Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1) Commercial banks
2) Savings and loan associations
3) Savings banks and credit unions
4) Money market mutual funds
Financial Intermediaries
Commercial Banks
– Financial institutions that offer deposits on which
checks can be written. The make loans to households
and businesses. They are corporations.
– Originally only commercial banks could offer (non-
interest-bearing) checking accounts.
Thrifts (Saving) Institutions
– Savings and Loan Associations, Credit Unions, Mutual
Savings Banks.
– Created to encourage saving, hence “thrift”.
– Until 1980, these institutions could offer higher interest
rates on savings accounts than banks.
– Now “thrifts” can offer many of the same services as
commercial banks.
International Banking (1)
Eurocurrency market or “offshore
banking”: the market for deposits and
loans generally denominated in a currency
other than the currency in which the
transaction occurs.
– For example, a U.S. firm may borrow U.S.
dollars from a bank in London.
– Because foreign banks do not operate under
U.S. legal restrictions, they may offer better
interest rates on deposits and loans.
– On the other hand, foreign banking laws do
apply and may cause other problems.
International Banking (2)
International Banking Facilities (IBFs)
were legalized in December 1981.
An IBF is a division that is allowed to
receive deposits from and make loans to
nonresidents without the restrictions that
apply to domestic banks.
This allows domestic banks to compete
more fairly with offshore banks.
Informal Markets
in Developing Countries
ROSCA—Rotating of Savings and
Credit Associations
– Operate like savings clubs
– Example: 12 members contribute every
month, and then every 12th month each
member receives the full amount
contributed by everyone.
Fractional Reserve Banking
A system in which banks keep less
than 100 percent of the deposits
available for withdrawal.
An outgrowth of goldsmith practices.
How Banks Create Money
Reserves: Actual and Required
– The reserve ratio is the portion of a bank’s
total deposits that are held in reserves.
– The required reserves ratio is the ratio of
reserves to deposits that banks are required,
by regulation, to hold. Required reserves are
those reserves which must be kept on hand or
on deposit with the Central Bank in order to
comply with the reserve requirements.
– Excess reserves are the cash reserves beyond
those required, which can be loaned.