD;Y wynft
h rsm;xGef;um;Edkiaf oma-umifh
vnf;aumif;/ acwfwacwfY omoemawmfapmifyh Ck dKvf
trsm; ay:xGufEdkifaoma-umifhvnf;aumif;/ xdkodk\
xGef;um;ay:xGufcJh7m/ rdrdwdk\ q7mESifh tquftEG,f
teD;pyfqk;H ud,
k I
l a7;om;-uaoma-umifh vnf;aumif;
jzpfonf?
Tomoem0ifudk yg7mZdu+f t}uxm/ Am[d7
ed'gef;/ 0Ho'DyeD/ omoemvum7 pmwrf;/ a7p-udK
q7mawmf ax&k_Wd/ a7Fusifq7mawmf ax&k_Wd/
r[m'Gg7 edum,omoe0Ho 'DyeD paom pmtkyfpm
wrf;wdk\ukrd DI
S a7;om;ygownf;?
OD;-uD;az
Ak<omoetzGJ\ ? ? TtzG\Jukd oU7mZf 1312
(1950) ckEpS w
f Gif pwifI jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkid if H ygvD
refwGif wifoGif; qHk;jzwftyfaom Ak<omoe tzGJ\
tufOya't7 zG\Jpnf;wnfaxmifonf
TtzG\J-uD; zGJ\pnf;7jcif;ta-umif;
TtzGJ\udk zGJ\pnf; wnfaxmif7jcif;. ta-umif;
um; Todk\wnf;? jrefrmjynfwGi;f odwif;oHk; aexdkif
awmfrl-uaom r[max7f-uD;rsm;. pdwfwGif xif
jrifvmonfrmS ,cktcgY
(u) jrwfpGmbk7m; a[mawmfrltyfaom edum,f
ig;7yf yduwfawmfwdk\onf txyfxyf t
qifhqifh a7;ul;yHkESdyf-u7m/ owdc`wf,Gif;
a7;rSm;rdjcif;a-umifh roef\r7Sif; jzpfvsuf
ygdysurf sm; a7maESm yg0ifaeavonf? ,if;
ygdysufrsm;ukd okwo
f if7Si;f vif;I pif-u,f
oef\7iS f;rSeu
f efaom ygdrsm;jzifhom yduwf
awmfrsm;udk pufwifykEH dyS o
f ifhonf?
(c) uBmt7yf7yf7Sd jrwfpGmbk7m;. w7m;awmf
t7omudk rcHpm;7ukefaom vltaygif;wdk\
tm;vnf; w7m;t7omudk cHpm;7pdrfhaom

Ak<omoemtzGJ\
iSm xdpk if-u,f oef\7iS f;rSeu
f efaom yduwf
awmfrsm;udk jzef\a0um t"Gef\7Snf-um wnf
apoifo
h nf?
(*) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if EH Siw
fh uG Ak<0g'D Ekid if H
tm;vHk;wdk\u Ak<omoemawmfudk pkaygif;
tm;ay;7efoifo
h nf?
Ttcsufrsm;udk aqmif7Guf7eftwGuf q}o*g
,emwif7ef vdktyfayonf? q}o*g,em wif7efrmS
vnf; a7S;tcg o*g,em ig;wefwif7mY tZmwowf
rif;paom rif;aumif;rif;jrwfrsm;udk trSDjyK7ouJhodk\
trSDjyK7rnfh omoemh'g,um vdktyf.[k xifjrif
,lqawmfrl-ujyD;v~if 0ef-uD;csKyf OD;Ektm; -o0g'
pum;rdef\-um;ajymqdkawmf rl-uukef.?
r[max7f-uD; t7Sifjrwfrsm;. -o0g'pum;udk
-um;od7aom 0ef-uD;csKyf OD;Ekonf EkdifiHawmf orw
tr;7Sad omtpd;k 7tzG\0J ef-u;D rsm;ESiv
hf nf;aumif;/ Ak<omo
ema7;qkdif7m toif;tzGJ\rsm;/ 7[ef;ynm7Sd vlynm7Sd
ykCKd v-f uD;rsm;ESihv
f nf;aumif; wdkifyifnE|d di= f;I q}o*g
,em'g,umtjzpfcH,l-u7efESihf tjcm;Ak<omoema7;
7mrsm;udk aqmif7u
G -f u7eftwGuf Ak<omoemtzG\J tuf
Oya'udk jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if yH gvDrefwGif wifoiG ;f
qH;k jzwfjyD;v~if xdOk ya't7 Ak<omoemtzG\Jukd zGJ\pnf;
wnfaxmifcahJ yonf?
zGJ\pnf;yHk
Ak<omoetzG\zJ \pJG nf;wnfaxmifyrkH mS
(1) omoema7; 0ef-u;D /
(2) EkdifiHawmf -o0g'gp7d, q7mawmf-uD;rsm;.
-o0g't7 EkdifiHawmforw-uD;u cef\tyf
onfh ud,
k pf m;vS,f awmf-u;D 9 OD; /
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vS,af wmf-u;D 8 OD; /
(4) jynfe,f/ 0daoowdkif;ESifh c&kdiftoD;oD;7Sd
Ak<omoema7;qkdif7m toif;tzGJ\rsm;rS owf
rSwfxm;onfh tcsdK;twdkif;cef\tyfapvFwf
onfh a'oud,
k fpm;vS,fawmf-uD; 33 OD; [lI
udk,fpm;vS,af wmf-uD; 51 OD;yg0ifvsuf Ak<omoe
tzG\Juzkd \pJG nf; 7ayonf?
TtzGJ\onf omreftcgrsdK;Y Ak<omoema7;udP
rsm; aqmif7Guf7eftwGuf vydkif;jzifh owfrSwfI t
pnf;ta0; usif;y7ef rvG,fulacs? ESpfydkif;jzifhom
a7mufqJESpf uqkefvjynfhausmfw7ufrS vmrnfhESpf

uqkefvjynfhae\ wdkifatmifaomumvudk Ak<ESpf[k

owfrw
S fjyD;aomf/ wESpv
f ~if 2 -udrfom tpnf;ta0;
usif;yum Ak<omoema7;udPrsm;udk aqmif7Guf
Ekdifay7m/ tjrJwap vydkif;taejzifh Ak<omoema7;
udPrsm;udk aqmif7u
G fEkdi7f eftwGuf Ak<omoetzGJ\0if
ykCKv
d rf sm;xJrS
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k fpm;vS,fawmf-uD; 18
OD;ESih f
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tcsif;csi;f nDnGwfI wm0efvFJtyfonfh
udk,fpm;vS,fawmf-uD; 9 OD;
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omoetr=aqmiftzG\Jukd wifajr|mufz\GJpnf;7jyefonf?
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tusdK;aqmif pmcsD 2 OD;wdk\ukd a7G;aumuf wifajr|muf
jyD;v~if/ ,if;wd\kyifv~if Ak<omoemtzGJ\. OU}wdk\ESihf
tusdK;aqmifwdk\ jzpf7avonf?
Ak<omoetzGJ\ESifh ,if;.tr=aqmiftzGJ\0ifv-l uD;
rsm; tjzpfudk jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHom; Ak<t,l
0g'D jzpfjyD;v~if t7nftcsif;jynfh0 pm7dWaumif;rGef
vsuf Ak<omoemawmfESifh Ak<omoetzGJ\. *k+fudk
aqmifEdkifonfh ykCdKvfrsm;om cH,lcGifh 7Sdayonf? t
zGJ\0ifvl-uD;rsm; jzpfvmwkdif;vnf; t*wdrvdkufbJ
tpGr;f 7So
d r~ Ak<omoema7; Ak<omoem xGe;f um;
jyef\yGm;a7;udk aqmif7Gufygrnf[k uwdoPm jyK7
ao;onf?
tzGJ\. 7nf7,
G cf sufrsm;
toif;tzGJ\rsm;udk zGJ\pnf;wnfaxmif7mY 7nf7G,f
csuf/ vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk csxm;owfrSwf7ay7m/ Ak<
omoetzGJ\udk zGJ\pnf; wnfaxmif7mYvnf; tzGJ\.
7nf7G,fcsuf vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk
(1) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH twGif;tywdk\Y rdrd
wOD;wnf;jzpfap/ tjcm; toif;tzGJ\rsm;ESifh
yl;aygif;Ijzpfap Ak<omoem xGe;f um; jyef\
yGm;a7;twGuf aqmif7Guf7ef/
(2) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid fiH twGi;f tywdk\Y "R
'lwXmersm;/ oifwef;rsm;/ ausmif;rsm;
zGihv
f pS fwnfaxmif7ef/
(3) y7d,Wd omoemwd;k yGm;a7;twGuf pmar;yGJ
rsm;usif;y7ef/ tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifhv nf;
aqmif7u
G 7f ef/

174

Ak<omoemtzGJ\

Ak<[l;j*dK[f

(4) ydyWdomoem wdk;yGm;a7;twGuf aqmif

7Gu7f ef/
(5) Ak<0g'pmay ,Ofaus;r=ponf wd;k wuf zG\HjzdK;
a7;twGuf aqmif7Guf7ef/
(6) Ak<0g'D tcsi;f csi;f cspcf ifpnf;vH;k nDnGwaf 7;
twGuf aqmif7Guf7ef/
(^) vlcyfodrf;wdk\ w7m;awmfESifhtnD vdkufem
aexdkif jyKusifha7;twGuf tm;ay; aqmif
7Gu7f ef/
(8) txufyg 7nf7G,fcsufrsm; jyD;ajrmufatmif
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rsm; udkaqmif7Gu7f ef/
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omoetzGJ\ESifh ,if;. tr=aqmiftzGJ\udk xdkpOfu
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cJah vonf?
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(1) y7d,Wd tzG\iJ ,f /
(2) ydyWd tzG\iJ ,f /
(3) Ak<omoem jzef\csaD 7; tzG\iJ ,f /
(4) b@ma7; tzGJ\i,f/
[lI tzGJ\i,frsm;zGJ\um toD;toD;wm0efrsm;udk
cGJa0,liif-ujyD;aomf Ak<omoema7; udPrsm;udk pwif
aqmif7GufcaJh vonf?
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jrifcJhjcif;yif jzpfay.? ygdawmfudk o*g,emwifjyD;
aemuf t}uxmDumrsm;udkvnf; o*g,emwifcJh

175

.? xdkjyif y7d,WdomoemxGef;um; jyef\yGm;a7;t

wGuf jrefrmEkdifiH tESH\tjym;Y tbd"Rm pmar;yGJrsm;
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vSpfcJh.? Ak<omoemawmf-uD; xGef;um;jyef\yGm;7ef
twGufvnf; "R'lw XmezGifhvSpfI omoem rxGef;
um;ao;aom jynfwGif;7Sd awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifh
tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;odk\ omoemjyKykCdKvfrsm; ap
vFwfcJhay.? ygdbmom rwwfu`rf;aom ykCdKvf
rsm; avhvmzwf&=Ekdif7ef 7nf7G,fI ygdbmomjzifh
wnf7aSd om bk7m;a[m ygdawmfrsm;/ tzGiht
f }uxm
usrf;rsm;udkvnf; jrefrmbmomodk\ jyefqdkcJh&Hkru od
oifhodxkdufaom w7m;awmfrsm;udkvnf; jrefrmbm
omjzifh omoemha7mifjcnfpmapmif/ t*vdyfbmom
jzifh "Ra7mifjcnfpmapmifrsm;udkxkwfa0vsuf uBm
t7yf7yfodk\ Ak<omoemawmfudk jzef\cJhum tjcm; Ak<
omoema7;udPrsm;udk aqmif7u
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tem*wfumvwGiv
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tpGJjyKI rSnafh c:xm;jcif;jzpfonf? j*dK[f 9 vHk;teuf
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tm;jzifh aeESifhrdkifaygif; 36000000 cef\a0;onf?
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,HYvnf;aumif; ,if;udk wcgw7H awG\7wwfonf?
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uBmhxkxnf. 16 yHk 1 yHck ef\om7So
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. tylcsdefonfzm7if[dkuf 550 rS ^^0 'D*7DtwGif;
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onf? ,if;j*dK[fY av/ odk\r[kwf avxkr7Sdacs?
rmusL7Dj*dK[fESifh uBmj*dK[fonf aeudk vSnhfywf
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rmusL7Dj*dK[fwdk\ 3 ckpvHk;rSmrl 3 ESpfrS 13ESpf-um;
umvtwGif; w-udrfqHkwwf-uonf? 190^/ 1914/
1924/ 192^/ 193^/ 1940/ 1953 ckESpfwdk\u ,if;
j*dK[f 3vHk; qHkcJh-uonf? txl;ojzifh arvESifh Edk0if
bmvrsm;wGif qHkwwfI/ Edk0ifbmvwGif tqHkrsm;
onf? xdo
k \q
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vuJhodk\yif vSnhfywf,if; tjcrf;/ t0dkif;/ tauG;yHk
ponfjzifh toGiftrsdK;rsKd ; ajymif;vsuf7Sdonf?

Aef\abG;yif
jrefrmusrf;*eft7 Ak<[l;j*dK[o
f nf j*dK[f-uD; 9vHk;
teuf 4ckajrmufj*dK[fjzpfonf? avSoif;twGif;0ef
pD7ifaom a0g[m7 vde'DyeDwGif Ak<[l;j*dK[fonf
aepmjrufuo
Jh k\d pdrf;a7mifESihf a7Fa7Ftqif;7Sdojzifh ydw
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-ua-umif;jzifh qdkonf?
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ajrmufae\ukd Ak<[l;ae\[k ac:I/ Ak<[l;ae\onf bk7m;
tavmif; od<rif;om; oPmav;yg; w7m;udk 7um
bk7m;tjzpfo\kd a7mufawmfral omae\jzpfonf?
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qifjzpfonf? Ak<[l;qif/ qJhcGefyif/ aev~ifawmif
ajzmifhajzmifh [laom j*dK[fvumt7 Ak<[l;j*dK[f
oufonf 1^ESpfjzpfI/ wnf7mt7yfonfawmifjzpf
onf? aA'iftvdktm;jzifh ,/ 7/ v/ 0/ [laom
tQ7m 5 vHk;udk Ak<[l;eH tQ7m[k ac:avonf?
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d EkdifiH

Aef\abG;yif. t7Gufrsm;

176

Aef\abG;yif

Aeful;Am;jrdK\

ESihf oD[kd fu`e;f ponfh tylyidk ;f Zkefa'owdk\Yvnf; awG\

7Sd7onf? &kQaA' trnftm;jzifh uJ7D,mtmaAm7D
,[kac:onf? 7moDvdkuf 7Gufa-uGyifrsdK; jzpfonf?
tudkif;tvufwdk\ xlxyf rsm;jym;onf? ,if;wdk\onf
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aeonf?
t7Gufw\dkonf -um,yfuo
Jh \dk t0dkurf sm;7SdI tay:
ydkif;wGif ydkI t0dkufus,fonf? tudkif;tvuf tqHk;
em;xdatmif t7Gufrsm;xGufI/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh
tudkif;tvufwdk\. t7if;em;wGif t7Gufrsm; pkjyHKI
aewwfonf? t7Gufrsm; a-uGcsdefeD;vmv~if teD
a7mifawmufawmuf jzpfvmavonf?
tyGifhrsm;onf tjzLa7mifESifh yef;a7mif jzpfonf?
tyGiho
f nf tcsi;f 2vufr rS 4vufrtxd7I
Sd yGihcf syf
wdk\onf 1 vufr 2vufrcef\ t7Snf7Sdonf? teH\eH
onf? 7Snfvsm;aom c7rf;a7mif 0wfqHzdkrsm; rsm;
pGm7Sdonf? tyGifhwdk\onf tcuftvufrsm;. t7if;
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avonf?
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dS opfa-um nDonf?
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wifIvnf; aumif;onf? a7xJwGif toHk;jyKv~if
ydkI -um-umcHjyD;v~if/ ydk;rpm;vG,facs? aoewf'if
rsm;/ tdrfwkdifrsm;/ -urf;cif;ysOfrsm;/ vSnf;rsm;/ tdrf
axmify7dabm *yPnf;rsm; jyKvkyf7ef Aef\abG;om;udk
toH;k jyK-uonf?
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onf tvGef cdkifrmI qifOD;pD;wdk\onf xdkav~mfr~ifudk
qifuek f; atmufcH tcif;rsm; jyKvkyf7eftwGuf toHk;
jyK-uonf? xdk\jyif 7Guf-udK;uJhodk\ -udK;-urf;-urf;rsm;
ESifh *kHtdwf-urf;rsm;vnf; 7ufvkyf-uonf? Aef\abG;
yifwdk\onf trsm;tjym; tESH\tjym; aygufa7muf
ojzifh Aef\abG;av~mfr~ifrsm;udk rsm;rsm;pm;pm; 7Edkif
avonf?
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77SEd ikd o
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zuf0ifonf? t7Gufudk aq;vdyfvdyfI tcsdK\aomuf
-uavonf?

177

Aeful;Am;jrdK\? ?Aeful;Am;jrdK\onf uae'gEkdiif /H jAdwd

o~ udkvD,m;jynfe,fwiG 7f SdI/ xdkEkdifiH. wwd,t
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ukeo
f G,fpD;yGm;a7;ESifh pufr=vkyfief; tcsut
f csmvnf;
jzpfI/ t-uD;qHk; jrdK\vnf;jzpfonf? ajrmuftar7du
wdkuf ypdzdwf urf;ajcwGif xdyfwef; yifv,fqdyu
f rf;
jrdK\-uD;vnf; jzpfavonf?
a*sm*h sD;,m; a7vuf-um;. vufwufwckjzpfaom
Am;7wf a7ausmEf Sifh za7Zmjrpf0wdk\. t-um; ypdzdwf
ork]7m a7jyifxJodk\ xdk;xGufaeaom u`ef;qG,fay:
wGif jrdK\wnfxm;onf? u`ef;qG,f. wpfzufwcsuf
onf yifv,foabmqdyfrsm; jzpf-uonf? oabm
qdyfrsm;wGif w&kwf/ *syef/ -opa-w;vD;,m;/ tdNd,
paom EkdifiHrsm;ESifh ul;vl;qufqH-uonfh yifv,f
a7a-umif; uk$+Daygif; 50 ausmfwdk\rS oabmrsm;
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OD;a7 365844 a,muf7Sdonf? awmifrsm;/ yifv,f
a7jyifrsm;jzifh 0ef;7Hvsuf7Sdum &=cif; om,mvSy
aom jrdK\jzpfonf? ajrmufzufESifh ta7S\zufwcdkwGif
qD;ESif;rsm;jzifh azG;azG;jzLvsuf7SdjyD;v~if pdrf;vef;
aomopfawmrsm; zHk;tkyfvsuf7Sdonfh awmifukef;
awmifwef;rsm;udk awG\jrifEkdifonf? awmfzufqDodk\
&=ar~mfvdkufv~if za7Zm jrpfxJ7Sd u`ef;rsm;ay:rS
us,f0ef;aom v,fcif; ,mcif;rsm;udk awG\7onf?
taemufzufwiG rf l Aefu;l Am;u`e;f rS awmifwef;rsm;udk
woDwwef; awG\7rnf jzpfavonf?
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rwnfrDu 7SdcJhonfh obm0twkdi;f -uD;rm;aom xif;
7SL;yifrsm;/ qD'gyifrsm;/ {u waxmifausmfcef\ 7Sd
onfh om,mvSyaom jrdK\.&=cif;/ r~waumif;rGef
aom 7moDOwk/ a7csdK;qdyfaumif;rsm;/ awmupm;
xGuf7ef ae7mrsm;ESifh ig;r~m;7ef ae7maumif;rsm;
7Sdjcif;a-umifh c7D;onf trsm;tjym;yif Aeful;Am;jrdK\
odk\ vma7muf vnfywf-uavonf?
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wnf vkyfief;rsm; jzpf-uonf? tjcm; vkyfief;rsm;
rSm oHESifh oHr+dvkyfief;/ o-um;c`wfvkyfief;/ puf
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Aeful;Am;jrdK\

uae'gEdkifiH. ypdzdwfurf;ajc qdyfurf;jrdK\jzpfaom Aefu;l Am;jrdK\.om,mzG,f&=cif;

ig;ESifh opfoD;rsm;udk Oa7mywkduf ajrmuftar7du

wkduf/ tm7Swdkuf/ -opa-w;vD;,m;wkdufrsm;odk\ t
ajrmuftjrm; wifydk\7avonf? 'kwd,uBmppfumv
1939 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpftwGif; ppfrufa7;a-umifh
Aeful;Am;jrdK\. pufr=vkyfief;rsm;/ txl;ojzifh opf
vkyfief;ESifh oabmwnf vkyfief;rsm; tvGefwdk;wuf
cJah vonf?
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uae'g EkdifiHwGif tqifhtwef; tjrifhqHk;aom wU
odv
k w
f ck jzpfvmonf? xdk\jyif xdjk rdK\-uD;Y rlvwef;ESifh
wef;jrifhausmif;aygif; 60 ausmf 7Sdavonf?
,ck Aeful;Am;jrdK\. tajctaeudk awG\jrif-u7ol
taygif;onf vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 80 cef\u ,ck
jrdK\wnfxm;aomae7monf awm-u;D jrufrnf;jzpfa-umif;
udk od7v~if ,HEk kdifzG,f7myif r7Sdacs? 1885 ckESpfwGif
uae'D;,ef;ypdzdwf rD;7xm;vrf;. vrf;qH;k tjzpf
owfrSwfvdkufaomtcg/ Aeful;Am;jrdK\uav;wGif vl
OD;a7 2000 cef\r~om 7Sdao;onf? 1886 ckESpfwGif
rD;t-uD;tus,f avmifu`rf;cJhojzifh jrdK\opfjyefI

wnfcJh7onf? 1891 ckESpfwGif uae'D;,ef;ypdzdwf

uk$+Du ta7S\Edik firH sm;ESiahf 7a-umif;qufo,
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jzpfxif7Sm;vmonf? Aeful;Am;jrdK\onf EkdifiHjzwf rD;
7xm;vrf;-uD; ESpfvrf;. vrf;qHk;jrdK\vnf; jzpfonf?
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,mOfvrf;wdk\onf Aeful;Am;jrdK\rS uGefcsmozG,f ,Suf
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jzpfvmcJah yonf?
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vmrnfh Aefu;l Am;jrKd \ ae7mudk 1^92 ckEpS cf ef\u xdak 'o
w0dkuf7Sd yifv,fvuf-um;rsm;Y vSnfhvnf e,fopf
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wOD;u pwifawG\7cSd Jhonf? 18^4 ckEpS fwGif xdka'oY
vma7muf tajcpdu
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178

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179

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180

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181

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182

Aefnef*`ef

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183

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184

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186

AefwdkAef7Snfupm;jcif;

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bJ/ rdrdwdk\ u`rf;usio

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187

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188

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twGuf [efopf wrsdK;udk xGifay;cJhonf? olonf
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vnf;ac:onf? -uD;rSL;OD;pD;usif;yaom EkdifiH 5EkdifiHwGif jrefrmEkdifiHvnf;ygonf? tif'dkeD;7Sm;EkdifiHAefa'gif;jrdK\Y
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189

cHodk\ uBmhvlOD;a7 xuf0ufausmfudk udk,fpm;jyKaom

tm7SESifh tmz7duEkdifiHaygif; 29 EkdifiHrS xdyfoD;
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wGif pmwifavmufaom tusdK;tjrwfrsm; jzpf
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usif;ycJhonf? nDvmcH-uD;. 7nf7G,fcsufrSm
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udk pl;prf; 7SmazG jr|ifhwif7efESifh cspf-unfr=udk
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tyHhjyKEkdifrnfudk avhvm7ef jzpfonf?
nDvmcH-uD;odk\ yx0D0ifudk tajcjyKI/ tm7S/ tm
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(1^) qtl;'Dtma7As/ (18) ql'ef/ (19) qD;7D;,m;/
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nDvmcHo\dk wufa7muf-uonfh ud,
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vmcH-uD;wGif tdN,
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-ujyD;aemuf/ tm7Stmz7duEkdifiHrsm;. nDvmcH
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7ef qHk;jzwf-uonf? odk\jzpf7m Aefa'gif;nDvmcH usif;
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avonf?
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EdkifiHodk\ tvnftywf vma7mufjyD;aemuf/ 2 EkdifiH
0ef-uD;csKyfwdk\ yl;wGJ xkwfjyefonfh a-unmcsufwGif
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jzpfajrmufa7;twGuf tif'dkeD7Sm;EdkifiH Adk*dk;jrdK\Y 1954
ckESpf 'DZifbmv 28 7ufae\u nDvmcHw7yf usif;y
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190

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191

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198

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205

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206

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10000aoqHk;I vl 20000 '+f7m7um vlaygif;
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208

AsL;yif
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f \kdonf yef;
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-uufwufyifonf toufwkad om tyifrsKd ;jzpfonf?
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209

AsdKif;atmuf
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ay 90 cef\txdyif jrifhEkdio
f nf? vHk;0ef;aom yifpnf
7SI
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v~if ywf-um;tufrsm; xaeonf? qdk;aq;twGuf
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d nf?
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7uf rjrifEkdifacs? &kwfw7uf xysHaomtcgwGifrS jzL
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onf? 7F\HEGHxJwGifif;/ a7wdrfwGifif; AsdKif;atmufonf
rv=yrf 7Sm; 7yfvsujf zpfap/ owd-uD;pGmESihf wpfvrS ;f csi;f
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7yfem;aeonfhtcg ndKI ysHoef;aomtcg jzLonfh AsdKif;atmuf

7Sd acsmif;pyf ajrmif;pyfwdk\Y waumifcsif;jzpfap/ zdkr

wGJvsujf zpfap awG\7onf? yifv,furf;&dk;wef;7Sd 7FH\EHG
aygrsm;7m jrufcif;rsm;wGifrl ttkyftoif;zGJI oGm;
vmaeonfudk awG\Ekdifonf? tcsdK\ AsdKif;atmufrsm;
onf tvGef,Ofae-uojzifh a7pyfwiG f t0wfav~mzf Gyf
ae-uolrsm;tem;wGif aewwf-uonf? AsdKif;atmuf
.tpmrSm zm;/ ig;/ ykpGefvHk;/ tif;qufydk;aumifrsm;
jzpfonf? ysHoef;pwGif zm;atmfoHuJhodk\ atmfwwf
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naeydkif;wGif rdrdwdk\todkuf7Sd7m tyifrsm;odk\ ttkyf
toif;ESihcf sDI jyef-ujyD;v~if tdyw
f ef;wufavh7do
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ayguf-uonf? ukUKd yif/ o7ufyif/ anmifyifESifh 0g;&Hk
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wl.? wjrHKv~if 3 OrS 6Otxd 7S.
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awG\7onf? ,if;onf jrefrmekdifiw
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jzpfonf? Aspf7nfonf rka,mpyg;ponfh aumufEw
SH dk\
udk tyifaygufapjyD;aomf uaZmfazmufxm;aom ao
7nfwrsKd ; jzpfavonf?

210

Aspf7nf
Aspf7nfukd a7S;a7S;ya0+D acwftcguyif aomuf
oH;k cJh-ua-umif; taxmuftxm;rsm; awG\7onf? bDpD
6000 cef\u AufADvHk;eD;,m;EkdifiHwGif ,ZfylaZmf7m
Y Asp7f nf-urf;wrsKd ;vnf; yg0ifa-umif; taxmuft
xm;rsm;7Sdonf? xdkEkdifiYH bDpD 4000 cef\wiG f Aspf7nf
trsdK;aygif; 16 rsdK;cef\udk rka,mpyg;/ *sHKpyg;/ ysm;
7nf ponfwk\djzifh vkyu
f dki-f ua-umif;/ Aspf7nfvyk fief;
onf vkyif ef;-u;D wck jzpfcahJ -umif; od7onf? a7S;acwf
tD*spfEkdifiHYrl bDpD 300 cef\wGif Aspf7nf 4rsdK;udk ae\
pOf tpm;taomufY xnfo
h iG ;f xm;a-umif; awG\7onf?
tD*spfEdkifiHrS Aspf7nf jyKvkyfonfh twwfonf *7d
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rsm;wGif pyspo
f D; aygrsm;I 0dik ft7ufrsm;udo
k m toH;k
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Oa7myajrmufydkif; EkdifiHrsm;wGif Aspf7nfjyKvkyfenf;
rsm; oD;jcm;awG\7onf? w&kw/f *syef ponfh ta7S\Eidk if H
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H iG f aomuf
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ac:onf? tar7duwkdufudk Oa7mywkdufom;rsm; r

awG\7drS Dacwfu awmiftar7duwku
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a-umif; taxmuftxm;rsm; awG\7Sd7avonf?
txufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk axmuf&=jcif;tm;
jzifh a7S;a7S;acwftcguyif Aspf7nfudk a'otvdkuf
aygufa7mufaom aumufESHwdk\jzifh jyKvkyaf omufoHk;cJh
-ua-umif; od7ayonf? Oa7myEkid fiHrsm;wGif a7S;tcg
u tdrfwdkif;tdrfwdkif;Y tdrf7Sifrrsm;onf tdrfoHk;t
wGuf Aspf7nf jyKvkyfcJh-uonf? bkef;-uD;ausmif;rsm;
wGif ydkIrsm;rsm;pm;pm; -uD;-uD;us,fus,f jyKvkyf-u
onf? ,ckacwfwGifrl puf&Hktvkyf&Hk-uD;rsm;jzifh Aspf
7nfvyk fudkifvsuf7Sd7m Aspfvkyfief;onf -uD;us,faom
pD;yGm;a7;vkyif ef;-uD; wck jzpfaeavjyD? Aspfvkyif ef;udk
uBmwGif t-uD;tus,fvkyfudkifI xif7Sm;aom EkdifiH
rsm;rSm t*vef/ *smreD/ tar7duefjynfaxmifpkESifh
csuu
f kpd vdAk m;uD;,m;wd\k jzpf-uavonf?

Aspf7nfcsuf7mwGif t"duyg0ifonfh a[mhyifrsm;

211

Aspf7nf
Asp7f nfukd tpwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkid ;f rka,mpyg;
jzifhomru *sHK/ ajyif;/ pyg; paom aumufESHwdk\jzifh
vnf; jyKvkyfEkdifonf? jyKvkyfenf;rSm rka,m paom
aumufEHw
S k\dudk tyifazmufI a7ESihaf 7mjyD;v~if t7uf
pnfwGif tyl"mwfay;I arFaESmuf acse,f7onf?
,if;odk\jzifh upD7nfwGif tcsdK"mwf aygufvmonf?
tcsdK\u o-um;a7may;onf? xdktajctaewGif Aspf
7nfcsdK[k ac:onf? ,if;aemufwGif t7nfrsm;udk ppf
xkwfI a[mh ac: Aspfcwfaq;a7mjyD; qlap7onf?
xdkaemufwGif tat;cHI te,fxkdifaponf? ,if;
aemufwzef waq;7nf a7mI uaZmfazmuf7onf?
tcsKd \ Asp7f nfwk\dwiG f oHk;aom waq;onf tay:,Ho\dk
wufonf? tcsdK\ Aspf7nfwdk\wGif waq;onf atmuf
odk\ te,fxkdifusum uaZmfaygufaponf? ,if; t
csufukd vdkuI
f Aspf7nftrsKd ;tpm; uGJjym;av7m at;/
pawmufESifh vm*sm[lI cGJjcm;-ujcif; jzpfavonf?
Aspfcwf aq;xnhfjyD;aemufwGif Aspf7nft7monf
wrsKd ;wrnf xl;uJI cg;oufoufvnf; jzpfvmojzifh
xdkAsp7f nfukd Aspcf g;[kvnf; ac:-uonf?
OwkabmZeo*[usrf;wGif a,mjrdK\pm; twGi;f 0ef
OD;bdk;v=difu Aspfcg;vkyfenf;udk atmufygtwkdi;f azmf
jyxm;avonf?
rka,mpyg;udk a7qGwfI awmif;ESifh xnfhjyD;v~if
aumuf&dk;tkyfI xm;/ oHk;7uftwGi;f tyifayguf.?
if;tyifaygufudk ajcmufatmif aeylvrS f;/ ',ftk;d uif;
ESihf ylatmifavSmfjyD;v~if a7aEG;ylylodk\avmif;/ wy[dk7f
cef\xm;/ t7nfukd ppfI,l/ if;t7nfwGif pHy,fyifw\dk
uJhodk\ [uf ac: yef;yifrsdK;. tyGifhudk tawmfcg;
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214

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-uonf? tkdif,mvef awmifydkif;udk 1922 ckESpfwGif
tkdif;7pf z7D;pwdwf[laom trnfjzifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
a7;ay;cJo
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f m. udkvedk D tqifhtwef;od\k
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uBmhtajctaeonf ajymif;vJvmonfESifh jAdwdo~
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um "eo[m,tzG\JxrJ v
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ESpfwGif orwEdkifiHtjzpf a-unmcJhonf? tdNd,ESifh
yguPwefwdk\onf tcsKyftjcm tm+mydkiforwEkdifiH
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224

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225

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226

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235

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239

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