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CIarnbon

^ss S'ttm

ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE

FRENCH LANGUAGE

EoiiDon

MACMILLAN AND

CO.

PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF

AN

ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE

FRENCH LANGUAGE
''

Jbv'

A^BRACHET
AUTHOR OF *A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH TONGUE'

TRANSLATED BY
G.

W.

KITCHIN,

M.A.

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

M DCCC LXXIII

[All rights reserved}

AUTHOR'S PREFACE
This Etymological Dictionary is the natural sequel to the HisGrammar. In that work I had traced out the history of French grammatical forms with a view to the completion of my task, and the full cycle of the history of the language, I was bound
torical
:

to write also a history of

its vocabulary. This is attempted in this volume, which seeks to register for general use the results of philological enquiry, hitherto too much confined to a narrow circle of

literary
It
is

men.

not that philological enquiry has been lacking in France during the last three centuries. In the anarchical period of philology the period between the sixteenth century and our day, during which philology was little but a confused mass of erudite errors two etymological Dictionaries were written, that of Manage in 1650, and that of Roquefort in 1829. Seven years later the illustrious Frederick Diez pubHshed at Bonn the first volume of his Grammar of the Rornance Languages (1836), a comparative history of the six languages which have sprung from the Latin, in which he showed by what invariable laws Latin passed into French, Italian, Spanish, Portugese, Wallachian; at the same moment he created a scientific history of the French tongue. Thenceforth French philology was revolutionised and, just as in the eighteenth century chemistry shook itself free from alchemy, so then the study of the French language became a science based on observation^ the progress of which was destined to be very rapid, under the influence of a spirit of exact investigation the latest born of experimental sciences, it seemed likely to outstrip them all, except chemistry, in the rapidity and unbroken succession of its discoveries. Every new result is enrolled in its order in the three etymological Dictionaries which followed one another at intervals: in 18^'^ Diez ipuhlished his I^/ymologi'sc/ier Worterbuch; in 1862 appeared M. Scheler's Dictionary of French Etymology; in 1863 the first parts of M. Littre's admirable Dictionary of the French

Tongue came

out.

^ It is but fair to say that a Frenchman, M. Raynouard, had already prepared the way by a comparative study of the six Neo-Latin tongues still to M. Diez belongs the honour of having created the science by introducing into French philology an exactitude quite unknown before his time.
;

iVVt90209

author's preface.
all the philological discoveries made years in the French language ; and the chasm which separates them from the dreams of Manage and Roquefort can only be compared to that which lies between the chemistry of Lavoisier

These three works give us

last thirty

during the

and the reveries of Raymond LuUi, or Van Helmont. It may therefore seem needless to wish to swell the catalogue with a new philological Dictionary but still I have decided on writing this book for there is a blank to be filled up. In scientific subjects there is always room for two kinds of books those which teach established scientific knowledge and transmit our learned acquisitions in a collective form, and those which leave former discoveries alone, in order to attempt new research, to work out the solution or the discussion of problems hitherto untouched. Thus, in zoology, a treatise intended for the general public would be silent as to all doubtful or unsettled questions (such as the origin of species, or the like), and would occupy itself solely with the minute proof of established truths but if on the other hand the treatise were addressed to the narrower class of professed naturalists, it would be satisfied with simply stating known facts (assuming their proof to be known by the reader) and would set itself specially to elucidate by new observations or hypotheses those problems which were yet uncertain. This distinction applies with equal force to etymological Dictionaries,
;

according as they address themselves to students of philology only or to the general literary public in the former case the main task of the author will be to attempt unsolved etymological problems, simply stating established etymologies without stopping to give the proofs. This has been done by Diez, Scheler, and Littr^, who have been more anxious to discover or explore unknown regions than to descril2_the^^nown. But by the side of these works, which assume in the reader a previous acquaintance with philological principles and a knowledge of the position of each question that comes up, there is room for another Dictionary which shall take the science in its present condition, shall provisionally regard the etymology of all words
:

is still under discussion as unknown, shall limit itself statement of etymologies already settled, and shall then lay before the eyes of the reader all the philological principles on which these interesting results depend. Of such a kind is this manual of the science of etymology which I have endeavoured to make, in the full persuasion that, imperfect as it is, it may yet render some service to the cause of higher education^.

whose
to

origin

the

/j

/
^^
/':

Breal, Professor in the College of France, has admirably pointed out the ' a method which professes to explain everything, and does not know how to resign itself to be ignorant of many things.' For education nothing is so mischievous to the authority of a science as an inconclusive discussion.
^

M.

dangers of

'

AUTHORS PREFACE,
As an example of the difference between the two methods, let The etymology of us take the two words marcassin and pourrir. marcassin is unknown and while Diez and Littrd discuss the hypotheses already started as to the origin of the word, and throw out new suggestions, I content myself with the simple statement that here is a blank in our knowledge, and so I leave it. For in education uncerin dubiis abstine tainty is worse than ignorance, and the maxim But under the word pourrir, whose etymology finds its application. [l(from Lat. putrere) is well known, Littrd and Scheler merely but in my [Imention the Latin word, and do not stop to explain [JDictionary I set myself to prove it, and to show how putrere becomes \pourrir, in answer to the questions, Why such and such a change? or Is there any ;Have the Latin letters been altered by chance Has putrere become pourrir all at once, invariable law of change or have there been successive changes, letter by letter? and can one fix questions the steps of the process in their chronological order ^? which a Dictionary professing to teach laymen (as the Germans would say) the science of etymology cannot possibly neglect. Scientific etymology,' says M. Brdal, does not consist in a vague statement of the affinity which may exist between two words ; it must track out, letter by letter, the history of the formation of a word, and show all the intermediate stages through which it has passed.' Thus, in the example taken above, one must show that the u of putrere has passed into on {pourrir), like ursus, ours\ surdus, sourd; turris, tour; that the Latin tr becomes rr, like latronem, hirron; nutrire, nqurrir lastly, that the long e of putrere is represented by the French i, like tenere, ienir ; abolere, abolir, &c. The philologer, when he has reached this point, has done but half his work ; he has shown that pourrir answers, letter for letter, to putrere ; he must now show how this change has come about we have as yet only the end-links of the chain, we must find the intermediate and connecting ones. Between the grub and the butterfly the naturahst studies all the different conditions of the chrysalis ; between the Latin and the French we find, on the one side the Low Latin, on the other the Early French. Thus pourrir has not leapt at one bound from putrere Latin MSS. of the Merovingian period show us that the word became first putrire, then pudrire ; whence the earliest French form podrir, whence follows porrir, and lastly pourrir. By what slow and almost insensible changes has the Latin word slipped into
;
' ;
.?

.?

'

'

'

'

'

^ Our remarks on the three Dictionaries of Diez, Littre, and Scheler, must not be taken to indicate any want of esteem for such admirable works. Far from challenging their method I seek only to support it by supplementing it methods must vary according to the end proposed, the audience addressed. Let me seize this opportunity of expressing my hearty gratitude for the advantages I owe to these masters in the science of etymology, and to their labours.
;

author's preface,

tr has been successively softened into dr, thence into rr passes through o into ou ; and, as one can prove by the steps taken, the Latin word has never accomplished more than one of these changes at a time. Thus penetrating by means of a strict analysis into the innermost organisation of language, one sees that living words change and grow, and that Latin and French, for example, are in reality only two successive conditions of one language. By patient study, by careful comparison of thousands of little facts, insignificant by themselves, etymological science has been able to prove that languages, like plants or animals, are born, grow, and die, according to definite determinable laws. This fact saves us from the reproach of lingering over petty details. Every building raised on abstract ideas,' says Buflfon, in his noble language, is a temple dedicated to a lie.' It is high time that men should abandon metaphysical speculations as to the origin of human speech, and betake themselves to the humbler observation of facts for they alone can lead us on to a just conception of the laws of language and one may apply to them the saying of Quinctilian, Parva quidem, sed sine quibus magna non possent consistere,' these are but details indeed, yet without them general principles could not stand.

French

'

'

A. B.

VOUVRAY,
September
3,

1868.

CONTENTS,
INTRODUCTION.
BOOK
I.

Of the Rules to
Chap.
i.

be followed in Etymological investigations

Phonetics

m
iv vi

ii.

History

iii.

Comparison
Variations of meaning

iv.

ix

V.

Conclusion

xiv xvi
xvii
xvii

BOOK

II,
I,

Etymological Elements of the pRENcri Tongue

Elements of Popular Origin

Part

Chap.

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

The Latin element The Celtic element The Germanic element The Greek element

xix
.

xxii

xxiv

Part
Part

ii.

Elements of Learned Origin

Elements of Foreign Origin

XXV
xxvii

hi.

Chap.

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.
vii.
viii.

Words of Provengal origin Words of Italian origin Words of Spanish origin Words of German origin Words of English origin Words of Slavonic origin Words of Semitic origin Words of Oriental origin
W^ords of American origin

xxix

XXX
xxxiii

xxxiv

XXXV
XXXV

XXXV
xxxvii

ix.

XXX vii
xxxvii
xxxvii
xxxviii

Part

rv.

Elements of Various Origin

Chap.

i.

ii.

iii.

Words Words Words

of Historical origin

of Onomatopoetic origin

of

Unknown

origin

xxxix

iv.

Etymological

statistics of the

French Tongue

xli

CONTENTS,

BOOK

III.
i.

Phonetics, or the Study of Sounds.

Description of Sounds

....
.... .... ....
.

PAGE
xlii
xliii

"Part

Chap.

i.

The vowels
History of the Latin vowels
. .

xlv
liii

ii.

iii.

iv.

The Latin diphthongs The Latin consonants

Ixxvii

Ixxix

Part

n.

The Principles which

Exceptions
to

rule the Permutations of

Language
on

xcv

Part m. Part

Phonetics.

Effect

of

Corruption

the

Formation of the French Language

iv.

xcvii

Derivation
i.

c
ci

Section

Derivation of substantives
i.

Chap.

French substantives derived from Latin substantives

.

ci

ii.

French substantives derived from Latin adjectives

cii

iii.

French substantives derived from Latin prepositions

cii

iv.

French substantives derived from Latin verbs

cii

Section

ii.

Derivation of adjectives
List of nominal suffixes
i.

cvi
cvii
cvii

Section

iii.

Chap.
Section iv.

Accented
Atonic
suffixes

ii.

cxxii

Verbal
i.

cxxv
cxxv

Chap.
Section v.

Accented
Atonic
suffixes

ii.

cxxv
cxxvi
ex. viii

Diminutive

List of Abbreviations

ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

1-376

INTRODUCTION.
BOOK
I.

OF THE RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN ETYMOLOGICAL

INVESTIGATIONS.
Axiomata a particularibus
indicant
et

rite

et

ordine ahstracta nova particularia rursus facile

designant, itaque scientias reddunt activas.

Bacon, Novum Organon,

i.

24.

1. Etymology, which investigates the origin of words and the laws of the transformation of languages, is a new science. It is scarcely thirty years since it became one of the sciences of observation and the good work it has since done has speedily won for it among the historical sciences a place which it can never lose. Before attaining its present precision, etymology like every other science, and perhaps more than any other passed through a long period of infancy, of uncertain groping and effort, during which it
;

subsisted

chiefly

on

arbitrary

relations,

superficial

analogies,

and

fanciful combinations.

'One can scarcely imagine how arbitrary was the search for etymologies while it was solely an attempt to connect words at haphazard by their apparent resemblance, without any farther proof. The dreams of Plato's Cratylus, the absurd etymologies of Varro and Quinctilian, the philological fancies of Menage in the seventeenth century, are known to every one. There was no difficulty in connecting jeiine with Jeune, for youth is the morning of life, and one rises fasting. Most frequently one word was derived from another of an entirely different form, and to fill up the gap between them, fictitious intermediates were invented. Thus Menage derived rat from the Latin mus " They must have said, first mus, then muratus, then ratus, then rat!' Nay, farther, they went so far as to suppose that an object could derive its name from a quality the opposite of that which that name denoted, because affirmation provokes negation, and so,
! .

'f

i.

INTRODUCTION.
lucus came from luoere, " quia non

for instance, they affirmed that

lucet."'^

At last, the dreams of etymologists became proverbial, and this branch of human knowledge fell into utterrtiost discredit. How then has this confused heap of erudite error given place to an established science of etymology? Simply by the discovery and application of Comthe comparative method, the method of the natural sciences.
*

Science is made up of parison is the chief instrument of science. general facts scientific knowledge is the formation of groups, the establishment of laws, consequently the separation of the general out Now, if we would compel facts to surrender to us of the particular. their inner meaning, we must draw them together, explain them by one another, in other words compare them. 'Every one knows something of the discoveries of comparative know how the study of the structure of animals, and anatomy. the comparison of organs, whose infinite modifications form the diiferentiae of class, order, genus, have revealed to us, so to speak, the plan of nature; have provided us with a solid foundation for our
;

We

classifications.'

Just so with languages also here also comparison is doubtless as ancient as observation; but there are two kinds of comparison,
:

or rather, two degrees of comparison through which the pass in succession.

2.

mind must

potent in century;

hasty and superficial comparison, which was omnidown to the end of the seventeenth it was satisfied with connecting beings or words by their superficial resemblances. Thus, naturalists called the dolphin and the
first is
all

The

physical sciences

by reason of their outer shape, their habits, their conand etymologists derived the word paresse from the Greek irapfais ^, because of all words they knew this was the one most like the French word, and they concluded, without any further proof, that this was the origin of paresse : an easy proof indeed These arbitrary comparisons have been succeeded in our own days by thoughtful and methodical comparison, an exact and scientific method one not satisfied with outer resemblances or differences, but seeking by careful dissection to penetrate to the essence and innermost analogies of things. The anatomist now studies the internal structure of the whale, and discerns that the conformation of its organs excludes it from the class of fishes, and places it among the mammals. And the philologist, instead of studying the mere outside of words, dissects them into their elements, their letters observes their origin, and the way in which
whale
fishes,

stant living in the sea;

they are transformed.

^

M.

Reville, Les ancetres des europeens.

et de critique,
^

E. Soberer, Etudes d'histoire

See below, 21.

H
"

PHONETICS.
It is

iii

by a

strict

application of this

instead of trying to lead them, that

new method, by following facts modern philology has proved that

is developed according to invariable laws, and follows in its transformations certain necessary rules. This book will lay out the principal characteristics of this natural history of language: it will be found that they furnish the etymologist with unexpected help, and are a valuable instrument, a powerful microscope for the observation of the most delicate

language

phenomena.
3.

The instruments of
Comparis.on.

observation are three in

number

Pho-

netics, History,

CHAPTER
Phonetics.
4.

I.

Latin letter, and ask what it has become in French soon see that the transition has followed a regular course, or, in other words, that each Latin letter passes into French in an invariable way thus e long usually becomes oi : as me, moi ; regem, roi; legem, loi; te, toi ; se, sot; tela, toile ; velum, voile: ea becomes che ; caballus, cheval ; ea^inus, chemin ; canile, chenil o becomes ou ; tormentum, tourment ; vos, vous ; nos, nous ; soricem, souris ; &c. We give the name of Phonetics ^ to the collection

Take any

you

will

of these laws of transformation. The bearings of this discovery are plain enough these laws of transformation once observed for each letter are a guiding line in investigation, and stop us if we are on a wrong track if the derivation does not satisfy the conditions of phonetic change, it is null and void. Thus then the knowledge of the sum total of these transformations from Latin to French letters^ is the first condition which must be fulfilled if we would busy ourselves with etymology. If any one thinks this preparatory study too minute or needless, we would remind him that anatomy observes and describes muscles, nerves, vessels, with most minute detail this vast collection of facts may seem dry and tiresome but yet, even as comparative anatomy is the basis of all physiology, so is the exact knowledge of phonetics the starting-point for all etymology from it alone the science gets its character of solidity and exactitude.
;
;
:

5.

We may

then state this

new

principle as follows

every

ety-

mology which does not, according to the rules of permutation laid down by phonetics, account for every letter kept, changed, or dropped, must be set aside as worthless.
See below,
37.
'

Ibid.

46, sqq.

b2

Iv

INTRODUCTION.

Taking this principle as our guide, let us look, for example, for the One sees at once that the letters if derivation of the word iai'/ue. represent the Latin ct, as is found \Xi fait from factus; lait from
lactem fruit from fructus, &c.
;

first part of the word will answer to a Latin form the origin of the suffix -ue ? Now we can prove that this suffix comes from the Latin suffix -uca \ as in verr-ue, verr-uca Hence we arrive at the form lactuca, the charr-ue^ carr-uca, &c.

Thus then
;

the

lact

what

is

actual Latin

name

for a lettuce.

seen that the search for etymologies corresponds to When a substance is put into the researches in chemical analysis. crucible and reduced into its elements, the chemist ought to find those elements equivalent in weight to the original substance in this case the elements are the letters, and the analysis, that is, the etymology, is uncertain until all the elements are accounted for
it

Thus

is

j^

etymological research is subjected to two laws admissible unless it accounts for every one of the letters of the word which it professes to explain; (2) In every etymology which involves a change of letters we must be able to produce at least one example of a change thoroughly like the one suggested
6. (i)
;

To sum up
etymology

No

is

otherwise, so long as

no such example can be adduced, the attempted

etymology

is

valueless.

CHAPTER
History.

n.

7. Every Latin word has undergone two successive changes in its descent to modern times it has passed out of Latin into Old French, out of Old French into Modern French festa became first feste, then fite. In searching for the origin of a French word it would be a great mistake to speculate on it in its present condition, and to leap at one bound back to the Latin we ought first to enquire whether any intgrni^ediateiprms exist in Old French which illustrate the transition and mark the patH thirougli which the Latin word has passed down to the present time. These intermediate steps lead us up to the point of departure, and enable us to see with greater distinctness, and even sometimes to discover without any further investigation, the original word from which our French word is derived. One example will explain clearly enough the difference which separates the old from the new etymological method: formerly etymologists were much divided in opinion as to the origin of the word dme : some, thinking only of the sense, derived the word from the
: :
:

See below, 237.

HISTORY.

Latin anima, without being able to explain how the transformation was accomplished others, thinking this transformation from anima to The dme too harsh, derived it from the Gothic ahnia (breath). dispute would have still been unsettled had not modern philoSubstilogy intervened with the solution of the problem in its hand.
;

tuting for imagination the observation of facts,

laid
it

modern

philologers

absurd to debate for ever over a word in its present form, without troubling oneself with the changes it has undergone since the first beginning of the language and so, reconstructing the history of this word by means of the study of early texts, they have shewn that in the thirteenth c^ntury,it was written ^^a^^ in the de^yenth aneme, in'lhe~tenth anime, a form which leads directly back to
that
it

down

is

anima.

"

'

can avoid mistakes only by observing step by step all the intermediate forms, so as to study the gradual transformation of the Latin word but even so, we ought to distinguish between two kinds of intermediates, those of the old and those of the new philological school. The first assumed at a venture a very dissimilar word as the origin of the word under enquiry, and then, in order to connect the two extremes, invented fictitious intermediates, which thus led them on to the point they wished to reach. Manage, for example, thought he found the origin of the word haricot in the Latin faba and, to fill up the blank between, he added, 'People must have said faba, then fabaricus, then fabaricotus, arieotus, haricot.' It is like a dream, to listen to such lucubrations they more than justified the laughter of
;

We

the wits,
*

Alfana ^ vient ^equus sans doute, Mais il faut convenir aussi Qu'a venir de la jusqu'ici, II a bien change sur la route.'

8. But the intermediates which modern etymology demands are of a different kind the science now no longer asks what people ought to have said, but what they did say. No more fanciful intermediates, invented as they were wanted It is enough to trace the word through French texts from the nineteenth to the tenth century. Modern etymology notes the first appearance of words, and observes their
:

changes age by age ; nothing

this

And is left to conjecture or invention. exact observation is a preliminary but indispensable portion of every etymological investigation: before passing on to the analysis of a French word in its present state, one must try to find as many examples as possible of the word in Old French.
Alfana
it

derives
^

is the name given by Ariosto to the steed of Gradasso. from equus. The epigram is by the Chevalier d'Aceilly.

Menage

vi

INTRODUCTION.

Thus, instead of inventing an arbitrary series of intermediates, we must collect under each word a series of examples taken from actual documents, running back to the very origin of the French language. These landmarks once established, we must go on to discover the etymology, starting from the word as it stood at the very birthplace
of the language. Thus then the comparison of Old French with Modern French two successive states, in fact, of one language is absolutely indispensable. How much better do we understand that modulare is the parent of motiler, when we see the intermediate steps the Merovingian Latin modlare, the old French modler of the eleventh century, molle of the twelfth. This word becomes mouler by the same change of ol into need not ou, which we find in fou from fol, cou from col, &c.^

We

have any doubts as

to the

meaning of the word ddur/^oriQ who

when we have before us himself be deceived {leurre), the old form deleurre. In many cases we have lost the primitive form in use in Old French, and have retained the diminutive, as alouelte, moiiette, belette, whose primitives aloue, moue, bele, are gone.
no longer
let

will

have no longer the old verbs lentir, freindre, penttr, oeuvrer, vergonder, bouter ; but we have their compounds, retentir, enfreindre, repentir, de'soeuvrer, devergonde\ de'bouti : and it is important that the etymologist should know all these forms, as, before we find the origin of a word, we are bound to reduce it to its simplest form.^

We

CHAPTER m.
Comparison.
9. When popular Latin gave birth to the French, it created four other sister languages, formed, like the French, with amazing regu-

^ The chief reason why the French language is so perfect a model for etymological study lies in the fact that these intermediary forms have an ascertained existence. learn from this birth and this development of the French language, in a historical age, well-known to us, how such languages as Latin and Greek (which are known only in their full age) came first into being. This enquiry into the development of languages, through the study of the French tongue, in which all the conditions required by the philologer are to be found, answers to the process in chemistry which is styled ' une experience en 'vase close.'' ^ Other examples of primitives lost in Modern French, but retained solely in their derivatives, are to be seen under the words accabler, beani, compagnon, corset, criance, dernier, doleance, effroi, emoi, engeance, finance, galant, herboriste, issue, laitance, mechant, mecreant, nuance, outrecuidance,

We

surean, &c.

COMPARISON.
larity

vii

Italian, Spanish, Portuguese ;Mj Romance languages. Consequently, uf we must use comparison between the Romance forms and the French, as a touchstone by which to verify and confirm our hypoWe have, for instance, just shewn that laitue answers letter theses.

and
the

similarity

the Proven9al,
say, the

or, as

Germans would

for letter to lactuca.

If this

the Spanish lechuga, must also Hence being also the same.

etymology is correct, the Italian lattuga, come from the same word, their sense

we may
ci,

the Spanish ch,

:

came from

the Latin

gather that the ItaUan thus

:

//

and

noile from noctem ; otto, octo Italian whence lattuga = lactuca. tractus ; &c. ;

biscotto,

biscoctus

tratto,

Spanish: noche from nocteia ; oc/io, octo; discocho, hiacoctus; irecho, whence lechuga = lactuca. tractus ; &c. ;

Thus one

sees

how

a comparison of the

Romance languages
and
:

the French confirms our'"pm[immary observations hypotheses. These comparisons have a farther use

verifies

with our

us the route

they often shew Between the Latin and the French the Romance tongues stand in the same relation of space as Old French does in relation of time router seems less distant from rotulare when the gap is filled up by the Proven9al rolar (early Prov. rotlar) and Chou is directly related to caulis, through old Italian rotolare. French chol, Spanish col, Proven9al caul between coude and cubitus,

we may

follow.

we find the Proven9al code, the old Spanish The stages between nourrir and nutrire are

cohdo, the Italian cubito.

filled up when one has passed through the three steps of Proven9al norrir, Catalan nudrir, If, on the other hand, we study the chronological Italian nutrire. sequence of the transformations of nutrire into the French language, we shall see that the word was nudrire in Merovingian Latin, nodrir in the eleventh century, norrir in the twelfth, nourrir in the thirteenth and thence we may conclude that it is a natural law of such developments, that the Romance languages off"er simultaneously to our sight, and, as it were, in living examples, the same series of linguistic degradations and dead forms that the French language sets before us at different periods in its history just as the globe shews us in different parts the successive formations on its surface, while at the same time we have those same beds ranged one under another in a vertical
:

series.-^

10.

By

the side of thesejour

sions of the Latin tongue,

Romance languages, the great we have '"patois,'^vhich"are secondary

dividivi-

^ Other examples of the value of the comparison of Romance forms for French etymology may be found under the words courroucer, guere, pouj

tuer^ tuyaUj

&c.

viii

INTRODUCTION.

/ sions

under each language. We have shewn elsewhere ^ that at first was no one literary language in France that, in the different districts, the Latin was broken up into a like number of dialects Norman, Burgundian, Picard, French (i.e. the dialect of the inhabitants of the He de France). We know by what succession of political events, by the conquests of the Dukes of France, and the successive augmentation of the royal domain, three of these dialects were abthere
;

sorbed at last in the fourth, the French, which, as it rose to the rank of the one literary language, depressed the others into patois, at this day slowly dying out in the country districts. These patois are not, as is commonly thought, literary French corrupted in the mouth of peasants, but they are the remains of ancient provincial dialects, which, thanks to political events, have fallen from the position of official and literary languages to that of simple patois.^ The history of patois shews us their importance in the study of French etymology. Side by side with the fo ur Romance languag es, which form as it were four distinct colours, lie patois, filling up the intermediate spaces, and providing us with all the secondary and intermediate stages thus regarded they throw a very strong light on many words. The bivalve shell, called in Latin musculus, is moule in French. How can we connect these words together, without passing through the Norman patois moucle, then the Languedoc mouscle, which form the intermediate links ? One can understand th^l/resaie and praesaga are the same word by seeing the forms presaie in Poitou, and bresague in Gascony.^ Even exceptions or corruptions of language often find their explanation in patois. At the outset it would seem very strange that the Old French ombril (the navel),* from umbilicus, should have become novibril in or about the fifteenth century. But if we consider that the Old' French aim (a hook), from hamus, has become naim in the modern patois of Touraine, by an euphonic corruption of un-aim, into un naim, whence h naim, we shall find that we have a clear instance of the process which has converted un-ombril into un
:

nombril,

le

nombril.

111

the Historical

Grammar

of the French 7ongue,-p. i8, sqq.

English

translation.
^ In the same way the Tuscan obtained the supremacy over all the other Italian dialects (the Milanese, Venetian, Neapolitan, Sicilian), which dropped into the position of patois; and in Spain also, the Navarrois, Andalusian, &c., gave place to the Castilian dialect, which became the literary language of the whole country. ^ For other examples of the value of patois in etymological research, see under the words coulis, godet, levis, nombril, &c. * Ombril is the form used in Froissart (?)

VARIATIONS OF MEANING.

ix

Thus one sees what manner of help etymology may expect to get from the comparative study of patois. The li nguist can. .also, verify in them, as also this fact, which appears in all the Romance languages in the patois, the Latin tongue becomes more dull and contracted the And thus the progress farther itjs removed in space from Latimn. of the Latin word is a kind of sensitive thermometer, which falls lower and lower as we^g^o^ northwards, by a series of slow and insensible degrees, not by a sudden leap or instantaneous change.
:

CHAPTER

IV.

Variations of Meaning.
11. Of the two elements which compose a word, its form and meaning, we have now considered the first, its form, in space and time,' as philosophers say in space by means of Phonetics and Comparison, in time by me ans of ..Hkt_Qry_._ But the knowledge of the history and changes of meaning in words is an indispensable instrumerifnT'the study of forms. In this branch of the subject we may study the history of the meaning either by following the changes in its own language, or by instituting a comparison, setting the word side by side with words of the same signification in other languages.
'

It

If we compare a number of French 12. History of Meaning. words with the Latin words whence they have sprung, we soon see that most of them have changed in meaning as they have passed from Latin to French, and have not retained their original intensity aiiH power. Sometimes the meaning is wider carpentarius (a wheelWright) becomes charpentier (a carpenter); caballus (a nag) has risen
:

to nobility in cheval ;

or a flock) is menerl^ (to lead generally) ; villa ( = a farmstead, and then = a hamlet) be-j comes ville, a town.^ In other cases the sense is narrowed passing from general to particular ^jumentum (every kind of beast of burden)
(to
cart,
:

minare

guide a

becomes jument
travels) is

(a

mare)

peregrinus (properly a stranger, one who

restricted in pelerin to travellers to the

Holy Land^ or

For other examples of expansion of sense see the words

agneau, alarme, alerte^

ner, acerer, accorder, accoster,

alter, arri-ver,

abonder, abonbdtard,

beugler, boucher, bourg, corbeille, corneille,

&c.

^ The Latin peregrinus (found in the form pelegrinus as e&rly as in the Inscriptions) had already taken the sense of 'pilgrim' in Low Latin. Thus Mapes, De Nugis Curialium, i. i8, has 'Miles quidam, a pago Burgundiae .... venit Jerusalem peregrinus.'

INTRODUCTION.
other holy place;
arista (fish-bone or ear of corn) has lost

some
its

second meaning in ar^fe (a fish-bone); carruca (a chariot) becomes an agricultural cart in charrue} Sometimes the abstract Latin word becomes concrete in French
as punctionem (the act of pricking), tonsionem (the act of clipping), morsus (the act of biting), become poin^otiy lotson, mors (used of
horses' bites)

becomes

nutritionem is the act of nourishing, and one who nourishes.^ Sometimes, on the other hand, a Latin concrete word becomes abstract or metaphorical in French thus ovicula (a sheep) has produced the word ouailles, which in French ecclesiastical speech is used of the flock of a spiritual pastor.^ It is clear that the French language, having before it the many rich and slightly different senses of the Latin word, takes one of its facets, regards it as if it were the only one, and thus givesTTrth to the modern signification.
:

similarly

nourrisson,

13. But these changes of meaning do not merely take place in the passage from Latin to French Consuetudo loquendi est in motu,' says Varro (De Ling. Lat. ix. 17); and if we were to confine ourselves to observing the history of the French tongue from the eleventh century to the present time, we should find, even in the heart of the language, many words whose sense has grown or shrunk as they have passed from Old to Modern French. Words formerly used in a noble or refined sense have fallen into the humblest and meanest condition thus pectus (the breast) kept its original sense when it passed into Old French ; and pis (from pectus, like lit from lectum, co7tfit from confectum) meant at first the breast or chest in feudal speech a man was said, in taking an oath, mettre la main au pis,' to lay his hand on his breast. The word has gradually been restricted and lowered to its present meaning. Mutare has become muer (so remutare, commutare are remuer, commuer). Muer, which had at first retained the whole energy of the Latin word (so Froissart says les dieux et les deesses muoient * les hommes en bestes '), presently was restricted to the moulting of
:

'

'

For other examples of restriction of sense see the words ame, ampoule,
andouitle,

ancetre,

apothicaire, appeau, arche,

billon,

bdilan, botteux, brosse,

brouette, couper,
^

&C.
ablette, accessit, accoucher, aleruin,

For other examples see

ambe, amble,

angelique, armee,

artillerie, braire,

cannelle,

corset,

defense, dejeuner, diner,

ecluse, engin, fort, habit, hiver, jour, maison, meute, mallet, poison, printemps, quaterne, rouget, serre, su(;on, temoin, tenue, terne.
'

For pther examples see barreau, cbambre,

Voltaire has
still
'

chancellerie,

&c.

preserved this etymological signification in the lines

Etait en roc

Qui de Meduse eut vu jadis la tete mue soudainement.'

HISTORY OF MEANING.

xi

labourer (laborare, to birds, the skin-shedding of certain beasts; work) was restricted quite late to the sense of turning the soil. Oresme, in the fourteenth century, in translating the Ethics of Aristotle, says Les excellens medecins laboiirent moult a avoir Mardtre (from matraster) cognoissance des choses du corps.' meant only 'mother-in-law', or 'step-mother'; it later took the sense of a harsh and cruel step-mother.' Pre'au (from pratellum, Yikefleau from'\ flagellum) is literally a little meadow,' and kept this sense in old French; later it was restricted to the meaning, a little meadow behind
:

'

'

'

court.^

a prison,' where the prisoners take their exercise thence, the prison- \ By the side of these narrowings and diminutions of meaning
;
[

extended and enlarged.^ Many terms of trade, or technical and special words, have thus entered into general use and this has been specially the case with hunting terms.

we must notice some

:

cases in which

it is

by the lure is a de'leurre {p\d form of the modern deliire). When a falcon was caught after his second moulting season, he was hard to tame, and fierce, or as the falconers said, hagard ; whence Fr. hagard, Eng. haggard, came to have the sense of wild, then wan and wasted. But when the bird was taken from the nest, it was called mats (nidacem from nidus) and the weakness of young falcons gave the word nzais, niaiserie, to express the simpleness and awkwardness of young people who are scarcely out of their nest.' Another term of falconry is the expression des siller les yeiix (formerly de'ciller). It was usual to sew up the eyes of falcons to tame them, an operation expressed by the word ciller : when the bird was tame enough, they re-opened its eyes {de'ciller^ by cutting the thread which sewed together the eyelids {cils)} It was, similarly, very natural that man should give to the machines invented by him in order to economise his energy, or to -augment the effect of his work, the names of beasts of burden or of other animals which paid him service, or interested him by some fanciful analogy. Thus the Latin aries is a ram, a buttress, and a war-engine ; caprerefuses to be deceived
'

Attraper was at with the lure';

first

'

one

to catch in a trap'

leurrer to

'

call in

the falcon

who

Marot,

iii.

308 (sixteenth century), writes

'Bientost apres, allans d'accord tous quatre Par les preaux toujours herbus s'esbattre.'
^

For examples see

manant, &c.

atterrer, dais, depit, ennui, etonner, fer, froisser, gene,

granjelle,

debardeur, &c.
* For other examples see abois, ackarner, agacer, aburir, aigrette, amadoner, ameuter (?), appas, bejaune, beugler, blottir, boucher, braconnier, brisees, brouter, bute, butor, curee, emerillonne , enjoleur, /ureter, herisser, bobereaux,

J For

examples see

arri'ver,

aubaine, avanie,

banal, banlieue, boucher,

ruser, sacre, taniere, trace,

&c.

xu

INTRODUCTION.
;

olus has the two meanings of a chamois and of stays corvus is a Similarly, the French raven, a grappling-hook, and a crane, &c. language gives this kind of double meaning to several words thus mouton is a wether and a rammer; corbeau, a raven and a corbel; grue, a crane and the engine which bears the same name b^lier, a ram and an engine of war chevre, a goat and a crab chevron, a kid and a rafter. In many cases the earlier sense, that of the animal, has disappeared from Modern French, and that of the implement has thus poutre, a beam, signifies also a mare in Old survived alone
:

French

De

(sixteenth

century).

toutes parts les poutres hennissantes,' says Ronsard This word, originally poltre, Italian poledro,

comes from the Latin puUetrmn, a derivation of puUus, a foal, and found in the Germanic laws; thus in the Lex Salica, tit. xl. Si quis pulletrum furaverit.* Again, just (sixth century), we read as equuleus signifies a young horse, and a block, and the French chevalet is a little horse and a buttress, so poutre passed from the sense of a mare to that of a beam by the application of that wellknown metaphor which likens a supporting piece of wood to an animal which bears up a burden.^ So also land and water transport are assimilated, sea-terms being applied to land journeys thus debarcadere, derived from debarquer, to
' :

disembark, is used for the terminus of a road or railroad the platform of a station is called quai, a wharf: some kinds of omnibus are called gondoles or galeres ; coche signifies first a barge for travelling, then a coach; from caboter to coast from port to port comes cabotin, a strolling player who goes from town to town, &c.^
;

14. To complete this series we must quote some very singular metaphors which come from the vulgar Latin, and prove what a ^eat part the common_jpeople took in the formation-Qf^the Frendf language":

from testa

(a fur hide),

words tongue adopted these metaphors from the vulgar Latin testa means a *skuir in Ausonius, botellus an 'intestine' in Tertullian. These fanciful metaphors of the Roman common folk are not at all astonishing, if one remembers that in French slang a head is likened
:

(a gulf),b6tellus (aTpudding), pellis gorge, boyau, peau ; and the classical caput, guttur, intestinum, cutis, are set aside. The French

(a brokehvessel),

gurges
tete,

come

the French

hand to pincers, &c. By the side of these metaphors, sprung from the Latin and transmitted thence to the French, there are a great number of native growth, and charming in their simplicity thus the people have given the name of bergeronnette ( = petite bergere, little shepherdess) to the wagtail, a meadowto a ball, the legs to skittles, the
:

loving bird;

the

bouvreuil

(bovariolus from bovarius, = a

little

For other examples For other examples

see demoiselle, grue, &c. see canard, &c.

COMPARISON OF MEANING.
bouvier, or neat-herd) is the bullfinch, a bird

xiii

which follows the herds,

already said
is

and Hngers about in

their

neighbourhood.

15. Comparison
to

meanIn dealing with the latter we have ings than the forms of words. Climate and simply to deal with regular and observable changes. race have given to each of the peoples of Gaul, Italy, and Spain,
enough
difficult
it

of Meaning. shew how much more

What

we have
is

to study the

a vocal apparatus differing in certain inflexions of pronunciation and according to these, the Latin language has been transformed This with an unchanging regularity into three diflferent languages. part of philology, styled Phonetics, is in reality a part of Natural History, for it depends, after all, on the physical conditions special to In fact it is as much certain families of languages and peoples. dependent on material conditions as the study of meanings is independent of them. While the study of form can only have in view a single group or family of languages of common origin, the study of meanings attacks all languages alike, observes in all the progress of the human mind, and passes out of the domain of natural sciences
into that of psychology
:

etymology draws largely on

this

comparison

of metaphors which explain and cdhfirm the derivations suggested for certain words, even when we cannot give a full explanation of them. Thus, it is curious that popular language should have called a certain bird (the wren) roitelei [= peiii roi, kinglet); but the etymology becomes absolutely certain if we compare the Latin, Greek, German, Dutch, Swedish, Spanish, and Portuguese, and find the same metaphor in all.^ This coincidence does not indeed explain_the_cause of the name^, but it proverifs~exrstence,"ahd"the correctness of the derivatlonr ""It makes it easier to understand that the Latin causa became chose, when one notices that the German <^ac^e has the meaning of both these words. We are certain that chardonnet, the goldfinch, means the bird which feeds on the grains of the thistle, chardon, when we see that in Latin the bird is called carduelis, from carduus, and in Greek aKavQX's, from uKavdos, in German 2)iftelfitif, the
*

\
I

A^

thistle-finch,' in

thistle.

We

Dutch distelvink, in Italian cardellino, from cardo^ a have just said that bouvreuil (from bovariolus, diminutive

^ The wren, roitelet, is in all the following languages called by names which are connected with the word which signifies a king in each case : Latin, regulus, from regem Greek, ^aaCKiaKos, from IBaatXevs in Gerrnan, 3*iunfonig (the hedge king in Dutch, Winter koningje (the winter') king'); fti Swedish, fugl-konung, and in DdLvash, fugl-konge (the 'birdking') in Spanish, reyezuelo, from rey ; in Portuguese, reisete, from rei. ^ The origin of this metaphor must be looked for in the legends of the Indo-Germanic races, under the guidance of the principles of comparative
;
; '
;

'

I
^

mythology.

xiv

INTRODUCTION.
;

of bovariuB, a neat-herd) signifies a little neat-herd its English name bullfinch, and one of its Gefman names, !i8u(lenkipcr (the bull-biter '), Contree comes from Low Latin join in confirming this derivation. contrata ( = the land stretched out before one), and contrata comes from contra here the German cgenb from the prep, gccjen ( = over DejeUner (to break against) explains and confirms the derivation. one's fast) from jeilner (like defaire, horn /cure), is used of the
:

morning meal, just like the English breakfast, which means exactly Corset is a diminution of corps'^, a little body the same thing. metaphor confirmed by other like expressions, as the German HJeibcfcen (Ceib^, a body); English boddice, from body, Italian corpetto {corpo, It seems quite natural that habitus, which signifies an a body). habitual manner of being, should become in French habit, dress, when we see that the Greek (txw^^ ^^^d the Italian costuma have the same double sense of manner of being, habit and clothing. It is by making a delicate and careful comparison of the operations of the human mind that the etymologist is enabled to explain the origin of all such metaphors, which spring either from caprice, or the imagina-

tion of the people.^

CHAPTER

V.

Conclusion.
16. By shewing that words have growth and history, and that, like plants or animals, they pass through regular transformations in shewing in a word that, here as elsewhere, law rules, and that it is

possible to lay

from another

philologers have established the firm basis of comparative etymology, and have made a science of that which
I

modern

down

strict

laws by which one language

is

derived

seemed doomed
caprice.

to abide in the region of imagination

and individual

^ Originally written cors ; the p was added by the learned after the fourteenth century. At first the word corset was not used, but corps (the corset being regarded as the body of the skirt) and in the eighteenth century, Rousseau found fault with the tightness of ladies' corps. Corset simply means a ' little body.' ^ must not imagine from instances like this that the German language has taught the French its method of procedure the resemblance springs from the identity of the operations of the human mind in general, and is not transmitted from language to language. ^ For other examples of the value of this comparison of meaning in other languages see arborer, helette, belier, berner^ blaireau, ble, boucher, bourdon, brocket, broder, cabus, chardonnet, &c.
:

We

CONCLUSIVE REMARKS.

xv

Of old, etymology tried to explain a priori the origin of words according to their apparent likenesses^ or differences^ modern etymology, applying the method of the natural sciences, holds that words ought to explain themselves, and that, instead of inventing systems, we ought to observe facts, by the help of three instruments; (i) the History of the word, which by regular transitions leads us up to the derivation we are seeking, or, at any rate, brings us nearer to it; (2) Phonetics^ which gives us the rules of transition from one language to another, rules to which we must submit blindly, or we shall lose our way; (3) Comparison, which assures and confirms
:

the results arrived

at.

men of old is due the which etymology had sunk but it is by the strict application of this method and these principles that comparative etymology has risen in our days to the dignity of a science.
the fantastic aberrations of learned
discredit into
;

To

For example, the etymologists of the seventeenth century deduced me, heur, from the Latin me, te, se, vos, nos, tres, hora, without any suspicion that these words, which have certainly produced
^

te,

se, njos, nos, tres,

moi, tdi, soi, 'vous, nous, trots, heure, could not possibly have produced anything else. They similarly deduced boucher from bouche (as being the man who caters for the mouth), while the history of this word shews that it means the man who kills the houc or buck they derived cordonnier from cordon, forcene from force, while the Old French forms cordouanier and forsene prove at once that such derivations are impossible similarly they connected ecuyer and ecurie with the Latin equus, which has in reality no relation whatever to either of them. may, in fact, always to lay down as an invariable axiom in etymology the principle that * t<u)o identical words are never deri-ved from one another.'' ^ Were we not acquainted with the successive progress of etymological transformation, we could not believe that pou and peduculum., age and aetaticum, ^^ and craticulum, y^ and fatutum* were in reality the
; ;

We

same words.

BOOK

II.

ETYMOLOGICAL ELEMENTS OF THE FRENCH TONGUE.

17.
is
*

necessary,

VERY brief re'sum^ of the history of the French Tongue if we would understand what is to follow.

Latin/ carried into Gaul by Caesar's soldiers and by quickly swallowed up the original Celtic language (see below, pp. xix-xxii), and four centuries later was deeply affected, as to its vocabulary, by the invasion of the Germanic tribes ; more than five hundred German words establishing themselves in the Gallo-Roman language (see pp. xxii-xxiv): this language, thus modified by the intro-

The Vulgar

colonists,

duction of barbarous words, under the influence of slow and insensible changes, became a new language, the French tongue, which shews Between the itself independent of the Latin from the ninth century. eighth century and the eleventh this language advances, and in the twelfth century it may be regarded as fully formed; to this ancient and popular foundation are added successively, in the thirteenth century, a number of Oriental words, introduced by the Crusades; in the sixteenth century a certain number of Italian and Spanish words in the eighteenth, terms of German origin in the nineteenth, English words; to these must be added words borrowed by the learned from the Latin and Greek, between the fourteenth century and our own day. To sum up, the French language has two great deposits of words one before the twelfth century, the unconscious work of the people, formed from the three elements, Latin, Celtic, German; the other later than the twelfth century, formed on the one hand of elements borrowed from the modern, on the other hand from the ancient anguages. Thus then French words must be divided into three classes, words of popular origin ; words of learned origin ; words of foreign
; ;

origin.

THE LATIN ELEMENT.

PART

I.

ELEMENTS OF POPULAR ORIGIN.

CHAPTER

I.

The Latin Element.

18.

Tongue,
1.

As we have shewn in the Historical Grammar of the French we may study any language from four points of view The study of sounds, of the origin and history of each letter,
:

called Phonetics.
2.

The
;

study of words, of the

'

manner of
of words!

their creation or defor-

mation
3.

this is called

the formation

When we
their

and

have thus studied the constituent elements of words, aggregation, we have still to consider how words are
are brought together
;

modified
4.

when they

this is Inflexion (divided

into declension
Lastly,

and conjugation). Syntax shews us how words may be grouped together so

as to form phrases or sentences.

In describing the transition from Latin to French we must review these four divisions in succession ; the third Book of this Introduction will give us the rules which have guided the Latin letters in their transi-

French ; we have elsewhere studied the changes which the Latin declensions and conjugations have undergone ; how the article was created to replace case inflexions; how declension lost one gender, the neuter, and at first was reduced from six cases to two in Merovingian Latin and Old French, and then from two cases to one at the end of the thirteenth century how conjugation lost the passive voice, created the auxiliary verbs etre and avoir to take the place of the Latin compound tenses, and gave a new form to the future we do not propose to reconsider these purely grammatical points. As to vocabulary, such French words as are the simple product of the slow development of the vulgar Latin' differ, necessarily and essentially, from those formed from classical Latin ; for sometimes the vulgar and the classical Latin had two different forms of the same word to express the same idea; thus doubler, avant, ivraie, come from the vulgar forms duplare, abante, ebriaca, while the classical forms
tion into
;
: '

0/

xviii

INTRODUCTION.
:

duplicare, ante, ebrius have produced no French words at other times the people and the learned employ two words of entirely different origin ; thus semaine, chemin^ bataille^ batser, iourner correspond, not to the classical forms hebdomas, via, pugna, osculari, verti, but to the popular words septimana, caminus, batalia, basiare, tornare. Many other Latin words have disappeared from different causes some because they had not sufficient hold on the language, or as e.g. spes gave way to speres, espoir, sufficient power of resistance a word to be found in Ennius others because they would have produced the same form in French as was being produced by some other as bellum disappeared because of word of different meaning, bellus, beau, for the French word for 'war' derived from bellum must also have been beau; lastly, many synonyms have perished,

thus

janua fluvius, fleuve, has extinguished amnis and flumen and ostium have perished before porta, porte. Next after these modifications of the Latin vocabulary we must enumerate briefly the changes introduced in the formation of words Of these the most important either in derivation or in composition. is the addition of diminutive suffixes to Latin primitives, without any thus we have stumus, sturnellus, ^tourneau change in sense
;
:

corvuB, corvellus, corbeau

*

passer, passerellus, passereau.

'

The

Lingua Romana rustica,' the field-Latin,' had already shewn this influence by giving the full meaning of the primitive to its diminutives, as apicula for apis, comicula for comix, &c., whence we have in French chevreuil from capreolus, abeille from apicula, agneau from agnellus, &c., in which the diminutive signification is entirely lost
in the French.

Other means have also been employed to create new substantives from existing verbs. The Latin language had the remarkable power
of being able to make substantives out of its past participles: e.g. peccatum properly the p. p. of peccare, scriptum of scribere, fossa The French language has carried on this grammatical of fodere.
process, and has thereby produced thousands of substantives, as regu,

And this is especially the fait, dH, the p. p. of recevoir,faire, devoir. ^ case with feminine participles, as vue, e'touffe'e, venue, avenue, &c.
Next after the past participle comes the infinitive, whence are formed verbal substantives, about three hundred of them, answering to no Latin form, but derived directly from a French verb by cutting
off the infinitival termination
:

thus, the Latin apportare, appellare,

purgare have produced the French verbs apporter, appeler,purger, and these verbs in their turn, by dropping the verbal ending, become the verbal substantives apport, appel, purge, which have no corresponding But Latin and French are but successive consubstantives in Latin. ditions of the same language, and there is scarcely any grammatical
*

For

details, see

the Historical Grammar, pp. 140, 141.

THE CELTIC ELEMENT.

xix

procedure employed in French whose germ cannot be found in Latin so the Latins also created their verbal substantives by means of the from notare, copulare, probare, &c., came the substantives infinitive nota, copula, proba ^. Thus, too, it is after the Latin pattern that the French language has formed new verbs by means of the participles of existing verbs from edere, cogere, quatere, detrahere, videre, they had formed, by adding the infinitival ending to the participles editus, cogitus, quassus, detractus, visus, the verbs editare, cogitare, quassare, and the rustic Latin built a crowd of verbs on detractare, visere this plan; it rejected such primitives as uti, radere, audere, &c., and from the participles usus, rasus, ausus, produced the verbs usare, rasare, ausare, &c., whence have sprung the French verbs user,
;
:

'

raser, oser, &c.

These are the principal changes introduced into the structure of shall see in the the Latin language by the Gallic peoples^. Etymological Dictionary, and in the next book of the Introduction

We

{Phonetics),

dified in inflexion, syntax,

its

through what intermediate stages the Latin, thus moformation of words, passed before reaching present state in Modern French.

CHAPTER

IL

The Celtic Element.

need not again ^ discuss the reasons of the absorption of 19. the Gallic language by the Latin let us simply state that two centuries after Caesar's conquest, the Celtic tongue had all but disappeared
:

We

from Gaul. Still that language did not perish without leaving behind it slight but yet distinct traces. Thus, the Romans noticed that their

^ The subject of verbal M. Egger, in an admirable

substantives has been exhaustively treated by article in the Memoires de V Academie des Inscriptions, 24. 2, a model of sure and acute scientific study, which leaves his successors no gleanings in the field which he has reaped. ^ There are many more modifications, but they will be found in the body of the Dictionary we here attempt only a general view. ^ See the Historical Grammar, It is so difficult to describe pp. 4, 5. the etymological elements of the French tongue without reproducing the history of the language, that the reader must excuse our frequent references to the book in which that history has already been given the introduction of certain elements in the language can only be explained by a historical account of the vicissitudes of that language ; and thus we have more than once repeated here what we have already said elsewhere.
;

c 2

IX

INTRODUCTION.

galerita (the crested lark) was called 'alauda' by the Gauls; that cervisia they fermented barley, theii; zythum, was in Gaul
' ' ;

accepted these words as incomers; and from them, six centuries later, sprang the French words alouette \ cervoise. This is also true of bee, Iteue, alose, braie, banne, arpent, brasseur, bouleau, marne, which answer to beccus, leuca, alosa, braca, benna, arepennis, brace (Pliny), betula, margula, words which Roman There are also many Latin writers cite as borrowed from the Celtic. words, which have not descended to the French, which are stated to be of Gallic origin: such are ambactus, bardus, druida, galba, rheda, soldurius. These isolated words, and certain other such^, especially names of places, are all that are due to the Gallic language and indeed, to speak more exactly, nothing is due to it, for these words have reached the French through the Latin they did not p^ss straight from Celtic to French, but underwent a translation In short, these words are so few that one may into Latin first. fairly say that the influence of the Celtic on the French has been
;
"

insensible.

Thus, while the French nation is in the main Celtic, the French language has preserved but a few words which can be traced to a Celtic origin a singular fact, and one which shews even better than history can do, how absorbing was the Roman power. The Gallic language, thrust back into Armorica by the Roman
'

conquerors, survived in isolation for centuries ; in the seventh century strength was renewed by the immigration of refugees from Wales. The Bretons resisted the Frankish conquest even as they had resisted the Roman ; the Low Breton dialect of the present day is the direct heir of the old Celtic speech. It has a considerable literature, tales, national ballads, plays, which, however, date no farther back than the fourteenth century. For a thousand years it has been incessantly pressed, in its last refuge, by the French language, and it is therefore now very different from the original Celtic the original Celtic elements have necessarily suffered degradation from eighteen centuries of use, and, besides, many strange, that is, French, words have forced themselves in. And thus many Breton words run in pairs, the
its

Alauda

is

existed in Old French ; alouette amourette and amour, &c.

not the immediate parent of alouette, but of aloue, which is its diminutive cp. cwvette and cwve^
;

^ Bagage, balai, barre, betoine, bidet, bouge, bran, bruyere, bassin, claie, cormoran, cruche, darne, dartre, dru, galerne, garotter, gober, goeland, goelette, harnais, houle, jarret, lais, matras, pinson, pot, quai, ruche, sornette, toque, truand, 'vassal. And beside these there are the words which modem history has introduced, as loans from the Latin (such as barde, ambacte, druide), or from the Low Breton (as dolmen, men-hir\

THE CELTIC ELEMENT.

xxi

one old and of Celtic birth, the other newer, French in origin, and dressed up with a Celtic termination thus the French word
:

juste

is,

in Breton, either egwirion or just,

trouble

enkrezet

k
^^

'

colere

or buanegez or

trouhlet,
coler,

&c.

Of these synonyms, the first column {egwirion, &c.) is of old words of Celtic origin; the second {just, &c.) is of French words slightly altered. It would not have been needful to insist on this simple matter, had not some bold speculators in the eighteenth century, struck with this resemblance, concluded at once that such words as just, trouhlet, &c. were not French importations, but were rather the Le Brigant and the originals of the corresponding French words. illustrious La Tour d'Auvergne (as bad as a philologer as he was good as a patriot) declared that the French language was derived from the Low Breton ^ They would have been rather astonished had they seen the proof that the contrary is the case, and that these words {just, troublet, &c.) instead of being the parents, are the children of the French language, French words corrupted and concealed under These etymological follies, which Voltaire a Celtic termination. derided under the name of a Celtomania,' formed the amusement of the eighteenth century Celtomaniacs ' gave loose rein to their the fancies, and declared that the Celtic was the language of Paradise, and that Adam, Eve, the serpent himself, talked Low Breton. One would have thought that, after all the discoveries of modern philology, which has cleared up the Latin origin of the French language, and has worked out by observation the laws of its transformation, there would have been an end of such fancies; on the contrary, the Celtomaniacs are as lively as ever, and we may read in the Memoirs of the Celtic International Congress, that France, whose magnanimity impels her to the four corners of the earth to succour the oppressed, will never allow the literature whence hers has sprung to languish at her side. The Pelican feeds her young with her blood; we have never heard that they have shewn themselves ungrateful for such unparalleled generosity. But I am wrong: such ingratitude does exist! The Celtic tongue has nourished all
'

'

^ These unfortunate mistakes have also had a worse result that of throwing undeserved discredit on Celtic studies. Instead of trying to p. ove that the French language springs from the Celtic, as the Low Breton philologers have done, they ought to have studied the Celtic in and for itself, and to have written the comparative history of the dialects of Brittany, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, as has been done for Italian, Spanish, and French. It is to a German, Zeuss, that Breton philologists owe the completion of this task, in an excellent work, the Grammatica Celtica, published

at Leipzig in 1853.

zxU

INTRODUCTION.

the languages of Europe, and specially the French, with her best blood: must we then say of France what we cannot say of the s/ie has forgotten her mother ?^ Pelican's offspring
*

CHAPTER

III.

^
:

The Germanic Element.

20. Since the formation of the French language, it has received a considerable number of German words, brought in by the invasion of Three successive strata of such imported words the Germanic tribes. may be noted (i) those prior to the invasion introduced by the barbarians who served under the Roman eagles, such as burgus, used by Vegetius for a fortified work; (2) war-terms, feudal-terms, &c., which Franks, Goths, and Burgundians brought in with them (3) a great number of sea-terms, imported in the tenth century by the Normans. Under these three heads there are, in all, about 450 words ; if we were to add German words imported into Modern French, the number might easily be doubled. This invasion of foreign words seems to be the necessary consequence of the adoption of barbaric manners and institutions. How could such ideas as those expressed by the words When the convassal, alien, ban, mall, fief, be rendered into Latin? (juerors substituted the feudal regime of the Germanic tribes for the monarchical and centralised organization of the Roman Empire, they were obliged at the same time to introduce into the language words relating to their institutions and thus the titles of the feudal hierarchy and all terms referring to its political or judicial institutions are Thus, such words as mahal, bann, alod, skepeno, of German origin. marahscalh, siniscalh, &c., introduced by the Franks into the common Latin, became mallum, bannum, alodium, skabinus, mariscallus, siniscallus, &c., and when, together with the rest of the common Latin, they passed into French, they became mall, ban, alien, echevin, mare'chal, se'ne'chal, &c. ^ These words, thus introduced, represent
; ;

Congres Celtique international, Saint-Brieuc, October, 1867, p. 309. These German words having been latinised by the Gallo-Romans, we will cite them as much as we can in their Latin form, which lies between the German and the French. Thus, echevin is nearer to scabinus than
'

to skepeno.

There are also two other questions connected with this subject, which have not yet been noticed: (i) the exact determination, in the case of each word, of the particular German dialect to which it belongs; (2) the date of its introduction into the Low-Latin. There is one class whose origin we know, the sea-faring terms, which come, almost without exception, from the Dutch or the Norse. This uncertainty, and our ignorance as to the ancient German dialects, have hindered us from giving (as we have done

THE GERMANIC ELEMENT.

classes of ideas

xxiii

of very different kinds

considerable,
as

are

the

most

may

be

war, seafaring, hunting, seen by the following

examples. The following is a full hst of these borrowed words, classified under a few of the most general heads arroi, auberge, balk, bande, baudrier, beffroi, 1. Military terms
: :

berme, blinder, boulevard, bourg,

esquiver, ^tape,

brandir, breche,

brette,

bride,

briser,

butin, cible, dard, de'sarroi, drille, e'charpe, e'craser, e'curie, e'peron, epier,
e'trier,

fourrage, fleche, fourreau,

frapper, gage, galoper,

bitte,

gonfalon, guerdon, gue'rite, guerre, guet, guichet, guide, hallebarde, halte, haubert, heaume, Mberger, he'raut, houseaux, housse, marcher, marichal,

marque, navrer, rang, rapiere, targe, treve, vacarme. 2. Seafaring terms agres, amarrer, avarie, bac,
:

bord, brasse,

canot, caquer, chaloupe, cingler, crique,

,

digue,
,

drague, e'cume, elingue,

,
,

equiper, esquif, esturgeon, e'tangue, falaise foe fresange, fret gaffe garer guinder, halage, hamac, hauban, hdvre, hisser, hune, lisse, mat, mousse,
quille, rade,

radouber,

tillac,

vague, varangue, varech, voguer.

:

3.

Hunting terms, names of animals, &c.

bramer, braque,
breuil,

aigrette, baudir, be'lier,

caille,

blesser,

broncher, brouter,

canard, carpe,

chopper, chouette, clabauder, clapir, crabe, creche^ croupe, ^caille, e'chasse,

e'chine, e'crevisse, e'peiche, epervier, ipois, estrive,

fanon, faucon, garenne,

gerfaut, glapir, grimper, grincer, gripper, grommeler, hanche, hanneton, happer, hareng, hargneux, heron, homard, le'cher, leurrer, madre',

marsouin, mite, mouette, mulot, rat, re'nard, rosse, rotir, taudis, trappe,
traquer.
4.

Titles,

and names of

political

or judicial institutions:

aban-

donner, alleu, ban, bedeau, carcan, chambellan, e'chafaud, e'chanson, e'chevin,

joli, lisle, lot, malle,

e'cot,fourrier, fief franc, gabelle, gai, galant, hanse, hardi, haro, honnir, , marc, mignard, mignon, nantir, orgueil, race, radoter,
riche, saisir, se'nechal.
5.

Cardinal points, and geographical terms

:

/. dune,

G^k
est,

nord, ouest^

''

sud.
6. The human body blafard, ble'mir, bosse, bot, brun, dandiner, danser, empan,forcene, gauche, giron, grimace, gue'rir, hocher,jaser, laid,
lippe,
7.

moue, nuque, rdler, rider, rincer, t^ter, touffu, toupet. The vegetable world: alise, aune, bille, bois, bourgeon, brouir, drageon, dreche, eclisse, e'laguer, epeautre, emousse, framboise, gale, gaude,

gerbe, grappe, groseille,

gruau,

haie,

haver on,

hetre, houblon,

houx,

laiche^

regain, roseau, saule, tuyau.

8.

The

earth, eleinents, &c.:

fiaque,frimas, gazon, gres, vase.

for

element) a complete phonetic system for the words of we have only given, under each word, the chief examples which support the observed rules. ^ This intermixture of German words affected only the Latin vocabulary it left the syntax almost untouched, and was scarcely more than an accidental and superficial disturbance.
the Latin

German

origin

xxiv

INTRODUCTION.
,

9. Dress, &c. '.agrafe, brodequin, coiffe, cotte, etoffe fard, feuire.froc, gantygodery guimpe, guipure, haillon, laye, layette, mitaine, rochet, touail/e. anche, banc, bloc, brandon, canif, clinquant, 10. Instruments, &c. crampe, crampon, cremaillhe, ^matl, /tau, fauteuil, gaule, hanap, houe,
:

huche,
11.

latte,

loquet,

manne, mannequin, noue, pincer, rdper, iamis,

/choppe,
e'tal,

tas,

ionneau, triteau, vilbrequin.

Dwellings:

itayer, ituve, gdcher, halle,

hameau,

hanter, hutte, loger, salle.

12.

Food, &c.

beignet,

bief,

bihe, drogue, flan, gdteau, gaufre,

saur, soupe.
affreux, agace, bafouer, blanc, blette, bleu, 13. Abstract terms, &c. imboiser, imoi, gai, gris, guere, hair, hdle, hdve, teste, sombre, sur. bisse, bouter, braise, brelan, broyer, bru, bru/e, 14. Other words:
:

choisir, choquer, cracher, clocher, dauber, de'chirer, defalquer, de'guerpir,

d&ober, drole, iclater, ipeler, faude, fournir, frais, gaber, gagner, gamboison, garant, garder, garnir, garou, gaspiller, gatine, gauchoir, gehir, gletteron, glisser, gratter, graver, grenon, groupe, guerpir, guille, guiller, guise, harangue, hdte,jardin, lot, marri, meurtre, musser, regretter,
river, rouir, sale, siller, sillon, souhait, suif, suie, suinier, taisson, tarir,
ternir, tirer, toucher, trdle, trop.

CHAPTER

IV.

The Greek Element.

language has given scarcely anything to the French popular formation it could not be otherwise, as the Gallo-Romans and Greeks never came into contact, and all the patriotic tales invented by Henri Estienne, Manage, and others, to prove the affinity between French and Greek, are mere fancies. The one city which could have brought France into connection with the Greek language, Marseilles, a Phocean colony, was early absorbed into the Roman Empire, and lost its Greek character and language. There are a few Greek words ^, such as, chere, somme, parole, bourse, bocal ; but these do not come straight from the Greek Kapa, adyfia, napa^oXri,
21.

The Greek

since the time of

its

We are speaking here of words of popular, not scientific, origin. We must also distinguish, in the case of Greek compounds, between those which existed in Greek, as dpio-roKpaTfia, aristocracie, and those which have been framed by French writers, as photographic, typographic, &c. in the latter case we must study each of the elements of these new words, unknown to the Greek language in the former case, we should be wandering into the history of the Greek language were we to decompose these words and their component elements. As for the numerous class of words introduced from Greek into Latin (such as allegoria, philosophia, caryatides, &c.), they have come to the French language through the Latin, and are therefore, for our purposes, Latin words.
'
;

ELEMENTS OF LEARNED ORIGIN.

xxv

^vpaa, ^avKciXiov, but from the Latin cara, sagma, parabola, byrsa, baucalis, derived from the Greek ; all these words are to be found in

The discovery of the laws of Latin authors of the seventh century \ transformation of Latin into French has given us the true origin of many words formerly considered as derived from the Greek; thus, the chance likeness oi paresse and trap^cns had led etymologists in old times to connect the two words ; but if we divide the word par esse into its elements, we shall see that the suffix -esse must answer to a
such mollesse, moUitia, &c.) -itia^ (trtstesse, tristitia, words as entiere from Integra, noire from nigra, shew us that the r oi paresse answers to a Latin gr; the French a is the Latin i (as in and thus we reach, by these balance, bilancia aronde, hirundo, &c.)
termination
;

three observations, the

word

pigritia, the true original oi pares se.

;

To sum
influence

up, we may say for Greek what we said for Celtic on popular French has been altogether insignificant.

its

PART

II.

ELEMENTS OF LEARNED ORIGINS

C|

22. By words of learned origin we mean all words introduced into a language after the epoch of its formation ^ ; that is, in the case of

To

this list

may be added

adragant, almanach,

bouteille,

chomer,

gouff're,

golfe, osier, serin, poele, plat, chimie, emeri, dragee, migraine, clopin.

neau, chaland, accabler, are military terms, imported into guage at the time of the crusades by the Byzantines.

Mangonthe French lan-

chicane

and

a'vanie,

Two Oriental words, have passed into the language through the medieval

Greek.
^ It is not always easy to distinguish between words of popular and words of learned origin. I have placed among the latter a very large number of words composed of two parts, the one popular, the other learned sometimes a learned prefix has been joined to a popular word, as
;

in ad-joindre, ad-mettre, sub-ordonner, pro-ft, pro-duire, dis-joindre, dis-courir, in-clinaison, im-payable (words which should have been a-joindre, a-mettre,

sou-v-ordonner, pour-fit, pour-duire, de-joindre, de-courir, en-clinaison, enpayable); sometimes a learned termination suffixed to a popular word, as in^ en-luminer, fer-mete, nourri-ture (which should have been en-lumer, fer-te, nourr-ure'). Among these words we meet with some ghastly philological monsters, like pre-alabk, in-surmontable. The persistence of the Latin tonic accent (see 49) is the rule and ^ guide for the discovery of such words. All popular words introduced during the formation of a language res pec t the Latin accent, proving that they have been formed by the ear, not by the eye, and spring direct from the living and spoken language. All words which neglect the accent are of

xxvi

INTRODUCTION.

the French language, between the eleventh century* and our own days. They have been created, long after the death of the Latin language, by learned men and clerks, who got them out of books, as they needed them to express their thoughts, and who transplanted them just as they were into the French speech. Thus, in the eleventh century we find in some MSS. the word innocent, the exact and servile reproduction of innocentem ; the French tongue had then no term for such a quality, and the writer, embarrassed in his attempt to ex-

The learned press himself, was obliged to copy the Latin word. origin of the word is shewn from the fact that it has not undergone those transformations which popular usage imposes on all the words it adopts; thus, in popular words, in becomes en (as infantem, enfant ; inimicus, ennemi), and nocentem becomes nuisant ; so that if innocentem had suffered popular transformation it would have become ennuisant, not innocent. Popular words are the fruit of a
spontaneous and natural growth, learned words are artificial, matters of conscious reflection the former are instinctive, the latter deliberate. At first, each learned word, for some time after its introduction into the French language, remained as unknown to the people as scientific terms are in our day. The barons and villains of the days of Robert the Pious were as little able to understand the word innocent, as the labourers of our day are to Q,OTi\^x^t.xidi paleography or stratification ; but as there was no popular word for the thing, innocent presently passed out from the learned into general use it appears for the first time in ecclesiastical works less than a century later it is to be found in the Chanson de Roland, and other popular poems it has passed from the scientific and ^special vocabulary to the usual and daily language of men ^ In writing the history of the French language, it is necessary to state that it is in the popular part alone that we can grasp the laws according to which the instincts of the people have transformed Latin
;
:

learned origin. This distinction enables us to determine exactly the time when the French language took its birth the French tongue, that is, the popular and vulgar tongue, was born, and the Latin language was utterly dead from that day on which the people no longer spontaneously recognised the Latin accent. This was about the eleventh century; thenceforward the formation of the popular French is complete all the rest is of learned origin. ^ These are words borrowed from ancient languages at any rate, from Greek or Latin as to words borrowed from modern languages, they will be found below, under the head of Elements of Foreign Origin ( 23). ^ Philologers who divide all languages into two deposits, the instinctive and the conscious, need not draw any distinction between learned words and what we call scientific words for both of these are of conscious origin (whether they are in common use, like innocent, or technical, like paleograpble) and besides, each word in common use whose origin is learned has begun by being a scientific term, employed by the few.
;

'

'

ELEMENTS OF FOREIGN ORIGIN.

into

xxvli

this point of view, learned words are'useless to the but this settled, we must not think that learned words are therefore to be banished ; they have proved their right to exist by existing ; as M. Sainte-Beuve has rightly said, ils sont une des saisons de la langue;' when the French language was formed the popular speech was meagre \ answering to the wants of a simple and unrefined state of society, and to the scanty ideas of a warlike, agricultural, and feudal population ; all scientific ideas, the property of the clerks, were expressed only in Latin. After a time feudal society was modified, then declined, lastly perished, and gave place to a new order; to expre-ss new ideas the French language had to enrich itself by either developing popular terms ^, or borrowing from the 5eacr languages learned terms, which after a time passed into the comiTLQQ tongue. These borrowed words, rare in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and more numerous in the fourteenth, have become countless from the sixteenth downwards ; they have increased in proportion to the growth of ideas, and the daily quickening succession of inventions and discoveries ^.

French; from
;

philologer

'

PART

III.

ELEMENTS OF FOREIGN ORIGIN.

23. Besides the classes already enumerated there are many words of foreign origin, borrowed directly by the French from now existing languages. These follow no fixed law, being the simple results of chance. Thus a succession of marriages in the sixteenth century

^ In the French language, there are not much more than 4000 popular
36, for the statistics of the language. of compounds, or fresh derivatives; as from regie have sprung in course of ages, deregler^ dereglement; regler, reglementer, regiementation, &c. ^ I only give the immediate etymology, having neither time nor room for more. Thus I simply cite enormis as the primitive of enorme ; if I went on and gave the derivation of enormis (ex norm.a), I should have to write the history of the Latin language. Those who desire to know more of that history are referred to the valuable Manuel des racines grecques et latines by M. Bailly. It often happens, that after a Latin word has produced a popular French word, it produces, later on, a learned term thus from rationem, raison in popular French, comes later the learned ration ; this process of double reproduction has received, from a seventeenth-century Grammarian, the name of ' Doublets.' I have abstained from dealing here with this subject, as I have already studied this philological phenomenon in detail in a Dictionnaire des Doublets ou doubles formes de la langue /ran^aise Paris, 1868.

primitives.
^

See below,

By means

xxviii

INTRODUCTION.

Italian princesses brought in suddenly a number of Italian terms when France borrowed from England last century some of her judicial and political institutions, she also took jthe terms which expressed them. Thus a minute study of the political, (artistic, or colonial history of a country enables us to shew the precise /part taken by each language in the vocabulary of its neighbour. On the other side, the attentive observation of early texts will teach us the age of these words, and will give us one more element of our knowledge by fixing for us the epoch of their introduction. Thus we know th3.t piano ( = soft) is imported from Italy, partly because the word exists,
:

between Valois princes and

end of the sixteenth century. Besides these a posteriori proofs, furnished by history, there are other a priori proofs, provided by philology, which enable us to declare at once that the word sought for is not of French origin, and point out to us These words have all entered in since the formation its true source. of the language accordingly, they have not penetrated or combined with it, nor have they received any of the characteristics which the French language impresses on those words which it assimilates. Thus, to refer again to the word piano ; we have already studied it by the historical or a posteriori method; let us see what philology Piano, which answers to the Latin planus, cannot, tells us about it. a priori, be a word of French origin, for pi never becomes /'/in French,
till

and means the same in French musical writings

Italian, partly

because

it

does not appear in

the

but remains pi ; plorare, pleurer ; plenus, plein ; plus, plus, &c. but more, piano must be of Italian stock, for in Italian only does pi turn into pi, witness plorare, piorare ; plus, piii ; plenus, pieno, &c. Thus it is seen how the laws discovered by philology often enable us to anticipate correctly the inductions of the historical method. To enumerate according to the scale of importance the languages which have thus affected the French, we must begin with the family of the Romance languages (Proven9al, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese) these have furnished the most. It was natural that the kindred languages should provide most then comes the Teutonic family (German, English, Flemish). Modern Greek, Hungarian, and the Sclavonic tongues (Polish, Russian) have given some words. If we leave Europe, something is due to the Semitic languages (Hebrew, Turkish, Arabic), and also to the East Indian, Chinese, and Malayan. The American Colonies have introduced a few special terms into the French language. We have now nothing to do but to lay before our readers a formal catalogue of all these borrowed words, and the history of these importations ^.
; :

^ As we have done in the case of Greek and Latin, we only give in this Dictionary the immediate etymology of the words borrowed from modern languages thus we shall see that the French dilettante is a nineteenth-cen;

WORDS OF PROVENCAL

ORIGIN.

xxix

CHAPTER

I.

Words of Provencal

Origin.

24. Some persons may doubtless be astonished at seeing the Proven9al here as a distinct language, parallel with Italian, Spanish, Portuguese. But if we would really understand its importance, and the influence it has exercised over the French, we must leave off regarding it in its modern form, an obscure despised patois, and look at it in its historical development we shall see that before its decadence it had, between the eleventh and the fourteenth century, a brilliant and flourishing existence. Proven9al, or the Langue d' Oc' is the language of all the population of the Garonne basin, and of the southern part of the Rhone basin it gives the name to a race of men, quite distinct from the French of it is parent of a brilliant lyrical literature, translated into the North German in the thirteenth century, admired by Dante, imitated by Petrarch and lastly, it satisfies the two criteria which in a historian's it is the instrument of a eyes distinguish a language from a patois people and of a literature. The philologer sees stilTniore clearly the lingufstic originality of the language when compared with the French ^ of equal age, it has certain more archaic characteristics, which bring it nearer the Latin and give it the same intermediate position between Frencnand Italian that Provence holds geographically between France
;
.

'

tury importation of the Italian dilettante ( = amateur, slight person of taste) but it would be outside our sphere, and a part of the history of the Italian language, to go on and shew that the Italian dilettante comes from the Latin delectantem., like atto, friitto, &c., from actum^, fructum, &c., by regular change of ct into tt. Want of space forbids us to carry out the relationship between words of French origin and those of foreign origin which have a common root. Delectantem, for example, has produced the Italian dilettante, the French delectant ; in the nineteenth century dilettante crossed the Alps and became French it would be interesting to explain that delectant and dilettante are two forms of a common root, that dilettante is a double of delectant, and that these two words form what we call a 'doublet' (see 22, note 3). ^ In the middle ages the southerners regarded the French language as so thoroughly foreign that the Leys d' Amor (a kind of poetical and grammatical code of laws, written in the fourteenth century) says (ii. 318) of the French language Apelam lengatge estranh coma ranees, engles, espanhol, lombard.' mean by foreign tongues such as the French, English, Spanish, Lombard.' In 1229, in a municipal document of Albi, a notary excuses himself for not having read the inscription on a seal because it was in French, or some other foreign tongue In lingua Gallica vel alia nobis extranea, quam licet literae essent integrae, perfecto
; : '
' :

'

'

We

([If*'

'

non potuimus

perspicere.'

XXX

INTRODUCTION.

and Italy. But the course of events quickly put an end to this independent life. The rivalry between South and North which ended with the Albigensian war and the defeat of the South, gave a deadly blow to the Proven9al tongue. In A.D. 1272, Languedoc fell into the hands of France, and the The introduction of the French language followed close after. Proven9al was no longer written; it fell from the rank of a The Proven9al, Langueliterary language to that of a patois. docian, and Gascon patois of our day are the mere wrecks of that Langue d'Oc which in its day had been so brilliant. But it has left in the French language a great number of terms of different
'
'

meanings, introduced chiefly during the middle ages, since the twelfth

and a small number in modern times. These words repremost different ideas thus there are seafaring terms, carguer, names of cap, espade, gabarrit, aulan, mistral, corsaire, carre, vergue plants and animals, dorade, ji'gale, cabri, carnassier, ortolan, isard^,
century
;

sent the

grenade, radis, bigarrade ;

abstract terms, jaser, ruser, fdcher, roder, malotru, hadin, badaud,fat, croisade,/orgat, donzelle, m^nestrel ; names of precious stones, cornaline, grenat ; terms of dress, dwelling, hor-

ticulture, camail, barette, bastide, pelouse, caisse, cadenas,

cambouis

^.

CHAPTER

11.

1
25.

Words of

Italian Origin.

expeditions of Charles Vlll, Louis Xll, and Francois I the prolonged sojourn of the French armies in Italy, during the early years of the sixteenth century, made the Italian language very familiar to the French. The brilliancy of arts and letters in the Peninsula attracted men's minds at the very time when the regency of Catherine dei Medici set the fashion of admiring everything Italian ^.' This Italian influence was omnipotent over the courts of Francis I, and Henri II, and the courtiers did their best to make it felt throughThen for the first time there appeared in the out the nation. writings of the day a crowd of hitherto unknown words ; terms of military art used by the French throughout the middle ages, such as heaume, haubert, &c., disappeared, and gave place to corresponding

The

beyond the Alps, and

* Peculiar to the Beam patois, which has also given the word beret. Before leaving the countries which border on France, let us say that the Walloon has contributed ducasse, and the Orisons' patois ran%, chalet^

avalanche, cretin. ^ Add to these ballade, baladin, beton, cdlin.

'

M.

Littr^.

WORDS OF ITALIAN

ORIGIN.

xxxi

Italian words, brought in by the Italian wars. From this time date terms of fence, dof/e, escriine ; words relating to military usages and
qualities, affront, brave,
altier,

bravade, bravoure, bravache, accolade

alerte,

camp-words,

fortification,

alarme,

anspessade,

bandiere,

ban-

douUere, barricade, bastion, bastonnade, brigade; weapons, arquebuse,

.baguette, bovibe,

&c.
' '

This mania for Italianisms' roused the just wrath of a cotemporary, Henri Estienne Messieurs les courtisans se sont oubliez jusque-la d'emprunter d'ltalie leurs termes de guerre sans avoir esgard a la consequence que portoit un tel emprunt; car d'ici a peu d'ans qui sera celuy qui ne pensera .que la France ait appris Tart de la guerre, en I'eschole de Tltalie, quand il verra qu'elle usera des termes italiens ? Ne plus ne moins qu'en voyant les termes grecs et tous les arts liberaulx estre gardez es autres langues, nous jugeons, et a bon droict, que la Grece a dt^ Teschole de toutes les sciences ^! But Catherine dei Medici brought in not only court terms, and words expressing amusements, but also terms of art, needed to express new ideas, which had come from Italy with Primaticcio and Leonardo da Vinci; such as architectural* words, painters' and sculptors' words, terms of music, brought in at the end of the sixteenth and throughout the seventeenth century, commercial words, sea terms, thief-language, names of plants, diminutives, and many
:

others.

We
1

subjoin a

full list
:

of these borrowed words

Court-terms

accolade, accort, affide, affront, altesse, altier, banquet,

bravade, brigue, cameriste, canaille, caracoler, carrosse, cavalcade, cavegon,

cocarde, cortege, courtisan, escorte, estafier, estrade,fanfreluche, grandesse, grandiose, imbroglio, incognito, page, paladin, partisan, s&e'nissime.
2.

Names

of games, &c.
cabriole,

arlequin,
capot,

baladin,

bamboche, batifoler,
carnaval,

carrousel, comparse, entrechat, escapade, gala, gambade, Jovial, lazzi, loio, mascarade, pasquinade, polichinelle, prestidigitateur, quadrille, raquette, saliimbanque,
caricature,
tarot, tremplin, voltege.
3.

bouffon,

burlesque,

Terms of

art.

Architecture:
belve'dere,

arcade, archivolte, balcon, balda-

cabinet, campanile, casino, catafalque, cimaise, corniche, coupole, dome, fagade, galbe, niche, paravent, pilastre, stuc, villa. Painters terms aquarelle, calquer, canevas, carmin, diaprer, esquisse, estamper,fresque, gouache, grotesque, tncarnat,
:

quin,

balustrade,

balustre,

madone, maquette, modele, mosdique,

profit, se'pia, virtuoso.

pcilette, pastel,

pastiche, pittoresque,

Sculptors'

and other

artists'

terms:
orvi/tan,

artisan,

bronze, burin, buste, came'e, cicerone, concetti, dilettante, feston, filigrane,

filoselle,

girandole,

improviser, madj'igal,

midaille,

panache,

^ Henri Estienne, Conformiie Feugere, p. 24.

du langage franqois

a'vec

le

grec,

ed.

xxxii

INTRODUCTION.
porcelaine^
ariette,

ptVdes/al,

stance^

stage,

torse.

Musical
be'mol,

terms:
cadence,

adagio,
cantate,

andante,

arplge,

barcarolle,

bicarre,

cavatine, concert, crescendo, ipinette, fausset, fioriiure, fugue, mandoline,

op&a,
4.

oratorio, piano, preste,

trille,
:

rebec,

ritournelle,

solfege,

solo,

sonate,

soprano, t/nor, timbale,

trombone, violon, violoncelle,

agio,

vite.

Terms

of

commerce

banque,

banqueroute, bilan, billon,

contracter,
dito,

bulletin,

cambiste,

carafe, carton,

citadin,

colis,

doge,

douane, ducat, franco, gazette, grege, jeton, mercantile, noliser, nume'ro,

patache, piastre, pistole, sequin, tare, tarif
5.
velle,
:

tirelire, tontine, turquoise.

bastingage, boussole, brigantin, calfater, caraSeafaring terms coche, escale, escadre,fanal,felouque,fregate,gabier,gondole, nocher,

palan, regale, tartane.

6.

Terms

of war:

alarme,

alerte,

arquebuse,
botte,

arsenal,

bandiere,

bandouliere, baraque, barricade, bastion, bombe,

bravache, brave, bra-

voure, brigade, calibre, canon, cantine, caporal, carabine, cartel, cartouche,

casemate, casque, castel, cavalerie, cavalier, chevaleresque, citadelle, colonel,
condottiere, croisade, cuirasse,

embusquer, escadron, escalade, escarmouche,

escarper, escopette, escrinu, espadon, esplanade, esponion, estacade, estafette,

estafilade, estoc, estramagon, fantassin, fleuret,

fougue, fracasser, gabion,

generalissime, giberne, infanterie, javeline, manage, mousqueton, parade,

parapet, pertuisane, patrouille, pavois, pennon, piller, plastron, poltron,

rebuffade,
redoute,
reprisaille,

sacoche,

saccade,

sentinelle,

soldat,

sol-

datesque, spadassin, taillade, vedette,, volte,

7.

Names

of plants, &c.
ce'leri,

artichaut, belladonne, brugnon,

cabus,

caroubier,

ce'drat,

espalier,

gousse,

lavande,

muscade,

muscat,

oleandre, pisiache, primevere, scorsonere.

cadenas, calegon, camisole, capote, casaque, costume, 8. Dress, &c. grlgues, pantalon, parasol, perruque, pommade, postiche, satin, serviette,
:

simarre,
9.

valise,- zibeline.

Names,

&c.,

of animals

balzan,

cagneux, caresser, ganache,

piste, tarentule, zibeline.

impregner, madrepore, marmotte, perroquet,

10.
rolle,

Food:
cervelas,

biscotte, brouet, candi,

capiteux, capon, carbonnade, casse-

frangipane, macaron, macaroni, marasquin, marmite, massepain, muscadin, panade, reveche, rissoler, riz, salade, semoule, sirop,
sorbet, zeste.

11.

Man's person:

attitude, caboche,

estropier, in-petto, moustache,

camus, carcasse, esquinancie, pavaner, scarlatine, seton, svelte.

:

bagne, bandit, bastonnade, bravo, 12. Thief- terms and slang brigand, charlatan, chiourme, contrebande, escroc, espion, estrapade,faquin, lazaret, lazzarone, rodomont, sacripant, sbirre, supercherie.
13.
cadille.

Diminutives:

babiole,

bagatelle,

baguette,

bambin, caprice, pec-

14.

The

elements, &c.

bise,

bourrasque, brusque, calme, cascade,

filon, granit, lagune, lave, sirocco,

tramontane, volcan.

WORDS OF SPANISH

ORIGIN.

xxxiii

anspessade, ballon, balourd, haster^ 15. Other terms, not classified: boucon, boutade, camerine, cantone, capilotade, capiionner cariole, calacombe, chagrin, deesse, desinvolte, douche, fiasco, forfanterie, frasque,
,

gabie, gambet, gigantesque, girouette, gourdin, isoler, improviste, ingambe,

Ihine,

malandr in, palade, pas sade, pedant, piston, populace,

revolte, riposte,

sarbacane, sorte, talisman, iromblon, ville'giature.

CHAPTER

III.

Word's of Spanish Origin.

26. The Wars of the League and the long occupation of French by Spanish armies towards the end of the sixteenth century spread wide among the French nation the knowledge of the Castilian speech. This invasion which lasted from the time of Henry IV to the death of Louis XIII left very distinct marks on the French

soil

language.
their

Hence come

the

names of many

exotic

plants

and

manufactured products, as

cannelle, vanille, indigo, tabac, tomate,

abricot. Union, jasmin, jonquille, jujube, savane, tulipe, Union ; animals ^, musaraigne, epagneul, me'rinos, cochenille, anchois, pintade ; colours, basa7ie, alezan, nacarat, albinos ; parts of dwellingplaces, alcove, case, corridor ; furniture, calebasse, cassolette, mantille dress, galon, savate, pagne, mantille, basquine, caban, chamarrer ; confectionary, marmelade, caramel, chocolat, nougat ; some musical terms,

cigare, benjoin,

castagnette, guitare,

sarabande,

aubade ; games, or enjoyments, sieste^ hombre, ponte, dominos ; titles or qualifications, laquais, menin, duegne, grandesse ; sea terms, arrimer, embargo, embarse're'nade,

regaler,

cadere, de'barcadere, mousse, cabestan, pinte, recif, subre'cargue ; military

terms, adjudant, caserne, diane, colonel, escouade, camarade, haquen/e,

cabrer, caparagofi, salade, espadon, incartade, algarade, capitan, matamore.

Abstract terms are rare, baroque, bizarre, disparate, casuiste, barbon, paragon, eldorado, transe, soubresaut, risquer, hdbler Creole, muldtre, negre, come from the Spanish-American colonies, as also does liane, which is not to be found in Hterary Spanish. may add that most of these importations are later than the time of Charles IX, with
'^.

We

Certain organs also, as carapace, or their products, as hasane. Habler comes from hahlar, to speak,' and answers to the Low Latin fablare from fabulari. As it passed into French the word took the signification of exaggeration in speech. It is curious that the same change has overtaken parler ; the Spaniards borrowed the word in the seventeenth century from France, and have given to it the sense of boastfulness in speech. Ambassade came from Spain about the end of the fifteenth century.
^
'

xxxiv

INTR on UCTION.

the exception of a few words like algarade, which is to be found as far back as the middle of the sixteenth century ^ The Portuguese language has given some words bearing on Indian and Chinese manners, as he'zoard, bayadere, mandarin, caste, fetiche
military discipline,

one term signifying an ecclesiastical punishment, auto-da-fi ; one of chamade ; and some names of fruits, coco, abricot,
bergamote.

CHAPTER

IV.
Origin,

Words of German

27. All French words of German origin are later than the first half The religious wars, the Thirty Years' War, of the sixteenth century. the German wars of the eighteenth century, have introduced a number of military terms, bivouac, blocus, blockhaus, chabraque, colback, jiamberge, fifre, havresac, hourrah, loustic, lansquenet, retire, obus, sabre, rosse, sabretache, schlague, vaguemestre ; words expressing drink, pot-

house terms,
bonde, fleche,

trinquer, brandevin, choucroute, cannette, gargotte, kirsch,

nouille ;

animals, dan, renne, hamster, graver, estomper ; of dancing, valser ; of seafaring, bdbord'^. Mining industry, so general in Germany, has given a great number of specific mineralogical terms, bismuth, cobalt, couperose, igriser, emb&ize, gangue, gueuse, glette, manganese, potasse, quartz,

some names of

brtme ; some terms of

art,

'

Nickel is a Swedish word. have said above that French words of German origin are not earlier than the sixteenth century; but this remark does not apply to words of Old Gennan or Teutonic origin, which came into the Latin language between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries, and These two classes of words passed from the Latin into the French. are very distinct ; the Teutonic, in passing through the Latin, have lost their native form, and have gone through regular transformations the others, German words, borrowed before becoming French straight from Modern German, and introduced in their natural The former state, break into the general regularity of the language. unite closely and absolutely with the French, the latter are but superficially connected in the language of chemistry, words of German origin mix only with the French, those of Teutonic birth enter into
spath, zinc.

We

combination with

it.

^ Add, as debts to the Spanish, the a typographical abbreviation, cedille. the twelfth century.
"^

name of one metal, platine, and of One word, mesquin, came in about

House furniture owes to German some special terms, hahut, edredon. Abstract terms are few, chenapan, gamin, chic, anicroche, and almost always bear a bad sense. The Flemish has given bouquin ; the name of a plant, colza, and one name of a festival, kermesse.

WORDS OF ENGLISH

ORIGIN.

xxxv

CHAPTER
Words of English

V.
Origin.

28. Communications between England and France have daily grown more and more frequent from the time of the Restoration, and have brought with them a large number of English words. These refer to

industrial pursuits,
flint,
lias,

tender,

rail,

wagon,

tunnel,

ballast, express, coke,

malt;
bill,

agriculture,

drainer,

cottage;

poHtics,

legislation,

pamphlet, banking, cheque, warrant, drawback ; sundry moral states, spleen, comfort, humour, dress, chdle, car rick, redingote, plaid, lasting, spencer food, bifteck, rosbif, pudding, mess, bol, grog, gin, punch, rhum ; racing, sport, amusements, sport, boxe, turf, jockey, clown, bouledogue, groom,
budget, jury,
convict, comite', speech, verdict, club, meeting,

toast ;

steeple-chasse, stalk, tilbury, break, dogcart, festival, raout, lunch, whist,

dandy ; medicine, croup ; sea-terms, many of which are of old standing in the French language, dock, bosseman,
touriste, fashionable,

accore, beaupre, cabine, boulingrin, cabestan, cachalot, cambuse, coaltar,

cutter,

eperlan, flibustier,

hiler,

interlope,

loch,

lof,

paquebot, poulie,

touage,yacht^,

CHAPTER

VI.
Origin.

Words of Slavonic

29. The Polish language has provided certain dance-words, ;5<?/^^, mazurka, redowa, the word caliche, and one heraldic term, sable. Russian gives steppe, knout, czar, palache, cosaque, cravache (though this last word travelled into France through Germany). Besides the Slavonic languages the Uralian tongues have also borne their very slender part in influencing the French language ; Louis XIV having introduced the hussards (a Hungarian word), the new corps

kept

its

Magyar name,
meaning
in

shako,
origin,

dolman.

In the

huszdr, and some of its old technical terms, fifteenth century, horde, a word of Mongol Tartar the camp and court of the king, was

brought into France.

CHAPTER
Words of

VII.

Semitic Origin.

30. The Semitic words in the French language are Hebrew, or Turkish, or Arabic. It was a pet notion of the old etymologists to

France

also

owes to the English the w^ords

square,

billet,

and

alligator,

d2

xxxiri

INTRODUCTION.
all
:

languages from the Hebrew the labours of modern philoshewn that such dreams were a vanity: and the most important result of modern science has been the discovery of the law Now that elements of languages answer exactly to the elements of race. the French belong to a very different race from the Jew, and therefore the relations between the French and Hebrew tongues must be illusory, a mere chapter of accidental coincidences. When St. Jerome rendered the Old Testament out of Hebrew into Latin, he brought into his version a number of Hebrew words which had no Latin equivalent, such as seraphim, gehennon, pascha, &c., and from ecclesiastical Latin they passed, five centuries later, into French, se'raphin, gene, But it is through the Latin that the French received pdque, &c. * them, and we may fairly say that Hebrew has had no direct influence on French. The same is true of the Arabic, whose relations to the French have been entirely matters of chance without saying anything of words expressing things purely Oriental, like Alcoran, bey, cadi, caravane, derinche, firman, janissaire, narghiU, odalisque, pacha, caravanse'rail, babouche, cimeterre, drogman, calife, mameluk, marabout,
derive

logers have

minaret, marfil, mosque'e, turban, chacal, gazelle, girafe, genette, once, talisman, sequin^ serail, sultan, vizir, &c., which have been brought

from the east by travellers, the French language received during the middle ages several Arabic words from another source the effect of the crusades, the great scientific progress made by the Arabs, the study of oriental philosophers, common in France between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, have enriched the vocabulary with words bearing on the three sciences cultivated successfully by the Arabs, namely, astronomical terms, azimuth, nadir, zenith ; alchemist terms, alcali, alcool, alambic, alchimie, elixir, borax, ambre, julep, sir op ; mathematical terms, alglbre, algorithme, zero, chijfre ; but even these words of exclusively learned origin, did not pass straight from Arabic into French, but passed first through the scientific medieval Latin. The commercial relations between France and the East have also introduced a number of terms bearing on dress, bouracan, colon,
straight
:

hoqueton, taffetas, jupe, colback ; on building and furnishing, kiosque, divan, matelas, sofa, bazar, magasin ; jewellery, colours, perfumes,
nacre,
laque,

carat,

orange, azur, lazuli,

talc,

civette ;

lastly,

words

which come under no special

classification, echec, mat, hazard, cafe',

tamarin, amiral, haras, truchement. The frequent invasions and long

sojourn of the Saracens in Southern France between the eighth and the eleventh centuries have left absolutely no traces either on the southern dialects, or on the French language ^.

We may add to this list the

Talmudic words

cahale

and

rabbin.

See Reinaud, Invasions des Sarrasins en France^ pp. 306, 307.

WORDS OF AMERICAN

ORIGIN.

xxxvii

CHAPTER

VIII.
Origin.

Words of Oriental

31. By words of Oriental origin are meant all those terms which have been brought by travellers from India, nadad, drakme, palanquin^ pagode, paria^ jongle, carnac, bambou, mousson, &c. from China, the ; from the Malay Archipelago, casoar, orangoutang. The word zebre is of African origin.
;

CHAPTER

IX.
Origin.

Words of American

32. The words collected in the three last chapters do not express French notions, and are, properly speaking, not French words at all the same is true of local terms introduced into the language by the relations kept up between France and the American colonies. Such words are acajou, ananas, boucanier, cacao, caiman, calumet,
;

chocolat, colibri, condor, jalap, mais,

ouragan, quinquina, quinine, sagou,

tabac, tapioca, tatouer.

PART
Under
this

IV.

ELEMENTS OF VARIOUS ORIGIN.

head come all the words whose introduction into the language may be said to be purely accidental, whether their origin be historical, as the word S^ide ^, or onomatopoetic (due to the imitation of sounds), as craquer. After these, which will close the list of words of known origin, we shall come to a hst of all the words as to which etymology has arrived at no definite conclusion.

CHAPTER

I.

Words of Historical
33.

Origin.

These words, few in number, are due to some accidental cirbut this makes it all the more needful to recognise them properly for if we were to shut our eyes to their origin, and try to discover a scientific etymology for them, we should be sure to go
cumstance
;

From

Voltaire's

Mahomet,
Seide^ the

Prophet's will

named

in which there is a blind agent of the French form of the Arabic Sdid,

xxxviii

INTRODUCTION.
If

wrong.
quinquety

are

we were named

to

after their

forget that guilloiine, macadam, mansarde, inventors, and set ourselves to de-

compose them
fall

rules of permutation, their

into their elements, with a view to finding, by the Greek or Latin origin, we should certainly
fantastic mistakes.

into the

most

Words of historic
tations, as, for

origin almost always refer to concrete things or

stuffs,

is natural, new inventions or impormadras, nankin, mousseline, cachemire, calicot, astrakan, rouennerie, gaze, from the names of places, Madras, Nankin, Mossoul, Cachemire, Calicot, Astrakan, Rouen, Gaza, where these goods were first made ; carriages, berline, made at Berlin, fiacre, vegetables. Dahlia, named after the botanist Victoria, d'Aumont, &c. Dahl by Cavanilles in 1790, cantaloup, or melon, cultivated at Canialuppo, a papal villa near Rome, &c. Abstract words are scarcer such as jirimiade, from the Prophet, lambiner, from Lambin (d. 1577), a professor in the College of France, and famous for the immense length of his explanations, and Other words are either invented the diifuseness of his commentaries. by the learned, as gaz, which was created in the sixteenth century by Van Helmont the alchemist, or they are the expression of some ancient circumstance, as the word greve ( = combination of working men) comes from the phrase se mettre en Greve, and this from the fact that under the old regime the working men of the different corporations used to assemble on the old Place de la Greve at Paris, to wait to be hired, or to prefer complaints against their employers before the Pr^v6t des Marchands ^.

material objects, and especially, as

example,

CHAPTER
34.

II.

Onomatopoetic Words.
are very few words in the French language which are onomatopoetically", that is, by imitation of sounds. These express the cries of animals, croasser, miauler, hdfrer,japer, taper ; the phases of human speech, babiller, fredonner, caqueter, chuchoter, chut,

There

formed

'

^ The following is the list of French words of historic origin Artesien, Amphitryon, Angora, Atlas, Assassin, Ba'ionnette, Balais, Baragouin, Basque, Beguin, Berline, Besant, Bicoque, Biscaien, Bougie, Bretteur, Brocard, Bareme, Cacl^emire, Calepin, Calicot, Canari, Cantaloup, Cannibale, Carlin, Carmagnole, Carme, Casimir, Cauchois, Celadon, Chiner, Cognac, Cordonnier, Cranjate, Curasao, Dahlia, Damasser, Damasquiner, Dedale, Dinde, Echalotte, Epagneul, Esclave, Escobard, Espiegle, Faience, Fiacre, Flandrin, Florin, Fontange, Fra7ic, Frise (cheval de), Futaine, Galetas, Gal'vanisme, Ga'vote, Gaze, Gilet, Gothique, Guillotine, Guinee, Gre've, Guillemet, Hermetiquement, Hermine, Hongre, Inde, Jarnac, Jaquette, Laconique, Louis, Lambiner, Jeremiade, Macadam^ Madras^ Meringue, Magnolier, Mansarde, Marionnette, Marotte,
:

WORDS WHOSE ORIGIN

IS

UNKNOWN.

xxxix

cancan, marmotter, hoquei ; certain conditions of size or movement, bouffer, botcffir, zigzag ; some natural sounds, dapoier, croquer, humer,

fare

tic, toper, pouffer, bruissement, cliquetis, fanspeech of children, manian, papa, fanfan ; and some interjections, from bah, ebahir ; from hu, huer.

claque, crac, craquer, eric,

; the

CHAPTER
Words whose Origin
35.

HI.
is

Unknown.
provinces of that vast

We

have

now

described

all

the

known

domain which men call the French Language, but there are other provinces which philologers have not yet recognised or explored. The limits of these must now be carefully traced out on our linguistic map of the language; the line which separates the known from the unknown cannot be fixed till we have made out the map of the former, and have fixed the frontiers of the provinces with which we
are certainly acquainted.

This unknown region, as might be expected, embraces hardly any but words of popular origin, and gives us a collection of more than It would six hundred words whose derivation is as yet undiscovered. be not strictly true to say that the etymology of all these words is unknown to us ; there are very few of them as to which the philologer cannot give us several conjectures, each equally plausible ; and it is quite certain that the day will come when the science, with more powerful instruments, will resolve all these problems ^ ; but in the present state of our philological knowledge, these hypotheses can be neither verified nor refuted, and we therefore pass them by in silence, deeming unknown all those words as to which philology has not attained to any definite conclusion. To reproduce discussions which lead to no conclusion, would be to act in opposition to the end we have set before us ; for purposes of instruction, doubt is worse than ignorance, and in teaching the young
Maroquin, Marotique, Martinet, Mercuriale, Mousseline, Nankin, Nicotine^ Pierrot, Patelinage, Perse, Persienne, Phaeton, Pistolet, Praline, Quinquet, Renard, Ripaille, Robinet, Rouennerie, Roquet, Salsepareille, Serin, Sansonnet,
Sardonique, Sarrasin, Seide, Serin, Silhouette, Simonie, Strass, Tartufe, Truie, Tournois, Turlupinade, Faude'ville, Vandalisme. ^ It is hard to foresee into what these 650 words will be resolved ; a large and marked portion of them is certainly formed from words altered

from the Latin or the Teutonic, and the action of degradation has been so great that it conceals from us their origin. The rest, doubtless less than one half, are related, and will be traced back, to the indigenous languages, the Basque, the Celtic, &c., which were spoken on the Gallic soil at the time of the Roman Conquest.

xl

INTRODUCTION.

we are apt to lose some of the fruits of knowledge unless the distinction between the known and the unknown is laid down clearly and
without hestitation.

The French words whose

650
^
:

origin
ai'se,

is

unknown amount

Adn,

accoufrer, atgrejin,

ajonc, aloyau,

to about amalgame, amphi-

gouri, andouiller^ antilope, antimoine,

atieler, aiiifer, aube,

ardillon, ardoise, aigot, armet, aumusse, auvent. Babine, babouin, bdche, badigeon, baguenauder, bala/re, balise, baltverne, halle, bancal, bancroche, barai, baratte, barder, barguigner, baril, baron, basan/, bascule, bdiir, baudruche, bauge, bedaine, blgue, belitre, bercer,
berge, berne, besogne,
bigot,

besoin,

biche, bidon, bielle,

bifier,

bigarrer, btgle,
bis,

bijou, bilboquet, billevesie, billon, bimbeloi, bique,

blette,

bise,

biseau,

hisquer, bistouri, bistre, blaser, blason,

blond, blotiir, blouse, bobeche,

bobine, bombance, bombe, borgne, bosse,. bot, bouder, boudin, boue, bougon, boulanger, bourbe, bourdon, bourreau, bousculer, bouse, braire, branche, brande, branler, braquemart, braquer, bredouiller, brehaigne, breloque,

bretauder, bretelle, bribe, bricole, brimborion, brin, brioche, broc, brocanter,

brou, brouir, bruine, bruire, buffet, burette, butor. Cabaret, cabas, cafard, cagot, cahoter, caieu, caillou, calembour, cali-

fourchon,

calotte,

cassis, catimini, chalet, chalit, chamailler,

camard, camion, camouflet, cant, canton, caramboler, chambranle, chanfrein, charade,

charangon, charivari, chassie, chiffe, choyer, ciron, ciseau, civiere, claquemurer, cocasse, coche (a notch), cochevis, colifichet, complot, concierge,
copeau, coqueluche, coquin, corme, cosse {/cosser), coterie, cotret, courge,
cre'celle,

crepe (a cake), cretonne, creuset, crotte.

dalle, dibaucher,

Dague,

dicruer, de'gingande', de'gringoU, divelopper,

diner, disette, dodu, dorloter, doucine, douve, drap, dupe.

Eblouir, ibouriffer, ^carquiller, e'chouer, eclabousser, eclanche, ecran, e'crouir, egrillard, embaucher, imoustiller, empeigne, endever, engouer, enlizer, enticher, ^pargner, iparvin, ergot, estaminet, itancher,
icrouer,
dtoiler, Etiquette.

Fagot, falbala, falun, fardeau, farfadet, felon, feuillette, filou, flagorner, flanelle, fldner, flatter, foulard, fredaine, freluquet, fretin, fricasser, friche, fricot, frime, fringant, fripe, riser. Gadoue, gaillard, galet, galetas, galimatias, galvauder, ganse, gargon, gargote, gargouille, gargouse, gibet, gibier, giboule'e, gifle, gigot, givre,

se goberger, godailler, godelureau, gogo, goinfre, gonelle, goret, gosier,

goujat,

gourmand, gourme, gourmet, grabuge, graillon, gravier, gredin,

grile, gribouiller, groimoire, gringalet, grive, gruger, guenille, guenon,

gueridon, guetre, guilleret, guimbarde, guinguette, guisarfue. Harasser, hardes, haricot, haridelle, heurter, horion, houille, houppelande, houspiller, hure.
^ This is calculated on the base of the Dictionnaire de V Academic ; if we were to include every unknown word in the language the number would be

considerably larger.

STATISTICS OF THE

FRENCH LANGUAGE.
lice, lie,

xli

Jachere, Jalon, jargon, Jauger, javarte, javelot, jucher. Laie, laiton, lambeau, landier, laudanum, liais. Hard,
lopin, losange, loupe, luron, lutin, luzerne.

lijigot,

Mdche, machicoulis, macquer, magnanerie, magot, viammouth, nianigance, manivelle, maquereau, maraud, marc, marcassin, marmot, marmouset, viatelot, matois, matou, mauvais, megissier, meleze, meringue^
merlan, mievre, mijauree, mijoter, mince, mirliton, moellon, moignon, moquer, moquette, morgue, morlaise, morue, motte, mouron^ mufle, maser. Nabot, nigaud.
merisier,
Omelette, orseille, ouate.

Patois, patraque, patte, pepin, percale, percer, petit, pile (reverse, of

coins), pilori, pimpant, pingre, pirouette, piton, pivot, pleige, pompe, pompon, potele', potiron^ preux. Quinaud, quintal. Rabdcher, rable, rabougrir, rahrouer, racher ; rafale, rainure,
ratatiner, raz, ren/rogner, requin, r^ve, ricaner, ricocher, ronfler, rosser,

ruban.

Sabord, sabot, salmis, sarrau,

sot,

sebile, semelle, serpilliere, sobriquet, soin,

soubrette, souche, soupape, souquenille, sournois, sparadrap.

tarte,

Tache, taloche, tan, tangage, taper, tapir, tarabusier, tarauder,

tintamarre, trancher, trapu, tricoter, trimbaler, trimer,
tripoter, trique, trogne, trognon, frompe, truffe,

tringle,

tripot,

trumeau.

Varlope, vasistas, vigie.

CHAPTER
Of the

IV.

Statistics of the

French Language.

us finally express in figures the chief results we have now although statistics are hardly in their right place here, and although we may not wish to follow Malherbe's precept, that it is very pretty to nombrer ndcessairement,' we may apply to our subject M. Sainte-Beuve's excellent maxim, that il faut, tot ou tard, dans ce vaste arriere humain qui sainoncelle, en venir a des reglements du passe', a des conceptions sommaires,fussent elks un peu artificielles, a des me'thodes qui ressemblent a ces machines qui abregent et re'sument un tra-

36.

Let

arrived at:

'

vail de plus en plus interminable et infini'^. must not, then, press our figures too hard ; they only express approximately the relations

We

the

and proportion of the French language.

different

elements which combine to form

Sainte-Beuve, Nowveaux Lundis, VIII. p. 44.

xlii

STATISTICS OF THE
Statistics of the
1.

FRENCH LANGUAGE.

Modern French Language.

unknown
.

Words, whose origin

is

650
3800 420 20
20

2.

Words of popular
i.

origin:

Latin element (primitive words)

ii.

iii.

Germanic element Greek element

Celtic element

iv.

4260
3.

Words
i.

of foreign origin
Italian

450
100 60 100
16

ii.

Proven9a:l

50^

iii.

Spanish

iv.

German
English Slavonic
Semitic Oriental
.

V.
vi.
vii.
viii.

no
16 20
.

ix.

American
of historic origin

4.
5.

Words

Ononiatopoetic words
Total number of words

922 115 40

5987

we substract from the 27,000 words contained in the DicHonnaire tAcademie these 5987 just enumerated, we shall find a remainder of about 21,000 words, created either by the people from primitive words, by composition and derivation, or by the learned, who have borrowed a crowd of words direct from Greek and Latin.
If

de

BOOK

III.

PHONETICS, OR THE STUDY OF SOUNDS.

There are two objects which Phonetics set before them first, description of sounds, which are the elements of language secondly, the study of the origin and history of these sounds when
37.
:

the

once we have clearly described them \

PART

I.

DESCRIPTION OF SOUNDS.
38. Without attempting to describe the organs of the human voice, or encroaching on the sphere of the anatomist, we must still
state in this place

(though without endeavouring to prove our pro-

^ I have already defined Phonetics ( 4), and have shewn what help etymology gets from it guided by these fixed laws of transformation of sounds in passing from a parent language to its offspring, etymology is no longer obliged to trust to fallacious analogies of sound or signification; but can usually tell beforehand the form which any particular Latin word naturally adopts in French. The true place of Phonetics is under the head of Grammar, of which it is an integral part; and I have discussed the Phonetics of the French language in the Historical Grammar. It might have been enough to refer the student to that work but as I am now endeavouring to lay before him for the first time the proof of every etymology, I wish him to have ready to hand the means of verifying and controlling my statements, and the complete collection of the transformations of Latin into French. These two treatises on Phonetics are not the same. In the Grammar I limited myself to the exposition of the chief laws, with a few examples only; but here, on the contrary, I lay down not only the list of facts which confirm the chief laws, but also most of the secondary laws and
:

the exceptions.

xHv

INTRODUCTION.

been attained by physiology *, researches into the mechanism of language and the classification of sounds. It is only by dissecting sounds that we can get a detailed account of the marvellous instrument on which, as Max Miiller well And besides, these physiosays, we play our words and thoughts.' logical preliminaries are an indispensable prelude to the study of the history of the sounds of the French language.
positions) the chief results which have
in
its
*

39. All that the human ear can perceive may be divided into sounds, or successions of periodical vibrations, and noises, or irregular

successions of discontinuous vibrations. Sounds may be noted musinoises cannot. The human voice is a current of air emitted ; from the lungs, under the pressure of the thorax, vibrating as it passes across the vocal chords.
cally
40. If the current of breath reaches the open air without having been interrupted or troubled in its passage through the mouth, there is produced a sound, which we call a vowei'^. 41. If, on the other hand, this current of air is suddenly stopped in its progress by any barrier, such as the tongue, teeth, or lips, the

sound

is spoilt,

and instead thereof comes out a

different varieties are

name of consonant; whose

voice.

noise, known by the due to the differences

in orjgans (tongue, teeth, lips),

which thus interrupt the emission of the

Thus, then, human speech is to be divided into two modes and forms the consonant which is but a noise; and the vowel which is a sound, and is consequently subject to certain musical conditions which we must now pass on to discuss.
;

logical order) are Briicke's Grundziige der Physiologie

of the highest value on this subject (placed in chronound Systematik der Sprachlaute (Vienna, 1856), and Helmholtz's Lehre von den Tonempfindungen (Brunswick, 1863). Of these, the former has settled, quite finally or nearly so, the laws of consonants ; the latter is all-important for the vowels. Both have been combined, and thrown into a short and useful form, by Dr. Rumpelt, in 1869 {Das naturliche System der Sprachlaute'). I need not name Mr. Max Miiller's admirable lecture (Lect. II. p. 103) on the same subject it is a real chef-dcewvre of penetration and clearness. 2 Literally an emission of the voice : 'vocalis from vox.
^
:

The two works

THE VOWELS.

xlv

CHAPTER

I.

The Vowels.

42. Setting aside the question of

:

its

duration, each
its

note has

three aspects
1.

As

to

its

elevation or tone; that

is

is,

place in the scale of

a result of the number of vibraWhen we say that a si is tions which take place in a given time. more shrill, a higher note than a mi, we mean to say that si is produced by a greater number of vibrations in the same time than are required to produce the sound called mi. 2. As to it's, power; that is, the degree of intensity with which the

sounds.

The

elevation of a note

This depends on the length of the curves of note strikes the ear. oscillation of the air-particles or (as it would be phrased in acoustics) on the amplitude of the vibrations. When we sing a note softly we displace or set in vibration a less volume of air than if we were singing the same note at the full pitch of our voice. 3. As to its quality; that is, the timbre, or sonorous characteristics Thus, if we hear the same note sounded at the same of a note. moment on a violin and on a piano, why is it that we distinguish Whence comes it that these two notes, of the same the two? elevation and power (identical, that is, in number and amplitude The answer of their vibrations), are yet perfecdy distinguishable? is that the piano and violin have different qualities; they give, as one
;

may

say,

two

distinct colours, just as

when we

see the

same object

through two panes of coloured glass, one making it look green, the Each instrument has its own peculiar quality; a colour other red. which tinges each sound, and gives its timbre to it. This modification of sounds arises from the different shapes and materials of the instruments which generate them for these differences in shape and material naturally produce a corresponding difference in the form But whence then comes of the vibrations which create the sound. it that, in the case of two notes, identical in intensity and elevation, the form of the vibrations can produce this diversity of quality ? This brings us to the theory known under the name of that of Multiple Resonance,' or of 'Harmonic Sounds.' As long ago as a.d. 1700, Sauveur remarked that if the string of a clavichord be pinched tight, one hears at once, in addition to the note which has been struck, and at the same time with it (supposing the ear is acute and practised), other notes which are more acute than the one struck, and which sound feebly through a sort of sympathy. These accompanying secondary notes, which emerge directly we strike a note, are called 'the harmonics' or 'resonant sounds:' the experiment by
;
*

xlvi

INTRODUCTION.

which the existence of these harmonics can be materially proved is if we put leaden soldiers on the notes of a piano, and well known then strike a note, all the men standing on the notes which are harmonics to the note struck will be upset, while the others all remain unmoved. Helmholtz then discovered the important fact that the harmonics which wait on each note vary in number and quality, according or, in a word, that the form of the to the nature of the instrument instrument giving its own form to the vibrations, the harmonics were modified in different ways, while the note struck remained always the same, and this difference in the nature and intensity of the harmonics was in fact the cause of that difference in quality of which we have This discovery, that the shape of the instrument been speaking. modifies the form of the vibrations, and that this determines the
:

different varieties of harmonics, whence come the varieties of quality, gave Helmholtz the clue to the explanation of the manner in which vowel-sounds are produced. Thinking that, in order to pronounce each of the vowels a, z, u (the last to be sounded ou, as in Italian), we have to modify the form of the tube made by the cheeks, and that thereby we modify the form of the vibration, and thereby also we change the character of the harmonics, Helmholtz succeeded in proving that the different vowels are only the different qualiiies (or iimbres) of the human voice, due to the different forms taken by the orifice of the cheeks, the mouth, during the emission of the voice.

of vowels, as Helmholtz has established it, is and transformation of the vowels will be more visible by means of the vocal triangle, as Briicke determined
43.

The gamut

0, a, e,

i ; the relationship

it

in

1856 1:

o(aa in e^trorfj

This triangle shews us the progress of vowel sounds as they pass on its way to H through the phases of their transformation: -thus

In this diagram are given the sounds which exist in French or Latin.

Briicke's triangle marks several other vowels, foreign to these guages, and therefore not inserted or studied here.

two

lan-

THE VOWELS.

xlvii

must necessarily first pass through eu ; and this law, directly established by physiological investigation, is confirmed by history, which shews that it has always existed, and has always been obeyed: thus Lat. morum became first O. Fr. meure, and is now mure; motum, O. Fr. meu^
not clear then, that the previous study of the physiois a very valuable guiding fine for the history of the transformations of language ? In fact, strange as it may seem, this preamble to etymological research is an absolute necessity. The human organs ever obey the same laws, and it is natural that we should make use of discoveries made by investigation into the Hving organ, if we would explain the changes of sound caused by the vocal organism of races which have now disappeared from
Is
it

now mu.

logical law of

sounds

the earth.
44. By the side of these vowels which we have just studied, known by the name of 'pure or sonorous vowel-sounds,' we find

a second class of vowels

known

as

the

'nasal or muffled vowel

sounds

;
'

so called, not because they are really pronounced through

the nose, but because in pronouncing them the veil of the palate is lowered, and the air thus compelled to vibrate through the cavities

which connect the nose with the pharynx in fact, if while these sounds are being emitted, we close the nose altogether, we make the vowel still more strongly nasal, which shews that they cannot be formed through the nose. These nasal sounds, unknown to the
:

Latins and to most European languages, are, we may say, a French speciality, represented by the following groups of letters, an, en, in,
on, un.

thongs, or

45. In addition to these vowels, pure and nasal, are the diphmixed sounds, made up of two vowels pronounced together

xlviii

INTRODUCTION.
:

by a single voice-utterance these we must consider ilext. Now, according as we rest on the first or on the second of these vowels, so shall we produce one or other of two kinds of diphthongs those which are accented on the former vowel, as the Italian ^i {poi, nSi), we will call strong diphthongs those accented on the latter vowel, like the French oui, are called the weak.
:

46. Application of the

above-stated Principles.

Inventory of

Latin Vowels.
I.

The

There are eleven Latin vowels a, a ; e, e 6, 6 ; i, i ; y ; u, u. pronunciation of a, o, i was identical with that of the French a, o, i;
: ;

e was pronounced like the open French e (as in aprh) u like the French ou; y was a sound unknown in common Latin, and imported into dbe_learne3~iaSguage from Greece ; It answeT5~to- French , or to"(jerman ii in Muller, with, however, a somewhat more marked tendency to pass into i. The nasal sounds are unknown in Latin.
;

II. The diphthongs. These are six in number, all of them with the accent on the former vowel they are du, 6u, 6i, ui, de, 6e. These strong diphthongs are pronounced as follows
: :

and answers to the combination in of French letters dou thus, durum was pronounced aouroum the latter days of the Empire this aou became o in the speech of the peasantry; for Festus (p. 189) tells us that from the third century downwards the peasantry said orum for aurum, oricula for auricula
like
(in ^avi^))^
:

'Au

German au

('orum pro aurum rustic! dicebant'). 'Eu was pronounced eou (as in Italian Europa).
'Ei like the French eille (in or like Italian e'i (in le'i).
corbeille),

or like Spanish ey (in

rejf),

'Ui, like the French out, if the accent be shifted to the earlier part the Italian ui (in fui) exactly of the diphthong {dUi, instead of oui) reproduces the Latin sound.
:

It is useless to say anything about the pronunciation of ae and which at quite an early Latin period were transformed into e in edus for hoedus, Mesius for Maesius).

6e, (as

47. Further application of above-stated Principles.

Inventory of

French Vowels.
I. The pure vowels. As is well known, the French alphabet is very ill constructed ; for it has several orthographic signs for the same sound, and, on the other hand, it is so meagre that it has to denote several different sounds by the same letter thus, for the one sound
:

THE VOWELS.
0, it

xlix

and eau ; while for the two different has only one sign, c (as in calomnie = kalomm'e, and cerveau = sefveau). Further on we shall explain the grounds of this lack and surplus in French orthography, when we
has the three signs sounds of c, hard and
o,

au,

soft,

it

of the language; now we will only deal with of French vowels, neglecting the multiple orthographic signs which stand for one sound. The French vowels, then, are eleven a, d; e, ^(also written as e or ai); o, 6 (also written au, in number eau); i (also written j/), i; u; ou; eu (also written oeu, as in boeu/,
treat of the history
list

the

and
If

ue, as in accueillir).

we compare this list with the Latin vocal sounds, we shall see that the French language has gained the sounds ii and eu, and the closed /, none of which existed in Latin; the letter u (which
used in French to represent the represent the Latin sound, the ou group has been created thus murum has become mur, while ursus is ours. Hence has come an unfortunate confusion it would have been better to keep for the letter u the sound it already had in Latin, and to represent the Modern French u sound (as the Germans have
in Latin
is
:
:

marked the sound ou) new sound u, and in order to

by u. Another and more important gain to the French language is that of the vague sound indicated by the name of the e mute. This sound, unknown in Latin, is produced from every one of the Latin vowels thus the Latin a, e, i, o, u, have all alike become e mute, as in rosam, rose; caballum, cheval; venire, venir ; fraXveva., frere vestimentum, vetement; minutum., menu; conucla*, quenouille; juniprum, genievre ; templimi, temple. Now if we draw the Latin vocal
it)
:

triangle within a circle, the circumference will stand for the e mute, that sound to which, in French, all the Latin vowels descend when

they

become deadened

thus

e mute

emute

etnute
e

mute

far at the

This loss of vocal power in the Latin final vowels had advanced time of the fall of the Empire ; and Inscriptions of that
e

INTRODUCTION.
full

period are
in

of such forms as domino for dominiun (see Schuchardt), vowels are confused with one another and used one for another, a confusion which shews how very undecided their pronunciation had become towards the seventh century all these vowels were lost in one common sound, which was between the French eu and o, an uniform sound which really required only one sign, and has been represented in French orthography by the e mute. But this symbol was not adopted at once in the very first specimen of ^ the French language the well-known Strasburg Oaths of a.d. 842

which the

final

we

two lines apart, two different signs for the silent final thus the Latin fratrem is thrice rendered by fradre, once hy /radra; instead o{ nStre, peuple, Charles, we find thus nostra, pobloy Karlo, which is also written Karle. This difiiculty, experienced by the scribe in rendering this new sound by a common and uniform sign, may be seen at every step in the linguistic remains of the period between the ninth and the eleventh century. After that time e is always used to represent the mute sound. This letter was not chosen
find,
:

vowels

because it answered to the e sound (for that new mute sound would have been better represented by or eu than by e), but simply because, as a matter of fact, of all the Latin final vowels, the e was the one which occurred the most frequently. But this e mute, which now is almost imperceptible in pronunciation, was, up to about the middle
of the sixteenth century, a distinct and sufficiently marked sound (like the final still heard in the pronunciation of the Proven9al peasantry, as in franciso, musico, pSsto, for frangaise, musique, posle). Palsgrave, the old English grammarian, in his Esdaircissement de la langue frangoise, a.d. 1530, says expressly (lib. i. regula 5, ed. G^nin, If ^ be the laste vowell in a frenche worde beynge of many p. 4) syllables, eyther alone or with an s ffolowynge hym, the worde not havyng his accent upon the same e, then shall he in that place sound almost lyke an and very moche in the noose, as these wordes homme, fimme, honeste, pdrle, hSmmes, /e'mmes, honesies, shall have theyr laste e sounded in maner lyke an 0, as hommo,/emmo, honesio, parlo, hommos, femmos, honestos : so that, if the reder lyft up his voyce upon the syllable that commeth nexte before the same e, and sodaynly depresse his voyce whan he commeth to the soundynge of hym, and also sounde hym very moche in the noose, he shall sounde e beyng written in this place accordyng as the Frenchmen do. Whiche upon this warnynge if the lerner wyll observe by the frenchmen's spekynge, he shall easely perceive.' Then, passing from theory to practice, Palsgrave gives us (p. 56) the pronunciation as it ought to be La
' : :

tr/s honnore'e magnificence {la-tres-ounororio-manifisdnso)

secretaire

du

roy nostre sire {secretdyro

{glorieUzo renoumme'o).

deu

ray

nStro

siro) ;

glorieuse renommee

This leaves us no room to doubt what was

See the Historical Grammar, p. 14.

THE VOWELS.
e

the pronunciation of the

plainly discernible.

mute

at that time,

and shews

that

it

was

How

to

study the transit of the Latin

Vowels into French,

and

the

Rules of Accent.

48. If we compare words to a living organism, the consonants be the bones, which can only move by help of the vowels, which are the connecting muscles. The vowels then are the fugitive and shifting part of a word the consonants its stable and resisting part. Hence the permutation of vowels is subject to less certain laws than that of consonants they pass more readily from one to another. The Latin vowels must be studied in two ways, as to quantity,
will
; ;

and as

to accent.

1. As to their quantity ; they may be short like the e of ferum, long by nature like the e of avena, or long by position ^ like the e of ferrum. This distinction may seem trifling, but is really far from unimportant for, following these three differences of quantity, the Latin e is transformed into French in three diff"erent ways the short e becomes ie (ferus, fier) ; the long e becomes oi (avena, avoine) ; and the e long by position does not change (ferrum, y^r).
;
:

to their accent ; in every word of more syllables than one always one syllable on which the voice lays more stress than on the others. This raising of the voice is called the tonic accent,' or more simply, the accent.' Thus in the word raison the accent is on the last syllable in raisonndble, it is on the last but one. This syllable, on which the voice lays more stress than on the others, is called the accented or tonic syllable the others are unaccented, or, as the Germans name them, atonic ^. The tonic accent gives to each word its proper physiognomy, its special character it has been well called the soul of words.' In the French language the accent is always placed on one of two syllables on the last when the termination is masculine^ (as chanteiir, aime'r,finir, recevrd) ; on the penultimate when the termination is feminine (as r6ide,p6rche, voyage). In Latin also, the accent occupies one of two places; penultimate, when
2.

As
is

there

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

^ A term borrowed from Latin prosody, which so calls words followed by two consonants, which are long by position,' not by nature. ^ In short, every word has one accented syllable, and only one the rest
* ;

are unaccented, or atonic ; thus, in the word formule, the last syllable is tonic, the other vowels are unaccented ; in Latin, in cantorem, the penultimate is accented, the others are atonic. ^ That is to say, when the word does not end with e mute when it ends with e mute, the termination is said to be feminine.
;

e 2

Hi

INTRODUCTION.
is

that syllable

long (as cantorem, amare, finire), antepenultimate, is short (rigidus, porticus, viaticum). We have just seen how important it is, with a view to the origin of the French language, to distinguish the quantity of the Latin vowels. It is still more so to distinguish their accent the tonic and atonic vowels do not change into the same vowels in French. We will now state the five rules of Phonetics they are the fundamental laws for the transformation of Latin into French, and of the constitution of the French word.

when

the penultimate syllable

49.

I.

The Latin Accent always

survives in French ;

i.e.

the

tonic accent always remains in the French on that syllable which it occupied in the Latin word ; whether that syllable was the penultimate, as in amdre, aimer ; t6mplum, temple ; or the antepenult, as

ordcTilum, oracle; articulus, article ; durdbilis, durable. Thus we see that the accented syllable is the same in each language ^ In studying the fate of the other syllables, which are of course all atonic, we must distinguish between those which come after the tonic syllable, as the e of cantorem, and those which precede it, as the a of cantorem.. We will first consider those which follow the tonic syllable ; they can occupy only one of two places, the last syllable, or the last but one, when it is a short syllable.
50. II. Every atonic Latin vowel, in the last syllable of a WORD, DISAPPEARS IN French. Thus, m^re, mer ; amare, aimer porcus, pore ; mortdlis, mortel; or, which is in fact the same thing, it is written as an e mute, as ^wsi\x^, ferme ; templum, temple.

51. III. When the penultimate of a Latin word is atonic, the Latin vowel disappears in French. In words accented on the

antepenult, as ordculum, tabula, articulus, durabilis the penultimate vowel is necessarily short in Latin ; this vowel, being absorbed by the tonic vowel preceding it, was scarcely sounded at all; the refined

Romans may have

neglected

given it a slight sound, but the popular voice such delicate shades of pronunciation. In all the remains of popular Latin that have come down to us (the Graffiti of Pompeii, inscriptions, epitaphs, &c.), the short penultimate we find oraclum, tabla, postus, moblis, vincre, is already gone suspendre, &c. ^; and when this common Latin became French, the words thus contracted became in turn oracle, table, poste, meuble, Indeed, by the law which forbids the French vaincre, suspendre, &c.
altogether
:

^ are not speaking here of words of learned origin ; these rules refer only to words of popular origin. ^ In more than one case the short penultimate had already disappeared even in classical Latin, as in saeclum, poclum, vinclum.

We

THE VOWELS.

liii

language to throw the accent farther back than the penultimate syl-*^"^?^ lable, it was compelled, if it would retain the Latin accent in its proper place in words formed from oraculum, tabula, &c., to suppress the short u of the penultimate, and to say oracle, table, &c.
considered the two classes of atonic syllables which syllable, let us go on to enquire according to what law atonies which precede the tonic syllable pass into French. These atonies may be divided into two classes those which precede the tonic syllable immediately, as the o of derogare, and those which are at a farther distance from it, as the e of derogare.

We

have

now

follow the

tonic

52. IV. Every AxoNit Latin vowel which immediately precedes THE TONIC SYLLABLE DISAPPEARS IF IT IS SHORT, REMAINS IF IT IS LONG \ It disappears if short, as sanitatem, bonitatem, positura becom2 sante, bonM, posture'^. It remains if long, as coemeterium,

ornamentum, cimetiere, ornemeni. 53. V. Every atonic Latin vowel which precedes the tonic SYLLABLE AT A GREATER DISTANCE REMAINS IN THE FrENCH. ThuS the

o in positura remains in the French posture ; sanitatera, sant^ ; vestim6ntum, vitement. (See the Dictionary, s.v, ble', briller.)

CHAPTER

II.

History of the Latin Vowels.

Thus, by help of the Latin accent, and the quantity of syllables, fixed the five laws according to which the Latin vowels disappear or remain in passing into French. Let us now reconsider these, and see whether the French language has retained intact the vowels it has received from the Latin, or has altered them, and, if so, after what laws. This study of Latin vowels in their nature must be thus divided first the simple vowels (a, e, i, o, u), then the diphthongs (ae, oe, au, eu), and each of these subdivided again into accented and atonic.

we have

History of A.
54.
I.

The

Latin

a,

when long by

position, remains, as arbor,

For examples, see the Dictionary, s.v. able, affable, ancre, asperge. For examples, see the Dictionary, s.v. accointer, aider. I have rorked out these two laws in detail in the Jahrbuch fur romanische
^

also Lit-

tratur (Leipzig, 1867).

"

In a very few instances

it

becomes

(see acheter'), or at (see aigle).

liv

INTRODUCTION.
2.

The
at

the liquids

Latin a and a, treated alike in French, become ai before m, n, if these consonants are followed by a vowel. /,

answers also to e, and is found under that form in the which stands for iai'n by a slight alteration. 3. a and a may also become at, by the attraction of the t, in words which have the accent on the antepenultimate, when the t is consuffix len (see ana'en),

This

sequently penultimate (see dnier). 4. a and a become e before the rest of the simple consonants they become an open e before a consonant followed by r {br, tr, dr, pr) ^, as fratrem, frere ; they become a closed e before mute consonants (see abbi), and before final consonants. 5. a and a become also ie in some words like canis, chien ; gravis, grief; pietatem, pili^ ; but this has been arrived at by passing through <?, and then by strengthening the e with an i, which has

produced the diphthong I

History of E.
have already said ( 46) that the Latin e was sounded like the open French e in aprh ; and e was a similar but longer sound, like the French e in tete.
55.

We

by the Romans

LE.
Latin e becomes a diphthong ie in French (except before in ferum, jff^ry mel, miel ; fel, fiel ; pedem, pied; tenet, iient ; venit, vient ; -getvaiXCi, pierre ; febviva, fievre ; deretro, derriere ; palpebram, paupiere ^ : and this tendency to turn e into a diphthong is so strong that it affects even the French ^ in position and treats it as e before a simple consonant; as in ped(i)ca, piege ; lep(o)rem, lievre ; tep(i)duiQ, tiede ; eb(u)luin, hieble ; he 56.

The

gutturals):

as

does not lengthen the preceding vowel by position. in tabanus, taon ; phiala,/o/^. eerasus, cerise ; ^ Brefirom. brevis, tu es from es, are not true exceptions to this rule for in Old French the words were more correctly brief and tu ies : the words have been re-fashioned by the clerks and latinists of the close of the middle ages, in order that they might be brought to a nearer resemblance to the Latin forms. The only true exception is et from et. Such words as lepra, lepre ; tenebras, tenebres ; celeber, celebre, are learned, not popular, words.
^

in this case
/

a becomes

in

THE VOWELS.
d(e)ra, lierre ^
ie is

Iv

The history of the change of e into the diphthong very short; it did not take place in Latin times, for there is no trace in the common Latin of that strengthening of the sound which is got by the change into a diphthong le; still the common Latin bears witness in its own way to the need it felt of strengthening the short e for we find it constantly written ae after the sixth centhus inscriptions and barbarous diplomas always write paedem tury
;
:

for pedem, faerum for ferum, paetra for petra; an important fact, which shews, not that the Mer^viugians pronounced e as ae, but that they gaye^^the. | so much emphasis as to oblige Jhe_.s^^^ find _a distinct _symbol to expxessiha..ne.w, 5Qu.nd. From the ninth century downwards ze is found (as c aelum, del, in the Song of St. Eulalia ; Qu'elle Deo raneiet chi maent sus en del,' literally Quod ilia Deum renegabit qui manet sursum in caelo '). The only word which is a true exception to this rule is Dieu from Deum, D6um first became, in very early French, De'o, and is so written in the Oaths of a.d. 842 it is also written Deu in the eleventh century in the Oxford Psalter (Ps. 149, 6) ^; then Diu, by the change of eu into m. Next the accent was displaced, Diu becoming Dm, and the strong diphthong a weak one. Finally, becomes Dieu, just as plus becomes pieux.
'
'

Dm

57.

Let us pass to the case of e in a word accented on the ante-

penult,
ie

and followed by eus,

levium,
i
lie'ge

ius, ia,

ium we
:

shall see that

it

becomes

in

mieux ; but

ministerium, me'iier ; melius, O. Fr. miels, in imperium., empire ; pretium, prix ; mLedium, mi
;
e'pice.

ingenium., engin ; species,

58. Before gutturals in passing into French ;

and e are

treated in the

same manner

we

shall therefore treat

of these together,

although this chapter properly deals with e only.

E
turals

and e before a guttural pass

in
like

into i

manner

affects

a,

by

thus,

nee,

ni ;

decem, dix ;

legit,

(this influence of guttransforming it into ai) lii^ ; peius, pis; vervecem,

:

^ The exceptions are gen(e)rum., gendre ; ten(e)rumi, tendre ; and this exception is doubtless due to an intercalated euphonic d, which made a group of these consonants, and weighted the word so heavily, that it was Merle easier to keep the short e than to pronounce the diphthong ie. (mer(u)la), was written correctly mierle in Old French, and transformed into merle by the learned. 2 For the accentuation of this Psalter, and its value as helping to fix the history and pronunciation of the French vowels, I refer the reader to my article in the Reruue Critique, 1871, ii. 247. ^ Legit is written ligit in several Merovingian documents of the seventh century this i was certainly pronounced very much like ei, and did not take the sound of i pure till after it had received its French form.
:

Ivi

INTRODUCTION.

hrehis ; and this tendency is a very early one, for we can trace the change from e into i even in the common Latin (as berbicem for vervecem in the Lex Salica). Before hard g and c, e and e

change

to oi ; as

legem,

loi ;

neco,

noie.

The

chronological evolution of e

may be

expressed thus

e (as in

pedem, medium,

legit, &c.)

i
ae
(in the 6th century,
nq i in

the 3rd century before

gutturals, &c., as ligit,

^
<T>

as

paedem)

;5

^^ p-

midium, &c.)

^
ie

5 3
ft)

(from the 9th cent, as pied).

(from the 8th century

mi^ dix^ &c.).

as

//V,

ILB.
59.

is
;

found

to

have taken the i form in early

common

Latin

documents

and

Inscriptions of as early a date as the second century

(see Schuchardt, i. 104) are full of such forms as mercidem, dibet, virus, cadire, capire, tradire. This i must have had a sound inter-

mediate between closed / and pure i (perhaps one something like that of the French ei in veille), for it has taken two different French sounds, as i on the one side (mercedem, mercidem, merci) and as ei on the other side, whence comes the oi of Modern French
(thus verum. Low Lat. virum. Old Fr. veir, Mod. Fr. voir). We must consider these two developments of the Latin e in detail, and trace the path by which they have at last arrived at two such very
different results.

60. To clear the way ^, let us begin by at once making out a of the words which have sharpened into a pure i the natural tendency of the Latin e to become i in Merovingian days e became i before a simple consonant (except the nasals) in the following words mercedem, merci; cera, cire ; berbecem, brebis ; presus *, pris pagesis *, pays ; marchesis *, marquis ; and sometimes even before a

list
:

^ In a very few instances, and before /, n only, e continues unchanged strena, etrenne; candela, chandelle; crudelis, cruel. All other cases of the continuance of the e, such as severus, se'vere; extradere, extrader^ are cases of learned words.

THE VOWELS.
nasal, as in

Ivii

venenum,
;

venin ; saracenus, sarrasin ; racemus, raisin ;

pullicenum, poussin

pergamemum., parchemin ^.
?',

61. Before the nasal consonants, e, after becoming into ei; just as before the nasals a becomes ai ( 54).

is developed This e, which

ei before a nasal at the very origin of the French language, was accentuated on the former vowel, and was pronounced sonorously, like the /?' in Ital. ///. In the eleventh century we find in the Oxford Psalter (of which we have already spoken in 56) the forms conse'il, ceint, vie'il, veine ; and, in the sixteenth century, Palsgrave gives us the true pronunciation of ei in his Example howe prose shulde be sounded' (Book i. p. 57). There he writes the phrase conseil de la souverdyne, by the phonetic forms counsey de la sovuerdyne! After the sixteenth century ^i was flattened into ei, then into /: thus vena was vina in Merovingian Latin, veine in the eleventh century, veine in the sixteenth, and now is pronounced vene, though still written veine, a form which remains as an orthographic indication of the old pronunciation which has gone. The like change is to be found in serena, sereine ; verbena, verveine ; balena, baleine ; ren, rein; plenum, plein ; frenum, frein ^ / and in some cases this ei has dropt to oi, as avena, O. Fr. aveine, Mod. Fr. avoine ; fenum, O. Fr. fein, now foin ; and indeed the process has gone yet further, and has reached to ai, as terrenum, terrain ^.

became

'

62. Before a simple consonant (except the nasals) e becomes habere, avoir ; sapere, savoir ; debere, devoir ; sedere, seoir ; raesiB'^ mois ; hourgesia* bourgeois ; regem., roi ; legem., loi; serus, soir ; verus, voir; heres, hoir ; me, mot; te, loi; se, soi; tres,

oi,

in

trois ; tela, toile ;

French oua
ai
:

velum, voile ; in which words oi is pronounced as few other cases oi has gone and is replaced by thus theca, O. Fr. loie, taie ; creta, O. Fr. croie, craie ; alnetum,
:

in a

O. Fr. Aunoi, Aunay ; franeesis *, O. Fr. Frangois, Frangais. But hitherto we have only stated the mechanical facts of these changes; we must also describe their history, and point out (i) how e becomes oi ; (2) how, and in what cases 02' becomes ai.

63.

How

e becomes

oi,

and then

ai.

have seen already classical Latin e becomes

We

( 60) that before nasal consonants the i in Merovingian Latin, then a sonorous

sound of i in in, see 73. sounded like e when n has continued to be sounded, as in sereine, veine; while it takes the nasal sound of in in words of a masculine termination, such as frein, plein, whose ein is sounded exactly
^ 2

For the

nasal

Notice that

ei is

like the in of -venin, raisin

^

: for this nasalisation, see 73. In the body of the Dictionary will be found the explanation of the two

exceptions,

remus, rame ; sebum,

suif.

Iviii

INTRODUCTION.

ei in the oldest

French monuments, then was stopped in its progress, and was flattened to I. Before all other consonants, on the contrary, this development was not so suddenly arrested thus debere, francesis,
:

become
fran^e'is

successively
//

debire,

francisis

(tenth century).

sonorous
the

At the end became a sonorous Si'^, and we get

(seventh century), deveir, of the tenth century this

devoir frangSis.
^

By

softened into a sonorous 6e : just as the Latin foidere, Coilius became foedere, Coelius, so devSir, frangois changed their pronunciation and became devSer, frangSes. But it may be noticed that at the end of the twelfth century it was a characteristic and uniform mark of French vocalisation, that it weakened all the strong diphthongs, and that the accent passed from the first vowel of the diphthong to the second then devoer, frangSes became devoe'r, frangoe's. In this thirteenthcentury pronunciation the modern pronunciation can already be recognised ; for Modern French has been formed by the simple change of the strong diphthong into a weak one.
is

end of the

twelfth century this sonorous 6i

Let us

now sum up
table
:

this first

period of the evolution of change by

means of a

Classical Latin

e
1

Merovingian Latin

i
1

Tenth century
Before a.d. 1050
After A.D. 1050

ei
1 1

oi
1

I
. . .
.

oe
1

1^

Twelfth century

oe

onward a new evolution of oe' begins (i) 0^' advances towards and this in two directions a more closed sound (2) towards a more open sound.
the fourteenth century
to take place,
:

From

1. The closed sound. Just as the Latin foem.ina, coelum, poena, coena, quickly took the weaker forms femina, eelum, pena, cena, so did the French 0/ in certain cases drop to the weaker e (between thus the pronunciation the thirteenth and the fifteenth century) Frangois, Angloes^ dropped to the simple sound Frange's, Angle's.
:

By sonorous oi I mean the sound of oi in the English word 'voice (which is also the Italian and Greek oi) that is to say, a strong diphthong, accented on the first part, in contradistinction to the sound of the Modern French oi ( = Fr. oua), which is a weak diphthong, accented on the last
^
;

vowel.

THE VOWELS.

lix

tury,

This new sound is often, in documents before the seventeenth cenrendered by e, which is its proper symbol; but for the most
part the

Old French spelling in oi was kept, as in Frangois, Anglois, pronunciation. In order it in no way answered to the to end this discrepancy between the sound and the spelling, Nicolas B^rain (a.d. i68i?), and after him Voltaire, proposed to represent by ai'^ the sound so ill represented by oi ; it would have been more logically proper had this sound, really an open e, been expressed by e ; but at was chosen, a symbol which simply still farther increases the orthographic difficulties of the French language. Adopted and pushed by Voltaire, the fashion of spelling in ai triumphed, and the French Academy adopted it authoritatively, to the exclusion
although
oi
01,

in the sixth edition of

its

Dictionary (a.d. 1835).

The open sound. In another direction, oe instead of becoming weaker constantly gathered strength. From 0^ in the fifteenth century it passed to the sound oue, transformed in the sixteenth by popular usage into oua. Palsgrave, in his specimens of French pronunciation (a.d. 1535), Book i. p. 61, gives us droit, vicioire, pronounced as droat, vicioare. Still this pronunciation of oi as oa, which was that of the Parisian citizens (as Henri Estienne tells us), was not at once adopted by the court and the literary circles they retained the oue' sound for more than two centuries. Moli^re makes fun of the peasantry for saying oua for oi', and Louis XIV and Louis XV used the oua sound to say un ouezeau (oiseau), la /oue {/oi), la hue {lot) The did not triumph finally till the end of the eighteenth century. and stage stuck to oue up to the beginning of the present century Lafayette in 1830 pronounced le roi, le roue'. The oua sound, which has two shades of pronunciation, oua when it stands at the end of a word, as /oua {/oi), loua {loi) and oa when the word has a final consonant which is sounded, as devoir, gloire, vidoire, is then expressed in French by oi, which is the eleventh century orthography. By this example may be seen how in certain cases orthography falls far behind the progress of pronunciation.
II.
: :

(
|

64.
will best

The

study of the history and developments of the Latin e be shewn by the following table
:

^ This ai at a later time became confounded with e, and finally supplanted it, very wrongly; for the two symbols e and ai originally represented two entirely different sounds.

INTRODUCTION.

g w g J^ 2 "

-^

_
>.
>

ro

a o

a o o o

Z O
__.^^
i2
<

.ti'^

J2

'W

i
c o
i2

H H

r5-

w H

O C 3 3 o > o ir Cm w> fe en

a
PQ

<1
t

O o o o o

.5

no

h So

<5j5

THE VOWELS.
III.

Ixi

E
(i.

in Position.
e.

65.

in Latin position

when

it

is

followed in the Latin

:

word by two consonants) always remains unchanged as herba, her be ;

testa, teie ;

festa, fete ;

fernim, /er ; inferniun, enfer ;

hibemum,

hiver^ ; except that before gutturals the e is 'iotacised,' or passes into the i form, under the usual influence ( 58) of the guttural: and this either into /.' as pectus, />u/ lectum, lit ; confectum, confit
sex, six ;
treize ;

despectum, de'pit ; or into ei, as sed'cim, tred'cim, seize, and later on this ei becomes oi, as tectum, toit ; cresco

(by transposition crecso*), crois ; directiun (Low Lat. dirictum, drietum, O. Fr. dreii), droit ; and finally into ai, as in paresco (Low Lat. parisco, O. Fr. pareis, then parois), parais. For e becoming ei, oi, and ai, see 61, 62, 63.

66.
e

in

stages of transition
1.

French position (i. e. when followed in the by two consonants), as debita, deb'ta, dette.

later

is

treated as
/"/^"^ /

the course of e,

if it were not in position, and therefore it follows which passes into ie ( 56): as lep(6)rein, lievre ;

ped(i)ca,
2.

tep(i)dus,

tiede ;

eb(u)luni,

Jiieble,

&c.

e in

position remains

unchanged: as deb(i)ta,
clerc,
:

dette ;

quadra-

ges(i)ma, careme ; cler(i)cus,

&c.

And

this

may be

thus expressed

E in
I

Latin position -^

-1

before gutturals becomes

Merovingian

i,

continues as e, except before gutturals as

;

herba,
which passes into 1 ei ; as sed'cim,
2. oi; as

berbe.

whence
seize,

Fr.

;
//'/.

as lectum.,

tectum,

toit,

3.

ai; as -pareaco, parais.

only true exceptions are lucerna, lucarne, and lacerta, le%ard: Dictionary will be found the history of each of these exceptional forms. The change of e into a before r (as is also seen in per, par) follows a secondary law which is explained in my Memoire sur le changement de /'e latin en a, in the Memoires de la Societe de Linguistique, i. 418. In niece from neptia, tiers from tertius, the ie has been formed by the transposition of the i; as also in siecle, which is a bad and semi-learned form, as is shewn by the retention of the c ; seule would have been the good form of the word. ^ Merula, posterula, and asperagus*, have been treated as if they had an e in Latin position and have given rise to merle, poterne,
^

The

in the

asperge.

Ixii

INTRODUCTION.

E in
I

French position
' 1

if e,

if e,
;

becomes

ie

as

lep(o)rein,
67.

lie'vre.

remains unchanged dericus, clerc,

as

General r^sumd of the passage of the Latin e into the French

:

language
I.

e always becomes

ie

(except before gutturals,

when

it

always

becomes

i).
t,
t

2.

e becomes
tinues as

which sometimes, though very seldom, con; but usually passes

on

to

ei, oi,

ai.

3.

e in Latin position always remains unchanged (except before gutturals, when it becomes i)\ e in French position remains as ^, if long ; becomes z<?, if short.

History of

I.

i.

68. The Latin i is treated in common Latin, and also in French, as if it was e. We have seen, 63, that the classical Latin e took in common Latin an iotacised sound, like ei, which became i, and was developed consecutively into ei in Old F>ench before the eleventh century then into oi, as legem, ligem, le% hi. Similarly the Latin i, in Merovingian times, was sounded like ei, and written in Merovingian texts as e\ which simply became e'i in very early French, then 6i\ as fidem, Merovingian Latin fedem, O. Fr. fei, then foi.
;

This remarkable parallel

table

may be

best

seen

by the following

:
(legem).
i (fidem.).

Classical Latin e

Merov. Latin,

i,

pronounced 6i (ligem).

e,

pronounced

6i

(fedem).

French of the nth century

After that date

eiQei,fei).
oi (Jot, foi).

^ The forms vecem, bebere, fedem, menus, &c., for vicem, bibere, fidem, minus, &c., occur in Inscriptions of the times of the Empire: and this pronunciation of i as //', expressed by e, dates from very early times ; for we find in Varro Rustici nunc viam . veham appellant.'
' .

THE VOWELS.

Ixiii

in

This change of i into ot through O. Fr. ei, is also to be found pirum, poire ; pilum, poil ; picem, poix ; nigrum, noir ; minus, moins ; sit, soil ; &itim,soi/; Yisim.,voie; iidem., foi ; \yi\y've, boire ; For details, and for the history pip'r, poivre ; Lig'rim, Loire ^ of the passage from Old French ei into oi, see above, 61.

ILI.

69. i usually remains in French: as nidum, nid ;

ripa, rive

fvsMsm.,

fin ; vinum, 57z/ gYYrQ.^x![n., prin (m prinie?nps) ; s\Q,si; vita, vie ; pica, />z"<? ; and so too in the suffixes ills, il; as Aprilis, avril icem = is, ix, as perdicem, perdrix ; radicem, rais (in raifort) ;
ie, as am.icum, ami; vesica, vessie ; inum = ?>/, as molinum, moulin ; ire = ir, as audire, ouir ; itum = i, as maritum, mari ; ivum = ?/] as captivum, cMiif^.
?',

icum, icam =

70. Before a consonant followed by ius (eus), ia, ium, this 1, whether long or short, usually remains: as filius, fil ; cilium, cil ; lineum, linge ; tibiam, tige ; simia, singe ; servitium, service ; In a few familia famille; fili&,, fille ; linea, ligne ; vinea, vigne. cases, however, this i passes into ei (pronounced like e, as we have seen in 61): as consilium, conseil ; mirabilia, merveille ; nivea,

neige ; tinea, teigne

e, is

insignia, enseigne

and

this

ei,

pronounced as

met with

in the latter
-j^i^vitiEi,

form

in vicia, vesce ; tristitia, tristesse

laetitia, Hesse ;

paresse ^.
~

The

history of the passage of the Latin

and

"

into the

French

language

may be shewn

as follows

^ Sinus has stopped at sein, and vitrum at n^erre, because these monosyllables instinctively keep all the strength they can. The Dictionary explains how it is that sine has become sans : mine, ligo, plico, formed the regular O. Fr. moine, loie, ploie; and these again have been reformed in Modern French into mene, lie, plie. The only true exceptions are eicer, chiche ; librum, li-vre (but the quantity of librum was uncertain); other words, such as tigris, tigre, &c., are of learned origin. ^ Patrinum, parrain ; matrina, marraine, at first changed the i into ei ( 70), whence O. Fr. parrein, marreine : for the change from ei to i, see 61, 62, 63. Glirem, loir; pisum, pois, have treated the i as if it were i perhaps pois, which in regular course ought to have been pis, is so formed in order to escape from the confusion between pis from pectus, and pis from peius, and also pic from picus. Cer'voise does not come from cerevisia, but from cervisa. ^ See above, 2. This change of i into e is also to be met with in vidua, vidva, vedva, 've've, 'vewve. Courroie, from corrigia, has treated the i as if it were i, see 68.
:

Ixiv

INTRODUCTION.

In Merovingian times
in in in
in
I

"I

^ <^^^^>' f^.,
'

before ius, ia,

before ius, ia,

ium
i

ium
(Jlle)

before any oth letter it remain always unchangi

/

oth century

ei {fe't)

ifds).

nth
nth
1

century
century

oi (^foi)

'

sometimes becomes ei, as (^conseit), then

e (tristesje).

6e

2th century
e

oe {foi)

one in
|

5th century,

as njerre

from O. Fr. voirre, vitrum.

oua in i6th century.

III.

I in Position.
is

71. I in Latin position

changed

to e in

Merovingian Latin

thus

fermum, ceppum, mettere, for firmum, cippum, mittere, are found in Inscriptions and this e, pronounced et (see 66), has
;

produced two distinct French forms, according as the open e sound, or the i sound.

it

has preferred

This is the usual way in which i in 72. (i) The e sound. position before all consonants, except the gutturals and nasals, is

changed

as

ilia, elle ;

axilla, aisselle ; firm.uin,

missum, mets ;

fissa, /esse ;

arista,

ar^ie

ferme ; siccum, sec ; cippum, cep ; crista,

cr^te; evisT^a, cre'pe^.

^ For details and history of the development of oi, see the table which gives the history of e, above, 63. ^ i in position rarely remains unchanged; instances are ille, il ; villa, wl/e; mille, mil ; millia, milk ; missum, mis (but also mets) ; scriptum, ecrit. Such words as triste from tristis, argile from argilla, epitre from epistola, are learned or half-learned words. ^ Illos, capillos, ilicem, have formed, quite regularly, the O. Fr. els, chevels, yelce, whence, at a later time, by softening /into u (see 157), came Vierge, from virgo, is an exthe Modern French eux, che^eux, yeux. ception ; but in O. Fr. the correct form, virge, was in use. * In en, from inde, the word has taken the sound of an, a sound which appears orthographically in such words as langue, dans, sangle, tanche, ceans, dimanche, from the Latin lingua, &c. : these words were correctly written as lengue, dens, &c., in Old French.


THE VOWELS.
73.
(ii).

Ixv

The
:

ei

sound, before nasals, whether they are (i) pure

as imprim(e)re, empreindre ; exprim(e)re, epreindre ; or (2) fortified by a guttural as eing(e)re, ceindre ; exstingu(e)re, eieindre ; ting(e)re, teindre ;

etreindre \
74.
oi,

fmg(e)re, y^zWr^; T^in^{e)ve, peindre For the history of this ei sound, see 61.

string(e)re,

Before pure gutturals i first becomes ei, which later passes and sometimes even into ai as rig(i)dura, reide, roide, raide. For the history of ei, oi, and ai, see 61, 62, 63. But i is not in all cases so fully developed in some words it even remains unchanged
into
:
;

as periculiim, /7V// GlsL-vicvlo,, cheville ; lenticvUa,, leniille ; craticula, grille ; dictum, dit ; delictum, delii.

Before gl, ch, i drops to ei : as apic(u)la, aheille ; somnic(u)lus, sommeil ; sicla*, seille ; vig(i)lo, veille ; triehila, ireille ; ovic(u)la, O. Fr. otieille, now ouaille. (For ei = ai, see 61.) Axic(u)lum. and spic(u)lum made the O. Fr. aissieil, espieil, which, by the later softening of I to u ( 157), have produced essieu, e'pieu.
It is only before c, g, followed by a dental, that the i is completely developed thus strictus, digitus, rigidus, frigidum, explicitum, become O. Fr. estreit, deil, reide, freii, expleit, now elroit, doigt, roide, froid, exploit'^. .This oi (following the rule given in 63) becomes ai in roide, raide ; but e in implicita, empleite *, emploiie *, now emplette.
:

To sum up

in

French position
in

becomes e
in

Merovingian Latin,

nth century is open before all consonants except nasals and

gutturals.

in

ith century

is ei
j

(sonorous) before

nasals

gutturals

12th cent.

nasal

remains as before/

becomes

oi

in

12th century before dentals.

is constringere, contraindre, written with at f Vincire makes though O. Fr. t^eincre. Benignus, maUgnus, keep the i, as benin, malin : setng and daigne come, through O. Fr. sein, daingne, deingne, from signum, digno. Signum remains as sin in tocsin.

Why

-vaincre,

attraction of the i with gutturals is so strong that it makes itself even though a consonant be between it and the gutturals thus discus, meniscus, theodiscus, become dicsus, menicsus, theodicsus, whence O. Fr. dets, meneis, tieis, then dots (now dais), menois, tiois.
lelt,
:

The

Ixri

INTRODUCTION.
History of O.

I O.
that

6 only continues unchanged in French in a very few cases before the nasals as sono, sonne ; bonus, bon ; sonum, son ; homo, on : this o, which was sonorous (like the Italian o) in the earliest French, becomes nasal (on) from the twelfth century.^
75.
is,
:

76. Before all other consonants 6 becomes a diphthong in French, in consequence of the necessity of strengthening the accented In all the Romance tongues, except Portuguese, the short vowels. Latin 6 becomes a diphthong by placing u before it, the vowel which comes next after it in the scale of vowels just as e called in to form t'e, so 6 attracted u, and formed the group ud, some t traces of which are even to be found in popular Latin ^; it also has produced the Italian uo (novuni, It. nuovd). This uo was softened into ue in Spanish (novum, nuevo), and, still more, into eu in French (novum, neuf). But the remark made above, that the Romance tongues offer us in space the same phenomena as are presented by the French language in time, is here again shewn to be just; the Hymn of St. for the Latin 6 was uo in ninth-century French Eulalia has buona ; in the eleventh century this uo had softened into ue : thus novum, proba *, were nuef, prueve in the Chanson de Roland. In the twelfth century the u dropped to o, the group ue became oe, whence noef, proeve ; this group, oe, in the thirteenth century takes the sound of the German d (as the rhymes of that age clearly shew). Now, this German '6 being expressed in French by eu, the oe group was transcribed into eu towards the end of the fourteenth century. It may be noticed that, here as elsewhere, orthography has taken two
:

centuries to

accommodate itself to pronunciation. Hence comes the modern orthography of noviim, neuf; novem, neuf; proba, preuve ; m.ovita*, meute ; volo, veux ; mola, meule ; Mesa, Meuse ; coquus,
queux; dolium*, ^<?z7/ fd\i&,, feuille ; aolea.* seui'l ; jocum, j'eu : also locum, O. Fr. /eu, now written h'eu, just as Deu has become Di'eu. But here also there are many orthographical irregularities although the pronunciation is eu, we find even now (i) the orthographical twelfth-century form ue in accueillir, orguetl, cueillir^ : (2) the ortho, :

ecole ; rota, O. Fr. roe, now roue. Schuchardt, ii. 329, cites buona for bona in a MS. of the seventh century. ^ While the O. Fr. muete, from movita, was changed in regular course to meute in Modern French, the old form remained in the hunting-term muette, a. house in which hunting relays are kept hence comes the name La Muette, a chateau in the Bois de Boulogne, mentioned in the correspondence of the eighteenth century.
*

Let us add the two words, schola,


THE VOWELS.

Ixvii

graphic form oeu, which is still more uncouth, is bovem, bceuf; sororem, soeur ; cor coeur, which were buef, siier, cuer in the twelfth century. This strange orthography was invented by the copyists, who were embarrassed by ue, oe, and eu ; they got rid of the difficulty by a compromise between oe and eu; that is, by sticking these two diphthongal forms together {pe-\-eu = oeu). This ceu is even reduced to ce, in ml. We must not be deceived by these irregularities of the written language we must never forget that the true language,
;

the

spoken tongue,

is,

on the contrary,

perfectly

regular

in

its

aevelopments.
77. After reaching eu, the Latin 6 usually remains stationary it sometimes undergo a change, and descends to u : thus forum was first O. Fr. /uer, then /eur, now /ur : and the O. Fr. meure, deu, meu, meutin, bleuet, peure'e, have dropped to mure, bu, mil,

does, however,

mutin, bluet, pure'e.

Gageure

is still

pronounced gagure.

To sum up

Latin 6

before

all consonants except the gutturals

before the nasals

becomes
1

in 6th

century Merovingian century French

.
.

uo
I

in 9th

uo
ue
oe

in

nth century French

century French

in the

ith cent, on (sonorous)

in 12th in

in the 12th cent, on (nasal).

3th century French

eu (0)
oe,

written alike as
ue, eu, ceu,

remains as eu

drops to u in i6th cent.

IL O.
78. 6 in popular Latin early took a sound intermediate between pure and ou a sound which transcribers expressed by u : thus we find honur, amur, neputem, nus, vus, &c., in the Inscriptions of the fifth century, and in later Merovingian diplomas. This new sound passed into the French language, which, in the eighth century, in the Glosses of Cassel, has lu/li, purcelli, iundi in the ninth century, in the Oaths of a.d. 842, we find amur, dunat, returnar, nun ; while side by side with these are om, contra, non, which

iil

f 2

; :

Ixviii

INTRODUCTION.
clearly

shews

how undecided^as

the scribe as to the best

u,

way of

expressing

this

new sound, rendering iFsometimes by

:

by 0. From the ninth to the eleventh century it is u by French scribes thus we commonly find, till the
duner, amur, ublier, sun,
this
tute^

sometimes usually noted by

twelfth century,

hume, lur

{leur),

in all

French

texts

^:

after the twelfth century the

French scribes seem

to prefer o to express
tote,

sound

^,

and

write amor, honor, lor, oblier,

&c.

Finally, the

thirteenth century

abandons this misleading orthography (which did not express the true sound, and made a confusion between o and u), and created the two special notations eu and ou, for the two sounds into which the Latin 6 sound is divided.

passes regularly into eu (save in the cases stated below) ; horam, heure ; florem, fleur ; cotem, queux mobilis, meuble; illorum., leur; solum., seul; mores, moeurs; nodum, noeud; votiim, voeu ; ovum, ceuf^; seniorem, seigneur: and all suffixes in osum become eux : as virtutosum *, vertueux ; peduculosum *, pouilleux ; ventosum, venteux * suffixes in orem become eur : as dolorem., douleur ; honorem., honneur ; im.peratorem., empereur^. Before we end, let us say that this eu coming from 6 (and expressed in the twelfth century by o, in the tenth and in Merovingian Latin by u), cannot be confounded with the eu which comes from 6 (expressed in the twelfth century by oe, in the eleventh by ue, in the ninth by uo, see 77).

79.

as

nepotem, neveu

.*

80. Sometimes eu drops to u : thus meure, but from the sixteenth century mure,

morum becomes

O. Fr.

81. There are a few cases (chiefly before dentals between two vowels) in which 6 prefers to become ou : as nodo, noue ; voto, zjoue ; doto, doue : and to these let us add sposus *, /poux ; nos, nous ; vos, vous ; totum, tout ; amorem, amour ; zelosum, jaloux,

82.
settles

Before the nasals,

6, after

becoming u
;

in the eleventh century,

down

as o in the twelfth century

first

as sonorous o ( 75),

^ And the editors of medieval works are wrong in concluding hence that in these words u was pronounced as Modern French u: it is easy to see, by means of rhymes of the period, that the pure u sound (like mur^

from Latin u in m.urum.) never rhymes with such a word as amur (from Latin o in amorem). ^ On the other hand Anglo-Norman scribes retain the orthography in tt, a fact which for a long time kept alive the belief that this u was the distinctive sign of the Norman dialect; it is so, in fact, only from the
thirteenth century. ^ In the words mceurs, nceud, 'vceu, ceufs, the oeu for eu is an unlucky imitation of the ceu group, already treated in 76. * A remarkable exception is to be seen in zelosum, jaloux : compare ^lou, gabelou, for Jileur, gabeleur. ^ Amorem, amour, forms a single and singular exception. Labour is simply the verbal substantive of labourer, and is therefore no exception.

'

THE VOWELS.
75) thus leonem, donum, nomen,

Ixix

then as nasal on

after

having

been

leun, dun,

num

in the eleventh century, are fixed as lion, don,

;

nam

in

Modern French.
'
'

and, just as a becomes ai, Before the gutturals 6 is iotacised so o becomes 6i, which in the eleventh century is sonorous, like the Italian voi, but is weakened in the twelfth century into the modern oi ; as vocem, votx. For the history of French oi, see 63.
83.

and e

ei,

84. Before proparoxytons in eus, ea, eum, ius, ia, ium, the 6 either (i) it the i, and then one of two results follow: the o remains, while it softens the subsequent consonant; either continuing as o, as in ciconia, cigogne^, or following the regular changes into eu, as folia, feuille ; solium, seuil ; or into ou, as de-ex-spoliare, de'pouilkr (as is expounded in 78, 79) or (2) the

attracts to

is

iotacised/

and becomes

ui,

as

corium, cuir ; podium, pui

muid ; hodie, hui ; oleum, huile ; troja, iruie : and this sound afterwards drops to oivi\ eboreum*, ivoire ; m.onius *, moine testimonium, temoin; dormitorium, dortoir ; gloria, gloire; historia,
m.odium.,
histoire
^.

To sum up

O
In Merovingian Latin
in 9th

u
I

century either u or

c, indifferently,

in

nth century by preference .

2 th

u
I

but

ui

t
|
I

before propar-

oi

oxytons
I

before gutturals in nth century,

nth

cent, oi
|

in

century by preference . .
1
'

12th cent,

ot

12th cent, ot

which divides
'

in

13th

which

cent, into
I 1

strengthened into pure before nasals

is
I

eu

ou
1

on nasal, in

Modern

; f remains eu

French.

u in i6th cent. (as morum, mure')

is

Cicogne

a learned

word

soigne,
"^

which remains

in the derivative soignole,

and the true popular form of it is O. Fr. from ciconiola {the le-ver

of a well, in Isidore of Seville). This oi, coming from Latin o + i, must not be confounded with oi which comes from e or i: (1) because oi from o + i was never ei, whilst the other oi was ei at the beginning of the French language. (2) oi from e or i is a natural outcome of the Latin sound, while oi from o + i comes from the addition of a Latin i to the Latin o.

Ixx

INTRODUCTION.

III.

in Position.

85.

in

Latin

position,

except

in

the

two

cases

con-

sidered below ( 86, 87), always continues in French: as ossum, os portum, porf ; longum, /ong ; soccum, soc ; porta, porte ; corpus, The same is the corps ; comu, cor ; comua, come ; montem, moni.

as coph(i)num, is in French position ( 88) pon(e)re, pondre ; coni(i)tem, comte ; rot(u)lum, role ; comp(u)tum, compte ; hosp(i)teni, hSte ^

case

when o Latin

coffre ;

as cortem *, 86. In certain words this o drops to ou (see 88) O. Fr. cort^ cour ; tomo *, O. Fr. tome, iourne ; torta, O. Fr. torle, iourte ; coventus (from conventus), O. Fr. covent, convent; costare (from constare), O. Fr. couster, coUter ; consuere, cosuere, O. Fr.
:

cousdre, coudre.

This is not the same kind of softening that has changed o into ou in the following mollis, O. Fr. mot, mou ; collis, O. Fr. col, cou ; follis*, O. Yx.fol,fou ; pollicem, O. Fr. poke, pouce ; resolvere, O. Fr. resoldre, re'soudre ; molere, O. Fr. moldre, vioudre ; vol(u)ta, O. Fr. volte, voute ; colaphum, O. Fr. colp, coup ; rotulo, O. Fr. rolle, route eorotulo, O. Fr. crolle, croule ; poljrpum, O- Fr. polpe, poulpe : for these come from the resolution of ol into ou ; for the history of which
:

see 157.

Before gutturals, and in proparoxyton words ending in ius, iotacised,' like all other vowels in the same position (see 70, 84), and becomes ol in the eleventh century ( 84) ; this at a later time becomes oi ( 84), then ui towards the end of the middle ages: thus noetem, O. Fr. nolt, null; cocsa (coxa), O. Fr.
87.
ia, ea, &c., o is
'

coisse, cuisse ; octo, O. Fr. oil, huii ; coq(ue)re, O.Fr. coire, cuire Even in noc(e)re, O.Fr. noire, nuire ; ostium, O.Fr. oistre"^, huitre. common Latin we find ustium for ostium, ustiarius for ostiarius^.

For the

history of

French

oi,

see 63.

^ Why should dom(i)na, written domna in Merovingian texts, have taken the strange form dame, while dom(i)nuin became dom in regular course ? - As late as Villon we find oistre (whence Engl, oyster) rhyme with

cloistre.

pots,

This influence has been so strong that possum produced the O. Fr. now puis, although there is no guttural in the word the probability A remarkable irreis that the word was treated as if it was pocsum. gularity is to be seen in oc(u)lum, oclum in the fourth century (Appendix ad Probum). Oclum produced the O. Fr. ucil, then oc'il whence comes the transformation into (euU, U, as we have seen above, in 76. Why then have we a-veugle from aboculum, and not a'vcBil'? From the form euil, plural euils comes the diphthongal form in by dropping the /, comes the plural j'^'w*-.
^
:
'
'


THE VOWELS.
88. This mutual attraction strong, that it even affects them

between
o

Ixxi

and the gutturals is 'so by another In this case the o attracts the guttural, transposes it, and consonant. produces the <?/ sound thus cognosco, boscum *, becoming cognocso, bocsum ^, produced connois, now connais ^, and hois. Similarly, when the letters are divided from one another by a nasal: longe, mon(a)clius, canon(i)cus, become logne, moc'nus, canoc'nus, whence loin, moift, chanoin. It should further be noticed that in the two cases treated in this paragraph o stops at oi, and does not descend

when they

are separated

to ui.

To sum up

O
I

in Latin

and French position

is

similarly treated.

In Merovingian Latin

u
,

^ r before all consonants (except gutturals and proparoxytons in ius, &c.)

is

before gutturals and proparoxytons in ius, &c.

in
in

strengthened to

nth
1

cent.

di

2th cent.
1
I

or
' .

in

5th cent.

ou which descends to
.

(?)

eu

oi

in 15th

cent Kt

remains
if

unchanged

the gutturals are separated from it by a consonant.

General resume of the history of the Latin o

1.

i,

6 remains unchanged before nasals; becomes a diphthong eu before all other consonants. 2. 6 remains unchanged before nasals ; becomes oi before gutturals eu or ou before other consonants. 3. o in position (Latin or French) becomes ui before gutturals; remains unchanged before other consonants. Thus we see that as the tendency of a is towards e, of e towards so is that of towards u.

History of

IT.

89.
:

This

Romans
^

vowel was pronounced like French ou by the they used to express the French u sound ( = German u

Similarly,
(

we

find in Inscriptions of the fifth century the

form crex-

entem.
^

= crecsentem.)
later

for

crescentem.
oi

For the

change of

into ai, see 63.

Ixxii

INTRODUCTION.

and Greek v) by the letter y, which in imperial times took (like Gr. v) the sound of i pure. Towards the end of the Empire the classical u sound is often softened into il, which the copyists could not render by y, seeing Consequently, we that that letter was softened in turn from U to /. find a great confusion in the written language: u being taken to represent the new ii sound, it was necessary in order to express the old classical sound of u, to introduce a new orthographic sign,
ou.

This is apparently a diphthong, but in reality has always expressed a simple sound ^

I.U.
90. Just as e and i become confounded together in Merovingian and are both rendered in French by oi, so 6 and u undergo the same fortune in French, o becoming ou, as is also the case with u

Latin,

(except before nasals). The Latin u sound is represented in Merovingian Latin by o, a letter which certainly must have differed from pure u, since the

Appendix ad Probum

(Keil,

199.

2)

has

coluber non colober.'

the Theodosian

Formulae AndegaCode. This sound, certainly intermediate between ou and eu, was usually represented by u, then by 0, in the hands of the French scribes, and it is only at the end of the at the beginning of the language twelfth century that we notice this sound dividing in two very different directions, and passing one way towards ou pure, as cubo, couve ; ^xxigyxm., joug ; ubi, ou ; lupum, hup; and on the other side
the
;

Thus we find cobetus for cubitus in venses; jogum for jugum in the MS. of

towards eu ^, as gula, gueule ; colubra, conleuvre ; juvenis, jeune ; supra, O. Fr. seur, now sur. For the softening of eu into u, see

77^
^ must take care not to confound ou, as found in sourd, which is a simple orthographic transcription of the classical Latin u, with ou in cou (a softened form of O. Fr. cou, originally col, from Lat. collem). In the former case ou is a simple sound, and has always been such in the latter, ou is the softened form of a strong diphthong, ou in the eleventh century In the ( 157), which also is a resultant of the softening of / into u. eleventh century these two sounds, now altogether confused together, were completely distinct. For this change of Merovingian 6 into eu, see 76. ' The same word has often undergone this double treatment, passing into a form with eu and another with ou: thus lupum becomes O. Fr. both leu and loup ; supra both seur (jur) and sor ; juvenis both jeune and jcne. Modern French has only adopted one of these two forms. This eu from u must not be confounded with the eu which really comes from 6, and which has been treated of in 76. The former was always eu in the middle ages, but the latter was originally ue.
;
'^

We

THE VOWELS.
91.

Ixxiii

Just as 6

Before gutturals this parallelism of 6 and u is again met with. becomes oi (vocem, voix), so i also becomes oi (nucem,

noix

crucem, croix).
:

92. There is a parallel phenomenon in proparoxytons in ius, eus, ia, ea, &c. o then becomes ui (as podium, puy ?), and li becomes ui also in cupreum*, cuivre. strange exception is

ducem,

due.
:

6 and u become 6, which is 93. So again before nasals sonorous when followed by a single nasal and a vowel, but is nasal in all other cases sumus, sommes ; tuiun, ton ; suum, son.
:

Classical

u
.6
u
o
1

Merovingian
in
in

nth
1

cent

2th cent
is

before nasals dulled to

before gutturals and proparoxytons in ius,

&c.,
it is

before other

consonants

'iotacised'

ith cent, o sonorous

2th cent, o nasal

2th cent, ou

in 12th cent. eu.

II. U.
94. The classical Latin u was at an early date transformed into a softened u, and the scribes have kept the orthographic sign which formerly designated ou to express this new sound. This change of

u into ii is general: crudum, cru ; cupa, cuve ; culum, cul durum, dur ; scutum, ecu; gluten, glu ; jus, Jus ; luna, lune maturum, miir ; miurum, mur ; mula, mule ; m.uta, mue ^ / nudum,
classical

nu ; nuTbem,
stir ;

wz^^y

purum,/z^r/

^lixmsb,

plume ;

^id^o, sue ;

susum*,

sus ; usus, us;

and

in the suffixes (i):

\iva.

securum, = ure, as

armatura, armure ; secatura, sciure ; (2) utem = z/, as virtutem, vertu ; salutem, saluf^ ; (3) utum = z^, as acutura, aigu ; minutum,

menu ; canutum,
^

chenu.

in

In the one word rage mue. The masculine mu from mutum remains the diminutive muet. This is a form reconstructed by the learned the O. Fr. regular form
:

was

salu.


Ixxiv

INTRODUCTION.

95. Before the nasals u becomes nasal: as jejimiim, jmne unum, un ; Melodunum, Melun ; Augustodunum, Autun ; Eburodunum, Embrun and this sometimes passed into a nasal o, as Sedunmn, Sion ; Lugdunum, Laon, Lyon.
:

96. In proparoxyton words ending in -ius, -eus, &c., u or u, through the reflex action of the i (or e) of the suffix, are transformed into ui, 01 : as fugio, fuis ; Junius, juin ; pluvia, pluie ; puteus, puits ; qvl^YAa, coiffe ; Cwcia,, Coi're ; cuneus, com : and this iotacism is extended even to u when in position angustia, angoisse ; bustia *, boite. Diluvium has undergone peculiar treatment instead of falling under the influence of the i, and becoming oi, it has turned the i into a consonant, whence comes diluvjum and then the u, being before two consonants, does not follow the rule given below (97) for vowels in position, but becomes il {ddluge). Fleuve from fluvius, and bute from buteo, are harder to explain so also is heur in boiiheur, malheur ; O. Fr. eilr^ ceiir ; Proven9al agur, from Lat. augurium here the i has no perceptible influence. (Can there have been a late Latin form augurum * ?)
:

To

resume the history of

Classical

u
ii
I

Marovingian

(which stands to classical u as ^ does to o)

before proparoxytons in
ius,
in

before consonants
I

becomes
I

nth

cent,

ui, oi

before nasals
I

before other consonants

in

nth
1

cent, u sonorous
I

in

2th cent, u nasal

o nasal

afterwards

IV. U

in Position.

97. It is an ascertained fact that the being *in position' (i.e. followed by two or more consonants) protects vowels, and keeps them unchanged thus a in position remains as a : arbor, arbre ; e is still e, as ferrum, fer. In order to preserve itself, u ought to keep the pure ou sound, and not to drop to u; and this is exactly what happens. in position retains its classical purity, but under the new orthographic sign of ou, as gutta, goutte. having, even in Merovingian times, become ii (see above 94),
:

;:: ; : ;

THE VOWELS.
.IS

Ixxv

the scribes of that time, wishing to shew that u kept its ou sound, were obliged to have recourse to a new symbol, and took for this purpose the letter o. Thus the Inscriptions orlEe Empire and Merovingian diplomas are full of such forms as fornum, mosca, dolcem, comolo, sordum, oltra, orsum, in all of which o stands for u.
in
in position

purum, pur,

This Merovingian o was transcribed by the French scribes sometimes into , sometimes into o; for they were as undecided about the best sign for this new sound as the Merovingian scribes had been from the thirteenth century however it settled down definitely into the oti sign. Thus turrim is turre in Merovingian Latin, tor in Old French, and now four. The same continuance of the Latin u in French, under the form of ou, is to be seen in ampulla, ampoule ; bulla, boule ; betulla, boute ;
coude ; cultrum, coutre ; cursus, cours cuppa, coupe; curtum, court; culc'ta-puncta, courte-pointe ; dulcem, doux ; dubito, doute ; fulgurem, foudre ; furnum, four ; gutta, goutte ; gluttus *, glout * ^ / diumum, jour ; luscum, louche; luridum, lourd ; musca, viouche ; ultra, outre; ursum, ours; utrem, outre; pulv'rem, poudre ; pulsum, pouls pulla, poule ; russum, roux ; sol'dum, sou ; subtus, sous ; satullum, soul; suf'ero, souffre ; sulphur, sou/re; surdus, sourd; turba, tourbe turbo *, trouve ; turrem, tour ; turnum *, tour ; tussem, toux. The Old French o has remained in fluctus, _;?(?// multum, mot; nuptiae, noces ; viburnum, viorne ; ulmum, orme ; ructus, rot;
;

bucca, louche

cub'tus,

curvum,

courbe ;

gurges, gorge. Hence it can be seen how very generally this rule is applied there are but few exceptions to it, and such are (i) in Latin position as nullum, nul ; rusticum, rustre ; fustem, fut; justum, juste purgo, purge; dieusq\xe, jusque ; (2) in French position (66): as hum'lis, humble; jud'cem, juge ; pul'cem., puce; consuetud'nem, coutume ; amaritud'nem, amertume. The cause of these exceptions is not easily to be discovered ; nor is that of the two words burrus, O. Fr. bidre, now burre, and butyrum, O. Fr. bur re, now beurre.
:

98. Before a nasal the Merovingian o remains as in French Low Latin colomba, colombe. This was sonorous at first, in the eleventh century, then nasal ( 77) from the twelfth century. Similarly rotundus, rond ; undecim, onze ; unda, onde ; mundum, monde ; num.erus, nombre ; pumicem., ponce rumpere, rompre ; ciunulum, comble ; fMn.6.\nrL, fond ; fundus, fonds; de-unde *, dont ; summa, somme ; grundis *, gronde ; verecundiam, vergogne ; Burgundia, Bourgogne.

as

columba,

99. Before gutturals

in position is iotacised,

and becomes ui

Whence comes

the derivative glouton.


Ixxvi

INTRODUCTION.

; ;

thus finictus, fruit ; buxus ( = bucsus) \ bids ; tructa, truite ; lucere, hiire ; conducere, conduire ; luota*, O. Fr. luiie (now lutte) : this rule,
oi in very early

however, does not hold good for u before cl, in which case it becomes French, and afterwards oui : as foenuculum. Low Latin fenuelum, O. Fr. fenoil, now fenouil ; so too inductilis (later form induclis*), andouille ; ranuda (for ranuncula), grenouille
colucula, quenouille ; as well as the Old Fr. pouil, verroutl, genouil (now pou, verrou, genou, see 157), from peduclum, veruclum, genuclum. Acucula has certainly produced aiguille; but the Old Fr.

was regularly formed,

agoille

and

agouille.
(i.

100.
it

When u
iotacised,

is

followed by a gutturalised nasal

oi ;
at
first
:

e.

by

nc, ng,

gn)

is

and becomes
(

sonorous
as

43) and
point

strong,

and now nasal

44), in the form oin

punctum,

-pugniun., poing ; jungere, joindre ; ungere, oindre ; -pungerey poindre. But unquam, onques ; ungula, ongle ; truncus, ironc ; juncus, jonct

have kept the

o without

becoming

iotacised.
:

To sum up
in

the history of

in position (Latin or French)

U in Latin or French position,

I

Merovingian days
before gutturals

o
before the other consonants
in
I

nth

cent, u

before nasals

before the others

nth

remains as
cent, oi

nth

cent,

k/, oui

nth

cent, o

sonorous
1

strong

sonorous
12th cent.
nasal
1

2th cent.
nasal

0/

12th cent.

/, o/

2th cent. ou.

weak
French

Finally, as a general

r^sum^ of the history of the passage of the

Latin

into

Just as
1.

i has a tendency to ascend to e, u {ou) has a like tendency towards 0. 1 remains either as ou pure, or softened to eu (except before

gutturals,

when

it

becomes ui or
0).
ii

oi,

and before the

nasals,

when
2.

it

remains as

u u

is

softened into

(except

when

iotacised into ui

by the

gutturals).
3.

in Latin or

cised into

ui, oui, oi

French position remains as ou (except when iotaby the gutturals, or into by the nasals).

* The X has had no influence on O. Fr. jouste derivatives jouster, ajouster (now jouter, ajouter).

from juxta, whence the So the guttural has gone without leaving a trace from fl.uctus,^o^; ructus *, rot.

THE LATIN DIPHTHONGS.

Y.

Ixxvii

101. This letter, an importation from Greece, and intended to represent Upsilon in the numerous words borrowed by the learned Latin from the Greek, stands for the exact sound of the modern u. The Greeks expressed the Latin u sound by ov. Now this ii sound has been dealt with in three different ways
it has retained the ii sound, as or (2) has risen to the full ou sound: thus ^vpa-r], TTv^lda, KpvTrrr}, rvfi^os, which were byrsa, pjrxida, crypta, tumba*, in Latin; then bursa, buxida, crupta, tumba, in Merovingian Latin, and were treated as if formed with an original Latin u, so making quite regularly the forms dourse ( 97), M/e ( 100), gro//e or (3) il has followed the descending course, ( 97), fomde ( 97) which is towards z (just as the German Milller becomes English miller^ and as the Latin maxumus passed first to maxumus, then to raaximus), as tympanum, timbre ; m.yrtus, O. Fr. mirie (the modern myrte is a classical reproduction). Similarly myxa became micsa, and was treated in French as if written with an original i whence come the two regular changes of micsa into misca (170), then misca to mesche ( 126), lastly vieche.

by the

French

either

(i)

CiCvcpov,

zizyj>hMm., Jujuie ;

CHAPTER
The Latin

IIL

Diphthongs.

102. Just as the tendency of the classical Latin was to soften the primitive diphthongs of the Indo-European language \ so it is the

tendency of the popular Latin to reduce the diphthongs to simple vowels, which are then treated as such by the French tongue ^.

LAE.
103. Ae appears about the time of the Gracchi as a degenerate form of the Old Latin ai (aidem, datai, then aedem, datae). Then in turn this diphthong, already half-gone, is reduced to the simple e sound, which must have taken place somewhat early, for Varro speaks of edus, Mesius, as a popular pronunciation for haedus, Maesius, and Lucilius ridicules the pronunciation Cecilius, pretor,

instead of Caecilius, praetor.

Still,

except on the

Graffiti,

or wall-

Of the six old Latin diphthongs, ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou, classical Latin has reduced ei to 1, and ou to u has changed ai to ae, and oi into oe ; and only au and eu have remained untouched. Common Latin reduced ae and oe to e, au to o, and retained only eu.
'

"^

Ixxviii

INTRODUCTION.

inscriptions of Pompeii, e for ae is rather rare in Inscriptions down to the third century ; after that time it becomes common in monuments

and MSS.

as preda, prefectus, presens, Grecus, for praeda, &c.

104. This ae has been treated, when in position, as a primitive e (see 65), whence comes regularly praesto, pre'/. When not in position, the e which comes from ae is treated by the French language ( i ) sometimes as an e, whence in due form ( 61) comes ei, then o/(63): as balaena, balena, baleine ; praeda, preda, proie blaesus, blesus, blois ; or (2) as a e, whence, in due form (56) the diphthong ie : as laeta, leta, lie ; quaerit, querit, quiert saeculum, sec'lum, siecle. But how has ae become eu, ieu, in hibreu (Old Fr. ibrieii), from Hebraeus Matthieu from Matthaeus, and Old Fr. cieu for caecus; grieu from Graecus Dieu^ Old Fr. Deu, from Deus This is a phonetic difficulty, which has as yet received no answer, and remains very obscure. The same is the case with the transformation of Judaeus into juif^ in which the d has become (as in sitim, soif) : and here the change from ae to i cannot be explained, unless we suppose that it has taken place in the same way in which iniquus, concido, illido, requiro, have come from aequus, caedo, laedo, quaere.
; ;
.?

II. OE.
105. Just as the Old Latin ai became ae in classical times, and then e in popular Latin, so the archaic Latin oi (foidere, Coilius) is softened by the time of Plautus into oe (foedere, Coelius), which

By the third century a.d. it was between oe and e ^ whence ae and oe, having alike become e, have been similarly treated thus we have oi, foenum, ( QQ),/oin ; ei in poena (which was poine in Old French, 63), peine ; also e from foemina, femme ; and ie ( 56) in coelum, tenth
becomes e
in late imperial times.
difficult to distinguish
: :

century

eel (in St. Eulalia), del.

III.AU.
106. Just as ai became ae, then e, so au becomes ao, then 0. This change is to be seen more than once in classical times as in Clodius for Claudius, oUa for aula, plostrum for plaustrum, explode from plaudo, suffoco from fauces it becomes common in the decadence of the Latin language thus Festus says that in his days auricula, aurum were pronounced oricula,*orum by country people. In Merovingian documents the substitution of o for au is general.
;
:

sprang up

once ae and oe had both become e, an inextricable confusion Latin orthography between them and thus we find coelum, poena, coena, wrongly written caelum, paena, caena.
^

When

in


THE LATIN CONSONANTS.

Ixxix

always begins by becoming o in French as aurum, or ; ausare*, oser ; causa, chose^. This o usually remains in Modern French^, except when followed by a consonant which as in in this case o becomes ou in Modern French disappears laudo, O. Fr. he, loue ; compare also aut, ou ; inrauco *, enroue. It is clear that we may not confound this ou from O. Fr. o, the ou which comes from the softening of / into u, as in caulis, O. Fr. chol,
107.
:

Au

clausus,

clos ;

chou.
108. Before a guttural (as auca), or in a proparoxyton word ending in ius, ia, ea, &c., au, after passing into o, follows the rule which we have noticed as holding invariably in this case ( 83, 84), and is iotacised into oi: as auca, oie^ ; nausea, noise ; gaudium, joie ; Sabaudia, Savoie : a change which even reaches to such words * as claustrum, cloiti'e ; adbaubare, aboyer, in which cases there is no
'^

guttural.

CHAPTER
The Latin
110.

IV.

Consonants.
divided into
:

The consonants may be

I.

Explosive

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Labials, p,

Dentals,

t,

b d
c,

(dull p,
(dull
t,

Gutturals,
v.

(dull

sonorous b). sonorous d). c, sonorous g).

Aspirate: h. III. Semi-vocals

II.

j,
(i)

IV. Prolonged
:

Labial, f (ph).

(ii)

Dentals,

s,

x, z.

V. Liquids r, 1. VI. Nasals m, n.

:

* Learned writers have often reconstructed, and wrongly so, the Old French forms, with a view to bringing them back to what they conceived to be the original Latin form thus the very correct Old Fr. po-vre from pauper, torel from taurelliim, have been rewritten as pawvre, taureaUf by the clerks. 2 In one or two cases Modern French has treated this Old Fr. o as if it had been a primitive Latin o, and has changed it regularly ( 79) into eu : thus cauda, paucum., gave the Old Fr. coe, po, softened in Modern French into queue, peu. The old form coe, or coue, is still to be seen in
:

the derivative couard. ^ have seen ( 84) how often the Latin as it becomes weaker in French takes two forms thus paucum, when it lost its guttural influence, became peu, but in Old French, when it retained some memory of it, it was pot; and similarly auca loses all trace of the guttural in the O. Fr. oe, oue, but recovers it again in oie. * In Old French we have also the more regular form clostre.

We


Ixxx

INTRODUCTION.

I.

Explosive Consonants.
(i)

P, B.

Labials.

Strong P.
'
:

Latin initial p always remains unchanged tatem, pauvreti ; pacare, payer ; palatium, palais.
110.
111.

The

pauper-

Medial p drops to b in popular Latin, and

:

this

in

its

turn drops to v in French

saporem, become
days
:

thus the classical saponem, ripa, crepare, sabonem, riba, crebare, saborem in Merovingian
see, 113)

but (as

we

b drops

necessarily to v in French,

and the forms sabonem,

crever, saveur?

riba, crebare,

saborem, become savon,

rive,

P, having such a distance to pass (p to b, b to v) ^, it is easy to see when medial it is not syncopated in French still there is one example of this syncope in sil, O. Fr. seii, from sa(p)utus *.
that
;

lupum becomes O. Fr. lou, which the 112. Final p disappears learned from the fifteenth century onwards have rewritten in the form loup ; while this imitative p still remains mute *.
:

^ It is no objection to this rule that we have boite from puxida because the Romans themselves called it buxida, Placidus the grammarian mentions it as a popular and incorrect pronunciation of the word. Compare also the (Glosses of Placidus, ap. Mai. CI. Auct. vi. 570.) The change of initial p into b classical Latin buxus from Gr. ttv^os. cannot therefore be attributed here to the French, but to the popular

Latin. In apicla*, abeille', apotheca, boutique; caepulla, ciboule; capanna, cabane, it seems at first that the Latin p had been arrested in its descent at b, without being able to drop to v : but, in fact, these words are not French (i. e. they have not come straight from the Latin) ; they have been imported (as may be seen in the Dictionary) some from Provence, others from Italy : and consequently they do not vitiate the rule laid down. The same is the case with the word acabit, which is an offensive corruption of
'^

accapitum *.
^

Such words
;

as

vaporem,

'vapeur;

stupidus,

stupide

occupare,

oc-

capitale, capkale, &c., which retain the medial p intact, are all must, however, except some such forms as of learned origin ( 36). eapitulum, chapitre ; epistola, epitre ; papilionem, papillon ; caponem, chapon ; apostolus, apotre ; capitellum *, chapiteau , capulare, chapeler, which are clearly more than half popular, and have yet partly remained in a learned form, for reasons which one cannot always readily explain. * As to chef hom caput, the permutation comes in another way. Caput became capu in common Latin, then the regular permutation (p to b, b to n)) gave in Merovingian Latin the form cabo and this is succeeded by the French form che've in the tenth century (et preparavit dominus un edre sore sen che've, an ivy-bush over ederam super caput Jone his head'), is a phrase found in a homily on Jonah of the tenth century. Che've became chef, like bovem, b(Buf; ovum, <uf; vivum, 'vif see 142.
cuper

We

'

Compare aput = ab,

a.

; :
:

EXPLOSIVE DENTALS.

Ixxxi

When followed by a (in French e mute), the final p again becomes a medial, and passes regularly into v : as ripa, rive ; cupa, cuve ; lupa, louve ; rapa, rave ; sapa, seve ; caepa, cive.

Soft B.

Latin initial b remains unchanged bucca, louche ; bene, bien; bonum, bien. The Latin medial b when soft it never remains in the middle of a word ^ but drops to In some cases the Latin b, having become v, does the aspirated v. not stay there, but treats that v as if it were the original letter ; it then undergoes the change considered below, 141, i. e. it disappears adbau(b)are * becomes aboyer ; ha(b)enteni, ayant ; de(b)utus, die; ha(b)utus*^, O. Fr. eii, eu ; ro(b)iginem, rogne ; su(b)urra, saorre ; su(b)umbrare, sombrer ; su(b)undare, sonder ; ta(b)anum, taon ; tu(b)elluin (?), /z^(2y ^i{b)^x!oa.Si, viorne ; n.\xbem., nue ; bi(b)utus*^ formerly beii, now bu.
113.
:

The

bovem,

bocuf;

114.

Final ou ;

y;

ubi,

b disappears debeo, O. Fr.

ibi,
doi,

O. Fr.
dots;
it

first

iv,

then

i,

Modern

Fr.

scribo, O. Fr. escrt,

:

icris

unless followed by a, in which case preuve ; entyba, endive'^.

becomes v

feibaf/eve ; proba,

(ii)

Dentals.
Soft T.

T, D.

115. The Latin t had always a dental sound, except when it preceded the combined vowels ia, ie, io, iu, in which cases it was sibilant. This sound having already been considered in 70, we need only now deal with the dental t.

116. Initial

always remains:

tantum, iant ; tabula, table;

tete.

totum,

tout ; titionem., tison ; tutare, tuer ; testa,

^ The words which retain the b are all learned, such as probus, probe ; subitus, JW/^/V, &c. and even laborare, //^or^r; hsibitVLa, babit ; laborem, labeur; habitare, habiter, which, in spite of their adoption into common use, are of learned origin. The only exceptions to the rule of p passing into v, are the popular forms obedire, obe'ir ; abismum *, abtme. In Western patois we still have the form evut, for eu, marking the transition from ha(b)utus * to a-vut, then e'vut, eil, eu. ^ Similarly the imperfects in a(b)ani, &c., have formed successively e've^ eie, oie, ois, ais : lavabam, O. Fr. la've've, then, by dropping the second
;
'^

y, lanjeie,
*

lai'oie, la'vois,

Iwvais.
:

it

exception sebum, suif, is not due to the French Pliny writes sevum, so that the change is not from b to^^ but from v tof.

The


Ixxxii

; ; ; :

INTRODUCTION.
Medial
t

undergoes two successive changes: (i) it becomes ^disappears; and then the two vowels thus Thus mutare, vitellum, brought turn contracted. imperatorem, aetaticum, became O. Fr. muder, vedal, emperador, edage. In the twelfth century this medial d begins to be regarded as if it had been an original Latin d (see 120), and as such it disappeared^; and the words became viu-er, ve-el, emper/-ur, i-age, and these again, towards the close of the middle ages, were conThus one sees that the medial tracted into veau, empereur, dge ^. Latin t passes through three stages ist, at the origin of the French language it passes from the soft to the sonorous state, becoming d) 2nd, this medial d is dropped; 3rd, the vowels thus brought
117.

^in Old French,

(2) this together are in

together are contracted. subjoin the full list of Latin words which contain the medial t, and have passed through these three stages ^ Abbatissa, abbadissa, abba-esse, abbesse ; aetaticum, aedaticum, edage, e-age, dge ; so also with armure from armatura ; boyau from botellus ; cahier from quatemusi ; carreau from quadratellum ; censter from censitarius ; chaine from catena coussin from culcitinus commuer from coinm.utare; crier from quiritare; delayer from dilatare;

We

de'vouer

from devotare doloire from dolatoria doner, from dotare e'ternuer from dcuyer from scutarius from ducatissa * stemutare feu from fatutus * grille from craticula marier from maritare m^me from metipsimus ; me'tayer from medietarius mtiet from mutettus; noel from natalis; oublier from oblitare; poele from patella; pouvoir from potere; prairie from prataria; pre'au from pratellum poussif from pnlsativus * ; puer from putere secouer from succutere rouelle from rotella seau from sitellus trier from tritare * soucier from soliicitare terroir from territorium melle from vitella ttier from tutare vertueux from virtutosus * vouer from votare.
;
;

duchesse

118. Final t

undergoes

like

changes with medial

t.

Before a

Such words 2& paladin, salade, cascade, are of foreign origin. Such a hiatus as may exist between two Latin vowels is not allowed i by contraction, in French, but is put an end to in one of two ways which combines the two in one; 2. by intercalation, which disjoins them, and separates them by an interposed consonant. We have just seen contraction at work; intercalation may be seen in the following example: po(t)ere, O. Fr. podir, then po-oir by loss of the d; then, to avoid hiatus, is introduced, and it becomes ;5o-i>-o/>, whence Modern Fr. powvoir. a ^ Medial t naturally persists in all learned words natalis, natal nativns, natif; votare, voter. Still it is found also in some popular words buticula, bouteille ; catuUiare, chatouiller ; capitaneum, che'vetain quatere (?), catir ; Britannia, Bretagne ; medietatem, moitie pietatem, pttie\ pietantia, pitance; pietosum, piteux ; tota, toute: and it even becomes tt in beta, bette; blitum, blitte ; carota, carotte ; quietus, quitte.
^
"^
: .

-z;

; ;

EXPLOSIVE DENTALS.

Ixxxiii

masculine ending in um t disappears, together with the termination, [For further examples see under as pratum, pre; cornutum, cornu. -utus, 201 ; Fr. tatem, 230 \] the suffixes -atus, 201
;

Sonorous D.
119. Initial d always persists: dies, di ; decanus, doyen; donare, donner ; dextrarius, destrier. Jour, from djurnum ; jusque, from de-usque, diusque, djusque, fall under a different case ; namely, that in which d is followed by iu, and the i being consonnified eventually ejects the d, though it has been retained for centuries in the dj, dz forms (the form zabolus is found in Latin for diabolus) ; and the dg sound remains in the Italian g.

120. Medial d remained in French up to about the middle of the eleventh century, and is found in French MSS. of that age ; in the latter half of that century this d is softened into a sound half sibilant, answering to the two English ih sounds ; and this, in

|
\
\

French MSS. written in England, has actually been indicated by the sign th : thus videre becomes successively vedeir (in the Chanson de Roland, in the eleventh century) veiheir (in the Vie de St.'^ran(r6n,"a twelfth century poem); then vieir in later texts (whence successively ve'oir and voir'). So similarly for accahler, cadabulum aimanf, adamantem asseoir, assedere bailler, badaculare * bayer, badare b^nir, benedicere chance, cadentla * choir, cadere chuie, caduta * confiance, conconfier, confidare *
certain
;.

| j

d
\\

croyance, cxq^qtsAAs^', cruel, crudelis; creance, credentia crudelitatem ; de'nue\ denudatus dech/a?ice, decadentia dimanche, diedominica e'cMance, excadentia * enfouir, infodere envahir, invadere fe'al, fidelis jiancer, fidentiare * fier, fidare ; gravir, fouiller, fodiculare * ; gldieul, gladiolus fouir, fodere gradire * joyau, gaudiellum jouir, gaudere joyeux, gaudiosus ; louer, laudare ; moelle, medulla ; michant, minusjuif, judaeus

fidentia;
cruaut^,

cadentem * ;;^(9/(f/z'/, m.edietatem. 7;z^^, medianus; z^^;z, modiolus niais, nidacem nouer, nodare noueux, nodosus nettoyer, nitidare obeir, obedire ouir, audire parvis, paradisus pe'age, pedaticum *
;

pion,
j
j

pedonem poti, peduclus * pr^se'ance, praesidentia rangon, redemptionem suer, sudare suaire, sudarium se'oir, sedere siance^
; ; ;
;

'

sedentia

irahir,

tradere

trahison, traditionem.
:

traitre, traditor.

This rule has no true exceptions

odorem, odeur

; rudis, rude

^ We must not forget that the hiatus protects the consonant: see pascuatieum, />rfl^f, not pactage. Similarly /<7^ from fatuus. Compare

G. Paris, in the Soc. de linguistique,

s. v.

fade.

g2

Ixxxiv

INTRODUCTION.

studium, //ude \ are not in point, being learned words, whatever may be said. As to viduum, vide, this persistence of the d is, on the We have seen ( 118, note i) contrary, confirmatory of this rule. that the dental t remains in like manner before the hiatus of uu, uo, which protects the preceding consonant compare fatuus, /ai ; quatuordecim, quatorze ; batualia, baiaille.
:

121. Final d is softened into / in very early French, then this thus merceases to be pronounced, and disappears from MSS. certain number cedem becomes successively mercii, then merci. of words, however, have directly lost the dental without passing through the / stage in any extant MS. as fidem, foi ; crudum, cru ;
/
:

hodie, hut ; podium, put. Some of these words have been recast by the learned and the clerks at the end of the middle ages, so as to get back to the Latin forms thus medium, pedem, nodum, nidum, after having become ?nu/,pie, fleu, ni, were altered to muid, pied, noeud, nid ; but this d is not pronounced.

nudum, nu ; medium, mi ;

In a few cases there is a transformation of this final d under t in sitim, soi/; ablatum *, blei/*) : the similarly feodum makes jfie/; modum, meuf; Judaeum, juif; and such names of places as Marbodus, Marbceuf ; Pambodus, Paim 122.

into

/ (compare
&c.

boeuf,

Chronological Resume of the History of the Dentals.

InfriAL

d
Merovingian Latin

Me DIAL d t
d d
th

Final Masc.
t

d
d
t

d
.

d d
th

d d
'

French before loth century

After A.D. 1050

d d d

....
(iii)

"
"

From

the

2th century

"

Gutturals.
C.

C, G.

Latin c was hard and pronounced like k, whether thus they said kikero, before e and i, or before a, o, and u In French this hard sound has perished fekerunt, kivitatem. before e and /, and has been replaced by the sibilant sound (s) it is then well to before a, 0, and u it keeps its hard sound Before the groups ia, io, iu, Latin c distinguish these two cases.
123.
: :

The

The

true popular form of studere

is

estovoir.


EXPLOSIVE GUTTURALS.
however did not
contzio, offitzia),
retain
its

; ;: ;

Ixxxv

whose history we

sound, but became a tz (juditzium, will consider separately.

:

( 124. Initial c remains unchanged before o and u i ) before o cooperire, couvrir ; coUum, cou ; cornu, cor ; cornua, come ; corpus, corps : and sometimes this c becomes a ^ : coquus, queux ; cotem, In such words as coactare *, cacher ; coagulare, cailler, in queux.

which the primitive o has been absorbed by the subsequent vowel, the rule of continuance of the c is respected, because the Old French certainly was coacher (the form coailler is to be found in the Oxford and the o has been dropped at a later time. Psalter) (2) Similarly, c remains before u: cutenna, couenne ; curtem,
;

court ; eurrere, courir ; culpa, culpe.

Before au, c remains when the au is treated as a simple o whence Cauda, coda, queue ; while causa, caulis, have changed c into ch
;

{chose, chou).

125. In confiare, gonfler, the c has dropped to g. change is met with in a word whose French origin cupellettum *, gohelei.

The same
is

doubtful,

it 126. Before a, initial c undergoes a very peculiar change passes through the successive aspirated sounds k'h, tk'h, kh, ch whence carrus, char. This change, of which there is not a trace
:

Merovingian Latin, was produced early in French: chief [?, found still it was long before it got into general use in writing as late as the end of the eleventh century we find camhre and canter in French MSS., whereas it is certain that at that date the pronunciation was chamhre and chanter, This change of c into ch is to be met with in Champ, campus chance, cadentia * ; chaine, catena chef, caput chair, caro chevre, capra ; chien, canis chose, causa champetre, campestris champion, campionem. * chicoree, cichoreum ; chenal,
in
for caput in the Cantilene de Sainte Eulalie ;
: :

canalis
cheptel,

capellum * ; chapelle, capella * ; carnalis ; charnier, carnarium ; chaire, cathedra chaloir, calere ; chalumeau, calamellus ; chaleur, calorem chamhre, camera ; chancel, cancellus ; chanceler, cancellare * ; chancir, canutire chancre, cancer chandelle, candela ; changer, cambiare * ;
;

chape,

cappa

chapeau,

capitale
;

charnel,

chanoine,

cantionem * chantre, cantor chanter, cantare; chantier Q2JcA.Qr\\icai-, chanvre, oaxmsibia; chapeIer,csi]p-alaTe; chapiteau, capitellum chapitre, capitulum ; chapon, caponem * ; char, carrus charger, carricare charbon, carbonem ; chardon, cardonem * ; charrier, carricare cherts, caritatem charme, carmen charme, carpinus* charnier e, cardinaria*; charpeniier, carpentarius; charpie, carpere * charrue, carruca chartre, career chdsse, capsa ; chasser, captiare * chaste, castus chasuble, casibula * chat, catus * ; chdtaigne, castanea chignon, catenionem * chateau, castellum chdtier, castigare ; chatouiller, catulliare * ; chdtrer, castrare chaud,
canonicus
,

chanson,

; ; ; :

Ixxxvi

INTRODUCTION.
;

calidus

chaudi7re,
;

caldaria
;

*
;

chauffer,

calefacere *
;

chaume,

calamus chausse, calceus chauve, calvum chauss/e, calceata * chaux, calcem chemin, caminus cheminee, caminata * ; chemise,
; ;

camisia ; chenal, canalis chefiil, canile ; chenille, canicula * chenu^ canutus cher, carus ch^re, cara chercher, circare ; chetif, captivus cheval, caballus ; chevaucher, caballicare; chevecier, capicerium * chevitre, capistrum cheveu, capillus ; cheville, clavicula ; chevre, oapra ; chevreuil, capreolus * ; chez, casa chien, canis chiche^ ciccum ; chiche, cicer choir, cadere chose, causa chou, caulis.
;
;

127. In further, and

a certain number of cases the initial ch goes rather becomes j : capella*, javelle ; caryophyllum, girofle ; camba, jamhe ; camitem (from cames), jante ; caveloa, geole ; cammarus, O. Fr. jamble (a crayfish) ; and perhaps janger from qualificare, cal'f care
?

f
I

128. This ch for ca did not exist in the Picard dialect^; whence cartie the double forms camp, campagne, casse, which have entered the French language side by side with the original forms champ, champagne, chasse, from campus, campania, capsa. To the same influence may be attributed such irregular forms as cavea, cage, side by side with caveola, geole ; cable from capulum (supplanting the O. Fr. chable) ; cdcher from calcare (supplanting the O. Fr. chocher, which survives in the names of certain birds, chochepierre, choche-poule) ; whence cauchemar, and the diminutive caillou (from calcullum *, whence O. Fr. caillel, Bartsch, Pasturelles, 1 20) and also cava, cave. By the side of these exceptions, due to the influence of certain dialects of the Langue d'Oil, we must put the words due to the influence
caisse (doublet

of the Proven9al; such as capitellum (O. Fr. chadel), of chdsse) : or due to the influence such as caput, cap (It, capo); cadentia, cadence (It. care, calquer (It. calcare) ; cavalier, canaille, capitaine,

cadeau ; capsa, of the Italian cadenza); calcalegon, &c.

Before a, o, u, medial c passes into g in Mero 129. Medial c. vingian Latin, which has pagare, vogare, logare, instead of pacare, vocare, locare, &c. This g drops to the semi- vocal j ^, which later

See Historical Grammar, p. 21. In acutum, aigu ; acucla*, aiguille; secundum, second, the Latin c has been exceptionally stopped in its descent at g ; but we cannot put among such cases the words cicadula, cigale ; fica, ^gue ; vicarium., viguier ; flcarium, figuier ; draconem, dragon, which have been borrowed from the Proven9al cigala, Jiga (O. Fr. form vfdisjie and Jier, see the Oxford Psalter), viguier, drago (?). Ciconia, cigogyie, is a case, as the Old French form was soigne. As to locusta, langouste, this nasal form must come from the simple form has regularly lost its c, and has a form loncusta become laouste (found in the Oxford Psalter). Finally cigue from cicuta is probably a learned word.
^


THE ASPIRA TED GUTTURAL.
is

: ,

Ixxxvii

again reduced to a simple

i :

thus braca
it

becomes braga, then

braja, then braie.

When
Soft c

the c

is
s,

between two vowels

as avicellus^ oiseau
;

becomes

disappears; as amicus, ami. placere, plaisir.

a.

as 130. Initial Latin g, whether hard or soft, remains in French gustus, gout; gobionem, goujon; gigantem, gea7tt ; gemere, geindre ; gemma, gemvie ; gentem, gens {gent). It sometimes is softened intoy, as in g&uder e, j'oui'r ; gemellus, Jumeau ; galbin\ia,jatme.
:

as angustia, angoisse ; cingulum, 131. Medial g also remains sangle ; ungula, ongle ; largus, large. Also it drops to / as Andegavi, Anjou.
:
.

But g before m, n, r, and d, disappears in French, in whatever part of the word it occurs, being vocalised into aj/; pigmentum, piment ; tragere, traire ; legere, lire; m.alignum., malin ; Magdalena, Madeleine ; frigidus (frig'dus), froid. gnosco, nosco ; gnatus, natus.

Compare

yiyvaa-Koi

132. Final g remains poing ; dignus, digne.

II.

as longus, /i?^/ at&gDMm., e'tang ;

pugnus,

The

Aspirate.
like
:

H.
h,

133. The Latin h was not, unpronounced and only written ^

the French

a mute

letter,

the

their

with

a certain vigour
:

(like

Romans originally aspirated the German h) for Marius

;

Victorinus, the grammarian, as late as the

his

fourth century,

directs

countrymen thus

'

Profundo

spiritu,

anhelis faucibus,

exploso

ore fundetur.'

The aspirate, being of all letters the hardest to pronounce and requiring the most effort, it must necessarily suffer more softening than any other letter, following the law of least action,' 139. Just as the Latin had abandoned almost all the aspirates of the Indo'

|
\ I
*

European primitive languages (aspirates which were retained in the Greek, and still more in the Sanscrit), the French has completely dropped the Latin aspirated h, and, ceasing to pronounce the letter, naturally also gave up writing it ^.
it is not is called the French aspirated h is not really such; pronounced, but simply has the power of stopping the elision of the preceding vowel as le-heros, me-hdir ; or it stands for a final consonant thus Pierre est haissable is pronounced Pierre eh-aissable whilst, on the other hand, the words Pierre est homme and etonne are pronounced alike. ^ It is unnecessary to repeat that we do not trouble ourselves about learned words such as hom.icida; homicide ; halitare, haliter ; habitare, babiter ; heros, heros, &c.
^

What

really


Ixxxviii

; ; ;

INTRODUCTION.
Just as the archaic Latin words holus (a bean) ; (a hedgehog), dropped to olus, era, er, in

hera

134. Initial h. (a mistress) ;

oc,

her

common Latin suppressed this aspirated h, ordeus, eredes, onestus, omo, which are found in Inscriptions of imperial days for hoc, hordeum, heredes, honestus, homo. The French language, carrying on this tendency, said avot'r, on, or, orge, oui, encore, for habere, homo, hora, hordeum., hoc-illud, hanc-horam. Similarly we have ordure from O. Fr. ord, horridus and Herre, O. Fr. lerre, hedera\ The French language, invariably suppressing this (to them) useless letter, said also hominem, omme hodie, ui ; herba, erbe ; hereditare, e'riter ; heres, oir ; heri, ier ; hibemum, iver ; hora, eure, regular forms, afterwards corrupted by the learned, by the restoration of the mute h ; whence the modern forms homme, hui, her be, &c., which, therefore, do not really break the law laid down in 133, as might appear at first sight.
classical

days, so the

and wrote

135. Medial h. Just as classical Latin suppressed the aspirate sound in ni(h)il, co(h)ortem, mi(h)i, pre(h)endo, contracting these words into nil, cortem, prendo, so the French, seeking to abolish this medial aspirate, employed the two usual methods given above contraction or intercalation: Jo(h)annes is con( 117, note 2) tracted into Je-an, then Jean, pronounced Jan ; but in trai're from tra(h)ere we have another process the aspirate becomes a guttural, (For tragere, see traire in the and tra(h)ere becomes tra-g-ere. Dictionary^.) Tragere, regularly contracted into trag're, becomes traire, by changing gr to ir ( 131). The same case is found in medieval Latin vehere becomes vegere, to soften the hiatus and similarly we have grugem for gruem. This suppression of the aspirated h explains to us why th, ph, ch, which were learned importations of Latin savants for the Greek 6, 0, X, have been treated in French as if they were /, J, c.

III.

The

Semi- Vocals.

J,

V.
:

they had in Latin a 136. Two consonants (j, v) bear this name sound which floated between that of a vowel and that of a consonant From this double the Latin j approaching to i, the Latin v to ou. tendency of these two Latin letters we get in French two very distinct ways of treating these semi-vocals, according as they incline towards In the first case, the French consonantal or the French vowel state. the Latin v and j take in French the form of two well-marked

^ 2

Ortolan comes from

The form tragere

hortulanus *, through the Provengal. explains how trahentem has produced

vocalisation ( 131)

trayant,

where the y represents the usual gentem.

of the

of tra-

SEMI-VOCAL CONSONANTS.

Ixxxix

consonants v ^ and j (which is a soft g) thus avena ^ became avoine, and junicem ^, ge'nisse. In the second case, the Latin j and v, becoming real vowels, are represented by i and ou : hence Troja becomes Troie (an i which finally disappears in such words as je-junum, Je-Un, then jetm) : and the v = otc at last disappears and leaves no trace as pa-vonem, pa-wonem, pa-ou-on, pa-on. This, however, does not hold good of initial v, which remains in French. We must now inquire how these changes have taken place.
;

J.
137. This letter, pronounced i-i by the Latins, who said i-iuvenis, mai-ior, for juvenis, major *, soon underwent two distinct changes I. the one transforming this Latin i-i, in order to mark it better, into d-i, as in ma-di-us, found in medieval Latin ^, for ma-i-us or di-acere for jacere. 2. But when once the j has got behind a d, how does it consonify itself? It takes a dj sound, diacere = djacere, a sound represented in modern Italian by gi (pronounced
:

This compound dgi sound loses its dental, and then reduced to the soft g or / sound (as pronounced by the French). This, then, is the scale of sounds dj-i di-i gi J ( = i-i) j (French) i-iugum -^ di-iugum dj-iugum giugum, joug. Helped by these preliminary distinctions, we may study the history of the Latin semi-vocal j into French.
dgi), as m. giacere.
is

138.

ja ; jaculare,

Jeu ; jonc ; joc\xi.8iri,jongkr ; jocsiri, jouer ; jugvim, j'oug ; j-axtare, j'oufer ; juventia, jouvence ; jocale, joyou ; Judaeus, juif; judicare, jtiger ; inveneva, jhine ; Junius, Jm'n ; juYnentura, j'umenf ; jurare, Jurer ; jus, JUS ; Justus, jusie : a change also often expressed by soft g,

is sounded as ge : jam, Januarius, Janvier ; jactare, Jeter ; jocus, Jovis-dies, jeudi ; jejunus, jeun ; jungere, joindre ; juncus,

Initial j

becomes a consonant, and

jaillir ;

which is the same letter as j in French junicem, g^nisse ; juniperum, gemevre.

^

hence jacere,

ge'sir

just as the

is a labial consonant, degenerated from the Latin b, French y, or soft g, is a degenerated form of the guttural ch. (?) 2 Pronounced a-ou-ena at Rome. ^ Pronounced i-iunicem at Rome. * Cicero, Quinctilian tells us, was accustomed to write this medial j as i. Sciat enim Ciceroni placuisse aiio, Maiiamque, geminata i scribere.' Instit. Orat. i. 4, 11. We find liulius for Julius in Inscriptions under the Empire. Those Inscriptions and MSS. which write Hiesu, Hiaspidis, Hiericho, Hieremie, Trahiani, for Jesu, Jaspidis, Jericho, Jeremias, Trajani, have accurately expressed this pronunciation. Com!;
'

The French

|
^

pare with this pronunciation that of the English j/^'^r, or ^ For examples, see under Mai in the Dictionary.

German

Jabr.


xc

INTRODUCTION.

139. Medial j retains the Latin i sound, and disappears when immediately precedes the tonic vowel jejunium., Je-unyjhm ; when, on the other hand, it follows the tonic vowel, it remains as i : Troja, Troie ; raja, raie ; boja, O. Fr. boie^ bouie ; majus, mai ; major, maire ; bajiilare (?), bailler ; pejor, /^r*? / pejus, /w^.
it
:

V.
always continues, except in the important case of V = gu, as in Vasconia, Guascogne, Gascogne ; -sriscyxva^gui ; vadum, gti/; veapa,, guepe ; vipera, gm'vre. Thus vajLwon, vain ; vinum, z'm/ vectura, voiture ; vulturius, vautour ; virtutem, vertu ; vaeca, vache. In a few cases v is strengthened into either/^ as vicem, fois ; or into ^, as vervecem, brebi's ; vaccalarius, bachelier ; vervecarius, berger ; vettonica, be bine ; Vesontionem, Besangon ; but this rise from v to b is not the work of the French language it was done in the Latin. Petronius writes berbecem, Pliny bettonica: in the fifth century we find berbecarius; in a tenth century MS. we have baccalarius.

Initial
;

140.

Medial v. We know that the Latin v was not pronounced French v, but rather like the English w (or like the French ou sound) ^. This sound, which was not a pure consonant like the French Vy nor a pure vowel like the French u, but lay between the two, has properly been called semivocal. It has undergone two different J * methods of treatment in French, according to its approximation to the consonantal or to the vowel condition if the former, it has produced the French v, as in lavare, laver levare, lever ; privare, priver ; novellum, nouveau ; lixivia, lessive ; viventem, vivani
141.
like the
:

.;

November, novembre
universal
:

gingiva, gencive.

This,

however,

is

not

on the contrary, when the semivocal

it

inclines towards the

vowel sound,

disappears in French: thus

pavonem (pronounced

^ The word aider^ very irregularly formed from adjutare, may here be considered. Adjutare at a very early period became ajutare, as the Inscriptions shew us (see Dictionary, s. v. aider, where also the details of these changes are worked out). Ajutare soon became aj'tare, whence

aider.
.

^ This rise from v to b, rare in the Latin also, especially before the fourth century, became the rule in certain patois of the Romance languages; as the Neapolitan in the East, the Gascon in the West. In Gascony the pronunciation has always been bos from vos boide from volere *, benir from venire, &c. a rule noticed by Scaliger, who founded on it the neat and well-known epigram
;

'Non temere
Cui
It

nihil est aliud

antiquas mutat Vasconia voces, vivere quam bibere.'

'

is curious that this same pun occurs, more than a thousand years before Scaliger, on a Roman tomb Dum vixi bibi libenter ; bibite vos qui vivite.' Heuzer, Or. 6674.

;
:

SEMI-VOCAL CONSONANTS.

,xc^

pa-ou-nem in Rome) soon became pa-onem, whence p'tuM";' s\mihfif avunculus (pronounced a-ou-unculus) soon was contracted to it is the Latin poets treat it as a trisyllabic word a-uneulus Thus, too, also to be found as aunculus in several Inscriptions. we find in Inscriptions noember for no-v-ember, juentutem for ju-v-entutem. This loss of the v is to be found also in classical audii for audivi redii for redivi * Latin, as in bourn for bovum * amarunt for amaerunt*, for amaverunt; pluere for pluvere*. The Appendix Probi speaks of ais for avis rius for rivus ^. This loss of v^ also takes place in French as in pavonem, paon; pavorem, peur; aviolus *, aieul ; vivenda, viande; clavare, doner; avunculus, oncle ; ovicla, ouaille ; pluvia, pluie ; caveola, geole ; uvetta *, luetle ;
;

obliviosus, oublieux.
at the end of words opposed to the law stated below 167, is Notice that most of the popular words which easily explained. change v into are monosyllabic bovem, bcEuf ; brevem, href; cervum, cerf; captivum, che'tif ; clavem^, clef; nativum, nmf navem, nef; nervum, nerf; novus, neu ; novum, neuf; ovum, ceuf pulsativum *, poussf ; salvum, saif ; servum, serf ; sevum, suf; vivum, vf; ^ejveva., grief ; augivum *, ogif*; restivum*, re'ttf vidvum, veuf Now we know that monosyllables shew a marked desire to strengthen themselves, either at the beginning by aspiration or at the end, by introducing a strong consonant as a bulwark

142. Final

is

always hardened into

is

this

phenomenon, which

against phonetic decay.

true cause of the

Besides, without insisting

to

on

this fact, the

yiies in the tendency which leads soft consonants at the end of words by strong ones, in order to give greater support to the voice. For this reason the soft d and g in this position are replaced in pronunciation by the strong / and c, as in sang et eau, grand homme, where sa?tg is pronounced sajic, and grand, grant * ; whence it follows that the final v is necessarily strengthened into y'^. When v is not

change from v the French language to replace

Rivus non rius, avis non ais.' App. Probi. In Andegavi, Pictavi, clavus, pronounced by the Romans Andega-ou-i, Picta-ou-i, cla-ou-is, &c., the Latin v (ou) joins the preceding a, and forms the diphthong aou; which, following the law of transformation into French (au, then o, lastly ou), has formed the three words Anjou, Poitou, clou. ^ Why is the /of clef mnte (whence the orthography cle) while it remains sonorous in the other words ? * Why then does the strong s form an exception, being softened into a z, at the end of words, as in nous aimons, aux enfants, che'vaux admirables, &c., where nous, aux, che'vaux, are pronounced nou-%, au-'z, chenjau-z ? ^ This tendency is so strong that it even transforms words of learned origin, which also change final v into /, as in activus, actif; passivus, passif; nativus, natif; relativus, relatif.
^
'

xcii

INTRODUCTION.
there- is

no longer any reason for this strengthening process, remains unchanged according to 140. This is the reason why the feminine of adjectives in -z/'is -we ; and why we have bovem, dcvuf, but bovarius, houvier ; navem, nef, but navile, navire; servum, serf, but servire, servir ; salvum, sauf but salvare, sauver ; nativum, naif but nativitatem, naivete. The same rule enables us to explain the relation between the primitive chef and the derivatives chevetj achever, and between such words as ^rf/'and brevet, relief diXid. relever.
iincrl,

and

it

IV.
(i)

Prolonged.
Labial.
F.

fortem, fort ; focum, feu ; fata, fe'e ; 143. Initial f remains fabula, fable ; foras, fors, which last word became hors at an early date, just as O. Fr. faras (a troop of stallions) and fardes (clothes ?) became haras and hardes. The Latin f being only one degree stronger than h, we find this same exchange between the archaic Latin fostis, fircum, folus, and the classical hostis, hircum, (olus?).
:

defefidre, &c.,

144. Medial f invariably remains refutiare, refuser ; defendere, with'the one exception of scrofella *, ^crouelle.
:

a,
it

145. Final f remains tufus, iuf; becomes v, as genovefa, genevieve.

;

but,

if

followed by a mute

146. By the side of the spirant f the Latin had received from the Greek, and has passed on to the French, another aspirate 0, whose history must now be considered. The Greek 0, ph (wrongly pronounced by us as an/"), had a very distinct sound of its own, differing from the Latin Quinctilian and Priscian tell us that to pronounce f we must use a stronger aspiration

than we should with <^, and that in so doing the lower lip should not was pronounced like the touch the upper row of teeth. The English ph in shepherd. A p thus aspirated necessarily dropped down to the common p when used by persons whose ears were not fine

enough
the

to recognise so slight a distinction

classes,

and thus
it

at

Rome,

whilst

ph, afterwards f, the common people made it a p, thus suppressing its delicate aspirate: as in af^vn], which has produced the double Latin form, the learned aphya, and the popular apua. Thus, whilst the learned called the dfx(popevs amphora, and the arpocpr} stropha, the people made them ampora and stropa, as the Appendix Probi (in the time of Nero) tells us. Probus blames the vulgar pronunciation 'stropha non This vulgar pronunciation remains stropa, amphora non ampora.' in a few French words thus rropcfivpa produced the popular Latin purpura, whence pourpre ; KoKa^o^ has both forms, learned colaphus,
in

upper

transferring

^ made

first

PROLONGED CONSONANTS.
and vulgar colapus, so frequent
O.Yv.colp,

xciii

in Merovingian documents, Avhence coup^ : (f)a\ayyai, in classical Latin phalangae, popular Latin palangae, has preserved the latter form in the French palan, palafique. On the other hand, the ph used by the Latin literati to represent 4> in the words they borrowed from the Greek (as 4)i\o(ro(}ila, philosophia), soon, in spite of the outcries of the grammarians, was confounded with the Latin f. Side by side with phaselus, phlegma, sulphur, tophus, sylphi, phalangae, &c., we find, at an early date, the forms faselus, flegma, sulfur, tofus, sylfi, falangae, &c. This change of ph into f goes on in French in popular words ^ as phantasma,y^/^;^^^/ -phi^la, Jiole ; p'ha.sia.nuSy/'aiscm; elephantum, Similarly orphaninus * produced the olifant ; graphium, greffe^. O. Fr. orfenin, whence orfelin, which the learned of the middle ages have recast in the form orphelin, believing that they were thereby approaching nearer to the original Latin form.

now

(ii)

Dentals.
S.

S,

X,

Z.

147. Initial s, if followed by a vowel, remains: solus, seul But st becomes est; sp, subtus, sous; sella, selle ; ^^xv6^x^, sourd. esp ; sc, esc, the prefixed e tending to render the pronunciation more thus we have stare, O. Fr. ester ; scribere, O. Fr. escrire easy sperare, esperer ; and this s is not uncommonly absorbed, its place being marked by the acute accent on the initial e : as escrire, e'crire ; statum, estat, etat.
:

148. Medial s remains as cerasus, cerise ; quassare, casser. sc'r drops the s, as is seen in crescere, croitre ; pascere, paitre cognoscere, connaitre.

But

149. Final s sometimes remains: ursus, ours; subtus, sous; minus, moins. Or it becomes z, as casa, chez ; nasus, nez ; adsatis, assez. Or x, as duos, deux ; tussis, toux ; otiosus, oiseux ; sponsus,
e'poux,

Sometimes a p sprung from a is treated in French as if it were an p thus the Greek (}.^v^ov became ziziphus, with a popular form zizupus, which then underwent the regular change of p into b ( 111), whence zizubus, whence the ill-formed yy^(f. ^ It remains as ph in learned words: philosophia, philosophie phalangeus, phalange; phoebus, phebus ; except in some scientific terms, introduced somewhat early (as we have seen in 146), which have changed ph into f, as (^avTaty'ia^ fantaisie ; (pauTaariKos, fantastique ; phrenesis,
^

original

frenesie.
^

as

There are a few of these double consonants which have a cophinus, common Latin cobius, coffre.

like origin


INTRODUCTION.
X.

it

150. Medial x sometimes remains

ss
:

becomes

as

examen,
:

essairn ;

as sexaginta, soixanie. Or laxare, laisser ; coxa, cutsse

:

axilla,

ai'sselle.

151. Final

x remains

sex, six ; Z.

luxum,

luxe.

152. Initial z remains

zelum,

zeie ;

but zelosus becomes ya^^Jtr.

V.

Liquids.

R, L.

R.

153.

Initial

r remains

regnum, regne ; rupta,

route ;

regem,

roi ; ripa, rive.

154. Medial r remains soricem, souris ; carmen, charme. It also becomes / in some few cases as paraveredus, palefroi. It is sometimes dropped before j, as dorsum,, dos ; persica, O. Fr. pesche, p^che.
: :

but in

155. Final r remains usually: as audire, ouir ; carrus, char some cases it becomes /, as altare, autel ; cribrum, crible.

156.
hi.

It also
:

days

remains: littera, letire ; lingua, langue ; legem, r, a change which dates back to Merovingian lusciniola, rossig?ioL Also n, as libella, niveau.
Initial
1

becomes
1

157. Medial

remains

cercle.

There

is

also the

change into

as aquila, aigle ; filius, fils ; circulus, n, as is seen in posterula*

(O. Fr. posterle, posterne), poterne ; margula (O. Fr. marie), marne. Also into r, as ulmus, orne ; cartula, chartre ; capitulum, chapitre. It should be noticed that this 1 is often softened into u in the combinations ol, ul preceding a consonant: as collem, cou ; auscultare, /couter ; pulverem, poudre ; sulphur, sou/re; col'phus, This process took place in French times. coup.

158. Final

remains in solus, seul ;

sal,

sel ;

supercilium,

sourcil ; mille, mil; mel, miel.

VI. Nasals.
M.
It also

M, N.

150. Initial becomes

n, as

remains: mare, mer ; m.B.mxa, main ; mille, mil. mappa, nappe ; matta, natte.
:

160. Medial

m remains

camera, chafnbre ; computare, compter ;

; ;

RULE OF PERMUTATIONS.
or
it

xcv

becomes

n,

as

semita,

senie ;

(simiMB), singe ; ^vixixvnn, prin'm p7'intemps becomes n, as colunina, colonne. the

computare, confer ; simius Also in the double mn

.

161.

Final

m remains
n, as

Also

it

becomes

rem, rien ;

dama, daim; nomen, nom ; faxaeva^/ai'm. meum, taxim, suum, ?7ion, ton, son.

nomen, nom ; non, non ; nos, nous ; 162. Initial n remains nasum, nez. 163. Medial n remains: as ruina, ruine ; mentiri, mentir ; mentum, menfon. Also it becomes m, as nominare, nommer ; carAlso/.- orphaninus *, orphelin ^vmxs,, charme ; hominem, homme.
:
'

Panorm.us, Palerme ; Bononia, BologJte. diaconus, diaa'e ; Londinum., Londres.

cases

Also r

ordinem, ordre
in

also disappears in

some

pagesis

it

before the origin *, pais, pays.

of the

French language, as
;

pagensis,
bon.

164. Final

remains

non, non

sonus, son

bonus,

Or

disappears, as

nomen,

?iom.

PART

II.

THE PRINCIPLES WHICH RULE THE PERMUTATIONS

OF LANGUAGE.
thus sum up the results of our inquiry by statmg the change of the Latin letters into French rests and these (using the language of natural history) we may call the laws of least action, and of transition.

165.

We may

the

Laws on which

It is a characteristic of every with the least action, that is, with the smallest possible expenditure of energy. Language follows this law, and its successive transformations are caused by the endeavour to diminish this effort, and by the desire of reaching a more easy pronunciation. This, combined with the structure of the vocal apparatus, gives us the true cause of these changes of language.
I.

166.

Law

of Least Action \

human

effort to try to exert itself

Grammaire comparee du Sanskrit, du Grec, et du Latin, the influence of these two principles on the formation of ancient languages. I hope to shew that they may be further confirmed by the history of the French language.
^

In his admirable

M. Baudry has shewn

; ;

xcvi

INTRODUCTION.

This need of greater ease in pronunciation shews itself in the French language, by the general weakening of the Latin letters thus the c and g, pronounced hard by the Romans before e and i \ as fekerunt, kivitatem, guemellus, guibba (fecerunt, civitatem, gemellus, gibba) have become soft in French, the hard o passing into the f sound, the hard g into they sound, so that where Similarly the Latins said kedere, aguere, the French say ceder, agir.
167.

history of the
:

the Latin

rive^ crever,

is softened into v, ripa, crepare, saponem, becoming savon : in some cases the weakening is so great that the Latin letter altogether disappears; as crudelis passes into crue/,

sudare into

siier,

obedire into

od/tr.

168. In other cases, the letters in contact being dissimilar, the French language assimilates them, to make the pronunciation easier thus it changes dr into rr ; adripare, arriver ; quadratum, carre similarly tr is softened into rr, as putrere, pourrir ; latronem, larron. Here moreover, as in most cases, the French only follows the example of the Latin itself, whose tendency towards assimilation was strongly developed thus the Romans said arridere for adridere, arrogantem for adrogantem, &c. From this regular progress of languages towards an easier pronunciation, we may conclude at once that languages are ever descending, never climbing, the scales of sounds thus tr is softened into rr rr is never hardened into tr latronem may descend into larron, but parricidium never ascends in French to patricide ; either it must remain as it is, parricide, or grow softer still by simplifying the rr into r.
;
:

169. Another phenomenon, the correlative of this assimilation of and also springing from the desire of ease in pronunciation, is the separation or differentiation of similar letters, so as to render their emission from the mouth easier. If a Latin word has two r's, in French it will be softened by changing the one r into /, as cribrum, crible : thus the Latin parafredus becomes palefroi, not pare/roi] peregrinus becomes pelerin, not pereri?t. So too, if there are two I's, the French changes one into r; lusciniola becomes rossignol, not lossignol. This process has received the name of dis~ similation. This balancing of letters and effort after the vocal equilibrium were not unknown to the Latins, who, to avoid the two r's, said ruralis, muralis, instead of ruraris, m.uraris to avoid the two /'s, they said epularis, stellaris, instead of epulalis, stellalis^.

letters,
:

See the word agencer in the Dictionary. In a word, the suffixes aris, alls, being alike in origin and meaning, the Romans preferred aris, when the word had already an 1 in it (as stellaris, from stella), and alis, if the word had an r in it (ruralis, from ruris). See Baudry, Grammaire comparee du Sanskrit, du Grec, et du Latin, p. loi.
^

EXCEPTIONS TO PHONETICS.
'

xcvii

dissimilation/ which seeks to avoid the 170. Together with this disagreeable repetition of the same letter, we must notice another process, 'metathesis,' the transposition or displacement of a con-

sonant, to facilitate pronunciation: thus, formaticum, turbare, paupertatem, at first became formage, iourver, pauverie, as may be seen in old French texts; these words afterwards underwent the displacement of the r, and h&C2imQ/romage, irouver, pauvrete.

The law of least action shews 171. II. Law of Transition. us the cause of the transformations of language, and of the permutation of letters; that of transition will teach us the conditions Permutation moves on step of these changes, and their course. by step, and never more than one step at a time. letter does not at a bound change its order, degree, or family; it can only make one of these changes at once ^' Thus, to resume the study of the word putrere, given above, the classical putrere did not turn at once into the French pourrir ; it passed in the Merovingian Latin into the forms putrire, pudrire, and in Old French through the successive ioiras podrir, porrir, whence pourrir : the tr had to pass In like manner the Dicthe intermediate dr before it became rr. tionary will present to us, so far as it is possible to write it, the history of every letter, and will connect the Latin with the French by the intermediate links of medieval Latin, and the Old French.
'

PART
\

III.

EXCEPTIONS TO PHONETICS. EFFECT OF CORRUPTION ON THE FORMATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.

172.

Though

the laws of Phonetics rule with precision almost

all

the
far

words in the French language, there are still a few which seem, as as we know, to be refractory, and to refuse to be classified under
their

established heads: just as in natural history there are

which have not yet found

science.

some beings proper place under the divisions of

:

These exceptions
fluences which

rather, the infraction of the rules is

we

or only apparent, and is due to inare as yet unacquainted with, and to secondary laws

to the rules of Phonetics have a double cause

F- Baudry,

Grammaire compare e du

Sanskrit, du Grec, et

du Latin,

p. 83.

xcviii

INTRODUCTION.
limit or

or these infractions of law thus corrupted cannot be used as arguments to throw doubt on the existence of the laws of language and their firm establishment for, as M. Littrd says, it is the

which

modify the primary ones

are the result of corruption.

Words
:

general and positive rules which enable us to affirm that there is an error even where we do not know the circumstances or the conditions of the error ; they enable us to divide the whole into the regular and correct part, and the part altered and mutilated by the inevitable faults of time and of mankind.' And besides, in many cases the corruption is only apparent, not real, or if it does exist, it is not the French language that is to blame thus ecouter (Old French escouter, escolter, originally esculter) is a very irregular derivation from the classical Latin auscultare, for the Latin au never becomes e in French, and if the word had been regularly formed, it would have been oscouter, not escouter, as the Latin au habitually becomes o (aurum, or; pausare, poser, &c.). Now here to

appearance is a flagrant exception, and Phonetics seem to be at But not so: Phonetics are blameless, for we know from Flavins Caper that in the third century men said, not auscultare, but ascultare, whence, according to rule, comes the form escouter, as a becomes e (patrem, pere ; pratum, pre'; gratum, gr^ ; &c.). Thus in this case the corruption dates back to the popular Latin, and the French language has nothing to do with it. The same is the case when the French language seems to violate the Latin accent, in such words as encre from encaustum. / persil from petroselinum, borrowed by the Romans from the Greek (eyfcauoToi/,
all

fault.

Here the French retains the original Greek accent, preserved by the Latins in these borrowed words. In souris, seigle, mordre, foie, fin, faite, from soricem, secdle, mord^re, ficatum, finitus, fastigium, the accent had already been displaced in vulgar Latin, which said soricem, s6cale, mordere, ficatum, finitus, fastigium. But beside these apparent infractions of the laws of Phonetics, there are also real exceptions, caused by corruption or chance, cases of Latin words whose passage into French is governed by no known laws, and which seem to us to be painful discords in the
nerpocreXLuov).

harmonious unity of the language. These errors are man's mark left on the vocabulary, the arbitrary element in the formation of the French tongue. If we compare with their Latin originals the words ^^rmandree, cham.aedrys amidon, am.yluin^ camomille, chamaemelum; ancolie, aquilegia; erable, acer arbor; e'chalotie, Ascalonicum; estragon, draconem; regime, Ucim.Titm\ girofle, caryophyllum; marjolaine, ama; ;

racana*, we

shall find ourselves face to face with the

worst corruptions

Here

for

amylum

the corruption is older than the French language ; is found in a Latin document of the ninth century.

amidum

EXCEPTIONS TO PHONETICS.
in the
:

xcix

language let us note at the same time that almost all these words indicate medicinal plants, and have come down to us through herbalists and apothecaries. Nor is it astonishing that a long special use has deformed and corrupted such words for the people torture thus one learned words so as to give them a sense of some kind may any day hear the common folk ask for de Veau d'anon for laudanum, and the like. To this class also belongs boutique, from apotheca, one of the most striking instances of corruption. Apotheca would regularly have produced aboutaie, as the Latin initial a never drops out in French, and it is contrary to rule for the Latin c between, two vowels to become q in French at the end of a word in such a posi;

tion the Latin c always disappears (baca, haie ; braca, braie ; ebriaca,

apotheca ought to have become words ^, we shall have the full catalogue of all forms due to chance or inexplicable disturbance it will be seen how very small their sum total is, compared with the whole French language. Still, it is most important for us to be
ivraie)
;

so that, like theca,

If

iaie,

aboutaie

^.

we add

to this

list

certain other

able to ascertain the truth.

that the explanation of
tries

From

the days of

St.

Augustine,

who

said

words depends on the fancy of each person who

^
I

likened it to the interpreting of dreams, down to Voltaire, who believed that chance or corruption were the sole causes of the revolutions of language, human speech has ever been regarded But modern science as the product of the arbitrary caprice of men. has shewn that languages are not the work of chance, but a natural and organic growth, of which man is not the author, but the instrument. Philology has narrowed and limited the part played by caprice and corruption in the formation of languages, without utterly annihi-

them, and

who

lating

it.

^ Aboutaie is not the final form. know on one hand that the Latin p does not stop at b, but drops down to t : on the other hand we know that t between two vowels always drops out in French so that aboutaie would become avoutaie^ and finally a'vouaie, the last regular contraction of
;

We

apotheca.
^ Adamantem, diamant; emendare, amender ; amygdale, amande tremere, craindre ; carbunculus, escarboucle ; scintilla, etincelle ; sarcophagus, cercueil fracticium, friche\ lampetra, lamproie ; imicomu, Ucorne ; umbilicus, nombril. As to the words lendemain, loriot, lierre, which in Old French were rightly spelt endemain, oriot, terre (see the Dictionary for these words), they must not be reckoned as corruptions of the Latin word, but of the French.

h2

INTRODUCTION.

PART

IV.

DERIVATION.
into necessary details in dealing with derivathree heads of substantive, adjective, and verb, we must first forewarn our reader that every suffix ought always to be regarded from three points of view ; with reference to its origin, form, and
tion,

173.

Before we enter
tlie

under

accentuation.

Suffixes maybe of Latin origin (as pfemz'^r from 174. I. Origin. primarius), or of French origin, that is, formed on the model of Latin suffixes, as encrzVr from encre), but having no correspondent Latin original.

We must carefully distinguish suffixes of learned 175. 2. Form. formation from those of popular origin i. e. such derivatives as prinWr^, sdcuWr^, schokzW, which come from the learned, from such as prem?'<?r (primarius), "SjioxMer (secularis), ^colz'<?r (scholaris), which have been formed by the common people.
;

176. 3. Accentuation.

Here

the Latin suffixes

is

may be

put under

two heads
timate
is

a.

the accented,

whose penultimate

long, as mort^lis,

humanus, vulgaris

and, /3. the unaccented or atonic, ; short; as dsinus, porticus, mobilis.

whose penul-

177. Accented Latin suffixes are retained in the French, as mortely humain, vulgaire. The language having got possession of these suffixes, -el, -ain, -aire, presently uses them to form new derivatives, applying them to words which had no corresponding suffixes in Latin: by such additions have been formed such words as vis-uel^
loini-ain, visionn-aire, derivatives created at first

hand by the French

language.
178. Atonic Latin suffixes, ds-inus, port-icus, jud-icem, all perish as they pass into French by a natural consequence of the law of accentuation: thus dsinus gives us dne ; port-icus, porehe j'dd-^cem^juge. After losing the atonic i these suffixes had no strength
left

in

them

for the production of

new
;

derivatives.

What,
;

in fact,

does the

suffix

-k in gre-te (gracilis)

humb-le (humilis)
?

douib-h

would believe that these three French words are formed by means of the same suffix, if he had not the Latin words before him ? While the Latin -ilis is very fruitful, the French -le is but a sterile termination. Similarly, it may be seen by such examples as diab-le (diabolus) meub-le
(ductilis), represent to the

common

ear

Who

(mobilis)
-lilus, are

peup-le (populus), that the three Latin suffixes, -olus,

-ilis,

uniformly merged in the French

-le

; a fact which indicates

DERIVATION OF SUBSTANTIVES.

cr

the indistinctness of their sound on the popular ear, owing to the It was not till several dropping of the atonic penultimate vowel. centuries after the birth of the French language that the learned,

not understanding the proper function of accent in the formation of terminations, foolishly followed the Latin form, imposing on it Then sprang up words a false accent, displacing the true accent. like portique (porticus) ; mobile (mobilis) ; fragile (fragilis) ; words opposed to the genius of the French language, barbarous words, neither Latin nor French, defying the laws of accent of both In a word, of these two classes of suffixes, the former, languages. the accented, are alone strong enough to bear any development in French ; the others, the atonic, have fallen dead, without producing This is the principle which will form the a single new derivative. basis of our study of suffixes.

SECTION

1.

Derivation of Substantives.

Latin substantives, French substantives.

adjectives, verbs, prepositions

^,

have produced

CHAPTER

I.

French Substantives derived from Latin Substantives^.

179. The French language has carried over several thousands of Latin substantives, such as chanire, cantor; pdtre, pastor; kgon, lectionem, &c. ; and has also created a vast number of others from

French substantives already existing such as journe'e, matinee, from Jour, an, soir, matin; chevalerie from
;

anne'e,

soiree,

chevalier,

&c*

All these formations are studied in detail in 191, sqq., under the heads of the suffixes -alls, -anus, -aris, -arius, -aticum, -atus, -etum,
-eria *, -ianus, -ile, -iste, to

which the reader

is

referred.

^ We do not here speak of pronouns, for there is only one French word which has sprung from a Latin pronoun, that is, identite from idem and .even in this case, it is not from classical but scholastic Latin, which produced the forms identitatem and identicus so that even this word
;

not of popular origin. ^ For all parts of this treatise on derivation and composition followed Matzner's admirable classification.
is

have

eU

INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTER
180.

II.

French Substantives derived from Latin Adjectives.

Just as un mort stands for un homme mort, un mortel for un by excluding the substantive and calling the object by the name of its epithet, so the words matin Jour, hiver, have been formed

itre mortel,

from the Latin adjectives matutinum, diurnum,

hibemum,

sc.

tempus:

similarly cierge, roche, netge, grange, lange, longe, U, ch^ne,

droit, hdtel, are from the adjectives cereus, rupea *, nivea, granea *, Several lanea, lumbea*, latus, quercinus*, directum, hospitalis. substantives of this class, such as sanglier, linge^ coursier, bouclier^ were adjectives in Old French (as may be seen under these words

the Dictionary), the Old French phrase running un drap linge, sanglier, un cheval coursier, un icu bouclier ; and they became substantives at a comparatively late epoch in the history of the
in

un pore

language.

For

details, see

under the

suffixes

cited in 179,

and

also under the three suffixes, -tas, -tudo, -ia (it-ia).

CHAPTER

III.

French Substantives derived from Latin Prepositions.

181. These are very rare, whether they come direct from the from contrata* (derived from contra), entrallies from interanea (derived from inter), or whether they have been formed first hand by the French, as avantage from avant, devanture from
Latin, as contre'e
devant.

CHAPTER

IV.

French Substantives derived from Latin Verbs.

182. The French language derives substantives from verbs either by using the root of the verb, with or without suffixes ; or by using

the present infinitive, or the present participle, the past participle, or the future passive participle.
183. I. i. From the verb-root with suffix. By joining to the verbroot certain terminations, each of which brings with it a special modification of the meaning, the French language has created a multitude of substantives thus from abreuv-er, e'clair-er, all-er, it has produced These suffixes thus used for the abreuv-oir, eclair-eur, all-ure. creation of substantives are about twenty in number [-alls, -anda (-enda), -antia, -anus, -aldus, -ardus, -aris, -arius, -aster, -aticum, -atus, -etum, -eria * ? -ela, -ianus, -icius, -ile, -ina, -issa, -iste,* -m.en (-amen, -imen, -umen), -mentum, -or (-tor, -sor), -orius, -tionem, -ura]. See Sect. III. Chapter I. for the detailed study of
:

each of these

suffixes.

;:

DERIVA TION OF SUBSTANTIVES.

Ciii

184.

ii.

From
its

the verb-root without suffix.

The French language

verb,

creates

new

substantives

by taking them from the

:

by the simple

addition to

root of the gender-ending

thus, after the Latin verbs

apportare, purgare, appellare, have given the verbs apporter, purger, appeler, the French language takes the roots of these verbs, apport,
purge, appel, and uses them as new substantives, which had no originals These verbs number in Latin, and are called verbal substantives. certain about three hundred ^, and are all of the first conjugation ^. number of these substantives are concrete as ragout from ragoHter,

rabat from rabattre, decor from decorer, e'gout from e'goutter, empois from empeser, engrais from engraisser, reverbere from riverberer,
repaire

from O.

Fr. repairer ^ rechaud

from

de'p^cher, cri

contourner, traite

from re and e'chauder, depeche from crier, conserve from conserver, contour from from traiter, relief from relever, repli from replier

but most of them are abstract, and indicate the action expressed by the verb such are appel from appeler, apport from apporter, baisse from baisser, aide from aider, avance from avancer, epouvante from e'pouvanter, offre from offrir, peche from picher, recherche from rechercher, tremp from tremper, &c. ^ Whence has the genius of the French language learnt so fruitful and ingenious a process, enabling it to create so large a number of substantives which have no Latin parent? The answer is at hand The FrencJ;i.and the Latin are simply successive con-^-*^^-^ ditions of the same language and there is no grammatical process ^ij employed in the French which is not to be found, in germ at least, in the Latin ; thus the Romans in their day created (especially inllieir time of decadence) verbal substantives out of their infinitives thus from probare, luetari, &c. came proba, lucta, which appear for the first time long after the verb proba in Ammianus Marcellinus. lucta in Ausonius. Two characteristic facts shew us with what fertility the French language has developed this process thus handed down to it from the Latin. On the one hand, it has been applied to words which are completely strangers to the Latin language, and such substantives as galop, debut, regard, have been formed from verbs of Germanic
:

^ These derivatives have a peculiarity which is quite unique ; they are shorter than the words whence they come. must carefully avoid confounding these substantives, which spring from verbs, with those which have given birth to verbs (such d&fete, lard, whence^/eter, larder). ^ The eight or ten substantives (such as maintien from maintenir, recueil from recueillir, accueil from accueillir) which belong to other conjugations have been formed by analogy. The other conjugations have formed no verbal substantives like those of the first conjugation, because they have at their disposal the strong participial substantives (studied in 188). ^ About one-third of these substantives are of the masculine gender.

We

civ

INTRODUCTION.

origin, such as galoper^ dibuter^ regarder ; on the other hand, the process is still in active operation, and daily gives birth to fresh words ; thus of late years have appeared casse from casser, chauffe froni chauffer ^y and this fact shews us the persistent nature and spontaneous action of the laws of language, and the certainty with which the popular instinct advances, quite unconsciously, in the formation of

new words.

From the present infinitive come a 185. II. The Infinitive. tolerably large number of masculine substantives, such as diner,
dejeuner, souper, goUter, vivre

and

vivres,

manger,

boire, loyer,

savoir,
baiser,

pouvoir,

devoir, plaisir, itre,

all

loisir,

repentir,

avenir,

sourire,

souvenir, &c.,

of them used as masculine substantives.

Just as the Latin language had 186. III. The Present Participle. created a substantive, amans (a lover), from the present participle of the verb amare, so the French language has created, by help of present participles, the substantives marchand from mercantem *,

manant from manentem

sergent,

servientem

se'ant,

sedentem, to

say nothing of forms which have come direct from the French participle, such as tranchant, vivant, servant, gouvernante, me'chant, from trancher, vivir, servir, gouverner ; michant, O. Fr. meschant, is from the old verb mescheoir, like se'ant from seoir, ichiant from
ichoir.

187. IV.

The Past
p.
p.

faculty of creating substantives out of

peccatmn, p. from fossa, p.

tongue possessed the thus from of peccare, came the substantive peceatum, a sin of fodere, came fossa, a ditch, &c. And the French
Participle.
its

The Latin

past participles

language, not content with thus turning the Latin participles into substantives (as in avoui, advocatus; ecrit, scriptum, &c.), in its turn expanded this grammatical process, and created from French participles a multitude of substantives masculine and feminine, such as/ait, regu, dH, re'duit, masculines, and crois/e, nichee, durie, trancMe, partie, issue, feminines, all of them past participles of the vtxh^faire, devoir, recevoir, &c. And this it does especially with feminine participles. The number of substantives thus obtained is considerable ; for the French language forms substantives with both classes of participles, the strong as well as the weak ^

chauffe, a furnace ; une surface de chauffe, a fire-surface, flue-surface. strong participle is one which is accented on the root, as dictus, fdctus, trdctus ; a 'weak participle is accented on the ending, as am-dtus, purg-dtus. Similarly, in French, dit, fait, joint, are strong; aimee, purgee, iveak participles. The strong participles are those which ordinary grammarians class mechanically under the name of irregular participles, and fweak ones under the name of the regular. For further details, see Historical Grammar, p. 140.
^

La


DERIVATION OF SUBSTANTIVES.
T.

cv

Formed from Formed from

ze;<?(2/^

(or regular) participles; such as chevauchee,

accouchee, &c.
2.

strong

(or

irregular)

participles

such as
p.

dit,

joint, r^duit, trait, &c.

We know

(see Historical

Grammar,

140)

Modern French has replaced most of these strong participles by weak ones still the substantives formed from the strong forms remain thus the old feminine participle defense, defensa, has been replaced by the weak form difendue, while it remains as a subthat
;
:

stantive.

188. The following is a list of these strong participles in use as such, but still remaining as substantives.
,

^ no longer

It will

participle, is set side

participle,

be seen that the modern form, the correspondent weak by side (within brackets) with the old strong which has become a substantive, and the Latin word

whence

it

comes

movita puncta

Emplette, implieita {employee) ; exploit, explicitum {/ploy^) ; meute, {mue^., and its compound imeute, exmovita [emue) ; pointe, [poindre, in the sense of to prick = pungere ; this word

remains as a participle in the word courte-pointe, in O. Fr. coulte-pointe, from Latin culcita-puncta) course, eursa {courue) ; trait, tractum, and its compounds por- trait, retrait, traite, &c. ; source, sursa {surgie), and its compound ressource ; the verb is sourdre, siirgere; route,
;

rupta {rompue), and

rompue ;
tente,

its

compounds
{difendtie),

deroute, banqueroute,

i.

e.

banque,

defense,

defensa

and

its

congeners

offense,

&c.

t6ndita {tendue), and its compounds attente, de'tente, entente, &c. rente, r6ddita {rendue) ; pente, p6ndita * {pendue), and its compounds soupente, susp6ndita * isuspendue) ; poste, posita {pose'e) ; repas, repastus (repu) ; croit, crscituni * (crue), and its compound surer oit; semonce, formerly semonse, summonsa * ; entorse, intorsa * ; suite, s6quita* (suivie), yAiencQ poursuite ; vente, v^ndita, (vendue) ; perte, p6rdita (perdue); quete, quasita (quet/e), and its compounds conquete, requite, enquete ; recette, recepta (regue) ; ^dette, d6bita (dUe) ; * reponse, responsa (ripondue) ; elite, electa (Hue) ; tonte, t6ndita (tondue); mors, morsus (mordu) ; fonte, fiindita {fondue); compound refonte ; toise, tensa (tendue) ; ponte, pondita* (pondue) ; fente, f6ndita (fendue) ; faute, fallita (faillie) ; maltote, male-tollita ; boite, blbita

^ More than one participle in this list has never been used in French except as a substantive; and its participial usage dates either from the classical or the rustic Latin, which latter often created forms of which no trace remains in any text, but which survive in the corresponding French words. Thus entorse, semonce, suite (in Italian seguita), croit (It. cresciuto), cannot answer to the classical forms intorta, summonita, secuta, eretum, but to the popular forms intorsa *, summonsa *, sequita*, crescitum*.


cri

; ;

INTRODUCTION.
succussa {secouee) ; and its congener rescousse, from which is the Latin excussa /m'/e, ftigita promesse^ promise) ; e'cluse, ezclusa {exclue) ; itnpoi, impositum (
; ;

(bue) ; secousse, O. Fr. escousse,

promissa
suppot,

depositum {diposi); privSt^ praepositum {propose) ; suppositum {suppose) ; entrepSl, interp6situni * {entrepose') ^ / descente, desc6ndita * {descendue) ; plaid pldcitum ^. Thus, while Old French said itre mors, morsua etre route, rupta, for itre mordue, rompue, Modern French, while it replaced the Old French mors and route by mordu and rompu, created from these old
{impost); d/pot,
^

new substantives (un mors de cheval, une route). In a few cases, very rare ones, the strong participle survives beside the weak one ; as in un fit tors, and un fil tordu, which has not hindered the formation of the substantive tort, conformably with the rule we have described ^ Side by side with these two forms of expression we have the triple form une femme absoute, une femme absolm^ and
participles

the substantive absoute.

SECTION

II.

Derivation of Adjectives.

189. Adjectives are formed (i) by the present participle; as charmant, savant, de'vorant, the present participles of the verbs charmery savoir, d/vorer. It often happens that a verb has disappeared in Modern French, while its present participle remains as an adjective thus the Old French verbs michoir, bier, galer, remain only in their
participles michant, biant, galant,
2.

which are now used as

poli,

adjectives.

From
From
some

the past participle

connu, fleuri,

&.C.,

from

polir,

connaitre,fleurir, &c.
3.

the verb-root.
traces

This

be so
still

fruitful for substantives,

process, which we shewed, 184, to has not been equally so for adjectives

of

it

dispos,

which comes from

occur in the adjectives gonfle from gonfler, disposer, not from the Latin dispositus,

^ Propos and repos have no place in this list, as they are the substantives of the verbs proposer and reposer, as has been seen in 184. ^ may add to this list dessert, desserte, formed by analogy from the verb desservir ; absoute, absoluta soute, soluta chute, caduta *, although these participles are not strong in Latin. ^ I have naturally included in this list only those strong participles which have remained only as substantives, leaving out all those which remain in French as both participles and substantives; such as dit, joint, adjoint,

We

reduit, conduit, conduite, produit, enduit, biscuit, ouie, clos, enclos, cowvert, decowverte, miscy remise, prise, surprise, defaite, crue, contrainte, empreintCy feinte,

&c.

; ; ;

'

ACCENTED SUFFIXES.
d^pdt.

cvii

which would have given

4.

Compare impositus,

impot ; suppo-

situs, suppot ; praepositus, privdt.

this means the French language produces from substantives, as mensonger, courageux, age, from mensonge, courage, dge ; or, jS. from adjectives, as jaundtre, lourdaud, vieillot, from jaune, lourd, vieil ; or y. from verbs, as comsuffixes.
;

By

By
a.

fresh adjectives

parable, redoubtable,

semblable, as

comparer, redouter,

sembler ;

or

8.

from prepositions, as ancien from antianus *, derivative of ante souverain from superanus*, derivative of supra. In the next chapter will be found a list of all these suffixes, and of the derivations which they have supplied to the French language.

SECTION
I

III.

List of Nominal Suffixes.

190. Here follows a detailed catalogue of nominal suffixes (i. e. of suffixes which form substantives and adjectives), divided, as has been already done in 176, into accented and atonic. In this list of suffixes will be found the three of Germanic origin (viz. -ard, -inc, and -aud), which are to be met with in the French tongue diminutive and augmentative suffixes will be treated of separately.
:

CHAPTER

I.

Accented Suffixes.
191. Alls, ale become al, eP in popular French^: chenal, canalis^,* journal, diumalis ; royal, regalis ; loyal, legalis ; hotel, hospitale
cheptel,

mortalis

natalis ; me'nestrel, ministrale * ; mortel, Pluralis produced earnalis ; voyelle, vocalis. in the regular way the, Old French plurel, changed afterwards into the diphthongal />/rz'^/, by changing e into ie. See 56. The suffixes -alls, -aris have been replaced, so far as French derivatives are concerned, by the form -arius, and have disappeared,

capitale
;

noel,

charnel,

leaving

no

posterity behind them.

*".

192. Antia, entia become ance in popular French

as in enfance,

For the letter-change, see % 54. The learned form is al : cardinalis, cardinal hospitale, hopital. ^ Canalis has also produced another form, chenel, which was afterwards softened into cheneau, just as bel became beau. * The learned form from antia is ance, as in arrogance, arrogantia
^
"^ ;

of entia, ence^ as in innocence, innocentia.

cviii

INTRODUCTION.

infantia; contenance, oontinentia *. know that these abstract substantives are formed from the present participle by adding the suffix -ia ; thus from infantem has come infantia ; from continentem, continentia, &c. The French language, imitating this process, has similarly created vengeance from vengeant, croyance from croyant, confiance from confiant, e'chiance from icMant, jouissance from
jouissant.
Participial substantives often

We

come from forms which have

it

disappeared from
to their

Modern French, and

:

are, as

were, living witnesses

choir,

dead ancestors

thus chance, formerly cheance, carries us back

to che'ant, participle of ch/oir, primitive

form of

cadere

and

ichiance carries us back, through dcMant, to echoir.

Fiani, participle

fier, gives us the Old French substantive fiance, whence again the \trhfiancer. Engeance, finance, outrecuidance, similarly come from the old verbs enger (to multiply oneself) ; finer (to conclude a bargain, pay); outrecuider, ultra-cogitare. Cre'ance answers to the

of

archaic participle criani, to be found in the compound m/cr/ant. DoUance, whence condoUaTue, similarly carries us through a participle doUant, to a verb doUier, from a Latin type dolicare * while nuance, laitance come through nuant, laitant, from the old verbs nuer, latter,
;

which are derived from the words

nue, laite.

The passive future participle has provided 193. Andus, endus. us, through its nominative plural neuter, with a certain number of
must, however, take note that the French language, following its customary use^, has treated these neuter plurals as if they were feminine singulars, and has produced from them a number
substantives.

We

of feminine substantives, such as viande from vivenda; provende from praebenda ^ ; whence, by analogy, the French derivatives offrande from offrir ; jurande ^romjurer ; re'primande from reprimer, &c. From the combination of the suffix and with the suffix /<?r (see 198), come the derivatives in andier, such as taill-andier from iailler, filandiere from filer ; lavandiere from laver, &c.

^ It is well known that by a strange error the Merovingian Latin mistook neuter pluralsJDu^. for feminine singulars of the-.rst_delension. Thus'from J)6cus^as formed pecoras r mter'^ecoras says aTlharThe same author has published a tulary of a.d. 757 (in Muratori). collection of industrial receipts of the Merovingian epoch, in which we find a feminine pergamina, from the neuter plural of pergamenum ' pergamina quomodo fieri debet: mitte illam in calcem., at jaceat ibi per dies tres.' In this way the French language has produced a certain number of feminine substantives as mer'veille, mirabilia bible, biblia *
"*
' : ;

tempe, tempera brasse, brachia aumailk, animalia come, cornua arme, arma muraille, muralia 'volatile, volatilia feuille, folia saussaiey saliceta and all the suffixes in ate from eta, plural of etum. 2 Learned forms are legende from legenda prebende from praebenda. ;
;
; ;

; ;

ACCENTED SUFFIXES.
am, en aim, 194. Anus, ana become castellanus * ; auhain, albanus * ; ecrivain,
pullanus
*
;

cix

enne

as chdtelain,
;

scribanus

poulain,

humain, humanus ; souverain, superanus * ; vilain, villanus * ; lointain, longitanus * ; fontaine, fontana. When anus follows i it becomes en, whether the i be original, as in ancien, antianus; chre'tien, christianus, or whether it comes from the dropping of the medial consonant (see Historical Grammar,

civitadanus *. French derivatives formed by analogy are also very numerous; such are quatre, quatrain,^; dix, dizain ; six, sixain; douze,douzaine neuf, neuvaine ; haut, hautain ; proche, prochain ; Afric-ain, Napolitain, Americ-ain : the one exception under this class is paysan, pays, which should have been paysain, and indeed is found so in the twelfth century and onwards this one deviation may be due to dissimilation (169). The form en is especially applied to professional nouns, such as m/canicien, chirurgien, musicien, grammairien ^.
:

p. 37), as m. paien, paganus; miioyen, medietanus *; citoyen,

doyen,

decanus

mqyen,

medianus;

195. Aldu,.a,siiffix of Germariic origin. In a great many Prankish proper names we may notice a suHTx, wald, which denotes force, command, answering to the modern German Ge-walt, walten, to wield ; thus Chlodo-wald, Grimo-wald, Anso-wald, &c. This suffix was transcribed into aldus by the Gallo-Romans ^ ; and we find in Merovingian Latin the names Chlodo-aldus, Grimo-aldus, Ansoaldus, Regin-aldus, which in Carolingian times became Grim-aldus, Regin-aldus, by the regular change of oaldus into aldus. By the customary softening of al into au ( 157), aldus became aud ; whence Grimaldus, Grimaud ; Reginaldus, Regnaud. This suffix has, i).en employed by the French language, but always in a depreciatory or a bad sense, whether as attached to words of QttxmSxSt on^xxi, 2J& clai-aud, crap-aud, or by analogy in French derivatives, as lourd-aud, nig-aud, fin-aud, ronge-aud, sal-aud. pat-aud and with a diminutive sense in levr-aui, a leveret.

196. Ardus, a suffix of Germanic origin (Gothic hardus, German hart, hard). This suffix, which has helped to form a great many

proper names, such as Regin-hart, Rein-hart, Renard ; Eber-hart, Ehrart, Ebrard, Evrard, denotes intensity in French words ; and also in very many cases takes a bad sense thus ard is found in com:

For letter-changes, see 54. Faisan, phasianus, is in the same position as paysan ; on grounds of dissimilation it could not become faisain. Such words as partisan, capitan,
^

"volcan, artisan,

courtisan, are

come
words
^

in in

modern times from Spain or

not to be added to the list, as they have Italy, and are not genuine French

Waldus
:

( 141)

as

(pronounced valdus) became aldus by dropping the medial Chlodo(v)aldus, Chlodoaldus, Qlodoald,

; ;

ex

INTRODUCTION.

bination (i) with substantives; as monfagne, montagnard ; hdt, bdtard canSy canard ; bt'lle, billard ; bras, brassard ; cutsse, cuissard ; couard, oaud-arduB * / hagard (Lat. haga) ; brancard, from O. Fr. branc^ masculine form of branche ; mouche, mouchard ; poing, poignard
moiit,

moutarde ;

corbillard ;

as vteil, itendard ; fui-r,fuyard ; babiller, babillard ; baver, bavard ; brailler^ braillari ; brocher, brocart ; brouiller, brouillard ; crier, criard nasiller, nasillard ; p/ter, pilar d ; piller, pillard ; plaquer, placard.

poularde ; campagne, campagnard ; corbeil, ipinard ; putts, puisard ; or (2) with adjectives, viellard ; or (3) with verbs, as pend-re, pendard ; etend-re,
poule,
/pine,

197. Aris becomes

scholaris.

ier in

popular French *, as sanglier, singularis

icolier,

198. Arius. entirely supplanted

This
it

premier, primarius. to er after ch, g^ ;

clocher,

which is derived from aris, and has new-formed French words, becomes ier, as In popular French^ this form ier is reduced
suffix,

in

as in vacher, porcher,
picker, plancher,

boucher, archer,

cocher,

gaucher,
the

rocher ;

berger,

bUcher, danger,

boulanger, itranger, leger, verger, oranger, viager, mensofiger.

most productive of all French suffixes ist, in primarius; le'ger, leviarius*, whence, by analogy, the French derivatives plenier from plein ; bocager from bocage ; mensonger from mensonge ; dernier, formerly derrenier, from O. Fr. derrain, dernier, Lat. deretranus *. 2nd, in substantives which vary exceedingly in sense thus, ier designates, (i) the names of plants or trees, as poirier, pommier, noyer, nucarius * ; amandier, laurier, figuier, peuplier,
This
suffix, ier, is
:

adjectives,

2.% premier,

grenadier, prunier,/raisier, miirier, cerisier, citronnier, oranger, eglantier, from O. Fr. aiglent, a thorn: (2) names of animals, as le'vrier, lepobelle, limier, formerly liemier, from lien, of trades poller, pot ; batelier, from O. Fr. batel ; chamelier, from O. Fr. chamel ; cordonnier, formerly cordouanier, from O. Fr. cordouan ; huissier, from O. Fr. huis ; conseiller, consiliarius ; icuyer, scutarius berger, vervecarius. In bijou-l-ier from

rarius,

be'lier,

from O. Fr.
(3)

originally

Hem

Names

from cafe' ; clou-t-ier from clou; boyau-d-ier from boyau, the consonant is intercalated to avoid the hiatus. (4) The conbijou;
cafe-l-ier

ception of a receptacle

as colombier,

columbarium

verger, viri-

^ For letter-changes, see The learned form is aire ; as vulgaire, 54. vulgaris populaire, popularis, by the side of which, for learned words of rather greater antiquity, we find again the form ier ; as regulier, regu;

laris
^

singularis. has similarly supplanted the suffix alis, which is, in fact, only another form of aris, 176. * In this list of suffixes in er we do not name those which follow j* or soft //, because these letters have included in them the i of ier ; such are ecuyer, noyer, bruyere, gruyer f, metayer, foyer, -voyer ; conseiller, cornouiller,
;

singulier,

Anus

ecaillere, poulailler, oreiller.


ACCENTED SUFFIXES.
diarium
;

cxi

foyer,
is

narium Hence

encrier
it

focarium from encre ;

chartrier,
sablier

chartularium from sahle.

grenier, gra-

plain that ier produces, in each of these cases, such

it is not easy to reduce its effects to read with advantage the reflections which this great variety of results has suggested to M. Br^al ^, in a fine passage full of the philosophy of language. He says

varied changes of sense that

one formulary.

We may

created pommier, figuier, amandier. might think that -ier indicates Judging the thing which produces the object named by the primitive word. But, on the other hand, there are words like encrier, huilier, herbier,
'

Thus from pomme,

figue, amande, from these, we

we have

colandier, in

which

-ier indicates
It

the thing which receives.

may be

not the thing which produces, but suggested that this idea of

and that the two ideas But then what shall we do with such words as prisonnier, where -ier indicates neither the producing agent nor the receptacle, but, on the contrary, the thing contained Again, if we have prisonnier from prison, so have we also geolier from geSle, which is quite the opposite thing. Nor is this all the connection in sense which couples chevalier with cheval is not the same with that which connects bouvier with boeuf, or levrier with lievre. One could easily multiply examples but these are enough to shew that the mind must come to the rescue in the case of so variable
reception has led
to

that of origination,
in

may be

thus

merged

one.

.?

suffix.
'

It certainly

would not be impossible to conceive a sense so abstract

these derivatives,
especially if

we imagine ourselves which the language has lost. But let us consider what passes in our mind when we use these words each time we supply to ourselves a relation of a concrete kind and
as to
suit
all

re-establishing that neuter gender

of a particular species. The word voiturier means the coachman of a voiture, while carrossier means the maker of a carrosse ; a cuirassier is a soldier who wears a cuirasse, but an armurier is a man who makes or sells arms. The mind divines or knows by tradition these relations, which are not in the least expressed by the words themselves, and our intelligence fills up the blank. It is possible that, originally, man tried to give a proper suffix to each relation which his mind could conceive. But this attempt he must fain abandon ere long, as the crowd of the relations, which his growing experience called up, pressed more and more on him. And thus, too, just as idioms grow older, these auxiliaries of thought, far from increasing in number, as one might have expected, shew a distinct tendency to decrease. The more common suffixes elbow out the weaker ones the mind, content with a certain number of
'
:

M.

Breal, Idtes latentes du langagCy p. lo,

1.

13

p. 12,

1.

24.

cxii

INTRODUCTION.
trusts

signs,

more and more

no doubt,

to

its

own

intelligence,

helped

by-

tradition.
artificial nomenclatures, in which the terminaus the position of the object designated in a scientific Thus chemical nomenclature is a kind of spoken classification. catalogue, in which every change in the composition of a body is indicated by a corresponding change in the form of its name. But we must remember that, amidst the infinity of relations in which things can stand to one another in the world, the language of chemistry chooses out a few and neglects the rest, thus arriving at
*

We

have,

tion at

once

tells

On the contrary, common exactitude by specialising rigorously. speech, which ought to sufiice for the universality of our knowledge, very properly dispenses with scientific rigour, and, without striving after impossibilities, compels new ideas into the existing forms which have been handed down to it from ages past.'
I"

French the depreciatory and and the Aster bediminutive sense it had in surdaster, novellaster, &c. came in popular French dtre, originally aslre ; mardtre, matrasta * pardtre, patraster saumdtre, salmaster * noirdtre from noir ; grisdtre from gris ; hleudtre from hleu ; rougedire from rouge ; foldtre from fol This suffix becomes / 200. Atus (of the fourth declension). As a substantive -atus indicates employment, in popular French ^

199. Aster.
it

This

suffix retains in

bad sense

had

in the Latin poetaster, philosophaster,

oflfice,

dignity;

as
;

in

consulatus, senatus,
;

pontificatus, legatus;

By analogy ducatus clergi^ clerieatus. mar/ckaussee, sinichaussee, from marechal, s^n^chal. 201. Atus, utus, suffixes which indicate possession, form adjectives drawn straight from substantives (following the analogy of the present participle ?), but are not to be confounded with 200. Thus the Latins said alatus from ala, barbatus from barba, comutus from comu, &c., whence (by the regular changes of atus ail/, into e"^, and of utus into u ^, come the adjectives ros^, rosatus comu, comutus chenu, canutus eu, bit, vu, sH, formerly alatus <?, heil, veil, seii, from Latin habutus*, bibutus*, vidutus*, saputus*, as is shewn by the Italian forms avuio, veduto, &c.; whence also, by analogy, come numerous French derivatives, as age from dge ;
comti^

comitatus

duche\

learned form is at; as senat, senatus; consulate consulatus; pontificatus. On this model have been constructed such degenerate and ill-formed words as marquisat from marquis, generalat from general.
^

The

pontificate

For For

letter-changes, see 187, 188.

letter-changes, see 187, 188.

ACCENTED SUFFIXES.
maniere, mam'/re ; a aire, affaire ; orangey ventre, ventru ; tete, teiu ; point, pointu.

cxiii

orangi ; bar be, barbu

The feminine suffix ata, ee in French, imitating the feminine of the past participle, see 200 (care must be taken not to confuse them together), is joined to substantives, with a view to the creation of other substantives which shall express either (i) the quantity contained
in the
primitive,

as charrette, charrettee ;

assi'ette,

assiette'e

gorge, gorg^e ; cuiller,

relations
anne'e ;
:

cuillere'e ;

bouche, bouchie ; and, consequently,

of times jour, journe'e ; soir, soire'e ; matin, matine'e ; an, or (2) the object produced by the primitive, as araignee, araneata*, originally a cobweb spun by the aragne, aranea. By the side'*of this suffix, ee, which is the old popular and true
ata, there

French form of

Romance
grenade,

languages

about the thirteenth

is also a form ade, imported from the from Provengal, in or of the South century^, from Spanish and Italian. Thus,
'^

dorade, bigarrade, croisade, ballade, come from Provengal grenada (Lat. granata), daurada (Lat. de-aurata*), crozada (Lat. cruciata *, from crucem), balada (Lat. ballata * ^). Arcade, balustrade, embuscade, esplanade, estrade, gambade, panade, are from Italian areata, balustrata, imboscata, splanata, strata, gambata, panata. Camarade, algarade are from Spanish camarada, algarada *. This foreign suffix ade has oeen so largely imported, and at a time when the French language had still a certain plastic force, that it has been adopted as a popular suffix, and is still employed to form a crowd of new words, such as promenade, embrassade, glissade,

bourfade, &c.

202. Ela becomes elle in French, as in chandelle, candela; querela, is perhaps a learned word. This suffix has remained unfruitful, and has produced no new French words. but becomes 203. Elis usually becomes el : cruel, crudelis al after a guttural. This suffix has also been barren.

querelle,
;

204. Ellus becomes first el, flien eau, as has been seen 157 ; thus agnellus becomes agnel, then agneau ; vascellum, vaissel, then

thus

The Latin suffix ata became Italian dta, Spanish and Proven9al ada', ^^ diumata* is in Italian giornata, in Provencal and ^^zmsh Jornada. ^ The oldest example, known to us, of the suffix ade in French is noix \ mugade (nux muscata), in the Roman de la Rose. / "
^

Auhade, bigarrade, are from the modern Provenyal auhado, albata

'

higarrado.
* When one of these foreign words in ade falls in with a popular word, coming from the same Latin root, there ensues a doublet thus the Latin salata becomes salee in French, salada in Spanish salee and salade, on the entry of the latter word from Spain, form a doublet so too with che'vauchee, caballicata *, and ca'valcade panee, panata, and panadcy and ;
: ;

'

'

so on.

cxiv

INTRODUCTION.

Cerveau, cerebellum \ vaisseau ; gemellus, Jumel, then jumeau, &c. ^ chalumeau, calamellus nouveau, novellus oiseau, aucellum ; pourceau, porcellum. This eau becomes tau in fabliau, originally fableau and fablel from fisibulellum *, and in boyau from bo(t)ellum, by a letter;

change studied in 157 ^. We have seen, under 18, how the suffix ellus, a diminutive in Latin, loses in French its diminutive force; in some words, such as vaisseau, vascellum* (properly *a little vessel'), it has even taken an augmentative sense.

205.

Emia becomes
Grammar,
p.

ange, as has
:

been shewn
;

in

Historical

66

vendange, vindem.ia

louar^e^

244, and laudemia *;

and, by analogy, vidange from vider ; melange from meler ; lavange

from

laver.

206. Ensis. This suffix is reduced first to esis, as is shewn 163, and in this form produces the French is^ in pays, originally pais, from pa(g)esis * marquis, marchesis * ois * in bourgeois, burgesis*.
;
;

207. Enus, ena becomes ain, oin, ein, venenum plein, plenus terrain, terrenum

; ;

in,
;

ine,

ene ; as venin,
;

seine,

sagena

avoine,

avena

chaine, O. Fr. chaene, ca(t)ena.

ia,
er,

208. Eria, see under

244.
as in hiver,

209.
;

Ernum becomes
quaternum.
citerne,

hibemum;
erne
:

enfer, infer-

num

cahier,

Erna becomes

lanterne,

laterna

taverne,

tabema;

cistema.

210. Estus becomes este in Old French, ete ^ in Modern French, as honnete, honestus. This suffix has been barren in French.

Derivatives with this ending denote a district 211. Etum. planted with trees. It becomes ay ^, found in such proper names as Chatenay, Castanetum; Rouvray, Roboretum ; Aulnay, Alnetum. It is chiefly through the plural eta that this suffix has developed itself in French, by producing (after the rule of neuter plurals. Hist. Gram. p. 97) feminine substantives in aie'^ : shussaie, saliceta; ormaie, ulmeta;

There are many French derivations formed on this from rosier ; oseraie from osier ; chdtaigneraie from 'chdtaignier ; houssaie from houx, &c. Ronceraie has either been formed from a lost primitive, roncier, or by analogy ? ennemi, inimicus; fourwA, 212. Icus becomes i^ : ami, amicus
aunaie, alneta.

model

roseraie

* The primitive form in el remains in some few expressions: in the phrase 'se mettre martel en tete,' euphonic feeling has retained the old form instead of the more modern marteau. The feminine form ella becomes el/e in French as pastourelle, pastorella * ecuelle, scutella 'vaisselle, vascella *. ^ For letter-changes, see 58. * For letter-changes, see 62. * For letter-changes, see ^ For letter-changes, see 62. 147. ^ For letter-changes, see * For letter-changes, see 129. 62.
"^

ACCENTED SUFFIXES.
formicus
vesica.
213. *
:

cx^
;

ica becomes

t'e :

amie,

arnica

orft'e,

urtica ;

vessi'e,

Icem becomes
isse in genisse,

perdrix

in perdicem, whence O. Fr. perdn's, t's ^ from junicem.

now

214. Itius, icius (a suffix attached to verbs.?) becomes is"^ ; as in plessis, plexLtius ; levis, levaticius * ; coulis, cola; ticius * ; pdtis, pasticium * ; and hence the French derivatives, diquelis, cliqueter ; hachis, hacher ; abatis, abattre ; gdchis, gdcher
mills, mixtitius
logis, loger ;

color is, colorer.

:

215. Ignus becomes in^

benin,

benignus

malin, malignus.
)

216. ilis becomes

gentil, gentilis
;

il: chenil, Q2,-mi.Q', fusil, focnlQ

fenil, foenile;

avril, aprilis, &c.

must takecare not to confound ilis with ilis, which is disIlis is joined only to substantives or adverbs, as 250. while ilis is compuerilis, puer gentilis, gens subtilis, subter
cussed
;

We

bined only with verbs, as agilis, agere

facilis, facere

utilis, uti.
I
\

becomes isle. This learned suffix, which comes from the Greek KTri]^, and was introduced by Christian writers into the Latin language (baptista, evangelista, psalmista), denotes persons by the
217. Ista

name of
oculiste

the science which they pursue

;

as

legiste, juriste, journalisie,

from oculus

herborisle

from O.

Fr. herbor, her be; dentiste

from
I

dent,

&c.

Ismus becomes isme. This suffix, which comes from the Greek kt/jlos, is, like ista, purely a learned suffix syllogisme, syllogismus; barbarisme, barbarismus; solecisme, soloecismus; whence
218.
:

the

modern

derivatives germanisme, communisme, socialisme, anglicisme,

.

mahometisme.

from I 219. Iscus becomes ois^, in Thiois from Thiotiscus, i^r<2;zf Franciscus; and this drops to ais in marais, O. Fr. marois, from I mariscus. (Compareyr^zzj from friscus *.)
^

For

^ ^ *

The learned form

We

letter-changes, see 129. is ice, as mfactice, factitius; adnjentice, adventicius. For letter-changes, see 131. For letter-changes, see 58. The suffix iscus is of Latin origin. find in Roman writers mariscus, syriscus, libyscus, scutiscum,

|
1

The Greeks also had this diminutive suffix, ore^ai/iV/coff, calathiscus. dficfjopicTKos, &c. But iscus was very rarely used in Latin, and the Romance languages in employing it so frequently, have been influenced by the Germanic suffix isk (Modern German iscb), which often caused a confusion between the two idioms, a confusion which has been very fruitful in the production of new words. The Wallachian has iscus under the form esc, a fact which proves to us that the origin of it is Latin and not Germanic, as the separation of the Wallachians from the Empire took place as early as the second century, and therefore long before the Germanic

invasion.
i

; ;

cxvi

INTRODUCTION.
suffix

This
Italian
I

becomes

esco ii\Jtalian, as in iedesco, theotiscus.

The
;

{
!

language uses it in a ""gresniumber of new formations as pittoresco from pittore ; grottesco from grotta ; gigantesco from gigante ; burlesco from burla ; arabesco from arahc ; pedantesco from pedante In the sixteenth century all these Italian soldaie^ca from soldato. words migrated across the mountains, and produced in France the forms arabesque, burlesque, grotesque, gigantesque,pe'danlesque, pittoresque, The French language has employed this suffix soldatesque, iudesque. thus she says romanesque, chevaleresque (imitating to form new words
;

the Italian caballeresco).

220. Inus becomes in : devin, divinus pelerin, peregrinus moultn, molinum * ; chemin, caminus dauphin, vicinus matin, matutinum matin, mandelphinus ; ichevin, scabinus satinum *. Ina becomes ine : poitrine, peetorina courtine, cortina ; racine, radicina ; routine, rupcuisine, cocina * ; geline, gallina ;

voisin,

tina*.

We may
(i)

here

cite,

among French

derivatives, substantives

drawn

from verbs:
chopine,

saisine, saisir ; gisine, g^sir ;

stantives:
botte ;

titin, tette

(2) from other sub; crapaudine, crapaud ; becassine, bicasse ; bottine,

^

chope

couleuvrine,

couleuvre ;

Eglantine

from O. Fr.
sourdine^

aiglant ; houssine,
sourd.

houx ;

serpentine, serpent ; terrine, terre ;

A suffix of Germanic origin, denoting filiation, origin, 221. Inc. which regularly became enc ^ in Old French, whence it is reduced to an in modern French (wrongly written and in some cases) thus Flaeming becomes O. Fr. Flamenc, now Flamand ; chamarling becomes O. Fr. chambrelene, chamberlenc, now chambellan ; Lodaring became Loherenc, then Loherai?!, lastly Lorraitt. This suffix has even been applied to words which are not of Germanic origin thus from kisser comes O. Fr. tisserenc, later tisseranc, whence tisseratid.
:

222. Issa becomes esse. This suffix in imperial Rome inabbatissa from abbatem prophetissa from prophetam sacerdotissa from sacerdotem. It appears in the

dicated the feminine

;

French
ivova.

derivatives abbes se, abbatissa; traitresse ixom. traitre; prophetesse prophete ; vengeresse ivomvengeur ; duchesse iv<ya\ due ; enchanteresse
; pe'cheresse

from enchanteur

from pe'cheur ; chanoinesse from chanoine.

;

223. Ivus becomes if^ ; ch/tif, captivus ; naif, nativus ratify restivus*. Its French derivatives are plentiful poussif {lova pousser ; Iva hdtif from hdter ; pensif from penser ; craintif from crainte. becomes ive ; ogive, augiva* ; che'tive, captiva ; olive, oliva, &c.
:

In these words ine acts as a diminutive suffix. For letter-changes, see 72. ' For letter-changes, see In bajulivus * the O. Fr. bAiliff 142. reduced in Modern French to bailli.
^

is

ACCENTED SUFFIXES.

cxvii

224. Lentus becomes lant in popular French^: sanglani, sangui-

lentus.

225.

Mentum becomes
;

ment^, 2&froment,

fmmentum

viiement,
|
j

vestimentum

tormentum, &c. The French language uses this suffix to produce substantives from verbs, by intercalating an e between the verbal root and the suffix thus we have from hurl-er, hurl-e-ment ; from commenc-er commenc-e-ment ; from aboy-er^
tourment,
: ,

This e is intercalated only with verbs in er ^ ; with verbs in ir * i is intercalated, as sent-i-ment, sentir ; ressent-i-meniy ressentir ; but it should be noticed that these are learned words ; the popular form is certainly that with e ^.
aboi-e-meni, &c.

three forms, a-men, i-men,

which is the root of mentum, under the u-men, has produced a certain number of French words, but has made no new creations, having been supplanted in this by its derivative mentum, see 225. Amen becomes atn, aim : eirain, stram^en ^ ; airain, aeramen, levain, levam.en merrain, m.aterianien ; lien for liain, from ligam.en; essaim, examen. Imen becomes in, ain : sain, formerly sa'm, from sa(g)inien irain, formerly fra'm, from tra(g)im.en nourrain, nutrimen.

226. Men.

This

suffix,

'^

Umen

becomes un

in alun,

alumen^

227. Orem, which forms abstract substantives, becomes eur^ ; as

The

learned form

is

ent

'violent^

violentus

somnolent,

somnolentus,

&c.
2
^

Why not mant 1

recueillir

Except a few words like vet-e-ment from 'vetir ; recueill-e-ment from ; c6nsent-e-ment from consentir ; tressaill-e-ment from tressaillir. * It may be remarked that these verbs are not inchoative (i.e. they reproduce the Latin forms). As for inchoative verbs (i. e. those which form their imperfect in -issais, not -ais, like rugir), they form substantives in -ment, by inserting the inchoative particle iss : rug-iss-e-ment from rugir There accompl-iss-e-ment from accomplir ; abrut-iss-e-ment from ahrutir. are a few exceptions, like hdt-i-ment from bdtir ; blanch-i-ment from blanchir ; assort-i-ment from assortir. ^ Verbs of the fourth conjugation (in re) form substantives by adding e to the verbal root rend-e-ment, batUe-ment, entend-e-ment, from rendre, battre, entendre. Bruire, accroitre, decrottre, connaitre, which have ss in the
;

imperfect,
^

bruissais,

acroissais,

decroissais,

connaissais,

make
is

bruissementy

accro'issem, dectroissement, connaissement.

For letter-changes, see

54.

The

learned form

amen, as examen,

exam.en.
learned form is ime : as crime, crimen ; regime, regimen. letter-changes, see 161. The learned form is ume: as bitume, bitumen legume, legumen ; volume, volumen. ^ By a change, studied There is but one exception to this rule ; 79.
"^

The

For

; ;

cxviu

INTRODUCTION.
;

dolorem doucettr, dulcorem couleur, colorem sueurj sudorem peur, pavorem. On this model the French language has formed new words: puanteur from puant ; pesanieur from pesant
douleur,
;
; ;

largeur from large ; grandeur from grand, &c.

These suffixes (not to be confounded 228. Sorem, torem. with orem) which express the name of the agent, become seur and ieur * ; de/enseur, defensorem ; pecheur, piscatorem chanfeur, canto;

rem

pastorem p/cheur, peccatorem empereur, imperatorem, &c.

;

pasteur,

sauveur, salvatorem

head, which are very numerous, been studied above in 225, mentum ; i. e. non-inchoative verbs form their substantives in eur, as jouer, joueur, while inchoatives form them in iss-eur^ as nourrtr, nourrisseur ; blanchir, blanchisseur ^. The feminine trix, as in nutricem, nourrice, whence ledeur, ledrice ; bien/aiieur, bten/actrice, has been almost entirely replaced in Modern French by the two other feminine suffixes euse, and eresse thus lavatrix* from lavator, becomes laveuse ; we ha^ve p^cheur, peccatorem, but packeresse is the equivalent of peccatricem.
derivatives
this

The French

under

follow the

same

rules of formation as have

229. Osus, which forms substantives from adjectives, becomes and osa, euse : noueux, nodosus ; envieux, invidiosus ; amoureux, amorosus ; Mdeux, hispidosus *. New forms under this head are very numerous as chanceux from chance ; pierreux from pierre ; soigneux from soin ; courageux from courage ; heureux from O. Fr. heur ; affreux from O. Fr. affre ; doucereux from douceur^ ; orgueilleux from orgueiP.

eux

^,

230. Tatem, which in Latin produces substantives from ad-

amour, not ameur, from amorem. Labour does not fall under this head of exception, as it does not come from laborem (which has duly produced labeur), but is the verbal substantive of labourer, see 18.
^
"^

For

letter-changes, see 79.

suffix eur was softened later into eux in the words piqueux, piqueur ; porteux, porteurs ; faucheux, Jaucheur ; 'violonneux, 'violonneur ; and into ou in ^lou, Jileur ; gabelou, gabeleur ; ou for eur is met with in some patois (?).
^ For letter-changes, see The learned form is ose: as morose, 149. m.orosus 'ventSse, ventosus sinose, sinosus. * Jaloux from zelosus, and 'ventouse from ventosus compare Toulouse from Tolosa, are exceptions. Pelouse is Provengal, as also are two of the
;
;

The

others.
^

Doucereux

is

a softened form of douceureux.

Italian Dictionaries for

Pieux and serieux have no place here, see

pietose, seriose.

^
'^

ACCENTED SUFFIXES.
jectives,
cite\

cxix

becomes //, as mpauvrete, paupertatem; surete, securitatem j civitatem sante\ sanitatem bonte\ bonitatem fierte, feritatem heauie, bellitatem cherte, caritatem loyaule, legalitatem naivete, nativitatem royaute, regalitatem. The i, which in the Latin connects the root with the suffix (as bon-i-tatem, from bonus, san-i-tatem from sanus), and which disappears in French from all words derived directly from the Latin (as bonte, sante), reappears as e in derivatives formed from French words at first hand with no corresponding Latin words thus from
; ; ' ;
; ; ;

gai comes
ancien, net,
231.

gai-e-te ;

from souverain,

souverain-e-ie ;

from

sal,

leger,

sal-e-te', leger-e^te',

ancienn-e-ti, nett-e-ie^,

of this suffix in Latin designate animals, as falco, pavo, leo, capo ; persons, as latro things, as carbo, pulmo, sapo. as faucon, falconem ; paon, paIt becomes on in French vonem ; lion, leonem ; chapon, caponem. ; larron, latronem ; charbon,
are

of

Onem. Substantives derived by help many kinds of meaning thus they

:

carbonem poumon, pulmonem. savon, saponem. The French language uses this suffix to reinforce such Latin primitives as had not enough strength to stand by themselves: thus from mentum, talus, piscis, ren, ericius, glutus, it formed mentonem *, talonem *, piscionem *, renionem *, ericionem *, glutonem., whence menton, talon, poisson, rognon, he'risson, glouton. By analogy have come such words as jambe, jambon ; coche, cochon ; pied, pieton ; friper, fripon ; souiller, souillon ; jurer, juron ; plonger, plongeon ; boucher, bouchon ; manche, manchon ; pierre, perron; char, charron ; virer, aviron
; ;

chaudron, formerly chauderon, from chaudiere ? or chaud, compare laidron ; chevron, chevre ; clair, clairon ; fleur,
ceinture, ceinturon ;

In the words buche, bUch-er-on ; chape, fleuron ; tendre, tendron. chap-er-on ; forge, forg-er-on ; laid, laid-er-on ; lys, li-r-on ; mouche, mouch-er-on ; mousse, mouss-er-on ; puce, puc-er-on ; quart, quarter-on;
calated
vigne, vign-er-on^,
er.

the

suffix

is

strengthened by an inter-

The French language

dii^inutives
:

similarly

employs on in the formation of

as aigle, aiglon ; chat, chaton ; lievre, levron ; rat, raton ; cruche, cruchon; sable, sablon; Marie, Marion.

This diminutive particle

of
(i)

is

often

strengthened by the insertion

cotte, cot-ill-on

?//

whence

carpe, carp-ill-on ; barbe,barb-ill-on;

croix, crois-ill-on ; dur, dur-ill-on ;

ill-on ;

moine, moin-ill-on ;
ecouv-ill-on,

negre, ne'gr-

poste, post-ill-on ;

tdter,

tat-ill-on ;

from O. Fr.

^ Mechancete comes not from mechant, but from O. Fr. tnechance (derived from mechant, Wke Jouissance from Jouissant, or puissance from puissant^.

In imitation of this suffix in eron, the le the Latin bibere the barbarous word biberon.
'^

; ;

cxx

INTRODUCTION.
:

/couve; grape, grap-ill-on^

tch-on,/ol-ich-on,

or

(ii),

iche,

whence

harh-ich-on, corn-

from the primitives

;

barbe, corne,/ol.

We may add to this list substantives in ionem, such as magon, macionem * oignon, iinionem soupgon, suspicionem, &c. By analogy
;

there have been formed from Latin substantives the following words

arcionem * from arcus chevron, caprionem * from capra ; limagon, limacionem* from Umax compagnon, companionem * from cum-panis oison, aucionem * from * auea /cusson, scutionem * from scutiim troncon, truncionem from truncus whence lampion, lampe,
champion,
;

campionem * from campus

argon,

'^

This suffix must not be confounded with joined to the supine to form abstract substantives denoting the action expressed by the verb: thus from press-um, sta-t-um, comparat-um, m.ess-um, supines of premere, stare, comparare, metere, came press-io (the act of pressing) ; stat-io (the act of standing still) ; comparat-io (the act of comparing) ; mess-io (the act of reaping) '. These suffixes become gon * infagon, factionem ; legon, lectionem poingon, punctionem. ; rangon, redemptionem. ; sugon, suctionem sson in boisson, bibitionemi * ; moisson, m.essionem. ; cuisson, coctionem. e'cusson, ^cutionem; frisson, frictionem; nourrisson, nutritionem cresson, cretionem * son, with hard s, in chanson, cantionem son, with soft s, in poison, potionem ; raison, rationem tison, titionem ;

232. Tionem, sionem.

;

231

it is

trahison,
liaison.,

oison, fusionem traditionem cargaison, carricationem. * ligationem ; livraison, ligationem ; venaison, venationem.
; ;

Take

care not to confound with these derivatives in

illon

such words as

'vermill-on, aiguill-on, corhill-on, guen'tll-on, tortill-on, tourill-on, echant'tll-on^

goupill-on, ohill-on,
beille, guenille,

which come from the primitives

'vermeil, aiguille, cor-

oisel, O. Fr. by simple addition of the suffix on. ^ Oison does not come from oie, for it would have been oyon, not oison, Qora^diTQ joyeux from Joie. * A certain number of these substantives had taken a concrete signification even in the Latin thus potio passed from its first sense of ' ^e act of drinking to that of ' the thing drunk,' a potion, draught m.ansio, first ' the act of remaining,' became ' a place of continuance,' habitation, mansion ligatio, * the act of binding,' became a ligature, a bond. In imitation of the Latin, the French language also gave to many of these substantives a concrete sense tonsionem, cantionem, venationem, prehensionem, clausionem*, bibitionem*, sationem, originally 'the act of

tortille, tourelle, echantil,

O. Fr., gbupily O. Fr.,

'

clipping,' &c.,

became

toison, chanson, -venaison, prison, cloison, boisson, saison.

In this case the concrete substantive is often masculine, whereas the abstract was feminine; as in^owow, potionem; ormjo, nutritionem cresson, cretionem * ; poingon, punctionem sugon, suctionem. Similarly ele-ve, the concrete result of the act of education, is masculine in its concrete sense. * The learned form is tion for tionem potion, potionem faction, fac;
;
;

tionem

and

sion,

sionem

pression,

pressionem

illusion,

illusionem.

ACCENTED SUFFIXES.
Numerous French

cxxi

substantives have been formed analogously, from verbs in I'r, B-S guerzson from gueri'r ; garmson ivova garnir ; or from verbs in er, as demangeaison from demanger ; echauffaison from echaiiffer ; fauchaison from faucher ; flotiaison from flatter ; or from verbs in re, as pendaison from pendre.
either

233. Torius, sorius. Substantives in tor, sor (see 33), denoting name of the agent, have produced Latin adjectives in torius, sorius, which indicate a quality proper to the action accomplished by the agent; as oratorius from orator; laudatorius from laudator^. The neuter of these adjectives was early employed as a substantive, and usually denoted the place of residence of the agent, or the instrument that hi uses ; as praetorium from praetor dormitorium from dormitor auditorium, dolatorium. These newer words, already frequent under the Empire, became exceedingly numerous at a later time, especially in ecclesiastical and scholastic Latin as purgatorium, refectorium, laboratorium, observatorium., &c. This suffix becomes oir ^ ; dortoir, dorm.itorium. pressoir, pressorium; ^<9/(9?r^, dolatoria * ; /<:rz'/(9z'r^, scriptoria *. There are many French derivatives, masculine and feminine; as

the

parler, parloir ; arroser, arrosoir ; compter, comptoir ; trotter, trottoir ; tirer, iiroir ; raser, rasoir ; battre, hattoir ; abattre, abattoir ; eteindre,
e'teignoir ;

balancer, balangoire ;

mdcher, mdchoire ; e'cumer, /cumoire ;

^.

nager, nageoire ; manger, mangeoire

234. Tudinem.

in

common

Latin,

This suffix, which had been reduced to tuma in which we fi*d costuma for consuetuas

dinem, becomes amaritudinem.

tume^-,

coutume,

consuetudinem

amertume,

This suffix, which usually gives a bad sense,^Qf 235. Quin. Gerrnapic origin, from the Old Netherland Mn^ ; as bouquin from boecMn rmannequin from mannekin ; brodequin from brosekin. Hence also casaquin from casaque^. This suffix, which is almost barren in French, has been more largely developed in the Picard patois, which uses it for new forms, like verquin, a little verre ; painequin, a bad
little

loaf (pain) ; Pierrequin, poor

little

Pierre, &c.

On
For
;

this

model the bad form

dinatoire has

been formed from

diner.

^
^

iss, as rotissoire from from polir. * The learned form is ude ; as aptitude, aptitudo * mansuetude, mansuetudo whence the modern forms platitude irom plat, &c. ^ This suffix kin answers to the German diminutive chen. % ^ We must not add to these words arlequin, faquin, baldaquin, pasquin^ for they come from the Italian; nor mesquin, which is Spanish; nor palanquin, sequin, Oriental words nor requin, whose origin is unknown.

letter-changes, see 84. Derivatives of inchoative verbs insert the particle

polissoir

rotir

cxxii

INTRODCUTION.

This sufRx denotes the result of the action 236. Tura, sura. indicated by the verb, just as tor, sor (see 233) denotes the name of the agent. It becomee Jure, ure, as in ?nesure, mensura; peinture,

mansura; roture, ruptura; chevelure, formerly capillatura ; armure, formerly armeilre, armatura, &c. On this model have been formed many substantives, drawn originally from verbs; as aller, allure; parer, parure ; bouler, bouture ; serrer, serrure ; blesser, blessure ; paitre \ pdture ; then, by analogy, from adjectives ; as vert, verdure ; confit, confiture ; froid, froidure ; ordure from O. Fr. <7r^/ and from substantives: voile, voilure ; coP, enpictura;
niasure,
cheveleUre,
colure.
laitue, 237. Ucus, uca become u and ue ^ : as fe'tu, fettucus * * lactuca ; verrue, verruca charrue, carruca ; massue, maxuca * ; iortue, tortuca *.
;

238. (t)undus

Undus becomes ond;

^.

as rond, formerly roond, from ro-

239.

Unus becomes un;

2JS>jeun,

formerly /<?, from je(j)unus.

240.

Umus

becomes

our^ ;

as jour,

diumus;

aubour,

al-

bumum.

CHAPTER
,

II.

Atonic Suffixes.

241. *A11 these suffixes disappear in the French, and are consequently useless for the purpose of producing new derivatives ; they have however recovered their place from the time that men utterly lost sight of the genius of the language, and became ignorant of the rule of accent Thus people began to use such words as portique, fragile, rigide, instead of porche, /rile, roide, from porticus, frdgilis, rigidus. In considering these Latin atonic suffixes we are bound strictly
'^.'

^ As we have seen, 35, substantives formed from inchoative verbs intercalate the particle iss : as bouffir, bouff-iss-ure ; moisir, mois-iss-ure brunir, brun-iss-ure ; meurtrir, meurtr-iss-ure ; fietrir,fietr-iss-ure. ^ Brauoure does not come from bra-ve, for then its form would have been brwvure, but is drawn directly from the Italian brwvura. ^ The learned form is uc ; as caduc from caducus. * From sa(b)ucus * has come the O. Fr. seii, whence the derivative setiereau (compare poetereau from poete'), now contracted to sureau.

is also ond; as 'vagabond from vagabundus. For the changes of urnus into our, see 87. The learned form urne ; as diurne, diurnus nocturne, nocturnus.
^ ^
;

The Jearned form

is

G. Paris, Accent

latino p. 92.

ATONIC SUFFIXES.
to
reject

cxxiii

every

word

that

has been introduced into the French

its

language since the period of

natural formation.
; ;

242. Eus, ius, Fr. ge,

deluge,
singe,

diluvium
; ;

tinge,

Strange, extraneus ; lange, laneus lineus ; proche, propius ; sage, sapius

che.
;
;

simius orge, hordeum rouge, rubeus auge, alvea songe^ somniuin Li^ge, Leodium Mauheuge, Malbodium cierge, cereus ^. For the change of eus, ius into ge, che, see Historical Grammar^
;
; ;

p. 66.

Cage, cavea, grange, granea vigne, 243. Ea, Fr. ge, gne. vinea; ligne, linea; teigne, tinea. For the change of ea into ge,
;

see Historical

Grammar,

p. 66.

disappears altogether. Vendange, tige, tibia ; seche, sepia ; sauge, salvia histoire, historia ; ; Bourgogne, Burgundia ; France, Francia ; Grece, Graecia ; Bretagne, Britannia ^. For the change of ia into ge, see Historical Grammar
ge, che, ce ;
it

244. la, Fr.

;

or

vindemia

angoisse,

angustia ; cigogne, eiconia ; envie, invidia grace, gratia

p. 65.
245. It-ia, Fr, esse. Justesse, justitia ; mollesse,-m.d)i^\\ii.&,', paresse, pigi^itia; tristesse, tristitia. French derivatives: ivresse, politessey
tendresse.

246. Icem (from ex,

ix,

represented in French only by

;

ce, se,

ge)

herse,

herpicem

puce,
e'corce,

pulicem
cortieem
Fr.

juge,

judicem;

pouce,

pollicem;

ponce,

pumicem
Icus,
serge,

^.

ge. orche, porticus ; manche, serica; dimanche, dominica; Saintonge, Santonica, forge (O. Yy. faurge), fabrica; perche, pertica; piege, pedica*.
a,

247.

um,

che,

manica;

248. viatage),

Aticus is a suffix formed with icus, Fr. age. Voyage (O.Fr. viaticum volage, fromage, formaticum volaticum ; ombrage, umbraticum; ramage, ramaticum; message, missaticum ;
;
;

sauvage, silvaticus

^.

Learned form e, as igne, igneus. Learned form ie, as chimie, philosophie, symphonie, Australie. But we must not confound this termination with the proper French derivatives, in ie, as felonie {felon), tromperie {tromper), &c., which are popular and
^

very numerous.

Learned form ice : calice, ealicem. Learned form ique : portique, porticus fabrique, fabrica 'viatique, viaticum. ^ Silva in Old French became sel've, sawve, which, as a common noun, is lost, but survives in certain names of places, as sawve-Satnt-Benoit, silvaS.-Benedicti. From silva came silvaticus, whence sawv-age, O. Fr. sel'vatge. Nothing but a complete misunderstanding or ignorance of the laws of the formation of the French language could have ever allowed people to derive sawvage from solivagus. This word could only have produced in French the form seulige.
^


cxxiv

;; ;

INTR0DUCT70N.
mesurage, ladourage, alliage, derivatives has been said that these words come from a Low in -agium (as message from messagium), homage from
:

Hence come French

arrosage, &c.
It

Latin suffix

homagium).

But though messagium certainly exists, it is far from being the parent of the Fr. message ; on the contrary, it is nothing but the Fr. message latinised by the clergy, at a time when no one knew either the origin of the word (missaticum) or the nature of
the suffix which formed

it.

249. Idus disappears

in French.
;

Pale, pallidus
;

net,

chaud, calidus
sade,

sapidus

tepidus whence maussade^ male sapidus ^.

Lat. caldus)
tiede,
le.

(Low

roide^

nitidus rigidus

250. nis, Fr.

;

Humble, humilis \ faille (O.

;

Yr.floible), flebilis

douille, ductilis

meuhle, mobilis

frele, fragilis

grele, gracilis

"-.

251.
;

Inus disappears
;

in French.

inus femme, femina frine, carpinus coffre, cophinus ^.

;

Page, pagina ; jaune, galbfraxinus ; dame, domina ; charme,

rente,

Vente, vendita; 252. Itus, Fr. te. perte, perdita; qu^te, quaesita.

reddita;
apStre

dette,

debita;
apostle),

253. Olus, apostolus.

Fr.

le.

Diable, diabolus;

(O. Fr.

The compound

suffixes iolus, eolus, dissyllabic (io, eo) in Latin,

were contracted into a long penultimate

in the seventh century, io, eo, thenceforwards accented iolus, eolus, whence came the French terminations ieul, euil, iol : i\ms filleul, filiolus; chevreuil, eapreolus linceul, linteolum ; glaieul, gladiolus rossignol, lusciniolus ; aieul,
;

aviolus.
Table, tabula ; fable, fabula ; amble, ambula; 254. ITlus, Fr. le. peuple, populus ; hieble, ebulum ; seille, situla sangle, cingulum
;

ongle,

ungula

chapitre,
*.

capitulum

merle,

merula
:

epingle,

spinula

ensouple,

insubulura

The

following suffixes are formed from ulus

255. I. Aculus, Fr. ail. Gouvernail, gubemaculum tenaculum soupirail, suspiraculum. French derivatives
;

tetiaille,
:

travail,

fermail,
this

e'ventail,
2.

&c.
il.

256.

Eculus, Fr.
fox,

Goupil, vulpecula.
still

In Old French

word meant a

and survives

in the diminutive goupillon,

sprinkler, originally

made

of a fox's

tail.

Learned form

ide:

r'tgide,

rigidus;

safide,

sapidus;

ar'ide,

aridus,

&c.
2

Learned

form He:

mobile,

m.obilis

ductile,

ductilis

fragile

fragilis, &c.
^ *

Learned form ine : machine, machina, &c. Learned form ule : cellule, cellula; calcul, calcTilus; funambule,

funambulus.

VERBAL SUFFIXES.

cxxv

Abeille, apicula ; orieil (O. Fr. art257. 3. Iculus, Fr. ez7. soleil, soliculus*; oreille^ articulum; sommeil, somniculus * corneilk, comicula ; ouaille, ovicula ; vermeil, vermauricula
eil),
; ;

iculus

aiguille, acicula.
;

268. 4. Uculus, Fr. ouil. Fenouil, feniculum grenouille, ranverroiL (O. Fr. verrouil, surviving in verrouiller), veruculum ucula genou (O. Fr. genouil, surviving in agenouiller) genuculum.
;
,

disappear in French; consequently the learned forms of atonic suffixes, such as fragile, mobile, &c., from fragilis, mobilis, &c., are incorrect, seeing that they all retain the vowel's after the tonic syllable, and in fact displace One may indeed lay it down as a general rule the Latin accent. that, in the case of Latin atonic suffixes, all French words of learned origin break the law of Latin accefituation.
syllable

Vowels which follow the tonic

SECTION

IV.

Verbal Suffixes.

CHAPTER
Accented.

I.

259. Aseo,
pais,

Fr. z> / eseo, Fr. ois ; isco, Fr.

;

is.

Nais, nasco';

pasco

parais, paresco
ailre,

crois,

cresco, &c.
aistre.

260. Ascere, Fr.

O. Fr.

Naitre, nascere; paitre^

pascere.
261. Ico, igo, Fr.

ie.

Lie, ligo

chdtie,

castigo

nie,

nego, &c.

262.

Illo, Fr. lie.

er.

Chancele, grommele, harcele, &c.

Peser, pensare
;

263. Are, Fr.

chanter, cantare, &c.

264. Tiare, Fr.

:

cer, ser.
;

These are forms

;

peculiar to the

common

Latin

tracer, tractiare

sucer, suctiare

chasser, captiare.

CHAPTER
265.
vendico
ique
:
;

II.

Atonic Suffixes.
Ico, Fr. che, ge.
ronge,

fuge, judico;
;

mdche,

mastico;

venge,
is

rumigo

charge, carrico, &c.

mastique, mastico.

The

learned form

revendique,

revendico

We

became

have seen, Historical Grammar, p. 119, that active in form in the Low Latin.

all

deponent verbs


cxxvi

; :

INTRODUCTION.

tordre^ 266. Ere, Fr. re. Sourdre, surgere ; moudre, molere ; torquere ; ardre, ardere. This Old French verb, which signified * to burn,' remains in the participle ardent, and substantive ardeur.

267. lo disappears in French.

ITlo,

Depouille, despolio.
comble,

268. tremulo

Fr.

trouble,

Moule, modulo; turbulo.

le.
:

cumulo;

tremble,

Under ulo we may put

269.
270.

I.

Aculo, Fr.
Iculo, Fr.

atlle,

as in

tiraille, criaille,
;

&c.

2.

z'lle.

Fouille, fodiculo

sautille, tortille,

&c.

271.

3.

Uculo, Fr.

ouille.

Chatouille, bredouille, barbouille, &c.

SECTION

V.

Diminutive Suffixes.

These

are sixteen in number.

asse.

272. Aceus, Fr. ace, paperasse, &c.

Villace,

grimace {grimer), populace,

273. Iceus, Fr. use, iche.

Coulisse {couler), pelisse {peau), caniche.

274. Oceus, Fr.

oche.

Epinoche, pioche.
Peluche, guenuche.

275. Uceus, Fr. uche.

See above, 255. 276. Aculus. See above, 195. 277. Aldus.

278.

Alia,

Fr.
;

aille.

Betail,

merveille,

mirabilia

portail,

bestialia; poitrail, pectoralia; portalia ; canaille, viuraille, bataille,

&c.

279. Ardus.

See above,
dtre.

175, 196.

280. Aster, Fr.

et,

See above,

178, 199.
verrat.
(2) Et, ette
alouetie.
(tie),

281. At,

ot.

(i)

At

aiglat,
{niol),

louvat,

sachet (sac), cachet {coq), mollet

maisonnette,

(3) Ot,

otte

billot {bilk),

cachot (cache), brulot (brtUe), Hot

&c.
;

Agneau, agnellus jumeau, 282. Ellus, illus, Fr. eau, el, elle. gemellus ; anneau, annellus icuelle, scutella ; vaisseau, vascellus
;

oiseau, avicollus.

283. Onem, ionem.

See above,

231.

284. Ulus.

See above,

254.

ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE

FRENCH LANGUAGE.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
abl.

ablative.

Goth.
Gr.

Gothic,

O.S.
partic.

Old Saxon.
participle,
cipial.

abbrev.
accus.
adj.

abbreviation.
accusative.
adjective.

Gram.
Heb.
hist.

Greek, Grammatical,

parti-

adv. Agric.

adverb.
Agricultural.

grammar. Hebrew.
historical.

Pers.

Persian.

Pharm,
Physiol.
Port.

Pharmacopoeia.
Physiological.

Ageb.
Anat. Ar.
Archit. A.S.

Algebraical.

Hist.

Gram.

Historical

Gram-

Anatomical.
Arabic.
Architectural.

mar.
Hortic.
Icel.

poss.pron.

horticultural.
Icelandic.

Portuguese. possessive pronoun.

past participle.
preposition.

p.p.
prep.

Anglo-Saxon.
Botanical.

Ichth.
introd.
It.

Ichthyological.

Bot. Cat.
Carol.
cent.

introduced.
Italian.

Catalan. Carolingian.
century.

prim. proncd.

primitive.

Kymr.
L. or Lat.
lit.

Kymric.
Latin.
literally.

Prov.
q,v.

pronounced. Proven9al.

quod

vide, see.

Chem.
Chron.
Class.

Chemical.
Chronological.
Classical.

Lomb.

M.H.G.
Math.

Lombardic, Middle High

Rhet, Scand.
Schol. Lat,
Slav.

Rhetorical.

Scandinavian. Scholastic Latin.

Slavonian,
Surgical,

compd.
Conch.
contr.

compound, compounded.
Conchological. contraction.
contracted.

German.
Mathematical.
Medical.

Surg.
sf-

Med.
Merov. Met. metaph.

substantive feminine.
plural

contrd.
cp.

Merovingian or Merwing,
Metallurgical.

/.//. sm.
smf.

substan-

Dan.
der.

compare. Danish.
derived.

tive feminine.

Der. or deriv. derivative.

dim.
Eccles.

diminutive.
Ecclesiastical.

Min. mod.

Fr.

Entom.
etymol.
Fr.

Entomological.
etymological. French.
frequentative.

MS. MSS.
Mus.
Naut. Neth. O.Fr.

metaphorical. metaphorically. Mineralogical. modem French. Manuscript. Manuscripts.

Musical. Nautical. Netherlandish. Old Frenth.

substantive masculine.

substantive
plural

of

common gender.
sm. pi.
Sp.

substan-

tive masculine.

Spanish.

Theol.

frequent.

Turk.
subst.
V.

Theological. Turkish.
substantive.

Gael.

Gaelic.

Geogr.
Geol.

Geom.
Germ.

Geographical. Geological. Geometrical.

O.H.G.
Ornith.

Old High German.

Ornithological.

verb.

va.

Venet.
vn.
VpT.

verb active. Venetian. verb neuter. verb reciprocal.

a.'

Germanic, Ger-

0. Scand.

Old

Scandi-

man.

navian.
*

=
When,

signifies

having become,' as 'e = a,'

signifies

'e having become

in constructing

a geological map, we

xvish to distinguish the strata

which

lie

one

above another, and form, as it were, the history of the earth, we are wont to mark them out by the use of different shades or colours ; so, in distinguishing the two great layers of the French language, we shall mark them offfrom one another by employing two different kinds of type. Thus, the older or popular stratum, which is anterior to the Eleventh Century, and forms the main part and foundation of the language, will in this Dictionary be denoted by capital letters, as in the case q/" ABBA YE; and the newer or non-popular stratum, the work of the learned, which comprises all words borrowed straight from the classical languages or from foreign modern tongues, will be denoted by thick Roman type, as Aberration ; and again of these, the words borrowed directly from modern tongues will be distinguished from those taken from the classical languages by being printed in thick type, spaced, with f preThe sections referred to, as 53,' are those of the Introduction, fixed, as f Abrieot.
'

to

which the student

is

requested to turn.

(
A,
prep, to It. a and ad, from L. ad, which took successively in barbarous Latin the =pour, for three meanings ( = avec, with = d, to) which have descended to the Fr. a. = avec is found in the Lex SaHca Thus, ad (6th cent.) ed. Pardessus, p. I2i: 'Si quis
;
;

unum vasum ad
XV. culpabilis
larly
'

apis

furaverit,

iudicetur.'

In a less

found in another part of Markulfus (Appendix 38) in the form ad quod pi. A Donation of a.d. 739 has veniens.' In portionem quam a liberto nostro dedimus,' Brequigny, ii. 370. Der. au, aux, q.v. sohdos ABAISSER, va. to abase. Sp. abaxar. It. abbassare, from L. adbassare, compd. of ad popu' '

worded copy of the same law we

quis

find

and bassare,

der.

Si

proving

unum vas cum apibus,' etc., that ad was used as =cum. Hence
a,

Adbassare, by db = bb bb = b, becomes abassare

from bassus, see bas. ( 168) and

:
'

comes the use of

as chandelier
a,

= avec

in such phrases

tranche, fusil

aiguille.

This prep, plays an important part in the and in the formation of words. In inflexion, ad with the accus. takes the place of the Latin dative. This tendency, found in germ in classical
inflexion of the language,

Molendina, quae sunt infra fossam civitatis, abassentur medietate unius brachii rationis (Charter of a.d. 1 192, Muratori, Ant. It. v. 87).
'

Abassare becomes

abaisser

by are = er

quod apparet ad agrihunc ad carnificem pauperem ad ditem dabo,' Plautus dari,' Terence), and found also in several other languages (as in modern Greek, which
Latinity (as
colas,'

in

'

ai ( 54), and by continuance ( 263), a of b, ss, and initial a. Der. abaissement ( 225), rabaisser (Hist. Gram. p. 179). ABANDON, sm. abandonment, giving up, un-

Terence

'

'

constraint. In 13th cent, in the form a bandon in Marie de France, i. 488, which shows that the word is formed by a comparatively modern junction of the prep, a

uses the accus. with ts

dative,

= ad

for the

lost
is

with
as

O. Fr. subst.
1 6th

bandon,
in

= permission,
as late

and

as in the English use of to),

liberty, authorisation, a

word found

very strongly in Merovingian Latin, and forms the dative in all the Romance languages. Thus, for example, in a Diploma of a.d. 693, Briquigny, ii. 431, we have ' Sed veniens ad eo placito ; and in a Donation of a.d. 713, id. ii. 437, ' Ergo donavi ad monasterium ;' in a Donation
developed
*

of A.D, 671, id. ii. 154, Idcirco dono ad sacrosanctum monasterium ;' in Markulf.
'

A-PP.

58,

'

Mihi contigit
the

quod ego
in

caballum
subdixi;'
'

ad hominem
in

aliquem

furto

Nam

terra

ad

illo

Formulae Andegav. 28, homine nunquam fossa-

R. Estienne's Diet. Fr.-Latin (a.d. 1549): Bandon, indulPermettre et donner gentia, licentia. bandon a aulcun, indulge re. Mettre sa forest a bandon was a feudal law phrase in the 13th cent. = m^//re sa foret a permission, i. e. to open it freely to any one hence the for pasture or to cut wood in later sense of giving up one's rights for a For time, letting go, leaving, abandoning. The words this change of sense see 12. d bandon were joined as early as the 13th cent. the form abandon appearing in Beauthe
cent,
;

dasset.'

a by dropping d, a process which had already taken place before consonants in Merovingian Latin thus, in the 8th cent, we find in Markulf. Formul. i. a quo placito veniens 37i a passage
; '

Ad becomes

manoir, 43, 13.

like all terms of of Germ, origin, derived from feudal L. bandum, an order, decree Tunc nos demum secundum canouicam auctoritatem ferula excommunicationis et

The O.

Fr. bandon,
is

feudal custom,
'

; ;

A BA QUE
band! nostri Ermengandum
Rom., Baluze,
rfonner.

A BEILLE.
Chanson de Roland, 209) by bb =b ( 168), atein = J ( 230), and continuance of initial For later change of ah6 to abbe sec a.
abattre.

constrinximus praelibatum comitcm,' says an Excommunication of Gregory V, a.d. 998 (Concil.

i.

6).

Bandum

represents

Dan. hand, an order, decree.

Der.

aban-

ABBESSE,
from
L.

sf.

an abbess. abbatissa, a

It.

deriv.

abbadessa, in -issa

Abaque, sm. an abacus; from L. abacus. ABASOURDIR, va. to stun, deafen; an illformed and corrupt form ( 172), of a type abassourdir, compd. of ab and assourdir. See sourd.

ABATARDIR,
bdlard.

Der.

va.

to

abase,

corrupt

see

afta/arrfissement ( 225).

ABATIS,

sm. a demolition, felling (of trees). In the 1 2 th cent, abateis in the Chanson to abbesse see abattre. d'Antioche 6, 9,^, from L. abbatere* (see abattre) through a deriv. abbaticius*. Abcfes, sm. an abcess from L. abcessus. For abbat = a6a/ see abattre, for -icium Abdication, sf. abdication; from L. abdi= -eis = -is see under 214. cationem. ABAT-JOUR, sm. a trunk-light, reflector, Abdiquer, va. to abdicate; from L. abdicare. lampshade. See abattre and jour. ABATTRE, va. to beat down, knock down Abdomen, sm. the abdomen, stomach ; from L. abdomen. from L. abbattere, found in 6th cent, in the Germanic Laws : * Si quis hominem Ab6c6daire, sm. a spelling-book ; from L. de furca abbattere presumpserit ' (Lex. abecedarium. For arium = aire see Sal. Nov. 273). Abbattere is compd. of 197, note I. ill e, sf. a bee; a word introd. towards ab and battere (see batlre). Abbattere t the 15th cent. found in 1460 in a letter of by bb = b and tt = t ( 168), becomes remission quoted by Ducange; from Prov. abatere, contrd. ( 51) to abat're, whence abelha, which from L. apicvQa, Plin. N. H. O. Fr. abatre (in nth cent., in the Chanson de Roland, 267), wrongly afterwards written 2, 21, 21: properly a little bee (for enlargement of meaning see 13). Jnst as we abbattre by the Latinists of the Renaisearly find abis for apis (' de furtis abium.,' sance (1604, in Nicot-s Diet.), in order to Lex Salica, ed. Pardessus, p. 163), so apimake the word look more like its Latin In the 17th cent, the older and parent. cula in Merov. Lat, becomes abicula, whence Prov. abelha, just as auricula, correct orthography was resumed in the words abatage and abatis but abattre unovicula, corbicula, became Prov. aufortunately kept the tt. Der. abati% (q. v.), relha, ovelha, corhelha. That abeille is not
;
,

( 222) from abbatem, see abbd; found in an epitaph, a.d. 569 (Muratori, A. 429, Hie requiescit in somno paucis lustiiiu 3) Abba(t)issa, by dropping t abbatissa.' ( 117), and bybb = b ( 168), a = e ( 54), issa = esse ( 222), and continuance of initial a, becomes O. Fr. abeesse (13th cent., Roman de la Rose, 8800), whence, later, abesse ( 1 1 7), For the change from abesse
:

'

Abe

ABBAYE,
t

abatage ( 242). from L. abbatia sf. an abbey (in St. Jerome). Abbatia, by bb =b, and

a true Fr.
is

word derived directly from Lat. shown by the fact that in Fr. the Lat. p

became abadia: 'Ilia abadia de Rubiaco una medietas remasays a will of a.d. 961 (Vaissette, neat,' Aba(d)iani becomes abe'ie ii. p. 108). (nth cent., Lois de Guillaume le Conquerant, l) by dropping d ( 1 17), by and persistence of initial a a. = e ( 54), and i ( 69), and by final am = ( 54).
( 117), early

=d

Abeie is written in 13th cent, abate; in 1 6th cent, abbaye. ABBjfi, sm. an abbot, head of a religious house from L. abbatem, a word introduced in the last ages of the Roman Empire by Christian writers, who had borrowed it from Syriac abba, a father. For change of sense see 5 2. Abbatem becomes abe (nth cent.,

never stops at h, but always descends to v ( III), while in Prov. it always stops at h ; consequently if apicula, abicula, had directly produced a Fr. word, it would have taken the form aveille, by p = v ( in), icxil& = eille ( 257), and by the continuance of initial a. This true Fr. form is not imaginary ; it is to be found in the Diet, of R. Estienne (1549): Aveille, mousch a miel, mot duquel on use en TouThis form, which thus, raine et en Anjou. even in 1549, was restricted to one or two disappeared provinces, western entirely

when

was localised in and reLanguedoc and Provence, and was replaced, as was to be expected, by a form brought from the district in which the
apiculture
to
stricted


ABERRA TIONABOVER.
,

production of honey and care of bees was chiefly attended to. Aberration, s/". aberration; properly of stars, from tl^e figurative meaning being later ; L. aberrationem. ABfiTIR, va. to brutalise. See bete and Hist.

becomes able by
bl, and of

aTO.

initial a.
sf.

Der. aWette
See able.

= e, and

continuance of ( 281).

ABLETTE,
Ablution,

a bleak.
ablution,

sf.

washing; from L.

ablutionem.

Gram.
i

p.

177.
va. to abhor, detest
;

Abhorrer,

from L. from

abhorrere.
'

ABIME, sm. an abyss. L. abyssimus *, a

Sp. abismo,
deriv.

Abnegation, sf abnegation, renunciation, sacrifice (of self ) ; from L. abnegationem. ABOI, verbal sm. barking, baying. Aboi, which expresses the bark of a dog (aboiement is the present word), remains in the
Fr. language in the phrase etre

of abyssus, with superlative termination -issimus, found suffixed to other Lat. subst., as ocul-issimus, domin-issimus, marking the
highest

aux

abois.

degree
signifies

simus

of intensity thus the deepest depth.

;

abys-

Abys-

be aux abois when he is hard pressed by the dogs, and close followed by their cry. This hunting-term has taken a figurative sense, and etre aux abois now means to be hard pressed,' at one's wits'

The

stag

is

said to

'

'

simum,

contr.

to

abyss'mum.

ABOIEMENT, sm. barking. See aboyer. becomes abisme (12th cent., St. Sermons, p. 167) by persistence of a and m, Abolir, /a. to abolish; from L. abolere. Der. aSo/issement For e = i see 59. and by y = ( loi), ss = s ( 168), and tun = e. For the very unusual continuance ( 225, note 4). For abisme = abime see Abolition, sf. abolition; from L. aboof b see 113. litionem. Der. abimer, to hurl into an abyss, 148. thence to ruin, damage, thence to spoil (as Abominable, adj. abominable; from L. abominabilis. Forabilis = aWesee250. in un ckapeau abime), by a reduction of from L. meaning, see 13; found also in gene and Abomination sf. abomination abominationem. ennui, q. v. This sense is later than the 17th cent., for the Diet, of the Acad., 1694, Abondamment, adv. abundantly; from abondant, q. v. recognises only the etymological meaning. Abondance, sf abundance from L. abunAbject, adj. abject; from L. abjectus. For u = o see 98; for antia dantia. DtT. abjection (L. abjectionem). = ance 244. Abjurer, va. to abjure, renounce from L. Der. abjurztion (L. abjur- Abondant, adj. abundant; from L. abunabjurare. dantem. For u = o see 98. ationem). from L. Abonder, va. to abound; from L. abunAblatif, sm. the ablative case Der. sur abonder. dare. ablativum. For final v=/ see 142. Ablation, sf. ablation (Med.); from L. ABONNER, va. to subscribe, pay a subscription Der. abonnement ( 225), see bon. ablationem. abonne ( 201). ABLE, sm. a bleak (Ichth.) from L. albula, properly a little white fish, from the adj. al- ABORDER, va. to reach shore, to draw nigh Der. abord, abordzge, to shore see bord. bulus (in Catullus, 29 19), which is probably abordMe ( 250). the fish called alburnus by Ausonius (another derivative of albus); 'Et albiirnos Aborigene, smf an aboriginal, primitive inhabitant; from L. aborigines. praedam puer ilibus hamis' (Mosella, 126). The albula got its name from its whiteness, ABORNER, va. to border on, touch limits of. just as the rotiget is so called from being See borne.

( 51), Bernard's

end,'

'

at bay.'

partly red.
glossaries,

Albula is found in

the Lat.-Gr.
is

ABOUCHER,

Albula, iKTapa, which

p. 80,

kind

of
et

little

fish.

Moreau,
losing 1

In the Schola Salernita, d. we find ' Lucius, et perca

tinea.'

saxaulis,

albula,

Albula,

va. to bring together, bring about an interview (s'aboucher avec quellit. to place one mouth to mouth qu'un is with another). See bouche. ABOUTIR, va. to arrive at, end in see bout.
;

abula,

dissimilation ( 169), becomes found in a MS. account of a.d.

by

ABOYER, va.

1239, quoted by Ducange (s. v.) 'Decano Turon. ille qui capit abulas, de dono ad unum batellum emendum xl. solid.
:

from L. abbaubare*, compd. of ad (Hist. Gram. p. 177) and baubare *. For change from deponent
to bark,

bay

to active, see Hist. Gram. p.

68.

Abbau(b)are, by bb = 6

119

for

db = bb

Tur.'

Ab(u)lam (51)

contr. to

ab'lam

loss

of second

( 1 68), ( 113), continuance of

A brEger a bstinence.
initial a,

and by

au = o

( 107),

are = er

Abrupt,
tus.

adj.

abrupt

from
;

L.

abrup-

( 54) became in nth cent, aboer. The law of balance between the tonic and atonic vowels, spoken of 48 etc, here plays an In I2th cent, il abaie, Le important part.

Abrutir,

va. to brutalise

see brute.

Der.

a6r?//issement ( 225). Abscisse, sf. an abscissa (Math.)

from L.

Livre des Rois, 129; in 13th cent, aboer, Villehardouin, 109; in 14th cent, abayer, Oresme, Eth. 205. Der. aboytuv ( 227),

abscissa.

Absence,

aboiement ( 225).

For
in

y=

see 101.
;

from L. absentia. sf. absence; For &ntia. = ence see 244. Absent, adj. absent; from L. absentem.
Der. absenter ( 183). from L. apsi; (Archit.);
;

ABR^GER,
De Re

va. to abridge, shorten

'

from L.
3,

abbreviare, found
Mil.
:

Vegetius, Prol.

Abside, s/l a vault

Quae me per diversos aucdem. Abbre- Absinthe, s/". wormwood from L. absintores .... abbreviare iussisti.' viare becomes abbrevjare by consonithium. fication of i (Hist. Gram. p. 65), whence Absolu, adj. absolute from L. absolutus. For utus = tt see 201. Der. a6so/wment abreger by bb = 6 ( 168), vj=j ( 141), continuance of initial a, br, e, and j=g, ( 225).
;

axe = er. Der. abrege ( 201), abregcur, of which the learned doublet ( 22) is
abreviateur.

Absolution,
lutionem.

sf.

absolution; from L. abso-

Absorber,
ber e.

ABREUVER,
It.

va. to give to drink, water. abbeverare, from L. adbiberare*, a compd. of ad and biberare, a deriv. of bibere ; see breuvage. Adbib(e)rare,

Der. absolvtion
sf.

va. to absorb; from L.

absor-

Absorption,
sorptionem.

( 232, note 4). absorption; from L. abto absolve,

acquit.
It.

ABSOUDRE,
assolvere,

va.

dropping ( 52), and assimilating

db

to

from L. absolvere.

Absol-

bb

( 168), becomes abbib'rare,

whence
( 72),

abevrer (13th cent., Floire et Blancheflor,

195), by

bb =6

( 168), i

=e

br = vr

are = fir ( 263), and by continuance of initial a. Abevrer is in l6th cent, abrever (Hist, Gram. p. 77) by transposition, whence finally abreuver.
( 113),

Der. abreuvo'iT ( 183). Abr^viation, sf. abbreviation; from L. abbreviationem. See abreger. ABRI, sm. a shelter introd. in 1 2th cent. (Livre des Rois, 251) from Prov. abric, Origin unknown. Sp. abrigo. t Abricot, sm. an apricot (1549, R--Esti;

v(e)re, contr. regularly ( 51) to absolv're, drops the v ( 141), whence absol're, whence O. Fr. assoldre (nth cent.. Chanson de Roland, 25) by assimilating bs to ss ( 168), by changing Ir to Idr (Hist. Gram. p. 73), and by continuance of a and o. Assoldre in 12th cent, becomes assoudre ( 157); in 13th cent, is reconstructed into absoudre by the clerks and lawyers who wished to bring it back to the Lat. form. But the popular pronunciation continued in spite of this classical restoration of the b, and we know from Palsgrave
(Eclairc. p. 23) that

enne's Diet.) ( 26).

Der.

introd.

from Port, albricoque

word,

proncd.

assoudre.

Der.

in

1530

it

was

still

absoute,

strong

ABRITER,
appearing

abricotier ( 193). va. to shelter (a modern

first

partic. subst. ( 188), from L. absoluta. For contr. of abs51(u)ta to absol'ta see

in 1740, Diet, de I'Academie, as a special horticult. term : Abrite, terme

51.

de jardinage

ABSTENIR(S')

vpr. to abstain.

Sp. abstenir,

'

un

espalier bien

abrite

')

from abri, by euphonic intercalation of t. There was, up to the 1 8th cent, another form, abrier, formed direct from abri, which has been supplanted by abriter: Etifin le bon Dieu nous abrie, St. Arnaud, Podsies, iii. 92 (17th cent.), and in 1728, Richelet's Diet., has Abrier, mettre a I' abri; ne se
dit qu'en riant.

from L. abstenere, a common Lat. form of abstinere. Abstenere becomes astenir (nth cent., Chanson de Roland, 203) by bs = ss = s ( 168), by ere = z> ( 60), and by continuance of a, t, e, n. In the 14th cent, astenir was reconstructed into abstenir (56, note 4) by the clerks and
lawyers.

See absoudre.
sf.

Abstention,
abrogation; from L. abro;

abstention,

withholding;

Abrogation,
gationem.

sf.

from L. abstentionem.

Abstinence,
from L.
I

sf abstinence;

from L. ab-

Abroger,

va. to abrogate, annul

stinentiam.

For

eutia

ence

see

abrogare.

Der. atro^ation.

244-


ABSTRAC TION
Abstraction,
stractionem.
sf.

A CCA BLER.
ACARIATRE,
The
adj. crabbed, cross-grained. Lat. cara, a face, then a head (see chere), produced a verb adcariare*, acca-

abstraction

from L. ab-

Abstraire,

rare, whence O. Fr. acarier, whence the deriv. acanastre ( 199), found in R. Estienne's Diet., a. d. 1549, i" sense of inAbstrait, adj. abstract; from L. abstracFor ct = 2Vsee 129. sanus, mente captus, then acariatre tus. From its sense of foolish, mad, Absurde, adj. absurd; from L. absurdus. ( 199). Der, absurdite ( 230). in 1604, Nicot's Diet., it has come to its modern sense, Diet, of the Academy, Absurdity sf. absurdity; from L. absurditatem. 1694. ACCABLER, va. to overwhelm. The Gr. Abus, sm. an abuse ; from L. abusus. Der. abuser ( 183). Kara^oK-f], in sense of an overthrow, passing from the abstract to the concrete sense of a Ablisif, adj. abusive; from L. abusivus. = 27see 223. For iviis machine wherewith to overthrow (a frequent change of sense, see 12, and cp. Fr. ACABIT, sm. a quality of anything (good poin^on, from L. punctionem), produced or bad). This word originally signified late Lat. cadabulum, a balista. purchase, and afterwards became limited This word came in from the Byzantine Greeks, to the thing purchased, then to the state or condition of that thing, lastly to the through the Crusaders, as did several other ' (In the terms of medieval military art qualities of any object whatever. Tribus 1 8th cent, it was used only of fruits; the lapidibus magna petraria, quae cadabula vocabatur, emissis,' sa3's (12 19) William the Diet, of the Academy, 1740, has Acabit, ne Des poires d'un Breton, De Gestis Philippi Augusti, A, 1202. se dit guere que des fruits : hon acabit.') Acabit is a learned word, a Cad6b(u)la, dropping u regularly ( 51), corrupt form of the feudal L. accapitum, became O. Fr. cadable (iith cent. Chanwhich in Custom Law signifies a right of son de Roland, strophe viii.) Cordres a prise e les murs peceiez, Od ses cadables entry (' deinde dono burgos . acca.' les turs en abatied (and his catapults pita in a Will of 11 50, Martene, Anecd. i. 410), and is itself only a barbeat down the towers thereof). Next ca[d)able, by dropping medial d ( 120), barous compound of the L. caput in the sense of rent, etc. becomes caable, found in another passage For cc = c see 168, of the same poem, strophe xvi. for p = & III. Od vos a Lat. word introcaables avez fruiset ses murs (and your Acacia, sf. an acacia ; duced by botanists. Among the Romans catapults have broken its walls). From it signified the white-flowering locust-tree. this proper sense of a machine of war to More fortunate than many botanical names crush one's foe by throwing great stones (such as mimosa, salvia, etc.) which are to overthrow him, caable comes to have still used only by the learned, acacia has the more general sense of the act of taken root in the language, where it holds overthrowing ( 12). An old Customits ground with as much right as the Lat. book of Normandy cited by Ducange (s.v.) words quietus, omnibus, etc. has De prostratione ad terram, quod Acad6niie, sf an academy, learned society; cadabiiluin dicitur, xxiii. solidos,' renfrom L. academia (the garden near dered in the Fr. version (12th cent.) by Athens in which Plato taught, thence exDe ahatre a terre, que Von apele caable. tended to signify any meeting of philosoCaable, later contr. to cable, gave the phers or learned persons). deriv. accabler, signifying to be crushed Der. acat/^'mique, academmtn. under some heavy mass Accabler, estre Acaddmique, adj. academic from L. accable de quelque chose qui chet sur nous, academicus. Der. academicxtn, from L. ou estre esc ache obrui (1549), R. Estienne's academicus through a form academicDiet. In 1604 Nicot's Diet, also gives this ianus ( 194). Accabler, c'est term in the active sense sm. mahogany; an American *t" Acajou, affouler aulcun de coups pesans, Vatterrer word, introduced with the wood into Europe a force de pesanteur, et de charger sur in the 18th cent. lui ; opprimere aliquem, obruere. ( 32).

va. to abstract, separate ; from L. abstrahere. For trahere /ra/re see

135

and see

traire.

'

'

Acanthe,
thus.

sf the acanthus; from L. acan-

Finally, the tive

sense,

word
and
is

loses all but

its
its

figura-

found

in

modern


ACCAPARER
signification alone in

A CCOMPLIR,
ACCOINTANCE,
nection
;

Der. accablement
Accaparer,
a word
first

i68i, Richelet's Diet.

sf.

intimacy,

close

con-

( 225). va. to buy up, to monopolise

deriv. of accointer, q. v.
(S'),
It.

ACCOINTER
(with one).

vpr. to

become intimate

found in 1762 in the Diet, de I'Academie, having eome in through the comineree of Genoa and Leghorn with Marseilles, from It. caparrare, to stop merchandise. Accaparer, which ought to have been caparrer, has got an initial a from the It. accapare, to choose, take, whose meaning is so similar to that of caparrare, that it naturally produced a confusion between the two words. Very many modern Fr. words of trade and commerce are of origin (as banque, bilan, agio, etc., It. Der. accaparemexit ( 225), acsee 25).

from L. adcognitare *, a compd. of ad and cognitare *, deriv. of cogtiitus. Cognitare * is not classical, though cognitamentum
accontare,

occurs

not
*

in Forcellini. Adcognitare is uncommon in Carolingian texts Quarum exemplar Domination! vestrae

:
.

transmitto, ut
beatis
eis

ad

venire

fideles

vestros
vultis
.

aliquem diem judieentes quia

. .

adcognitare

.'

Hinc-

mar, Opusc.
848).

Dc =

coereendis mil. rap. (a.d. cc by assimilation ( 168) pro*

De

capartxxr ( 227). Acc6der, va. to consent, accede (to)

duced accognitare, as in a Capitulary of Charles the Bald, a.d. 856, 11, Et

habet . . . fideles suos convocatos ut . . nostram, qui fideles illius sumus devotionem accognitet.' Accogn(i)tare,
.

from

L. accedere. va. to accelerate, hasten ; from L. accelerare. Der. acceVe'ration. Accent, sm. accent; from L. accentus. Der. accentViQT, accew/uation.

Accel6rer,

from L. accenfrom accentus, see Ducange a learned form ( 232, note 4), from L. accentuatioaem, Ducange, 92. Acceptation, sf. acceptance ; from L. aeva. to accent
;

Accentuer,
tuare*,
V.
s.

contr. regularly ( 51) to accogn'tare, becomes acointer by cc = c ( 168), g = ( 131), are = er ( 49, 263), and by continuance of o, nt, and initial a. Acointer

Der.

deriv.

accen/wation,

inserted a diphthong regularly ( 56) acointier : for its return to the form accointer

15th cent, see 56, note 4. accom/ance ( 192). i'Accolade, sf an embrace, kiss.
in the

Der.

See

ceptationem*.

See accepter.
accepiion,

accoler.

Accepter,
Acception,
tionem.

va. to accept, receive

aceeptare.

Der.

from L. ; accepution

ACCOLER,

( 232, note 4), accepuhle. sf. acceptance ; from L. accep-

embrace der. from col For the transcription back to accoler from acoler in the 15th cent, see
va. to
;

(see cou).

56, note 4.

Der.

acco/lee, partic. subst.

sm. access, approach, entry ; from L. accessus. Der. accessoire ( 233). Accessible, adj. accessible ; from L. acces-

Accds,

This word, which rightly means ( 187). an embrace, kiss, and especially that given to a new-made knight, was transformed in the 1 6th cent, into accolade, in imitation
( 25) of
It.

sibilis.

accollata

for the Fr. sufRx in

Accession,

sf.

consent, adhesion, accession

from L. accessionem.

+ Accessit,
mention
;

sm.

'

accessit,' honourable
'

a Lat. word, introduced into scho-

lastic language. Its meaning is that one approached near' the prize without getting it. Accessoire, adj. accessory; from L. accessorius, in Ducange. Accident, sm. an accident; from L. acci-

ade see 201. As late as the beginning of the 17th cent, accolade still solely signified the embrace of a knight. Nicot (1604) says, AccoLLADE, se fait en jetant les bras autour du col. Accollee, embrassement,

comme Le
I'accollee.

faisant chevalier,
,

il

lui

donna

Accom m oder
from
L.

va. to suit, arrange, dress;

dentem. Der. Accidentel, adj.

dentalis* found
el see

accommodare.
( 225).

Der.

accomder.

accidenttX.

modement
For alls =
;

accidental; from L. acciin

ACCOMPAGNER,
ACCOMPLIR, va.

va. to

accompany;
For
details

Ducange.

191.

from O. Fr. compaing. compagnon.

see

Acclamation,

sf acclamation

from L.

to accomplish;

from L. ac-

acclamationem.

Acclamer,

c lam a re. Der. acc/amation. Acclimater. See climat.

va.

to proclaim; from L. ac-

complere *, compd. of ad and complere. For dc = cc by assimilation see 168. Accomplere becomes acomplir (12th cent.,
Raoul de Cambrai, 193) by cc = c ( i68),


A CCORDERA CCR OIRE.
and continuance of a, o, m, For the return in 1 6th cent, from acomplir to accomplir see 56, note 4. Der. accomplisstmQnt ( 225).
( 59),

ere = zV and pi.

mi-careme. Accoucher was soon restricted to the sense of lying down, because of
illness,

and then,

later

still,

to

'

He in

'

for

childbirth.

ACCORDER,
acordar,
der.
It.

va. to reconcile, to agree.

Sp.

From

the 13th cent, onwards

we

see ac-

(like
;

cordis
enne's
a

'

accordare, from L. accordare, concordare) from L. cor, quasi ad unum cor, sive ad

coucher used in this modern sense, though not

exclusively so
:

La

contesse

Marie accoucha

eamdem voluntatem
explanation
treaty

adducere'
(1549).

is

R.

Estiin

We
i.

find

On the d'une fille. Villehardouin, 180. other hand the word kept its sense of simply lying down in bed till the 17th cent., as
// s'est see in Nicot's Diet. 1604 accouche malade, ex morbo decumbit. Der. accouches. ( 201), accouchement ( 225), accouchtwx ( 227). ACCOUDER (S'), vpr. to lean on one's elbow. Sp. acodar, from L. accubitare, der. from cubitus Cum causa convivii fuisset accubitatus,' says S. Branle (640) in his life of S. Aemilianus. Accub(i)tare,
:

between

Henry of

Castile

and

we

Charles V. (Martini, Anecd. parte adversa pactum seu

tractare
;

1501)

'Cum
facere,

pacem

accordare

.'

Accordare

becomes acorder (nth cent., C. de Roland, 285) by cc = c ( l68), and continuance of initial a, o, and rd. For acorder = accorder
in the

15th cent., see 56, note 4.

( 184). adj. compliant, supple;

Der.
It.

'

accord

Accort,
accorto.

from
in
3,

In

1560 Pasquier
la
oil

says,

his

Recherches sur
averts deptiis sieurs
'

France,
'

viii.

Nous

30
'

Acouter in the continuance of initial a. 1 6th cent, was altered into accoubder by ' * accort ' pour avise.' the Latinists of the Renaissance. For ACCOSTER, va. to accost. Sp. acostar. It. c = cc, and t = hd, see 56, note 4. For accostare, from L. accostare, deriv. of ad loss of b, see 120. (Hist. Gram. p. 177) and costa, and so ACCOUPLER, va. to join, couple (dogs, etc.); properly signifying to set oneself side by der. from cople, O. Fr. form of cottple, side Fuit et stetit ita contractus .... For o = ou see 86 for c = cc 56, q. V. quod unum crus vel genu cum alio non note 4. Der. accouplement. .' potebat accostare Mirac. S. Zitae, ACCOURCIR, va. to shorten; der. from in the Acta SS. iii. Apr. 523. Accostare court, q. V. For c = cc see 56, note 4. becomes acoster (12th cent., Livre des Rois, Der. raccourcir. 363) by cc = c ( 168), axe^er ( 263), ACCOURIR, vn. to run up, come up hastily. and continuance of initial a, o, and st. Sp. acorrer. It. accorrere, from L. accurFor 15th cent, accoster for acoster see 56, For the successive changes of rere. note 4. For unusual continuance of s see c\xxvev& curir = corir = courir, see courir. = cc see 56, note 4. For c H7ACCOTER, va. to prop up, support. Origin ACCOUTRER, va. to dress up, accoutre. unknown ( 35). Der. accotoir ( 183). origin unknown ( 35). Prov. acotrar ACCOUCHER, va. n. to deliver (as a midFor acoustrer = accoutrer see 56, note 4, wife), to be delivered (of a child). This and 158. Der. accoutrement ( 225). word, der. from couche (q. v.), was written ACCOUTUMER, va. to accustom; der. acoucher in the 13th cent., and acouchier in from coustume, O. Fr. form of coutume, the 14th. For er = ier see 56. For Q = cc see 56, note 4; for loss q. V. The history of this word is an example Der. accoutumznce ( 192). of s 158. of those restrictions of meaning mentioned Accrdditer, va. to accredit; der. from in the Introduction ( 12). In the 12th credit, q. v. cent, accoucher meant, according to its ety- ACCROCHER, va. to hook up, tear with a mology, to lie down in bed. Mathieu de hook der. from croc, q. v. For c = cc in Montmorency, says Villehardouin, accoucha the 1 6th cent, see 56, note 4. Der. malade (lay down ill), et taut fut agreve accroc ( 184), xaccrocher. gn'il mouriit. Joinville, when ill, uses the ACCROIRE, va. to believe ; from L. accrefollowing expression, Et pour les dites dere, by regular contr. of accred(e)re to maladies j'accouchai au lit malade^ en la accred're, whence acreire (12th cent.,
mots
d'llalie,

40 ans emprunte plucomtne cofitrasie' pour

'

contr. regularly ( 51) to accub'tare, becomes acouter (12th cent., Raoul de Cambrai, 51) by cc = c ( 168), u = om ( 90), bt = / ( 168), are = cr ( 263), and by

contention,'

concert

pour

'

conference,'

'


8
St.

A CCR OISSEMENTA CHETER,

Thomas le Martyr). For oo = c see For i68, e = 6i, dr = r i68. ei = oi see 6i. for o cc, 56 note 4. growth, increase. ACCROISSEMENT, sm. It. accrescimento, from L. aocrescimentmn. (13th cent, acroissement, H. de Valenc. x. 10.) For o = cc see 56, note 4.

ACHALANDER,
From
chaland,

va.
q. v.

to

attract

customers.
excite,
set

ACHARNER,
against.
class

va.

to

flesh,

to

It is an example of that numerous of hunting terms spoken of in the Introduction, 13, which have passed

ACCROITRE,
acrecer.
It.

va. to increase, enlarge.

Sp.

accrescere,

from L. aoorescere.

and technical sense to Acharner was originally a term of falconry, meaning to put flesh on the lure, to excite the bird. From
their
special

from

a general use.

For crescere = croistre, croitre, see croitre. For o = cc, see 56, note 4. ACCROUPIR, vn. to cower down, squat; der. from crope, O. Fr. form of croupe, Etre accroupi is properly to sit on q. V. one's tail. (13th cent, acropir, R. de Renard, 5852 14th cent, acroupir, Du Guesclin, 16413.) For o=^ou see 81, for o = ctf 56, note 4. ACCUEILLIR, va. to welcome. It. accogliere, from L. adcollegere, compd. of ad and coUegere, a common Lat. form Et hospites tres vel amof colligere: plius collegere debet,' in the Lex Salica, 6th cent. ed. Pardessus, p. 26 hence by assimilation of do = cc ( 168), accollegere, found in the sense of associating, making to
; '
;

this

taste of flesh, to teach

proper sense of giving the falcon a him to tear other

birds to pieces,

comes the

figurative sense

animals, then men, At the beginning of the 7th cent, the word still had both senses: 1604, Nicot's Diet, has Acharner,

of exciting,

irritating

against one another.

1

c'est

mettre de la chair dessus

le contraire

descharner, pour oster la chair de dessus On prend aussi acharner />Ottr le leurre.
ireusement addenter et deschirer aucun soil en son corps, sa chevance ou son honneur, ce qui est par metaphore. Acharner is from L. adcarnare*, like decamare, found in Vegetius. Acamare is found, without any
instance
cited, in

Ducange.
( 168),

Adcarnare

partake, in medieval Lat.

'

Dominus etiam
Ecclesiam in

Rex aooollegit abbatem

omnibus quae

et

whence accarnare, whence ( 168) by cc = c, acarnare, whence acharner by c = ci ( 1 26), are = er

assimilates

dc = cc

in villa habebat,' Charter of

Louis VII. A.D. 1 1 50, in Thomass. Coutumier de Bourges, p. 396. For collegere = coillir (i2th cent.) = cueilltr (13th cent.) see cueilltr. For o = cc see 56, note 4. Der. accueil ( 1 84). ACCULER, va. to drive into a corner, bring to a stand deriv. of cul, q. v. AccuniTller, va. to accumulate from L. accumulare. Der. accumuhtion. Accusateur, sm, an accuser; from L. ac;

( 263), and continuance of initial a, rn, and medial a. For the phonetic relation

ACHAT,
the
early

of acharner to chair acharnevnent ( 225). sm. a purchase.

see

54.

Der.

The

medieval L.
is

accaptare

= acheter,
'

under which word

studied)

history of letter -changes

produced a verbal subst. ( 184) Et sciendum quod accaptum = achat

:

....
solidos
1 1

dedistis michi, priori S. Nazarii, v.

pro

acapto,' from a

Charter
ii.

of

cusatorem.

18, Cartul. S. Victoris de Massilia,

Accusatif,

sm. the accusative case

accusation
;

from

Accaptum
loss

becomes achat by cc = c = ch

573.

Accusation,

L. accusativum. an sf.

from L.

accusationem.

( 168, 126), pt = / (Hist. Gram. p. 76), of um, and continuance of the accented a, and of the atonic a.

Accuser,

Der.

va. to accuse; from L.

-atif.

accusare.

ACHE,

accusation, -ateur,

from L. apium, sf. water-parsley; by consonification pi = pj, whence ache, by

continuance of a, and reduction of pj
(Hist,

adj. bitter ; from L. acerbus. Der. acerbitL AC^RER, va. to temper, steel. From acier, q.v. Acetate, sm. acetate; from L. acetum with termination ate. Ac6teux, adj. acetous from L. acetosus*,
;

Acerbe,

and uin = . ACHEMINER, va. to forward, advance from chemin, q.v. Der. acheminement ( 225). ACHETER, va. to buy. O. Sp. acaptar, from L. adcaptare* compd. of class. Lat. capThat Fr. acheter, though derived tare. deriv. of acetum. For osus = ^wa; see 229. from the same root with accipere, should bear a different sense, will not seem astonishAc6tique, adj. acetic; from L. aceticus*,

Gram.

p. 76),

deriv. of

acetum.

ing,

when we

find in Festus that the early

A CHE VER
Romans
:

A CQUITTJ^R
ad
145.

Nam said emere for accipere emere anliqni dicebant pro accipere.' Adbecomes accaptare by assimicaptare Et est ipse lation of dc = cc ( i68). alodes in comitatu Lutevense quem pater
'
'

venir a chef, to end, finish.

see Hist.

For compd. of

Der. achevemeni
Gram.

Gram.

p.

177.

For/=t/

see

( 225).

ACHOPPER,
(Hist.
cent.)

vn. to stumble; compd. of ad p. 177) and coper, O. Fr. form

ego accaptavimus,' Charter of In a and Vaissette, ii. p. 157. Donation of 1060, Cartul. S. Victoris de

meus

et

A.D. looo,

of chopper, q. v. for origin of coper (13th = choper (14th cent.) = chopper. Der.

achoppemtnt ( 225).
adj. achromatic.

Massillia,

1.

414, we read,

'

Accaptavit Achromatique,
mafique.

See chro-

K.
'

"

Embreugo, quas plantavit Guido accaptavit terram subter ecclesiam S. . Crucis.' Accaptare becomes flca/er (lith cent.) by cc = c ( 168), pt = ^ (Hist. Gram, p. 76), are = er ( 263), and by continuance of initial a and medial a. Acater is sucvineas de
.

Acide, adj. acid; from L. acidus. Aciditd, sf. acidity; from L. aciditatem. Acidule, arf/ subacid from L. acidulus*,
;

cessively softened to achater ( 126), l2th

cent.,

Livre des Rois, 119, then acheter ( 54), 13th cent., Berte aux Grans Pics, In the 1 6th cent, the Latinists and 115. pedants of the Renaissance wished to bring the word back to its Latin original, and wrote it achapter, as we see in Amyot and even in Rabelais. But the popular instinct rebelled, and did not let this word,
like absoj/dre (q. v.), relapse into its Latinised form ; and from the beginning of the

17th cent, the learned had innovation and conform pronunciation by writing old, acheter. Der. achat

to
to

abandon
the

their

acidus. ACIER, sm. steel. Sp. acero. It. acciajo, from L. acierium.*, found in loth cent, in Graeco-Lat. glossaries, der. from acies, a sword-edge. Acierium becomes acer (nth cent., Ch. de Roland, 771) by rium = er ( 198), ci = c, and continuance of a. For acer = acier see 198. Der. acerer, acierer. For the diflferent forms acerer and acierer see 56, note 4. Acolyte,sm. an acolyte; fromL. acolythus, from Gr. aKoXovdos. Aconit, sm. aconite from L. aconitum. ACOQUINER, va. to captivate, illure. See
deriv. of

popular

coquin.
;

the

(q. v.),

word as of Acoustique, sf. acoustics TiKos, from aKovo). achetem

from Gr. olkovofrom L. ac-

(227).

ACQUERIR,
va. to finish.

va.

to acquire;

ACHEVER,

The

Lat. caput,

towards the end of the Empire, and in Merov. times, took the sense of an end,

quaerere, popular Lat. form of acqmrere. For quaerere = gwe'r/r see 104 and For aquerir (12th Hist. Gram. p. 140.

whence the phrase ad caput venire,

sense of to

in the

come

to an end

'

Filum

filabo

de quo Justinus Imperator, nee Augusta, ad caput venire non possint,' says Narses in the Ancient Chronology quoted by Gregory of Tours. We also, in like manner, find
in

= acqidrir see 56, note 4. Der. acquereuT ( 227). ACQUfiT, sm. an acquisition (in legal lanfrom L, acguage), property acquired
cent.)
;

quaesitum, common Lat. form of acquisitum (see above acquerir from acquaerere not acquirere). For the transition from a past part, to a subst. see 187. Acquaesitum becomes acquet by qua68itMia

ad caput venire
Epit.
ch.

for

'

to finish,'

Fredegaire's

65

(Monod).

Venire ad caput
Fr. phrase venir

naturally produced the

bout. (For caput = cAe/" see chef.) Aucun d'eux ne put venir a chef de son dessein, Lafontaine, Contes Quand le due d'AnJou vit qn'il ri'eti
;

a chef= venir a

= quest = quet:

for details see quete 56,

and

querir.

For aquest = acquest see

vn. to acquiesce, consent
;

note 4.

Acquiescir,

from

viendroit point

chef, Froissart,

ii.

2,

20;

L. acquiescere.
;

whence the sense of chef =a.n end. term, Acquisition, sf. an acquisition from L. conclusion. Sur cette route, ati chief de acquisitionem. chaque journee, tl y a de beaux palais. ACQUITTER, va. to acquit, clear, discharge; Montaigne, iv. 26; and in the 13th from L. adquietare, compd. of ad (Hist. cent. Joinville, ch. 235, says, Au chef de Gram. p. 177) and quietare, see quitter. ix jours, les corps de nos gens que ils avoient Adquietare, making dq = cq by assimilatue. vindrent au dessus de I'eau. From this tion ( 168), becomes acquietare, a form chief, O. Fr. form of chef (q. v.), in sense of found in both senses of acquitter in medieval term, end, comes the Fr. compd. achever = * Et qui terram adquietatam. writers.

;;

lO

A CRE

A DMIRA

TiF.

habet comitatus testimonio ..." is to be found in the Laws of Edward the Confessor,

and 13th cent, in Matthew Paris, Chron. a.d. 1267, ' Petitum est, ut clerus
cap. 35
J

aoquietaret novem millia marcarum;' and ib. Vita Henr. iii. 5 posus. For OB\XB = eux see 229. Debita dicti abbatis mercatoribus benigne acquie- Adjacent, adj. adjacent; from L. adjatabat.' centem. For the successive changes of qtiietare = gutter = quitter see quitter. For Adjectif, sm. an adjective; from L. ad;

je vous recommande a Dieu. The fact that the Prov. keeps the whole phrase in its d Dieu siatz confirms this view of the origin of the word. Adipeux, adj. fat, adipose; from L. adi-

168, for the French reverse Der. acquit 56, note 4. ( 187), acquittement ( 225). ACRE, sm. an acre ; from L. acrum * * Ego Starchrius do S. Florentino octo acra de terra,' Chartul. de S. Florentino, a.d.
see

cq = 7

process

q = eg

jectivus.

ADJOINDRE,

va. to assign as a colleague;

from L. adjungere. For j\ing6re =joindre seejoindre. For adj = aj see 120. For
the return aj = adj see 56, note 4. Der. adjoint ( 187). Adjonction, sf addition; from L. adjunc-

1050 (quoted by Ducange, s. v.). Acrum of Germ, origin ( 27), and answers to tionem. Goth, akr, Engl, acre. Germ, acker. t Adjudant, sm. an adjutant; from Sp. Acre, adj. sharp, acrid; from L. acris. ayudante, an aide-de-camp, a word reconDer. acrete ( 230). structed under the influence of Lat. adjuThe doublet of this word ( 22, note 3) is aigre, q. v. tantem*, the original of the Sp. word. The doublet of this word ( 22, note 3) is Acrimonie, sf. pungency, acrimony; from
is

L.

acrimonia.

Acrobate,

sm. an acrobat ; from Gr. da/joficLTTjs (one who walks on tiptoe). Acrostiche, sm. an acrostic; from Gr. cLKpoarixov (the beginning of a line). Acte, sm. an act, action ; from L. actus. Acteur, sm. an actor; from L. actorem. Der. actr'ict, from L. actrix.

ADJUGER,

aidant, q. v. va. to adjudge, grant (as a contract, etc.), knock down (at an auction) from L. adjudicare, by dj=j ( 120), whence ajugier see juger. For the return
:

2=dj see Adjurer,

56,

va.

to

note 4. adjure;

from
It.

L.

ad-

Actif,

adj. active;

activite,

Action,

Der.

from L. activus. Der. from L. activitatem. s/l an action; from L. actionem.

jurare( 263).

ADMETTRE,
find

va. to admit.

ammittere,
first
;

from L. admittere.

This word was reduced to amittere in Merov. Lat.

;

we

actionner, aclionmire.

Actrice, sf. an actress; from L. actricem. Actuel, adj. real, actual; from L. actualis.

Der.
tare.

amissarius for admissarius in the Salic Law, xl. 5 whence O. Fr. amettre, by mittere = mettre see mettre. In 16th
:

actuaUte.

cent, the

d was

reinserted

by the

Latinists

Adage,

sm. an
va. to

adage,

saying

from L.

( 56, note 4).

adagium.

Administrateur,
adapt
;

sm.

an administrator;

Adapter,
Addition,
tion em.

from L. a dapfrom
L.

from L. administratorem.

Administratif,

adj. administrative;

Der. additionnd,

sf.

addition;

addi-

L. administrativus.
223.

from For ivus = i/ see

;

additionev.

Adepte, sm. an (one who has

subject).

adept; from L, adeptus obtained knowledge of a

Administration,
L.

sf.

administration

from

administrationem.
va.
adj.

Administrer,

to

administer;

from

Adh6rent,

sm. an adherent; from L. adSee adherer. Adherer, vn. to adhere; from L. adhaerere. Der. adherence. Adhdsion, sf. adhesion; from L. adhae-

L. administrare.

haerentem.

ADMIRABLE,

admirable,

wonderful;

from L. admirabilem, by dm = m ( 168), abilem = able ( 51), whence amirable. For reinsertion of of by the Latinists see 56, Der. admirablement ( 225). note 4 sionem. Adieu, adv. adieu, farewell compd. of d and Admirateur, sm. an admirer; from L. admiratorem. Dieu, q. v. Sp. adios is a similar compd. of a and Dios, and It. addio of ad and Admiratif, adj. pertaining to admiration from L. admirativus. Dio. All these forms are the products of an For ivus = if see 223. elliptical e:?cpression, such as soyez a Dieu, or


A DMIRA TION
Admiration,
mirationem.
sf.

A FFA IRE.
;

II

admiration; from L. ad-

Aduler,

Admirer,
rari.

Der.

va. to admire;

from L. admi-atif, -ation.

ac?m/rable, -ateur,

from L. adulari. va. to flatter Der. aduhtion ( 232, note 4), adid&teuT ( 227). Adulte, adj. full grown ; from L. adultus.

Admonestation, Admonester, va.

moner^ monitum,

sm. an adulterer; from L. adulAdultere is a doublet of O. Fr. avoutre, Der. adulterm. a frequentative admonitare q. V. (admonitor is in the Cod. Theod. Leg. 7, Advenir, vn. to happen, fall out, befall; from L. advenire. It is a doublet of De Execut. 88). Admonitare is later avenir, q. v. corrupted to admonistare *, then adfrom L. admonester, Adventice, adj. adventitious mo nestare *, whence Fr. adventitius. which is a term of jurisprudence = to reprimand judicially, whence the later and more Adverbe, sm. an adverb from L. adverbium. Der. adverbi:a.\. general sense of to admonish ( 13). Adolescence, sf. youth; from L. ado- Adverse, adj. adverse, opposite from L. adversus. It is a doublet of averse, q. v. lescentiam. Der. advers2i\x& (doublet of O. Fr. averAdolescent, smf a youth, stripling, young sier), adversite ( 230). girl; from L. adolescentem.
ter.

See admonester. sf. L, adto admonish. produced, through its p. p. ad-

Adultdre,

ADONNER,
NER,
Hist.

vn. to veer aft

reflex.

S'ADON- A6rer,

va. (i) to ventilate, (2)

Chem.

to

to give oneself
p.

up

to.

See don, and

Gram.

177.

aerate; from L. a e rare, from aer whence the learned compds. aerien,

(air),

aeri-

Adopter,
Adoptif,
ivus.

verb, to adopt, to choose;

L. adoptare.
adj.

Der. adoption,
adoptive
;

from

forme,
Kidos.

etc.

adopti^.

A6rolitlie, sm. an

aerolite

from Gr.

a-{]p

and

from L. adopt 223.

For ivns
sf.

= if see

A6ronaute,
a-qp

sm. an aeronaut;
;

from Gr.
d-fip

Adoption,
tionem.

adoption;

from L. adopfrom L. adorasee 51.

and

vavr-qs.

A6rostat,
adj. adorable;
sihilis able

sm. an air balloon

from Gr.
;

Adorable,
bilis.

and (TTaTos.

For

Affability, sf

affability, graciousness

from

Adorateur,
atorem.

sm. an adorer; from. L. adorsf.

L. affabilitatem.

AFFABLE,
adoration; from L. ador-

adj. aifable, courteous; from. L.

Adoration,
ationem.

Adorer, va. to ADOSSER, va.

adore; from L. adorare. to lean the back against.

affabilis (easy of access for speech). Note that the Lat. suffix -^bilis, accented on This is quite the a, is contr. into -able.
regular, according

to the law of the Lat.

See dos, and Hist. Gram. p. 177. ADOUBER, va. to dub, in the phrase adouher
chevalier, to strike the knight

accent,
class

which

rules

lose

their

that all words of this short penult, as they pass

with the
;

flat

into Fr.

of the sword as he

hammer,
coq d'uti

strike,

being armed also to in the sea phrase adouberle

is
i.

vaisseau,

e.

to repair

it.

Sp.

See able. (We do not speak of learned words ending in -abile, as habilis, habile; the reasons for their exclusion are The Fr. given in the Introduction, 22).
;

adobar, It. addobbare. Aduber (i ith cent., Ch. de Roland, 54) is a compd. of a and of a form duber*, of Germ, origin, as are many terms of feudal use and of seafaring ( 27). A. S. dubban, to strike, beat, hammer, whence the two senses of the Fr. verb. For aduber = adober (12th cent.) see 93, for adober = adouber 93. Der. xadouber

form numerous adjs., from verbs thus from attaquer, durer, manger, etc., it forms attaquable, duruses the sufBx -able to
specially
able,

mangeable, etc. Herein it only carries out a very marked tendency of the last ages of the Empire, in which we find the Romans making out of verbs like affirmare, ventilare,

(Hist.

Gram.

p.

179).
tragacanth, corruption

ADRAGANT, sin. gum

of Gr. TpaycLKavOa.

ADRESSE,

verbal sf. (i) address, direction; See aboi. (2) dexterity; from adresser.

ADRRSSER, va. to address, send. ADROIT, adj. adroit, dexterous.

See dresser.

etc., the adjs. affirmabilis, ventilabilis, etc., which are found in Virgilius the grammarian. AFFADIR, va. to make insipid, to cloy. See Der. q^Jissement ( 225). fade. AFFAIBLIR, va. to weaken. See faible. aj^a/6/issement ( 225). Der.

See droit.

AFFAIRE,

sf.

business, occupation.

In O. Fr.


12
more properly written
a And /aire.

AFFA ISSER
a/aire, a

AFFUBLER.
affluere.
( 192).

compd. of
See

Der.
va. to

affluent

186),

-ence

Der. affaire.
va. to sink,

AFFAISSJIR,
faix.

Der.
is

weigh down.

AFFOLER,
fou.

affaissemcnt ( 725).

AFFAMER,
Affecter,
Affecter
/<?c/ation

Der.

make one

dote on.

See

laffoler (Hist.

Gram,

p. 179).

va. to starve.

va. to aftect;

See/a/m. from L. affectare.

AFFOUAGE,

a doublet of affaiter.

Der.

af-

(232, note 4). Afifection, s/ affection; from L. affection em Der. ajffectuenx, from L. affec-

sm. the right of cutting wood for fuel in a forest. The Lat. focus {set feu) produced the verb focare*, whence the compd. affocare*, whence, with the sufi^ix

-aticum came

tuosus.

Afferent, entem.
hire.

adj. contributory;

from L. affer(2) to

the deriv. affocaticum* (,Ht. the right of lighting the fire to warm oneself). To get from the Lat. to the Fr., affocaticum has gone through three changes
:

1.

The

suffix

-aticum (affocaticum)
For the

AFFERMER,
AFFERMIR,
ferme.

va.

(i) to

lease, let;

becomes -age {affouage) ( 248).

rule see age.

Seeferme.
;

in

va. to strengthen, confirm see Affermir is a doublet of affermer. Der. a^ermissement.

adj.
;

2. The medial c of affo(c)aticum disappears in affou-age, as in allocare, allouer ( 129), as is usually the case with

AFFETE,
affectation

affected,
der.

AFFETERIE,
O. Fr.

^f.

those words whose medial consonant precedes the accented vowel. 3. The Lat. o becomes
o;<

from

affeter,

which from L, affectare.

affectare

The

Lat. ct,

affocaticum

(168).
like oint

is here reduced to / in affeter In a certain number of words,

from unctum, saint from sanc-

the Lat. c is dropped, but influences the preceding vowel by adding an i. The change of ct into t is found in common
Lat.,
in

tum,

becomes affouage. The Lat. o becomes Fr. ou when accented, if short, as in rota, roue, see Hist. Gram. pp. 53, 54; if long by nature, as in fer5cem, farotiche, see if long by position, as in copula, 81
;

cop'la, couple,
Lat.

etc., see

86.

The

atonic

which maleditus was used

:

for

ma led ictus
class. Lat.

it

can
sitis,

also

as in

be traced in artus, fultus, for

placard,

sictis, arctus, fulctus.

o becomes Fr. on, when short, as in apotheca, boutique, etc., see Hist. Gram, p. 54; when long by nature, as in advotare*, avouer, etc., see 81 when long by
;

AFFICHE,
+ Affid6,

verbal

sf.

of

afficher, a

position, as in
etc., see

constare, costare,
va. to
free;

couter,

posting-bill.

See ahoi.
Seejicher.

84.

AFFICHER,

va. to stick (bills).

AFFRANCHIR,
AFFREUX,

-ISSEMENT,
from a

sm. and adj. (i) a trustworthy agent, (2) trusty; from 1 6th cent. It. affdato. Affide is a doublet of O. Fr. affie. AflBler, va. to sharpen, whet. See^l.

sm. enfranchisement.

adj. frightful,

See franc. horrible;

subst. affre, fright, used as late as the 1 7th cent, by Bossuet ; in the i8th cent, by

AFFILIER,

va. to affiliate, adopt from L. adflliare. This word is of early use in Lat. ; it occurs in Gains, De adoptivis
; '

hoc
a

est

adfiliatis.'

To

be

affiliated into

properly means to be received as one of the sons of that corporacorporation,

For df=/'see tion ( 232, note 4). AFFINER, va. to refine.

ation.

168. Der.
See Jin.

affilia-

Simon, in the phrase Les affres de la Affreux comes from affre, as dartreux from dartre. Affre, $f. fright, terror, in O. Fr. afre, comes from O. H. G. eiver, contr. to eiv'r, whence afre ( 20); as liber has produced livre. g a b e r glabre.
S.

mort.

Der.

AFFRETER,
freter.

va. to

freight

(a ship).

See

xnffner, -eur, -erie.

AFFRIANDER,
connexion,
alliance;

va. to

make

dainty, entice.

Afmiit6,

sf.

affinity,

Seefriand.

from L. affinitatem.

+ Affront,
from L. affirmSeejleur.

Affirmer,

are. Der. o^rwation,

to afflict;

va. to affirm;

brought

in

sm. an in the

aflfront, insult,
1

shame;
It.

6th cent, from

;

-atif.

affronio ( 25).

AFFLEURER,
Affliger, f a.
Affliger
is

va. to level.

doublet
flow,

from L. affligere. of O. Fr. afflire.

fall

AFFUBLER, va. to wrap up, muffle from Low L. aflblare, contr. from aflB.bulare
(found
in

Der. afflicXion. AfQ.uer, vn. to

quo
into
;

in
class.

curia

from L.

of

12th cent, treaty, 'Pallium afllbulatus erit'), compd. Lat. fibulare. This word is
a


A FF ur

A GENCER.
in a
in

13

a singular example of the changes in meaning The signiwhich we have noticed ( 12). fication of fibulare, to clasp, was enlarged
to that of
'

to dress

'

in

afflbulare

and

6th cent, document. From these numerous derivatives in -aticum have come the corresponding Fr. words in -age ( 248). One can see how this permutation took

the Fr. affubler, which at first meant simply to dress, it took (in the 16th cent.) the sense of dressing absurdly, muffling up. For the dropping of the short atonic u

immediately before the tonic syllable in For the afflb(u)lare = affubler see 51. change of i into u cp. bibebat, buvait, etc., and see Hist. Gram. p. 51. AFFLJT, sm. gun-carriage, gun-rest, ambush. AFFUTER, va. to mount a guri, set, sharpen
(tools).

and how, e.g., volaticus (used by Cicero in sense of light, inconstant) became volage eight centuries later: volaticus being accented on the antepenult, the short penultimate i disappears (see 51); volat'cus then becomes volat'ge (c changed
place,

into g, see 127), and lastly volage. This successive change of the

suffix

-aticum

into

-at'cum,

-atge, -age,
*,

found also

in

arrivaticum

is to be arrivage;

See /it/.

AFIN,

conj. to the

fAga,

sm.

end (that). See/w. an agha (military officer), a

biberaticum, breuvage, etc.; see 248. On this model many Fr. words have been
formed, as mouill-age, from cousin-age from cousin, etc.
mouiller,

Turkish word ( 30). AGASSE, sf. a magpie; from O. H. G. agal-

AGACER,

stra ( 20). va. to set

on edge. from O. H. G. hazjan, to harry, whence regularly hacer. This verb, compd. with the d, becomes ahacer, which, through
It.

agazzare,

The Provenfal, which changes -aticum into -atge (as in very O. Fr,), and writes carnatge, messatge, ramatge, for carnage,
es&age,

ramage, confirms

this

rule of per-

mutation.

aspirate

sound,

became

transformed into
;

agacer ( 20).

Agape,

sf.

a love-feast

from Gr. ayairq from L.

( 21, note i). Agaric, s^n. a mushroom, fungus;

agaricum.

AGATE,
. 127-

For sf. agate; from L. achates. the change of ch into g see adjuger and
sm. age.
1

AGE,

The

circumflex accent shows

:

that a letter has been suppressed

find in the

and so we 6th cent, the word written aage in the 12th cent, eage in the nth cent, (in the Chanson de Roland) edage, from common Lat. aetaticum*, deriv. form of aetatem. For the fall of the Lat. medial t, ae(t)aticum edage, eage, aage, age, see 117. The change of the Lat. suffix -aticiun into -age (aet-aticiiin, ed-age) requires some notice. This suffix, not uncommon in class. Lat., (Varro), aqu-aticum as silv-aticus (Pliny), fan-aticus (Juvenal), umbraticus, vol-aticus (Cicero), vi-aticum
; ;

Towards the end of the nth cent., when the Lat. accent was lost, and the Fr. language already formed, Lat. forms in -aticum. disappeared from Lat. documents, and the termination -agium, copied from the Fr. termination, alone is to be found. Thus, while we find up to the nth cent, the low Lat. forms, such as arrivaticum, arrivage; hominaticum, Aomma^e; missaticum, message; formaticum, /roma^g, the I3th-cent. Lat. will not have them, but says arrivagium, hominagium,

fromagium, etc., which words wrapped up in a Latin termination by the clerks at a time when no one knew the origin of these words, or of their formative suffix. This distinction between the late Lat. which gave birth to the Fr. language, and the Low Lat. remodelled on Fr. forms, is most immessagium,
are only Fr.

apost-aticum (TertuUian), became very common in popular Lat. towards

(Plautus),

portant for the historical study of the Fr. language, and the student ought to have it always in his mind. AGENCER, va. to arrange, dispose gracefully ; from Low L. agentiare *, deriv. of gen-

tus

the last days of the Empire, and the early

Merovingian era

the Theodosian code has

agr-aticum for agrarium, August-aticum from Augustus. Lat. documents of

the 6th and 7th cent, are full of such forms
as

daemon-aticum, avi-aticum,
allelui-aticum from alleluia,

riv-aticum, port-aticum, ret-aticum, even etc. is met with

;

-cc, this word has undergone two successive changes I. It is unnecessary here to remind the reader that the Lat. c was always pronounced k before all vowels: fecerunt, vicem, civitate, were proncd. fekerunt, vikem, klvitate, save before an i followed by a vowel (c-ia, c-ie, c-io, c-iu).
:

*. See geni. In passing from -tia to

; ;

14

A GENO UILLER

A GRSA BLE.
Agile,
flj^/7ite

in which case the o was proncd. tz (as is proved by Merovingian Formulas, where

adj.

agile;

from L. agilis.
;

Der.

( 230).

we find unzias/or uncias). The groups t-ia, t-ie, t-io,

proncd., not like
in
ti

t-iu, were
//

in
is

amitie, but like

pricaution

as

proved by Prankish
ti into ci, si, ssi,

charters,

which change

writing eciam,

solacio, precium, per-

dicio, racionem, concrecasione, nepsia, altercasione, for etiam, solatio, pretium, perditio, rationem, congregatione, neptia, altercatione showing also that in pronunciation tia and cia were the same thing. 2. When the c is followed by one of the groups, ia, ie, io, iu, and forms the combinations cia, cie, cio, ciu ci is
;

usually

the Lat. i

fon;

changed into a soft s, ss, p, and is dropped; as in macioni, maprovinciuli, proven fal suspicio;

nem, soupgon

crescionem*,

cresson, etc.

Thenceforward ti, which (when followed by an a, o, or u) is identical with ci (as

is

shown above), must,

;

like ci,

drop the

sm. rate of exchange an It. word introd. towards the end of the 17th cent., from aggio ( 25). Der. agioXtx ( 263), -age ( 248), -eur ( 227). AGIR, va. to act, do; from L. agere. For 6 = 1 see 59. Der. o^ent, from agentem ; but f agenda, a Lat. word imported bodily into Fr., is not to be reckoned as a deriv. Agiter, va. to agitate, stir; from L. agitare. Der. a^i/ation, -ateur. Aguat, sm. an agnate, collateral relation on the father's side; from L. agnatus. AGNEAU, sm. a lamb from O. F. agnel, and this from L. agnellus. 1 preceded by a vowel (al, el, il, ol, ul) remains unchanged in Fr. in the early period of the language (mollis, mol; malva, malve; porcellus, poureel) then was softened into (mou, mauve, pourceau) towards the middle of the 12th cent. See 157. 1. Lat. al became au, eau; as in alba,

+ Agio,

and become p, hard s, ss: denuntiare becomes denoncer cant ion em, chanson; scutionem*, ecMssow. A like change takes place with -tea, which becomes -tia (ea, eo, eu, becoming ia, io, iu, as may be seen under abreger cp. also the forms Dius, for Deus, mius for meus, in very ancient Lat. inscriptions) then such words as platea, matea, linteolus, becoming platia, matia, lintiolus, are rendered
i
;
:

aube, etc.
2.

Lat. el

became au,
etc.;

eau,

as

in

el'-

mosyna*, aumone,
mieux
;

ieu in

melius,

similarly
in

with
el
;

-ellus,

O. Fr.

dim. suffixes in then softened for

the most part into -eau, -au, as agnellus,

agneau,

etc.

3. Lat. il

became eu

in

capillus, cheveu,

according to rule into place, masse, linceul. The following are the cases of change of tia, tio, tiu, into g, ss, s hard 1. c soft in antianus, ancien; cadentia, chance, etc.
:

2. ss, as in

captiare, chasser,
in

etc.

3. s hard, as

cantionem, chanson,
s,

etc.

See Hist. Gram. p. 61. The change of ti into soft

is

sigillum, O. Fr. seel, sceau o, ou, in basil'ca, basoche, and fil'caria, /ougere, which was written more correctly feugere in O. Fr. 4. Lat. ol became OM in colis ( = caulis), chou, etc.; eu in mol'narius, meunier, etc.; 071 in voltulare*, vautrer. Lat. Til became ou in bulicare, 5. bouger, etc.; au in vulturius, vauiour; o in remorque (O. Fr. remolque) from reetc.; -eau in

as in

acu-

agony, struggle against death; from Gr. dycuvia. Der. a^owiser. AGENOUILLER, (S), vpr. to kneel from L. AGRAFE, sf. a hook, clasp 0. Fr. agrnpe. adgeniculari, as in Tertullian, PresbyLow L. agrappa, compd. of ad and Low L. teris advolvi et caris Dei adgeniculari.' grappa, a word found in documents of the Grappa again comes from 7th cent. Aggloin6rer, va. to agglomerate, collect Der. agglomerfrom L. agglomerare. O. H. G. krap/o ( 20). Der. agra/er. ation. Agraire, arf/. agrarian from L. agrarius. Agraire is a doublet of O. Fr. agrier. Agglutiner, va, to glue together, unite; from L. agglutinare. Der. agglutin- AGGRANDIR, va. to enlarge -ISSEMENT, See grand. ation. sm. increase, aggrandisement. der. from Aggraver, va. to aggravate, make worse AGREABLE, adj. agreeable agreer, like gueable from gueer. Der. -ation, sf. aggravation, increase. See
tiare, aiguiser,
p. 192.

uncommon.

See Hist.

mulcum. Agonie, sf.

Gram.

'

grave.

desagreable (Hist. Gram. p.

78).


AGRSER
AGREER, va. to receive a gre). {\\t. = prendre
agrement, desa^re'ment.
favourably, accept

: ;

AIEUL.
tonic vowel (like the i of
satite),

15
sanitatem),
dis-

See gre.

Der.

Agr^ger,

va. to admit, incorporate (into a Der. public body); from L. aggregare agrege (of which agregat is a doublet),

agrega.tion.

appears in Fr. if short (san-!l!-tatem remains if long (caem-e-terium = cim-e-tiere). This continuance of a long atonic vowel has only a few exceptions the atonic vowel which directly precedes the tonic syllable disappears, when long, in

AGREMENT, sm.
agreer.

consent, approbation.
tackling.

See

AGRES, sm. pi. rigging, Agresseur, sm. an

aggressor em.

Der.

aggressor agression,

See greer. from L.

-if.

Agreste, adj. rustic; from L. agrestis. Agricole, adj. agricultural ftom L. agricola. The Lat. subst. has become a Fr.
;

mirabilia, merveille, etc. 52. There are about twenty of these exceptions to the rule of the continuance of the long atonic vowel, which are to be explained by two facts (1) that in many of these words the contraction is quite modern, and the long atonic vowel remained inO.Fr.; courtier, serment, soup^on, larcin, were in O. Fr., more regu:

adj.

larly, couretier, serement,

soupe^on, larecen
Lat.

Agriculteur,

sm. a farmer, agriculturist; from L. agricultorem. Der. agricultwre. from Agronome, sm. an agriculturist Gr. aypovofios (which from aypos and

(2) that in the

common

many

of these

words had already lost this long atonic vowel, and the Fr. simply reproduced this irregularity, and could do nothing else
thus in the 7th cent,

AGUERRIR,
guerre.

vo/xos) ( 21). va. to

we

find

accustom to war.

See

consobrinus, costuma

for

cosinus for consuetuelfor

AGUETS,
pi. in

sm. pi. a word used only in the

Fr. (etre aiix aguets, to be
;

dinem, matinum for matutinum, mosna for eleemosyna, vercundia

verecundia.
2.

mod.

on

the look out, to be lying in wait)

but in

The

softening of the t into d.

Aiu-

O. Fr. it had a sing. also. It is used as late as Malherbe, Quand /'aguet d'un pirate

Aguet is the verbal arreta leur voyage. sm. ( 184) of the old verb aguetter, compd,
of guetter,
q. v. (S'), vpr.

AHEURTER
stinate.

to be bent on, ob-

See heurter.
va. to amaze.

AHURIR,

originally

The word hure, meaning hair standing on end,

produced ahuri (la gent barbue et ahuri, a folk bearded and of up-standing locks,' Ahuri is a phrase of the 13th cent.). later received the sense of standing on end terrified lastly, the from fright,' then modern sense, which is nothing but a diminution of the old signification ( 13). AIDER, va. to aid, help; from L. adjutare (Varro and Terence), later ajutare, which must be written aiutare, as the Latins pronounced j between two vowels as i. For this cause raja, boja, major, bajulare, have become in Fr. raie, bouee (O. Fr. boie), maire, bailler, as they were proncd. raia, boia, ma'ior, baiulare. To pass from aiutare to aider we find two philological changes: (1) the fall of the u, aiutare becoming a'itare ( 52); (2) the change of t into d, aitaxe = a'idar, then aider ( 117).
'
'

'

'

tare having become aitare changes into aidare. This softening had already taken place in common Lat., in which it was very frequent, especially when the t lay between two vowels iradam is found for i rat am in an inscription of a. D. 142; limides, sidus, terridoriam, mercadum, stradu, for limites, litus, territorium, mercatum, strata, in 5th cent, documents, and in the Salic Law thus again. Classical Lat. said quadraginta, quadratus, from quatuor, which, regularly, should have Por the been quatraginta, quatratus. t see aigu and full history of the Lat.
: ;

117, 118.
Der. aide, verbal subst. of aider, aidant^ is a doublet of adjudant, q. v. AIEUL, sm. a grandfather from L. aviolus. By the side of the class, form avus, the

which

popular Lat. had a form avius, which is to be found in certain 5th-cent. documents. (Such double forms as avius and avus are not rare in Lat.; witness luscinius and luscinus, etc.) From this form avius the
the derivative aviolus, by adding the dim. suffix -olus (cp. gladiolus, filiolus, lusciniolus, etc.). Aviolus, properly a little grandfather,' soon supplanted avius, in accordance with the Roman tendency to use diminutives. See

Romans made

'

I. Fall of the u. have seen ( 52) that every vowel immediately preceding the

We

13-


i6

AIGLE

AIGU.
aigle, q.v.;
fix -on,

In the passage from aviolus to aieul (O. Fr. aiol, Prov. aviol, forms which help to explain that transition), there were two
philological changes
1.
:

formed by the addition of the

This

suf-

as in anon, chaion, ourson, raton,

chat, ours, rat.
suffix -on
is

from ane,

The medial V was dropped: a(v)iolu8, pa(v)orem, aieul, AS pa(v)onem, paon

',

peur,

etc. (

141).

This dropping of
is

derived from the Lat. suffix -onem, which was used for the same purpose; from sabulum, sahle, sand, the Romans formed sabulonem, sablon. Aiglon is a doublet

between two vowels

the Class. Lat. said

not rare in Lat.

for

of aquilon,

q. v.
;

bo(v)um, AIGRE, adj. acid, sour For a = a/ see 54; audii for audi(v)i, redii for redi(v)i Aigre is a doublet of and this tendency became yet more marked

bourn

firom
for

L.

acrem.

c=^

acre, q.v.

129. Der.

in

popular Lat., where we find ri(v)us, ais for a(v)is, also

rius

for

noember AIGREFIN,
and
in

aigrem, aigrelet, aignr, aigrement. sm. sl sharper, swindler. Origin

sf.

for

no(v)ember

in

Inscriptions;

unknown.

the 7th cent, paonem for pa(v)onem in the Glosses of Cassel. reduced to aiolus, 2. Avioltis thus

AIGRETTE,

produced

in

O. Fr.

aiol,

which became aieul

by

softening the
this

into eu (see accueillir).

change of the suffix -olxis into are needed (i) suffixes in -iolus (and with these may be classed in -eolus, for they were early changed those into -iolus, as is shown by the hiscriptions, which give us capriolus for capreolus, and the Glosses of Cassel, which have linciolo for linceolo, etc.) were, about the 7th cent., subjected to a change which
eul

On

two remarks

an egret, a kind of heron, tufted with feathers, which have come to take the same name. Manage, in the 17th cent., said, II y a certaines plumes en deux costez des oelles sur le dos de V aigrette, qui sont deliees et blanches et qui sont vendues bien cheres es basefaus de Turquie. The O. H. G. biegro (a heron) ( 27) be-

whose head

is

came

Fr. aigre, of

which
heron.

aigrette

is

the dim.,

turned the two short syllables i-6 into a so that these words single long syllable io were no longer accented -iolus, but -iolus in Fr. became -eul, -euil, or (2) these suffixes
; :

(For dim. suffix in -ette see 281.) This O. H. G. beigro became in Low L. aigronem, in the loth cent, aironem, whence O. Fr. hairon 15th cent, heron. The reduction of gr into r may be found in peregrinus,
a little
;

meaning

AIGU,
For

pelerin (131). adj. sharp, pointed

from L. acutus.

aviolus, aieul capreolus, chevlusciniolus, rossignol ( 253). reuil AIGLE, sm. an eagle from L. aquila. Regularly contracted into aq'la (see rule in 52), the Lat. aquila has undergone two (i) the changes in its transit into Fr. accented a becomes at, and (2) the q be-ol
;

as in
;

As

B. ai see 54, for c ^ to the reduction of the termination

129.

-utus

into M ( 201), or (to narrow the subject still more) the dropping of the Lat. dental t, this

came
1.

g.

The

Lat. accented
ft

when

short, as in

mo, aime

a became Fr. at, when long

; ;

by nature, as in clarus, clair when long by position, as in acrum, aigre ( 54). The atonic Lat. a becomes at in Fr. when
it is

short, as in S,cutus, aigu;

;

by

nature, as in alatus, aile

when long when long by

etc.

position, as in
2.

(zsceUum, faisceau,
g, aq'la, aigle

q becomes
the

as has becorresponding cl, which has become gl in ecclesia, eglise ( 129). Thus many French persons still pronounce the words reine claude as reine glaude,

or rather ql becomes gl, undergone the same change

fallen

( 129); and has thus

etc.

passage from changed into d in Merovingian Lat. (see under aider'), and this d remained in the earliest O. Fr. monuments, down to the end of the llth cent.; thus spatha, natum, honorata, became spada, nadum, honorada, whence come the O. Fr. forms espede, ned, bonorede, which after the beginning of the 12th cent, dropped the d and became espee, ne, honoree. Acutus must have passed through the form aigud before reaching aigu, as virtutem, cornutum, canutum, became vertud, comud, chenud, and then vertu, cornu, chenu. Der. The only word derived from aigu is the verb aiguiser, from L. acutiare *. We have just seen how acutus became aigu: for the change of the termination -tiare into -ser (or of Lat. -ti into soft s) see Hist. Gram. p. 192, and
did

not take place in

;

the

Lat. to Fr.

is

at first

AIGLON,

sm. a

little

eagle, eaglet

dim. of

agencer.

AIGUE
AIGUE,
into

AIN^.
cerise;

17

from L. aqua. For the sf. water change of a into ai see 54, and of q
;

aimant, by changing a into ? ( 54, note 3), a change found in a few words : cerasus,
aveline

see 129, note 2.

The word

aigue,

which men said equally avellina or avellana, and formed in-sipidus from sapidus, ini-micus from amicus, instituo from statuo, dif-ficilis from facilis, ac-cipere from capere, e-ripio from rapio, etc. AIGUILLE, sf. a needle; from L. acucla*. AIMER, va. to love ; from. L. amare. For a, = ai, see 54. The Lat. acicula, dim. of acus, which, corruption of O. Fr. hke so many diminutives, has taken the AINE, sf. the groin Inaigne, which from Lat. inguinem. place of its primitive (see 18), had two guinem has produced aigne, as sanguinforms, acicTila which is to be found in em, saigne. Inguinem, contracted into the Theodosian Code, oportet eam usque ing'nem (after the law given 51), has ad aciculam capitis in domo mariti,' and soon contracted into become aigne, by i = ai (see 74), and acucxila, which was by ng = gn, as may be seen in junacucla (for the law, see able). For a, = ai see 54; for o = g, 129; and for -ucla gentem, joignant; tingentem, teignant;
in
;
'

remains in some names of places, as Aigues-Mortes, Chaudes-Aigues and in a certain number of derived words, as aigniere, a water-vessel, ewer ; aiguade, a water supply (for ships at sea); aiguemarine, lit. eau-marine, sea-water, the aqua-marina or beryl. AIGUE^MARTNE, sf. aqua-marine. See aigue. AIGUIERE, sf. a jug, ewer. See aigue.
lost in

mod.

Fr.,

cariophyllum, jacitum, g-i/e

;

g'zrq^e;
;

avellana,

bombitare, 6o-

dir

retimita.re, relentir.

This change belongs to the Lat. period,

= -uille,

257.

Der.

aiguillee, aiguillette,

aiguillon.

sanguinem, saigne. AINE, sm. and adj. elder,

eldest.

AIGUILLEE,
aiguille.

See aiguille. sf a needlefull. AIGUILLETTE, sf a little needle ; dim. of

ainsne, before the 13th cent, ainsne,

O. Fr. compd.

AIGUILLON,
AIGUISER,

sm.

goad.

See aiguille. See aigu.

of ains and ne. Instead ofprimogenitus, the common Lat. usually said ante natus. In the 7th cent. Isidore of Seville translates

Der. aiguilloner
va. to sharpen.

AIL, sm. garlic; from L. allium, by 11 = /, and the attraction of the Lat. i, as in molliare*,
etc., see

antenatus by privignus, and primogenitus by ante natus. He opposes antenatus to postnatus, the latter standing for the
eldest, son.

younger,

the

former for the

mouiller
70.
a

meliorum,

tneilleur,

Ante
;

AILE, sf

AILERON,
like

Der. aile. sm. a pinion ; formed from aile, bucheron from buche, chaperon from chape, forgeron from forge, moucheron from viouche, mousseron from mousse, puceroji from puce, etc. AILLEURS, adv. elsewhere from L. aliorsum. For '\i = ill see 70; and for o = eu,
see 54.
;

wing

from L. ala.

For a = ai

a = ai, come ne
ains-ne,

having become ains in Fr. (by 54), and natus having be-

79-

Der.
suffix

d'ailleurs.
;

(q. v.), ante natus became first as post-natus became puis-ne (whence puine). Just as the common Lat. said ante-natus and post-natus, for older and younger sons, so O. Fr. opposed ains-ne to puis-ne or moins-ne. The same distinction is met with in the Coutumes de Beaumanoir, where the rights of the ains-ne are legally distinguished from those of the

AIMABLE,
The
into

adj. amiable

from L. amabilis. -abilis was regularly contracted

puis-ne.

-ablis in common Lat. -abilis is accented on the antepenult, and we have shown that every short penultimate vowel
disappears in Fr. (see 51). -dbilis, in form of -ablis, produced the
suffix -able ( in Fr.

The form ains-ne was changed in the 14th cent, into ais-ne by dropping the , for while a process met with in the Lat. the texts of early Lat. read formonsus, quadragensimus, quotiens, Class. Lat. wrote formosus, quadragesimus, quo;

250), which

is

very

common
from L.

AIMANT,

sm. a loadstone,

magnet

Aimant, in O. Fr. atmant, Prov. adiman, has lost the medial Lat. d (see 120); ad(a)mantem has become

adamantem.

ties; and thus, in turn, the Class, forms, censor, mensis, impensa, inscitia, mensa, Viennensis, were reduced to cesor, mesis, impesa, iscitia, mesa, Viennesis, in common Lat., as Varro,
Festus,

and Flavius Caper

tell

us.

The

i8
Merovingian Lat. carried on
in Chartularies

AINSIAJUSTER.
this tendency of the 7th cent, we read

masus
list

for

mansus, remasisse
etc.

for

refull

8S = s, see passus, pas; crassus, gras; pressus, /res; bassus, bas lassus, las. For the transposition of i, see Hist. Gram.
;

man si sse,
place:

The

following

is

the

P- 77sf.

of cases in which this reduction takes AISE,

maison; mensura, unknown. Der. ais6 ( 201), a/5^nient mesure; sponsus, dpoux; constzre, co-uier; ( 225), atsance ( 192), malo/se, mala?s^, insula, i/ff; ministerium,ni<f//cr; mensis, malaisement. (For the prefix see mal, and mois; monasterium, moutier; pensum, Hist. Gram. p. 180.) poids; pTtnsus *, pris; tensz, toise; ton- AISSELLE, sf. the armpit from L. axilla. sionem, toison; trans, tres; pagensis, For a = ai see 54. For x = ss, cp. pays; prensionem*, prison; mansura, exagium, essai; examen, essaim; etc. masure pensare, peser ; mensurare, This change had also taken ( 150). mesurer turonensis, tournois; graeplace in Lat. x, which is in fact cs, soon censis*, gregeois; pensile*, poele. was assimilated into ss. In Lat. we find But language incessantly undergoes modithe forms lassus, assis, cossim, side by fication Lat. and Fr, are only successide with laxus, axis, coxim the Insive conditions of one language, and this scriptions give us conflississet, essorreduction of ns into s took place not only cista, for conflixisset, exorcista, and in the transition from Lat. to O. Fr., but we have in MSS. frassinus, tossicum, also in the passage from O. Fr. to mod. for fraxinus, toxicum. Fr. ains-ne became ais-ne in the 14th For i = e see 72. Aisselle is a doublet cent., and aisne passed into nine in the 1 7th of axille, q. v.
; ; ;
:

mansionem,

satisfaction,

joy,

content.

Origin

cent.

Der. amesse.
further

AJONC,
manner from L.
It
is
;

AINSI, adv.
ensi,

so, thus, in this

O. Fr.
in-sic.

(35).

sm. sea-rush Seejonc.

(?).

Origin

unknown

See

si.

(Cp. Hist.
air
;

back insi; Gram.

AJOURNER,
'

p. 158.)

AIR, sm.

easy to see how air came to bear the sense of natural disposition, by comparing it with the Lat. spiritus, which means both breath, wind, passion, and disposition ( 15). The musical signification of the word was adopted in the 1 7th cent, from the It. aria, which is also derived from Lat. aer from
:

from L. aer.

va. to adjourn; from L. adjournare, in Charlemagne's Capitularies qui non erant adiurnati.' See jour.

Der. adjournement.

AJ OUTER,

va. to add, join; O. Fr, ajouster,

Prov. ajostar, from L. adjxixtare*. The etymological meaning, which is *to put side
side,' is to be found in the llth cent. thus in the Chanson de Roland one of the peers bids the French s'ajouler en bataille (place themselves in rank, side by side).

by

it

Fr. air has taken the

its

It.

sense, but has

retained
suffix

Fr. form.

AIRAIN, sm.
in

brass

from L, aeramen. The

-ain

(for

Adjuxtare, which becomes ajuxtare dj=j cp. djurnum*, jour; hord-

-amen became
levain,

{airain)

as

jum*, orge;

levamen,
in
Fr.,

etc.

( 226).

as the suffix
-en,

-amen became

Just -ain, -aim,

assedjare*, assieger; and 120, 137), produced ajouster by u = 07^ ( 97)> 3nd by x = s (to be met with in

so the corresponding suffixes

-in, -ain, -or,

Lat. inscriptions, in which

we

find sistus for

-imen, -tuneii, had become

-un, in Fr. (see 226).

AIRE, sf. an eyry; indirectly from the Germ, aren, to make one's rest, which
in turn

comes from Germ, aar, an eagle

a barn-floor, threshing-floor
;

( 20).

sextus, obstrinserit for obstrinxerit). This change of x into s occurs in Fr. in axis, ais; buxus, buis; dextrarius*, destrier; and in the eight O. Fr. words sextarius, sestier; buxda*, boiste; tax'tare*, taster; ix2LXxn\is, fresne; juxtare *, _;oMS/er de;

AIRE,

sf.

from

exducere*, desduire
have
lost

L. area. Area first became aria by the regular change of ea into ia (see under abreger and agencer) ; aria became aire by transposition of i (see under anier). Aire is a doublet of are. AIRELLE, sf. the whortle-berry. Origin un-

vier; exclusa, escluse,

deexviare*, which in mod.

desFr.

the

and are

setier, boite, later,

frene, jouter, deduire, devier, ecluse, just as ajouster has become ajouter. (For the dropping of s, see 147.) Ajouter is a doublet of ajuster, q. v. Der. ajut&ge for

known
AIS, sm.
a.

( 35).

ajouUge ( 248).
;

plank, board

from L. assis.

For

AJUSTER,

va. to adjust.

Ste juste.

Ajuster

'

ALAMBIC
is

ALLECHER.
t Alerte,
interj.
;

19

a doublet oiajouter, q. v.

Der.

ajustage,

ajustement.

Alambic,
the

word was introduced

alchemist's

This sm. an alembic, a still. in the 12th cent, from

Lat.

sf and adj. (i) take care! O. Fr. (3) alert, vigilant. allerte, in Montaigne and Rabelais a I'erte,
(2) an alarm
in the

originally a military term,

It.

alambiquus,

bor-

borrowed from i6th cent. (25) from the cry

!).

Der. alambiqneT.

rowed, together with the instrument itself, from Ar. al-anbiq, a distilling vessel ( 30).

alVerte (take care

all' erta

The

It.

phrase stare

means

'

to stand

ALANGUIR, va. to enfeeble. See languir. + Alarine, sf. alarm, a military term introduced in the 1 6th cent. ( 25) from Ital. alVarme, a word of similar sense, but literally a cry 'to arms,' the call of sentinels surprised

ALEVIN, sm. men. For

see 226.

fry

on the alert. of fish; from L. alleva-

the termination
adj.

amen =

in,

Alexandria,

Alexandrine

(verse).

Origin unknown ( 35). + Alezan, adj. sorrel (horse);

introduced in

by the enemy. In the was still written allarme,

its

etymology.

7th cent, alarme accordance with Der. alarmer, alarmiste

1

in

tAlgarade,
Sp.

the 17th cent, from Sp. alazan ( 26). sf a sudden outburst of temper; introduced in the 17th cent, from

( 217).

ALBATRE,
bastrum, Lat. MSS.

sm. alabaster
written

from Lat. ala- +

in

Algdbre,

albastrum
this
;

some

algarada ( 26). sf algebra; from medieval scientific Lat. algebra, which from Ar.

For

sm. an alguazil (officer); from Sp. alguazil. + Albinos, sm. an albino, a word intro- Algue, sf sea- weed; from L. alga. duced in the 17th cent, from Sp. albino + Alibi, sm. an alibi; from L. alibi.
52, and accointer s see abime.

for

dropping of a see the fall of the

aldjabroun ( 30).

+ Alguazil,

+ Album, sm. an album, L. album. Album is a

q.v.

( 26).

ALIBORON,
scrap-book ; from doublet of aube,

sm. a wiseacre,

ass.

Origin un-

known
f

( 35).

Alidade,
scientific

Lat.

sf reckoning; from medieval alidada, which from Ar.

Albumine,

sf.

albumen; from L. albu-

alidad (30).

Ali6ner, va. to alienate, transfer property men. Albumine is a doublet of aubun. from L. alienare. Der. a/zeation, alien+ Alcade, sm. an alcade; from Sp. alcade able ( 250). The sense of derangement is ( 26). to be found in the Lat. word also. + Alcali, sm. alkali, a word introduced into

Fr. through the alchemist's Lat.

from the

Ar.

alcali,

salts

of

soda

30).

Der.

ALIGNER,
See ligne.

Der. alignement.

va. to square,

draw out by

line.

alcal'm.

tAlchimie,

sf. alchemy, a word introduced into Fr. through alchemist's Lat. from Ar. al-chymia ( 30). Der. alchimiste. + Alcool, sm. alcohol, formerly alcohol, an alchemist's word, taken from Ar. alqohl

( 30).

tAlcdve,
Alcyon,
cyone.

sf an

alcove,
1 6th

recess,

word
It.

sm. aliment, nourishment; from Der. alimenter, -ation ( 232, note 4). Aline a, adv. (sf) a paragraph ; formerly t d linea, from the Lat. a linea, used in dictation to show that the writer must break off and begin a new line. Aliquante, adj. (Math.) some ; from L.
L.

Aliment,

alimentum.

introduced in the alcovo ( 25).

cent,

from the

aliquantus.

Aliquote, adj. (Math.)

;

aliquot

from L. ali-

sm. the kingfisher

adj.

from L. aldepending

quot.
to lay in bed. written alise),

Al6atoire,

uncertain,

ALITER, va. on ALIZE (also

berry
;

See lit. sf. the lote-tree

chance; from L. aleatorius. ALENE, sf an awl. O. F. alesne, from O. H. G. alasna, a transposition of alansa ( 20).

of

eliza ( 20).

Der.
Der.
The

Germ,

origin,

from O. H. G.
198).

alisier (

ALLAITER,
tare.

ALENTIR,
survives
lentir.

va. to slacken,
in

formed from
the compd.

lent.

va. to suckle; from L. allacit see For ct 129 and Hist.

This word, used by Corneille and Moliere,

Gram.

p. 50.

allaitement.
;

mod.

Fr.

in

ra-

ALLECHER,

ALENTOUR,
Fr.

adv. around, round about

O.

I'entour.

See entour.

from L. very unusual change of allectare. ct into ch is to be found also in flectere, flechir; tc fleeter c,rejlechir; impactare,
va. to allure, attract

a,o
empecher
;

A LINGER
coactare*, cacher.
lighten,

A LL UMER
into

Der.

al-

liquid

is

not rare in Fr.,

orphelin;

as

in

lechement.

orphaninus
ease;
Roussillon,
juillet,

*,
1

Ruscinonem,
in falol

from L. ALLEGER, va. to alleviare. Alleviare became allevjare by i=j (see Hist. Gram. p. 65); allevjare became aUejare, and then alleger, by yj=^, as in nivea, nivja, neige, etc. This change of the (Hist. Gram. p. 81).

63; and even

which stand
see 263.

are

= er

Der.

for fanot, juinet.

and For

a//^e, participial

subst. ( 187).

ALLEU,

also

takes place (l) before

the

other

gutturals {vc, vg), as in

nav'gare nager;

sm. allodial ownership. O. Fr. alou, from Meroaloud, Sp. alodio. It. allodia vingian Lat. allodium, a word of Germ, origin, in common with all feudal terms.
;

(3) before the dentals (vt, vd), as in civ'tatem, cite; (3) before the liquids, as in

Allodium
full

juv'nis, jeune.

Der. allegeznce.

A116gorie,
goria.

Der.

sf.

an allegory;
allegoriqae.

from L. alleO. Fr.

is from O. H. G. alod ( 20), ownership, the franc-alleu (hereditary property, free from all duties to a higher lord) being opposed to benefice, which was

originally

life-ownership,

dependent on

the will of the lord of the fief. ALLIER, va. to mix, unite, ally; from L. alegre, from L. alacris. For a = e see 54 alligare. The Lat. g disappears from Der. a//e^r^ment, for CT=gr see 129. alli(g)are this phenomenon, found in the allegresse. last ages of Latinity (niellatas is found + Allegro, adv. and sm. allegro; from It. for nigellatas in a Merovingian docuallegro ( 25). ment), is common in Fr. (i) when the All^guer, va. to quote, allege ; from L. Der. allegziidn. allegare g preceded the accented vowel, as in au(g)ustus, aout', gigantem, geant, etc.; Allelllia, sm. hallelujah, introduced by St. Jerome in 4th cent, into ecclesiastical Lat. (2) when the g followed the accented vowel, as in exa(g)ium, essaim; re(g)em, Heb. hallelujah ( .^o). roi. Der. alliance ( 192), allie ( 201), ALLER, va. to go. This word has borrowed me&allier, mesaZ/zance alliage ( 248), its tenses from three different Lat. verbs (Hist. Gram. p. 180), lallier (Hist. Gram, (l) The I, 2, 3 sing. pres. indie, from Lat. ralliement. vadere vado, je vais vadis, tu vas p. 179), vadit, il va. (O. Fr. il vat). (2) The fut. t Alligator, sm. an alligator ; introduced by English travellers ( 28, note l). and condit.firaiyfirais, from the Lat. ire, by the usual formation of the fut. (See Hist. Allocation, sf. an allocation, allowance;
adj. brisk, nimble, lively.

ALLEGRE,

Gram.

p. 149.)

(3)

The remaining

tenses,

allais, allai, allasse, aille, allant^ alle, are

Allocution,

from L. allocationem*, from allocare. allocution ; from L. sf. an

which was in O. Fr. allocutionem. and aner, and comes from Merovingian ALLONGER, va. to lengthen. See long. Der. allonge. Lat. anare, a soft form of adnare, which properly signifies to come by water (as in Allopathie, sf. (Med.) allopathy from Gr. aWos and vdOos, a medical system. See but soon was much widened in Cicero),
related to the infin. aller,
aler,

'

'

homceopaihie. Der. allopathe, thus, in Papias adnare is used for come by land.' The same remark may ALLOUER, va. to allow (a stipend) from L. For letter-changes see louer allocare *. be made as to the corresponding word for ad = a/ see Hist. Gram. p. 177, and for enare (to swim, in Cicero), which even in See also assimilation of d to /, 168. to come (no matter Class. Lat. signifies allumer. Daedalus .... gelidas enavit how) ad Arctos,' Virg. Aen. 6. 16 (i.e. by fly- ALLUMER, va. to kindle; from L. adluminare*, compd. of luminare. Ading), or Enavimus has valles,' Silius luminare is alluminare in several 7thIt is singular that .the Ital. (i. e. by land).
sense

to

'

'

'

'

same
in the

transition

word adripare,

from water to land occurs at first meaning ' to

'

cent.

documents,

by dl = ll,

frequent

touch the shore,' afterwards to reach one's aim,' whence Fr. arriver. See also 13.

Lat. assimilation, as in allucere or adlucere, alludere or adludere, alluere or

To
allevt

pass from

adnare, anare,

to Fr.

through the intermediate forms aner and aler, there has been an important change of n into /. This change of a nasal

adluere, allocutio or adlocutio, allior adligare, allevare or adlevare, This assimilation also went on in Fr. etc. by change of dl into / or //, as in mod'lus, Allum(i)nare first bemoule ( 168).

gare

ALLURE AMADOUER.
came allum'nare by the regular dropping of the short vowel ( 52). Allum'nare again became allumer, by ran = m, as in sem'nare, semer ; dom'na, dame,
also often

31
country-folks said
for

the

Roman

orum

for

mn

(Hist.

becomes mm, as fem'na, femme Gram. p. 72). It. alluminare, Prov.

alhimenar, alhanar, will

mark

the transition

from L. alluminare to Fr. allumer. Der. allumeuT ( 227), allumette ( 281). ALLURE, sf. gait, way of going (or dealing) from aller; like coiffwe, soidllure, brochure, etc., from coiffer, souiller, brocher ( 183). Allusion, sf. an allusion; from L. allu;

auriculas, etc. The Fr. language, sprung from popular not from Class. Lat., has kept the rustic pronunciation, as in aurum, or; ausare*, oser ( 107); and in certain secondary formations, as parole, paraula, secondary form of parabola forger, faurcare, of fabricare; tole, taula, of tabula; somme,
;

aurum, oriculas

sauma, of salma.
In all these words the au became, and has continued to be in a certain num; ber of words this was in O. Fr., and in mod. Fr. has become ou (see also 107). The following is the complete list of these changes: laudo, Zo/^e; laudemia*,

sionem.

Alluvion, onem.

sf.

alluvium*;

from L. alluvi-

Almanach,
( 21).

sm. an almanac; Low Lat. almanachus, from Gr. a\ixiva)(a,, used in 3rd cent, by Eusebius for an almanac
the aloe.

AloS, sm.
aloe.

O. Fr. aloe, from L.

louange aut, ou; audire, ouir; gaudere, jouir claus (for clavus), clou; Cauda, couard inraucare *, enrouer; colis (=caulis), chou; austarda (for avistarda), outarde gauta *, joue.
; ; ;
;

ALOI. sm.

a standard, quality (of coin) ;

loi,

compd.

ALOURDIR, va. to make ALOYAU, sm. a sirloin.

( 35).

heavy. See lourd. Origin unknown

of a and

which
loi see

in

O. Fr. signified the

in Sp.

standard of coin, as

still

For the t

etymology of

that word.

ALORS,
ALOSE,

sf.

adv. then. a shad

also

See lors.
;

was written
107.

alosa.

from L. alausa, which For au = o see

ALOUETTE,

sf a lark, dim. of O. Fr. alone, just as herbette is derived from herbe, cuvette

from cuve. (For the

suffix -ette, see ablette.)

Here, as often, the primitive form is gone, and the derivative, though dim. in form, has the sense of the original word (see 18).

Aloue is from L. alauda (as used by Pliny for the sky-lark), a word borrowed by the Romans from Gaul, and introduced into Lat. by Caesar. (The true Lat. names for the lark are galerita, corydalus.)

To get from drops the medial

alauda

to aloue, the Lat.

accented vowel as is found in the following cases: (l) when the subsequent vowel remains, as in invi(d)ia, envie; (2) when the subsequent vowel is dropped, as in cru(d)us, cru,
after the

120.

ou

is also changed into diphthong was pronounced by the Latins, not like Fr. 0, but a-ou thus for aurum, taurus, the Romans said a-ourum, ta-ourus, not orum, torus. This o pronunciation was looked on as quite faulty by the educated Romans, and grammarians speak of it as common to peasants, and a thing to be avoided, Festus tells us that
:

The diphthong au
this

sm. alpaca; a kind of wool got from the alpaga, a kind of llama in South America. Alphabet, S7. the alphabet ; from L. alphabeta. Der. alphabetique. Altercation, sf an altercation, dispute from. L. altercationem. Alt^rer, va. (i) to alter, (2) to be thirsty; from scholastic Lat. alterare, deriv. of alter as in Germ,, dnder?i comes from ajider. Why or how alterer passed from the sense of ' to change,' to that of ' to be thirsty,' is a thing that has no explanation, Der. a//eration, -able, Alteme, adj. alternate from L. alternus. Der. alterner, -ation, -atif, -ative, -ativement. + Altesse, sf highness introduced in the Altesse 1 6th cent, from It. altezza ( 25), is a doublet of hautesse, q. v. + Altier, adj. haughty; introduced in the l6th cent, from It. altiere ( 25). Altitude, sf height; from L. altitude. + Alto, sm. alto ; from It. alto ( 25). Alumine, sf alumina; from L. alumine. Der. aluminium. ALUN, sm. alum ; from. L, alumen. For -umen = -M see 226. Alv6ole, sf alveole, a little channel ; from

Alpaga,

L. alveolus,

AMADOUER,

va. to coax, cajole; a compd, of madouer *, a word of Germ, origin, from Old Scand, mata, Dan. 7nade, to bait, allure


22
( 20).

A MA IGRIRA MBR OISIE.

Der. amadou.

no

relation, as to

Although there is meaning, between ama-

Amaranthe,
antus.
to

sf.

amaranth

from L. amarva.

douer and amadou,

that the latter

In

It.,

it is nevertheless certain is derived from the former. adescare comes from esca, which

AMARRER, va, to

moor

D^MARRER,

means both

bait

and touchwood,

as

is

also

unmoor, cast off; compds. of prim. marrer*, which comes from Neth. marren Der. amarre, amamge. ( 20).

These relations the case with Lat. esca. show that the same metaphor which connects

AMASSER,

va. to amass.

See masse.

Der.
(Hist.

amadouer with amadou

exists

in

amas (verbal subst., 1 84), ramasser Gram. p. 179), xamas, ramassis.

several languages ; and this comparison of metaphors makes clear what is the origin of the word, though we may not be able to

Amateur,
torem.
dfiaijpojais.

sm. an amateur; from L.

ama-

Amaurose, sf.

(Med.) amaurosis

from Gr.

explain

it.

AMAIGRIR,

Der. amat^ssement. AMALGAME, sm. an amalgam. Origin Der. amalgamer. known

( 35).
sf.

See also 15. va. to emaciate.

See maigrir.

Amazone,
zon.

sf.

an amazon; from L.
pi.

ama-

un-

Ambages,

sf.

ambages, circumlocution,

prevarication; from L,

ambages.

AMANDE,
dSlum,
cording
( 51),
as
in

O. Fr. amende, an almond. Amygcorruption of L. amygdalTim.

contracted
to
first

into

amydlum,

ac-

the

of the Lat. accent reduced the Lat. gd into d,

rule

Magdalena, Madeleine
of n, and became

Amyd'lum
sertion

( 131). afterwards underwent the in-

amyndlum,

just as, in Class. Lat.,

lanterna was used for laterna, thensaurus for thesaurus, rendere for reddere (in the Salic Law), Inculisma at early times for Iculisma. This may be seen in the App. ad Probum, Amygdala non amiddola,' and in the Cap, de Villis, Volumus quod habeat pomarios Amynd'avellanarios amandalarios.'
'

lum

or amindlTim produced the O. Fr. amende, by in = en, as in infantem, enfant; Amende finally became in en ( 72). a/nande in Fr. by en = an, as we see in lingua, langue, singularis, sanglier, etc., which words were written in O. Fr. with

an embassy; in the 15th cent, ambaxade, a word not found in Fr. before the 14th cent., and which is shown to be foreign by its ending -ade (unknown in Fr., which has -ee for -ade. See 201). It comes from Sp. ambaxada, a word related to the low L. aiubaxiata. This word is .derived from ambaxiare, ambactiare, formed from ambactia, a very common term in the Salic Law, meaning Merov. Lat. a mission, embassy. Ambactia comes from am.bactus (a servant who is sent with a message). For the enlargement of meaning see Der. ambassadeur, -drice ( 228). 13. AMBE, (l) adj. both, (2) sm. a pair from L. ambo. In the middle ages the phrases ambes mains, ambes parts, etc., were used The word for deux mains, les deux parts. survives as a gambling term; thus fai gagne un ambe a la loterie, i. e. 'I have drawn
sf.

t Am.baBSade,

two
L.

figures,'

'

a pair of chances.'
;

more etymological
glier, etc.

propriety lengue, sen-

Ambiant,

adj. ambient, surrounding

from

ambientem.
(i)

noticed that the laws of phonetics have enabled us to explain every letter of this word, except the Lat. 1, which disappears: it is in the anomalous dropping of this 1 that the

The

reader will have

Ambigu,
medley;
biguity.

adj.

ambiguous,

from L. ambiguus.
adj. ambitious;

(2) sm. a Der. am-

Ajnbitieux,
bitiosus.

from L. am-

of the word amande consists seen in 172, note 2). We have seen ( 168) that Lat. dl is always assimilated in Fr. into II or I; so that amind'lum ought to have produced, not amande, but amanlle, amanle just as Amande hrandler has become branler. Der. a doublet of amygdale, q. v. is
corruption
(as

Ambition, sf.
nem.

we have

ambition

from L. ambit io-

Der. ambitionner.
;

AMBLER,

va. to amble from L. ambtilare. For the contraction of signification see 13. For the dropping of the u see 52. Der. amble (verbal subst., 1 84).

+ Ambre,

amandiex ( 198).

Amant,
Amant

sw. a lover; from L. is a doublet oi aimant.

amantem.

sm. amber; introduced in the time of the Crusades, from Ar. anb'r ( 30). Der. ambrer. Ambroisie, sf. ambrosia; from L. ambrosia.

AMB ULA NTAMITlS.

Ambulant,
lant em.

23
sf.

Der. amb2ehnce.
;

ao?/.

strolling;

from L. ambu-

Am^thyste,
amethystus.

the

amethyst

from L.
See meu-

A ME,

from L. anima. Aniraa being accented on the first syllable loses the atonic i (see 51), and is contracted into an'ma, whence O. Fr. anme. In Joinville the word takes the form amme, by assimis/.

the soul

AMEUBLEMENT,
ble.

sm. furniture.

AMEUBLIR,

va. to furnish.
va.

See meuhle.
a huntingcommon speech 'to set the dogs
;

AMEUTER,
pack,
(see
13).

to break dogs to hunt in

to get

them together
Amenter
is

lating

nm

into

mm

( 168), a regular step,

for

term which has passed into

known even in Lat. (as in immemor inmemor, immigrare for inmigrare, immaturus for inmaturus, etc.) In the
15th cent, amme became am, by the reduction of the 7nm into m, a process marked

by the addition of the circumflex on the a

in^mod. Fr.

For etymology en meute,' to collect them. of ameuter, see meute. AMI, S7n. a friend from L. amicus. The medial c after the accented vowel disappears, carrying with it the vowel that
;

AME,

adj. well-beloved

from L. amatus.
201.

For -atus

-e

see to

Ame

is

2.

doublet of aime.

follows it, as in inimicus, ennemi; focus, feu ( 212). When the medial c after the accented vowel is followed by an a, that vowel remains in Ff., as in ami(c)a, amie
( 212).

Am^liorer,
from
tion.

va.

ameliorate,

L.

ameliorare.

Der.

improve
ameliora-

AMIABLE,

Amen, sm.
into

amen
va.

introduced from Heb.

Church Lat. of the early

AMENAGER,
See menager.

Der. amenagement.
;

ritual ( 30). to parcel out, dispose of.

from L. of the Lat. c see 129 for -aibUis = -able see 250. Amiante, sm. amianthus; from L. amianadj. friendly, amicable
;

am.icabilis.
;

For the

loss

tus.

Amical,

AMENDER,

va. to

emendare.

amend, better from L. (For the unusual change of

p. 48.)

Der. amzca/ement.
;

adj. friendly;

from L. amicalis.

Amict,

e into a see Hist. Gram. Accented e becomes

a in

per,

par;

lemus, rame;

\a.certa., lezard.

sm. an amice ; from L. amictus. Amidon, sm. starch corruption of L. amylum ( 172). In the 9th cent, this word Der. is found in the form amydum.

Atonic Lat. e becomes a in fSrocem, farouche; emendare, amender pergamenum, parchemin. In common Lat. we
;

am,idonneT,

-ier.

AMINCIR,

va. to

make

thin.

See mince.

find

lucarna
in

for

mercatus
amendAhle.

amende (verbal

subst., 184),

lucerna; marcadus for Merov. Chartularies. Der. amendement,

fAmiral,

Der. aminchsement. sm. an admiral; introduced It soon after the Crusades, from Ar. answers to the low Lat. amiralius, which Der. amirah^, also is from Ar. ( 30).

AMENER,

Der. ra7nener.
54.

va. to bring, conduct.

See mener.

Am.enit, ff. amenity, L. amoenitatem.

pleasantness

from

AMER, adj. a = e see

tudinem.

bitter

Der. amerem&nt.
bitterness
;

from L. amarus.

For

amiraute in mod. Fr. For \ = u, see ^89, note I, and 157AMITIE, sf. friendship in O. Fr. amistie, which is formed through amiste from amista (for a = e = ie, cp. gravis, griff;

which

is

pietatem,
54):

pilie

inimicitatem,
form
is

inimitie,

AMERTUME,

sf.

from L. amarifirst

an

earlier
It.

amistet,

which

Amaritiidinein

lost its

atonic i ( 52): then, just as

amarus

be-

came amer, amar'tudinem changed its second a into e ( 54). In the suffix -tidinem the atonic 1 disappears, according
law of Lat. accent ( 51), and it becomes -ud'nera, which becomes Fr. -time: so consiietiidinem, coutume; incudinem, enclume ( 234). This change doubtless took place before the beginning
to the

amista, Sp. amistad, Catalan amistat, and comes, as do these three words, from L. amicitatem., a common

answers to

Lat. form of amicitia.

(Amicitas was

formed from amicus, like mendicitas from mendicus, antiquitas from antiquus, etc.) In passing from amicitatem to amitie,
or rather to O. Fr. amiste, we find three philological changes: (i) the i just before the accented vowel, amic(i)tatem, disappears
(for the

of the Fr. language, as we find in 6th-cent. documents the forms constuma, costuma,
for

law,

see 52);

(2) in

the thus
final

cons'tudinem, consuetudinem.

contracted Lat.

word amic'tatem,

AMMONIA QUE

ANA CHOR^TE.
AmphibolOgie,
/". ambiguousness of language; from L. amphibologia.

-atein = -^ (see 330), and o = s, as we have seen it in the soft Lat. c under agencer: it is not so common in the case of the low Lat. o ( 129). Lat. hard c becomes s in Fr., or more usually the guttural becomes a sibilant, as may be seen in the following
:

AMPHIGOURI,
Origin

sm.

nonsense,

rigmarole.

unknown ( 35). A TTi phithe&.tr e, sm. an amphitheatre from L. amphitheatrum.

;

Amphitiyon,
Amphitryon
(
3.S.)
sf.

Der. ammoniaca}. an amnesty Anmistie, Der.

sf.

o = s, as cingulum, san^/tf. c = ss,as in junicem, gSmisse. 3. c = , as crucem, croix. 4. c = z, as lacerta, lizard. Amistid finally became amitiS by suppression of the s. (See Hist. Gram. p. 81.) ArnTnoniaque, sf. ammonia. O. Fr. ammoniac, from L. ammoniacus (sal) ( 180).
I.

sm. an amphitryon, host (at dinner), alluding to the saying of Sosie in

Moli^re's Amphitryon, 3.
5,

a.

Le

veritable

est I' Amphitryon oil

Von

dine.

Amphore,
phora.

an amphora; from L.
full,

am-

AMPLE,

adj. ample,

amplus.

Der. amplement,
sf.

copious;
-eur.

from L.

Ampliation,
;

an

official

copy, duplicate

from Gr.

dji-

vrjcTTia ( 22).

omn/srier,

va. to lessen. See moindre. Der. a;wom(/nssement. AMOLLIR, va. to soften. See mou. Der. amoZ/issement. AMONCELER, va. to heap up, amass. See

AMOINDRIR,

from L. ampliationem. Amplifier, va. to amplify, enlarge on

L.
Hist.

from

amplificare. For the loss of c, see Gram. p. 37. Am.plification, sf. exaggeration from L. amplificatio;

nem. Am.plitude,
plitude.

sf.

amplitude;
a

from L. am(2) the holy

monceau.

AMONT, adv. AMORCE, sf.

See aval. a bait, lure ; corruption of O. Fr. amorse, strong p. p. (see 187) of

up stream.

AMPOULE, sf (I)
ampulla
;

little vessel,

amordre, which is an O. Fr. compd. of mordre. Amorse comes from amordre, like entorse from entordre (see tordre). The
original

meaning
fish, etc.

is

that

which

makes

take the

bait, bite.

Der.

lures,'

omorcer.

AMORTIR,

Der. amorrissement ( 225, See mort. note 4). AMOUR, sm. love ; from L. amorem. For o = ou see 81. Der. amourette.

va. to slacken, soothe, deaden.

from L. ampulla, which signifies (l) a little bottle, and (2) a small tumour or boil. The sense of 'bottle' is still to be seen in the Sainte Ampoule, which held the sacred oil for the consecration of the kings of France. ^ For u = om see 90. AMPOULE, adj. bombastic from L. amfor pullatus. For u = om see 90 atus = e see 201. The suffix -atus always becomes Fr. e, as in pratum, pre;
;
;

Amouracher
the Italians ( 25).

curatum, cure ( 200). drops the t and becomes

annee ( 201).

The

suffix

-ata

ee, as in

annata,

(S'), vpr. to be enamoured; introduced in the 1 6th cent, by

Amputer, z/a.
tare.

Der. amputation.
s/. sf.

to amputate; from L.

ampuamu-

Amouracher
It.

is

formed Am.lllette,

an amulet; from. L.
(Pliny).

from amourache, which from

an ill-regulated passion.

amorracio,

letum, a talisman

AMURE,
known

a tack (of a ship).

Origin un-

from For o = om see 81; for -OB\ia = -eux, cp. spinosus, epinetix, 229. This suffix was afterwards employed in the Fr. language to form new derivatives which have no corresponding Lat. words, as hetireux, honteux, etc. which come straight from Fr. heur, honte, etc. Der. amoureusement. Amovible, adj. removable; from L. aftioFor the dropping of the penult i, vibilis.
L.

AMOUREUX,

adv. loving, amorous;

amorosus.

see 51.

Der, inamovible,
adj.

inamovibilite.

amuse ; compd. of O. Fr. verb muser (preserved in its deriv. musard). Origin unknown ( 35). Der. amusement, amusewr. Amygdale, sf the tonsil ; from L. amygdalus, an almond, as this gland is almondshaped. A mygdale is a doublet of amande. AN, sm. a year ; from L. annus. For nn = n cp. v annus, van; pannus, pan; bannum *, ban. Ajiachordte, sm. an anchoret ; from L,

AMUSER,

( 35). va. to

Amphibie,
dijupi^ios.

amphibious;

from

Gr.

anachoreta, from Gr.

avaxoip'r}7^s,

one

who

withdraws from the world.

A NA CHR ONISME
Anadironisme, sm.
an anachronism
;
;

ANl VRISME.

25

from

Gr. avaxpoviOfibs, a chronological error.

ANCIEN, anus *

Anagramme,
Analogie,
ff.

sf.

an anagram

from Gr.

dvdypafi/jia, a transposition of letters.

adj. ancient, old ; from L. anti(an adj. derived from ante, and to be found in Papal bulls of the nth cent.) For ti = ci, see agencer. The suffix -anus

Analogue,
logus.

analogy ; from L. analogia. adj. analogous; from L. anaanalysis;

usually

Analyse,
the

sf.

resolution of a

from

dvaXvoJ.

from Gr. dvdXvais, whole into its parts, Der. analydque ( 247,

becomes -aih in Fr., as in humanus, humain, 198. But -anus usually becomes -ten, -yen, when preceded in Lat. by a medial consonant, which is dropped in Fr., as we see in de(c)anus, doyen, etc. 198.

Der. ancienneie.
ANCRE,
The
sf.

note 4).

sm. a pine-apple; introduced by travellers from the Indies ( 31). archie, sf. anarchy from" Gr. dvapxia. Anath^me, sm, an anathema ; from Gr. dvddifxa, an exposure (to the public curse). Der. anathemzViStr. Anatomie, sf. anatomy ; from L. anatomia, which from Gr. dvaTOfxfi. Der.

+ Ananas,

atonic

from L. ancora. an anchor o of 6ncli6ra disappears, ac;

cording to the
( 51), as

strict rule

An

we

see
etc.

also

of the Lat. accent in such words as

arbor, arbre,

aa/omiste, -ique.

ANCETRE,

sm. an ancestor ; from L. antecessor. Antecessor, according to the rule in 52, loses its atonic e, and is contracted into ant'cessor, which is written ancessor in a Lat. document of the year 980. Ancessor, accented on the penult, and consequently proncd. anc^ss'r, became in O. Fr. ancestre, by change of sr into str, a t being euphonically inserted. (See Hist. Gram. p. 74.) This insertion was not done by the Fr. language, but by the Lat., which transformed esserix, tonsorix, into estrix, tonstrix. The form Istrael for Israel is to be found in a biblical MS. of the 5th cent., and the Fr, has carried on this tendency in ^tre, O. Fr. eslre, from ess're; paraitre, O. Fi. paraistre, from pares're croirfe, O. Fr. croistre, from cres're* connaiire, O. Fr. connaistre, from
; ;

sm. (Mus.) an andante, slow It. word which properly signifies 'going,' 'walking' ( 25). ANDOUILLE, sf. chitterlings, corruption of O. Fr. endouille, which comes from L. inductilis, which in low Lat. glossaries is given for a sausage,' and comes from L. inducere. Inductilis is properly a gut into which minced meat has been introduced (inductus). In passing from inductilis to the O. Fr. endouille, there have been four philological changes: (l) in into en, a regular transition, as in infantem, enfant ( 72); (2) ductilis was at first regularly contracted into duct'lis ( 51) (3) this was changed into ducllis by assimilation of the t'l into

Andante,
movement
;

an

'

cl, a change which occurred in Lat. (the Roman people changed vet'lus, vetulus sit'la, situla, into vec'lus, sicla); (4) ducllis became douille, by cl = il (Hist. Gram. p. 71), and VL ou ( 90). So too sicla hec?Lme seille v c\us, vieil; and volat'lia,
// (

268), and

its

change into
;

volatile.

Der. andouillette.
sm. an
35).
ass.

O. Fr. paistre, from pas're*; naitre, O. Fr. naistre, from nas're coudre, O. Fr. cousdre, from cons're ladre, laz'rus; tistre, tex're. The common people, ever faithful to their instincts, continue this euphonic transformation, and say, castrole for casserole, etc. Ancetre is one of the rare nominatives retained in the French language see Hist, Gram. p. 96. ANCHE, sf. a reed, pipe ; from O. H. G. anche, which was first the leg-bone, then a
;

cognos're

pattre,

ANDOUILLER,
known ( ANE, sm. an
^

antler.

Origin un-

O. Fr. asne, from L. asinus. of the short i see 51 ; for the loss of the s, and for the circumflex Der. awesse accent, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. ( 222), anon ( 231), anerie ( 244,

For the

loss

note 2).

pipe; just like tibia, which was first the bone of the leg, then a pipe, then a flute

See neant. va. to annihilate. Der. aneanlissement ( 225, note 5). Anecdote, sf an anecdote, from Gr. dven80TOS, that which has never yet been given Der. anecdoiique ( 247, out, kept secret.

ANEANTIR,

Anchois,
Sp.

is a doublet of hanche, q. v. sm. anchovy, formerly anchoie; introduced about the 15th cent, from

( 15).

Anche

note

4).
sf.

Anemone,
mone.

the

anemone

from L. ane-

anchoa ( 26).

An^vrisme,

sm. an aneurism; in the 15th


a6
cent,

A NFRA CTUE UX
an^vrysme,

A NNONCER.
by a = ie (as'-narius = change to be seen also in can is, chien, etc. ( 54) and in all Lat. suffixes in -aris, -arius, which become -er, -ier, as primarius, premier ( 197, 198). The suffix -ier, perhaps the most common in Fr., has formed many deriv. which had no original in Lat., as barriere from barre, perruqiiier ^xom perruque, arbale trier from arbalete, etc. This suffix usually marks (l) trades,
i

from Gr. ayfvpvfffm,

( 52), and

dilatation (of the veins).

asnier), a

Anfractueux, adj. crooked,

ANGE,

tortuous from L. anfractuosus. Der. anfractuos\t6. sm. an angel ; from L. angelus.

Angdlus became

ange, according to the

( 51).

law of the Lat. accent

a doublet of angelus.

Ange

is

Ang61ique,
called

(i) adj, angelic, (2) sf. the angelica; from L. angel icus. The plant

the

angelica

'

received

this
it

name

boutiquier, potier, batelier,

by l6thcent. physicians, who believed that it would cure the stings of insects, and serpents'
bites.

from the excellence ascribed to

ecuyer, viguier;

berger, archer, (2) objects of daily use,

;

sablier, encrier, foyer, etc.

(3) vegetables,
poirier,

laurier, grenadier, figuier,

pommier,

peuplier, cerisier, etc.

sf.

Angine,

(Med.) angina (pectoris)

;

from

Animadversion,
L.

sf.

animadversion

from

L. angina.

animadversionem.

ANGLE,

an angle from L. angulus. For the loss of the penult, ti, see 51. Der. anguleux, from L. angulosus (for -os\xa = -etix see 229); angulaire, from L. angularis. ANGOISSE, sf. anguish, pang from L. angustia. For st = ss cp. testonem*,
sf.
;

sm. an animal; from L. animal. Der. animaliser, animalite, animalcule' ( 154, note 4). Animer, va. to animate ; from L. animare. Der. a2TOation, lanimer (Hist. Gram,

Animal,

p.

Anis,

tesson ( 168).

Der.

179). sm. anise, aniseed

sf.

from L. anisum.
;

aniser, anisette ( 282).

This very uncommon reduction of st into s was known to the Lat. we find
:

Ankylose,
dyKvXojms.

Der. ankylose.

(Med.) ankylosis

from Gr.

pos-legem

for

post-legem

in
for

Roman Annales,
post-

land-surveyors, and

posquam

sf. pi. annals; from L. annales. Der. a?tnaliste ( 217).

;

in some gloss writers. Annate, sf. annates, yearly income from Angustia, thus changed into angusia, L. an n at a* (found in medieval documents became angoisse, by the change of Lat. u in the sense of yearly revenue). into oi, which is often caused by the attrac- ANNEAU, sm. a ring from L. annellus tion of an i, as in fusionem, foison ( (in Horace). For -ellus = -ea2^ see 204. but it also occurs when u is alone, Anneau in O. Fr. was annel, a form which 96)
; ;

quam

(l)

if

accented, as in crticem, croix, etc.

is

retained in the deriv. annelet, anneler,

( 91); (2) or of
moisir.
"t

atonic, as in

muc^re,

annelnxe.

ANNEE,
sf.

angora, a word of historic origin ( 33), a kind of cat brought from Angora in Asia Minor (L. Ancyredes). The Angora cat, the Angora goat and rabbit, are notable for the fineness and length of the hair of their coat. ANGUILLE, sf. an eel ; from L. angixilla. ANICROCHE, sf. a hindrance, obstacle; in the 16th cent, hanicroche, something that catches one as on a hook. Tous ces
gens-la, says Regnard, sont faits de croche et d^anicroche. Anicroche originally, then,

Angora,

sf. a year; from Merov. Lat. annata, which from L. annus. For -ata = -ee see 201. Annee is a doublet of

annate, q. v.

Annexe,

Der. annexex, annexion.

nihilare.

sf.

an annexe; from L. annexus.

Annihiler,

va. to annihilate;

from L. anfrom L.

Anniversaire,
anniversarius.

adj. anniversary;

ANNONCER,
nuntiare.
184).

Der.
:

va. to announce

from L. anannonce (verbal subst.,

;

meant the same

as croche, a crook, quaver.

In Rabelais, hanicroche is used for the sharp point of a hook, lis aiguisoient piques, hallebardes, hanicroches. Origin

For -tiare = -cer, see agencer. The change of u into is to be found in very many words the accented Lat, u becomes when long by position, as in columba,
colombe ( 97).

unknown

( 35).

The
short,
;

atonic Lat.
as
in

be-

ANIER,

sm. an ass-driver. O. Fr. asnier, from L. asinarius, by dropping the short

comes

o,

when

ciineata,
nature,

cognee, etc. ( 93)

when long by

ANNOTER
as in

ANTIMOINE.
anonymous
author
;

27
;

frumentum,
97).

frotnent, etc. ( 96);

from

L.

anony-

when long by
etc. (

position, as in urtica, ortie,

mus. ANSE, sf.

a handle

from L. ansa.
;

most This change of the Lat. u into (as we have just seen) before nasals and liquids, following a u in position it is also found in the Lat. thus volpes, volsus, voltus, volnus, volt, exist by the side of vulpes, vulsus, vultus, vulnus, vult. In Old Lat. the finals -us, -um, -unt, and the sufBxes -ulus, -ula, are usually -OS, -om, -ont, -olos, -ola we also find popolus, tabola, vincola, nontiare, sont, consolere, for populus, tabula, vincula, nuntiare, sunt, confrequently occurs
:

Antagonisme,
avTayuviafia.
dvrapKTLKds.

Der. antagonists
adj. adj.

sm. antagonism
antarctic;

from Gr.
( 217).

Antarctique,

from

Gr.

Ant6c6dent,

antecedent;
;

from L.

antecedentem. Antechrist, sm. antichrist

tichrist
;

in Rabelais an-

from Gr. dvTixpiOTos.

adj. antediluvian
;

Ant6diluvien,

imitated

from antediluvianus. Antenne, sf. an antenna; from L. antenna.

(l) adj. antepenultimate, (2) sf. the antepenult, that which precedes (ante) the penultimate. See penultieme. Ant6rieur, adj. anterior; from L. anterior. Der. anterionte. Anthdre, sf. an anther ; from Gr. dvOrjpos,

Ant6p6nultiine,

sul ere, in the oldest

Roman

inscriptions.

rostral column has on it pop lorn, diebos, navebos, primos, for populum, diebus, navibus, primus we may also mention the beginning of the well-known inscription on the tomb of the Scipios, Hone oino ploirume consentiont duonoro
:

The

'

from dvOos.

optumo
lios

fuise

viro,

Luciom

Scipione,
Graffiti

fi-

Anthologie,
\oyia.

sf.

anthology

from Gr. dvOo;

Barbati,

consol.'

The

Pompeii, and certain inscriptions Empire, have also dolcissima, mondo, tomolo, for dulcissima, mundo, tumulo ; and solcus, fornus, moltus, sordus, polchrum, colpam are found in texts of the 5th and 6th cent. Lastly, several Merov. diplomas have titolum, singoli, somus, fondamentis, polsatur, onde, for singuli, sumus, fundamentis, pulsatur, unde. Annoter, va. to annotate; from L. annotare. Der. ao/ation. Annuaire, sm. a year-book; from L. anlater

of of the

Anthracite,
rived from L.
is

sf.

anthracite, stone coal

de-

anthracem.

Anthracites
L.

Anthrax,

used by Pliny for a precious stone. sm. (Med.) anthrax ; from

anthrax.
anthropology; from sf. Gr. dvOpoorros, and \6yos. Anthropophage, adj. anthropophagous;

Anthropologie,

from Gr.

dvOpojiros
sf.

and

(pajeiv.

Antichambre,
irregular

an antechamber; from L. ante, and Fr. chambre, a learned and

compd.
va. to anticipate; from L. an-

Anticiper,
ticipare.

nuarium.

ANNUEL,
See
071.

adj. annual;

from L. annualis.

Antidate,
right one.

sf an antedate; from L. ante, and Fr. date, a false date earlier than the

Annuite,
tatem.

s/.

an annuity; from L. annuiadj. annular;

Der.
sf.

antidatex.

Annulaire,
larius.

from L.

Antidote, dotum. annu-

sm. an antidote; from L. anti-

ANTIENNE,
to annul
;

an anthem

from L. anti-

Aimuler, va.
to annihilate

(used

by

from L. annullare, S. Jerome). Der.

ph.ona (chant of

alternate voices).

Anti-

annuhixon.
va. to ennoble -ISSEMENT, sm. ennoblement ( 225, note 5). See noble. Auodin, {i)adj. soothing; (2) sm. an anodyne; from L. anodynos, painless (used by
;

ANOBLIR,

(ph)6na lost its medial (/), a loss very uncommon in Fr. and only met with in three other words, viz. scro(f)ellae*, bi(f)aecrouelles; Stephanus, Etienne cem*, biais. Antienne is a doublet of
;

ph

antiphone, q. v.

Marcellus Empiricus).

For o
;

=e

(a very rare change), cp.

nonunun-

Anomal,
\os

Der. anomalie. ANON, sm. a young ass. dnonner.

adj.

anomalous

from Gr.

dvw/jia-

illud, nennil.

See ane.

Der.
sf.

Antilope, known (
known

sf.

the

antelope.

Origin

35).

Antimoine,
an

sm.

antimony.

Origin

Anonyme,

(1) adj. anonymous, (2)

( 35).

28
Antinomie,
vofua.
sf.

A NTINOMIE
antinomy
antipathy
;

A POSTOLIQUE.
;

Antipathie,
irdOfia.

sf.

from Gr. dyri- Ap6rltif, adj. aperient from L. aperitivus, from aperire. from Gr. &vti- Apetisser, va. to make little. See petit.

Der.

lapelisser.

Antiphonaire,

sm. (Med.) thrush, mouth-ulcer from L. aphtha. Antiphrase, sf. an antiphrase; from Gr. Api, sm. rosiness (of apples) from L. apappiana Pliny uses the phrase ovr'nppaais. piana. See phrase. mala' for ' rosy-cheeked apples.' Antipode, sm. antipodes; from L. antiAPITOYER, va. to touch with pity compd. podes. of a (Hist. Gram. p. 177) and a primitive Antiquaille, sf. an old curiosity; introduced in the 1 6th cent, from It. anticaglia pitoyer (which survives in pitoyable, impitoyable). Pitoyer is derived from pitie, q. v. ( ^5). Antique, adj. ancient, antique; from L. APLANIR, va. to make level. See plane. Der. a/)/amssement ( 255, note 5). antiquus. Der. an/Zyr/aire, antiqmXe. Antique is a doublet of O. Fr. anti, antif. APLATIR, va. to flatten. See plat. Der. appl a/i^sement ( 255, note 5). An-tithdse, sf. antithesis; from Gr. avriq.v.
; *
;

from sf. an anthem-book L. antiphonarium from antiphona, antiphone, which is a doublet of antienne,
;

Aphorisme,
d<popi(Tix6s.

sm. an

aphorism; from Gr.

Aphthe,

deais.

See these.
sf.

APLOMB,

Antonomase,

(Rhet.) antonomasia; from Gr. avTojuo/Maia. den; from L. antrum. Afltre, sm. a cave, Anus, sm. (Med.) the anus; from L. anus. Anxi6t6, sf. anxiety; from L. anxieta-

tem.

sm. (Archit.) perpendicularity (as of a wall), thence stability, self-possession derived from a and plomb, because one plumbs a wall with a leaden plummet. Apocalypse, sf. the apocalypse from Gr. dnoKoXvipis. Der. apocalyptique. Apocope, sf. (Gram.) apocope; from Gr.

Anxieux,
Aorte,
sf.

adj. anxious from L. anxiosus. (Med.) the aorta from Gk. doprr]
; ;

dtTOKOirrj.

Apocryphe,
drroKpvcpos.

adj.

apocryphal;

from Gr.

(Aristotle).

AOUT,
It.

sm. august. O. Fr. aoust, Pro v. aost, For the agosto; from L. augustus. fall of g in augustus, aout, see Hist. Gram, 82 for au = see 106 (this o is p.
'

Apog6e,

dropped unusually to a, as in orichalcum, for u = ou see 90 for the suparchal) pression of the s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. AoUt is a doublet of atigiiste, q. v. APAISER, va. to appease der. from paix through the O. Fr. form pais. See paix. Der. apaisement. APANAGE, sm. an apanage, now restricted from Gr. dnoaTato a domain given to princes of the blood Apostasie, sf apostasy in feudal law it aia. royal for their sustenance Der. apostat, from Gr. dTroffrdTTjs. meant any pension or alimentation. Apa- APOSTER, va. to place, post (for a bad purpose) compd. of poster, q. v. nage is derived from the O. Fr. verb apaner, apanage being derived from Apostille, sf a postil, postscript; compd. of to nourish a and pastille, which is simply a transcript of apaner, like badinage from badiner, patenlinthe schol. Lat. post ill a (meaning explanaage from pateliner, savonnage from savon; ;

sm. (Astron.) apogee, greatest disance from earth ; from Gk. dnoyaiov. Apolog6tique, adj. apologetic; from Gr. dnoKoyrjTiKds. Apologie, sf. apology ; from Gr. dvoXoyia. Der. apologiste ( 217). Apologue, sm. an apologue, fable; from Gr. dnoKoyos. Apophthegme, sm. an apophthegm ; from Gr. dn6<pOyfw.. Apoplexie, sf. apoplexy; from Gr. drro-

ner, etc. ( 248).

tion, subjoined annotation).

is

The

full

phrase
Several

Apaner is the feudal Lat. apanare, adpanare, from panis. + Aparte, adv. aside; two unaltered Lat.
words
(a,

post
;

ilia

medieval
titles

treatises

[verba auctoris]. have this word

in their

Apathie,

parte). sf. apathy

from Gr. andSfia.

as ' Postillae 'Postillae Morales,' etc.

Der.

in

Psalterium,'
apostiller.
;

Apostolat,

sm.

the apostolate
adj.

from L.

Der. apath\(\\it.

apostolatus
See perce-

(Tertullian).
apostolical
;

APERCEVOIR,
voir.

Der.

va. to perceive.

Apostolique,
apostolicus.

from L.

apergvi, aperception.

APOSTR OPHEA PPOINTER

Apostrophe,
(i) (Rhet.) an apostrophe, rebuke, quick interruption from Gk. avoarpocpij (used of an orator who turns aside to address any one) (2) (Gram.) the orthographic sign called an apostrophe ; from
; :

29
an apparition
;

Apparition,

sf.

from L.

apparitionem.

to be apparent from L. For e = oz see 62. sm. an apartment; from low L. appartiiuentuni. L. apostrophus. Apostume, sm. an abscess corruption APPARTENIR, vn. to appertain, belong; from L. adpertinere, appertinere, ( 172) of aposteme, which is from Gr. compd. of pertinere (to belong, in Tertullian). Apoth.6ose, sf. apotheosis, deification from For e = a see amender and Hist. vn.

APPAROIR,

apparere.

APPARTEMENT,

Gr. airoOiOJOLS.

Gram.
sm.
;

p.
;

48;

for

i=^e see

Hist.

Apothicaire,
L,

an apothecary from apothecarius, one who keeps an

p.
p.

49
50.

for accented

e^i

see Hist.

Gram, Gram,

apotheca, or shop. Apothicaire is a doublet of boutiquier, q. v. APOTRE, sm. an apostle. O. Fr. apostre,
still

APPAS, sm.
that
it is

pi. attractions,
:

charms, anything

allures

pi.

word simply because

Appdt, O. Fr, of which For the etymology
;

in fact the pi. of appat.

earlier apostle

Apostolus,
after the

from L. apostolus. contracted into apost'lus

;

appast,

was then
which

in pi. appasts,

appas

is

a corruption.
is its

sm. a bait, allurement O. Fr. appast, medieval Lat. appastum, adpastum (food to allure game or fish), compd. of class. Lat. pastum. Der. appdter. Appdt is a doublet of appas, q. v. a 7th-cent. text ( 157). APPAUVRIR, va. to impoverish -ISSEThis change of / into r was not unMENT, sm. impoverishment. See pauvre. known to the Romans, who said either APPEAU, sm. a bird-call, decoy-bird, formerly palilia or parilia, caeluleus or caeruappel (as beau has come from bel, 1 5 7), leus. ^ an instrument which, by imitating a bird's APPARAITRE, va. to become visible, apnote, draws it into a snare. Appeau is pear, look, seem from popular L. appathen only a secondary form of appel, q. v. rescere. Appar6sc(e)re being accented APPEL, sm. a call, appeal verbal subst. of

law of Lat. accent (see 51), produced the O. Fr. apostle, which became apostre by changing I into r, as in ulmus, orme, ( 157), and, at the beginning of a word, in the single example of lusciniola, rossigfiol, which is written .ruse inio la in

see appat,

doublet.

APPAT,

on the antepenult, became regularly (51) appeler. appares're this gave the O. Fr. appar- APPELER, va. to call from L. appellare. oistre, (i) by ST str (see under ancetre, Der. appel. and Hist. Gram. p. 74), (2) by e = oi and Appellation, sf. an appellation, naming, oi = ai ( 63). For the loss of the s {apparappeal; from L. appellationem. aistre, apparaitre), see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Appendice, sm. an appendix from L. Apparat, sm. pomp, state from L. appaappendicem. ratus. APPENDRE, va. to hang up; from L. apAPPAREIL, sm. preparation verbal subst. pendere. For the dropping of the penult.
;

from appareiller ( 184).

APPAREILLER,
together.
for

Lat. e. see 51.

va. to pair, match, to put

ad

See pesant. App6tit, sm. appetite; from L. appetitus. Der. appetissznt. Applaudir, va. to applaud from L. apApparent, adj. apparent; from L. appaplaudere. Der. applaud\%s&mQi\t ( 225, rentem. note 5). APPARENTER, va. to ally by marriage. See Appliquer, va. to apply; from L. appliparent. Der. appliczhle, applicztxon. care. APPARIER, va. to match, pair. See paire. APPOINT, sm. odd money, balance due on Appariteur, sm. an apparitor ; from L. See point. account. apparitorem (a servant, or inferior officer, APPOINTER, va. to refer a cause ; -MENT, attached to the Roman magistrates). See point. sm. a salary.
.

168.

Der. appareil.
cc?i/.

For the etymology see pareil; ap see Hist. Gram. p. 177 and

APPENTIS, sm. a appendicium,

shed, pent-house
deriv. of

from L.

APPESANTIR,
down

va.

to

appendere. make heavy, weigh

APPAREMMENT,

apparently; formed from the adj. apparent. On apparemment for apparentment see 168.

30
APPORTER,
,

APPORTER

A QUILIN.
late

(verbal subst., 184), rapport, rapporter, rapporteur.

va. to set, affix
;

tare.

Der. apport

va. to bring

from L. appor-

Lat.

of Nangis,
eius':

appodiare*, found in William 'Appodiantes gladios lateri

APPOSER,
For

from L. appau-

sare, compd. of pausare, whence poser. au = o see 107.

va.
to

Appr6cier,
(weight)
;

appreciate,

ascertain

from L. appretiare (to estimate

worth, in TertuUian). apprecuh\e.

Der.

in the Philipp. of William the have, ' Fossis iam plenis parmas ad moenia miles appodiat.' Pui is from podium (a balcony, in Pliny a base, pedestal, in other writers). S'appuyer is, therefore, to support oneself by the help

and

Breton,

we

a//>reation,

Appr6hender,
of apprendre.

va. to apprehend
is

from L.
a doublet

apprehendere. Apprehender

Der. apprehension,
{i')

from L.

apprehensionem.

APPRENDRE,
prendere

of something, of a pui, a prop. That produced pui, as hodie has hui (in aujourd'hui), as odium, itiuid, as in odio, ennui, is perfectly certain. For the attraction of the Lat. i see Hist. Gram. PP' 53 77 ; for the loss of the d see Hist.

podium

va.

to learn, (2) to teach;

Gram.

p. 81.

low Lat. appodiare, from podivma, and It. appogiare from poggio, both in the sense of appuyer, confirm this the loss of the penult, e, see 51. Der. ^ etymology. dhapprendre, apprenti (which was in O. Fr. APRE, adj. rough, harsh formerly aspre, from L. asper. Der. apremenl. apprentif, from low L. apprendivus, a medieval deriv. of apprendere. Apprendre APRES,^re/). after. See /res. is a doublet of apprehender, q. v. APRETE, sf. roughness, harshness. O. Fr. APPRENTI, sm. an apprentice. See apprenasprete, from L. asperitatem. Asper(i)dre. Der. apprentisszge. tatem, contracted into asper'tatem. (52), APPRETER, va. to make ready. See pret. at first produced asperte (for atem = e, Der. appret (verbal subst.). see 230), and asperte became asprete, by APPRIVOISER, va. to tame; from L. apthe displacement and transposition of the privitiaie *. Apprivitiare is from r, with a view to an easier pronunciation. privus. For -tiaxe = -ser see agencer; This metathesis (discussed in Hist. Gram,
Lastly,

from L. apprendSre, a form which coexisted in Lat. with

is

apprekendere. (ApSilius Italicus.)

found in

For

for i

= oi

see 68.
sf.

Approbation,

approbation
to

from L.

p. 77), frequent in Fr., also takes place in Gr., as in KapSia and Kpabia ; and in Lat., as

approbationem.

APPROCHER,
appropiare

va.

approach;

(in Sulpicius

from L. Severus and St.

For pi = ch by consonification Jerome). of the i into 7, and consequent disappearance of the first consonant p, see Hist. Gram, Der. approche (verbal subst.), rapp. 65. procher, rapprochement. APPROFONDIR, va. to deepen, to fathom. See profond. Approprier, va. to appropriate ; from L. appropriare. Der. appropriztion. APPROUVER, va. to approve ; from L. approbare. For o = ow see 81 ; for b = i/ see 113. Der, desapprouver.

APPROVISIONNER, va. to -EMENT, sm. storing, stock,

provision,

provision
supply.

See

cerno, sprevi of sperno, In Fr. this metathesis of the r is seen in vervecem, brebis; it has also taken place within the Fr. language in comin the 1 7th cent, paratively modern days the word brelan was proncd. either berlan or brelan ; peasants say berbis, bertaudre, berteche, for brebis, bretauder, breteche, etc. Aprete is a doublet of asperite, q. v. A-PROPOS, adv. apropos. See propos. Apte, adj. apt from L. aptus. Der. aptitude, which is a doublet of attitude, q. v. APURER, va. to audit (accounts) ; -MENT, sm. an audit. See pur. t Aquarelle, sf. water-colour; from It. acquarella ( 25). an aquarium; from. L. + aquarium. Aquarium is a doublet of
in crevi,pret. of
etc.
: ;

Aquarium,
evier, q. v.

Approximatif,
schol. L.

adj.

approximate;

from

approximativus.
sf,

Aquatique,
ticus.

adj. aquatic;

from L. aqua;

Approximation,
APPUI, sm.
appuyer ( 184).

an approximation;

from schol. L. approximationem.

a support, stay; verbal subst. of
va. to support,

Aqueduc, sm. an aqueduct

ductus.

from L. aquae-

Aquilin,
prop up; from
nus.

adj,

aquiline;

from L. aquili-

APPUYER,

A QUILON
Aquilon,
aiglon.

ARCHITECTONIQUE.
Arbuste,
tum.
sm. a

31
bush;

sm. the north

wind
is

from L.
of

from L. arbus-

aquilonem.

Aquilon
sm.
It.

doublet

ARC,
ac?/. arabesque from arahesco ( 25).
;

Arabesque,
sf.

arabe, through the

t Arcade,

sm. a bow, arc, arch from L. arcus. Arc n z doublet of arche. Der. archer. sf an arcade; from the It.

Arable,

ARAGNE,

from L. arabilis. ( 25). O. Fr. araigne, from Arc-boutant, sm. (Archit.) an arched butSee bouter. For the change of the suffix tress, flying buttress. L. aranea. -anea into -agne, -aigne, cp. castanea*, ARCEAU, sm. a vault, arch; O. Fr. arcel (lit. chataigne montanea*, montague Cama little arc). See arc. pania*, campagne. -aneus usually be- ARC-EN-CIEL, sm. a rainbow from arc, en, and del. See Hist. Gram. p. 176. came -ain, as subitaneus, soudain. In from Gr. O. Fr. aranea was called araigne, and Archaisme, sm. an archaism araignee, from araneata (the D^r- archdi(\we. its web apx'^^i^^^work of the aranea). For the loss of ARCHAL, sm. brass wire; from L. orichalIn the 16th cent, the Lat. t see 201. cum. For o = a see aout; for loss of i etymol. meaning was lost, and the insect see 52. was called either araigne or araignee. In ARCHANGE, sm. an archangel; from L. the 1 7th cent, araignee drove out the other archangelus (St. Jerome). Arcbangelus form, and we find araigne no later than is Gr. apxayye^os, from dpx^i- and dyadj. arable;

a spider

La Fontaine.
patois.

The word
loss

is is

now

banished to

yfXos.

(i) sf. an ark; from L. area. (2) an arch from L. archia *, deriv. of tnusaraigne. arcus, a bow. Der. archev, which is a ARAIGNEE, s/. a spider. See aragne. doublet of arquer. Aratoire, adj. belonging to tillage from L. Arch^ologie, sf. archaeology from Gr. aratorius. apxaiokoyia, from dpxaios and \6yos. ARBALETE, sf. an arbalet, cross-bow. O. Fr. Der. arc/te'o/ogue. from L, arcubalista (in Ve- ARCHET, sm. a bow, fiddlestick; dim. of arc, arhaleste, getius). Arcubalista, contracted into Arche t was oricp. cochet from coq, 281. arc'balista in low Lat., became arbalete, ginally a wand bent in form of a bow. from (1) by reduction of re into r, as in quadri- ARCHEVEQUE, sm. an archbishop furcum*, carrefour (2) by the loss of eccles. Lat. archiepiseopus, from Gr. the s of O. Fr. arhaleste see Hist. Gram, Episc(6)pus, foldpxi- and kmaKoitos. Der. arbaletritr. lowing the law of Lat. accent (see 51), p. 81. ARBITRE, sm. an umpire, arbiter; from 1. dropped the short vowel 6, then, for L. arbiter. Der. arbiirage, arbitniie, euphony, not being able to bear the three arbitrA. consonants scp together, it dropped the p 2. Arbitre, sm. arbitrement, free-will from the word, then reduced to episc, became

The

of

it

certainly to be

ARCHE,
sf.

regretted.

It

survives only in the

compd.

L. arbitrium.

Der.

arbitrniie.

evesque, (i)
lit.

Arborer,
L.

va. to set

up

(a standard),
;

to

raise upright like a tree (arbre)

from low

arborare, from arbor. The It. word alberare is similarly formed from albero (a
tree).

by p = i', see iii; (2) by (3) hy c^q, see 124, and then evesque became Hist. Gram. p. 63 eveque, by the suppression of the s; see Der. archeveche. Hist. Gram. p. 81.

= e,

see 72

See

15.

ARCHIDIACRE,
Archiduc,
and due.

sm. an

archdeacon; from
;

ARBOUSE,

the arbutus berry ; from L. arbuteus, deriv. of arbutus. Arbuteus, regularly changed into arbutius (see 58),
sf.

Gr. dpxi- and diacre.

sm. an archduke

from Gr. dpx*-

gives arbouse,

by

u = om

(see

ti^s

(sfee

agencer, and 264).

Der.

90), and ar-

t Archipel,
arcipelago.

In the

sm. an archipelago; from It. 1 7th cent, the It. form

bousier.

was

still

retained

by some, who wrote archifrom L.

to
archi-

ARBRE,

sf a tree ; from L. the loss of the o, see 51.

arborem.

For

pelague (25).

ARCHITECTE,
architectus.

ARBRISSEAU,

sm. a shrub, small tree ; from L. arborieeUus, dim. of arbor. For the loss of o see for c = ss see 52;

Der.

sm. an architect;
adj. related

architectare, -ural.

Architectonique,
TOVlKOS.

tecture, architectonic;

from Gr. apxircK-

amide;

for -ellus

= -eaM

see 282.


32
Architrave,
from Gr.
sf.

ARCHITRA VE
<Jpx*~

ARRIRA GES.
Armateur,
ARME,
Der.

Archives,

(Archlt.) an architrave; *"^ L. trabem. sf.pl. archives; from L. archi-

sm. a shipowner, privateer cap;

tain, privateer

vum

(Tenullian).
in
1 6th

Der.
sf.

arc/"t/iste.

sf arm, weapon armtx ( 263),

from L. armator. from L. arma. -^e ( 201) (part,

;

tArchivolte,
introd.

(Archit.)

archivault,

subst., 184), -enient ( 225),

cent,

from

It.

arcivoUo

(of which the doublet

( 198),
-orial ( 191).

is

-ure ( 236) armature), -orier

( 25).

AR(^ON,
from

sm. saddlebow (like It. arcione) ; Lat. axcionem, dim. of arcus. The saddlebow is a piece of arched Der. ddsarponner (Hist. Gram. wood.

Armet,

sm. a helmet, headpiece.

Origin

Low

unknown ( 35). Armistice, sm. an mistitium *.

armistice; from L. ar-

p. 178).

ARMOIRE,
adj. arctic;

Arctique,

from Gr. &pktik6s,

constella-

tion near the

which from apKTos, the Bear, the North Pole.

adj.

sf. clothes-press, chest of drawers. O. Fr. armaire, from L. ariuariuxa. For oi and ai see 63 ; in this case the process
is

reversed.

Ardent,

ardentem.

Der. ardemment.
heat,

burning,

ardent

from L.
L.
ar-

Ardeur,
dorem.
Origin

sf.

ardour

from

ARDILLON,
ARDOISE,

sm. the

tongue of a buckle.

unknown
;

( 35).

sf. slate.

Origin

unknown (

35).

Ardu,
sq.

adj. steep

from L, arduus.

Are, sw. an
yards
;

are (in Mensuration)

= 1,196,049
is

sf. pi. a coat of arms, arms O. Fr. armoyeries, der. from the old verb armoyer, to emblazon, which from arme, like larmoyer from larme. ARMOISE, sf (Bot.) mugwort ; from L. artemisia. For the loss of the atonic e see 52 for the accented i = oi see 68. ARMORIAL, adj. armorial. See arme. Arm.ure, sf. armour. See arme. Der. ar;

ARMOIRIES,

from L. area.
;

Are

a doublet

mtir'xtx.

sm. aroma from L. aroma. Der. aromatique, aromatiser. Ar^ne, sf. sand from L. arena. ARETE, sf. fish-bone ; from L. arista (used ARONDE, sf. a swallow; from L. hirundo. For i = e This word is used in the 1 7th cent, by La for a fish-bone in Ausonius). Fontaine ; in the iSth by Voltaire. For see 72 ; for the loss of s see Hist. Gram. loss of the Lat. initial h see 134; for p. 81. = a see Hist. Gram. p. 48; for u = o atonic i ARGENT, sm. silver; from L. argentum. see 97. Der. argenttx (formed from argent, after the pattern of are = cr, 263), -erie ( 208, + Arpge, sm. (Mus.) an arpeggio; from It. arpeggio, derived from arpa, a harp 244), -ure ( 236), -ier ( i98),-in( 220),

of

aire, q. v.

Arome,

Argile,

A^inrgent&x (Hist. Gram. p. 178). from L. argilla. /. clay;

argilleux.

Der.

( 25)-

ARPENT,

Argot,
i"

sm. slang.
cent,

Argousin, sm.
1 6th

Origin unknown ( 35). a convict-warder ; in the algosans, corrupted from Sp.

sm. an acre. Prov. arpen, from L. arepennis. For the loss of the atonic (In class. Lat, we find e see 52. arpennis as well as arepennis.) Der.

arpentex, -age, -eur.

alguazil ( 26). sf. an arquebuse; introd. t in 16th cent, from It. archibuso ( 25). Arguer, va. to accuse, reprove; from L. Der. arquebuslex. arguere. Argument, sm. an argument ; from L. Arquer, va. to bend, curve. See arc. Arguer is a doublet of archer. argumentum. Der. argumentei, -ation. ARRACHER, va. to pluck out, eradicate; Argutie, sf. a quibble; from L. argutia. from L. eradicare, which is first contr. Aride, adj. arid, dry; from L. aridus. into erad'care (52); it next became Der. aridite. era'care (Hist. Gram. p. 81), then arra+ Ariette, s/a little air, tune; dim. of It. cher, (l) byo = ch ( 126), (2) by er = arr, aria, introd. by LuUi ( 25). the passage of which seems to be er = o/r = Aristocratie, sf. an aristocracy ; ftom Gr. air = arr, formed as if from adr ( 168). dpiaTOKparda. f Der. arrachement, -pied. Arithm6tique, sf. arithmetic f" from L. ARRANGER, va. to arrange. See rang. arithmetica. Der. arrangement. + Arlequin, sm. a harlequin; introduced ARRERAGES, sm. pi. arrears. See arriere. in i6th cent, from Jt. arlechino ( 25).

Arquebuse,

ARRESTA TIONARTIFICE.
Arrestation,

Z3
to that of

ARRET,

See arreter. sf. arrest. sm. a judgment, decree, sentence;

the

metaphor of seafaring
:

walk-

ing

a d n a r e , in Cicero,

verbal subst. oi arreter ( 184). ARRfiTER, va. to stop, arrest ; from L.

Papias, to

come by

ad-

For dr
III.

Arrestare first restare, arrestare. became, in O. Fr., arrester, then arreter, by loss of the s (see Hist. Gram. p. 8l); but the prim, form survives in arrestation, which properly ought to have been arretation. from L, Arrh.es, sf. pi. earnest-money arrha. ARRIERE, adv. behind from L. ad-retro*, like derriere from de retro, The L. retro became in O. Fr. riere (as 'petra produced pierre) 1. By e = ie, whether it be (l) accented,
; ;
:

= We

= to come by sea, in land ( 13). rr see 168, for p v see have seen that p first becomes

before becoming v, and that between Lat. arripare and Fr. arriver we have the inter-

mediate Low L. arribare. This softening of p into V is found in Fr. in assopire*,

assouvir, etc., puree (O. Fr.

pip'rata*.

Der. arrivage,
sf.

pevree) from

-ee.

Arrogance,
gant
i

a.

Arroger,
gare.

arrogance; from L. arroDer. arrogant. va. to arrogate; from L. arrova.

ARRONDIR,
See rond. note 4).

as

bSne,

bien

i^\, fiel ( 56);

brievete (

or (2)

Der.
;

to

make

round, enlarge.
(
;

arrowcfissement

225,

atonic, as
Hist.
2.
first

brgvitatem, Gram. p. 68).

56 and
Lat. tr

ARROSER,

By

tr = r, as in retro, riere.

became dr (see aider and 117); dr became rr by assimilation ( 168), as in The rr is softened latronem, larron. into r in such words as fratrem, frere; deretranus*, derrain, whence O. Fr. derrainier,

from L. adrorare (Marcellus Empiricus). For dr = rr see 168 as for r = s (adro-r-are,

va. to sprinkle, water
arro-s-er),
it is

to be seen in plusieurs, beside

bericle, beryllus); chaise {chair e, cathedra). This phonetic change of r into s or z is old: Theodore Beza, in the 1 6th

(O. Fr.

now

dernier ( 168).
:

cent., tells us that the Parisians

tneze, chaize,

said peze,

how retro became riere Merov. Lat. having produced the compds. ad-retro, de-retro, these became respectively arriere, derriere, by dr being assimilated into rr and thence to r (see
thus see
next, the
168), as in quadratum, carre; quadraginta, quarante, etc.

We

Th4odoze, Mazie, for pere, Palsmere, chaire, Theodore, Marie. grave (1530) remarks that at the court people said not Paris, but Pazis. This permutation is still to be found in some patois, specially in that of Champagne,

which says ecuzie

etc.

introd. in sm. an arsenal; 16th cent, from It. arsenate ( 25). ARRIVER, vn. to arrive from L. adri- Arsenic, sm. arsenic; from L. arsenicum. Arsenic is a doublet of O. Fr. arsoine. pare*, which is arripare in a Qth-cent. text, and arribare in a iith-cent. chartuDer. arsenicsil. arsenieux. lary. Art, sm. art; from L. artem. Arriver was first a sea-term and, Art^re, s/. an artery ; from L. arteria.

had the form arrere, which comes from arriere cp. acerer, from acier. t
Fr.

The O.

Der. orrosage,

for ecurie, freze for frere,

arrosoir.

Der. arrerage,

Arsenal,

arriertx.
;

like

its

primitive

adripare,

it

come
Life

pilots travellers to

to shore. In a 1 2th-cent. of Gregory the Great, a fisherman an island in the high sea:

Der, arteriel. meant to poem, the ARTESIEN, adj.

origin,

artesian;

word of

hist,

these wells having been bored in

first

France for the

in 1 6th cent,

many efforts, says the old poet, au rocher il les arriva, i. e. he made them touch, or reach, the shore. This original
after

tArtichaut,
Article, sm.
article
;

time in Artois ( 33). sm. an artichoke; introd,

It.

from

articiocco ( 25).

(1) an articulation, knuckle, (2)

meaning

is still

visible in a collection

of ad-

from L. articulum.
orteil, q. v.

Article

is

ministrative rulings of the 13th cent, in the

doublet of

Livre de Justice. Here we read that boatmen may arriver their boats, and fasten them to the trees ashore. From the 14th cent, arriver loses its first meaning and takes the more general sense of reaching
one's end, arriving.

Articuler,

Der.

culare/

va. to articulate; from L. artiArticuler is a doublet of artiller.

articulztion ( 232, note 4), -aire ( 197, note i), d^sarticuler (Hist. Gram,

p. l'jS),marticule.

Artifice,

We have seen under aller the passing from

Der.

sf.

an

artifice

from L. artificium.

artificial.


34
Artiflciel, adj.
alis.
artificial
;

A R TIFICIEL

A SSA

SSIN.

from L. art i fie i- Asile, sm. an asylum; from L. asylum. Aspect, sm. aspect, sight; from L. aspecArtificieux, adj. artful, cunning from L. tus, deriv. of aspicere. ASPERGE, s/. asparagus; from L. asparaartificiosus. ARTILLERIE, sf. artillery; a word existing gus. Aspar(fi,)gus, contracted into asin Fr. more than two hundred years before p^r'gus ( 51), becomes asperge by a=c It then had (see 54). the invention of gunpowder. I from L. aspera double sense, (i) arms or engines of war, Asperger, va. to sprinkle generally and specially such arms as the gere. bow, arbalest, etc., weapons of offence, to Asp6rit6, sf. asperity, roughness from L. Qtticonque doresenavanl voushoot with asperitatem. Asperitd is a doublet of aprete, q. v. dra etre artilleur et user du mestier rf'artillerie en la ville et banlieue de Paris, Aspersion, sf. an aspersion, sprinkling ; from c'est a savoir faiseur d'arcs, de flesches, L. aspersionem. from L. d'arbalestes (from a document of a. d. Aspersoir, sm. a sprinkling-brush
;
'

(2) Also, as in Joinville, in the 1 3th cent., the arsenal in which such arms were

'375)-

aspersorium*.

Asphalte,
tum.

sm. asphalte; from L. asphal-

deposited.

The

soldiers

of the

artillerie

were archers and crossbowmen ; then Asphyxie, sf. (Med.) asphyxy, suffocation gunpowder came in, and fire-arms supfrom Gr, dacpv^ia. planted the bow, etc., but the name for the ASPIC, sm. lavender-spike, corruption of older weapons was retained for the new. espic, from Lat. spicus (lavender). The Joinville also calls the maitre des arbalessweet and volatile oil from the large laventhe maistre de /'artillerie; and again he has nul ne tiroit d'arc d'arbaleste, ou d' autre artillerie. Artillerie is derived from O. Fr. artiller, to arm. (This word survived long in the navy: as late as the 1 6th cent, the phrase un vaisseau artille was used for ' an armed ship.') Artiller is in Low Lat. artillare, answering to L. axticulare, derived from artem through articulus. That artem should take in late Lat. the sense of the 'art of war will be better understood when we remember that the same metaphor has protriers
'

der,

known commonly
by
see Hist.

as

huile d' aspic,

is

called

Fr, chemists huile de.spic.

For

sp = esp

Gram.

p. 78.

+ Aspic,

sm. an aspic, a kind of viper. The word is not found in Fr. before the i6th cent., and comes from Prov. aspic ( 24), from L. aspidem. In O. Fr. aspic existed under the form of aspe, which is its doublet.
va.

Aspirer,
aspire

(i) to

draw breath, (2) to

L.

(to);

from

aspirare.

Der.

as/>z>ation, -ateur.

ASSAILLIR,
;

duced
from

en^in.{({.y.)

from

ingenium

( 13).

va. to assail, attack ; from L. assSlire (used in this sense in the Salic Law also in one of Charlemagne's Capitu'

sm. an artillery-man ; derived See artillerie. ARTIMON, sm. the mizen-mast ; from L. artemonem, used by Isidore of Seville in the same sense. For e = t see 60. + Artisan, sm. an artisan, mechanic; inIt. artigiano trod. in 16th cent, from ( 25). Originally ar/isa meant an artist: Peintre poete ou aultre artisan, says
artiller.

ARTILLEUR,

laries,

Qui peregrine
').

nocuerit

vel

eum

adsalierit
into saillir

For the change of salire For assimilated ass see saillir.

sain.

for ads see 168. ASSAINIR, va. to make wholesome. See

Der. assamissement 225, note ASSAISONNER, Der. assaisonnement.

va.

( to season,

4).

dress.

See

saison.

Assassin,

sm. an assassin, a word of historic

Montaigne.

+ Artiste,
cent,

sm, an
It.
'

artist;

introd. in

l6th
as.

Assassin, origin (see 33), assacis in Joinville. in the 13th

late Lat.

which

is

cent., in

from
'

artista ( 25).
;

hassessin,

As, sm. an as (Roman coin) from L. Ascendant, (i) adj. ascendant (2)
;

known

sect in Palestine

sm.

ascendancy, influence ent em, ascendnnce.

from L.

ascendfrom L.
daKfjTr)s

Ascension,
Ascdte,
( 21).

s/.

ascensionem.

Der.

ascension, ascent;

ascensionnd.
;

Der.

smf. an

ascetic

from Gr.

asceVisme, -ique.

the 13th cent., the of haschisch, an intoxicating drink, a decocThe Scheik Haschischin, tion of hemp). known by the name of the Old Man of the Mountain, roused his followers' spirits by help of this drink, and sent them to stab his enemies, especially the leading

name of a wellwho flourished in Haschischin (drinkers

is

the

55
:

A SSA UT

A SSONANT.

Joinville uses' the word assassin Crusaders. in the sense of a member of this sect, but

from the 15th cent, the word becomes a synonym for a murderer, and loses its original and special signification. We have at this day quite forgotten the origin of the word, an(t*the fact which introduced it to Europe. The same is true of several other words of the same kind, like the berline, which
originally

the subst. It may be found on every page ' of the Chanson de Roland I will give you or et argent assez ' (i. e. plenty of gold and silver), trop assez (i. e. far too much), plus assez, etc. Similarly with It. assai: presto assai (prestus adsatis) = very quick,
tresvite,

not assez vite. For change and comparison of meanings see 13, 15.
In
as in
this

word ds

is

assimilated

to

ss,

meant a

Berlin carriage, or seide,

is the name for a fanatic blindly devoted to the Prophet in Voltaire's ' Mahomet.' ASSAUT, sm. an assault. O. Fr. assalt, from For al = L. assaltus, compd. of saltus.

which

For ( 168). Adsatis becomes assez, a = e see 54. just as amatis, portatis become aimez,
aliud-sic,
aussi
portez.

Assidu,

adj. assiduous, punctual;

assiduus.

Der.

from L.

assiduxXe, assiduvntxiX..
;

au

see 157.

ASSIEGER,
to assemble, collect, gather;
cent.

va. to besiege

from L. assedi-

ASSEMBLER, va.

are*, used
texts.
p.

in sense of laying siege in 8th-

from L. adsxmiilare, assimulare. A.ssirauldre becomes assim'lare (see 52), and thence assembler, by (l) val^mbl

Gram.

For diare=^er see Hist. 65 and 137, 263; for e = /c

see 56.

Der.

Gram. p. 73); (2) i = e ( 72). assemblee (partic. subst., 201), -age, rassembler, rassemblement.
(see Hist.

ASSIETI'E, (i)

s/. a position, site, equilibrium, incidence (of taxation). This word is simply

ASSENER,

va. to strike hard, to deal a

from L. assignare.

Assener at

first
:

blow meant

the strong part, of asseoir ( 187, 188; see also aftsow/^). (2) s/. a plate. The Lat. assecare (compd. of ad and secare. Hist.

to direct a blow, to hit the

mark

Froissart

Gram.

p.

177 and

68) gave birth, through

to the fictitious verb
assettare.

speaks of an archer who drew un carreau, et assena un chevalier en la teste, i. e. hit

the supine

assectum, assectare, whence It.

him on the head.

lost
its

Little

by

little

assener
to

The
platter

Fr. assiette, also spelt assiecte, answers

'

etymol. meaning, and came to signify, as it does now, 'to hit hard' ( 13). The forms assinare, assenare are to be found in chartularies of the llth cent. The Romans similarly used either aprugna or apruna. This gn = is to be met with
in

the and means properly on which meat is cut up.' For = ie see 56, 66; as to ct = (a change which maybe seen in dact'lum, datte, etc., 18), this assimilation had already taken

assecta*,

place in Lat.

thus
for

we

find

mattea

for for

benignus,
found,

also

benin, etc. ( 131). It is orally, in the word signet,

mactea, natta
gluctio.

Der.

nacta, gluttio

assiettee.

proncd. sinet.
is

For

= e see

72.

Assener
;

Assigner, va.

a doublet of assigner, q. v.
assentir,

Der.

to assign;

from L. assignare.

assigna.tion, -at.

Assentiment,
O. Fr.

sm. assent, approval from Assimiler, va. to assimilate; from L. asfrom L. assentire. similar e. Der. assimihtion. See asASSEOIR, va. to seat from L. assidere. ASSISE, sf. a course (of stones). For the loss of the d see 117; for seoir. i = e see 72; for e oi see 62. Der. Assister, (i) va. to assist, help, (2) va. to rasseoir, rassis. The fem. part, assise has be present, attend; from L. assistere. become a subst. ( 187). Der. assistance. ASSERMENTER, va. to swear (a witness, etc.). Associer, va. to associate from L. asso-

See serment.

ciare.

Der.

assoc/ation.

Assertion, s/. an assertion; from L. asser- Assolement, sm. a distribution of crops. See tionem, sole. ASSERVIR, va. to reduce to servitude from ASSOMBRIR, va. to darken. See sombre. L. asservire. Der. asseri/issement. ASSOMMER, va. to fell, knock down. See ASSESSEUR, sm. an assessor from L. assomme. Der. assommoir.

sessorem. For 6 = eu see 79. ASSEZ, adv. enough from L. adsatis* (the
;

Assomption,
ASSONANT,
assouautem.

sf.

an assumption

from L.
;

assumptionem.
adj. (Rhet.) assonant

t
at

may
first

be traced in Prov. assatz). Assez meant much,' and was placed after
'

Der. assowance.
D
2

from L.

3
ASSORTIR,
sorte.

ASSORTIRATRE.

Der. assortiment,
va.

va. and . to match, sort.

d^sassortir.
lull

See
to

Astuce,

sf.

astucia.

Der.
(for

cunning,

astuteness

from L.

Assoupir,
sleep;
.

to

make drowsy,

ATELIER,

from L. assopire. Assoupir is a doublet of assouvir, q. v. Der. assoupissement.

sm. (Bernard Palissy has bastelier), from L. hastellarius*, a place at which are made the

asft/cieux ( 229). a workshop. O. Fr. astelier

hastellae
splints,

hastulae,

i.

e. little

planks,

ASSOUPLIR,
souple.

va.

to

make

supple.

See

in Isidore of S<5ville).
in

Hastella*
splint,

becomes
va. to deafen.

O. Fr.

astelle,

now

ASSOURDIR,
ASSOUVIR,
assopire.
see 1
q. V.

See sourd.
glut;
;

attelle.

The

astelier (place for

making these

Der. assorrfi ssement.

va.

to

satiate,

from L.

Der.

For 6 = om see 8i for p = t/ Assouvir is a doublet of assoupir,

assoj/vissement.

was at first simply a carpenter's workshop, whence it came to mean a workshop generally, (For such enlargements of
astelles)

meaning see

ASSUJETTIR,

va. to subject.

See sujet

As to the philological 13). changes, the chief is the loss of the h, which may also be seen in habere, avoir, etc.
(
;

Der. assujettissement. Assumer, va. to assume

,

from L. assu-

mere.
prop up; in the cent, asseurer, from L. assecu1 6th rare (found in a 12th -cent, document, * Adsec\iravit manu domini regis in For the loss of the c patris sui').
va. to secure,

ASSURER,
,

see

Hist.

Gram.

p. 81.

Der.

assurance,

lassurer.

This is to be noted even in 134). er, olus, era (Old Lat. her, holus, hera), are very common in inscriptions, in which we also find ujus, ic, oc, eredes, onestus, omo, for hujus, hie, hoc, heredes, honestus, homo and this though the Romans aspirated the initial h strongly, just as is done in England or Germany. For the loss of the s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 for arius = Vr see 198.
Class. Lat.
; ;

Ast6risque,

sm. an

asterisk;

from Gr.

ATERMOYER,
from
net, etc.

va. to delay

payment

of,

put

daTfpiaKos. Asthme, sm. the asthma ; from Gr. aaOpa. Der. asthmat\(\ne. See ASTICOTER, va. to plague, tease.

off the terme (q. v.) Atermoyer is derived from terme, Hke riidoyer from rude, nettoyer

Ath6e,

Der. atermoiement. sm. an atheist; from Gr. d9os.

astiquer.

Der. atheisme.
va.
to

ASTIQUER,

with a Origin unknown ( 35). Asticoter is derived from astiquer in the metaph. sense of ' to plague, Frequentative verbs of this kind tease.' are not rare in Fr. as picoter for piquer, tremhloter for trembler, etc. Astragale, sm. the ankle-bone ; from L.
polish

leather

glazing-stick, called

an

astic.

athlete ; from Gr. dOXtjr-qs. Der. athletique. Atlas, sm. (i) Atlas, (2) an atlas, map-book a word of historic origin. Mercator first gave this name to a volume of geographical maps, because Atlas was thought in classical

Athlete, sm. an

mythology to bear the world on

ders ( 33).

his shoul-

astragalus.
sm. a star; from L. astrum. ASTREINDRE, va. to oblige, compel, bind from L. astringere. Astringere, regularly contr. to astrin*re (see 51), pro-

Atmosphere,
A.tome,
fiOS.

Astre,

sf. the atmosphere ; a word constructed by the learned (22) from Gr.

drfids and acpaipa.

Der. atmospherique.
atom
;

sm.
sf.

an

from

Gr.

dro-

duced astreindre by wc ndr

(see

Hist.

Atonie,

Gram.

p. 73).

Der.

(Med.) atony

from Gr. drovia.

alone.

Astringent,
tringentem.

adj. astringent;

from L. as-

Atour,

Astrolabe,

sm. an astrolabe ; from Gr. d(TTp6\a^ov, lit. an instrument for taking the position of stars. Astrologie, ./. astrology from Gr. aarpoDer. astrologae. 'AarpoKoyia had \oyia. "no bad sense in Gr., and answered exactly to our Astronomy, not to Astrology.

sm. attire, ornament ; derived from O. Fr. verb atourner. Atour comes from atourner, like tour from tourner, contour For the etymology of from contourner. atourner see tourner. ATRE, sm. a hearthstone, fireplace. O. Fr. in 8th cent, astre (in the Glosses of ReicheFor as = a nau, meaning 'tile-flooring').
see
Hist.

Gram.

p.

81.

The

atre

was

Astronoinie,
tronomic.

.</".

Der. astronome, as/rowowique.

astronomy

from L. as-

rightly the tiled floor of a corner, nook, or

fire-hearth,

and the word comes, through

; :

A TROCEA TTOUCHEMENT.
astre,

11

ging,

astrum, from O. H. G. astrih, flagpaved flooring ( 20). The Glosses of

this, translating

for

its

etymology.
va. va.

Der.

attaque,
delay.
strike,

mattU'
See
reach,

qu2.h\t.

Reichenau confirm

astrum.

ATTARDER,
tard.

to

retard,

by pavimentum. Atroce, adj. atrocious; from

Atrophie,

ATTABLER, va. to place at table. See table. see Hist. Gram. p. 73. Der. atteinte (partic. ATTACHER, va. to attach, fasten, tie; subst., 188), see absoute. DETACHER, to detach, unfasten from a ATTELER, va. to yoke, put to DETELER,
; ;

Der.

L.

atrocem.
ik

ATTEINDRE,
attain
;

to touch,

atroc'ii^.
&f.

from
;

atrophy; fiom Gr. dTpo(pia.

see 73
51
;

Der. s'atrophiev.

for

attingire. For i = ei e (ng're) see iig'r = nr see 131 for nv^ndr

L.
for loss of atonic
;

common
tirer

radical lacher, as attendre

and de-

to unyoke.

tendre are from tendre, and attirer and de-

common

radical

Both these words come from teler, whose origin is

from tirer. This radical verb has disappeared, leaving no traces in O.Fr., and its origin is unknown ( 35). Attacker is a
doublet of attaquer, q.
v.

unknown

Der. attachemtnt,
We

rattacher, soustacher, detachement.

ATTAQUER.

have va. to attack, assail. explained (Hist. Gram. pp. 21, 22) how the He de France dialect grew in the middle ages
at the expense of the

contiguous See tenir. ATTENDRE, va. to await, wait for, expect from L. attendere. For the loss of the penult e see 51. Der. attente (participial

ATTENANT,

( 35). adj.

Der. atteUge.
adjoining,

from L. attinentem.

subst., 188), see absoute.

ATTENDRIR,
tendre.

other

dialects,
;

Norman, Picard, and and ended by supplanting

Der.
sf.

va.

to

soften,

affect.

See

a/^ewcfrissement.

ATTENTE,

expectation, hope.

See at-

them

how, nevertheless, it accepted certain tendre. words from these dialects, words which al- Attenter, va. to attempt; from L. attenready existed in the He de Fr. dialect under Der. attentat, attenta-toire. tare. a different form, and how thenceforth the Attentif, adj. attentive; from L. attentwo forms were used indiff'erently, either tivus. with the same meaning, or with two mean- Attention, sf. attention from L. atten-

Attaquer, really the same word as may be seen by the phrase s'attaquer a = s' attacker a, was one of the latter. The history of the language also proves it, the two words being formerly used indiff'erently, attaquer being sometimes used in the sense of attacker, as in the following passage (14th cent.): Elle attaque au mantel line ricke escarboucle (Baudoin de Sebourc). Sometimes, on the other hand, attacker means attaquer, livrer un combat, as in the following extract from a letter of Calvin to the Regent of England ce que j'entends, Monseigneur, vous avez deux especes de mutins qui se sont eslevez centre le roy et I'estat du royaume : les uns sont gens fantastiques qui soubs couleur de VSvangile vouldroient mettre tout en confusion; les autres sont gens obstines aux superstitions de VAntechrist de Rome. Tous ensemble meritent bien d'estre reprimes parle glayve qui vous est commis, veu quails s'attaschent nonseulement au
ings.

tionem.

attacker, as

Att6nuer,
attenuare

va. to weaken, waste

from L.

Der. attenuation.

ATTERRER,

va. to throw down; lit. to throw down to the ground. The etymol. meaning is still to be traced in Bossuet Se ralentir apres V avoir atterr^, c'est

luifaire reprendre ses forces.

ATTERRIR,
Attester,

vn. to land.

See terre.'Dtr.
225).

atterrissa.ge ( 248), -issement (

Der.

va. to attest;

from L. attestari.
;

attestsition,

Attieisme,
Kiafius.

sm. an atticism
va.

from Gr.

oltti-

ATTIEDIR,

to

cool.

See tiede

Der.

attiedisstmtnt.

ATTIFER,
unknown

va. to dress one's head.

Origin

ATTIRER,
attirail.

( 35). va. to attract.

See

tirer.

Der.

ATTISER,

va. to stir (the fire); from L. attitiare * (deriv. from titio). For tiare

roy, mais a, Dieu qui Va assis au siege royal, et vous a commis la protection tant de sa perSonne que de sa majeste. (Lettres de Calvin recueillies par M. Bonnet, ii. 201).

= ser
cent,
is

see agencer.
s/.

+ Attitude,
from
It.

an attitude

introd. in

i6th

attitudine ( 25).

Attitude

a doublet of aptitude.

attacker,

Attaquer, then, being simply a doublet of I refer the student to attacker

ATTOUCHEMENT,
from attoucker.

sm. a touch, contact See toucher.

; ;

38
Attraction,
tionem.
s/.

A TTRA CTIONA UGURE.

attraction
;

fromL. attracallurement, pi.

ATTRAIT,
;

5m.

attraction,

It is curious that the mod. Germ, deriv. herberg also signifies * an inn,' by the same extension of meaning as has modified the

sense of the Fr. word ( 15). charms from L. attractus, found in sense of allurement in Dictys of Crete, ct be- AUBIER, sm. (Bot.) the blea from L. albarius% from albuB (by reason of the whitecomes it by an incomplete assimilation ness of the inner bark of the plant). For ( 168) ot first became jt, which passed for -arius = -/er see al = AM see 157 into it, wherein the French i represents the Lat. o. This change is not rare in Fr. 198. thus after a, as in factus, fait', after e, as AUBOUR, sm. (Bot.) the cytisus, laburnum; from L. albtumum. For al = ou see in confectus, con/it; after i, as strictus, = r cp. for etroit; after o, as coctus, cuit; after u, 157 ; for u = OM see 97 See Hist. Gram. p. 50. cornu, cor, 163. as fructus, /rwt'/. The spelling, faict, traict, etc., is the AUCUN, adj. any, any one, some one. This word (in the 1 3th cent, alcun, in the 1 2th grotesque and barbarous work of I5th-cent. alquti) is a compd. of alque, as chacun of pedants. The medieval Fr. wrote it, as cheque, and quelqu'un of quelque. AUquis now, fait, trait, etc. Wishing to bring produced O. Fr. alque'. aUqul venerunt, these words nearer to their Latin original in O. Fr. alque vinrent. Alque therefore the pedantic Latinists intercalated a c, and answers to quelque, and alqun to quelqu'un. wrote faict, traict, not knowing that the it The history and etymology of aucun show represented the Lat. ct. already that the word is properly affirmative, not ATTRAPER, va. to catch; from trappe. negative Avez-vousf entendu aucun disFor the etymology see trappe. Der. attrape cours qui vous fit croire? (verbal subst.), rattraper. Allez au bord de la mer attendre les vaisseaux, et Attribuer, va. to attribute ; from L. atsi vous en voyez aucuns, revenez me le tribuere. Der. attribution, attributif. dire. Pbedre etait si succinct yw' aucuns Attribut, S7W. an attribute; fromL. attri; :

butum.

Cen ont bldme. La Fontaine, Fables,

va. to sadden.

6. i.

ATTRISTER,

See triste. ATTROUPER, va. to gather, assemble. See Der. attroupement. troupe.

AU,

art. to the.

(see le).

AUX,
les).

d les (see 157.

O. Fr. al, contr. from a le O. Fr. aus, earlier als, for For Z = , in these words, see

when accompanied by ne: J' en attendais trois, aucun ne vint; but we must not forget that the word itself is positive, meaning quelqu'un, ' some
negative
one.'

Aucun becomes

For

the change

of aliqiiis
i,

into

alque,
for

by the fall of the Lat. al = aw see 157.

see 51

AUBAINE,

sf.

escheat, right of succession to

the goods of an alien at his death. An aubain was a foreigner who had not been naturalised. Origin unknown ( 35). AUBE, sf. the dawn of day, daybreak, formerly albe, from L. alba. For l = w see 157. Der. auba.de, introd. in 15th cent, from

sf boldness; from L. audacia. Der. audacieux. Audience, sf. an audience, hearing; from L. audientia. Der. audiencitx. Auditeur, sm. an auditor; from L. audi-

Audace,

torem. Auditif,
tus.

adj.

auditory; from L.

audi Vi-

Sp. albada ( 26).

AUBE,

Audition, sf. a hearing; from L. auditiosf. an alb, vestment of white linen from L. alba. nem. AUBE, sf. a paddle (of a wheel). Origin un- Auditoire, sm. (l) a court, hall, (2) audience; from L. auditorium. known ( 35). AUBEPINE, sf. the hawthorn. O. Fr. AUGE, sf. a trough from L, alvSus. For from L. albaspina. For l = u al = QM see 157 ; for -veus = -ge, albespine, through yjus, 'jus, ge, see Hist. Gram, see 157; for Bp = ep see Hist. Gram,
;

p. 74.

p.
sf.

66

for the loss

of

see Hist.

Gram,
;

AUBERGE,

an inn, public house.

still

O. Fr.

p.

81.

alberge, earlier

helberge; in the

cent, herberge in the

Chanson de Roland,

meaning a military station a word of Germanic origin, like most war-terms, and from O. H.G. her'berga, heriberga ( 21).

nth Augment, sm. an L. augmentum.

augment, increase
to

from

Augmenter,
augmentare,

Der. augmentation.

va.

augment;

from L.

Augure, sm. an augury;

from L. augurium.

A UGVSTE
Atigure
augiirer.
is

A VTO-BA-Tt,
into

39

a doublet of

O. Fr. heur
;

Der.

AugUSte,
gustus.

adj. august, noble

from L. au-

u is found in parol^ tole, forge, puree, which words have lost their etymol. form in mod. Fr., but in O. Fr. were paraide

(parab'la), taule (iAWXi), faurge, (fabr'This softcz), petiree (pevree, pip'rata). ening also goes on within the Fr. language : thus aurai, saurai, were in O. Fr. avrai, for averai, from habere; savrai, saver ai from sap ere, as has been shown in the Hist. Gram. p. 128. Aujoiird'hui, in O. Fr. written more correctly an jour d'hui, is a pleonasm, lit. Aurore, sf. the dawn, break of day ; from L. aurora. meaning on the day of to-day.' AUMONE, sf. alms, charity. O. Fr. aumosne ; Ausculter, va. (Med.) to auscultate, Hsten in 9th cent. from L. auscultare. Ausculter is a doublet cent, almosne ; in nth of ecouter, q. v. Der. awscw/^ation. almosna, elmosna, from L. eleemosyna. For the loss of the Lat. y, under the rule Auspice, sm. an auspice; from L. auspicium. of the Lat. accent, see 51 ; for the loss of the ee see 52; for e\ = au see AUSSI, adv. also, likewise. O. Fr. alsi, from L. aliud sic (Hist. Gram. p. 158), aliud 157; for the loss of s see Hist. Gram, having regularly produced al in O. Fr. by Der. aumomtx, -erie, -ifere. p. 8x. dropping the d of the medial consonants ds AUMUSSE, sf. amess, a kind of fur worn on (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), and then by dropvestments. Origin unknown ( 35). Church ping the short atonic vowels iu ( 51). AUNE, sm. (Bot.) an alder-tree ; from L. alThen for sic = s/ see si; for al = au see nus. For Ql = au see 157. AUNE, sf. an ell. O. Fr. alne, from Low L. 157-^ alena, which from Goth, aleina. For al = AUSSITOT, adv. immediately. See aussi and tot. au see 157. Der. auner, aunage. AUPARAVANT, adv. before; from au and Austere, adj. austere; from L. austerus. Der. austerhe. paravant. The article au was not attached to this word till towards the 15th cent.: O.Fr. Austral, adj. austral, southern from L. said par-avant. ne votdus point etre australis. Je ingrat, says Froissart, quand je consid6rai + sm. the south wind ; from Prov. autan ( 24). This word, originally altan, la honte miil me montra par-avant. AUPRfeS, adv. near. See pres. is from L. altanus (the south wind, in Vitruvius). Aur6ole, sf. an aureole, glory, halo ; from L. aureola, sc. corona, a crown of gold. AUTANT, adv. as much, as many ; so much, so many. Aureole is a doublet of loriot, q. v. O. Fr. altant, from L. aliud Auriculaire, adj. auricular; from L. aurtantum (Hist. Gram. p. 159). For aliud al = au see aussi. icular is. Auriculaire is a doublet of oreiller, q. v. AUTEL, sm. an ahar. O. Fr. altel (in the AURONE, sf. (Bot.) southernwood; from L. nth cent, alter, in the Chanson de Roland), from L. altare. For al = aM see 157; abrotonum. Abrotonum, regularly contrd. into abrot'num, according to the for r = / cp. perefor a, = e see 54; law of the Lat. accent (see 51), reduced grin us, pelerin, 154. tn to n, as in plat'nus, plane; retna, Auteur, sm. an author from L. autorem, rene (Hist. Gram. p. 81). which is found as well as auctorem. br becomes ur as follows : b is softened first into v authentic ; from L. this is Authentique, adj. next vocalised and becomes u, a transition authenticus. Der. authenticite. very common in Lat. as nauta for nav'ta ; Autochthone, (l) adj. autochthonic, abnaufragium for nav'fragium aucellus original, (2) sm. an aboriginal ; from Gr.

Auguste

is

AUJOURD'HUI,
hodie.

adv.

a doublet of aout, q. v. Hni is L. to-day.

For hodie = odie see 134; for odie=w see 120; for loss of d, and The O. Fr. word refor 6 = M, see 77. mains in the law term, d'hui en un an.

'

Autan,

sm. an autocrat; from Gr. comes from b through v; thus abavTOKp&T-qs. fero becomes aufero, by the way of + Auto-da-f6, sm. an auto-da-fe, 'act of avfero faith '; a word introduced from Port., used of abfugio, avfugio, aufugio. Cp. also the common Lat. form gauta the execution of the victims of the Inquisifor gab'ta (gabata). tion ( 26). This change of b
Fr.)
;

for av'cellus, etc. ( 113). Even in Lat. there are examples in which the (as in

avToxOojv.

Autocrate,

40
Autographe,
avT6ypa<po$,
S1^.

A UTOGRAPHE
an autograph
;

A VEC.
aval.
stretch forth;

from Gr.

AVALER, va. to swallow. See A V ANGER, {l)va. to advance,

(2) vn. to come forward. avance, avancemtni.

Automate, sm. an automaton; from Gr. avT6fMros. Der. aw/owa/ique, Automne, sm. the autumn; from L. autumnus, a form of auctumnus. Autonome, adj. autonomous, independent from Gr. avT6voyiOS. Der. autonomic. Autopsie, sf. an autopsy, post-mortem ex-

See avant.

Der.

Avanie, sf.
word
which
is

molestation, annoyance. This

is a curious instance of the vicissitudes in meaning described in 13. Avanie,

simply the

common
is

affront),

which again

Gr. d^avla (an from the Turkish

amination

from Gr. avTO\pia.

va. to authorise
;

avan
from

(a vexation, trouble), signified origin-

Autoriser,
Autorit6,
tatem.

Low

L.

ally the exactions practised

auctorisare*.
s/ authority; from L. auctori-

chants
its

by

the Turks.

on Christian merBrought by travellers

of annoyance
to

into Europe, the

special

word soon passed out of

present sense of annoyance

signification
its

AUTOUR, prep, round about. AUTOUR, sm. a goshawk.

It.

See tmr.

Christians, to

Pro v. austor.

generally.

astore

Low

from by Firmicus Maternus.

rius *,

L. ast6rius, from L. astuastur, used in 4th cent,

AVANT,
;

(l) prep, before, (2) adv. far, for-

For ast = aust see

autruche

for loss of s see Hist.

;

Gram.

p. 81.

AUTRE, adj. other formerly altre, from L. alter. Autrui answers to autre as cettui to ctf/ (see Hist. Gram. p. 1 15); consequently
men said autrui had no article in O. Fr. V autrui cheval or le cheval autrui (alterius equus) for le cheval d'un autre. AUTRUCHE, sf. an ostrich; O. Fr. autruce and austruce from L. avistrutliio (strucio
:

ward from L. abante, a form found in a few inscriptions of the Empire, e. g, in the epitaph, ' Fundi hujus dominus infans hie jacet similis Deo; hunc abante oculis parentis rapuerunt nymphaeo in gurgite.' Abante was certainly a common Lat.
There
for

form, answering to ante, the Class, form. is preserved a curious testimony on this point the common folk said ab-ante
:

ante, and an old Roman grammarian finds great fault with the form, and bids his
readers

for

struthio

is

to be

found

in

medieval
is

avoid

it:

'"Ante me

fugit"
;

Lat.).

Avis -struthio, avis-strucio,

contr. into av'strucio;

then becomes

dicimus non " ab-ante me fugit " nam praepositio praepositioni adjungitur imprudenter
in
:

u, as in navifragium, nav'fragium, naufragiuiu ( 141). For the loss of the s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. The Sp. avestruz,

quia
iii.

sitiones.'

ante et ab sunt duae praepo(From the Glosses of Placidus

Mai,

an ostrich, confirms struthio ( 15).

this derivation

from avis

this softening

The Lat. b becomes v : 431.) is found in Lat. ; in the oldest

AUVENT, sm.
( 35).

a penthouse.

Origin

unknown

monuments we see incomparavilis for incomparabilis, acervus for acerbus,

devitum
adj. auxiliary;

for

debitum

in

6th-cent.

Auxiliare,
aris.

from L. auxilifrom L.

documents deliverationem for deliberationem. This softening also takes place

in Fr. in habere, avoir, etc. ( 113). Der. avantage (that which advances, profits us,
sets us avant).

AVAL,

adv. down-stream

ad

val:

lem, used of a river flowing vale-wards its opposite is amont (ad montem), which is
upwards, towards the
(lit.

hill.

The
first
'

verb avaler
to descend,'

go aval) signified at and was but gradually

to

restricted

to

its

present

sense

of

swallowing.
13.)
les

(For
in

restrictions,

see

Some

such traces of
Fr.,
le

the original

meaning remain

mod.

such as the phrase

fleuve, and in the

bateaux avalent

word avalanche, which is properly a mass of snow which slides to-

"t

wards the vale. Lat. dv is here reduced to V, as in advertere, avertir ( 120). Avalanche, sf. an avalanche; a word introduced from Switzerland. For its ety-

mology

see avcd.

advantage. See avant. Der. avantager, desavantager, avantageux, d^savantageux. Avare, adj. avaricious, greedy from L. Avare is a doublet of O. Fr. aver. a varus. Der. avarice. AVARIE, sf. a damage, injury (properly the damage done to a cargo in transit). Avarie, in late Lat. havaria, haveria, answers to the Dutch havery. AVEC, prep, with formerly aveuc, originally avoc, from a barbarous Lat. abhoc, aboc, which is a transformation of the expression apud hoc, lit. 'with this,' apud having
;

A VANTAGE, sm. an

A VELINE

A VO UER.
found
for

41
oculus
in

the signification of cum in several Merov. and Carol, documents, as in one of the Apud xii Formulae of Marculphus,
'

the

Probum. For b=v see see 88; for c\ = gl

;

ill

Appendix ad for o = eu
;

see

129.

Der.

aveughr, aveuglement. from L. avidus. lost its d (as is seen from the form apue, Avide, adj. greedy See vil. Der. avilfound for apud in an inscription of AVILIR, va. to vilify. issement. the Empire), and then became ap, which See vin. passed into ab by the regular transition of AVINER, va. to season with wine. p into b (see ili). Ab for apud is AVIRON, sm. any instrument which serves to turn an object with, an oar. See virer. found in a Chartulary of Louis the Pious, *ab eum,' Ab his celluhs,' and in the AVIS, sm. an opinion, mind, vote, advice; from ct and vis, which, from L. visum, in O. Fr. oldest monument of the language, the meant opinion, way of seeing a thing. Strasburg oaths (a.d. 814), we have Ab The medieval expression was il m'est a vis Ludher nul plaid numquam prindrai'=: (my opinion is that avec Lothaire je ne ferai aucun accord. A and vis be.). This ab came to have the same sense as came presently united in avis. Der. aviser,
Francos
debeat
coniuvare.'

Apud

soon

'

'

Fr. avec.

The

Lat.

hoc

lost

its

(see

raviser, mzlaviser.

134) and the compd. ab-oc changing into V ( 113) became avoc, a form found in iith-cent. documents. The o of avoc then became en ( 79), aveuc, which towards the 14th cent, became avec. AVELINE, sf. a filbert from L. avellina. AVENIR, vn. to occur ; from L. advenire.

AVITAILLER,
L. victualia.
p.

va.

to

provision,
see Hist.

victual.

Vitaille in O.Fr. signified 'provisions,'

from

For

ct^^

Gram,
;

50

for the loss of

besides,

we
va.

find vitalia for

Carlov. Chartularies.

Der.

u see coudre and, victualia in

ravitailler.

AVIVER,

For
is

dv =

now

see 120. archaic it was

i/
:

Avenir

(as a verb)

Der.
= oi

to

polish,

burnish.

See

vif.

raviver.

17th
voir
cal),

cent,,

Ce que
is

les

still in use in the prophetes ont dit de-

Avocat,
AVOINE,

sm. an advocate, pleader, barrister from L. advocatusj Avocat is a doublet

avenir dans
Avenir

la suiie des temps (Pasarrival, the infin,

of avoue, q.
sf.

v.

Der.
; ;

ai/ocasserie.

Der, avenir (sm.

as a subst,,

a doublet of advenir, q, v.

oats

from L. avena.

For e

taken

185),

avenue

(partic. subst,,

see 62. AVOIR, va. to have

187), aventme.

the loss of
for

see
62.

from L. habere. For 134; for b = 2/ see 113

;

sm. Advent, the coming of Jesus from L. adventus. Christ AVENTURE, sf. an adventure. See avenir. Der. aventurer, -eux, -ier, -iere. AVENUE, sf. an avenue, approach. See
;

AVENT,

e = oi see

AVOISINER,
sin.

va.

to

border on.
;

See voi-

AVORTER,

va. to miscarry

from L, abor-

avenir.

AVERER,
AVERSE,
is

va. to aver, prove the truth of;

from L. adverare*. For

sf.

dv = v

see 120.

a shower.

See verser.

Averse

a doublet of adverse, q. v.

Aversion,

sf an aversion, dislike
va. to

from L.
L.

aversionem,

AVERTIR,

inform, warn ; from advertere. Der. avertisstment. AVEU, sm. an avowal. See avouer.

AVEUGLE,

adj. blind from L. abdeillus*, compd. of ab (privative) and oculus, like amens, out of one's mind, which is compd. of a and mens. This word is old in
;

common

found in Petronius (ist cent.) in the phrase aboeulo librum legere ' (to read with eyes shut). AboLat.
;

it

is

'

tare (Varro), For see 113, Der, avortement, avorton. AVOUE, sm. an attorney ; from L, advocaFor the loss of c see 129; for tus. dv v see aval and 120; for o = ow (the 6 being treated as if it were 6) see 81; Avoue is a for -atus = -e see 200. doublet of avocat, q. v. AVOUER, va. to avow, confess compd. of vouer, q. v. The history of this word of those gives us a curious example changes of meaning treated of in 15. Originally avouer was a term of feudal avouer un seigneur is ' to recustom cognise him for one's lord,' to swear him Thence fealty, to approve all his acts.' came the second sense ' to approve.' Je
; : '

hv

culus
by

is

regularly contrd.

( 51). This derivation is It, avocolo, now vocolo

aboclus confirmed (15)

into
:

t^avouerai detout, says Racine in his Phfedre. Corneille says, Et sans dotite son coeur vous

en avouera bien.
the

Paul Louis Courier uses

sense,

oclus

is

to be

word

in this

when he

says in


42
'
'

A VRILBACHELIER.
Axonge,
axungia
sf.

sm. (Chem.) azote a word made up of Gr. a priv. and ^<ui]. sm. azure, sky-blue. This word, + which can be traced in Fr. back to the ilth Der. aveu (verbal subst., 184), A^%avouer cent., is of Eastern origin, a corruption of (whose verbal subst. is d^sav^w). Low Lat. lazzurum, lazur, which is the AVRIL, sm, April; from L. apriLis. For Persian lazur, the stone now called lapis p=v see III. lazuli ( 31). Axe,5m. an axis; from L, axis. Der. oxille, Azyme, sm. unleavened bread from Gr. of which the doublet is aisselle, q. v. d^vfJios. Axiome, sm. an axiom ; from Gr. a{ia)/jia.
' ;

one of his letters, Parle, ^cris, je t'avouerai approval de tout. After it passes to ' ratification,* thence to recognition as one's own,' as in avouer une lettre. Lastly it

(Pharm.) axunge;

from L.

(pig's fat, in Pliny).

Azote,

means

*to recognise 'generally, 'to avow.'

Azur,

B.
Babeurre,
Diet, has

In 1604 Nicot's sf. butter-milk. Batbeurre, instrument pour hattre le lait. The implement thus gave its name to the substance it created. For change of Batbeurre is a compd. sense see 13. of bat (see battre) and beurre. For such compds. of subst. and verb see Hist. Gram, for loss of t see Hist. Gram, p. 1 76
;

For the suffix 0/ see 281. For c ch see 128. Bac also signifies a trough brewers call the wooden vessel In in which they prepare their hops a bac. this sense the word has produced another
bac, or boat.
;

dim. baquet
see 13.

for

dim. in

-et

see

ablette.

For transition of sense from boat to vat

p. 81.

Baccalaur6at,
vn. to babble, chatter (15th cent,
;

sm.
sf.

bachelorship.

See

BABILLER,
in

bachelier.

word

priestess of sf. a Bacchante, Bacchus; from L. bacchantem. BACHE, sf. (l) an awning, (2) cistern, (3) subst.). BABINE, sf. a lip, chops (of apes, etc.) (i6th frame. Origin unknown (a word not older than the 19th cent.). cent, in Beroalde de Verville, p. 258); der., with suffix ine, from root bab (a lip), of BACHELIER, sm. a bachelor. Prov. baccalar. It. baccalare, Merov. Lat. baccaGerm, origin, found in several mod. Germ, patois as b'dppe. For pp=6 see ill. larius* (a man attached to a baccalaria, Cedimus res proprieor grazing-farm). tBabiole, sf. a plaything; from It. babtatis nostrae ad monasterium quod vocatur bole. Bellus Locus, cum ipsa baccalaria et + Babord, sm. (Naut.) larboard, port; from mansis,' from a Donation of 895, Chartulary Germ, bachbord. Baccalaria, which is of Beaulieu, p. 95. + Babouche, sf. a slipper; from Ar. connected with baccalator, a cow-herd, baboudj. baboon, monkey. Origin found in 9th-cent. documents, comes from BABOUIN, sm. a baccalia, a herd of cows, which from unknown {baboin in R. Estienne's Diet., bacca, a cow, a form used for vacca in I know no example of the word 1549). Low Lat. For change of v into b see 1 40. before the 14th cent., but it certainly existed Baccalarius is then rightly a cow-herd, in the 13th, as we read in an English ina farm-servant; moreover, in Carolingian ventory of 1295, in Ducange, 'Imago texts which have lists of serfs we see that cum pede quadrato stante super B.V. baccalarius and baccalaria are applied quatuor parvos babewynos;' and the only to young persons over sixteen years of verb bebuinare signified, in the 13th cent., age, old enough to be engaged on fieldto paint grotesque figures in MSS. thus, in a Descriptio mancipiolabour BAG, sm. a ferryboat from Netherl. bak (in From rum, or list of property of the Abbey of St. 15th cent, in Eustache Deschamps). Victor at Marseilles (9th cent.), we find a this prim, has come the dim. bachot, a little

de Patelin) an onomatop. Cp. analogous words in Engl, babble. Germ, babother languages heln. Der. babilUTd,babilhge, babil (verbal
the Farce
(
34).

Bacchanales,

pi.

bacchanalia

from

L. bacchanalia.

Bacchante,

'

; ;

JBA CHIQUE
list

BA GA RRE.
this literal sense
:

43
the word got, in the mid-

of serfs living on a colonica (or breadth of land tilled by a colonus) ' Colonica in Campania : Stephanus, coloDominicus, filius baccanus uxor Dara larius; Martina, filia baccalaria, Vera,
; ;

dle of the 1 7th cent., the figurative sense of ' closing an affair'; and in 1690 Furetiere's

Diet, says,
barres,

Bacler, fermer avec des chaines

. . .

filia
ii.

annorum xv (Chart, of S. Victor, 633). The word has thus passed through
'

on dit figiircment et bateaux bassement: C'est une affaire baclee, c'est a dire conclue et arretee. For change of

of meanings before reaching its sense. The bachelier, farmservant, attached to a baecalaria, works under a colonus this word then takes the sense, in feudal custom, of a lower vassal who marches under the banner of another then it comes to mean a youth too young to carry his banner as yet, who serves under a lord then, in old University speech, he is a young man who studies under a Master, with a view to gaining the degree below that of Doctor ; lastly, it means a graduate
a
series

meaning
of 'to
phrases,
it

see

1 3.

The
in

original

present

modern

shut'

remains

meaning some technical

Der.
+

with

such as bacler un port, to close chains bacler une riviere, etc,

;

debdcler, debacle (verbal subst.).

sm, a booby, ninny; introd. towards the 16th cent, from Prov. badau, which is connected with Lat. badare (see under bayer). BADIGEON, adj. stone-coloured (1690, Furetiere's Diet.). Der. baOrigin unknown.

Badaud,

digeonner, -age.

in a Faculty.

t Badiner,
For
Hist.

vn. to jest,
is

make merry

from

Baccalarium becomes bacalarium by

cc

e, whence in nth cent, baceler. a = e see 54; for arium = 5r see

1

badare
-erie.

connected with Lat, For badiner from bader, cp, trottener, trotter. Der, badimge,
Prov. badiner, which
(see bayer).

Gram. p.

84. Baceler in 1 2th cent, becomes hacheler: for c ch see 128. Bacheler in

BADINE,
before
Diet.

sf.

a switch (not found in Diet,

13th cent, becomes bachelier: for eT = ier see 66. From O. Fr. bachelier comes through the Normans the Engl, bachelor. Let us add that towards the end of the middle ages bachelier, in the sense of a Graduate in a Faculty, was latinised into

the

present
says,

cent.);

verbal

subst.

of badiner (see badin), of which Richelet's

(1728)

Badiner,

joiier

et

folatrer de la main. A badine is something, then, to amuse the hand : Trevoux's Diet. (1743) says, Badines, pincettes legeres

baccalaureus by

the University

clerks,

who

also

gave to

this

new-formed word the

et)'^mology

bacca

Apollo's bay.

lauri, thus alluding to After inventing baccalauin

qu'on appelle ainsi parce qu'elles servent a, badiner et a s'amuser en arrangeattt, quelques charbons. Hence can easily be seen

how

the

word

coqi^es

to

mean

'

a switch,

reus

15th cent, in N. de Clemengis de Studio Theol.), they made out of it baccalaiireatus, which was then
(a

word found

cane,' to

hold in the hand and 'flirt^but

va.

not to use.

BAFOUER,
cent, in
baffer,

to

baffle,
ii.

scoff

turned into baccalaureat.

sary to

It is

hardly neces-

Montaigne,
beffer.

153);

at (l6th from O. Fr,

origin,

add that

this

etymology has no
from L. bacchi-

word of Germ,
For
e

foundation.

from Netherl,
adj. Bacchic;

beffen.

=a

cp. Hist.

Bachique,
cus.

Gram.

p.

48.
to

Bafrer,
;

BACHOT,

sm. a wherry (1549, R. Estienne's Diet.) see bac. Der. bachoteur. BACLER, va. to bar, fasten (door or window) a word not found in Fr. before the 17th cent. It came in towards the end of the l6th cent, from Prov. baclar, to close a door with a wooden bar, a baculus, whence

stuff; from from bafer, found in a Gloss, published by Mai (Class, auct. Fragm. viii) Bafer, grossus, turgidus, ventriculosus.' Baf(e)rare, contr. to bafDer. rare, becomes bafrer by are = er.

vn.

gourmandise,
der.

L,

baferare*,
:

'

bafre (verbal subst.), bafreur.

BAGAGE,
'

baculare, whence baclar by loss of u In 1604 Nicot's Diet, gives this ( 52).
definition of bacler: Bacler estfermer huys avec un baston par dedens, Pessulum fori-

deriv. in age ( 248) sf. baggage of bague, which originally meant parcels,' bundles.' The word remains in the phrase Sortir d'un danger vie et bagues sauves. Bague comes from Celt. (Gael, bag, a parcel,
; '

busobdere;
ou
cheville

et s'

entend de ce petit baston

see 19).

d'un pied de long qjii ferme I'huys en maniere de verroil de fer. From

Bagarre,
known.

sf.

hubbub,

fray.

Origin un-

; :

44
t Bagatelle,
1

BA GA TELLE^BALLOT.
dance, from L. ballare.
lade, a ballad,

tBagne,
BAGUE,

sf. a trifle; introd. in the 6th cent, from It. hagatella. sm. galleys; introd. in l6th cent, from It. bagno. Bagne is a doublet of

came

in

Der. bal\et. Bal14th cent, from Prov.

hain, q. v.

from L. bacoa, which sf. a ring ; bears the sense of a ring in early middle ages. For 00 see adjuger.

Baladin, a mountebank, also from Prov. baladin, is connected with the verb balar, to dance. Baladin, sm. a dancer, mountebank. See
ballada.
bal.
sf.

=g
s/".

BALAFRE,
BALAI, sm.

a gash.

Origin unknown.

+ Baguette,
trod. in
1

a switch, rod,

wand;

in-

a broom.

6th cent, from It. bacchetta. + Bahut, sm. a chest, a trunk ; from M.H.G. behut, a hutch for provisions. from L. badius, bay-coloured BAI, adj. bay (in Varro). For the loss of the d see alouette
;
.

Celt. (Breton balaen).

Der.

O. Fr. balain, from

balaytx.
It.

+ Balais,
late Lat.

adj. a balass (ruby).

balascio,

and
of

appiiyer.
sf.

BAIE,

a
:

bay
'

from L. baia

(in Isidore

Seville)

Hunc portum

veteres vocabant

baias.'

BAIE,

a berry; from L. bacca, baca. For the loss of the c see ami. BAIGNER, va. to bathe from L. balneare.
sf.
;

balascius, a word introd. from the East with many other terms of jewellery, and der. from Ar. balchash, a kind of ruby. BALANCE, sf. a balance, scales from L. bilancem. This change of atonic i into a is to be found in common Lat. (as in calandrus for cylindrus in Schuchardt, salvaticus for silvaticus, in the Glosses of Cassel, It occurs in Fr. in such words as cylandrus, calandre lingua, langue
: ;

The

1 disappears, as in

albula,

able, q. v.;

(Hist.

Gram.
is

and baneare becomes baigner, by the change of ne into gn (see cigogne), and of

Balance

See andouille. 48). a doublet of bilan, q. v. Der.

p.

into ai

(see aigle).

Der.
(still

balancer, -poire,

-ier.
;

bain (verbal

Balauste,

sm. a pomegranate-tree
va. to sweep.
I'M.

from L.
Der.

subst., see aboi), baigneur, baignoire.

balaustium.

BAIL, sm.

a lease, verbal subst. of battler, to

BALAYER,
balayem.

See balai.

lease, give

by contract

used in sense of

*to give,' as in // lui bail la cent coups), had in O. Fr., under the form bailler, the
sense of to hold, keep, administer ; whence Bailler comes the deriv. bail\i, fcaz/liage.

Balbutier,
butire.

to

stammer; from L. bal-

fBalcon,
cent,

sw. a balcony; introd. in l6th

It.

from

balcone.
in-

from L. bajulare. For the loss of the u, and change of baj'lare into bai'lare, and

^Baldaquin, STW. a baldaquin, canopy;

trod. in

16th cent, from

It.

baldacchino.

BAILLER, vn.

thence into bailler, see aider. BALEINE, sf. a whale from L. balaena. to yawn. O. Fr. baailler, Prov. For ae = see 104. Der. baleineau, -ier. badailler, Cat. badallar, from L. bada- BALISE, sf. a buoy, beacon. Origin unknown. Der. balisex. culare*, dim. of L. badare. Atonic u BALISIER, sm. (Bot.) carmacorus, a kind of disappears for cl = // see Hist. Gram. p. 71 Indian cane. Origin unknown. for loss of d (ba(d)ac'lare, baailler) see

20.

Der. bdillement, eniTebdiller.

va. to deliver, lease.
bailiff;

Baliste, sf
a

a balista (for slinging stones)

BAILLER,
bailiwick.

See bail.

from L. balista.

BAILLI, sm. a

BAILLIAGE, sm.

BALIVERNE,
unknown.

sm. nonsense,

stuff.

Origin

See bail.

BAILLON,
deriv. of

sm. a gag

baculus.

from L. baculonem, + Ballade, sf a ballad. Atonic ti disappears BALLE, sf. a ball, from

See bal.

Hist. Gram. p. 71. Der. il see ol Millonntx. BAIN, sm. a bath. See baigner. Bain is a

Der. ballon, -ot, de6a//er, emballex. BALLE, sf. chaff. Origin unknown. BALLET, sm. a ballet. See bal. doublet of bagne. BALLON, sm. n balloon. See balle (i). Der. a weapon ballonne. Baionnette, sf. a bayonet named from Bayonne, where it was invented. BALLOT, sm. a bale, package. See balle ( 1 ). from L. basiare. For the Der. ballolter, originally to vote by means of BAISER, va. to kiss transposition of the i see Hist. Gram. p. 77. ballottes, little balls still used in that sense BAISSER, vn. to lower. See bas. Der. baisse, by Montaigne Le peuple neut pas le cceur Der. de prendre les ballottes en main. baissieTj abaisser, rzbaisser, rzbais, surbaisser. fea//o/tage. BAL, sm. a ball, verbal subst. of O.Fr. bailer, to
for

O. H. G. balla.

BALOURDE
t Balourde,
1

BARA GOUIN.
BANDE,
bande.
sf.

45
a

sm. a dolt, dullard

It.

6th

cent,

from
sf.

balordo.

Der.

introd, in

troop,

band;
a

from

Germ.

ba-

lonrd'ise.

+ Banderole,
balsam; from L. balsamintrod. in
1

Balsamine,
inus.

t Bandidre, sf.

Balsamique,
f Balustre,
trod. in
1

adj. balsamic; from L. balsamicus, from balsamum, balsam, balm.

f \

Bambin,

sm. a balustrade, banisters; inDer. 6th cent, from It. balaustro. balustrade, answering to It. balaustrata. Balzan, sm. a white-footed horse; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. balzano. sm. a babe; introd. in i6th cent, from It. bambino, he, a puppet; from It. bam-

sf ; 6th cent, from It. banderuola. a banner, streamer; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. bandiera. Bandiere is a doublet of banniere, q. v. Bandit, sm. a bandit; introd. in l6th
cent,

streamer, pennant

from

It.

bandito.

Bandit

is

a doublet

of banni.

t Bandouli^dre, sf
shoulder belt;
It.

introd. in

(i) a bandoleer, (2) a i6th cent, from

in

bandoliera.
sf.

BANLIEUE,

suburbs, precincts;

cus-

Bamboo
boccio.

j^/".

tomary Lat. banleuca, from leuca (a league) and ban. Leuca had, in medieval
Lat., the sense not only of a league, but of

fBambou,
introd.

sm.

bamboo;

Hindu word,

from India by

travellers ( 31).

BAN,

sm. ban, a proclamation, ordinance ; of Germ, origin, from H. G. batman, to ordain, publish a decree or sentence.

an indefinite extent of territory it is found with this meaning in the Capitularies of Charles the Bald, and also in the
:

As a four a ban ox four banal is the oven at which all the vassals were bound to bake their bread, by ban of their lord there were also moulins banaux, putts banaux, i. e. mills and wells to which all perfeudal term the
:

modern

Fr. banlieue. Banlieue, properly the extent of ban, is the territory within which a ban is of force (for the etymology see ban and lieue), and thence a territory subject to

one

jurisdiction.
;

sons subject to a seignorial jurisdiction or

BANNE, sf. an awning, tilt (of a wagon) from L. benna (a car of osier), noticed by
BANNlJlRE,
Festus as a word of Gaulish origin. sf. a banner, dim. of a radical 6a*, from Low Lat. bandum, der. from Germ. band. Banniere is a doublet of bandiere, q. v. Der. banneret. BANNIR, va. to banish. See ban.

ban were bound to go, and hence the origin of the word banal; meaning (i) what is used by all alike; and then (2), by a natural transition, that which is well known to all,
vulgar, without originality.

The
lit.

expres-

sion

rompre son ban

signifies

to break

on one. t Banque, sf. a bank introd. in i6th cent, from It. banca. Ba?ique is a doublet of taken the special banc, q. v. Der. banqmer. sense of a sentence of banishment, and in the phrase mettre au ban, the actual sense tBanqueroute, sf bankruptcy; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. bancarotta. of banishment. In O. Fr. bannir had a Der. banquerout'xex. corn^A. forbannir (for = hors, and bannir), a reminiscence of which remains in the BANQUET, sm. a banquet. See banc Der. banqueter. Vfordforban, q. v. From the word ban, in sense of permission, comes bandon, permit, BAPTEME, sm. baptism formerly baptesme
the

command,

or ban, imposed

Ban

in certain cases has

whence the phrase a bandon = in whence abandonner, q. v.

liberty,

from L. baptisma.
for loss of s see 148.

For

=e

see 72;

BANAL,
.

adj.

common,
sf.

Der. banalhe.
a

+ Banane,
by
.

banana

travellers ( 31).

sm. a bench Banc is a doublet of banque, q. v. Der. banquet (cp. the Germ, tafel, which means both table and feast), banquette. BANCAL,arf/. bandy-legged. Origin unknown. BANDE, sf. a band, strip (of stuff), from O. H. G. band. Der. bandea.VL (formerly - bandeX, whence bandellette), -er, -age,
;

BANC,

va. to baptize; from L. baptizare. from India Baptistdre, sm. a baptistery; from L. Der. bananier. baptisterium. from O. H. G. banc. BAQUET, sm. a tub, trough. See bac.
vulgar.

See ban.

Baptiser,

introd.

Baragouin,
nally

sm. jargon, gibberish ; origithe Bas-Breton language, now any

speech.

unintelligible

word

of

hist,

-agiste.

Baragouin, written by Rabelais baraguoin, is formed from two Breton words bara (bread) and gwin (wine), words which occurred most often in conversation between the Bas-Br&tons and the
origin (see 33).


46 BA RA Q UE

BA RRIQUE,
transformation of u into before a liquid (see 93). Riole in Ambroise Pare is used

French, and so applied by the latter as a nickname to the Breton tongue. Der. haragouintx, -age. Baraque, sf. a barrack ; introd. in i6th

cent,

from

It.

baracca.
to churn.

BARATTER, va.

Der.

Origin unknown.

meaning freckled, spotted. For bis = ba Gram. p. 48 and for the loss of the s see 148. For the meaning and form of the word, see bis. Der. bariohge.
as

see Hist.

baratte (verbal subst.).

BARLONG,
see Hist.

from ^f. a barbican ; introd. the East by the Crusaders, like many other military terms. Barbacane (originally barbaquane in Joinville) is the transcription of the Ar. barbak-khaneh (a rampart). Barbara, adj. barbarous ; from L. barbarus. Der. barbarie, -isme. BARBE, sf. a beard ; from L. barba. Der. barbicbe, barbe\e, barbier, barbxi, barbve, ^barber, 6ar6ouiller, q. v. BARBEAU, sm. a barbel. O. Fr. barbel,

Sarbacane,

twice as long as broad, parallelogram-shaped ; from L. bis-longus. For i = a see Hist. Gram. p. 48; for s = r
adj.

Gram.

p. 5 7,

See also

bis.

Baromdtre,

sm.

barometer;

word

formed by the learned by the help of the two Gr. words 0apos and /ierpov. BARON, sm. a baron. Origin unknown. Der. baronne, baronmge, baronnet, baronnie.

t Baroque,

a<^'.

whimsical, odd.
(a baroque pearl

(l) irregular-shaped, (2) Originally a jeweller's term

from barbellus, dim. of barbus. For ellus = ea74, see agneau. Another dim. of

strange shape)
sense,

barbus is barbillon. + Barb on, sm. a greybeard,

introd. in i6th cent,

was one not spherical, of a it soon was much extended in and was applied to the shape of diffurniture,

old dotard;

ferent objects (as

houses, etc.),

from Sp. barbon ( 26).

Origin
Ori-

BARBOTER,
unknown.

vn. to dabble, muddle.

BARBOUILLER,
beard,' then

va. to daub, besmear.

then to intellectual qualities {une pensee baroque = a. whimsical thought). Baroque was introd. in 1 6th cent, from Sp. barruco, and Port, barroco, in connection with the

ginally se barbotiiller

meant

to dirty one's

to dirty oneself generally.

Barque,

pearl trade ( 26). sJF. a bark

Der. debarbouiller, barbouilhge, barbouil/eur.

+ Barcarolle,
1

s/".

a barcarole; introd. in

not found in Fr. be; fore the i6th cent.: from L. barca(a little boat, in Isidore of Seville), through the intermediate Sp. or It. forms barca, these

6th cent, from It. barcarola (song of the Venetian gondoliers). Barcarolle is a doublet of barquerolle. BARD, sm. a hand-barrow. O. Fr. bar, a word of Germ, origin, from O. H. G. bara (a barrow). Der. border, bardem, debarder (to discharge a load), debardeur (properly a workman who unloads wood). The dress of the debardeur introduced into fancy balls has given the word a fresh sense. BARDE, sf. (i) bard, horse-armour, (2) thin slices of bacon with'which woodcocks or partridges are larded. Origin unknown. Der. bardtT. Barde, sm. a bard from L. bardus. BARGUIGNER, vn. to haggle. Origin un-

two nations on the Mediterranean having

provided the Fr. language with many seafaring terms. The form barque proves that the word did not come direct from Lat. to Fr., for barca would have produced fearcA^, as area came to arche. Barque is a doublet of barge, barche. Der. embarquer, embarcation, debarquer, -ement.

BARRE,
:

sf.

properly a little bar this law term designates the enclosure, divided oif by railings from the rest of the hall, reserved for barristers. Der. barrVexe, barrtr, barrage. BARRETTE, sf. a cap, bonnet; from L. ; birretum, a word found in the 6th cent, known. meaning a cap the phrase birreto auriBARIL, sm. a barrel. Origin unknown. culari' is in a Chartulary of a.d. 532. For Der. barihtt. i = a see Hist. Gram. p. 48. Barrette is a BARIOLER, va. to variegate; from L. bisdoublet of beret, q. v. regulare* (to stripe with divers colours). f Barricade, sf. a barricade; introd. in Hegulare, which becomes re-ulare by 1 6th cent, from It. barricata. Der. barrithe regular dropping of the medial g (see cader.^ Hist. Gram. p. 82), and ri-ulare by change BARRIERE, sf. a barrier, fence. See barre. of eu into iu (see 60), produced O. Fr. BARRIQUE, sf. a barrel, cask. Origin unriuler, changed into rioler by the ordinary known.
Celt. bar.

Der. barreau,

2L

bar.

Low

Lat. barra, from

'

BARYTON
Baryton,
TOVOS.
stn.

BA UDET.
many
bastum,
says
a
a

47

barytone

from Gr. ^apv-

BAS, (i)

adj. low; from L. bassus (in Isidore of Seville, and stated by Papias to = curtus, humilis). A word clearly belongDer.bassing to the popular Roman speech.
esse, basset, basson, 6aisser,
isser, rafeais.

other terms of military discipline. Bastonnade is a doublet of batonnee. BAT, SOT. a packsaddle. O. Fr. bast, from L.

word of common
writer,

Lat.: 'Sagma,'

gloss

bastum vocat,
cinae.'

' sella quam vulgus super quo componuntur sar-

a&aisser, rafea-

(2) sot. a stocking ; abbrev. from the phrase has de chausses, used for-

Der.

For as
bdter.

=d

see Hist.

Gram.

p. 81.

BATAILLE,

sf a battle
in

merly

in

contradistinction
basalt;

from haut de

word which

common
: '

from L. batalia, a Lat. answered to

chausses.

Basalte, sm.

from L. basaltes.
Origin unknown.

Der. basaltiqae. BASANE, sf. sheep-leather.

the Class. Lat. pugna. The testimony of Cassiodorus is positive Quae vulgo batalia dicuntur exercitationes militum significant.*

Der.

For -alia

= -aille

see 278.

Der.

basaner, basaft6.
s/.

baiailler, bataillewr.

BASCULE,
known.

poise,

balance.

Origin

un-

+ Bataillon,
1

sot.
It.

a battalion; introd. in
battaglione.

6th cent, from

sot.

Base,

Der.

sf.

a basis, foundation;
baser.

from L. basis.

BATARD,
of a

Basilic, sm.

a basilisk
sf.

Basilique,
Basiligue

a basilica

from L, basiliscus. from L. basilica.

;

is

a doublet of basoche, q. v. a legal tribunal, which in the

a bastard, from bastard, a son For as = a see Hist. Gram. p. 81; for the affix -ard see 196. For other details see M. G. Paris, Histoire poetique de Charlemagne, p. 441.
bast.

BASOCHE,

sf.

middle ages had cognisance of difficulties and disputes between the Clerks of the BasilParliament ; from L. basilica. (i)ca contrd. into basil'ca (51), became baselche (for a = ch see 126), then baseuche (by softening of 1 into m, see agneau), and thence the modern basoche, which seems at first sight very unlike the primitive Lat. word. The expression Clerc de la Basoche de Paris, simply meant a clerk of the tribunal of Paris these clerks were styled clercs basilicams, and in popular language basochiens, a word answering exactly to basilicanus. Basoche is a
:

sot. a dyke, dam ; dim. of O. Fr. bastard (a dyke). Origin unknown. BATEAU, SOT, a boat. O. Fr. batel dim. of
;

BATARDEAU,
a root bat,

which survived

in

Merov. Lat.

batus

(used in 7th cent.

bateau, boat).

This word, of Germ, origin, like most Fr. sea terms, comes from A.S. bat. For -el =
282. sm. a juggler, mountebank. Origin unknown. + Batifoler, vn. to trifle, play introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. batifolle (to play at fighting under the ramparts). BATIR, va. to build. Origin unknown. Der. batiment, bathse, 6as/ille (from the

-eau see

BATELEUR,

doublet of basilique.

O. Fr. form

bastir').

BATIR, va. to baste (of needlework), formerly Basque, sf. a* skirt. Origin unknown. bastir, of Germ, origin Basquine, sf. a petticoat; from Sp.basquina. O. H. G. bestan
;

Basse,

(Mus.) bass. See bas. BASSIN, sm. a basin. O. Fr. bacin and bachin, from L. baech.inon * (a vessel), which Gregory of Tours cites as a word of rustic use ' Paterae quas vulgo bacchinon vocant.' Der. bassiner, bassinet, bassinoire. t Bastide, sf a country house : from Prov. bastida, partic. subst. of Prov. vb. act. bastir, answering to Fr, batir. Bastide is a doublet
sf.
:

(to sew).

sm. a stick. Origin unknown. Der. bdtonnev, batonnieT. BATTERIE, sf a battery. See battre. Battologie, sf. vain repetition; from Gr.

BATON,

PaTToXoyia.

BATTRE,

va. to beat. O. Fr. batre, from L. For batere, popular form of batuere.

of hade, q. v.

BASTILLE,
known.

sf.

a fortress, Bastille.

BASTINGAGES,
+ Bastion,
cent,

sm.

netting.

See batir. Origin un-

the loss of the ii see coudre for loss of e Der, feasant, battoix, battevr, see 51, battene, battage, battement, battue (partic. subst,), zbattre, rabattre, combattre (whence

com6a/, verbal subst,), debattre (whence desm. a bastion

bastione.
sf. It.
;

introd. in i6th

bat, verbal subst.), rebattre, xebattu, ebattre

from

It,

(whence

ebat, verbal subst,).

tBastonnade,
in i6th cent,

from

a bastinado; introd. bastonnata, as were

BAUDET,
hist,

sm. an

ass,

donkey

origin (see 33).

a word of ; In O. Fr. there


48

BA UDRIER

BEFFROI,
O. Fr. baer, Prov. from L. badare (in gape). For loss of mpdial d see 1 20 for -are = -er see Another form of baer is beer, by 263. change of atonic a into e ( 54). This O. Fr. verb is gone from modern Fr., leaving its pres. part, b^ant. The Prov. badur had two deriv. badau and badin (q. v.) which have got footing in modern Fr. + Bazar, sm. a bazaar; introd. by travellers from the East. Ar. bdzar, a market. BEANT (p. pres. of beer or bayer) adj. gapvn.
It.

was an adj. baud, originally hald, from O. H. G. bald, gay, pleased, content. (For ! M, see 157.) This adj. baud, frequently used in O. Fr., survives in modern Fr. in the compd. s'ebaudir, to rejoice
1

BAYER,
badar.

to

gape.

badare;

Isidore of Seville

= to

baud). Again, we know that in the middle ages there was developed, if not invented, a great cycle of fables on the life and adventures of beasts, each personified under a special and significant name. Thus the Fox was Maitre Renard (lit. the cruel) ; the Bear was Bernard', the Ram, Belin. The Ass, ever gay and content (the beast ever baud, as they said in the llth cent.), received in that mythology the surname of Maitre Baudet, or Baudouin (both names dim. of baud). This soubriquet stuck to the Ass, which is still nicknamed in Fr. Baudet, ' the sprightly,' just as the Fox still goes by the name of Reynard. B A UDRIER, sm. a baldric, shoulder-belt; from L. baltSrarius*, deriv. of balteus.
(

= 6tre

ing.

See bayer.

B^at, sm.
tus.

Der.

see

a devotee, bigot;
fcfi'a/itude,

from L. beafee'arifier,

6<?a/ifique,

fct'a/ification.

Balt(d)rarius

loses

its

see

52;

it

then becomes baudrier by changing (l) -arius into -ier (see 198), (2) tr into dr (see 117), (3) al into au (see 157). The present sense of baudrier is not earlier than the 14th cent. In the 12th
cent.,
belt,

O. Fr. bel. For / Bel comes from L. bellus. Der. belUUe, embellk. BEAUCOUP, adv. much; from beau and coup, q. V. The O. Fr. phrase was more often grant coup than beaucoup: Le rot eut grant coup de la terre du comte, says Joinville. This sense of grant is to be seen in other phrases, as un beau
adj. fine, beautiful. 157.

BEAU,

=M

mangeur.

+ Beaupr,

to designate
deriv.

the soldier's shoulder-

BEAUTE,
beltet,

sm. a bowsprit; from Engl. bowsprit ( 28). O. Fr. belte, originally sf. beauty.

from L. bellitatem. The 1 is dropped after the rule ( 52); then it becomes beaute by changing (l) el into eau ( 157), (2) -atem into -e ( 230). BEG, sm. a beak, bill; from L. beccus, a word quoted by Suetonius as of Gaulish origin. For cc = c cp. siccus, sec; soccus, soc, saccus, sac, and 168. Der. becquetet, becusse, bequiWe (properly canne u bee). araignee, q, v. See also 198. B6carre, sm. B natural, thence a natural BAUDRUCHE, sm. goldbeater's skin. Origin (Mus.) a transcription of the abbreviation unknown. B B. This was formerly called B carre : BAUGE, sf. a lair. Origin unknown. B being Si in the scale of La, was called BAUME, sm. balm, balsam. O. Fr. bausme, B carre (i. e. = S dur, hard B) when in its from L. balsSjuum. Bals(a)muin loses natural tone, as distinguished from B mol its a ( 51), (i. e = 5 moti, soft B), for Bt7. Bals'mum produced O. Fr. bausme by change of al into au (see 1 5 7). BECASSE, sf. a woodcock. See bee Der. For the loss of s in bausme see Hist. Gram, becasshie. Der. baumier, embaumer. BECHE, sf. a spade from L. becca*, fem. p. 81. BAVARD. adj. talkative. See bave. Der. form of beccus. For -ca = -cA^ see 126.
balteus), and the maker of these baudres was called a baudrier. This distinction, well marked in the early middle ages, became obliterated in the T4th cent., which in its ignorance gave the name of the thing made to the maker (just as it thought Piraeus was the name of a man). We have seen a similar example of confusion between aragne and

the word baudre was adapted (from

balteratus,

from

sf.

bavarder, -age.

Der.

bechtr.

BAVE,

drivel, slaver,

poetic word.

an onomatoDer. bavette, baveux, bavnd,

;

foam

bavure.

BEDAINE, sf. a paunch. Origin unknown. BEDEAU, sm. a beadle. O. Fr. bedel, a word of Germ origin, from O. H. G. butil, a
herald.

BAVOLET,

curtain (of a bonnet).

sm. head-dress of a country lass, Origin unknown.

BEFFROI,

sm. a belfry.

O. Fr.

berfroi, in

bSga yersequille.
Low
Lat.

49
;

For e = oi see B^LITRE, sm. a scoundrel. Origin unknown. berfredxis. This word, of Germ, origin, like + Belladone, sf. belladonna from It. bel 63. ladonna. Belladonna is a doublet of belle most terms of military art in the middle dame. ages, comes from M. H. G. bervrit, a watchBellig^rant, aof/. belligerent; from L. beltower. ligerantem. BEGAYER, vn. to stammer. See begue. BEGUE, adj. stammering. Origin unknown. Belliqueux, adj. warlike; from L. bellicosus. Der. begaytr.

BEGUEULE,

sf.

haughty

disdainful

woman, + Belv6dre,sw.abelvidere;
cent.,
It.

a prude. O. Fr. beegueule, or gueule bee. For the etymology see under gueule and bayer
:

with

many

introd.ini6th other archit. terms, from

strictly
'

belvedere,

which means

a beauti-

the past partic. of beer, see bayer. Avoir la gueule bee, or etre gueule bee, is properly to remain bouche beante, openbee
is

ful

view,' a spot where one gets a fine view.

mouthed

begueule, formerly signified folly,

now

prudery.

Belvedere is a doublet of beau voir. B6inol, sm. (Mus.) (i) B flat, (2) flat (in music). See becarre. Benedicit6, sm. a grace, a blessing ; a Lat.
'

Beguin,
of

sm. a Beguine's head-dress (the Be;

guines are a Neth. religious order)

hist, origin

nedictionem. Benefice, sm. a benefit; from L. benefideriv. quite plain. See bee nadjaune. cium. Der. 6e'y?ciaire, -er. BENfiT, adj. silly, simple sm. a simpleton BEL, adj. fair. See beau. from L. benedictus. This metaphor, t B e 1 a n d r e, s/. a bilander, an EngHsh word,
O. Fr.
becjautie,

BEIGNET, BSJAUNE,

( 33), sm. a fritter.

Der. emb^guinei.

word signifying word Ben6dictin, sm.

Order of
S.

bless ye.*

a Benedictine,

monk of the

Benedict.
sf.

Origin unknown. sm. (l) a nias hawk, (2) a ninny. a form which makes the

Benediction,

benediction; from L. be-

^signifying a flat-bottomed coasting vessel.

!

which may seem strange,

rect
;

is

still

quite cor-

BELER,

from L. balare. For a = e see 54. The form belaxe for balare is to be found in Varro. Der.
vn. to bleat
;

the Gospel says that the

'

Kingdom of

belement.
\

to the poor in spirit,' who are the blessed (benedicti) of God: thence the word benedictus came to be used for

Heaven belongs

BELETTE,
bele
is

sf.

a weasel; dim. of O. Fr. bele.

-etfe see
;

For dim. in
jolie petite

28 1.
pretty

The O.
little

Fr.

Lat. bella
bete

belette is therefore

la

the simple, thence for the silly. For change of ct into t see affete, and loss of medial d see 1 20 hence beneit, which by contrac;

The btnit and benet. While speaking ( 15) of these popular mesame metaphor is to be found in the word innocent. taphors, we remarked that their characteristic Benet is a doublet of benoit. feature was that they were never isolated, B6n6vole, adj. benevolent; from L. benebut occurred side by side in several Euro^volus. pean languages. This is true of this word BENIN, adj. benign; from L, benignus. in Dan. the weasel is called den kjcenne (the J^'or gn = see assener and 131. pretty) in Bavarian schonthierlein (the B^NIR, va. to bless. O. Fr. bencir. It. benejiretty little beast); and in O.Eng. /a/ry. dire from L.benedicere. Benedc()re,
(the
beast).

tion took

two forms

BELIER,

sm. a ram. The Neth. bell (a bell) produced Low Lat. bella, and in Fr. bele (a little bell), which has gone without leaving a trace of itself, though its existence is revealed by the word beliere, q. v., der. from it, and by belier, which rightly means ' he who bears the bell,' know the custom of fastening a bell to a ram's neck, as a signal for the flock and the shepherd. Thence by a metaphor common in Europe it comes

contrd. to
accent,

We

benedic're after the rule of Lat. became b^nir (i) by changing cr into r, as in fac're, faire (Hist. Gram. p. 82), a change which is usually accompanied by the formation of a diphthong in room of the preceding vowel (2) by losing the medial d ( 120), and becoming beneir, a form found in llth cent, in the Chanson de Roland, which leads us on to the mod.
;

to designate the ram.

in

In Eng. bellwether

form. Benir is a doublet of bien dire. For the gram, distincDer. betiit, benitier.
tion

Neth. belhamel;

and
is

lastly,

in

several

between
p.

benite

and benie see Hist.

is

j!

|i

simply the belledjheep, thus plainly confirming the deriv. given. BfiLIERE, sf. a clapper-ring. See belier.

Fr. provinces the belier

Gram.

150.
sf.

Benit

doublet

of

bentt, benoit.

BEQUILLE,

a crutch.

See

bee.


50
BERCAIL, sm.
;

BERCAIL

BSVUE.
by the Eastern Emperors, from L. byzantius*, sc. nummus (coin of Byzanstruck
tium).

a sheepfold from L. berbSoalia* for vervecalia* heThecemfoTvervecem being found in the 1st cent. For v = 6
;

For
sf.

see bachelier

and

140.

The 6
;

is

dropped

BESICLES,
meaning
ciilus,

je see 71. pi. spectacles.

y=

after the rule given in 51

and berb'calia

crystal, or spectacles

O. Fr. bericle, from bery;

beryclus*, dim. of L. beryllus (used in both senses in medieval writers). For r = s see arroser. BERCEAU, sm. a cradle. See bercer. BESOGNE, sf. work, business. Origin unBERCER, va. to rock, lull. Origin unknown. known. Besogne is a doublet of besoin. f"B6ret, sm. a beretto, flat cap, introd. from BESOIN, sm. need, desire. Origin unknown. Beam patois {berreto)', from L. birretum*, Der. besoigneux. found in a 6th-cent. MS. Bhet is a Bestiare, sm. a gladiator, bestiarius from L.
bercail

became

by reduction of bo to c after assimilation (see 168), and the change of -alia into -ail, see ail and 278.

doublet of barrette.

bestiarius.
a bergamot pear; in-

+ Bergainote,
trod.

sf.

Bestial,

arf/.

bestial

from L. bestialis.

from Port, bergamofa.

sf.

Der. bestiality.

BERGE,

a bank (of a ditch).

Origin un-

BESTIAUX,
For
1

sm.pl. cattle; from L. bestialia.

known.

see agneau.
;

sm. a shepherd from L. verve- Bestiole, sf. a small beast, a ninny from L. carius, berbcarius, which wasbercarius ^bestiola. the 5th cent, and even earlier. in Ver- BfiTAIL, sm. cattle from L. bestialia. For v()crius loses its S after the rule given loss of s see 148 for -alia=-az7 see ail under accointer. Verv'carius became ^and 278. berger by changing (1) v into 6, see bache- BETE, sf a beast. O, Fr. beste, from L. lier Der. bestia. For loss of s see 148. (2) vc into c, see alleger (3) c into bk'xst, zbetir, embeter. g, see 129; (4) -arius into -ier, see dnier. Der. bergerie. BETOINE, sf. (Bot.) betony; from L.bet6nica Berline, sf. a berlin ; a carriage first introd. cited by Lat. authors as a word of Gaulish
;

BERGER,

at Berlin.

origin.
sf.

Betonioa

loses its

two short

syl-

BERLUE,

dimness of sight

properly

makes people see the same objects repeated, or even fictitious objects ; der. indirectly from L. bis-lucere. For bis = ber see bis ; the relation between lue and lueur, luire, is clear. A softened form of berlue is bellue (for r = 1 see 154), whose dim. is beluette, a
condition of the eyes which
spark,

now contrd.
;

into bluette, q. v.

bench or sloping bank of sf. from Germ, berme. BERNER, va. to toss in a blanket. O. Fr. berne, a garment, cloth. Similarly the Romans used the subst. sagatio, as they tossed
a canal

Ber me,

under the influence of the Lat. accent, see 50, 51, and the Lat. o becomes oi by the attraction of the subsequent i see ckanoine &nd Hist. Gram. p. 52. + B6ton, sm. bitumen; from Prov. betun, L. bitumen. Beton is a doublet of bitume. BETTE, */. (Bot.) beet from L. beta. For betterave, beetroot (in 1 6th cent, so written), see bette and rave. BEUGLER, vn. to low, bellow; from L. buculare*, to low like an ox, from bucuBuc('u)lare, regularly lus, in Columella.
lables
:

contrd.

into

buc'lare

(see

52),

pro-

persons in a

sagum

(military cloak). Origin

duced beugler by change of cl into gl, see aigle and of u into en, a change found in
;

unknown.

B6ryl, sm. a BESACE, sf

bisaccia,

beryl; from L. beryllus. a beggar's double wallet.

L.

Der, beuglemtnt. fluvius, fleuve. BEURRE, sm. butter; from L. butyrum.

It.

Butyrum is regularly contrd. into but'rum

(
(l)

tronius for a wallet with a

end).

bisaccia (used by Pepouch at either For i = e see 71; for -cia = -ce
adj. doubly acid
;

from

51), and becomes beurre by changing u into eu, see beugler; (2) br into rr,
sf.

see 168.

see 244.

B^VUE,
from
bis

BESAIGRE, BESAIGUE,
and aigue,

and
bis

aigre, q. v.
sf.

a double axe, bill; a

from

q. v.

BESANT,
bizanie,

sm.

bezant.

originally

meaning

Prov. bezan, It. a gold coin,

formerly ; Cettefausselumiere est une b^vue de ses yeux, says a lyth-cent. an writer. This is the right meaning error springing from an optical illusion ; one has believed one saw something that had no existence, or had seen amiss, had
a

blunder, oversight

besvue, a false view.


SEZOARDBILLET.
hevu, seen double.
for vue see voir.

51
:

See

his

for

bis
the

= fee;
16th

fB^zoard,
cent,

sm. a bezoar,
;

in

had the word been formed from veiller, the It. form would have been bene vegliante hence it is clear

by

It.

benivolente

bezoar

introd.

from India by the

from L. bifacem,

that

vouloir

Port, bezuar.

words.
slope;

Der.
beer
sf.

is

the

true

original

of the

bienveillance, malveillanct.
;

BIAIS, sm.

slant,

used by Isidore of Seville in the sense For squinting, of one who looks sidelong. loss of f see antienne for -acem = -ais see
;

BIERE, of BI^RE,
litter.

sf.

from O. H. G. bisr. a bier from O. H. G. hara, a

;

BIEVRE, sm.
('

the beaver

from L.
i

bibrum
;

vrai.

'Der.

biaiser.
;

castorem,

bibrum,'
For

says the Schol.

Biberon,
bastard

sm. a sucking-bottle, a toper

Juvenal, Sat. 12).

=e

word formed from

;

suffix -on, like

Bible,

sf.

bibere and the forgeron {rom forger. the Bible from L. biblia, which

then for

113. febrim_;fei're.

e = ie see Bibrum has

56;

see 71 for

on and
see

b=v

given bievre, like

from Gr. ISipXia, collection of sacred books. BIEZ, Ibief) sm. a mill-race. O. Fr. hied. Low L. bedum; of Germ, origin, from O.H.G. Der. bibliqvie. betti, lit. of a water-course. Bibliographie, sf. bibliography ; from Gr. BIFFER, va. to strike out, erase. Origin ^i^Kiov and ypacp'q. Der. bibliograph. unknown. Bibliomanie, sf. bibliomania from Gr. ^i^Kiov and ixavia. tBifteck, sm. a beefsteak; a word Der. bibliomane. introd. into the Fr. language after the invaBibliophile, sm. a lover of books; from sions of 1814, 1815; corruption of Engl, Gr. ^i^Xiov and (piXos. beefsteak. library ; from Gr. Bibliothdque, sf. a Der. bibliothecHre. Bifurquer, vn. to fork ; from L. bifurcus. ^i^XioOtikt]. Der. bifurc^tjpn. Origin unBICHE, sf. a hind, roebuck. known. Bigame, adj. bigamous from L. bigamus. Der. bigamie. tBicoque, sf. a little paltry town, a hovel; introd. in i6th cent, from It. bicocca. tBigarade, sf. a bitter orange; from BIDET, sm. a nag, pony. Origin unknown. Prov. bigarrat. Origin unknown. BIDON, sm. a jug, can. Origin unknown. Bigarrer, va. to streak, chequer; a word BIEF, sm. a mill-race. See biez. which does not seem to be old in the Fr. BIEILLE, sf. a connecting rod. Origin unlanguage. Origin unknown.

known. BIEN, adv.

For e
fare,

BIGLE,
well, sm.

adj. squint-eyed.
sf.

ie see 56. Der. bien-etre, bien6/enfaisant, bienhisa.nce (a word not

good; from L. bene.

BIGORNE,
cornis.

a beaked anvil

Origin unknown. from L. bi;

For

e=^see
;

BIGOT,

adj. bigoted

invented by the Abbe de Saint Pierre, as has been said, but brought into fashion by him), bienfa.h, 6fenfaiteur, fez'enheureux, bienseant, bientbt, bienveiWant, bienvenu, bien-

unknown.

Der.
a

129. sm. a bigot.

Origin

bigot'isme, bigoterk.

BIJOU, sm.

jewel,

trinket.

Origin un-

known Der.

bijouiiei, bijouttrie.

t Bilan,
1 6th

venue.

Biennal,
lis.

adj. biennial;

from L. bienna-

BIENSEANT,

adj.

becoming, proper;

hien and seant partic. of seoir, q. v. hienseanct.

Der.

from

sm. a balance-sheet; introd. in with many other commercial terms, from It. bilancio. Bilan is a doublet of balance, q. v. BILBOQUET, sm. cup and ball. Origin uncent.,

BIENT6t, adj. soon. See tot. BIENVEILLANT, adj. kind,

known. Bile, sf. bile; from L. bills. Der. hilieux. t Bill, sm. a bill an Engl, word introd, in

benevolent;

the

first

years after the Restoration into

parliamentary language. Bill is a doublet of examibulle. nation of these words, that they were formed BILLARD, sm. billiards. See bille. from veillant, partic. of veiller. This is not BILLE, sf. a ball. Origin unknown. Der. the case. The old form of these words bilhTd. is bienveuillant, malveuillant veuillant BILLE, sf. a log of wood, ready to be sawn the old pres. part, of vouloir, q. v., and from Celt. (Irish hille, a tree into planks hien- mal- veillant are simply = i/ott/a/ le trunk). Der. billot. hien, voulant le mal. This origin is proved 1 Billet, sm. a note, billet. The form bill a is
adj. unkind, malevolent.

MALVEILLANT,
One might

believe,

on a

superficial

E2

5
;

billeves^eblAmer.
fBisbille,
in
1

found in medieval Lat. parallel to Class. Lat. bulla of this word billet is the dim. BILLEVESEE, sf. nonsense, trash. Origin un-

known.

BILLON,
BILLOT,

to the 13th cent.

hillonntx, -age.

sm. copper coin ; a word traceable Origin unknown. Der.

sf. bickering, jangling; introd. 6th cent, from It. bisbiglio. BISCAYEN, sm. a long-barrelled musket, invented in Biscay. The name is still applied to the balls which fitted it, though of a calibre no longer useful.

BISCORNU,

adj.

strange,

queer, crotchety.

sm. a block. See hille. See bis and cornu. BIMBELOT, sm. a plaything, toy. Origin BISCUIT, sm. biscuit ; from L. bis cocttis. unknown. Der. bimbelotier, -erie. For oct = uit see attrait. BISE, sf. the north wind. Origin unknown. Binaire, adj. binary; from L. binarius. BINER, va. to turn up the ground a second BISEAU, sm. a slant, bevil. Origin unknown. time; from L. binaxe*, deriv. from t sm. bismuth; from Germ, bintis. bissmuth. The ordinary form of the Germ, word is wissmuth. Binocle, sm. binocle, double eye-glass ; a faulty word made since the beginning of Bison, sm. a bison; from L. bison. this cent., from L. bini-oculi (bin-ocli, BISQUE, sf. odds. Origin unknown, BISQUER, vn. to be vexed. Origin unknown. bin-ocle). Bindme, sm. a binomial; from L. bis and Bissac, sm. a wallet; from L, bissacium. Gr. vofxrj. Bissexte, sm. the bissextile (day) ; from L. Biographe, sm. a biographer; from two bissextus,the 'double-sixth,' TheRomans Gr. words, Pios and ypd<peiy. once in four years reckoned two sixth days Der. bio^raphie, -ique. before the Kalends of March, so that there was a second sixth day, whence the name Bipdde, adj. two-legged ; from L. b ip e d e m. BIQUE, s/. a she-goat. Origin unknown. bissextus, Der. bissextWe. Bis, adv. again, encore; a Lat. word Bistouri, sm. (Surg.) bistoury. Origin unused as a prefix to bisaHeul, bissac, biscuit, known. etc. By changing i into e (see 71) BISTOURNER, va. to twist. See bis and tourner. bis becomes bes in besaigre, besaigue, besace, q. v. ; and this is reduced to be in BISTRE, sm. bistre. Origin unknown. Der. bevue, q. v. bistrer. By changing s into r (see orfraie) bes becomes ber in berlue, q. v., and BITORD, sm. spun yarn from L. bis tortus. in berouette, q. v., which has been contrd. Bitume, sffz. bitumen ; from L. bitumen. to brouette, q. v, Bitume is a doublet of beton. Ber before / even assimilates its r into /, as in belluette, later bluette, tBivouaC, sm. a bivouac, guard; originally bivac, from Germ, beiivache; introd. V. Lastly in the two words barlong, baq. rioler, q. v., the prefix ber becomes bar by at the time of the Thirty Years* War. Der. bivaqutr. changing e into a, see amender. Along with these changes of form has + Bizarre, adj. strange, capricious. It come an important change in sense; bis in originally meant valiant, intrepid ; then passing into the Romance languages takes a angry, headlong ; lastly strange, capricious. bad sense, which affects the rest of the From Sp. bizarro, valiant. Der. bizarrerie. compound. Thus the Sp. bis-ojo (lit. two- BLAFARD, adj. wan, pallid; of Germ, origin, from O. H. G. bleifaro. eyed), Walloon bes-iemps (lit. double-time or weather), It. bis-cantare (lit. to sing BLAIREAU, sm. a badger. O. Fr. blereau, a double), Cat. bes-compte (lit. double acform which shows the origin of the word count), signify respectively, squinting, bad better. Blereau is a dim. of ble, the blereau weather, to sing false, a false account. being rightly an animal which feeds on Similarly in Fr. biscomu (lit. two-horned), corn, ble, q, v. The Engl, badger signifies bistorne (lit. twice-bent), have taken the lit. a corn merchant, and thus illustrates the sense of crooked, queer, and deformed. etymology of blereau. So See 15 for these also with bevue, berlue, q. v., which etymornetaphors. logically do not deserve the bad sense given BLAMER, va. to blame. O, Fr. blasmer, them by the Fr. language. from L, blasphemare (used by Gregory BIS, adj. brown. Origin unknown. of Tours in the sense of blame) ; in BISAIEUL, sm. a great-grandfather. See bis the glossaries we find blasphemare,

Bismuth,

'

and

aieul.

vituperare,

reprehendere.'

Tantummodo

BLANCBOIRE.
blasphemabatur
the
a pluribus,' says
esset avaritiae

53

Aymon fBloeUS,
deditus.'

Monk,

'

quod

sm. a blockade, investment. word introd. in the 1 6th cent., comes from
the old

loss of the e see 52. Blas'mare gives us the O. Fr. blasmer, whence bldmer.

For the

For the
is

of the s see abime. a doublet of blasphemer, q. v.

loss
;

Bldmer

BLANC,

from O.H.G. blanch. adj. white Der. blanchet, blancher, blanchatre, blajichir, blanchi$sa.ge, blanchissem, blanquette. BLANQUETTE, sf. a blanket. See blanc. Blanquette is a doublet of blanchette.
va. to blunt, cloy, satiate.

BLASER,

Origin

unknown.

BLASON,

sm. arms, coat of arms, in the llth then a shield with a coat of arms of a knight painted on it lastly, towards the 15th cent, the coats of arms themselves. Origin unknown. Der.
cent, a buckler, shield
;

Germ, form blockhuis (a little fort intended to block the communications of a besieged town). BLOND, adj. fair, light, flaxen. Origin unknown. Der. blond'm, blond'ir, blonde. BLOQUER, va. to block. See bloc. BLOTTIR (Se), vpr. to squat, cower, crouch ; originally a falconry term, used of the falcon when it gathers itself up to roost on its perch {blot). From this special meaning the word gets (by one of those widenings of signification spoken of in 12) the general sense of to gather oneself up, crouch. Origin

unknown.

BLOUSE,

(l)

sf.

pocket
sf.

(in billiards).

Origin

blasonntr.

unknown. (2) Origin unknown.

a smock-frock, blouse.

Blasphemer,

sm. a cornflower. O. Fr. bleuet, from For eu = M seejumeau. Der. blaspheme (verbal BLUETTE, .<f. a spark (from hot iron, etc.), of bldmer, q. v. subst.), blasphemiteuT. a literary trifle, jeu d'esprit. O. Fr. beluette, BLATIER, sm. a corn factor. See ble. belluette, in Norm, patois berluette, dim. of bellue (see berlue). The prim, sense of Blatte, sf. a cockroach; from L. blatta. bluette is a spark thus R^gnier speaks of a BLE, sm. corn. O. Fr. bled, Prov. blat, Low great conflagration qui nait d'une bluette L. bladum, abladum (meaning corn harvested), from L. ablatum * (gathering hence metaph. a little poem is called a bluette, a passing spark of wit. in, harvest, in medieval texts). Ablatum BLUTER, va. to bolt, sift (meal). O. Fr. is properly what one has gathered in and beluter, buleter, originally bureter, to sift carried off: the metaphor is not unusual For in the Indo-Germanic languages in Gr. over the coarse cloth, bure, q. v. T = l see 154. As a confirmation of this KapiTos, fruit, is lit. destined to be carried origin, we find buratare in the sense of off, gathered the Germ, herbst means bluter in a Lat. work of the llth cent.; properly what is carried off. Ablatum becomes ble, (i) by changing -atum. into -e, and moreover the It. use buratello for bluteau, a bolter. Der. blutezxx, blutok, see 201 (2) by loss of initial a, as in Hist. Gram. p. 80. blutAge. adamantem, diamant. Der. 6/a/reau (q.v.), Watier (q.v.), in Low Boa, sm. a boa-constrictor; from L. boa. L.bladarius. For -arius = -/er see 198. Bobdche, sf. a sconce, socket. Origin un-

va. to blaspheme; from L.

BLUET,

blasphemare.

Blasphemer

is

doublet

bleu, q. V.

'

'

BLME,arf;. wan, pale of Germ, origin, from Scand. bldman (bluish, livid). Der. blemir. BLESSER, va. to wound. Origin unknown.
;

known.

Der.

Bobine, ./. a bobbin. Origin unknown. BOCAGE, sm. a grove, thicket. O.

boscage, Prov.
boscatge,

Fr.

blessme.
adj. mellow, over-ripe.

BLETTE,
known.

Origin un-

from L. boscaticum, dim. of boscum. (see bois). For = -age see 248 for the loss of -aticum
;

BLEU,
*

adj.

blue;

O.H.G.

blao.
sf.

Der.

of

Germ,

origin,

from

s see 148.

bleuir, bleuktie, bleuet.

+ Bocal,
in

sm. a wide-mouthed bottle

;

introd.

Blinde,

Der.

sheeting; from Germ, blende.

blinder, blindage.

i6th cent, from It. boccale. BCEUF, sm. an ox from L. bovem.

For
rare

BLOC,

sm. a block, lump

bloc.

from O. H. G.
bloquer.

is

of Germ, origin, Der. bloquer, deintrod.

(Bu see

accueillir

for

v =/

(a

change in Lat., though we

for

paraveredus
find
it
;

in the

find parafredus Germanic Laws),

t BlockhaUS,
lately
.

sm. a block-house
military
art,

we

in Fr. (i) for the initial v, as in

into

the
bloc.

from Germ.

vie em, fois

and (2)

for the final v, as in

blockhaus.
q. V.

Blockhaus

a doublet of blocus,

under

brevem, bref, see Hist. Gram. p. 59. BOIRE, va. to drink; from L. bibere.


54
BOIS

BORD.
;

Bib(6)re, regularly contrd. into bib*re + Bol, sm. a bowl from Engl. howl. (see 51), has undergone two changes: BOMBANCE, sf. feasting, junketing. Origin (i) br into r, as in scrib're, 6crire, unknown. Accented 1 becomes ol, in the BOMB, sf. a bomb. Origin unknown. 168. (2) case of I, as in fidem, foi, 68; in the Der. 6ow6arde, 6oi6arder, 6om6ardement, case of i, as in cervisia, cervoise, 69, bombcT. note 2 in the case of i long by position, as BOMBER, va and n. to swell out. See bombe. in dig'tus, doigt, 74. Atonic i becomes BON, adj. good ; from L. bonus. Der. bon oi, when short, as in ^\ickrQ,ployer, 68 (sm. a good thing, whence abonnex, lit. when long by nature, as in vicinus, voisin prendre un bon pour quelque chose), bonne when long by position, as in piscionem, (sf.), 6onasse, 6oifier, iowification, bonbon, poisson. Der. 6oJte (in the expression kre bonbonmhie. en boite, speaking of wine; strong partic. + Bonace, 5/'. a calm smooth sea; introd. of boire, see absoute), bu (O. Fr. beii, contrd. in 6th cent, from It. bonaccia. from bibiitus, a barbarous form of the BOND, sm. a bound. See bondir. For loss of medial b in BONDE, sf. a sluice, floodgate ; a word of p.p. of bibere). bi(b)utTis see 1 13 ; for loss of final t Germ, origin, from Swab, bunte. Der. see aigu; for i = e see 71. This form, bondon, bonder, debonder. bibuttis for bibitus is not alone we find BONDIR, vn. to bound, leap: this sense Alaman battatus, pendtitus, in the Lex however is comparatively modern, and in a decree of a.d. 585; reddutus, in scarcely appears before the i6th cent. Origia chartulary of a.d. 796. nally it meant to resound, re-echo ; in the BOIS, sm. wood. Prov. bosc. It. bosco, in Chanson de Roland the elephant of Charleoldest Low L. boscum, buscxun, meanmagne's nephew bondissait, trumpeted more ing wood. Origin unknown. For u = oz loudly than all the others. Bondir comes see 88; for sc = s, cp. discus, dais. from L. bombitare*. For the change of
;

Der. boiiCT, debotser, leboisei, boiserie.

conjugation see aimant.

Bombitare,

re-

O. Fr. boissel, from gularly contrd. into bomb 'tare, changes bt L. bustellus*, dim. of busta, properly a into d, see accouder; into n, see 160. vessel to measure grain see bolie. For st Der. bond (verbal subst.), bondissement, = ss see Hist. Gram. p. 73, and u = ot see rebondir. for -ellus =-eatt see 282. BONHEUR, sm. happiness. See heur. 88; BOISSON, sf. a beverage, drink; from L. fBoni, sm. a bonus; a Lat. word, lit. *of bibitionem*. For loss of b, bi(b)itiongood.' em see 113; for -tionem = -5so see BONNET, sm. a cap. The original sense is stuff.' There were robes de bonnet the 132 ; for i = oi see 68. BOITE, sf. a box. O. Fr. boiste, which is phrase chapel de bonnet is several times successively bossida, boxida, in Lat. found ; this was abridged into un bonnet, as documents when we reach the 9th cent. we say un feutre for un chapeau de feutre we find the original form btxxida. Bux(' a beaver for a hat of beaver '). Origin ida is the Gr. irv^iSa. Bilxida, after beunknown. Der. bonnetier, bonneterie. coming bossida by change of x into s (see BONTE, sf. goodness from L. bonitatem. (see 98), is aisselle), and of u into For the loss of i see 52 and for -tatem Boss'da = -te see 230. regularly contrd. into boss'da. becomes boiste by changing o into oi, + Borax, sm. borax; introd. from the East, see 87 and d into /, see doni. For with many other chem. terms, from the Boite is a loss of s in boisie, see 148. Heb. borak, white. also used BORD, sm. edge, border, bank, shore ; from doublet of buste, q. v. Boile is for the socket or box of a joint ; a meanNeth. bord. Der. border, bordme, ^border, ing preserved in such phrases as, se dedeborder, bordage, rebord, borderenu, bordee boiter un bras, 'to put one's arm out,' (a broadside, from their arming the same i.e. of the socket; emboiter un os, to side, of the ship). Another form of border but a bone in'; boiler, to be malformed is broder, by transposing the r, see Hist. at the joints, i. e. to limp. Der. boitiei. Gram. p. 77. The original sense oi border BOfTER, vn. to limp, halt. See boite. Der. is to ornament the edge (bord) of a gar-

BOISSEAU, sm.

a bushel.

'

'

'

'

'

'

6orVeux.

ment,
a bolus, pill
;

etc.,

with needlework, to
this

make a

Bol, sm.

from Gr. fiw\os.

border.

By way of confirming

etymology


B ORtA L
the
Sp.
'

;' ;

UFFON.
ages).

55
jealousy^

and

to

means both to edge embroider.' Border is a doublet

bordar
'

One knows the medieval

of trader, q. v. Bor6al, adj. boreal,

between corporations, and with what rigour the division of labour was maintained and
protected.

northerly

from L.
one eye.

As
;

late as the

i8th cent, shoe-

borealis.

BORGNE,
BORNE,
bontie, in

adj. one-eyed, blind of

Origin unknown.
sf.

Der. eborgnei.
landmark.

shoes, might not and the cobblers seem to have often sued them at the law for trans-

makers,

who made new

act as cobblers

sell meat of any other read in the Statuts de la Ville de Montpellier, a.d. 1204, Ni el mazel de bocarid ?io sid venduda earn de Merchants in boucherie are forfeda bidden to sell lamb.' Here the word boucherie viande de bouc (its proper sense). As a full confirmation of this deriv. of boucher bornzge. we may note the It. beccaio, which is deBOSQUET, sm. a thicket, grove; dim. of rived in exactly the same way from becco^ boscus (see bois), properly a little wood.* the he-goat. Bosquet is a doublet of bouquet, q. v. Origin unknown. Der. BOUCHON, sm. a wisp (of straw) ; of Germ. BOSSE, sf. a hump.

O. Fr. from Merov. The L. bodina, in a 7th-cent. document. origin of the word is unknown. B6d(i)na, contrd. into bod'na, became bodne, which then became bonne by assimilating dn into nn, see aller just as 11 becomes rl by dissimilation in ul'lare, hurler, so nn {bonne) becomes rn {borne), 169. Der. bornei,
a boundary,

gressing their limits.

Similarly the medieval

nth

cent, bodne,

bouchers,

i.

e.

the salesmen of goat's flesh,

were not allowed to

:

kind

thus

we

'

'

bossii,

bossMtv, bosstl&t, 6ossette.

origin.

Germ,
sf.

busch.

hawser. Origin unknown. sf. Der. em6os5er. sm. a boatswain's mate; t introd. from Germ, bootsmann. BOT, sm. a club-foot. Origin unknown. BOTANIQUE, adj. botanical ; from Gr. Der. botaniste. ^oraviKT]. BOTTE, sf. a truss, bundle (of hay, etc.) from O. H. G. bozo, a fagot. Der. botteler. BOTTE, a butt, leather bottle; of Germ. origin, from butte ; botle (boot) is the same The transition from the 'leather word. bottle ' to boot ' is not peculiar to Fr. ; the

BOSSE,

BOUCLE,
ville.

a buckle;

from L. bucula*.
Isidore of Se-

Bucxila,

umbo

scuti,' says

Bosseman,

For loss of the atonic u see 51 ; for u = o see 90. Boucle in the middle ages had the double sense of a shield's boss' and 'a ring'; the last sense has alone survived, and is metaph. developed
'

in the boucle de cheveux, ringlets.

The

first

'

(and the luggage-box in a stage coach. Der.

I

Engl. 600/

is

used to signify both foot-gear

bottier, bottine.

sense has disappeared in the radical, but remains in the deriv. bouclier, which in very early Fr. was simply an adj. Before the 13th cent, the phrase ran un ecu bouclier (as one says un jour ouvrier), i. e. a shield with a boss {boucle) ; then the epithet drove out the subst., and from the 14th cent, onwards the word bouclier is used
alone.

tBotte,
from
It.

sf.

thrust,

lunge

(in

fence);

botta.

BOUDER,
known.

See botte. Origin unknown. Der. boiiqu'm, bouquetin, toucher. JBOUCHE, sf. a mouth; from L. bucca. For u = ou see 90; for co = ch see Der. boucMe, emboucktr, em 126. bouchnre, nbouch^t, boucher (properly to shut the mouth, close up an opening). Boueaner, va. to buccan,' smoke-dry Boucanier, sm. a buccaneer. Origin uni I

BOTTINE, sf. a half-boot. BOUC, sm. a buck, he-goat.

Der.

vn. to pout,

Origin unsulk. boudoir (a word created in

Origin un-

BOUDIN,
known.

the 13th cent.), 6ottc/me. sm. a black-pudding.

BOUE,

sf.

mud, mire.

Origin

unknown.
;

BOUEE,

Der. fcoweux. sf. a buoy, dim. of boue

boye, a buoy, in

originally

O.

Fr.,

from L. boja, a

'

chain or rope fastened to a piece of floating wood. For j = i see aider ; for o = ou see
affouage.

known.

BOUCHER,

va. to block up.

See bouche.

BOUFFER,

va. to puff, swell

onomatopoeia,

Der. bouchon, bouchonner. BOUCHER, sm. a butcher, properly one

kills
'

who
sf.

bucks

'

(he-goats)

BOUCHERIE,
is

see 34. Bouffer is a doublet of bouffir.Der. bouffe. BOUFFIR, va. to puff up, inflate ; onomatopoeia.

the place

where goat's

flesh

sold (

it

was

Der.

bouffissure.

eaten by the

common

folk in the middle

tBouffon,

sm.

buffoon;

introd,

in

86
1 6th

BOUOE^BOURG^
cent,

from

It.

huffone.

Der.

houffon-

BOULEVERSER,
boule.

nerie.

Der.

va.

to

overthrow.
diseased

See

bouleversemenX..

from L. sf. a closet, hovel, bulge ; according to Festus, a bvilga, a little bag word of Gaulish origin, * bulgas Galli sacFrom hag it passed culos scorteos vocant.' to the sense of * box,' thence metaph. to that of a retreat,' room as narrow and dark as a box. The same metaphor survives in the vulgar speech of Paris ; whence we can better understand how this change came in among the Romans. BOUGER, vn. to stir, 'budge.' Prov. bolegar, to disturb oneself; It. bulicare*, to bubble up; from L. bullicare*, frequent, of Each of the three Romance bullire. forms works a fresh step in the change of
;

BOUGE,

Boulimie,

sf.

voracity,
a

hunger;
Engl.

from Gr. PovXtfiia.

fBouline,
bowline.
introd.

Der.

sf.

bowline;

from

boulinex.

tBoulingrin,
BOULON,
bordonner.

sm. a bowling-green; from Engl, boivlifig-green. sm. a bolt, pin. See boule. Der. sm.
a

BOUQUET,
bois
:

bouquet,

posy.

O. Fr.

bousquet, originally bosquet, properly =/)e/iV

used.

the phrase bouquet d'arbres is still This sense of ' a little wood is quite
'

plain in

Mme.

de S^vign6's phrase, II a
beaute.

voulu vendre un petit

un

assez
is

grande

bouquet qui faisait The prim, form

Bull(i)c&re, regularly contrd. into bull'care, becomes bouger by changing (i) ull into o, see agneau ; (2) care into
sense.

bosquet

a dim. of L.

boscum*
;

see bois.

ger, see adjuger.

For o = OM see affouage for loss of s see Der. bouquetihie. 148. BOUQUIN, sm. an old he -goat. See

Bougie,
33-

^f.

wax

candle;

of
first

hist,

origin,

bouc.

town of Bougie. ^Der. feoK^eoir.

Wax

candles were

made

in the

tBouquin,
from
bouquiniste.

sm.

an old buck;

Netherl.

bceckin.

Der.

introd.

bouquintx,

BOUGON,
For
ail.

adj. grumbling.

Origin unknown.

BOUILLIR,

vn. to boil;
bouillon,

from L. bullire.
lli = 7/
;

BOURACAN,
known.

sm. a barracan.
mire,

Origin

un-

Der.
./.

u = OM

see accouder; for

see

bouillonner
baker.

bouill'i,

bouillie, bouilloixQ.

BOULANGER,
known.

sm.

Origin

un-

Origin unknown. Der. bourbeux, bourbier, embourber. BOURDE, sf. a falsehood, ' bouncer.' Origin
sf.

BOURSE,

mud.

Der.

boulanger'it.
;

unknown.
For

BOULE,
ou
is

a ball

from L. biilla.

see

accouder.

Der.

u = BOURDON,

boulet,

boulette,

burdo, an

boulon, botilevtrstr, whose proper meaning ' to make one turn like a ball.' ^bouler is properly to roll like a ball as one falls.' Boule is a doublet of bulle, q. v.
'

BOULEAU,

sm. a birch tree ; dim. of O. Fr. boule, from L. betula. Betula, regularly contrd. into bet'la, changes tl into //, then into /, as in rot'lus, rule; see 168. sm. a bull-dog; lately + introd. from Engl, bulldog. BOULEVARD, sm. a boulevard, bulwark, rampart. O. Fr. boulevart, boulevert, boulevera, introd. early in the 15th cent, from

Bouledogue,

sm. a pilgrim's staff; from L. ass. For vi = ou see accouder. This metaphor is not peculiar to the Romance languages there are many instances of the analogy between the stick which supports, and the beast which carries the or ' a Sp. muleta means either ' a mule crutch ' It. mula means also ' a stick.' In the 1 7th cent, the staff" was called the cordelier's hackney,' a phrase answering to the Sp. el caballo de S. Francisco, St.
: ; ' ; '

Francis's horse,

i.

e.

a stick.

(1) sm. the drone-stop in an Origin unknown. Der. bourdon, an insect whose buzzing is Hke the sound Germ, bollwerk, a fortification. of the organ's bourdon. know (2) sm. a drone. that originally the word was a term of Der. bourdonntr, bourdonv.ement. military art, meaning the terre-pleins, plat- BOURG, sm. a borough, burgh; from L. forms of the ramparts. The Boulevards of biirgus, which usually means a small forParis were, in the time of Louis XIV, simply tified place, as in Vegetius, Castellum parthe line of fortifications round the city; vum, quod burgum vocant.' In Isidore this, planted with trees, became a fashionof Seville the word has already got its able walk, and the word boulevard became modern sense; Burgus,' he says, * domosynonymous with a walk or street planted rum congregatio, quae muro non clauditur.' with trees, a meaning quite foreign to its From burgensis (a form to be found in etymol. sense. Merov. documents; and in an iith-cent.

BOURDON,
organ.

We

'

'


BOURGEOIS
document

BOUVREUIL.
BOUSCULER, va. to turn upsidedown.
unknown.

57
Origin

we

find

Remenses

bvirgen-

ses) we get Fr. bourgeois, a dweller in a For ns = s see aine ; for e = oi bourg. Der. see accroire ; for u = ou see accouder. bourg^At. BOURGEOIS, sm. a burger, townsman. See Der. bourgeoisie. bourg. BOURGEON, sm. a 'burgeon,' bud, shoot. O. Fr. bourgeon, originally burjon; of Germ, origin. O. H. G. burjan, to lift; properly that which pushes, lifts, as the first outpushing of a sprouting tree. Der. bourgeonner. tBourginestre, sm. a burgomaster; introd. from Germ, burgermeister. BOURRACHE, sf. borage. It. borragine, from L. borraginem. Borraginem having lost the syllables after the accented syllable (Hist Gram. p. 34), produces bourrache. For o ou see affouage ; for g = c (the O. Fr. form was borrace) see fraise for c = ch see 126.

BOUSE,

sf.

cow-dung.
a
It.

Origin unknown.

Der. bousiWer.

tBoussole,
1

the little box in which the needle, etc., are kept. BOUT, sm. end. See bouter. Der. dtbout^ tmbouttr, aboudi. t Boutade, sf. a whim, freak. See bouter. BOUTE-EN-TRAIN, sm. a breeding-horse. See bo7iter. BOUTE-FEU, sm. a linstock. See bouter. BOUTEILLE, sf. a bottle ; from L. buticula, found in the Glosses of Reichenau, 8th cent., and after that in the well-known Capitulary de Villis. Buticula is dim. of butica, which occurs in Papias with the explanation 'vasis genus' butica is from Gr. /3vTts (a
bossolo, properly

sf 6th cent, from

compass;

introd.

in

flask).

Buticula becomes
into ou, see accouder.

bouteille

changing (i) -icula into

(2) u BOUTER.
boter,

-eille,

see

by 257;

fBourrasque,
1 6th

a squall; introd. in burrasca. BOURRE, sf. hair, flock; from Low L. burra* (a heap of wool). For u = om see accouder. The bourre of a gun is the same word, the wads being ordinarily made of
sf.

va.

to

put,

set,

push.

cent,

from

It.

from M. H. G.

bi'izen.

Der.

O. Fr.
bout

(verbal subst., properly that part of a

body

wool and
(to

hair.

From this word comes 6owrrcr,

which pushes or touches first), 6ow^ure (a cutting, the piece one puts into the ground), bouton (that which pushes out, makes knobs on plants thence by analogy, pieces
;

ram

the wad, bourre, home), thence to

of

wood

or metal shaped like buds), bouteis

stuff;

hence the deriv. Aibourrer, embourrer, Tembourrer, bourrade, bourree, bottrra,

bourreXex, bourrelet, bourlet.

feu (which

used to set fire, bouter feu, to guns), boute-en-train (that which sets going),
boute-selle (a signal to cavalry to set

them-

BOURREAU,
unknown.

sm.

an executioner.

Origin See

arc-boutant (an arched buttress, flying buttress, an arch

selves, see bouter, in the saddle),

BOURRELET,
bourre.

sm. a pad, cushion.

sf.

which pushes back

tress),
1 6th cent, from mination -ade).

a wall), boutoir (a butboutade (an attack, push, introd. in

It.,

BOURRIQUE,
cus
in

a she-ass
nag,
'

Isidore of Seville,
little

wretched

from L. burriwhich means a mannus quem vulgo

;

as

is

shown by

its

ter-

BOUTIQUE,

buricum
der.

Der. bourriquet.

vocant.'

For

n = ou
;

see accou-

BOURRU,

adj. peevish, crabbed one who crams (bourrer) one with insults. See bourre. BOURSE, sf. a purse, exchange from L. byrsa, the Gr. ^vpaa. For y = ou see Der. boursier debourser, debours lOi.
;

See 201. corrupted from L. sf. a shop apotheca. For the analysis of this word see 172, where it has been fully discussed. Der. boutiquier. Boutiquier is a doublet of
;

BOUTON,

See bouter. Titr. boutonner, deboutonner, boutonmhre. BOUTURE, /. a slip, cutting. See bouter.

apothecaire, q. v. sm. a button.

rem6o7/r5er, -ement, -able.

BOUVIER,
puff
up, bloat
;

sm. a neatherd, drover

BOURSOUFLER, BOURSOUFLE,
sesoufle,
i.e.

va.

to

adj. swollen, bloated, botir-

bovarius. For -arius = -zer see Another o = ou see affouage.

from L. 198 for deriv. of

;

puffed out like a purse. For etymology see bourse and souffler. In Wallachia bosunfla is used similarly : the
soufle,

bovus

is

bouvillon.
;

BOUVREUIL,

word means
metaphor

literally to blow up (unfla) Hke a purse (60s), a parallel which confirms the in the Fr. word. Der. boursouflmQ.

sm. a bullfinch from L. bovSriolus, a little neatherd, dim. of boFor the cause of this name see varius. Bov(a)riolus 15, where it is discussed. is contrd. into bov'riolus, see 5 2 it then becomes bouvreuil by changing (i) -iolus
;

5
into -euil, see

BOVINE
353;
(2)

BREBIS.
BRANDIR,
a va. to brandish, properly to shake

into ou, see

affouage.

Bovine,
t

adj. bovine;

Boxer,

Der.
boel.

vn. to box, spar;

from L. bovinus. from Eng. box.

brand (sword), then to brandish any weapon. For such expansions of meaning see 1 2. The O. Fr. brand is of Germ,
origin (Scand. brandr).

6o*eur.

BOYAU,

sm. a gut.
hudello,

It.

O. Fr. boyel, originally from L. botelluB, intes; *

BRANDON,

sm.

a wisp of straw, dim. of

O. H. G. brani.

tines, sausage, in

Martial
in

in the Barbaric

Laws.

human intestines BRANLER, va. to shake. Der. branle (verbal Si botellum vul-

Origin unknown.
subst.),

6ran/oire,

neraverit

'

occurs

the

Lex Frisionum

For the change of meaning see (5, 52). For loss of the t see 117; for 14. -ellus -eau see agneau.

6raw/ement, dbranhx. BRAQUE, sm. a brach-hound

origin

of Germ,

(Germ, bracke).
i.e.

The

signification, a

Dim. of bracel, which answers to L. brachile, which is found in the Germanic Laws * Signis mulieri brachile furaverit,' Salic Law, 29, 37. For i = e see admettre. BRACONNER, va. to poach. See braque.
a bracelet
;

BRACELET, sm.

see hras.

Der. braconnieT. BRAI, sm. residue of tar. Prov. brae. It. brago, from Scand. (Nors. 6ra'S, tar). BRAIE, sf. breeches. Prov. braya. It. braca, from L. braca, a word which Lat. writers consider to have been borrowed from Gael. Der. brayette, debraiWer, d6brayeT.

is metaph. = stuthan a sporting dog. Der. bracon, dim. braque, a little brach the servant who looked after them was called the braconnier {c^. fauconnier ixom faucon). From this sense braconnier has come by a natural transition to its present sense the servant in charge of the dogs hunted them on his own account in his master's absence thence it comes to mean a poacher. BRAQUEMART, sm. a broadsword. Origin

fool, hare-brained fellow,

pider than a brack,

unknown.

BRAILLER,
BRAIRE,
BRAISE,

Der.

BRAQUER,
BRAS,
chi

va. to point.
;

Origin unknown.

vn. to brawl, bawl

sec braire.

brailhrd.

vn. to bray. Origin Der. 6ra/ment, brailler.

sf.

unknown.

embers.

Sp. brasa, Port, braza, a

fire).

word of Germ, origin (O. G. bras, Der. braistv, brasicr, embrasti.

from L. brachium. and then s; see agencer. Brachia, by the regular change of chi into ci, and of ci into c (see agencer), produced O. Fr. brace this word again underwent the change of c into ss (see amide), and became brasse (the distance between one's extended arms, a fathom).
sm. an arm becomes first
ci,
;

f Br axner, va.
1 6th

to bell (the stag)

It.

introd. in

Der.

Wrasse, ferassard, embrasser.

cent, from

bramare.
Celt, origin (Gael.

BRAN,

sm. bran

word of

BRAISER, BRASSER,

sm. a brazier.
va.
to
stir

See braise.
up,

mix

together.

bran).

BRANCARD,

sm. a litter, handbarrow ; from branc, masc. form of branche, q. v. BRANCHE, sf. a branch. Origin unknown. Der. ebrancher, embrancher, embranche-

ment, brancard (which properly means a great bough stripped of its leaves, a great stick then the word is used of the shafts of a carriage, and of a litter originally formed of crossed sticks).
;

O. Fr. bracer, to make beer, from O. Fr. brace (malt). O. Fr. brace comes from L. brace (used by Pliny, who gives the word a Gaulish origin). Lat. brace had a deriv. bracivuu (' Bracirun unde cervisia fit,' says Papias) which has produced the O. Fr. brace, by changing ci into c, see agencer ; O. Fr. bracer has changed e into
ss (see

amitie), whence
adj.

brasser.

Brave,

brave,

sm. a brave
It.

BRANCHIES,

s/.pl.

branchix,

gills

(of a fish);

introd. in 1 6th cent,

from Gr. fipdyxia.

bravo. braver, brava.de, bravache, bravo.

from

man;
'Der.

BRANDE,

BRANDEBOURG,

BRAYETTE, sf. flap (of trowsers). See braie. Origin unknown. sm. frogs (of a coat) ; a BREBIS, sf. a sheep. O. Fr. berbis, It. berbice, from L. berbicem*. For the transposition word of hist, origin ( 33), introd. in 17th of the r see Hist. Gram. p. 77. Berbicem, cent, in sense of a coat adorned with trima form found as early as Vopiscus, is common ming, like those worn in 1674 by the soldiers
sf.

heather.

of the Elector of Brandenbourg, entered France.

when they

in the

Germanic Laws
Salic

Si quis

berbicem
Berbito be (For e = ?

furaverit,'

Law

(t.

4,

2).

fBrandevin,
branntwein.

sm. brandy; from Germ.

cem

is

another form of

berbecem,

found in Petronius, ist cent.

I
O.

BRECHE
Berbecem,

BR OCHE.
BR I COLE,
known.
sf.

59
a
breast-band.

used by Petronius as a popular Lat. form, answers to the vervecem of the literary language. For v = 6
see 59.)
see 140.
sf.

Origin

un-

BRIDE,
brit'l,

/. a bridle
britiil).

Der.

of Germ, origin (O.H.G.

brid&x,

bndon, de-

BRECHE,
brecha.

Der.

a gap, break;

from O. H. G.
brisket.

brider.

ebrecher.

+ Brigade,
word

sf.

a brigade; introd. in i6th

BRECHET,

sm.

the

breast-bone,

Fr. breschet,

originally brtschet, a

cent, from It. brigata (division of an army). Brigade is a doublet of briguee. Der.

of Celtic origin (Kymri brisket, the breast).

brigandage.

BREDOUILLER,
unknown.

vn. to stammer.
brief;
142.

Origin

BRIGUE,

f.

an

intrigue.

Origin unknown.

^Der. briguev.

BREF,
For

adj.
final

short,

from L. brevis.

BRILLER,
;

v=/see
a

BREF, sm.

from L. breve (used for an act, document, by Justinian and Jerome;. For final v=/ see 142
papal
brief; adj.

vn. to glitter, shine; from L. beryllare * (to sparkle like a precious stone from L. beryllus). For loss of e cp. perustulare, bruler. This loss, other-

wise very rare,

as in

Der. brevet (see achever)

jBREHAIGNE,
unknown,
j

barren,

sterile.

Origin

is found in other vowels, quiritare, crier; corrosus, creux; corotulare, crouler: it also occurs in the second degree in the Fr. forms bluter

BRELAN,
dim. of

sm. brelan (a

game of cards)

from

(beluter), bluette (belueite), brouette (berou-

brelenc, of

Germ,

brett, a

board,

BRELOQUE, sf. a BREME, sf. a bream.

1

(Germ, bretling, ette), etc. Der. brilUnt, brUhnter. whence a diceboard). Briraborion, sm. a bauble, toy. unknown. trinket. Origin unknown.
origin

Origin
Origin

O. Fr. bresme, from BRIN, sm. a blade (of grass,

etc.).

Germ,

brassen.

unknown.

BRETAUDER,
JBRETELLE,
!

va. to crop close (hair, etc.). Origin unknown.

sf.

a strap, brace.

Origin un-

known.
sf.

BRIOCHE, sf. a cake. Origin unknown. BRIQUE, sf. a brick originally a fragment. The Bresse patois has the phrase brique de pain for a piece of bread. Of Germ, origin
;

JBRETTE,
origin

a rapier, long sword; of

{Sand, bregma).

Der. brettem.

Germ,

(Engl, brick, A. S. brice, a fragment).

briquetitx, briqueter, briquet.

Der.

O. Fr. beuvrage, \' 'Briae, sfa breeze ; a sea term introd. toSp. bebrage, It. beveraggio, from L. biberwards the end of the 1 7th cent, from Engl. aticum* (see Ducange). Biberaticum breeze. is from biberare * (frequent, of bibere). BRISER, va. to break from O. H. G. bristan. Bib(e)rdticuin, contrd. into bib'rdticum Der. bris (verbal subst,), brisee (partic. subst.), 6mant, 6nseur. ( 52). produced O. Fr. beuvrage by change (l) of -aticum into -age ( 248) Origin unknown. (2) of BROC, sm. a jug. i into e ( 72); e = eu is uncommon; (3) BROCANTER, va. to deal in second-hand of b into V (see 113). Beuvrage became goods. Origin unknown. Der. brocantage, breuvage by the transposition of r, discussed brocanleuT. under dprete. t Brocard, sm. a taunt, jeer; word of Just as biberaticum has produced first hist, origin. In the middle ages, in scholastic beuvrage, then breuvage, biberare (a phrase, brocard (Schol. Lat. brocarda) medieval Lat. word) has produced, by means meant the sentences of Brocardus, Bishop of its compd. adbiberare, the O. Fr. abeuof Worms, who compiled twenty books of vrer, which has become abreuver as beuvrage Regulae Ecclesiasticae.' has become breuvage. For the permuta- BROCART, sm. brocade; from brochart, tions see dprele. See broche. a stuff brochee with gold. iJREVET, sm. brevet, letters-patent. See BROCHE, sf. a spit; from L. brocca * (a
sm. beverage.

8REUVAGE,

'

'

'

bref{2).

needle, der.
for a point,

from broccus, used by Plautus

i3r6viaire, sm. a breviary; from L. breviarium (a manual, and, in particular, in eccles. language, a manual of daily prayers). RIBE, ./. a hunch of bread. Origin un; I

known.

Brick,

sm. a brig

from Engl.

brig.

Der. brocher, a sharp tooth). embrocher, brochure, brochige, brocket, dim. of broche, a word which in O. Fr. meant a pike, so called by reason of this metaphor is not pe* its pointed head culiar; Engl, pike is a similar case.
brochette,
:

6o
BROCHER, va. to stitch (a

BROCHER
book). See broche.
brochure.

BR ULER.
de Charles

Der.

VIII a

Florence.

Brouefte or
is

rather berouette (the prim, orthography)

BROCHET,

sm. a pike. See broche. BRODEQ.UIN, sm. (i) a buskin, sock; (2)
a half-boot.
Sp. borcegui.
It.

dim. of beroue * (for dim. in -el(e see ablette). Beroue is from L. birota, a two-

borzacchino,

wheeled

from Flem. brosekin. The kept the Flem. s, while the

it,

It.

and Sp.have Fr. has changed

rota = ro/tf
;

very irregularly, into the dental d. See border, of va. to embroider. which it is a doublet Der. broderie. Bronches, sf. (Med.) the bronchus; from Der. bronckite. Gr. ^p6yxofBRONCHER, vn. to stumble. Origin un-

BRODER,

For bi = be see bis for The O. Fr. berouette is contrd. into brouette by dropping the e, see briller but in many patois the old form is still retained and the word is proncd. 6ccar.
;

see roue.

rouette.

BROUILLARD, sm. a fog. See brouiller. BROUILLER, va. to mingle, embroil. Origin
unknown.

Der.

brouille (verbal

subst.),

known.

brouillon, debrouiller, embrouiller.

+ Bronze,
cent,

sm. bronze; introd. in i6th Der. bronzer. bronzo. BROSSE, sf. a brush. This word, now a piece of wood stuck with bristles, and formerly with couch-grass or heather, is an example of restriction of meaning, see Brosse, Low L. brustia, from 12. O. H. G. brustia, signified at the beginning of the Fr. language, heather, broom, and only slowly was taken to mean a branch of broom used to sweep away dust. This original sense of the word ( = broussailles, brush-wood) remains in some phrases and Speaking of woodland, brushwood usages. to beat a thicket is still called une brosse is still called brosser in hunting- speech; cp. covers': so Ronsard says, *to brush the // brossa longuement sans trouver nulle proie and Saint-Simon even uses the word in the general sense of passing or crossing, Le premier president brossa a trovers la compaigne et disparut. This verb brosser, to traverse, cross, exists still in the deriv.

from

It.

BROUIR, va. to blight. Origin unknown. BROUSSAILLES, sf. brushwood. See brosse.

BROUT,
broust,

sm. shoots of young wood. O. Fr. originally brost, a word of Germ, origin (A. S. brustian, to burgeon, sprout). Der. broutti (to browse, lit. to eat the
grind, crush
;

brouts, or shoots), ^rowriller.

BROYER, va. to

word of Germ.

origin (Goth, brihan, to break).

The

Lat.

bricare* which

springs

from the Germ,

word, produces regularly broyer, just as plicare produces p/qyer, q. v. BRU, sf. a daughter-in-law. O. Fr. brut, from O. H. G. prut, a bride. + Brugnon, sm. a nectarine introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. brugna. BRUINE, sf. drizzling rain. Origin un;

known.

BRUIRE,
Der.

rebrousser,

originally

rebrosser.

Lastly,

hroussaille, in the

the dim.

16th .cent, brossaille, is of brosse, and signifies a little

caudle,

Origin unknown. The bruissemeat. pres. p. of bruire is bruyant. BRUIT, sm. a noise. See bruire. BRULE-POURPOINT, sm. originally a gun discharged so near as to set fire to the pourpoint, doublet. See bruler and pourvn. to roar.
bruit,

ebruiter,

point.

brosse, a little brush.

BRULER,
broth.

va. to burn

formerly brusler.

It.

BROUET,

broth which Le Fontaine's fox serves up for the

sm.

The

Like It. brodetto, which is stork is brouet. the dim. of It. brodo, brouet is the dim. in et of O. Fr. brou, which answers to Low L. brodum and to O. H. G. brod (gravy). For change of brodum into brou see affou-

age

for the loss of

sf.

see accabler.

from L. pSrustulare*, to bum entirely. From ustus, partic. of urere came the verb ustare, whence again the dim. ustulare (which is to be seen in O. Sp. uslar for ust'lar). Just as ustus produced ustulare so perustus produced, with intermediate perustare, the form perustulare (which remains almost unchanged in
brustolare,
It.

BROUETTE,
cent,

berouaite,
signified

wheelbarrow; in 12th Walloon berouette. This

;

brustolare).

word
little

as late as the 1 8th cent, a in

two-wheeled truck

Louis XIV's

days it was a chaise-a-porteur on two wheels. In the 1 5th cent, it was a cart of considerable size, for Andr6 de la Vigne speaks of des
charrettes e/

For change of perustulare into brusler, perust(u)lare loses its u perus'tlare is contri. into p'rust'lare by losing the first vowel, see briller p becomes b, see 11; then brustlare, by assimilation of
;

tl into

brouettes

yw estoient

a V entree

// and reduction of // into / ( 168), becomes bruslar, then O. Fr. brusler, whence

BR UME
bruler,

B UVEUR.
BURE,
sf.

61
;

by
sf.

loss

of

s,

see 148.

Der. hrul-

drugget, coarse woollen cloth

'Nobilis
horribili

from

ure, briilot.

L. burra*.
fog, mist;

jungatur

Brume,

purpura burrae,' says an epigram attributed Der. fewreau (woollen stuff: to Eucerias. vetu de simple bureau, says Boileau) ; then a BRUN, adj. brown table covered with baize. brunix, 6rissage, brunDer. brune (sf.) BUREAU, sm. a writing table. See bure. atre, embrunix, rexnbrumx. Der. 6wraliste,6wreawcra tie (from bureau and + Brusque, adj. brusque, sharp, short (in cratie ; see aristocratie, dSmocraiie), bureaumanner) introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. crate. brusco. Der. brusqutr, brusqueue. Brut, adj. raw, unwrought, uncultivated BURETTE, sf. a cruet ; dim. of O. Fr. bure (a bottle). Origin unknown. from L. brutus. Der. 6r^al, bruUlh^, grave, sm. a burgrave ; introd. from brutidiser. + Germ, burggraf. BRUYANT, adj. noisy. See brmre.Der. bruyamment for bruyantment ; see abon- + Burin, sm. a graver; introd. (see 25) from It. borino. daviment. BRUYERE, sf. heather. O. Fr. bruiere, from + Burlesque, adj. burlesque, ludicrous; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. burlesco. L. brugaria, used for heather in several Lat. texts of the early middle ages. The word + Burnous, sm. a burnous, cloak; introd. by travellers from Africa. Ar. bornos. comes from Celt., a dim. of Breton briig. For the passage from brugaria to bruyere, + Busc, sm. a busk, bust (for stays) ; also = -lire see written busque and buste in i6th cent., a for loss of g see allier ; for -aria corruption of It. busto. See buste. dnier. BUSE, sf. a buzzard ; from L. buteo, a BUANDIER, sf. a bleacher. See buee. sparrowhawk in Pliny. For change of -teo Bubon, sm. a tumour (in the groin) ; from into -se, through -tio, see agencer. Gr. Pov^cuv. Der.
Der. brumeux.

from L. bruma.

from O. H. G. brdn.

Bur

Buccal,
BtJCHE,

adj. buccal, relating to the

mouth

6sard.

from L. buccalis.
sf.

+ Buste,

sm. a bust

introd. in

6th cent,

from It. busto. Buste is a doublet of boite, wood. O. Fr. busche, Prov. busca, from L. bosca*, fem. form q. v. = -che see BUT, sm. aim, mark. See buter. For -ca of boscum see bois. Der. buchtr, BUTER, va. to strike, in O. Fr. acharner; for o = m see curee. but in mod. Fr. restricted to certain special meanbucheron. ings. Etymologically buter is a dialectial Bucolique, adj. bucolic ; from Gr. ^ovkoa log of
;

\ik6s.

variant
sm.a. budget; introd. at the
fall

+ Budget,
BUEE,
dier,

subst.

of bouter, q. v. Der. but (verbal properly the point one aims at, where

of the Empire (1814) from Engl, budget. Origm unknown. Der. 6wansf. lye.

one wishes to end), bouter, lebuter, rebut,

debut, debuter.

Jwanderie.

BUTIN,
bitten.

BUFFET,
I

sm. a cupboard, sideboard, buffet.

Der.
sm.
is

sm. booty
a

of Germ, origin,

M. H.G.

butinex.
bittern.

BUFFLE,

Origin unknown. sm. a buffalo ; from L. bufalus, used by Fortunatus, a secondary form of bubalus. Der. buffietin, buffieterie. BUIS, sm. a box-tree; from L. buxus For x = s see ajouter; accented u becomes (For the exui, see 96. Der. buison.

BUTOR,
The
butor

Origin unknown.
is

stupidity of this bird

proverbial,

and

metaph. used

for a

stupid

fellow

just as buse (a bird of prey

which cannot
is

be tamed for hawking,

q. v.)

used.
knoll.

BUTTE,
O.
as

sf.

butt,

rising

ground,

Fr. bute, fem. 'form

of

but, q. v.

These

BUISSON, sm. Bulbe, sm. a

tension of sense see 1 2.) See buis. a bush.

;

two words had the same primitive meaning,

is

seen 'mXh.tT^h.xzsGetreenbuttea

= servir
placed

from L. bulbus. bulb Bulle,s/. a bubble; from L. bulla. Bulle is also the little ball of metal appended to

de but a.

The

but being usually

on a rising knoll, the word presently came to be used for the knoll itself; and then the original meaning perished. the seal of letters-patent, whence the name of bull, given to papal letters-patent. Bulle BUVEUR, sm. a drinker. O. Fr. beuveur, is a doublet of bill, q. v. older still beveur, originally beveor, from L. bibitorem (in Isidore of Seville). BibiBulletin, sm. a bulletin introd. in i6th cent, from It. bulletina. (t)orem produced beveor by loss of medial
;

6a

BVSSUS

CACHER.
tion

t, see 1 1 7 ; and the two atonic i's became Beveor became beveur by e, see mettre.

confirm this derivation. By a transformalike the above, bibentem becomes

changing eo into eu, see ateul then beuveur by changing the first vowel e into eu and finally buveur by change of eu into u, see jumeau. The Sp. bevedor, It. bevitore,
; ;

buvant (for the changes see above), whence

buvahle, buvette, etc.

BysBUS,

sm. byssus, a kind of from L. byssus.

fine linen;

^A,

ecce-hac,

adv, here; from L. ecc'ao * (compd. of like ecciste, eccille, for ecceiste, ecce-ille). For loss of the h see atelier. Eooe means here,' in several 7th and 8th cent, documents, e.g. 'Parentes ecce habeo multos,' * I have here many relations.' The phrase ecce-hac is therefore
pleonastic.

caput by
(caput
III.

suffix

oceus = oche, which

in

is

to be

seen in Spinoche, pinoche, etc.

is

For

p=6
see

cabo
vn.
;

the
coast.

Salic

Law)

Cabot er,
sm. coasting

to

Cabotage,
It.

Der.
dian,

introd.

from

cabotaggio.

cabotcax, cabot'm (a strolling

come-

goes from village to village, just as the coasters go from port to port). Cabale, sf. cabala, cabal; a word of Heb. origin, meaning properly the Jewish Cabotin, sm. a strolling player. See' eatraditional interpretation of the O. Test., boter. from Heb. habala, traditional teaching. t Cabrer, vpr. to rear, prance, like a goat This word in the middle ages signified (i) on its hind legs; introd. in l6th cent, from a secret interpretation, (2) a mysterious Sp. cabra. science of commerce with supernatural t Cabri, sm. a kid. O. Fr. cabrit, from beings. Prov. cabrit, which from L. capritum * (a It has produced the adj. cabalistique. From the sense of occult measures, goat in the Germanic Laws), from capra.
ce.

For ecc'ac = fa see

who

secret efforts to attain one's end,

comes the +

Cabriole, sf. a

caper

in

modern
verb

signification

cabaler.

of cabal, whence the Cabale is a doublet of

priole; introd. in i6th cent,

Montaigne cafrom It. capriola

frabelle, q. v.

f-Caban,
1

sm. a hooded cloak; introd. in

(properly the leap of a kid). Cabriole is a doublet of chevreuil, q. v. Der. cabrioler, cabriolet (a two-wheeled carriage which

6th cent, from Sp. gahan. CABANE, sf. a cabin; from L. capanna (in Isidore of Seville : ' Tugurium parva casa
est;

leaps

from

its

lightness).

Cabriolet, sm.
briole.

a cabriolet,

cab.

See ca-

hoc rustici capanna vocant.* The CABUS, sm. cabbage, cauliflower ; der. inform cabanna is to be seen in the 8th directly from L. caput (properly = a cabbage cent, in the Glosses of Reichenau). without a head). For p = i see 1 1 1 For For chou-cabus the Germ, is kopfkohl (lit. headp = 6 see dbeille. Cabane is a doublet of
.

cabine, q. v.

CABARET,
gin

Der. cabanon. sm. a public-house, tavern.

cabbage).
Ori-

It.

capuccio

(lit. little

head), forms

unknown.
sm. a

Dfer. cabaretitr.

t Cacao,
Origin
\

CABAS,

frail,

basket of rushes.
in

which show what the origin of the word is. sm. cacao, cocoa introd. at end of 1 6th cent, from America. Der. cacao;

unknown.

tier.

+ Cabestan,
+ Cabine,
cabin.

sm. a capstan

17th cent.

Cachalot,

sm. the sperm-whale; introd.

capestan, introd. from Eng. capstan.

from Engl, cachalot.

+ Cachemire, sm. cashmere, a kind of sf. a cabin; introd. from Eng. Cabine is a doublet of cabane, q. v. stuff originally worn in Cashmere. + Cabinet, sm. a cabinet; introd. in l6th CACHER, va. to hide, conceal from L. ^cent. from It. gabinetto. coactare, to be pressed together, whence CABLE, sm. a cable from L. caplum (found by extension comes se cacher, i.e. to crouch in sense of a cord in Isidore of Seville beside down, to hide oneself. Cacher was used the form capuliun). For p = 6 see ill. in Fr. in the active sense of to press under CABOCHE, sf. head, pate, noddle ; dim. of L. foot,* in the line of Ronsard, A pieds
;

'

CACHET CAGOT.
desckaux cache le vin noveau, Barefoot he presses out the grape,' which proves the origin of the word without doubt. Similarly It. quatto signifies both concealed and com'

dance was used. From this phrase donner un cadeau comes the modern sense of a The word is a good example of present. the way in which words drift away from
their original
sense.

pressed.

In

its

signification

Coactare produces cacher (l) by changing ct into ch, see Hist. Gram. p. 60 (2) by suppressing the o before a (cp. c o a g a r e
;

of the

feather-flourishes

of the
'

writing-

master, a sort of calligraphic

chain,* ca-

d.

Fr. coailler, cailler).

Der. cache

subst.), cncAette, cachtX (rightly that which serves to hide the contents of a letter),

cacAotter (whence
cflcAotterie.

cachot, verbal

deau, O. Fr. (i2th cent.), cadel (in Gerard de Roussillon) comes, through the Prov., from L. catellus (a little catena, chain). tCadenas, sm. a padlock, in Rabelais Introd. in 16th cent, from It. catenas. subst.),
1

(verbal

CACHET,
ginally

sm. a

seal,

stamp.

See cacher.

catenaccio

Der. cadenasser.
sf.

+ Cadence,
in

a cadence, measure

introd.

Der. cacheter, decacheier. CACHOT, sm. a dungeon.

This word,

ori-

meaning (Ambroise Pare

is

= cachette)

a hiding-place

16th cent, from It. cadenza. Cadence is a doublet of chance, q. v Der. cadenctx. Caddne, sf. a chain from Prov. cadena,
;

sauvages),

speaks' of cachots des betes the verbal subst. of cachotter.

adj.
'

which

from L. catena. doublet of chaine, q. v.

sf.

Cadene
(as

is

See cacher.

Cadenette,
cacochymic,' peevish
;

plaited

hair

worn by

Cacochyme,

men)

from Gr. Kanoxv/xos.

; a word of hist, origin (see 33) ; a kind of coiffure brought into fashion in

Cacographie, s/.'cacography,' bad-spelling;

from Gr. KaKoypacpia.

Cacologie,
words
sounds
;

sf.

'

cacology,'

bad choice

of

from Gr. KaKoKoyia.

sf.

\
jarring

Cacophonie,
;

'cacophony,'

from' Gr. KaKO<pcovia.

Cactus,
on
real

CADASTRE,

sm. a cactus ; from Gr. kAktos. sm. a 'cadastre,' official report

property.

O. Fr. capdastre,

It.

the time of Louis XIII by Honor^ d'Albret, brother of the Duke de Luynes, the Lord of Cadanet. Cadet, adj. younger ; from Prov. capdef, which from L. cap'tettum *, capitetttim, dim. of caput, head ; the eldest son being regarded as the first head of the family, the second son the cadet, or little head.

catastro, from L.

capitastrum*
in

(a register

Cadran,

serving to regulate incidence of taxation),

der.

from caput, which

Class. Lat.

is

used for the capital-sum of a contribution. The Sp. similarly has cabezon for cabeza (the head). Cap(i)tdstrum loses its i according to and becomes cadastre by rule, see 52
;

sm. a dial-plate, clock-face. O. Fr. quadrant, from L. quadrantem (a sundial, surface on which the hours are traced). Cadre, sm. a frame; introd. in l6th cent, from It. quadra. Der. cadrer, en-

cadrtT.

Caduc,

adj.

caducus.

Der.

decrepit,

decayed;

from L.

caducite.

male-aptus, Caduc6e, sm. a caduceus, herald's staff from L. caduceum. Cadavre, sm. a corpse; from L. cadaver. Cafard, sm. a hypocrite. Origin unknown. Der, cadaveri(\vie, cadavereux. + Caf6, sm. coffee introd. from the East by
changing pt into
;

d,

as

in

malade

captellum

*, ca^/e/.

CADEAU,

sm. a

gift,

present; properly the

with which writing-masters adorn their specimens of skill : in this sense it is found in 1 6th cent., then it came to mean trifles, agreeable pastimes of no value. Faire des cadeaux was used for ' to amuse oneself with trifles ; then cadeau was used for amusement, entertainment, fete: thus Moli<-re, in the Mariage force, has J'aimeles visifes, les cadeaux, les promenades, en un mot toutes les choses de plaisir. The word is especially used of entertainments given to women in the I yth cent, the phrase donner auxfemmes k cadeau off musique etde
feather-flourishes
' ;

beginning of 17th cent.; it is Der. ca/ier, ca/etier, the Turkish kahveh,

travellers at

ca/etiere.

CAGE,
-ea,

sf.

cage

from L. cavea.
;

For

= -ge
is

see a

243

for loss of

see 141.
q.v.

Cage
cfl/oler

doublet

of gabie,

Der,

(for cageoler),

which

in

O.Fr. bore

sense of to sing like a caged bird, but by a natural transition has come to mean to

seduce by flattering words.

tCagneux,
bitch.

adj.

knock-kneed
It.

beagle), dim. of cagne, from

(like a cagna, a

Cagot,

sm. a bigot.

Origin unknown.

64
CAHIER.
O.
sm.
(a

CAHIER
a

CA LICE,
caradrion, used in the Vulgate. For r = / and 154; for intercalation of an n see concombre. CALANDRE, sf. a calender, mangle ; from L. oylindrus. For y = a see balance for in = a see 72, note 4. Calandre is a
see autel
;

writing-book,

copy-book.

Fr. cayer, originally quayer,

from L. quamedial
t,

temum*
aubour;

book of
For
see

four leaves, then a

loss

writing-book).

of

qua(t)em\im,
for

tercalation

117; for rn = r qua = ca see car; for the of an h see Hist. Gram. p.

see
in-

79.

doublet of cylindre, q. v.

The
this

It.

derivation.

quaderno. Cat. cuern, both confirm Cahier is a doublet of

Calcaire,

adj, calcareous, chalky

from L.

calcarius.

caserne,

and quaterne,

q. v.
;

Calciner, va.to calcine from L.calcinare*,

;

Cahin-caha,
L.

adj. so-so, indifferently

from

which from calcem.

qua hinc,

CAHOTER,

va. to jolt.

qua hac unknown. Origin

From Du.
kajuit.

(hither-thither).

Calcul, sm.

a reckoning; from L.

calculus

(properly a pebble, used to count with).

tCahute,
CAIEU, sm. CAILLE, sf.
contrd.

Der. cahot (verbal subst.). sf. a hut; prop, ship's cabin:

sailors say cajute.

Der. calculex, ca/cw/ateur, inca/cw/able, calculeux.

+ Cale,
cala.

sf.

stocks

(in

ship);

from

It.

Origin unknown. a quail. O.Fr. quaille. It. quaglia, from medieval Lat. Quaquila, regularly
a clove.

+ Cale,

sf.

(caler) anything

wedge, to support, steady from Germ. keil.

;

(51)

into

quaq'la, becomes
into ca,

caille,

+ Calebasse,

(l)
is

by changing qtia

see car;

(2)

The form quaquila cl into iU see abeille. of Germ, origin, answering to O. Neth.
to curdle.

a calabash; introd. in l6th cent, from Sp. calabaza. tCaleche, sf a barouche; introd. from Sclav, languages (Polish holasha, holassa)
sf.

quakele.

CAILLER, va.
gularly

L. coagiilare.

through Germ, kalesche. O. Fr. coailler, from 't'Cale^On, sm. drawers; introd. in l6th cent, from It. calzone. Calepon is a double? Coag(u)lare, contrd, reof chausson,
q. v.

(52)
coailler

into coag'lare, produced the

by changing gl into il, as Calembour, sm. a pun. Origin unknown. in vigl'are, veiller; see Hist. Gram. p. 71. Calendes, sf. pi. the calends; from L. calendae. For loss of o see cacher. Cailler is a
O. Fr.
doublet of coaguler, q. v.

Der.

caillot.

CALENDRIER, sm. a
dier,

calendar.

O. Fr. calen-

CAILLOU, sm. a flint, pebble. Origin unknown Der. cailloutSLge. f Caiman, sm. cayman, alligator introd.
;

from L. calendarium.
see

= -ier

198;

for insertion

For -arium of r see

chanvre.

from American colonies through the Sp. Calepin, sm. a Latin dictionary, note-book, This a word of hist, origin, see 33. cayman. word, which now only signifies a little agenda Caisse, sf. a case, chest, box; from L. book, meant in the 1 7th cent, a vast colleccapsa, through Prov; caissa. For a. = ai Qui de tion of notes, as we see in Boileau ps becomes ss by assimilation see aigle. ses revenus ecrils par alphabet Pent fournir a phenomenon visible in Lat.: we find issa Originally aisement un calepin complet. scrisi, for ipsa scripsi, in an 8th-cent. the word signified a huge dictionary in six document and this change of ps into ss languages, very famous in early 1 6th cent., was accomplished ages before in popular by Ambrosius Calepinus, an Augustin monk, Lat., for Suetonius tells us that the Emperor
:

Claudius punished a senator for saying isse pt is similarly assimiinstead of ipse,

lated, as in

recepta,

recette,

see

and
q. v.

pm

who died a.d. 151 1. CALER, va. to wedge up, steady. See cale. 168; t Calfater, va. to caulk; in Rabelais calafter; introd in i6th cent, from It. calaAfter Der. calfat (verbal subst). fatare. the 1 6th cent, calfater was corrupted into calfeutrer {calfeutrer un navire is not rare in

becomes m,
Caisse
is

as

in

sept i man a,

setnaine.

a doublet of casse, chasse,

CAJOLER,
cajolerie.

va. to cajole.

See cage.

Der.

i6th-cent. authors).

Cal, sm.
tatem.

a callosity
sf.

Calamity,

from L. callus. a calamity; from L. calami;

Calfeutrer,
from
It.

va. to caulk.

See calfater.

+ Calibre, sm.
CALICE,
cup
;

calibre; introd. in l6thcent.

calibro.
sf.

Calandre,
of lark
;

sf.

(Ornith.)

calandra,'

a kind

(i) Bot. a calix; (2) a chalice,

from Gr. Kapadpios, through L.

from L. calicem.

CALICOT CANAPE.
Calicot, sm.
(see 33),
calico;

65
sf. It.

word of

hist,

origin

+ Carafe,
cent,

cameo;

from the city of Calicut, the seat

;

from

t Calife,

from Ar. Khalifa, the successor of the Prophet ( 30). CALIFOURCHON, adv. a-straddle, a-stride. Origin unknown. CALIN, sm. a cajoler, wheedler. Origin un-

of this manufacture. SOT. a khalif

Cam^leon,

Der. caOTaieu. cameo. sm. a chameleon; from

;

introd.

in

i6th
Gr.

Cainelot, sm. camlet

originally stuff

made

known.

Der.
adj.

The word, in medieval of camel's hair. Lat. documents written camelotum, is a deriv. of L. camelus.
t Cani6rier,
from
It.

cdlifier,

calinene.

SOT,

a chamberlain

introd.

Calleux,

callous;
see

from L. callosus.
229.

cameriere.

Camerier
a

is

a doublet
in-

For -osus

= -/!

doublet o{ galeux.

Der.

Calleux

is

of chambrier, q. v.

callosite.

fCam^riste,
from Gr.
trod.

sf.

waiting-woman;
Origin unknown,

Calligraphe,
"f-Calme,
calma.

sm. a calligraphist ; k6.\\os and ypdcpdv. Der. calligraphie.

from

It.

camerista.
dray.

Der. calmer, which

sf.
is

sot.

tranquillity, quiet;
is

from

It.

Camion, sot. a + Cam.isole,

a doublet of

chfJmer, q. v.

sf. a short night-dress, morning jacket ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. camiciuola.

Calomnie,
nia.

calumny; from L. caluma doublet of chalenge,

tCam.om.ille,

sf.

camomile;

introd.

in

16th cent, from It. camomilla. Der. calomnicLteur, calomiiier. Cam.ouflet, sm. a puff of smoke in a sleeper's q. V. face, an aflfiront. Origin unknown, Calorif^re, sm. a stove a word made up of L. calor and fero. Cam^p, SOT. a camp; from L. campus, proCALOTTE, sf. a skullcap. Origin unknown. perly field of battle, hence the place where an army encamps before a battle). Camp fCalquer, va. to trace, draw on tracing paper; introd. in i6th cent., with many is a doublet of champ, q, v, Der. campother terms of art, from It. calcare. er, Aecamper. Der. CAMPAGNE, sf. country, champaign, plainCalquer is a doublet of cocher, q. v. calqiie (verbal subst.), decalquer. land ; from L. campania, found in sense of For -ania Calvitie, s/. baldness; from L. calvities. a plain in the Roman surveyors. = -agne see moniagne and 244. The CAMAIEU, SOT. a cameo. See camee. originally a coat of Fr. form was champagne, which belongs S7n. camail ail, O. f mail, covering the head and shoulders; now primarily to the Picard dialect (see Hist. Gram. p. 21), and came late into Fr. Cama clerical vestment covering head and shoulders, down to the waist: introd. in pagne is a doublet of champagne, q.v. Der. middle age from Prov. capmail, from L. ca7npagn!ird. caput and macula, properly therefore f Cam.panile, sot, a campanile; introd, mail-armour for the head. For etymology of from It. campanile. maille, see that word. t Cam,parLule, sf. a campanula; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It, campanula. fCaraarade, SOT. a comrade; introd. in cent, from Sp. camarada, properly Cam.pech.e, sot. logwood a word of hist, 1 6th one who shares the same chamber (camera), origin (see 33), meaning wood from the Camarade is a originally a military term. forests which line Campeachy bay. doublet of chambree, q. v. Der. camarad- CAMPER, va. to encamp. See camp. Der.

Calomnie

Cam

erie.

campement.
adj. flat-nosed.

CAMARD,
+

Origin unknown.

See camns.

Cambouis,

sm. cartgrease.
dirt.

bois, from Prov. camois, known.

from L. c amphora*, which is of Ar. origin (^a/ar). F'or O. Fr. camloss of o see ancre and 51, Origin un- CAMUS, adj. flat-nosed. Origin unknown. Canaille, sf. mob. rabble; introd, in t

Cam.ph.re, sm. camphor;

CAMBRER,
L.
for
is

va. to arch, bend, vault

from

camerare. ra.'v = mbr

For
see

loss

of e see

52;
cam-

absoudre.

Cambrer

a doublet of chambrer, q. v. brure.

Der.

Canaille is a 1 6th cent, from It. canaglia. doublet oi chienaille and 51. Canal, sot. a pipe; from L. canalis. Canal is a doublet of chenal, q. v. Der. canal-

iser.

Cambuse,
caboose.

sf.

steward's
;

room (on board

ship)

introd.

room, cook's + from Engl.

Canape,
cent,

from

It.

sm. a sofa; introd. in i6th canape. Rabelais has cono-

pee.

66
CANARD,
canarder.

CANARD
sm.
a

CAPITAL,
Canonicat,
sm. a canonry; from L. canonicatus*, the benefice of a canonicus,

drake.

See cane.

Der.

sm. a canary-bird. O. Fr. canaries, or canon. a word of hist, origin ( 33), a bird Canoniser, va. to canonise. See canon. brought from the Canaries. Der. canon/sation. CANCAN, sm. gossip, tittle-tattle. An ono- CANOT, sm. a canoe. See cane. matopoeia ( 34). Der. caticantr. t Cantaloup, sm. (Bot.) a cantalupe a Cancer, sm. a cancer; from L. cancer. word of hist, origin, the etymology of which Cancer is a doublet of chancre, q. v. Der. is given 33, cancertux. fCantfete, sf. a cantata; introd. from It. CANCRE, sm. a crab, rightly crahe from L. cantata. Cantate is a doublet of chantte, canc6rem. For loss of e see 51. This q.v.

Canari,

(see Hist.

word belongs properly to the Picard dialect t Can tat rice, sf. Gram, p. 21), and has come late from It. cantatrice.
into the Fr. language.

a female singer; introd.

*

Cantharide,
;

s/".

cantharis; from L. can-

Candelabra,

sm. a candelabrum candour, openness;

candied;
introd.

from L.

tharidem.

candelabrum.

Cantildne,
from L.

Candeur,
+ Candi,
cent,

&f.

candorem.
adj.
It.

+
in
1 6th

sf. (Mus.) a cantilene, melody from L. cantilena. Cantine, sf. a canteen; introd. in i6th cent, from It. cantina. Cantine is a doublet

from

candi.

Candidal,

CANE,
;

didatus. Der. candidature. canticum. Candide,ac?7. candid, fair; fromL.candidus. CANTON, sm. a canton. Origin unknown. In O. Fr. a boat. Der. Der. can/onal, -ner, -nement, -nier. sf. SL duck. canard. This word took its present sense t Cantonade, sf. interior of the slips (in late the transition of ideas being that of a a theatre) from It. cantonata. bird floating on the water like a boat. Canule, sf. (Med.) a clyster-pipe from L. Cane is from Germ. kahn. Der. canard, cannula. caneton, in sense of 'a boat.' Cane has + Caoutchouc, sm. caoutchouc, indialeft the dim. canot. rubber. A word of American origin, cahtitCanphore, sf. a basket-bearer ; from Gr. chu.

sm. a candidate; from L. can-

Cantique,

of quintaine, q. v. Der. cantimhxe. sm. a canticle, hymn ; from L.

Kavq<p6pos.

fCap,

sm. a cape;
capo.

introd. in
It.

6th cent.
'

+ Canette,
which
is

s/. a beer-jug; dim. of cane, the Germ, kanne, a can. Der. canon, the ^ of a litre, V as, sm. canvas; introd. in i6th f cent, from It. canavaccio, properly a large piece of stuff for embroidery. Caniche, sm. a poodle; deriv. of L. canis. Canicule, sf. the dog-star; from L. canicula. CAN IF, sm. a penknife. Of Germ, origin, from A, S. cnif. Canine, adj. canine; from L. canina. CANIVEAU, sm. a sewer, drain. Origin un-

from
head,'

It.

The

also

signifies

from head to
chef, q. V.

whence the phrase cap-d-pie, i. e. Cap is a doublet of foot.

adj.

Cane

Capable,
bilis.

capable;
capacity;

from

L.

capa-

For -abilis
sf.

-aWc

see o^fc/c.

Capacity,
tatem.

from L, capaci-

sm. caparison; introd. in from Sp. caparayon. CAPE, sf. a cape, hooded cloak from L. cappa, found in Isidore of Seville. For
1 6th

Capara90n,
cent,

known.

CANNE,

a cane; from L. canna. Der. cannelle, cannele, cannelure, canon. Before meaning a piece of artillery it signified the
sf,

pp p CAPELINE,
laris.

see chape.
sf.

Der.
sf.

ca^eline, capoiit.

a kind of hood.

See cape.

Capillaire,

adj. capillary;

from L. capilIn i6th cent.

t Capilotade,
Capitaine,
der.

a hash.

gun-barrel, and earlier

still

the stock of the

cabirotade, from Sp. cabirotada.

arbaHst.

CANON,

sm. a cannon. See canne. Der. canonner, -nade, -nier, -niere. Canon, sm. a rule, decree; from L. canon. Der. canonique (of which chanoine, q. v., is a doublet), canoniser.

sm. a captain introd. about the 14th cent, from capitaneus, a form
;

by the medieval Lat. from L. caput.

is

Capitaine

a doublet of capitan.
capital,

Capital,
principal;

adj.

chief;

from L. capitalis.

sm. capital, Capital is

CAPITAN
a doublet of cheptal, q. v.
-iste.

CAREME.
chene;

67
cTiacun. qu becuisine. Certain of the 3rd cent, give

Der.

capitaliser,

comes
sm. a hector, bully; introd. in

quisque-unus, in coquina,
inscriptions

+ Capitan,
1

Roman
que.

t Capiteux,
introd. in

6th cent, from Sp. capitan. adj. heady (of wine, &c.)

us cocere, cinque, for

;

coquere, quincarbine; introd. carahina. Der. medical student

+ Capiton,
Capituler,

i6th cent, from It. capitoso. sm. cappadine, silk flock; introd. from It. capitone. Der. capkonner.

+ Carabine,
in
1 6th

sf.

rifle,

cent,

from

It.

carabin

'sawbones,'

from L. va. to capitulate; capitulare*, i. e. to fix the conditions or heads of a surrender. Capituler is a doublet of chapitrer. Der. capituhtion, -aire. + Capon, sm. a hypocrite, sneak; from It. cappoiie. Capon is a doublet of chapon. Der. caponner. sm. a corporal; introd. in "t Caporal, 1 6th cent, from It. caporale. CAPOTE, sf. a great coat, large cape. See

(which in the i6th cent, signified a skirmisher armed with a carbine thence it came to be used for surgeons' apprentices, and originally for those of apothecaries, by way of a nickname, carabin a genoux; and thence the present signification of the word), carabinier.
;

+ Caracole, sf. a
in
coller.

caracole,

gambol

16th cent, from Sp. caracal.

sm. character;
a decanter;
vn.
to

Der. cara-

introd.

cape.

CaractSre,
sf.

CAPRE,
For

(Bot.) a caper

from L. capparis.

racter.
cent,

Der.
s/.
It.

from L. chaintrod. in l6th

(in

caracteriser, -istique.

of a see 51. Caprice, sm. a whim, freak introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. capriccio. Der. capricloss

t Carafe,
from

Caramboler,
billiards).

ieux.

Der. carafon. make a cannon Origin unknown. Der. caramcaraffa.

s/".

Capricorne,
capricornus.

sm.

Capricorn

from

L.

bohge.

t
from L. cap-

Caramel,
introd.

sm. burnt sugar; introd. from

Capsule,
sula.

sf.

a capsule, pod;

Sp. caramello.

t
va. to captivate
adj. a captive;
is
;

Carapace,
sm.

carapace (of a tortoise)

introd.,
It.

Capter,

Der.
Captif

from L. captare.

from Sp. carapacho.

carat;

captation, -ateur.

+ Carat,
Der.

with
carato.

many

Captif,

from L. captivus.

other jewellers' terms, from

a doublet of chetif q. v.

Caravane,

sf.

a caravan; introd.

captiv'ite, -er.

Capture,

sf. capture; from L. captura. Der. capturer.

the East by travellers. Ar. hairavan. Der. caravam^XdW (properly = matsow des caravanes), Pers. karvan-sarat.

from

tCapuce,
cent,

sm. a hood;
It.

from

capuccio.

Der.

introd.

in

i6th

t Caravelle,
from
It.

sf a caravel (ship); introd.

capucin,

caravella.

capuc'me

(a hood-shaped flower),

tCaquer,
CAQUETER,
topoetic
subst.).

va. to cure, barrel (fish, &c.).

O. Fr. quaquer, from Dutch kaaken.

caque, tncaquer. va. to cackle, cluck; an
( 34).

Der.
(verbal

Carbone, sm. carbon; from L. carbonem. Carbojie is a doublet of charbon, q. v. Der.

ca^5owiser, -ique, -ate.

tCarbonade,

word
for,

Der. caquet

onoma-

from

It.

sf fried or boiled pork; carbonata. Carbonade is a doublet

CARCAN,
t

CAR,

In O. Fr. car kept

because ; from L. quare. its etymol. sense ; in the men said Je ne sais ni car, ni comment, where now they would say Je ne sais ni p o u r q u o i f comment. The change, qu = c, is to be seen in many inscriptions under the Empire: cotidie, condam,alico, etc., for quotidie, quondam, aliquo. qu becomes hard c in quare, car; quassare, casser; quomodo, comme, etc.
conj.

o( charbonnee. sm. an iron collar, pillory. O. Fr. quercant, from O. H. G. querca, the throat.

Care ass e,
1

sf a
It.

carcass

introd.

in

13th cent,

6th cent, from

carcassa.

Carde,

sf a chard,

qu

cercelle.

becomes soft c in quinque, cinq; quinquaginta, cinquante; querquedula, qu becomes ch in quercinus,

carduus. Der. car don, carder (to comb with cardes, i. e. with brushes of iron, formed like the teasel), cardtw. Cardinal, adj. cardinal; from L. cardinaDer. carlis, that on which all hinges. dinal, sm. CAREME, sm. Lent. O. Fr. quaresme, originally ywaraesme; lt.quaresima; fromL.quadQ,uadrages(i)ma having ragesima.

teasel-frame;

from L.

68
lost

CA RkNECA R VILA GE.

;
'

CARPE, sf. a carp from L. carpa, in Cassioits 1 (see 51), becomes quadradorus, lib. xii. ep. 4 Destinet carpam ges'ma, thence cart'me: (i) by loss of Danubius.' Der. carpillon. medial g, whence O. Fr. quaraesme, see Hist. originally Gram. p. 82 (2) by change of dr into r, t Carquois, sm. a quiver;

from Low L, tarcasia, of Low Gr. ropKaaiov (a quiver), introd. from the East by the early p. 81. Careme is a doublet oi quadragesime. Crusaders, with many other military terms Cardne, sf. a keel. In 16th cent, carine, it answers to the Turk, turkash. from L. carina. tCaresse, sf. a caress; introd. in i6th CARRE, adj. and sm. square. See carrer. CARREAU, sm. a tile. O. Fr. carrel, originDer. caresser. cent, from It. carezza. ally quarreel, from L. quadratell\iin, dim. tCarguer, va. to braii, clew up (sails); of quadratus (see carr4). Q,uadra(t)elfrom Prov. cargar, which from L. carrilum loses its medial t (see abbaye and oare. Carguer is a doublet of charger, q. v. Der. cargue (verbal subst.), carg-aison. 117), softens dr into r (see 148), changes qua into ca, see car; whence O. Fr. carrel Cariatide, sf. a caryatide; from Gr. (which remains in carreler, carrellage, KapvdriSfs. decarreler), which has become carreau by + Caricature, sf. a caricature; introd. in Der. cariel = eau, see agneau. 1 6th cent, from It. caricatura. CARREFOUR, sm. a cross-way (where four caturiste. ways meet). O. Fr, quarrefour, Prov. Carie, sf. decay; from L. caries. Der. carier. carreforc, from L. quadrifureum. For CARILLON, sm. chimes from L. quadrirc = rsee arbalete; for dr = rsee 148; for u = OM see 90 ; for qua = ca see lionem, properly the chiming of four bells.
see 168 ; (3) by change of qua into ca, see car ; (4) by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. tarquois, tarquais,

transcription

For
for

qua = <;a
11

see car; for

= 11

see

Hist.

dr = r see 168 Gram. p. 57. Der.

car.

CARRELER,
carreau.

can7/oner. Carlin, sm. a pug dog.

Der.

va.

to pave with
carrelet, -age.
;

tiles.

See

Carmagnole,
in

Origin unknown. sf. carmagnole, a sort of revolutionary dance ; a word of hist, origin (see 33), from the town of Carmagnole

CARRER,

va. to square from L. quadrare. For qua = ca see car ; for dr = r see 148. Carrer is a doublet of cadrer, q. v. Der. carre, contre-carrer, carruie (which
is

CARNAGE,

Piedmont. sm. carnage, slaughter from L. carnaticum *, der. from L. caruem. For -aticum = -a^e see 248.
;

a doublet of quadrature).
;

Car rick, sm. a top-coat, over-coat

Engl, carrick.
sf.

from

CARRIERE,

a quarry (stone); from L.

(in this sense
:

+ Carnassier,
introd.

adj. carnivorous; a

word
also

from Prov. carnaza, whence

camassiere, a game-bag. The Prov. carnaza is from L. carnacea *, deriv. from carnem. Carnation, sf. carnation (colour) ; from L.

carnationem.

+ Carnaval,
cent,

sm. carnival
carnovale.

from

It.

Der.

introd. in i6th

carnaval-

used in several medieval documents a quarry is properly the spot whence one draws out squared stone, quadrata saxa). For qua = ca see car for dr = r see 148 for -&Tia, = -iere see 198. Der. carrier. Carri^re, sf. a career, a racecourse from L, carrus.
;

quadraria *

esque.

f Carriole,
a note-book ; from L. quaterdim. of quaternum, q. v.
;

sf.

a carriole; introd.

from

CARNET, sm^
netum,

It.
j*

carriuola.

Carrosse,
in

Q,ua(t)eriietum loses its medial t abbaye and 117) and changes qua
ca (see car).

(see into

sm. a coach, carriage; introd. 16th cent, from It. carrozza. Der. car-

rossier, carrossable.

t Carrousel,
adj. carnivorous;

sm. a
;

tilt,

carousal

introd.
*.

Carnivore,
nivorus.

from L. car;

from

It.
sf.

carosello.

Carte,
adj. carotid (artery)

a chart

from L. charta, carta

126.

Carotide,
Kapcarides.

from Gr.

ox

ch.

=c

see

Carte

is

a doublet
It.

of charte,
a carrot
;

q. v.

Carotte,
by

sf.

from L. carota (used

+ Cartel,
tello.

sm. a challenge
sf.

from

car-

Apicius).

"tCaroube, sm. the caroub, locust-tree; introd. from It. carruba. Der. caroubicx.

Cartilage,

cartilage;

from L. cartila-

ginem. Der.

cartilagintMK.

CA R TON
i*

CA TIMINI.
tCassolette, -s^a
introd.

69
scent-box, perfume-pan;
Sp. cazoleta.

Carton,

sm. pasteboard; introd. from It. cartone. Der. car/oranage, cartonmer. Cartouche, 5m. a cartouche, case (Archit. and Military) introd. in i6th cent, from It. cartoccio, which bears both senses, as in the

from

t Cassonade,

sf

moist sugar;

introd.

from Port, cassonada.

t Castagnettes,s/./)/.
from Sp. Castanet as,

castanets; introd.

Fr.

Cartulaire, sm.
acts,

chartulary
register

chartularium, a chartulae of
is

a religious house.

from L. of title-deeds, Car;

t Caste,
'

sf caste
;

from Port, casta^ of pure

first

unmixed race
castes.'

word
;

applied to

Hindu

tulaire

from It. castello. Castel is a doublet of Cas, chateau, q. v. Casanier, adj. domestic der. through casana * from L. casa properly one who Castor, sm. a beaver; from L. castor. stays at home is called casanier. Castrat, adj. and sm. castrated, an eunuch
;
:

a doublet of chartrier, q. v. sm. a case ; from L. casus.

f Castel,

sm. a castle

introd. in i6th cent.

+ Casaque,
cent,

sf.

a cassock; introd. in i6th

from

It.

CASAQUIN,
i*

Cascade,
cent,

casacca. Der. casaqu'in. sm. a jacket. See casaque. a cascade; introd. in l6th sf.
cascata.
little

from L. castratus.
chdtre.

Der.
adj.

Caitrat'is a doublet of

cas/ration.
casual,

Casuel,

accidental

from L.

casualis.

from

It.

fCasuiste,
Sp. casuista.

sm. a casuist;

introd.

from
Gr.

t Case, s/, From the

crtsier,

house; from Sp. casa. sense of little house it comes to that of a hut, a compartment, square. Der.
a

Catachr^se,
Karaxprjais.

sf

catachresis

from
;

caser.
sf.

Cataclysme,
a casemate
;

^Casemate,
1

introd.

in

sm. a cataclysm, deluge Gr. KaraKAvafios.

from

t Caserne,
caserne.

It. casamatta. s/. barracks; introd. from Sp. Caserne is a doublet of quaterne, Der. caserntx, casernement. q. V. Casimir, sm. kerseymere, cashmere; corruption of cachemire, q. v. 'f Casoar, sm. the cassowary, the Malay name of the bird. 'f Casque, sm. a helmet; from It. casco. Der. casquet, a little light casque ; whence

6th cent, from

t Catacombes,././)/.
from
It.

f Catafalque,

casquette.

CASQUETTE,
CASSE,
sf.

sf.

a cap.

See casque.
restricted in

a case;

now

sense

catacombs; introd. catacomba. sm. a catafalque; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. catafalco. Catafalque is a doublet of echafaud, q. v. Catalepsie, sf. catalepsy; from Gr. KaraXrjipLS. Der. cataleptique. Catalogue, sf a catalogue ; from Gr. Kard\oyos. = Der. cataloguer. Cataplasme, sm. a cataplasm, poultice from Gr. fcaTairXacrfM. Catapulte, s/. a catapult; from L. catapulta.

to a printer's case, in compartments, but in

Cataracte,s/'.

a cataract;

O. Fr. in the general sense of chest, box Its original meaning survives in { = caisse). cassette, a little box. Casse is from L. capsa. For ps = S5 see 168 and caisse, of which

Catarrhe,
Karappoos.

Der.
va.

sm. a catarrh, cold

sf.

fromL.cataracta. from Gr.

;

catarrhs.], -eux.

Catastrophe,
KaTaaTpofp-q.

a catastrophe to
catechise

from Gr. from Gr.

word CASSE,

it is
/".

a doublet.

Der.
;

cassette, cassetin.

Catechiser,
KaTTjxi-C^LV.

a crucible

from
kezi,

Low

which from O. H. G.
casserole.

a stove.

L. caza, Der.

Cat^chisme,

sm. a cate-

Casse,
cassier.

sf

cassia;

from

L.

casia.
;

Der.
verbal

chism; fr om Gr. KaTTjxicTfios*. Catechiste, sm.a catechist; from Gr. KaTr]xi'0"rr]S*. Catechum^ne, sm. a catechumen from
;

CASSE,
subst.

a breaking, cashiering sf. of casser, q. v.

va. to break
see car.

CASSER,
For

qua = ca

from Der.
;

L. quassare.
casse, cassuie,

Gr. KaTr]xovfj.(vos. Cat6gorie, sf a category ; from Gr. Arariyyopia. Der. ca^e^orique. Cath6drale, sf. a cathedral; from eccles. L. cathedralis, sc. ecclesia, a church in

is

cassation, concasscr.

which
Klkos.

CASSEROLLE, CASSETTE, sf.

Cassis, unknown.

See casse. sf a saucepan. a little box. See casse. sm. a black-currant bush. Origin

Catholique,

Der.

the bishop's seat (cathedra). from Gr, naOoadj. catholic

;

catholicl&me, catholicity.

CATIMINI,
gin

adv. in a corner, stealthily.

Ori-

unknown.

70
CATIR,
cat *,
loss

CA TIR
va.

CEINDRE,
Cave,
cave. adj.

to

press,
is

gloss

(cloth)

which

from L, coactus.

of o see cacker; for ct = / see the It. quatto (from coactus) confirms this etymology. Der. cati (verbal subst.),

from For i68

CAVEAU,
t

hollow from L. cavus. sm. a small cellar, vault.

;

See

cn//ssage, dccatir.

CAUCHEMAR,

sm. a nightmare, an incubus, Der. Aicaver. caused, according to old mythology, by the presence of a supernatural being sitting on Caveme, sf. a cave, cavern ; from L. caCauchemar is vern a. Der. caverneviX. the breast of the sleeper. properly a demon who presses, from the + Caviar, sm. caviare ; in i6th cent, cavial, from It. caviale. two words mar (a demon in the Germ., which survives in Engl, night-mare and in Cavit6, sf. a cavity from L. cavitatem. Germ, nacht-mar), and from cauche, the CE, pron. this. O. Fr. fo, originally if 0, from L. ecce-hoc, which has lost its h, see O. Fr, verb caucher, to press. Caucher is atelier, and its final c, see ami and Hist. formed regularly from L. calcare. For Gram. p. 82 ; and then ecce-o (or ecc'o) for al = au see c = cA see 126; is changed to /fo by reducing cc into soft agneau. Menage tells us that in his day c, and by changing e into i, see accomplir. the cauchemar was called cauchevieille in the The O. Fr. igo was afterwards reduced to fo Lyons dialect. Cauche-vieille,ihe old woman

sm. a snaffle-bridle; introd. in 6th cent, from It. cavezzone. Caver, va. to hollow from L. cavare. t Caver, va. to stake; from It. cavare.-^
1
;

Cavecon,

who presses one down, = la

Caudataire,
adj.

vieille qtiipresse,

(as ici to ci)

confirms the etymology given above.

and sm. train-bearing, a train-bearer; from L. caudatarius. Cause, sf. cause; from L. causa. Cause is a doublet of chose, q. v. Der. causer (to be the cause of), causalhe. Causer, vn. to talk, chat; from L. causari,

to defend a cause, then to discuss, lastly to

talk.

the

Causator is used for Lex Salica. Der. causewr,

a pleader in
cawsette.

ipo, ecce-hic became ici (whence the adv. ci) ecce-hac became 2fa* (whence the adv. fa) ecciste became O. Fr. icist, later cist ( = celuci-ci in O. Fr.), and this became cest (for i = e see mettre), whence the mod. Fr. cet (for the loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81) eccille became O.Yr. icil, then icel; icel (whose fem. icelle survives in some legal

Just as

whence mod. Fr. ecce-hoc became

ce.

Caustique, adj. caustic from L.causticus. Caut^le, sf. cunning, craft; from L. cautela.
;

Der. cateltMX.
sf.

is reduced to eel (whose fem. celle remains, while the masc. has perished, leaving behind celui (for details see Hist.

phrases)

Gram.

p.

113).
i\\.

Eccillos produced O. Fr.

CatltSre, sm. a cautery, cauterizing iron from L. cauterium. Der. cau tenser, cau-

terisation.

see agneau), just as illos produced eux, and as capillos produced cheveux ; iceux finally was reduced to mod.

iceux (for

= eu

Caution,

O. Fr. compd. of adv. fa 6th cent, from It. cavalcata. For Cavalcade (q. V.) and ens, which from L. intus. = mod. Fr. an, see 68, and is a doublet of chevauchee, q. v. in = 0. Fr. under andouille. t Cavalcadour, sm. an equerry; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. cavalcalore. CECI, pron. this here compd. of ce and ci, q.v. introd. in i6th cent, i" Cavale, sf. a mare from It. cavalla. C6cit, sf. blindness; from L. caecitatem. introd. in i6th C6der, va. to yield; from L. cedere. i* Cavalier, sm. a cavalier cent, from It. cavaliers. Cavalier is a doublet fC^dille, sf. a cedilla; introd. from Sp. of chevalier, q. v. cedilla. Der. cavalierement. fCavalerie, sf cavalry; introd. in l6th t at, sm. (Bot.) cedrat ; introd. in i6th cent, from It; cavalleria. cent, from It. cedrato. Cavalerie is a doublet of chevalerie, q.v. Cddre, sm. a cedar; from L. cedrus. i*Cavatine, sf. a cavatina; introd. from C6dule, sf. a schedule, note of hand from
adv. within, in this house.

Der. cautionner, cautionnement.

sf.

a caution

from L. cautionem.

Fr. ceux.

CEANS,

t Cavalcade,
1

a cavalcade; introd. in

Qaiens, originally ^aens,

C6dr

It.

cavatina.
sf.

Cave,

a cellar, vault

from L. cava (used

land-surveyors).

L. schedula. CEINDRE, va. to encompass, gird

Der.

in this sense in the

Roman

eaveau.

from L. Cing(e)re having lost the atonic penult (see 51), becomes cin're, whence
;

cingere.

CEINTURE
ceindre,

CERCLE.
sm. a censor
sf.
;

71
from L. censor. censure, blame; from L. c encensurer.
;

by euphonic
as in

(n'r

= n-d-r),

d Censeur, Censure, astringere, astreindre

intercalcation
see Hist.

of

pingere, peindre,
p.
7.:;.

etc.,

Gram.

sura.

Der.
adj.

(See cem/7/re and absoiidre.)

sf.

CENT,
Der.

hundred
sm.

from L. centum.
centurion;

CEINTURE,.
cp.

girdle,

sash;
;

from L.

centa.ine, cenlennire.

cinctura. For ct = / see 168 for i = ei insignia, enseigne, etc.; sinus, sein and all verbs in eindre answering to Lat. stringere, etreindre -ingere, -imere Der. ceinastringere, astreindre, etc.
; :

CENTENIER,
Centenier
tiesme,
is

from L.
see 198.

eentenarius.

For -arius = -2Vr

a doublet of centenaire.

CENTIEME,

turon.

CELA, pron. that Celadon, sm. a

origin, see I'Astree.

compd. of

ce

and

la, q. v.

sentimental lover; of hist.

;

33

an allusion to Celadon de
;

adj. hundredth. O. Fr. cenfrom L. centesimus. Centes(i)mus, conlr. into centes'raus after the rule ( 51), becomes centieme by the change of e into ie (see arriere), and loss of s (see Hist. Gram, p, 81). Centieme is a doublet

of centime,

q. v.

part of Cel^bre, adj. celebrated, famous from L. CENTIME, sm. a centime from L. centesimus. Oena franc) celebrem. Der. celebr'ile. tes(i)mus, contrd. into centes'mus (see Celebrer, va. to celebrate ; from L. cele-

(^

brare.

Der.

ce7e6ration.

51),
p. 81).

Celer,

va. to conceal;

from L. celare.
introd.

(see accomplir),

becomes centime by changing e into i and dropping s (Hist. Gram,

;

f C61eri,

Der. A&celer, receler. sm. celery

from

It. seleri,

a Piedmontese word.

C616rit6, sf. swiftness; from L. celeritatem. trique, excentrique. C61este, adj. heavenly; from L. caelestis. C61ibat, sm. celibate, celibacy from L. Centrifuge, adj. centrifugal. Centripdte, Der. celibata.iiQ. adj. centripetal. Words coined by the caelibatus. CELLE, pron.f. that. See ce. learned, the first centrum with fugere, and the second with petere. CELLIER, sm. cellar from L. cellarium. For -Qxi\xra -ier see 198. Centuple, adj. augmented a hundredfold, centuple; from L. centuplus. Cellule, sf. a little cell; from L. cellula. Der. ceu'

Centime is a doublet of centieme, q.v. sm. a cento from L. centonem. CENTRE, sm. centre; from L. centrum. CENTRAL, from L. centralis. Der. centraliser, decentraliser, concentrer, concen-

Centon,

Cellule is a doublet of ciaule, q. v. Der. celhdeux, celhihixe. CELUI, pron. sm. this one. See ce. Cement, sm. cement from L. caementum. Cement is a doublet of ciment, q. v. Der. cementer, cemenUiion. C6nacle, sm. a guest-chamber ; from L.
;

tnpltr.

Centurie, sf. a century; from L. centuria. Centurion, sm. a centurion; from L. centurionem.
CEP, sm. cippus
a tree-stock, vine-stock;
*.

from L.

For
cepnge.

V'9=P
q.v.

see chape.

caenaculum.

Der.

=e Cep is
i

mettre ; for a doublet of cippe^

see

CENDRE,
L.

sf.

ashes, cinders.

It.

cenere,

from

CEPENDANT,

cinerem. Cin(e)rem, contrd. after the rule. 51, into cin'rem, becomes cendre by change of i into e (see meitre), of nr into ndr (see Hist. Gram. p. 73). Der. cendrex, cendrier, cendreux, cendriWon.
sf.

adv. however, =pendant cela. See ce and pendant.

sf.

Cephalalgie,

head-ache;
;

from

Gr.

Ceramique,
C6raste, sm.
CTT^S.

adj. ceramic

from Gr. pa-

Cdne,

the

Lord's

Supper

from

L.

the cerastes
cerate
chief

from Gr.

Acepa-

coena. C6llobite, sm.

bita, one convent.

a cenobite

from L. coeno-

Cerat, sm.
salve

who

Kves in the
a

coenobium,

or

whose
is

compound

from L. ceratum, a is wax, cera.

Cerat
sm.

Cenotaphe,
KevoTa.<piov.

cenotaph;
;

from Gr.

CERCEAU, sm.

a doublet of cire, q. v. a hoop. O. Fr. cercel, from L.

Cans,

sm. census, annual quit-rent from L. census. Der. cens'iex, ce/zsitaire, censlve. Censer, va. to deem, reckon whence partic. cense, reputed; from L. censere.

For i = e see mettre ; for circellus *. -ellus = -e/ = -eaw see agneau. CERCLE, sm. a circle; from L. circulus. Circ(ii)lus, contrd. after rule (see 51) e (see into circ'lus, changes i into
,

7a
mettre).

CERCUEIL

CHA IR
b = v,
cervelle.

Der.

eerchr, of which circuler

is

doublet.

CERCUEIL,
originally

sm. a coffin. sarcueu, from

O. Fr. sarcueil,
L.

see avant; (2) -ellum into -eau, see agneau. Just as cerebellum becomes cerveau, so the fern, form cerebella became

sarcopha-

Der. cerveht,
;

6cervel^.

Sarc6pMgus loses (see 51) the two final atonic syllables, and becomes sarmett by changing o into ue see accueillir. Hence again, by corruption from sarcueu, comes the form sarcueil, in which the presence of the final / is unexplained. Sarcueil has changed a into e, see acheter, and s into c, as in salsa, sauce. The study of proper names, which usually gives us valuable aid in establishing the origin of common nouns, here confirms for us the above etymology, which connects cercueil with sarcophagus in the arrondissement of Lisieux is a place called Cercueux, which in medieval documents is called ' Ecclesia de Sarcophagis.' Cercueil is a doublet of sarcophage, q. v. C6r6ale, adj. cereal; from L. cerealis. C6r6bral, adj. cerebral; from L. cerebralis. Crinonie, s/. a ceremony; from L. caeremonia. Der. ceremonial, -eux. CERF, sm. a stag; from L. cervus. For
gus.
; :

Cervel as,
cervelat
flrf/.

sm. a saveloy.

In 16th cent.

introd.

from
;

It.

cervellata.

CERVELLE,
Cervical,

5/ the brain.
cervical
ale,
./.

See cerveau.

CERVOISE,
(in Pliny,

beer
it

from L. cervical is. from L. cervisia

who

cites

as a

word of Gaulish

origin, see 19).

CESSER,
ation.

vn. to

For i = oi see 68. cease from L. cessare.

;

Der. cesse

(verbal subst.), incessant, cassa cession

Cession,

Der.

sf.

from L. cessionem.
;

cesszown aire.

Ceste, sm.

a cestus, girdle
;

from L. cestus.

ensure, sf. caesura from L. caesura. GET, pron. this. See ce. C6tace, ofi?;. cetaceous from L. cetaceus*,
;

der.

from cetus.
fish)

CHABOT,
headed

sm. a miller's-thumb, chub (a big; from L. caput, with addition of the suffix ot, to be found in Fr. in cachot, bntlot, billot, etc. For c = ch see achamer for p = fe see aheille. This fish
;

was

called, for a like

reason, Kk(f>aKos

in

v=/see CERFEUIL, sm.

final

142.
chervil
loss
; from L. caereof e, cer'folium, see

Chabraque,
horse.

Gr. and capito in Lat. sf. the cloths on a cavalry

folium.
52
;

For

word

introd.

from Germ, scka-

for -6liwoa.

= -euil
;

seefeuille.

brake.

from L. cerasa, pi. of sf. a cherry cerastun. For a = t see aimant. Der. cmsier, cemaie. CERNE, sm. a ring, circle ; from L. circinus.

CERISE,

fChacal,

Cir(ci)iius, contrd. according to rule (see 51) into cir'nus, became cerne by

changing

into e

see mettre.

Der.

cern-

eau, cerner.

sm. a jackal; introd. from the East by travellers. Pers. and Turk, schakal. CHACUN, distrib. pron. each one. O. Fr. chascun, chasqun, from L. quisque unus. Quisque unus or quisq'unus becomes cAasc7m by changing qu into ch (see 126), and i into a (see balance). For the loss of s see 148.

CERNER, va. to encircle. See cerne. CERTAIN, adj. certain from L. certus,
;

CHAFOUIN,
by
fouine.

sm. a pitiful-looking person. In patois chatfouin, compd. of chat and

sm. shagreen; introd. about the 15th cent, from It. Venetian zagrin.

CERTES,

the adjunction of the Lat. suffix -anus = ~ain; see 194. Der. certainement. adv. certainly ; from L. certe. For this addition of s see Hist. Gram, p. 80.

Chagrin,

Chagrin,

Der. chagriner.

sm.

affliction.

Origin unknown.

Certiiicat, sm. a certificate; from L. cer- CHAINE, sf. a chain from L. catena. For tificatum*, partic. of verb certificare*, loss of medial t see abbaye and 1 1 7 for whence certifier. Chaine is a doublet e = i see accomplir. Certifier, va. to certify. See certificat. of cadcne. Der. chainon (of which chignon, Certitude, sf. certitude, certainty from L. q. v., is the doublet), chainette, enchainer, certitudo*. d^chainer. C6ruse, sf. white lead; from L. cerussa. CHAIR, sf. flesh. O. Fr. char, originally charn, CERVEAU, sm. the brain. O. Fr. cervel*, from L. carnem. For c = cA see 126; from L. cerebellum. for rn = n see aubonr. Cer()beUum, for a = ai see 54
;

contrd.
into

according

to

rule

(see

52)

Der.

charnQ\, charnier,

chartiu, charn-

cer'belluin, produced

cerveau,

by

ure, cAarogne, decAarner,

achamer.

CHA IRE
CHAIRE,
a pulpit.

CHA NCELER
CHAMBELLAN,
;

73

O. Fr. chaere, from sf. L. cathedra, i. e. a raised seat from which one speaks. For loss of medial t (th.) see abbaye; for G ch see 126; for dr = r Before the 1 6th cent, the see 168.
'

sm. a chamberlain. O. Fr. chambellanc, originally chamberlenc It. camarlittgo, from O, H. G. chamarlinc, an officer of the chamber. For the assimilation of rl into // see 168 for the dissimilation of

word chaise did not exist, and chaire, like cathedra, had the two meanings, a chair, and a pulpit.' Thus Montaigne says, <S"t'' lanpant d'tme chaire (chaise), ok elle esloit
'

mm into mb see
CHAMBRANLE,
frame.

169.

sm. a doorcase, Origin unknown.

sf.

window-

CHAMBRE,
mera*.

chamber;

from L. ca-

assise.

In the

1 6th

cent, the Parisians substi

Cam(e)ra,

contrd. regularly (see

tuted s for r (see arroser), and so transformed chaire into chaise. Under Louis XIV the

phrase ran not une chaire de Droit, but U7ie chaise de Droit, une chaise de Theologie. Moliere says, Les savants ne sont bons que

pour precher en chaise

and is nothing but same word.

shewing plainly

51) into cam'ra, becomes chambre, by changing (1) c into ch, see 126; (2) m'r into mbr, see absoudre. Der. chambrer (whose doublet is cambrer), chambrette, chambree (whose doublet is camerade), chambritx, chambrieie (whose doublet

that chaise long kept the sense of chaire,

a slight variation of the

is

catnerier).

CHAMEAU,
chameXitr.

sm. a camel.

Originally chamel,

See chaire. sm. a lighter, barge. A word of Byzantine origin, like many terms of seafaring and military art of the middle ages from Low L. chelandium, Gr. x^^'^i'Stoi/. Chaland, sm. a customer. Origin unknown. Der. achalander. t Chale, sf. a shawl introd. from the East
sf.

CHAISE,

a chair.

from L. camelus. For c = cA see 126 ; for -el = -eau see agneau Der, cAamelle,

CHALAND,

Chamois,
Swiss origin.

Der. chamoisem.
field
;

sm. a chamois;

word of

CHAMP, c = ch
in

sm. a
see

q. v.

from L. campus. For

of camp,

Der. champion,

126.

Champ

is

a doublet
fights

(who

champ

clos).

by

travellers.

Ar. schdl.

+ Chalet,

campestris. Forc=^ch see 126; for loss of s see 126 and Hist. Gram. p. 81. CHAMPIGNON, sm. a mushroom from L. see 126; for o Der. chaleureux. campinionem.*, i. e. that which grows in CHALIT, sm. a wooden bedstead. Origin the fields; deriv. of cam.pus. For G = ch unknown. see 126; {orni= gn see Hist. Gram, p. 64. CHALOIR, vn. to be important, matter, lit. CHAMPION, sm. a champion. See champ. to be hot from L. calere. For o = ch see CHANCE, sf chance, hazard. O. Fr. cheance, It. cadenza, from L. cadentia, that For this verb 126; for e = oz see 63. see Hist. Gram. p. 147. which falls out fortunately, from cadere, Der. uonchaloir (to care for nothing), whence the pres. For loss of a term used in dice-playing. partic. nonchalant. medial d see accabler and 120; iox Q = ch tChaloupe, sf. a launch, shallop. In see 126 for -tia = -ce see 192. Chance l6ih cent, chaluppe ; introd. from It. sciais a doublet oi cadence, q. v. Der. chanceux.

sm. a cheese-house, a chalet. A Swiss word, from the Grisons patois. Chalet is a doublet of chdtelet.
sf.

sm. a field-rent; for champpart. A feudal term. See champ and part. CHAMPETRE, adj. rural, rustic; from L.

CHAMPART,

CHALEUR, For o = ch

heat;

from

L. calorem. = eu see 79.

luppa.

CHANCEL,

CHALUMEAU,

sm. straw, blow-pipe. O. Fr. chalemel,ixom L. calamellus, dim. of calamus. For o = ch see 126; for -ellus

= -eau
cp.
"

see

agneau

for

saccharum,
sf.

Sucre;
a parley

a = u, through e, rhabarbarum,
;

rhubarbe.

Chamade,
cent,

introd. in

i6th
un-

from

It.

chiamata.
vn. to scuffle.

sm. a chancel, the grating sepafrom L. from the nave cancellus, the grating or bar dividing the judgment-seat from the people. The cancellarius was the officer who stood by this From cancellarius, first an usher, bar. then a scribe, a notary, comes mod. Fr. chancelier, by changing (l) c into ch, see 126; (2) -arius into -ier, see 198.
rating the choir
;

CHAMAILLER,
known.

Origin

Chajtcel

is

CHANCELER,
./.

a doublet of cancel, q. v. from L. vn. to stagger, reel

;

+ Chaniarre,

lace-work, embroidery; from Sp. chamarra. Der, chamarrex.

cancellare, to make zigzags, thence to walk unevenly, to stagger. For G = ch see 126.

74
CHANCRE,
cancrum.

CHANCRE

CHAPEA

U,
;

sm. a canker, cancer; from L. For o = ch see 126. Chancre is a doublet of cancre, cancer. CHANDELLE, sf. a candle; from L. canDer. dela. For c = cA see 126 chandelier, chandehnx, the feast of candles (oandelae). Chandeleur represents the Lat. candelarum in the phrase festa S.
'

from L. cantare. va. to sing Der. chanfear For o = ch see 126. (whose doublet is chantre), chanttuse, dechanter, chantoimcr chatitereWe. CHANTIER, sm. a yard, timber-yard, &c. from L. canterium, a beam of strong wood. For o = ch see 126; for e = ie

CHANTER,

see 56.

Mariae candelarum.' CHANFREIN, sm. chamfron, armour horse's head. Origin unknown.

CHANTRE,
for

sm. a singer, chanter

from L.

cantorem. This word, coming to be proncd. cant(6)rem, was contrd. according to

rule

CHANGER,

va. to change, exchange, barter

(51)
1

from L. cambiare*, in the Lex Salica, der. from the form cambire, to be found in Apuleius). Cambiare becomes changer by consonification of ia (see abrSger and Hist. Gram. p. 65) and fall of b (see Hist. Gram, p. 81). Forc = cAsee 126. For the change of into n, we find it in Lat. tamdiu or tandiu, quandiu or quamdiu, and in in-

see

26.

CHANVRE,
(
(see

changing c into ch Chantre is a doublet of chanteur. sm. hemp from L. cannabis.

into cant'r,
;

Cann(a)bis, contrd.
51)
into

according

to

rule

cann'bis,

ought to

have

become chanve, by change of c

into ch

scriptions

quen, tan, ren,

This change

for

quem,

tarn,
in Fr.
in

rem.

also takes place

(i) At the beginning of words, as matta, a//^; ma.p pa., nappe; mespilum, nPJle. Natta is to be found in Gre-

gory of Tours, and nespilum in Low Lat. (2) In the middle of words, most often when is blunted by being in contact with another consonant, as in commjatus*, conge; pum'cem, ponce, etc. Also in

126) and b into v (see 113). This form chanve exists in fact in Picardy in patois, and doubtless existed in O. Fr. The intercalation of an r, whence chanvre, is to be met with in a few words, as in funda, fronde; encaustum, encre,8cc. See Hist. Gram. p. 80. The form regestrum for regestum is to be found at a very earlyperiod. Chaos, sm. chaos; from L. chaos. Der.

chaotique.

CHAPE,

dama,

daine; comestabilis*, coufittahle.

;

(3) At the end of words, in summum, son suum, son; meum, man, etc. See also

imder airain.

Der. change (verbal subst.), Techanger, rtchange, echanger, changem,

changement.

from L. cappa(a hooded For G = ch see 126. pp becomes p, as in cuppa, coupe; sappa, sape pupis, poupe And we also find the stuppa*, etottpe. form capa beside cappa in certain Lat. chapezu documents. Der. chaperon, For (O. Fr. chapel, properly a little chape). = eau see agneau. The O. Fr. form had -el
sf.

a cope

cloak, in

Isidore of Seville).

CHANOINE,

sm. a canon from L. canonThi word, accented on the o, has, icus. according to rule (see 51), lost its two atonic vowels. For c = ck see 126. o becomes oi by the attraction of the i, as in historia, histoire, 84. o also
;

becomes

o,

as in

focarium, /o^er,

83.

Chanoine is a doublet of canonique, q. v. Der. chanoine&se. CHANSON, sf. a song; from L. cantionem. For c = cA see 126; for tiare = ser see 264. Der. chansonnler, chanson-

dim. chapelet, a little head-dress, conusually of a crown of flowers. Ronsard, speaking of a maiden watering lilies, says Soir et matin les arrose Et a ses noces propose De s'en faire un chapelet. The chapelet de roses, a chaplet of roses placed on the statues of the Virgin, shortly called a rosaire, or rosary, came later to mean a sort of chain, intended for counting prayers, made of threaded
a
sisting

nette.

CHANT, sm. a song, chant from L. cantus. For c = c/t see 126. CHANTEAU, sm. a cantle, hunch. O. Fr.
;

chanlel,

tus*

(a
;

from L. cantellus*, dim. of cancorner). For -e\lvis = -eau see

1

which at first were made to resemble the chaplets of the Madonna. Another deriv. of capa is the dim. capella, which from the 7th cent, has had originally a cathe sense of a chapel pella was the sanctuary in which was preserved the cappa, or cope of S. Martin, and thence it was expanded to mean any
beads,
:

for G = ch see CHANTEPLEURE, sf. a

agneau

26.

long funnel, tap.

CHAPEAU,

See chanter and pl^urer.

sanctuary containing relics. See chape. Dei. sm. a hat. chapeUei, from O. Fr. chapel'.

CHAPELA IN
;

CHARRIER.
It.

75
from
'

CHAPELAIN, sm. a chaplain. See chapelle. CHAPELER, va. to chip, rasp, bread from L. capulare. For o^ch see 126. Here Der. u = e as in juniperus, genievre.

caricare,

L.

carricare,

used

by St. Jerome for to load.' Carr(i)Gare was soon contrd., according to rule (see

chapelmt.

CHAPELET, CHAPELLE,
chapehin.

sm. a chaplet. See chape. See chape. Der. /. a chapel.

CHAPERON,

sm. a hood. See chape.Der. chaperonner. CHAPITEAU, sm. a capital, top, cap. O. Fr. chapitel, from L. capitellum. For c ch
see 126; for

The Glosses of have 'onerati = carcati.' Carcare became charger by changing (i) the initial c into ch (see 126 (2) re into rg (see 129). Charger Der. charge is a doublet of carguer, q.v.

52), into

car'care.

Reichenau

(8th

cent.)

(verbal subst.), chargemenX., dccharger, sur-

charger.

-ellum = -e(37^

seeagrieatt.

CHARIOT, sm. a wagon. See char. CHARITE, sf. charity from L. caritatem.
;

CHAPITRE,
tracted

sm. a chapter.

O. Fr.

chapitle,

from L, capitulum. Capit(u)lum, conby rule (see 51) into capit'lum, becomes chapitre by changing (l) cinto ch, see 126; (2) 1 into r, see 157. unknown. Der. chapitrev (to reprimand in full chapter). t Charlatan, sm. charlatan, quack; introd. Chapitrer is a doublet o{ capituler, q. v. Der. in 1 6th cent, from It. ciarlatano. CHAPON, sm. a capon from L. caponem. charlata?ii%me. For c = cA see 126, Chapon is a doublet CHARME, sm. a witch-elm ; in the Berry of capon, q. v. It. carpino, from L. carpipatois charne. CHAQUE, adj. each. O. Fr. chasque. For nus. Car(pi)nus is contrd. according to its etymology see chacun. rule ( 51) into car'nus, whence charme ^HAR, sm. a car, chariot from L. carrus. by changing (i) c into ch (see 126); For c = ch see 126. Der, charner, (2) n into m, a change of which this word

for -atem = -e cA see 126 ; Charite is a doublet of cherte, see 230. Der. chariiMe. q. V. CHARIVARI, sm. a mock serenade. Origin

For c

Der, charmoie. almost the only example. sm. a charm, enchantment; from origin ( 24), introd. during Der. the l8th L. carmen. For o = ch see 126. cent. Origin unknown. charmer, charmant. CHARANgON, sm. a weevil. Origin un- CHARNEL, adj. carnal. See chair. known. CHARNIER, sm. a larder. See chair. CharCHARBON, sm. coal ; from L. carbonem. nier is a doublet of cornier. For Q = ch see 126. Charbon is a CHARNU, adj. fleshy, brawnv. See chair. doublet of carbone. Der. charbonner, char- CHARNIERE, sf. a hinge;' from L. earbonnier, charbonnee (of which carbonade is dindria, der. from cardinem. Cardthe doublet). (i)ndria, contrd. according to rule (see CHARCUTIER, sm. a pork-butcher. Chair 52) into card'naria, becomes charniere cutier as late as Rousseau in the 17th cent. by changing (l) c into cA (see 126); chaircuitier; hx\gmA\y chair cuitier, properly (2) dn into n (see aller) ; (3) -aria into a seller of cooked meat, as opposed to a -i?re (see 198). butcher, who sells it raw. For the etymology CHAROGNE, sf. carrion. See chair. Chasee chair and cuite. Der. charcuieiie, charrogne is a doublet of carogne. cuter. CHARPENTIER, sm. a carpenter ; from L. CHARDON, sm. a thistle; from L. carducarpentarius, which is properly a cartonem*, der. from carduus. For c = ch wright or wheelwright = cAarro, for which see for loss of the u see For o ch see 126; for see 12. 126 ; Der. chardonneret, a goldfinch; -arius = -?er see 198. Der. charpenter, 52. O. Fr. chardonnet, properly a bird which charpente (verbal subst.). frequents the thistle. As a confirmation CHARPIE, sf. lint, a partic. subst. (see of this origin we may mention the fact 188) of O. Fr. verb active charpir; from ^that the Latins similarly called the bird carFor c = ch see 126; for L. carpere. duelis from carduus, and the Greeks e = i see 59. d/cavBis from aKavOos ; and lastly, the CHARRETTE, sf. a cart. See c^ar. Der. Germans call it distelfinh, the thistle-finch. charretier, charretee. CHARRIER, va. to cart, carry. See char.

^ Charade,

charvoyer, charrette, charron, chariot. sf. a charade ; a word of Prov.

is

CHARME,

75

CHARROVER
va. to cart, carry.

CHA

see

UDl'^RE.
;

CHARROYER,

See char.

Der. ckarroi (verbal subst.).

CHARRUE, sf. a For c = cA see

237.

plough 126;

from L. oarruca.
for

Der. chdtaigmer, chdtaignenie.

CHATEAU,
;

126 for a = a/ see 54; for -nea = -^c 244; for loss of 8 see Hist. Gram. p. 81.
sm. a castle. O. Fr. chastel, from

-uca = -we
;

see

CHARTE,

sf.

charter,

chartulary

from

L. oharta. Charta, being really proncd, carta, afterwards became charte by returning from c to ch (see 126). Charte is a doublet of carte, q. v.

L. castellum. For -ellum = -ea7i see agneau for c = cA see 126; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Chateau is a doublet of O. Fr. castel. Der. (from O. Fr. chalel)

chatelime, chdtelenie, chdtelet. CHAT-HUANT, sm. the screech-owl

cent,

in 17th

CHARTRE,

sf.

charter

from L. char-

tula, dim. of charta (see charte). Chart(ii)la, contrd. according to rule ( 51) into chart'la, changed 1 into r; see 157. Der. chartriei (of which the doublet is

chahuan in Menage, chnuhan and chouhan in the Anjou patois; in the 16th cent, chouan in Ronsard. This form chouan is the real form of the word (and besides, naturalists still give the name of chouan to
the middle-sized horned owl). Chouan is a dim. of O. Fr. choue. Choue is in its turn derived from O. H. G. chouch, the owl the Germ, root-word has also a form choue, whence Fr. choucas. The O. Fr. choue has
:

cartulaire, q. v.).

CHARTRE,

L. career. For o = ch see 126; c'r (care'r) becomes tr by change of c into t, of which there is no other example in the modern Fr. language. CHAS, sm. the eye of a needle. Origin un./.

prison

from

known,

CHASSE,
capsa.

sf.

shrine,

reliquary

from L.

left two derivations, chouette and chouan, whence chat-huant, a word whose present spelling would mislead us to imagine a deriv. from chat and huer, which is very far

see caisse.

Der.

For c

= ch

see

126

for

ps = ss

from being the case.

chassis, enc^asser.

CHATIER,
;

va. to chastise.

CHASSE,

sf chase, hunting, verbal subst. of chasser, q. v. Chasser is a doublet of

caisse, q. v,

from L. castigdre. for c ch see 131

see Hist.

Gram.

p. 81.

Der. chdtiment.

O. Fr. chastier, For loss of g see 126; for loss of s

CHASSER,

va. to hunt, chase

tiare*, deriv. taken the sense of 'to chase' in late Lat. In Propertius captare feras is used in the sense of ' to hunt wild beasts.' For c = ch see 126 ; for tiare = sser see agencer; for assimilation of r see caisse. Der. chasse, chasseur, chasseresse, pomchasser. CHASSIE, sf blear -eyedness. Origin unknown. Der. chassieux. CHASSIS, sm. a frame, sash, chase. See chasse. CHASTE, adj. chaste from L. castus. For Der. chastele (of which c = ch see 126. the O. Fr. doublet was chastee). CHASUBLE, sf. a chasuble from L. casibula *, dim. of casula, which is used by Isidore of Seville for a mantle. Casibula
' '

from L. capof captare, which has

;

CHATON,

O. Fr. chaston, from Germ, hasten. CHATOUILLER, va. to tickle; from L. cattuliare* (der. from cattvilire = titillare, to tickle). For c = ch see 126; for u = ou see 90; for Ui = ill see ail.
sm. a bezel.
originally caston,

Der.

chatouillement.
va. to sparkle,

CHATOYER,
See chat.

change
geld.

in hue.

CHATRER,
chastrer,

va.

to

castrate,

O. Fr.

from L. castrare.

For c
is

= ch

see

126

for loss of s see Hist.feram. p. 81. castrat).

Der. chdtre (of which the doublet

CHATTEMITE, sf.
See chat.

demure-looking person.

CHAUD,

or

into casub'la,

casubula, contrd. regularly ( 51) became chasuble by changing

CHAT,

Seville).

catus (Isidore of Der. For c = ch see 126. chatoyer (to change colour Hke a cat's eye those precious stones which jewellers call

into ch (see 126). sm. a cat ; from L.

adj. warm. O. Fr. chald. It. caldo, from L. caldus, which was used in Rome in the time of Augustus for calidus, as is seen in Quinctilian, i. 6, 'Sed Augustus quoque in epistolis ad Caium Caesareni scriptis, emendat quod is dicere calidum quam caldum malit non quia illud non sit latinum, sed quia sit odiosum.' For c ch Der. see 126; for al = aM see agneau.
:

cat's eyes are pierres

chatoyantes), chatte

6chaudeT, rechaud.

mite (from chatte and mite, L. mitis).

CHAUDIERE,
ria For
: '

CHATAIGNE,

O. Fr. chassf a chestnut. For G ch see taigne, from L. castdnea.

sf a copper from L. caldaVasa caldaria' is used by Vitruvius, c = ch see 126; for al = om see
;

CHA UDRON
agneati
;

CHENIL.
in Ze
:

17

for -aria

= -zVre

from (O. Fr. chaudere, another form of chaudiere. Similarly m'Si^.c alder on is deriv. from caldera). CHAUDRON, sm. a caldron, kettle. See chaudiere. Der. chaudronnler. CHAUFFER, va. to warm, heat. Prov. cal-

chaudron

see 198. chauderon, der.

Der.

ch e f c?'w saint, un corwre-ch.e f from L. caput. For c = ch see 126; for a = e see 54. p has here become / after having gone through all the stages of
the phonetic scale
(p, b,

v,f), as

is

shown

by Low Lat. cabo

cent. Fr. cheve.

far.

from calefare *, contrd. For loss of e calefacere. (cal'fare) see 52 for c = cA see 126 Der. chauffe for al = au see agneau.
It.

calefare,

form

of

caput), and lothtwo words praesaga, /resarV, mespilum, nefle, have also changed p into/. Chef is a doublet of
(for

Like

chef, the

(verbal subst.), chauffzgt, chattffoir, chaufferette, chauffeur, ^chauffer, rechauffer.

CHAULER,
See chanx.

va. to lime, steep in. lime-water. a stalk,

is

CHAUME, sm.
mus, which
ment dated

haulm

from L. calain a

Der. a.cheveT (q. v.), chevet (the of a bed), chef-lieu. CHEMIN, sm. a way, road. Prov. camin. It. cammino, from L. carainus *, found in 6thcent. documents for a road. For ca = cAe see Der. cheminer, 126 and 54. acheminex.
cap, q. v.
'

head

'

written

calmus

docu-

CHEMINEE,
from
L.

sf.

a chimney.
deriv.

It.

camminata,

672. Cal(a)raus, regularly ( 51) into cal'inus, chaume by changing c into ch, see and al into au, see agneau. Der.
A. d,

contrd.

caminata,

of

became I26; chaum-

used by Vitruvius for a chimney. che see 126 and 54; for
see

caminus, Forca==
-ata = -ee

201.

iere,

chaumme.

CHEMISE, sf
mentum
For
00,

CHAUSSE, sf. a shoulder-knot. See chausser. CHAUSSEE, sf. a causeway, embankment.

Prov. causada, Sp. calzada, from L. calciata* (sc. via) properly = iozc ma^onnee h la chaux (a road made with lime). Cal-

a shirt, shift ; from L. camisia. Paulus, the abbreviator of Festus, says of ' the word supparus Supparus, vesti:

lineum

quod

camisia

dicitur.'

ciata is from calcem. For Q = ch see for 126; for al = au see agneau; ci = ss see agencer for -ata = -e'e see am;

= che see 126 and 54. CHENAL, sm. a channel; from L. canalis. For 00. = che see 126 and 54.
l

Another form of this word = w see ag?ieau). Chenal

canal.

is

is

chcneau (for a doublet of

poule.

CHAUSSER,
ings)
;

va. to put on (shoes or stock- + Chenapan, sw. a scamp, blackguard; introd. towards end of 17th cent, by the from L. calceare. For c = ch see Germ, wars, from Germ. sch?iapphahn. 126; for al = aw see agneau for ce = ss see agencer. Der. chausses (verbal subst.), CHENE, sm. an oak. O. Fr. chesne, from L. chaussette, chausson (of which the doublet casnus * ( = an oak in a Chartulary of A. d, is cale^on), chausswve, dechausses, d6chaux, For ca, = che see 126 and 54; 508). chatisse-trape (properly a snare, trap, which for loss of s see Hist, Gram. p. 81. The form

shoes the foot).

CHAUSSE-TRAPPE,
chausser and trappe.

sf.

a caltrop, trap.

See

casnus is a transformation of the regular quercinus (querc'nus) by changing re

into rs, s
:

this

rs

=s

is

found

in Fr. in

CHAUVE,
,

adj. bald from L. calvus. For c = c/i see 126 for al = aM see agneau. Der. chajwe-somis (a bat), so called because its wings are membranaceous and have no feathers. The Glosses of Reichenau (8th
;

Lat.

dorsum, dos, etc. ( 154), and also in The Romans said dos sum for dorsum, sussum for sursum, prosa for prorsa, retrosum for retrorsum. Even
introsus
car.
is

cent.)

give

us

'

Vespertiliones

calves

scription (Orelli,

sorices.'

Der.

found for introrsus in an in14034). For qn = c see

chena.ie.

AUVE-SOURIS, UX, sf. lime.

sm. a bat. See chauve. Prov. calz, It. cake, from

see 126;
for

CHENET,
net.

sm. a dog, andiron.

O. Fr. chien-

See chien.
;

L. calcem. For c=-ch al = aw see agneau.

CHENEVIS,

AVIRER,
chapvirer,

vna. to capsize, upset properly to be turned

from
upside

from L. cannaS7n. hempseed bisium. *, deriv. of cannabis. Forca = che see 126 and 54 for b = t/ see avant and 113. Der. chenevihxe, chenevotte.

down

from virer (q. v.) and chap (from L. caput). For c = cA see 126.
;

CHENIL,
place

HEF, sm, a

head, chief; originally head, as

from L. canile *, dogs are kept. Canile is from canis, like equile from equus.
sm. a kennel
;

where

78
agnile from agnus, 126 and 54.
etc.

CHENILLE

CHE VA LIER.
CHETIF,
adj.

Foroa = cAesee
;

poor,

mean, bad;

in

13th

cent. c/jfliV// (Joinville), in

nth

cent, caitif
;

CHENILLE,
oiila, a

sf.

a caterpillar

from L. canfthe likeness of

name drawn from

the head of certain caterpillars to that of a

This etymology, which at first is confirmed by the fact that the caterpillar has in many idioms received the name of other animals in as in Milanese cagnon ( = a little dog) other parts of Italy it it called gattola (a little cat). The Portuguese call it lagarta
little

dog.

sight seems strange,

(a Uzard).

For

ca.

= che

see

120 and

54
is

see 257. Chenille Der. 4cheniller. a doublet of canicule.

;

for -icula,

= -ille

CHENU,
deriv.

adj. hoar-headed

and 54
capial,

ofcanus. for -utus = -tt

;

from L. canutus, oTC& = che see 126

Prov.

CHEPTEL,

sm.

see 201. leased-out cattle.

Cap(i)tale, contrd, regularly (see 52) into cap'tale, becomes cheptel by changing ca into che (see 126 and 54), and -ale into

from

L. capitale.

-el (see

191.)

Cheptel

is

a doublet of

captel, capitale.

CHER,
che

acf;.

dear

see

fromL. carus. For ca = 126 and 54. Der. cher'ii,

;

c/ierement.

CHERCHER,

Prov. cercar. It. cercare, from L. circare, used by ProperFor hither and thither. tius for to wander o = ch see 126; for i = e see mettre ;
va. to seek.
for
Q, e see 54. chercher, recherche.

Der.
fare
;

cherchem,

re-

in Class. Lat., but used in sense of chetif, mean, poor-looking, in Imperial times, as we see in the Mathesis of Firmicus Maternus, viii. 24, a treatise on astrology written by this Christian controversialist, who was a contemporary of Constantine, and died about a. d. 436 Vicesima pars Sagittarii, si in horoscopo inventa fuerit, homines facit nanos, gibbosos, How then has captivos, ridiculosque.' the word passed from its proper Lat. sense of * captive and * weak ' ? to that of ' mean A parallel Fr. metaphor will help to explain it the word chartre, which properly means a prison, is also said in the Diet, de I'Acaddmie Fran9aise to signify the mesenteric phthisis to which children are liable ; the phrase un enfant est en chartre being used for a child attacked by this malady. Popular superstition, in its faith in fairies and evil spirits, likened consumption to a mysterious prison-house in which the sick person is held captive till he dies by an invisible hand and thus the sick person, the chetif, is the ' captive of that fatal malady. The L. captivus having thus this double signification, handed it down to the Romance languages thus It. cattivo is bad.' O. Fr., richer both ' captive ' and and fuller than the modern language, gave
: ' ' ' :
:

(Chanson de Roland) captivus, a prisoner,

;

It.

cattivo

from L.

'

'

to the

word

chetif both, senses

as

we

see in

CHERE,

from L. cara, a face, countenance, used by Corippus, a 6th-cent. poet, in his Paneg. ad Justinum Postquam venere verendam Caesaris ante caram.' Faire bonne chere took its present sense of 'eating a good dinner' only in modern times formerly it was faire bon accueil, and originally faire bon visage, as
sf.

cheer,

good

Joinville that St. Louis delivered les chetifs

(i. e.

cens).
final

the Christian ' captives ' of the SaraAs to the form of the word,

'

captivus

becomes
final

caitif

-us, by

v=/
a = cz

( 142),

by dropping by pt = ^

the proper sense of chere is a face, as in Patelin's lines. Que ressemblez-vous bien de For chere Et du tout a vostre feu pere. ca, = che see 126 and 54. CHERIR, va. to cherish. See cher. Der. cherissMe, cncherir, rencherir, smencherir. CHERTE, sf, dearness, high price; from L. .caritatem. Car(i)tatein, contrd. regu-

larly

(see

52)

comes
che, see

cherte

into car'tatem, beby changing (l) ca into

;

126 and 54 (2) -atem into -e, see 230. Ch^rubin, sm. a cherub; from eccles, L.

cherubim,
( 30).

introd. into Lat.

by

St.

Jerome

Caitif ( 168), and by ( 54). (introd. into England by the Normans in the form caitiff) becomes in the 1 2th cent. chaitifhy c ch ( 126), in the 13th cent. Chetif is a chetif by ai = e ( 103). doublet of captif. CHEVAL, sm. a horse; from L. caballus. For GO, = che see 126 and 54; for see 113. Der. cheval'm, chevalet, dim. oicheval; similarly the Romans used Cheval is the dim. of equus. equuleus, a doublet of cavale. CHEVALIER, sm. a knight from L. caballarius, used by Isidore of Seville as = alaris eques. For ca = che see 126 and 54; for l) = i/ see 113; for -arius = Chevalier is a doublet of -ier see 198.

h=v

cavalier,

q.

v.

Der.

chevaltxic

(whose

CHEVA UCHER
doublet is cavalerie), chevalihre, chevaleresque (a word formed after It. cavalleresco).

CHIEN.
L. caprifolium.
see under chevre zfid feuille.

79
For the changes here
;

CHEVREUIL,
vn. to ride.

sm. a roe, roebuck

from L.

CHEVAUCHER,
cker,
It.

O. Fr. cheval-

capreolus.
54
;

For ca = c/ie
1/

cavalcare, Sp. cabalgar, from L.

for

p=

see

1 1 1

see 126 and ; for -eolus

caballicare*.
tit.

We

find in the Salic

Law,

caballum sine permissu domini sui ascenderit, et euni caballicaCaball(i)care, contrd. regularly verit.' (see 52) into cabal'care, becomes chevaiicher by changing (l) ca into che, see (2) b into v, see 126 and 54; Der. 113; (3) al into au, stt agneau. chevauchee (whose doublet is cavalcade,
25,
'

Si

quis

a doublet of cabriole. CHEVRON, sm. a rafter; from L, caprioa'iejil

is

-euil see

and 253,

Chevreuil

nem *. The word capriones is found in the Glosses of Cassel (8th cent,). For the changes of letters see chevre. As to the transition in meaning ( 13), the like metaphor existed in Lat, The Romans called a
rafter

capreolus
vn.

(a

little

goat),

q. v.).

CHEVROTER,
CHEZ,
For
s

to sing tremulously (like

a kid's bleating). CHEVELU, adj. long-haired. See cheveu. CHEVELURE, sf. head of hair, hair. O. Fr. CHEVROTINE, sf
capellatura, from L. capillaby S. Augustine, der. from capillum. Capella(t)ura having regularly lost its medial t (se^ abbnye) becomes chevelure by changing (i) ca into che, see 126 and 54; (2) p into v, see III; (3) by contracting eu into u, see mur. CHEVET, sm. a bed-head. See chef. Der. cheveder (a choir-master, from chevet, forcheveleure.
It.

See chevre. buckshot. See chevre. prep, at the house of; from L. casa.

tura,

used

= che see 126 and 54; for Chez was in very O, Fr, a meaning a house. The Grand Coutumier speaks of ces maisons et chez esquels les marchands mettent leur marca

=z

see 7tez.

subst,

chandise.
vais

In the lith cent, people said je

^

chez Gautier =
Gautier.
;

Walterii,'

to Walter's cottage

Ya.do ad casaru or je viens

;

de

chez

But

this

distinction

merly the name for the choir of a church). CHEVETRE, sm. a halter. O. Fr. chevestre, Sp. cabestro, It. capestro; from L. capisFor ca, = che see 126 and 54; trum.
for
loss

the phrase a chez became chez, but de chez remains, and bears witness
speedily shifted

by

its

subst.
q. V.

form that the word was originally a See 13. Chez is a doublet of case,

p=u

see

1 1 1

for i

see mettre

Der. of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. s'enchevetrer, used of a horse which catches its leg in the halter (chevetre), whence metaph. to get entangled, embarrassed.

for

Chicane,

CHEVEU,

sm. a hair.

capillum. For 54; for p = u

see mettre
;

O. Fr. chevel, from L. see 126 and see ill; for i\ = el

CQ,

= che

for el

= eu

see agfteau.

Der.

sf. chicanery, sharp practice ; another example of those changes of meaning noticed in 13, Before being used for sharp practice in lawsuits, it meant a dispute in games, particularly in the game of the mall; and originally it meant the game of the mall in this sense chicane re:

presents a form

zicanum *, which

is

from

(from

O. Fr, chevel)
sf.

cheveln,

echeveler

{echevezu).

GHEVILLE,
L.
-iciila
54. cleville;

a peg, pin.
*
,

It.

caviglia,

clavicula

= -27Ze

see

wooden 257; for

peg.

from For
see

a=e

Clavicula ought to have given but euphony caused a dissimilareduction

medieval Gr. r^vKaviov, a word of Byzantine origin. Der. chicaner. CHICHE, sf. chick-peas; from L, cicer. For c = ch see 126, CHICHE, adj. niggardly ; from L, ciccum, that which is of little worth. For o = ch see 126; for cc ch see acheter and

( 169) ; for the into c see able; for c

tion
I
i

ch

see

of cl 126.

168,
sf chicory
; ;

Chicore,

in

6th cent, cichoree,

Cheville

is

a doublet

of clavictde,
;

q. v.

CHEVRE, smf. ca, = che see

a goat

from L. capra.

For

see III. chevron, chevrier, chevroter, chevrotin, chevroiine (buckshot, shot to shoot goats

126 and 54; for p = v Der. chevrea.n, chevreite,

from L. cichorium. CHIEN, sm. a dog from L, canis. For o = ch see 126; for a. = ie see 54. Der. chienne, che?iet (which in O. Fr, was
chiennet, a dog, andiron, so called
it

because

it

had was

a dog's head

on

its

end

in

Provence
cafuec,

called formerly

un chenet

chien de feu, a dog which guards the

fire

8o
ill

CHIFFE
Germ, the word
sf.

CHOU.

feiierbock

is

used in this

sense).

CHIFFE,

a rag.

Origin unknown.

Der,
'

chiffon, chiffonnier.

ing (1) c into ch, see 126; (2) g into oi, see 61 ; (3) by losing d, see accO' bier; (4) by synaeresis of e-oir into oir. Just as ca(d)ere becomes chioir, ca-

CHIFFRE,

sm. a numeral, digit, figure. O. Fr. ci/re, which in early O. Fr. meant zero, like low Lat. cifra (' cifra, figura nihil! says
the

(d)utus*

(for partic. in

utus

see

boire)

Breviloquus)
^ifr.

word of Ar.
is

origin,

produced O. Fr. ch6-ut, then chu, and the fem. ca(d)uta, gave che-ute, then chute, now a subst., by a change considered under
absoute.
xtchute.

like so

many mathematical

terms, representa doublet of

Der. choir, 4choir, d^choir; chute,

:

ing the Ar.

zero, q. v.
vertebrae.

Der.

Chiffre

chiffrer, dochiffrer.

CHOISIR,

nape of the neck, cervical Buffon often speaks of le chignon du cou (by extension it is used to designate the back hair of a lady gathered by a riband and resting on* the back of the neck). Chignon in its proper sense was in O. Fr. chaignon, originally chaaignon, from L. catenionem *. Ca(t)enionem loses its medial t regularly (see ahbaye), and becomes chaignon. For c = cA see 126 for Txi = gn see cigogne and 244. Chignon is a doublet of chainon, q. v. Chim^re, sf. a chimera ; from L. chimaera. Der. chimerique. Chimie, sf. chemistry; from L. chymia *. Der. chimique, chimiste. Chiner, va. to colour, dye, stuffs, to resemble Chinese silks, etc. ; a word of hist, origin
;

CHIGNON, sm, the

va. to choose. At an earlier period it signified to see, perceive in the middle ages men said de sa tour le guetteur choisit les ennemis. Choisir, O. Fr. coisir, originally cosir, Prov. causir, It. causire, is a word of

Germ,
to
see,

origin,

der.

examine.
sm.

Der.
a

from

Goth.
choix

Jcausjan,

(verbal

subst.)

Lat. word der, is a doublet of colle, coltre. Der. cholerique. CH6MER, vn. to be without work; often written chaumer in i6th cent. : it means properly ' to rest.' Prov. chaume is the time
cholera,

Chol6ra,

from Gr. xoAe'pa.

Cholera

'

3.^).
sf.

+ Chiourme,
convicts;
citirma.

the crew of a galley,

introd.

in

l6th cent, from

a
fillip.

It.

This word is der. from flocks rest. medieval Lat. cauma, heat of the sun, the time of day when heat is too great for work, a word found in sense of great heat in St. Jerome, Isidore of SeThis Lat. cauma ville, and Fortunatus. Fo'^ au = o see represents Gr. x"^^"= ch see 126. Chomer 106; for o Der. chumis a doublet of calmer, q. v.

when

Chiquenaude,
known.

sf.

Origin un-

age.

CHOPE,s/
sf.

Chiragre,

(Med.)
sf.

chiraga;

from Gr.

Der. chopme.
origin,

a beer-glass;

from Germ. schoppen.

Chiromancie,
X^ipofiavrda.

chiromancy;
;

from Gr.

vn. to stumble ; a word of Germ, from Germ, schnpfen. fChoquer, va. to strike, knock. Origin

CHOPPER,

Chirurgie,
sargien).

Der. chirurgien (of which

sf.

surgery from Gr. x^i^povpyia. the doublet is

unknown.

CHOSE,
-

sm. chlorine; from Gr. x^'^P^sDer. chlorique, chlonte, chlorose (a disease which gives the skin a greenish-yellow tint), chloroforme (compounded of chlorine and formic acid stt formique). 'f'Choc, sm. a shock, collision; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. cicoco. f CAocolat, sm. chocolate; in 17th cent. chocolate, introd. in 1 6th cent, from Sp.
;

Chlore,

^Xat. of

a thing. It. cosa^ from L. causa, meaning ' a cause ' came in the the later Empire to mean 'a thing.' \ Hyginus uses causa for res ; Pliny says
sf.

which

first

'quam ob causam'

for

'

quam ob rem';

the Reichenau Glosses (8th cent.) give us ' find in the Lex rerum = causarum.' Longobard ' Quia viri istam causam faciunt,

We

non autem mulieres.' Causa becomes chose by changing (1) c into ch see 126;
(2) au into of cause.
see 106.

Chose

is

a doublet

chocolate.

CHCEUR,
chorus.
is

sm.

chorus,

choir

For o = ceu see

cueiller.

from L, Choeur

CHOU,

a doublet of chorus.

CHOIR,

vn. to fall. O. Fr. chhir, originally chaer and coder, from L. cadere by chang-

sm. a cabbage. O. Fr. chol, from L. caulis. Caulis becomes chol by changing (l) c into ch, see 126; (2) au into 0, see 106. CAo/ becomes cAo7/ by softening 0/ into ou, see agneau.

CHO UCA S
CHOUCAS,
huant.

CINI^RA IRE.
Cicatrice, sf

8i
a scar
;

sm. a daw, jackdaw.

sf.

See chatcorruption

Der.
It.

from L. cicatricem.

cicatrisev.

+ Choucroute,

sour-crout

tCic^rone,
cicerone.

sm. a cicerone; introd. from

CHOUETTE,
huant.

of Germ, sauerkraut, introd. through Alsace. See chatsf. an owl, owlet.

Origin unknown. L. eccles.
F<^r
i=*

CIDRE, sm.
regularly

cider.

O. Fr.

sidre,

from L.

sicera, from Gr. a'lKipa.

into

Sieera, contrd.
:

CHOYER, va. to pet, cosset. CHREME, stn. chrism

;

sic'ra,
s (see

became sis'ra by

from

changing c into
regularly

ehrisma,

Gr.

XP^'^A'O-

see

mettre; for loss of s see Hist.

Gram.

p. 8i.
se-

Chrestomathie,
lection of pieces
;

sf.

a chrestomathy,

amitii) sis'ra has an euphonic dental between s and r (see ancetre), and becomes sisdre, just as lazarus becomes
intercalated

from Gr.

xp'?o"''o/id0a.

CHRETIEN,
tlanus.
for

adj. christian;

from L. chris.

S.

For
e

-ianus = -ien see ancien

;

(laz'rus), or S. Lusor becomes Ludre (Lus'r). Sisdre becomes sidre (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), then cidre (see

ladre

i=

see

mettre

for

loss
is

CIEL, sm. heaven; from L. coelum, written of Swiss cretin, q. v. celum by the Romans themselves. See CHRETIENTE, sf. Christianity; from L. For e = e see arriere. 105. christianitatera, which is contrd. regularly CIERGE, sm. a wax candle from L. cereus, (see 52) into cliristian'tatem, whence from cera. For -eua = -ge see 272 for
Hist.

Gram.

p. 8i.

Chretien

of s see the doublet

amitie).

chreiiente

by changing (i) christian into

;

Chretien (q. v.)

230.

(2)

-atem

into

-e

see

= ie see arriere. tCigale, sf a cicala,

e

Christianisme,
XptCTiavtOfjios.

sm. Christianity; fromGr.

;

Chrome,

sm. chrome
adj.

from Gr.
chromatic
chronicle;
;

^pa>ijui.

Chromatique,
XpCOfMTlKOS.

from Gr. from

L.

Chronique,
chronica.
icus.

Der. chroniqueur.
adj. chronic
;

sf.

Chronique,

from L. chron;

Chronogramme, sm. a

chronogram

from

Gr. xpoJ'os and ypacpeiv. Chronologie, sf chronology; from Gr. ciRer, now desszV/er). XpovoKoyia. Der. chronologique. Chronomdtre, sm. a chronometer; from CI ME, sf. a summit, mountain-top. O. Fr. Gr. xp6vos and fxirpov. cyme, from L. cyma, a summit, in Isidore ' of Seville Chrysalide, sf. a chrysalis ; from L. chryCjrma est enim summitas arborum.' Der. cimier (an ornament on the salidem. top of a helmet). Chrysocale, sm. pinchbeck a word made CIMENT, sm. cement ; from L. caementum. up of two Gr. words xP^^^^s and KaXos. Here ae becomes i as in caepuUa, ciCHUCHOTER, vn. to whisper an onomatopoeia Der. chuchotement. boule; caepa, cive ; caepatum*, civet; see 34. CHUT, interj, hush an onomatopoeia ; see // ; p a e o n i a pivoine. 1 a eta ae reduced

grasshopper; from Prov. cicala, which from L. cicadxila, dim of cicada. t Cigarre, sm. a cigar ; introd. from Sp. cigarro. Der. cigarette. CIGOGNE, sf. a stork; from L. ciconia. For 0=^^ see 129. For the change of ni into gn before a vowel see 244. See also under aragne. Cigogne is a doublet of O. Fr. soigne. CIGUE, sf. hemlock; from L. cicuta. For see 129 ; for -uta= -ue see 201. CIL, sm. an eyelash, hair of eyebrows from L. cilium. Der. c//ler (whence O. Fr. d^-

o=g

34-

CHUTE, sf. fall

partic. subst. (see absoute

and

e becomes ie, as in saeclum, siecle graeca, grieche. See 104. Ciment is

to

iChyle, sm. chyle

188) of choir,q.v. from Gr. xw^<5*. jCI, adv. here. See ici. plBLE, sf a target. O. Ft. cibe, from O.H.G.
;

a doublet of cement.

tCimeterre,
terre,

introd.

Der. cimenter. sm. a scimitar. O. Fr. cimtfrom the East through It.
a cemetery; from L. For oe = see 105,

scimitej^ra.

sciba.

CIMETIERE,
a ciborium, p)^x;

sm.

Ciboire, sm. rium.

from L. cibo-

coemeterium.
64
;

for

e = ie see arriere.
;

CIBOULE, sf. a shalot from L. caepuUa*. CIMIER, sm. a crest. See eime. For p = 6 see abeille and 1 1 1 for u = Ott Cin6raire, arf/. cinerary from
;
;

L. cinera-

see

90;

for

ae=-t see

104.

rius.

Cineraire

is

a doublet oi cendriers

82
CINGLER,

CINGLER

CTVI^RE.

va. to lash, whip; from L. CIRE, sf. wax; from L. cera. For e = i see oingiil^e, to whip with a cingulum. Der. cirii (which is a doublet 59. of cerat, q. v.), c/rer, -age, -ier. For regular loss of penult, ii see 52. CINGLER, vn. to sail, make sail, O. Fr. CIRON, sm. a fleshworm, mite. Origin unknown. singler, originally sigler, a word of Germ. origin, from O. Scand. sigla, to sail. Cing- Cirque, sm. a circus; from L. circus, ler is a doublet of sangler, q. v. Cirre, s?. a curl, lock (of hair) ; from L. cirrus. CINNABRE, sm. cinnabar; from L. cinnfi.CISAILLES, sf pi. shears. b&ris. For loss of penult, a see 51. See ciseau. Der. cisailleT. Cixmaine, sm. cinnamon from L. cinnaCISEAU, sm. a chisel. Origin unknown. mum. Der. mailles, ciseler (from O. Fr. cisel for CINQ, num. adj. five; from L. quinque,
;

written

cinque

in a 3rd-cent,

qu = c see car. CINQUANTE, num.

For

Der. cinqmhme.
adj.
fifty;

inscription.

ciseau.

See agneau).
va. to chisel, carve.

CISELER,
L.

See ciseau.

from

Der. ciseleuT, -ure.

quinquaginta.
see
car,
allier.

Der.

and

for

For change of qu into c loss of medial g see

;

tCitadelle,
della.

./.

a citadel

from

It. citea-

cinquant'iQxnc, cinquantzine.

+ Citadin, sm.

a citizen
;

CINTRER, va. to arch

For
regular
loss
t

from L. cincturdre*. CITE, sf a city from for civitatem, so written of u see 52

see affete.

L.

from It. cittadino. citateiu for

change of ct into

Der.
;

in several inscrip-

cintre

tions before the 3rd cent. a.d.

i

For

loss

of
see

(verbal subst.), decintrer.

(civ'tatem) see

51;

for v't

=/

sm. a cippus ; from L. a doublet of cep, q, v. Circoncire, va. to circumcise

Cippe,
Cippe

cippus.
from
L.

alleger; tor -ateni

-e'

see 230.

is

Citer,
-cire see

va. to cite;

from L. citare.
;

Der.

citation.

circumcidere.
occ'tre.

Der.

For -cidere

Cit6rieur,
cilerior.

adj. hither, hithermost

from L.

circoncision.
;

Circonf6rence,
Circonflexe,
cumflexus.

sf. a circumference L. circumferentia.

from CITERNE, sf a cistern; from L. cisterna. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der.
citer nea.u.

adj. circumflex; from L. cir-

Cithare,

sf.

a cithara, lyre;
is

thara. Cithare Circonlocution, sf. circumlocution; from O.Fr. cedre. L. circumlocutionem. Circonscrire, va. to circumscribe; from CITOYEN, sm. a

from L. cia doublet of guitare and

Prov. ciptadan,

Der. rcoscnption. circumspect, Circonspect, fromL.circumspectus Der.

L.

citizen.

circumscribere
adj.

cautious;

circonspec-

from L. civitadanus*, der. from civitatem. For the change of the first part of the word, civita- = V-, see cite; for loss
of medial

tion.

see accabler;
citrine

for suffix yen

Circonstance,

circumstantia. Der.

sf.

a circumstance

from L.

circonstancier, -iel.

CITRIN,
Citrin

see 194. adj.

is

from

L.

citrinus.
L.

Circonvallation, sf. circumvallation; from

L.

circumvallationera, cumvallare.
from L. circumvenire.

der.

from cir-

a doublet of sSrin, q. v. CITRON, sm. a lemon, citron ; from citrum, through a dim. citronem*.

sf a pumpkin, gourd; dim. of O. Fr, citre, which is L. citrum (the yellow colour of the gourd resembling that Circonvoisin, adj. neighbouring, adjacent; of a lemon). compd. of voisin and the prefix circon, from CIVE, sf a chive from L. caepa. For ae L. circum. = e = i see 104 and ciment. For p = v circumvolution from Circonvolution, sf. Der. civet (in O.Fr. W, see III. L. circumvolutionem*, der. from cirproperly a stew with chives), civette. cumvolvere. Circuit, sm. circuit, compass; from L. cir- + Civette, ./. a civet cat; a word of Eastern origin Ar. zibed. The word cuitus. came into Fr. through medieval Gr. ^aviCirciilaire,ac//.circular;fromL.circularis. riov. Circuler, vn. to circulate; from L. circuCirculer is a doublet of cercler, q. v. CIVI!:RE, sf a handbarrow, litter. Origin lari.
va. to circumvent, deceive
; ;

Circonvenir,

CITROUILLE,

Der.

circuhtion.

unknown.

CIVIL
Civil,
adj.
civil;

CLIN.
Claustral,
tralis.
adj. claustral;

83
from L. claus-

from L. civilis.

Der.
ori-

civilite, civiliser, civilisation.

Civique,

adj.

civic;

from L. civicus.
liar.

Der. civisme.

CLABAUD, sm.
gin.

a babbler,

Neth. Happen.
sf.

Der. clabander,
screen.
'

Of Germ,

-age.

CLAIE.

O. Fr. cloie, Prov. cleda, from L. clida*, found in the Lex Bajuwariorum, tit. Ixxvii, Si eum ina hurdle,
terfecerit,

sm. (Archit.) a keystone. O. Fr. from L. clavellus, dim of clavis. For -ellu8 = -el = -eaM see 204. CLAVEAU, sm. the rot, sheep rot. O. Fr. clathe lumps formed vel, from L. clavellus in this disease being thought to be like nailheads (clavis). Der. clavelee (from O. Fr.
clavel,
;

CLAVEAU,

coram

testibus

in

quadrivio in

clavele).

clida clida
hurdle.

eum
is

levare

debet.'

of Celt, origin,
Lat.

clida becomes O.

The Lat. + Clavecin, sm. a harpsichord; from It. Kymri clwyd, clavicembalo. Fr. cloie Clavicule, sf. collar bone; from L. clavia.

by
i

loss

of medial
;

(see alouette),

and by
ai, see

cula.
q.v.^

Clavicule

is

a doublet of cheville,

= oi

(see boire)

oi in turn

61, whence claie.

Der.

becomes
clayon;

cloy-

Clavier, sm.
piano)
;

ere (from O. Fr. cloye).

a key-chain, key-board (of a from L. claviarius*, from clavis.

2.

CLAIR,
-on;

adj. clear, bright;

az

For a =

see

cZarine,

54. -inette;

Der.

from L. clarus.
clairet,
-iere,

In O.Yr.=porte-clef,i.t.

plied afterwards to a collection

key-ring; apof piano-

eclaircr,

6clairciT,

keys.

clairvoy&nt.

CLEF,
sf.

sf.

a
;

key
for

from L. clavis.
142.

For a =

CLAIRIERE,

a glade.

CLAIRON,
trumpet).

sm. a See clair.

See clair. clarion (clear-sounding

See clair.

see 54

v=/see

C16inatite, tidem.

sf.

clematis;

from L. clema-

CLAIRVOYANT,

adj. clear-seeing.

Der. clairvoyance.

Clement, adj. clementem

dementia. Clepsydre,
sf.

clement, merciful ; from L. Der. cUmt.nct, from L.

a
clepsydra,

CLAM EUR,
clamorem. Claudestin,

sf.

clamour,

din

from

L.
L.

For 6 = eu
adj.

see 79. clandestine ; from

water-clock;

from L. clepsydra.

clandestinus.

CLERC,
a valve
;

+ Clapet, sm. CLAPIER, sm. a

from Germ, klappe.

See clapir.
;

burrow.

CLAPIR

(SE), vpr. to squat (of rabbits)

from

(se clepere = to hide oneself). For accented e = i see 60; for atonic e = a see amender. Der. clapicT. CLAPOTER, vn. to clap, chop, splash. Dim. of clapper. An onomatopoeia. CLAQUE, sf. a slap, smack. An onomatopoeia. Der. claquer (which is a doublet of
L, clepere

sm. a clerk, scholar; from L dericus, Gr. kXtjplkSs, one who belongs to the Kkripos, or clergy, as opposed to a layman. The prim, sense has been expanded to that of a man of learning, then a pen-

man, clerk

(in all its senses), agent, as in clerc

clicker, q. v.), clacquear.

For loss of i see 51. sm. the clerical body; from L. clericatus, from clericus. For loss of atonic i see 52; for see 129; for -atus = -e see 201. Clerical, adj. clerical; from L. clericalis.
d'avoue, etc.

CLERGE,

c=g

JCLAQUEMURER,
unknown.

va. to

immure.
;

Origin

CLICHER,
a form

va. to stereotype.

O. Fr. cliquer,
is

which shows that

:

clicker

a vari-

CLARIFIER,
care.
clarine^

va. to clarify

See clair.

Der.
a
;

from L. clarifidim.
of

c/fln)fcation.

CLARINETTE,

sf.

clarionet;

ant of cliquer, q. v. it is also a doublet of Similarly in Germ, ab-klitschen, claquer. clicker, is derived from hlatschen, cla-

See clair.
sf.

quer.

Der.

clicks, clickzgt.

from L. claritatem, Client, sm. a client, dependent; from L. by regular loss of 1 (see 52), and by client em. Der. clientele. -atein = -e' (see 230). CLIGNER, va. to wink from L. clinare. I Der. IjClasse, sf. a class; from L. class is. n becomes gn, and undergoes the same classer, classement, declasser, cZassique change as nn in grunnire, grogner (which is a doublet of glas, q. v.), classpinnonem*, pignon. ification, Climat, sm. climate; from climatem.
clearness

CLARTE,

ause,
closed

sf.
;

clause,

up

from L. clausa,
is

dere.

Clause

thing concluded, partic. of claua doublet of close, q. v.

a

Der. c/tma^erique.

CLIN, sm.
q.v.

wink; verbal

subst. of cligner,

84
diniqne,
adj. clinical,
sf.

CLTNIQUE^-COCHE.
clinical surgery;

sometimes porcellio, the

Gr. 6vtaK6s.
vinces; in
toine, in

\\.

porcellino, the

from L. clinice, a medical

the sick man's bedside.

lesson given at

Similarly in the French prosaint

Champagne cochon de
ka'ion

An-

CLINQUANT,

sm.

tinsel,

Dutch gold-leaf;

Dauphin^

(a pig), in

Anjou

Clinabbrev. of O. Fr. phrase or clinquant. quer, Neth. klinken, properly means to make a clinking noise. A like metaphor

found in Germ., which calls this metal rauschgold. CLIQUER, see clicker, of which it is another form. CLIQUETER,t;a.to clack, click. Frequent, of O. Fr. cliquer. An onotnatop. word. Der.
is

These parallels confirm of this metaphor, without however explaining it, CLORE, va. to close, shut; from L. claudre. For the regular loss of the penult.
tree{
the existence

= truie, a sow).

see

51;
see

for

au =

dr

=r

168,
;

Der.

see alouette
6clore,

for

enclore,

enc/os,

dMore
,/.

clos,

close (whose doublet

is^clause)f closene, c/osier.

cliquetis.

CL6TURE,
from Engl,
cleave.

+ Oliver,
Cloaque,

va. to cleave;

Der. clivige.
sf.
sf.

a sewer; from L. cloaca.

a bell
;

an enclosure, fence, close. O, Fr. closture, from L. clausitura*, from clausus. For regular loss of i see 52 for au = see alouette for loss of s see
;

CLOCHE,

Origin unknown. Der. clocher, -ette, -eton.

from Merov. L. clocca. For c = ch see 126.

Hist,

Gram,
sm.
a

p.

8i.

CLOU,

nail,

clavus.
alouette.

CLOCHER,
clopchar,
pire, to

Prov. Gr. x^w^t^Trovs (lame) gave birth,

vn. to halt, limp, hobble.

Der,

For

av

= au =
-tier,

O. Fr, do, from L, = om see

enclouex, de-

clouer,

clouer.

in the first ages after the fall of the

a Lat.

cloppus.

This

Em- CLOYERE, sf. an oyster basket. word is + Club, sm. a club from Engl,
;

club.

See date. Der.

found in the Glosses of Philoxenus, clopdub'xste. pus =x'''^<^5'>* ^nd the Lex Alamannorum Clyst^re, sm. a clyster; from L, clyster, gives cloppus for claudus, 'ut cloppus Coactif, adj. coactive; from L, coactivus, from permaneat.' This adj. cloppus has given Coaguler, va. to curdle, coagulate the Fr. two important words L. coagulare. Coaguler is a doublet of 1. O. Fr. adj. clop (lame), whence the cailler, q. v.
*
;
:

pres.

Der. coassement. axer, from L. coaxare. compd, of eloper. t Cobalt, sm. cobalt; from Germ, cobalt. 2. Through a deriv., cloppicus, came COCAGNE, sf Cockayne. O. Fr. quaigne, in the vn. cloppicare, which regularly losing medieval mythology an imaginary land the i became clop'care, whence on one houses of which are made of cakes (cogues hand the Prov. clopchar, on the other the as they were then called, now couque). Fr. clocher. For c = ch see 126. COCARDE, /. a cockade. O, Fr, coquarde, CLOISON, sf. a partition from L. closia cock's comb, then a red device in the hat, onem*, by transposition of i: see Hist. like a cock's comb. See coq. Gram, p, 77. COCASSE, adj. ludicrous. Origin unknown. CLOfTRE, sm. a cloister, monastery. O. Fr. COCHE, (i) sf. a boat; from L. concha*, cloistre, from L. claustrum. For au = o which from its proper sense of shell, conch, = ot see ahoyer and 107; for loss of s came to that of a little boat. For nc = c see Der. cloitrer. The word see Hist. Gram. p. 81. coque and Hist. Gram. p. 82. CLOPIN - CLOPANT, adv. loc. haltingly, was early appHed to certain public carriages clop-clop.' See clocher. by the common transfer of words relating
eloper.

mod. Fr., leaving its the expression clopinclopant, of which the first part is the verbal subst. of clopiner, another deriv. of
vn,
eloper,
lost

in

partic.

in

Coaliser, vn. to coalesce. An ill-foi'med word from L, coalescere, Der, coaZition, Coasser, vn. to croak. In l6th cent, co-

Sclope

is

also a

'

CLOPORTE,
cfent.

wood-louse. In 17th degraded from clausporc, which should be its true form, from Lat. clausus porcus (lit. a shut-up pig'). It is hard to say why this name should be applied to the wood-louse; still the Wood-louse is* almost everywhere called a pig. The Lat. called it sometimes asellus,
a

sm.

to water-carriage to land-carriage.

In Paris

written

clausp6rte,

'

before 1855 some omnibuses were called gondoles, others galires, thus taking their Hence names from terms of navigation.
(2) sf a coach, carriage; see above. Der. cocher, porte-cocAfere. COCHE, sf. a tally, notch. Origin unknown. Der. decocAer is to shoot an arrow,

COCHE
by
freeing
it
list.

COLIS.

rentem.

85

COCHE,
chocon.

sf.

from the notch of the arba- Cohabiter, vn. to cohabit; from L. cohabitare. Der. cohabita.tiox\. Origin unknown. a sow. Der. Coh.6rent, a<^'. coherent ; from L. cohae-

fCochenille,

sf.

cochineal;

introd.

in

Cohesion,
sionem.

sf.

cohesion;
;

from L. cohae-

16th cent, from Sp. cochinilla. COCHER, stn. a coachman. See coche. COCHET, sm. a cockerel. See coq. COCHEVIS, sm. the crested lark. Origin

Cohorte,
Cokorte

sf.

a cohort a rout,

from L. cohortem.
;

is

a doublet of cour.

COHUE,
COl,fem.
tus.

sf.

unknown.

cohuer (to cry,

coquo.

crowd verbal subst. of hue and cry together). For

coy,
still;
;

COCHON, sm. a pig. See coche. + Coco, sm cocoa introd. from Port,

the etymology see heur.

coite, quiet,

from L. quiefor i
is

Der. cocotier.

For

loss

of t see aigu

= oi

see

COCON,

sm. a cocoon.
a coction,

See coque.
boiling;
is

Coction, sf. coctionem.

cidsson, q. v.

from L.
of

68; for qu = c see car. of quitte, q. v.

Coi

a doublet

Coction

doublet

COIFFE, sf

sm. a code; from L. codex. Der. corfifier. Code is a doublet of codex. Codicille, sm. a codicil; from L. codicillus.

Code,

a headdress, cap ; from L. cofea, used by Fortunatus. First ea became ia (see Hist. Gram. p. 66), then cofla becomes coiffe by attraction of i, which changes o into oi (see Hist. Gram. p. 77). Der.

coiffei, -eur, -ure, decoiffer.

;

CoefiBLCient, sm. a coefEcient from co, L. cum, and efficient from L. efficientem. Coemption, sf. coemption; from L. co-

COIN, sm. a corner, nook; from L. cuneus. For eus = tMS see Hist. Gram, p. 189; for iii= gn see aragne; for \i = oi see 100,

emptionem.

Der.

Tecoin.

Coercition, s/. coercion from L. coerci- Coincider, t ion em. incidere. Der. coercitii.

Der.

vn. to coincide;
co'incidence,

from L. co-

CCEUR,
O = oeu

sm. the heart;

see cueillir.

from L. cor.

For

GOING,

sm. a quince. O. Fr. cooing, Prov. codoing. It. cotogna, from L, cotoneus.

COFFRE,
L.

sm. a chest, trunk, coffer; from a basket, but used for a coffer in the Capit. de Villis. art. 62 ' coflnis id est scriniis.' C6ph(i)lius was

cophinus,

Gram.

-eus becoming regularly -ius (see Hist. p. 66), cotonius produced O. Fr.

first

regularly
;

contrd.

(see

51)
/,

into
a

coph'nus
and f

then

ph

became

after

Der. co^wasse,

cooing, (l) by dropping medial t (see 117), (2) by changing ui into ng, (3) by changing o into oi (see Hist. Gram. p. 77).
-assier.
;

general Fr. rule.

differently,

The Romans proncd. ph t Coke, COL, sm. as we see from Priscian

:

Non tam fixis labris est pronuntianda f, quomodo ph,' but this shade of difference
was soon
appeared
effaced,

sm. coke from Eng. coke. a neck, of which cou is the softer form, see agneau ; from L. collum. Col is a doublet of cou, q. v. Der. collier, -let,

from

has entirely modern languages.

and

dis-

-lerette, deco/ler, enco/ure, acco/er.

For

tColback,
kolbdk,

pli=/ cp. phasianus, faison, 146. Cofnus becomes coffre by changing n

!

into r

this
is

a liquid

also to

permutation of the nasal into be found in ord'nem,

sm. colback; from Turk. a furred hat, adopted by certain French cavalry regiments on their return from the campaign of Egypt.
a beetle, adj. coleopterous

Col6optdre, sm.

ordre, etc.,

of

coffin.

163. Der.

Coffre
coffrtX,

is

a doublet

coffrtx,

coffrex.

from Gr. KoKeoTrrepos, sheath-winged. Coen- Colore,./, wrath; from L. cholera, lere is a doublet of cholera and O. Fr.
colle.

COGNEE,
from

sf.

an axe, hatchet. O. Fr. coignee,

cvmeata*, a wedge to cleave + Colibri, sm. a humming-bird; introd. from the American colonies. First ea became ia (see Hist. Gram. p. 66), then cuniata becomes COLIFICHET, sm. a trinket. Origin uncoignee by (i) ni=^ra (see aragne), (2) known.
L.

wood

with.

u = o/(see
jpOGNER,

ioo),(3)-ata =
to

va.

-e'e(see 201). drive in (a nail, wedge).

CO LI MACON,
written
coli,

sm. a
;

snail.

See limapon.

O. Fr. coigner, from L. cuneare. (Hineare = coigner see cognee.

Colique, sf. colic from L. colica. For t Colis, sm. a package, more correctly
from
It. collo,

the neck.

85
Collaborer,
Collateral,
teralis*.
va.

COLLA BORER

COMITS.
For
is

col labor a re.

Dcr.

to

work with; from

L.

u=o
for

see annoncer

for

mn = nn

cp.

co//a6orateur, -ation.

Garumna, Garonne,
to be found in

adj. collateral;

from L. col la-

This assimilation Lat., where we have conetc. ( i68).

necto
a collator;

cum-necto,
sf.

Dei.

Collateur, sm.
tor.

from L. colla-

colonn3.de, colonnette.

Colophane,
sf.

colophony;

in

l6th cent.
rosin of

Collation,

a collation

of a light convents, in which the monks made a daily 'collation ' or reading and discussion on Holy This conference was followed by a Writ. light meal, which accordingly took the name Der. collationner. of collatio. Colle, sf. paste, glue ; from Gr. nSWa. Der. collcr, d^co/Ter, encoder. Collecte, sf. a collection, collect ; from L.
sense

The

from L. collatio. repast comes from

;

colophone, from L.

colophonia,

Colophon.

Coloquinte, sf
cynthis.

colocynth; from L. colo-

Colorer,
Colorer

va. to colour;
is

doublet

from L. colorare. Der. of colorier.

co/oration.

t Color is,
cent,

from

sm. colouring; introd. in 1 6th Der. colorier, It. colorito.

color'isXe.

coUecta
is

* (partic.of colligere).
cueillette, q. v.

Collecte
col-

a doublet of

Der.

Colosse, sm.

Der. colosszX.
col

a colossus

from L. colossus.

lecteuT.

COLPORTER,
adj. collective;

va.

to

Collectif,
tivus.

from L. collec-

and porter,

q. v.

rightly a pedlar with a

Collection, sf. a collection; from L. colDer. collectionner. lect ion em. College, sm. a college, high school from L. collegium. Der. collegizl, collegien.

Der.

hawk, peddle; from The colporteur was pack on his shoulders.

;

colporteur, colportige.
sf.

Colore,

(Astron.) colure

from Gr. k6\ovcolure.

;

pos, sc. ypafxfifi, properly

= ligne

t Colza,
koolsaed.

sm. colza, rape-seed

va.

from Flem.
;

Colldgue, sm.
lega.

a colleague

from L. col-

COMBATTRE,
to stick, glue, paste.
sf. a collar,

to fight,

Coller, va.

COLLERETTE, COLLET, sm. a collar.

er, se decolletcT.

See colle. See collier. See co/.Der. colletfrill.

battre (q. v.)

subst.).

and cum.

Der. combat (verbal

combat

from

COMBIEN,

COLLIER,

sm. a necklace. See cou. Der. dim. of O. Fr. coller for collier. COLLINE, sf. a little hill, hillock ; from L. collina, a word used by Roman surveyors. Columella uses the form collinum. Collision, sf. a collision; from L. collisicollerette,

onem.
Collocation, sf. a collocation; from L. coUocationem. Colloque, sm. a colloquy; from L. colloquium. Colloquer, va. to class, marshall, place;
from L. collocare.
of coucher, q.
v.

adv. how many; from com ( = to what point), O. Fr. form of comme (q. v.), and bien. See Hist. Gram. p. i6o. Combiner, va. to combine; from L. combinare. Der. cow6maison. COMBLE, sm. top, summit, fulfilment from L. cumulus, which signifies a summit in several medieval texts. Cura(u)lus, regularly contrd. (see 51) into cum'lus, becomes comble. For u = see annoncer for nil = w&/ see Hist. Gram. p. 72. Comble is

a doublet of combrer.

COMBLER,
cumulare,
into

va. to

fill

up,

fulfil;

from L.
For
is

regularly contrd. (see accointer)

Colloquer

is

a doublet

cum'lare,

whence

combler.

letter-changes see comble.

collusion
;

Combler
from
;

Collusion, lusionem.
collyrium.

sf.

from L.
;

col-

doublet of cumuler, q. v.

Combustion,
from L.
a dove

sf.

combustion;

L.

Colljrre, sm. collyrium, eye-salve

Colombo,
Colon,

./.

from L. columba.

Der. colombxQi, colombxn. sm. a husbandman ; from L. col onus. Der. colonie (which is a doublet of O. Fr.
colonge), colonial, coloniser.

combustionem. Com6d.ie, ^f. a comedy, play comoedia. Der. comedien. t Comestible, adj. eatable,

from L.
in-

edible;

trod. in 1 6th cent,

Com^tes,
metes.

sf

pi.

from It. comestibile. a comet; from L. co-

+ Colonel,
cent,

sm. a colonel; introd. in i6th

colonello.

Comice,

sm.pl. comitia; from L. comitia.

L.

from

It.
sf.

COLONNE,

column

from L. columna.

Com.ique, adj. comic; from t Comit6, sm. a committee;

comicus.

introd. during

COMMA NDER
the
is

COMPA GNE.
Com.minatoire,
ening; from L.
adj.

87
comminatory, threat-

Regency from Engl, committee.

va. to

Comite
L.

a doublet of comte, q. v.

COMMANDER,
commendare
late Lat.).

command; from

comminatorius * (from comminationem, which from comminari).

Der. commands (verbal subst.), commandtmtx\\., commandant, commendeur, commenderie, commandite, rtco^nmander.

(used for 'to order' in the

COMMIS,

sm. a clerk.

See commettre.
pity

Com.mis6ration, sf. commiseration, from L. commiserationem.

COMMANDITE,
See commander, manditzire,

Der.
;

sf.

a joint-stock

company.

COMMISSAIRE,
missioner.
ariat.

commandittx, com-

sm. a commissary, comSee commettre. Der. commis-

COMME,
For For
of
loss

adv. of the

how
last

from L.

qudmodo. COMMISSION,
mettre.
naire.

two

qu = c
i

see car.
ent,

Der. comment (compd.

which
is

syllables see 50, 5 1.

Der.

sf.

a commission. See comcommissionner, commission-

comme and

from L. indd).

Com.mode,
called

(i) adj.

commodious; from L.

For

=e

see 71

for

d=/

121

ent

is

also found in the

word

souv-ent,

from sub-

inde.

a chest of drawers, so commodiousness. Com.m.otion, sf. a commotion from L.

commodus.
from

(2)

sf.

its

Commemoration,
from L.
memoratxi.

sf.

commemoration

commemorationem.
va.

Der. combegin.

commotionem.

COMMUER,
mutare.
commwable.

va. to

commute

from L.

For
adj.

loss

of t see abbaye.
;

Der.

com-

COMMENCER,
It.

to

commence,

from L. cominitiare *, of cum and initiare. Comin(i)tidre, losing its i regularly (see
cominciare,

COMMUN,

common

from L.

com-

compd.

munis. Der. commune, communzl, commwwisme, communiste.

52), becomes comin'tiare, which gives commencer. For -tiare = -cer see agencer for -in = e see 72 foru = o see annon;

COMMUNAUT^,
i

sf.

community

from L.

commvmalitdtem by

regularly dropping

cer.

Der. commencement.
table,

Com.m.ensal, sm. a messmate; from commensalis*, one who lives at

same

L. the

and reduction of com(see 52) m.unal'tatem. into communaute by (i) sl = au (see agneau); (2) -atem = -e (see
230).

mensa.
adj.

COMMUNIER, va. to communicate

communicare
(which
in eccles.

commensurable from L. cum and mensurabilis. COMMENT, adv. why, how. See comme. entaire, sm. a commentary, comment from L. commentarius. Com.m.enter, va. to comment, annotate from L. commentari. Der. comment-

Com.m.ensurable,

Com m

from L. language For loss of medial c see affouage. Communier is a doublet of cornmuniqtierandO.Fr.comenger,
;

signified to receive the Eucharist).

Com.munion, sf communion communionem.

a doublet of communier.

from L.

ateur.

Com.m.uniquer, va. to communicate; from L. communicare. Communiquer

is

Com.mdre,

sf.

a gossip, joint godmother.

Der. commu;

The Church

gives to infants at their bap-

nication, communicatif.

tism a spiritual father and mother, whose it is to replace the natural parents should they die, the godfather and godmother (parrain, marraine) of the child being counted as its second father and mother (or,
-as

Com.mutation, sf commutation commutationem.

Com.pacte,
pactus.
adj.

from L.

compact; from L. com-

COMPAGNE.s/.

would now be
:

said, its co-pere

and

co-

mere)
idea

eccles.

Lat. expressed this double

by the words com-pater, com-mater, whence compere and commere, which originally signified the two persons who held the child at the font. For commater = cornmere see mere. Der. commer&ge. COMMETTRE, va. to commit; from L. committere. For mittere = mc//re see mettre. Der. commis, comm/ssaire, com-

a companion; fem. of O.Fr. compaign. Lat. cum-panis * produced in Merov. Lat. a subst. com.pdnio*, whence the O. Fr. compaing (for a = ofj see 54), while its accus. com.panionem produced the form compagnon (for ni = ^n see ciOf these two cases, subjective and gogne).
objective,
Hist.

the
p.

latter

only

survives

see

Compaing has gone, but leaves its fem. compagne and the deriv. and compagnon has taken its compagnie,
Gram.
8g sqq.
place.

mission.

The

oldest

known

occurrence

of

88
this

COMPA GNIE

COMPRENDRE.
COMPLAIRE,
L.
vn. to please, gratify; from

word is in the Gcrmano-Lat. Glosses of the Vatican, which are of the time of Louis the Debonair, in the phrase, no longer Lat. but Romance, ' ubi (h)abuisti mansionem Der. compagnie, (h)ac nocte, oompagn ?'

complacere.

See plaire.

Der.

com;

plaisant, complaisznce.

Com.pl6ment, sm. complement, from L. complementum. Der.

fulness

comple-

COMPAGNIE,
pagru.

compagnon, Accompagner. sf. a company.

menti'ne.

See com-

Complet,
tus.
q. v.

COMPAGNON, sm. a companion. See compagne. Der, compagnonnzge. COMPARAITRE, vn. to appear; from L. comporesoere. For parescero '^paraitre

Der. completer.
adj.
sf.

adj. complete; from L. compleComplete is a doublet of complies,

Complexe,
plexus.

complex;

from L. comfrom
L.

Complexion,
i

complexion;

complexionem. Comparer, va. to compare from L. com- Complice, ( ) adj. privy to, (2) smf. accomDer. complice; from L. compile em. parare. Comparer is a doublet of O. Fr.
see npparaitre.
;

comprer
cofftparatif.

Der. compair^i%oTi,
to

cowiparable,

plicity.

COMPLIES,
'

sf.

complines;

in eccles.

Lat.
for

COMPAROIR, vn.
+

put in an appearance '; from L. comparere. For e = oi see 62.

sf.

completae.
loss

For e = i see 60;

Comparse,
from
It.

a figure-dancer; introd.

comparsa.
sm.
a

COMPARTIMENT,
panel, division
;

compartment,

of t see aigu. In liturgical language this part of the divine office is called the horae completae, because it completes the service, which comprehends prime, tierce,

sexte, none and complies, or in liturgical Lat. Compartiprima, tertia, sexta, nona, complewhich from L, compartiri *. torium. Complies is a doublet of complete. ment is derived from compartir, like sentiment from sentir. t Compliment, sm. a compHment; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. complimnto. Comparution, sf. an appearance; corrupted Der. complimented. from L. comparitionem. COMPAS, sm. a compass, pair of compasses Compliquer, va. to complicate from L.

from O.

Fr. verb compartir,

properly measure, equal distance. In O. Fr. it signified pas egal, pas regulier, from L. oompassus (see pas). Der. compasser,

complicare.

Der.

complicztion.

COMPLOT,

Der.

sm. a plot.

Origin unknown.
;

complotet.

to measure by compass, whence the wider sense to measure one's acts.

Com.ponction, sf. compunction from compunctionem * (strong sorrow

having offended God). Comporter, va. to admit
L.
of, allow
;

L.
at

Compassion,

sf.

compassion

from L.
pity
;

compassionem. Com.patir, vn. to compassionate,

ible

from

from

comportare.
va. to see

L. compatiri*.-Der. cowparible, incompat-

COMPOSER,
For

compose
106.

Com.patriote, sm.

(compatibilis*, incompatibilis*). from L a compatriot compatriota. Compendium., sm. a compendium,

;

pausare, compd. of

cum

au = o

Der.

from L. comand pausare.

xecomposer,
(L.

decomposer,

compositeur,

com/>osition

compositorem, compositionem).

abridgement

a Lat. word.
va.

Composite,
off,

Compenser,

to

COMPARE,
commere.

balance; from L. compensation, recompenser. sm. a godfather,

compensare. Der.
gossip.

compensate, set

pos it us.
pote, q. V.

adj. composite ; from L. comComposite is a doublet of com-

COMPOSTEUR,sOT.
See
L.
see

composit6rem.
52;
is

a composing-stick from For loss of atonic i

;

for

o = eu

see

79.

Com-

Comp6ter,

vn. to be due, in the

competere. Der. competent, competence, incompetent, incompetence. Com.p6titeur, sm. a competitor ; from L. competitor. Der. compe'/ition. Compiler, va. to compile ; from L. comDer. com/)?7ation. pilare. COMPLAINTE, ./. a complaint ; partic. subst. of O. Fr. verb complain Jre (see plaindre).
of; from L,

competency

pGsteur
poste.

a doublet of compositeur.

COMPOTE,
It.

O. Fr. comstewed fruit. sf. composta, from L. composita. Compote is a doublet of composite.
va. to 51.

COMPRENDRE,
L.
penult,

eomprendere.
e
see

from comprehend For the loss of the Der. comprehen;

sion

(straight

from

L.

comprehen-

sionem).

COMPRESSECONDESCENDRE.
COMPRESSE,^/: (Med.)
verbal subst. of
presser.

89
a

O.

Fr. verb compresser.

a surgical compress; See

CONCIERGE,
unknown. Concile, sm.

smf.

doorkeeper.

Origin

a council

Comprimer, va.
L.

to compress, repress
va.

from

Conciliabule, sm.

a conventicle

from L. concilium. from L.

; ;

comprimere.
to

COMPROMETTRE,
mettre see mettre.

from L. compromittere.

Der.

compromise; For mittere =

conciliabulum. Concilier, va. to conciliate

ciliare.

Der.

from L. con-

co7iation, r^con7/ation.

cotnpromis.

Concis,

adj. concise;

from L. concisus

COMPTABLE,
See compter.

Der,

adj. accountable, responsible.

Der. concision.

comptabilite.

COMPTER,
51).
is

va. to count, reckon;

from L.

computare, by

Der. compte

regular

loss

of

(see

CONCITOYEN, sm. a fellow-citizen; from con ( = cum) and citoyen, q. v. t Conclave, sm. a conclave; from It.
conclave.

(verbal subst.,

which

a doublet of compJii),

comptMe, compt-

Conclure,
cludere.

va. to conclude; from L.

con-

oir,

k-compie, decompler, m^compte (verbal subst. of tnecompter).

va. to search,

Compulser,
L.
gather.

examine

from

compulsare*,

to push, then to collect,

This word, contrd. into conclud're regularly (see 51), changes dr into r; see 168. Conclusion, sf. a conclusion; from L. con-

clusionem.
sm. a computation
;

Comput,
putum.

from L.

Comput

is

a doublet of

com- CONCOMBRE, cucumerem. compte.

larly (see

Der. computet. Comte, sm. a count;

from L,
1

com it em,

by

Der. 51). com^esse, comte (whose doublet is comiid),

regularly
losing

the

vicomte.

CONCASSER,

to pound, crush ; from L. See casser. Concave, ctc^". concave ; from L. concavus. Conc6der, va. to concede, grant ; from L.
va.

conquassare.

sm. a cucumber; from L. This word is contrd. regu52) into cucum'rem, and then undergoes three changes (i) it intercalates n, as in laterna, lanterne. Hist. Gram. p. 79. This intercalation was not uncommon in Lat., in which we find pinctor, lanterna, rendere, for pictor, laterna, reddere. (2) m'r becomes mhr, see absoudre. (3)
:

becomes
i

0,

see 98.

Concorde,
cord
a.

concedere.

Der.

sf.

concord

from

L.

con-

concordeT,

concordance,

Concentrer,
(

va. to concentrate;

= euin)

and centre

Der.

from con

concordzi.

concentra.tion,

CONCOURIR,
(2) to

va. (i) to concur, co-operate,

concentrique.

compete;

from L. concvirrere.

Concept,

sm. a concept (philosophical term)

sf.

See courir.

from L. conceptus.

CONCOURS,
conception
;

Conception,

from L.
;

petition

sm. (l) concurrence, (2) comfrom L. concursus. See cours.

;

conceptionem.

Concerner,
L.

va. to concern, regard

*.

Concret, adj. concrete from L. concretus. from Concretion, s/. a concretion; from L. concretionem.

concernere
from
It.

+ Concert,
cent,

sm. a concert; introd. in i6th

concerto.

Concubine,
cub in a.

Der. concubinage.

sf.

a concubine

from L, con-

+ Concert er,
Der. deconcerter.

va. to

rehearse,
It.

concert

introd. in i6th cent,

from

concertare.

Concupiscence,

Concession,
cession em.

Der.

sf.

a concession;

from L. con-

concessionnziie.

i" Concetto,

sm. a conceit; an It. word, properly of brilliant and false thoughts. CONCEVOIR, va. to conceive from L. conIn this verb the accent has been cipere.
;

sf concupiscence ; from L. concupiscentia. Concurrent, sm. a competitor ; from L. concurrentem. Der. concurrence. Concussion, sf. a concussion, extortion ; from L. concussionem (used in Roman

Law

for peculation, extortion).

Der. con;

cussionm.[re.

CONDAMNER,
condemnare.
dam?ia.hle.

displaced in

Low

Lat. from

concip6re

this

concipere to -6re has become -oir

For
i

Der.

va.

to

condemn from L. condammtion, con;

regularly, see 63. for p v see lll.^

Der. inconcevable.

=e

see mettre;

Condenser,
den s a r e
.

Der.

va. to condense

from L. con-

cocfesation, co<i!esateur,

Conchyliologie,
tf07X5A.to

sf.

conchology ; from Gr.

condensable.

and \6yos.

Condescendre,

va.

to condescend

from

CONDIMENT
L. condescendere. See descendre. condescendant, condescendence.

CONOR

U.
va.

Der.

Confisquer,
confiscare.

Der.
a

to

confiscate;

from L.

co/?scation.

Condiment,
tion em.

sm.

condiment, seasoning
L. condi-

CONFITURE,
L.

from L. condimentum. Condition, sf. condition; from

sf preserve, jam. See confire. Conflagration, sf. a conflagration ; from

Der. conditionner, conditionnel.

sm. a condor
;

conflagrationem.
sm.
vn.
conflict;

CONFLIT,
fliotus.

from L. con-

Condor,

word of Ame-

For ct

=^

see 168.

rican origin.

Confluer,
fluent;
;

to

flow

together, be con-

CONDOLEANCE.s/: condolence. See t/o/e'ace. Conducteur, sm. a conductor, guard, guide

from L. conductorem.

from

L.
va.

confluere.
to

Der.

con-

fluent.

CONFONDRE,
;

confound;

from L.

CONDUIRE,
larly (see

conducere.
conduire.
see

benir Der. conduite (partic. subst.), conduit, Tcconduire, inconduite.

from L. confundSre. For loss of see for u = Conduc(d)re, contrd. regusee annoncer. 51) into conduc're, becomes Conformation, sf. conformation; For u = m see 96 for cr = r L. conformationem.
va. to conduct, guide
;

51

from
L.

Conforme,
conform is.

Cdne,

sm. a cone; from L. conus. coique, conifere.

Der,
;

Der. conformex, conformiie.

sm.
comfort,

adj.

conformable;

from

tConfort,
able,

Confortis

adj. comfortable; introd.

Confection, sf. construction, making from comfort, comfortable. L. confectionem. of comfort. Der. confectionn&x. Conf6d6rer, va. to confederate; from L. CONFORTER, va. to

Confort

from Engl. a doublet

;

confoederare.

Der. confederi\.\on.
; ;

confortare*.
fraternite.

strengthen

from L.
See

Confer er,
confer re

va. to confer, collate

from L. Confraternity,

Der. xkconforter. a confraternity. sf.

Der. conference.
va. to confess

CONFESSOR,

from L. con-

CONFRERE,

fessari * (frequent, of confiteri ; for its formation see Hist. Gram. p. 131). Der.

confesse

(verbal

subst.),

confessenr,

con-

sm. a colleague. See frere.-^ Der. confrerie. CONFRONTER, va. to confront. See front. Der. co/ro/ation.

fession, cow/essional.

Confus,
trust;
is

Confidence,
confidentia.
confiafice.

sf.

a secret,

from L.

Der.
atus
sinfe

adj. confused;

from L. confusus.

confusion.

Der.
va.

Confidence

a doublet of

CONGE,

confidentiei, confident (L.

sm. (l) leave, permission ; (2) leave of absence ; from L. commeatus = permission,

confidentem).

authorization,

written
'

commiCharsi

CONFIER,

to

trust,

confide

from L.

confldare*.
confi^nt.

For the changes see /?er. Der. co;?ance (whose doublet is confidence),
sf.

documents, lemagne's Capitularies, vi. 16

in 8th-cent.

e. g. in
:

Mulier,

comiato
For
abreger
Hist.

viri sui

velum

in

caput

suum

miserit.'

commeatus = commiatus
and
agencer.

Configuration,

configuration,

shape;

see

Comiatus
;

from L. configurationem. ConfLns, sm. pi. confines, borders confinis.

gives Prov. comjat and Fr. conge.

;

from L.

=g see

Gram. pp. 65, 66

for

For i -atus

CONFIRE,

va. to preserve, pickle;

conficere,

to preserve fruit. took, especially in medieval Latinity, the sense of 'making up' a medicine. Thus we read in the Leges Neapolitanae, * Quod

= -e' see 200; for see changer. Der. con^edier. from L. Conficere Congeler, va. to congeal; from L. congelare.

m=

Der.

co^e/ation.
adj. congeneric;

Cong^ndre,
gener.

from L. confrom L. con-

perveniet ad
curiae

notitiam

suam quod
bene
Contrd.

aliquis

Congestion,
gestionem.

sf.

congestion:

confectionarius

minus

conficiat
regularly

denuntiabit.*

Congre,
grus.

sm. a conger-eel

from L. con-

by cr = r,

( 51) into confic're, it becomes confire see henir. Der. confit, confixme,

confiseuT, deconfit, deconfitme.

Confirmer,
fir mare.

Der. confirmalion.

va. to confirm

from L.

Congregation, sf. a congregation; from L congregationem. con- Congrds, sm. a congress; from L. congressus.

CONFISEUR,

sm. a confectioner.

Der. confisevie.

See confire.

Congru,

adj. congruous, suitable;

congruus.

Der. incongru,

from

L.,

incongruiXQ.

CONJECTURE
Conjecture,
conjectura.

CONSOR
partic.

TS.
which see
absoiite

91
and

Der.

sf.

conjecture;
conjectural.

from

L.

subst., for

quete).

CoDJoindre,
jungere.

va. to conjoin;

Conjonctif,

Seejoindre. Der. conjoint. from adj. conjunctive

from L. con;

Consacrer,

va.

to

consecrate
a relation,

from L.
(by

consecrare.
L.

conjunctivus.

Der, conjonctWe.
a conjunction
;

Consanguin,
scientia

adj.

cousin

Conjonction,

sf.

from L.
from L.

the father's side); from L. consanguineus. Conscience, sf. conscience; from L. con-

conjunctionem.

Conjoncture,
conjunctura.

sf.

a conjuncture;

Conscription,

Der. conscienc'xeMX. sf. a conscription

from L.

Conjugal,
galis.

adj. conjugal;

from L. conju-

conscriptionem. Conscrit, sm. a conscript; from L. conscriptus.

;

Conjuguer,

Der. conspire Conjurer, conjurare. Der. cow/wration.

conjugare.
L. conjugaison.va. to conjure,

va.

to

conjugate;

from L. Consecration, sf a consecration

; ;

from L.

CONNAlTRE,
oistre,

va.

to

know.

O. Fr.

consecrationem. from L. from Cons6cutif, adj. consecutive consecutivus*, deriv. of consecutum. con- CONSEIL, sm. counsel, advice; from L. consilium.
For
i

from L. cognoscere.
regularly

Cognos51) into

= ei

see

70.

Der.

c(e)re,

cognos're, becomes conoistre. For gn = n see assener and 131; for o = oi see Conoistre 83; for sr = str see ancetre. becomes connaitre. For 11 = nn see ennemi for oi = a/ see 1 1 1 for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. cowwaissant,
;

contrd. (see

conseiRer, decos71er.

CONSENTIR,
sent ire.

Consequence,
ment

Der. consenttment. from L. consequence consequentia. Der. consequent (consesf.

;

vn. to consent;

from L. con-

quentem), consequemment
;

{for consequentin-

see

abondamment), inconsequent,

C07iaissance,
cowraaissable,

co/inaisseur,

coaissement,
rtconnaitre,

consequence.

recowwaissable,

CON SERVER,
servare.

-recowwaissant, recoaissance, meconnaitre.

Der.

va. to preserve; from L. con-

conservation, -atoire, con-

CONNETABLE,

sm. the constable.

O.

Fr.

serve (verbal subst.), conservatenx

from L. conestable. It. conestabile, from L. comes Consid6rer, va. to consider; stabuli, count of the stable (a dignitary considerare. Der. considtnCiion, -able, of the Roman Empire, transferred to the mconsidere, d6consider6. Frankish courts). The comes-stabuli, or Consigner, va. to consign ; from L. conas he was soon called in one word, the signare. Der. consigne (verbal subst.), consignation, consignatake. commestabiilus, entrusted under the early kings with the charge of the cavalry, be- Consister, vn. to consist (of) from L. came in the 13th cent, the commander of consistere. Der. consistent, -ance. the forces generally. Comes-stabuli be- Consistoire, sm. a consistory ; from L.

coming comestabulus, changed after the 8th cent, into conestabulus. A document of A. D. 807 has 'com.es stabuli

consistorium.

CONSOLE,
unknown.

sf a bracket, console.
va. to console;

Origin

quem corrupte conestabulus Comestdb(u)lus, regularly

51) stable

appellamus.*
contrd.
(see

Consoler,
lari.

Der,

from L. conso-

conso/ation, consohh\e, consol-

into com.estab'lu8, becomes coneateur. by the very irregular change of the Consolider,va, to consolidate; fromL. coninto n, see changer. For the solidare. Der. conso//a?ation, later loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Consommer, va. to complete, consumConnexe, adj. connected; from L. conmate; from L. consummare. Der. conexus. sommation, consomme, consommatem. Conniver, vn. to connive, wink at from Consomption, sf. a consumption from L. L. connivere. Der. connivence (L. conconsumptionem. niventia). Consonne, sf. a consonant; from L. conConque, sf. a conch, shell; from L. consona. :ha. Consonnance, sf a consonance from L. CONQUERIR, va. to conquer; from L. conconsonnantia. quirere. For qvdrere =querir see ac- Consorts, sm. pi. associates; from L, con-*

medial

querir.

Der.

conquer&nt., conquQte (strong

sortes.

92
CONSOUDE,

CONSO UDE

CONTRASTS,
Content,

(Bot.) consound, comfrey. sf. O. Fr. consolde, It. consoUda, from L. conFor changes see soude. solida. Conspirer, t/. to conspire from L. conspirare. Der, conspimtion, conspirzttur. Conspuer, va. to scoff at, spit at ; from L.
;

Der.
ement.

adj. content

'from L. contentus.
content-

contentCT,

m&contenter,
contentious;

Contentieux,
contentiosus.

adj.

from L.

Contention,

sf.

contention
narrate.

from L.

conspuere.

contentionem.

Constant,
stantem.

adj.

constant; from L. conDer. Constance, cons/amment.

CONTER,

va. to

tell,

Prov. contar,

Constater,

va, to ascertain, verify, state

from L. cozaputaxe, which meant first to compute, count, then to enumerate, lastly
to relate, recount.

formed from L. status. Constater is properly to describe the actual state of anything.

The

correctness of this

Constell^, adj. made under influence of some constellation; from L. constellatus. Constellation, sf. a constellation; from L. constellationem.

etymology is proved by the fact that It. contare and Sp. contar, mean both to count and to recount so also Germ, erzahlen (to relate) is derived from zaklen (to count).
;

Comp(u)t^e,
52)
into

contrd.

regularly

(see

Consterner,
from
ation.

va. to dismay, strike terror;

L.

consternare.
va.

Der.
;

For

va.

=n
conte

see

compt'are, becomes conter. changer for pt = / see

;

constern-

Der.
conter.

168.

Co/r

is

a doublet of compter, q. v.
subst.),

(verbal

conteai, ra-

Constiper,

Constituer,

Der. const ituere. Der.

constipare
va. to
tutif.

to

constipate

from

L.

constipa.tion.

Contester,
from L.
constitu-

va. to contest, dispute

constitute;
constitution,

contestari.

Der.

from L.

conteste (verbal subst.),

coM^cs/ation, contestsble.

tionnel, cons/Z/wtionalit^, constituent, consti-

Contexte,s;. context; from L. contextus.

Contigu,

adj.

contiguous;

from L. con-

Constricteur,
constrictor.

Der.
sf.

adj. constrictive

from L.
;

tiguus.

constriction.

Continent,
from L.
from
L.

adj. continent; sm. a continent;

Construction,
Construire,
construere.

a construction

constructionem.
va.

to

construct;

Consul,

Consulter,

sm. a consul; from L. consul. Der. consuht, consuhive. va. to consult; from L. consultare. Der. consulte (verbal subst.),

Der. continence. from L. contingent; contingent em. Der. contingence. Continu, adj. continuous ; from L. continuus. Der. continuity, co/jttellement,

from L. continentem.
adj.

Contingent,

cotitinuex, continuation, discontinue!.

Contondant,

adj.

contusing, blunt; frpm

twist

consultant, consulta.tion, consultztii.

L. contundentem. Contorsion, sf. contortion,

from L.

Consumer,
Contagion,
tagionem.

va.

to

consume

from L.

contorsionem.

consumere. Contact, sm. contact; from

Contoumer,
twist.
subst.
;

Der.

sf.

L. contactus. contagion; from L. con-

va. to give a contour to, to See tourner. Der. contour (verbal

see tour.)

contagieux (L. contaSee conter.

;

Contractor,
tractare*.

giosus). CONTE, sm. a

Der.

va. to contract; from L.

contraction.

con-

tale, narrative.

Contradicteur,

Contempler,

va. to contemplate

contemplari.

Der.

from L.
con-

contemplation,

sm. a contradicter, legal adversary; from L. contradictorem. Der. contradiction (L. contradictionem);i
contradictioie (L.
va. to constrain
see

Contemporain,
L.

temphteuT, contemphtif. adj. contemporary

from

CONTRAINDRE,
eindre

contemporaneus.
sm. a contemner, scorner
capacity, extent, bearing.

Contempteur,
Contenance,
See contenir.

constringere. for -iagere = -eindre

contradictorius), from For loss of s see abh

;

from L. contemptor.
sf.

= aindre

see 63.

Der.

astreindre;

contrain\

(partic. subst.).

Contraire,
For
i

Contenir,

va. to contain, hold;

contenire.

see 58. dicontensinccT.

i

Der.

=e

see mettre

from L. for e
;

rius.

Der.

adj. contrary

from L. contra

contrarier, contrariety.

tContraste,
1

sm. a contrast;
It.

contemnt, conten&nce,

6th cent, from

contrasto.

Der.

introd. in

con-

trastex.

CONTRA T
Contrat,

CONVOITISE.
CONTROUVER,
See trouver.
va.

93
to
invent,
fabricate.

sm. a contract, agreement. O. Fr. contract, from L, contractus.- Contrat is a doublet of contracte. Contravention, sf. contravention; from
L. contraventionem*. Contre, prep, against; from L. contra.
Der. encontre.

Controverse,
controversia.

sf.

Der.

a controversy

from L.

controversiste.

Contumax,

tContrebande,
band
;

sf.

smuggling, contra-

contumacious; from L. contumax.- Der. contumace. Contus, adj. bruised; from L. contusus. Contusion, sf. a contusion; from L. con-

adj.

bando.

Der. contrebandier.
sf.

introd. in i6th cent,

from

It.

contra-

tusionem.

CONVAINCRE,
See

va. to

CONTRECARRER, va. to thwart, cross.

'contre and carrer.

convincere.

For
adj.

the

convince; from permutations

convalescent

L.
in

this -word see vaincre.

CONTRE-DANSE,
dance.
tre

a quadrille,

countrySee con-

Convalescent,
L.

See danse.
va. to contradict.
dire.

convalescentem.

Der.

from

convalesce7ice.

CONTREDIRE,
ind

CONVENIR,

CONTRSe,

venire. Der. convenu, -able,-ance(L.convenientia), deconvenue. L. contrata*, properly the country before, Convention, ./. a convention, agreement; from L. conventionem. Der. convenor against you, contra. We find the tionnel. word in the Leges Sicil. 3. 38, a medieval Statuimus, ut in utraque con- Conventuel, adj. conventual; from L. document conventualis from conventus. trata, tam in terris domanii nostri quam in baronum,' etc. from L. conJust as contrata is Converger, va. to converge vergere*. Der. convergent, convergence. from contra, so the Germ, gegend is from the prep, gegen. For ata = ee see Convers, adj. lay, serving (of monastic servants) from L. conversus. 201. CONTREFACON, sf. counterfeit, forgery. Converser, vn. to discourse, converse from L. conversari, to live with one, thence to See contre and faf on.
sf.

vn.

to agree;

from L. con-

a country.

It.

contrada, from

'

CONTREFAIRE,

va.

See contre zndfaire.

Der.
va.

to counterfeit,

forge.

converse.

Der.

conversation.

CONTREMANDER,
CONTRE-PARTIE,
partie.

contrefah. to countermand.

Conversion,

sf.

conversion

from L.

conversionem.

See contre and mander.

sf.

CONVERTIR,
a counterpart.

va. to convert

from L. con-

See

CONTRE-PIED, sm. a back-scent

the contrary.

(in hunting), See pied. CONTRE-POIDS, sm. a counterpoise. See

vertere. For the displacement of the Lat. accent see accourir and concevoir ; for e = t see 59. Der. convertible.

Convexe,

Der. convexWe.
sf.

adj. convex,

from L. convexus.
;

contre

and poids.
sm.
counterpoint.

Conviction,
See

"

conviction
It.

from L.

CONTRE-POINT,
contre and point.

convictionem.

CONVIER,
L.
radical

CONTRE-TEMPS,
chance.

sm. a contretemps, misSee contre and temps.

vn. to
offend, transgress.

from convitare*, formed from con and a

va. to invite.
convitare,
loss

CONTREVENIR,

For

vitare*, found also in invitare. of t see 1 1 7.

;

CONTREVENT,
Contribuer,
tion (L.
.

See contre and venir. sm. an outside shutter.

contre and vent.
va. to contribute;

See

Convive, smf. a guest from L. conviva. Convocation, ^. convocation from L.

;

convocationem.
from L.

contribuere Der. contribu2\At, contribucontributionem). Contrister, va. to sadden; from L. contristare.

CONVOI,

CONVOITER,

Contrit,

Der.^con/nVion.

adj. contrite;

from L. contritus.

sm. a funeral procession, convoy. See convoyer. va. to covet. O. Fr. covoiter. It. cupitare, from L. cupiditare, deriv. of cupitum, partie. of cupere, by the ordinary formation of freq. verbs. Cupitare becomes O. Fr. covoiter, thence mod, Fr.
convoiter.

CONTROLE,

10.

sm. a register, counter-roll. Fr. contre-role is a duplicate register, used to verify the official or first roll. Der.

For
of

u=
see

insertion

n
sf.

see annoncer concombre for

;

for

p=6
O.Fr.

see III; fori

= 01

see 68.

controkr, contrdkni.

CONVOITISE,

covetousness, lust.

94
covoitise.

CONVOLER

CORDONNIER,
COQUELICOT, sm. the COQUELUCHE, sf. a
known.
wild poppy. See coq. hood. Origin un-

Cat. cobdicia, It. cupidizia, from L. oupiditia*, a Low Lat. form for cupiQui cupiditia aestuant,' says Ratheditas. whence covoitise, then convoitise. riijs Vero For u = see annoncer ; for addition of n
' :

COQUET,

adj. coquettish. See coq.

Der.

co-

quetex, -terie.

see concombre

for

p=6

see

III;

for

COQUILLE, sf

the unusual hardening of d into t see I2i; for ti = soft s see agencer; for i = oi see
68.

a shell; from L. conchylixim. For the changes of the letters see coqtie.

Convoler,

't^i.

to va.

marry again;
to

from L.

convolare.

Convoquer,
convocare.

convoke;

from

L.

COiNVOYER,
voier,

va. to escort, convoy.

O. Fr.
see

Der. coquilhge, -ier. COQUIN, sm. a scoundrel, rogue. Origin unknown. Der. coyj^merie. COR, sm. (i) a corn (on the feet, etc.); from L. comu. (1) a horn, bugle ; = r see 163. Der. comer, comet For (a little horn, then a horn-shaped roll of

Der. convoi convulsion; Convulsion, convulsionem. Der.

68.
sf.

from L. conviare*.
a

For

= oi

paper).

(verbal subst.)

CORAIL,
from L.
convul-

from L. corallium. sm. coral For the changes of letters see ail. Der,
;

convulsif,

cora/lin.

sionnaire.

CORBEAU,
va. to cooperate, concur; from

Cooperer,
L.
-atif.

cooperari.

Der.

bel,

sm. a raven, corbie. . Fr. corfrom L. corvellus, dim. of corvus.

cooperation, -ateur,

For the extension of sense see 13. For v = b see 140; for -e\hx& -eau
see

Coordonner,
Copie,

va. to arrange, dispose.

See

ordonner. COPEAU, sm. a chip.

sf.

agneau. O. Fr, corbel).

Der.

encor6e/lement (from

Origin unknown.

CORBEILLE,
cula.

a copy; from L. copia, properly

;

from L, corbisf. a basket For -icula = -7/e see 257, Der.

;

cor6illon. abundance, reproduction to multiply a MS. (facere copiam) by frequently writ- Corbillard, sm. a coach, hearse a word Corbillard, O, Fr. of hist, origin ( 33), ing it out. Hence the restricted sense of corbeillard was used in the 17th cent, for copia, for the reproduction or copying of a the coach which, plied between Paris and document. Der. copiste, copier. Corbeil; Menage speaks of it as of a word Copieux, adj, copious; from L. copiosus. Corbillart. On much used in his day Copnle, sf. a copula; from L. copula. appelle ainsi le coche de Corbeil a Paris; Der. copuhtiL duquel lieu de Corbeil il a ete appele CorCOQ, sm. a cock. O. Fr. coc, from L. Corbillart, comme le Melunois de Melun.' coccvun*, a cock, in the Germ. Laws. billard towards the end of the 1 7th cent, *Si quis coccum aut gallinam furaverit,' took the sense of a great show carriage, a says the Lex Salica (vii. i6). Coccum present sense dates wedding coach its is onomatop. from the crowing of the bird. only from the i8th cent. Der. cochet, cocarde (coxscomb), coquet For (formerly a little cock, whence the adj. CORDE, sf. a cord from L. chorda.
;

'

'

coquet,

meaning

as

vain as a

little

cock),
:

ch = c

see Hist,

Gram.

p. 63.

Der.

corrfeau

coyuelicot (in O. Fr. co juelicoq

= cog

this

word now means the corn-poppy, the flower of which is red like a cock's comb. The origin of the word coquelicot, is onomatop,, from the crowing of the cock.) COQUE, sf. a shell ; from L. concha. Conclia

(O. Fr. cordel, which in the older form has given the deriv. cor^elle, corrfclier, cordeler, j cordeWere), corder, cordage, cordon, cordier, ^
corderie.

Cordial,
deriv,

adj. cordial; from L, cordiale*, from cordis, cor. Der. cordiality,

becomes

coque,

as

conchylium,

coquille.

This change of nc into c may be seen in carbunculus, escarboucle ; of nc into s in domincella, demoiselle ; domincellus,
Hist.

damoiseau.
p.

Gram.

63.

For Coque

ch.
is

c=q

see

cordialement. CORDON, sm. a string, twist. See corde. Der, corrfonnerie, cordonnet. CORDONNIER, sm. a shoemaker, cordwainer. O. Fr. cordouanier, properly one who works

'

a doublet of
idle tales.

conque, coche.

with cordouan {Cordovan leather for shoes). Cp, the word maroquin, which means Morocco leather, etc.
is

COQyECIGRUE,
Origin unknown.

sf fiddle-faddle,

Similarly

It.

cordovaniere

from Cordova.

CORIA CE
Coriace,
adj. tough, leathery
;

COR VSE.
CORRESPONDRE,

95
va. to correspond, answer;

from L. cor-

iaceus*, from corium.

Coriandre, drum,

sf.

coriander

from L. corianOrigin

from L. correspondere *, for correspondere (from cum and respondere). For loss of penult, e see 51. Der. corre-

CORME,
known.

sf.

the service-apple. Der. Cormier.

un-

spondant, correspondence. Corridor, sm. a corridor;

introd.

in

CORMORAN,

sm. a cormorant; corruption of cormaran, which form, the more regular one, is still used by fishermen. Catal. corbmari. Port, corvomarinho, from L. corvnsmarinus. The Reichenau Glosses (8th
cent.)

16th cent, from

It.

corridore.

Corriger,
rigere.

Der. corrigible,
va.

va.

to

correct;

from L, cor-

incorWg-ible.

Corroborer,
corroboration.

to corroborate, confirm

from L. corroborare.

Der.
;

corroftoratif,

have
into

'

Mergulus = corvus marinus.'

As

for the transformation of

corvus mari- Corroder,

dere.

va. to corrode;

from L. corrofrom L. corsee rompre.

nus

cor-maran by changing in into an, as in sine, sans, lingua, langue, etc., see amande.

CORROMPRE,
rumpere.
Corrosif,
sivus.

For the changes

sf.

va. to corrupt

+ Cornac,
word.

sm. an elephant-driver, a Hindu

sf.

adj.

corrosive; from

L.

corro-

+ Cornaline,
It.

a corneHan

introd.

from Corrosion,

corrosion;

from L. corro,

cornalina.

sionem.

CORNE,

sf. a horn ; from L. cornua, plural of cornu, whence cor, q. v. Der. come, cornee, corwouille, cornemuse (see muse),

CORROYER,
redum

va. to curry (leather) deriv. of prepared skin. Corroi, O. Fr. conroi, Low L. conredum is compd, of cum and

ecorner, racorir, corwichon.

CORNEILLE,
-eille see

sf.

a rook, crow

nicula, dim. of

comicem.

from L. corFor -icula =

(arrangement, preparation), a word of Germ, origin, Flem. reden, Goth, raidjan. Der. corrqyeur.

257. CORNEMUSE, sf a bagpipe. See come and muse. CORNET, sm. a horn, cornet. See cor. Der. corette.
f

Corrupteur,
ruptorem.

sm. a corrupter
sf.

from L. corfrom L. cor;

Corruption,
ruptionem. Corruptible,

corruption

Corniche,
introd.

sf.

a cornice.

O. Fr. cornice,

cor ruptib ills

adj.

corruptible

from

L.

Der. incorruptible.

from

It,

corniccio.

CORSAGE,
corsari,

CORNICHON,
little

sm. prep, a little horn, then a horn-shaped cucumber, gherkin. See

sf.

tCorsaire,
one
course.

come.

sm. bust, shape, waist. See corps. sm. a corsair; from Prov. who makes the corsa, the See course. Corsaire is a doublet

CORNOUILLE,

a cornel-berry. See corne.

of coursier.
stays.

Der. cornouilltx.
adj.

CORNU,
cornu.

horned

from L.

For -utus = -u see 201.

Der. cornue,

CORSELET, sm. a corset. comutus. CORSET, sm. a corset,

bis-

See corps. See corps

;

also for the

change of sense see 15.

sm. a procession, cortege
corteggio.
statute-labour,
in-

+ Cort6ge,
a corollary; a
little

Corollaire, sm.
rollarium,
lit.

from L. co-

trod.

from
;

It.

crown, i.e. a mark indicating the deduction from the proposition. CoroUe, sf. a corolla from L. corolla. Corporation, sf. a corporation from L. corporationem* (from corporatus*, which from corpus). Corporel, flc?/. corporal from L. corporalis. CORPS, sm. a body from L. corpus. Der.
;

CORVEE,

sf.

fatigue-duty,

corset (q. v.), corsage, corselet.

Corpulence,
pulentia

sf corpulence; from L. cor-

drudgery in 8th cent, corvada, in Charlemagne's Capitularies, from L. corrogata*, lit. work done by command. Der. corveable. The most interesting philological phenomenon presented by this word is the intercalation of a V which had no existence in Latin. This intercalation was thus effected the medial g disappeared (see allier), and the word became corro-ata, whence a hiatus between the o and the a. Now in

Correct,

Der.

adj. correct;

from L, correctus.
See relatif See relation.

this case the Lat. often intercalates v,

as

correc^eur, correction, corrects.

adj. correlative.
sf.

Corr61atif,

Correlation,

correlation.

from plu-ere comes plu-v-ia and not from apyuos, argi-v-us, not plu-ia argi-us; from viduus, vidu-v-ium, not
;

96
vidu-ium;
flu-ius.
Fr.
:

COR VETTE^ CO UCHER,

from fluere, flu-v-ius, not This tendency is carried on in
see Hist.

Gram.

p. 81.

Der.

c(5/oyer, c/ier,

co/eau

co/elette (deriv. of cotelle, a little

thus from pluere comes not //^w-o/r, but pleu-v-oir ; from paeonia comes pi-voine, not pi-oine; and this intercalation is even extended to words which originally had no hiatus, but in which the medial consonant has been ejected, thus making room for an euphonic v: thus from gra(d)ire comes gra-ire,gra-v-ir; from gla(d)ius, gla-ius, glai-v-e; from imbla(d)are*, embla-are, embla-v-er ; from ipo(t)eTe, po-ere, pou-v-

cote, rib).

COTE,

sm. a side. O. Fr. cost4. It. costato, from L. costatvun, used in medieval Lat. For -atum = -e see 201 for loss of s
;

see Hist.

Gram,

p. 81.

COTEAU, sm. a slope, hill-side. See cdte. COTELETTE, sf. a cutlet. See cote. COTER, va. to number, quote; from

from par a(d) i su s, ^ara-s, />ar-i/-is; from corro(g)ata, corro-ata, corro-vata, which leads us to the Carlovingian form cofrvada, Fr. corv6e. For the changes from corrSvata to corvada, by the loss of 6, see 52; for -ata = -a(/a=-^e see
oir
;

Der.
nus.

quotare* (to note deriv. of quotum).

sf.

L. the price of a thing,

For

qu = c

see car.

cote (verbal subst.).

COTERIE,
known.

coterie,

set.

Origin

un-

Cothume,

sm. a buskin

from L. cothurcote.

201.

COTIER, adj. coasting. See COTILLON, sm. a cotillon,

cotte.

petticoat.

See

The

Fr. has even applied this intercala-

tion to a foreign word, croate, in order to

destroy the hiatus

turies did not S3.y croate

;

cheval cravate pagnie de cravates: La crainte des embuches des Cravates (says Voiture) leur donne Valarme. Hence the name of the regiment Royal-cravate, which simply =
Royal-croate.
subst.

and 1 7th cenhut cra-v-ate Un S'enroler dans une coni:

the

1 6th

COTIR, va. to bruise. Origin unknown. COTISER, va. to assess, rate. See cote, + Co ton, sm. cotton, a word of Oriental
origin,

Ar. qoton.
va. to

Der.

co/oneux, coton-

nade, cotonniei.

COTOYER,
(of one).

coast,

go

by the

side

COTRET,
known.

See cote. sm. a short

a
coat,

fagot.

Origin un-

Hence

also

the

common

worn round the neck

Croatians

came

a piece of light material originally by the first entered the French service, to be called by the name of those
cravate,

COTTE,
a

sf.

word of Germ,

who
it.

Der. corillon

Cotyledon,
cotyledon.

O.Fr. cote, O. H. G. kott. (a little cotille, deriv. oi cotte). sm. a cotyledon; from L.
petticoat. origin,

who wore

^Corvette,
Port, corveia.

sf.

a corvette; introd. from

COU,

COUARD,

sm. a corypheus, leader ; from Gr. KopvcpaTos, Cosin6tique, adj. cosmetic; from Gr.
KoapLrjTiKos.

Coryph6e,

Cosmogonie,
Koafxoyovia.

sf.

a cosmogony; from Gr.

sf.

Cosmographie,
Gr. KOGfxoypa(pla.

cosmography
;

from
ko<t-

Cosmologie,
fioKoyia.

sf.

cosmology

from Gr.

sm. a neck. See col, whose doublet it is. adj. cowardly, properly one who drops his tail ; from O. Fr. coue. In heraldic language a lion couard is one with his tail between his legs. Animals which, when afraid, drop their tails are called couards, whence the word takes the sense of timid, cowardly. O. Fr. coue is from L. Cauda. For au = 0M, and for loss of medial d, see alouette. The It. codardo, deriv. of coda, confirms this derivation. Der. couardise.
vn. to
It.

Cosmopolite,
Gr.

am. a cosmopolitan;

from

COUCHER,

KocrfioTroXlrrjs.

COSSE,

sf, a pod, shell, husk. known.-^ Der. ecosser.

Origin un-

+ Costume, sm. dress, garb, costume;

It. costume. tume, q. V.

from

Costume

is

a doublet of cou-

COTE, COTE,

sf.

a quota, share.

See coter.

Der.
of 8

coriser, corisation.
s/".

lie down. O. Fr. colcher. from L. coUocare (so used in Suetonius, Caligula, Coll(6)ctoe 24). regularly losing its o (see 52), becomes colcare, a form found in the Lex Salica (tit. 60) Et si tunc legem distulerint, sole colcato' ( = du soleil couche). ColFor ol = o see care becomes coucher. agneau; for c = ch see 126. Coucher

colcare,

'

a rib, slope (of a hill), shore, coast.

O. Fr.

coste,

from L. costa.

For

loss

Der. is a doublet of colloquer, q. v. couche (verbal subst.), coucher, couch-

COUCOU
ette,

COUR.
COULEUVRE, sf. an adder; from For o = OM see 76 for u = eu for b = f see avant and 11 3.
;

97
L.coltlbra.
see beugler;

couch&nt,

zccoucJier

(q.

v.),

de-

coucher.

COUCOU,

from L. cuciism. the cuckoo For u = OM see 90; for \il = ow lus. Coucou is a doublet of cocu. see agneau. COUDE, SOT. the elbow; from L.' cubitus. Ciibitus becomes cub'tus by the regular loss of i (see 51), then changes bt into d, see accouder, and u into ou, see Der. cotidee, coudoyer. 90. COUDRE, sm. a nut-tree. O. Fr. coldre,
;

couleuirine (a long and slender piece of ordnance). COULIS, adj. drafty (of wind) now re;

Der.

few special phrases, as vent coulis, etc., but in O. Fr. signifying generally running, gliding. O. Fr. colels, Prov. coladitz, represents L. colaticus*, deriv. of colare. For loss of t see 117. Der.
stricted to a

coulis (sm.), coulisse.

from
contrd.

L.

corylus.

Corylus,

regularly

COULISSE,

sf.

a groove, slide.

See couler.

had its 1 COULOIR,sm. a strainer, a passage. See couler. transposed (see sangloter), arud becomes COUP, sm. a blow, stroke. O.Fr. colp. It. colpo, from L. colpus, found in the Germanic col'rus. (The word colrina is to be seen in Laws Si quis voluerit alterum occidere et Col'rus becomes a 9th-cent. document.) colpus ei fallerit.' (Lex Salica, tit. 19.) O. Fr. coldre by regularly changing Ir into coudre Colpus is a contrd, form of colapus, Idr, see Hist. Gram. p. 73, whence found in the Lex Alamannorum, For the by softening ol into ou, see agneau. Der. regular loss of penult, a see 5.1. Colcowcfraie, coudr'itr. COUDRE, va. to sew. O. Fr. cousdre, from apus in its turn is a secondary form of written cosere as early L. consuere Lat. colapbus, by a change not unusual

(51)

into cor'lus, has

'

stropa, ampora, for stropha, amphora, as an old Lat. gramFor change of O. Fr. colp marian tells us. into coup see agneau. "Dex.coupex (properly to give a blow with a cutting instrument). having febrarius for februarius. Ada- COUP ABLE, adj. culpable from L. culpamantinus Martyr says expressly batuali bilis. For ul = om see agneau ; for -abilis = -able see affable. quae vulgo batalia dicuntur.' Cosere, accented on the first syllable, COUPE, sf cutting, felling. Verbal subst. becomes cos're (see 51). Now s and r of couper. cannot stand together (see under ancetre), COUPE, sf. a cup, vase; from L. cuppa. and consequently when they come together For u = OM see 90, Der. soncoupe (for sous-coupe), coupeWe. by the dropping of a Lat. vowel, an euphonic letter is intercalated, sometimes t COUPER, va. to cut. See coup. Der. coupe, sometimes d thus cos're become cos-d-re, coupe, coupeuT, couperet, coupxxxe, coupon, and the o becoming a diphthong ou (see decouper, entrecouper. affouage) the word becomes cousdre; this + Couperose, (l) ac^", blotched, pimpled; loses its s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), and then introd. from It. copparosa. Der. coupresents its modern form coudre. peros6. (2) sf. copperas. COUENNE, s/. rind, skin. It. cotenna, from COUPLE, sf a couple from L. c6piila, by L. cutenna*, der. from cutis. For loss the regular loss of penult. u( 51), and by of t see 117; for u = OM see 90. change of o into ou, see 76. Couple COUETTE, sf. a feather bed. O. Fr. coute, Der. coupler, is a doublet of copule, q. v. originally coulte, from L. culcita. Culcita, decoupler, couplet (that which is united, contrd. regularly ( 51) into culc'ta, then coupled, a verse). into cul'ta (see affete), becomes couette, COUPLET, sm. a couplet (of lines), verse. by changing u into ou, see 90. See couple. POULER, vn. to run, flow from L. colare tCoupole, s/". a cupola; from It. cupola. properly to filter, then to run. For o = ow Coupole is a doublet of cuptde. see affouage. Der, couhge, coulee, couloir, COUR, sf a court, yard. O. Fr court, originally ecouler, decotder. cort, from L, cobortem, a yard, thence a OULEUR, sf. colour; from L. colorem farm, in Palladius also in Varro, who tells
said
;

8th cent. transformation of

as

By the very regular ns into s, consuere became cosuere, see aim then the diphthong ue was simplified into e, a change not rare in Lat., Cicero using mortus for mortuus, and the Appendix ad Probum
the
'

in

popular Lat, of ph. into

p:

thus

at

Rome men

For

accented

= eu

see

atonic

o = om

79

for

us that the
'

Roman

peasants said

cortem

see 76.

Nam

cortes quidem audimus vulgo, sed

98-

COURAGE

COUTEA
Der.
q. v.).

U.
is

barbare dici.' This oortem was succeeded by the form ourtem, used of the countryhouse of a Prankish lord, also of his house-

coursiCT (whose doublet

adj. short

corsaire,

hold
his

(officers,

friends,

servants), and lastly

in

COURT, \i = ou

see

90.

Der.

from L. ctirtus.
^courttt,

For
court-

his name. anlong its De eo qui in headings the following , curte Regis hominem occiderit,' an example of the word in the sense of a prince's Synesius Confl. gives us an instance court. of it in the sense of a judicial court placitum sive ad curtem veniens.' Curtem becomes court by change of u Der. courtois (from into ou (see 90). O.Fr. court). COURAGE, sm. courage. O.Fr. corage, Prov. coratge, from L. coraticum*, deriv. of cor. For -aticwod'^-age see 248 for o = ou see 76. Der. couragenx, d^couragGT, encourager. GOURDE, sf. a curve, adj. crooked; from L. ctorvus. For vl = ou see 90; for v = 6 see 140. Der. courber, courhxxxt

court of justice holden

aud, Accourcn, Tuccourcir.

The Lex Alamannorum

:

has

COURTAGE,

COURTE-POINTE,

sm. brokerage. See courtier. sf a counterpane, quilt.

O.Fr, coulte ' pointe, from L. ciolcita puncta. For culcita = coulte see couette
;

Coultepointe becomes courte-pointe by change of

for p\uxc\iB,= pointe see poindre.
/

Ad

into r, see apntre.

COURTIER,

sm. a broker.

O. Fr.

couretier,

from L. curatarius* (one who looks after buying and selling), der. from curatus. For loss of a in cur(a)trius see 52; for -arius
originally couratier. It. curattiere,
-ier see 198. Der. courtage (through a verb courter*, L. curatare*). curtain (in fortification), a sf. a bed-curtain; from L. cortlna, which in medieval Lat. means a wall between two

COURTINE,
bastions.

is

For o = ou see 76.

sm. a courtier;
It.

(whose doublet
recourber.

courbature), courbette,

fCourtiaan,
16th cent, from

introd. in introd.

cortigiano.

COURGE, COURIR,

Origin unknown. from L. currere. For the changes see accourir. Courir is a Der. cowrant, doublet of O. Fr. courre.
sf.

a gourd.

t Courtiser,

va. to

pay court to;

vn,

to run;

towards end of the middle ages from Prov. cortezar, deriv. of cort. COURTOIS, adj. courteous. See cowr.Der.
courtoisie.

courenr, courrier.

Der. couronner, couronnement. hunt. Der. See COURRE,

ennetni.

COURONNE, For o = ou
courrier.

sf.

a crown

see

76

Prov. cosin, from L. c6r6na. COUSIN, sm. a cousin. Grisons patois cusrin, from L. cosinus*, for n = nn see
accourir.

va. to

COURRIER, COURROIE,
allier
;

sm. a courier.
sf.

See courre.
It.

a strap.

corregia, from

L. corrigia.
for i

For

loss

of medial

see

= oi

see boire.

COURROUX,

sm. wrath.

Besides this word,

Prov. corroptz.

O. Fr. had a form corrot, answering to the It. corrotto, which from L.
properly
ruin,

from consobrinus by the regular change of ns into s (cossobrinus), see aine; then by loss of o (cos*rinus), see 52. The r is weakened into s (see arroser) in a very unusual way, whence cosinus, found in a Merov. document. Cosinus becomes cousin by changing o into ou, see 76.

found in the Vocabulary.

7th

cent, in
is

the

St.

Gall

Cosinus

Der. cousinage.
COUSIN,
dim. of
regularly
(see

overthrow, dejection, then indignation, lastly wrath. For 11 = ou see 90; for pt = /see Hist. Gram. p. 76. The modern form courroux
is

corruptum*,

sm. a gnat ; from L. culicinus*, Ctaliclnus, contrd. cvilicem.

52)
ti1

into

cvil'cinus,
see

is

derived from courroucer, which in turn from L. corruptiare*, deriv. of cor-

becomes cousin. For for c = s see amitie.

= om

agneau;

COUSSIN, sm.

ruptus.
see

For o = ou see 76
for

for

u = ou
p.

num*,

a cushion; from L. culcitidim. of culcita, properly a little

90;

pt = /

see Hist.

Gram.

76;

mattress.

Culcitinum
117),

first

loses

its

for -tiaxe

= -cer
It.

see agencer.
It.

The
tt

Prov.

corropt and

corrotto (in

captivus,scf///o pt, as in ca///fO tus) confirms this etymology.

always = = scrip-

COURS,

sm. course
see 90.

from L. cursus.
;

For

u = 0K

COURSE, sf running, coursing

from L. cursa.

then becomes coussin. For c = ss see agencer and amitie; for ul = ou, see agneau. Der. coussinet. COUT, sm. cost, charge. See couter. COUTEAU, sm. a knife. O. Fr. coutel, originally coltel, It. cultello, from L. cultellus. For ul 0M, and -ellus = eaw, see agneau.

medial t (see

COUTER
lerie, coulela.s.

CRA VATE,
CRAIE,
sf.

99
chalk.

Der. coutelitr (from O. Fr, coutel), coutelCO0TER,

O, Fr. conster, originally coster, It. costare, from L. constare. For ns = s (costare) see aine for o = ou see 76 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81.
vn. to cost.
;

O. Fr.

croie,

It.

creta
;

from L. creta. For loss of t see aigu for Der. croyeux, e = oi = ai see 61.

crayon.

CRAINDRE,

Der.
coute.

coitt (verbal subst.), coiitewx.

from L. tremere, va. to fear by the ordinary change of -emere into -eindre (see geindre), and by the unusual
;

sm. bed-ticking, duck; deriv. of See couette. COUTRE, sm. a coulter. It. coltro, from L. cultrum. For ul = om see agneau. COUTUME, sf. custom. O. Fr. comhime, originally costume', in medieval Lat. costuma (Chartulary of 705), from L. consuetu-

COUTIL,

change of tr into
subst., see

cr. Der. crainte (partic. absoudre), craintii.

CRAMOISI,
raesinus
;

sm. crimson

origin (Ar. karmesi),

whence

position of r, see into oi, see 61.

a word of Oriental whence Low L. carby transaprete, and change of e

;

Fr. cramoisi,

sm. a cramp-iron; dim. of O.Fr. crampe, which is Germ, krampe. Der. cramponner. CRAN, sm. a notch ; from L. crena, by the unusual change of e into a. Der. creweau (O. Fr. crenel, from crenellum, dim. of crena), creele. Cr&ne, sm. a skull; from Gr. Kpaviov. Der. crdnerle. tiira, contrd. (see 52) into cons'tura, CRAPAUD, sm. a toad ; deriv. of O. Fr. verb became costura by ns = s, see aine; craper. Crapaud properly signifies the thence cousture by o = ou, see 76 ; thence crawler, creeper. Craper is of Germ, origin, couture by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Icel. krjupa, to creep. Der. crapaud'me. Der. couturier, coutnrieie. Crapule, sf. crapulency; from L. crapula. COUVENT, sm. a convent; from L. conDer. crapuhux. ventum. For nv = v see Hist. Gram. p. CRAQUER, vn. to crack (onomatop.). See crac. Craquer is a doublet of croquer. 81 ; for o = 0M see 76. Der. craquement. craqueter. COUVER, va. to hatch, sit from L. cubare. For see 113 ; for u = om see 96. Crase, sf. crasis ; from Gr. Kpdffis. Der. couv6e, couvense, couvaison. Crasse, adj. gross, thick; from L. crassus. COUVERCLE, sm. a lid, cover; from L. Crasse is a doublet of gras, q. v. Der.
thence costume by -udinem = -ume, see amertume thence coutume by o = ou, see 76 ; and by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Coutume is a doublet of costiime. Der. coutumiei, zccoutumer. COUTURE, sf. a seam. O. Fr. cousture, originally costure, Sp. costura, from L. consutura*, deriv. of consuere. Cons(u)see
aine',
;

dinem. Cons(ue)tudineni, contrd. (see 52) into cons'tudinem, becomes costudinem. by regular change of ns into s,

CRAMPE,

sf.

cramp

a word of Germ, origin

(Engl, cramp).

CRAMPON,

b=v

coop^rculum,
into

contrd. regularly
for

cooperc'lum, whence

( couvercle.

crasse (sf.), crasseux, decrasser, encrasser. 51) For CratSre, sm. a crater; from L. crater.

o = oz/ see 76; COUVERT, sm. a

p=v

see III.

fCravache,

sf

a riding-whip; introd.

cover.

COUVRIR,
L.
gularly

va. to

cooperire.
couvrir.
(see

See couvrir. wrap up, cover; from Cooperire, contrd. re-

51) into coop'rire, becomes For o = ou see 76 for p=i/ see ill. Der. convert, couv-

by Germ, soldiers from Germ, karbatsche a word of Sclav, origin. Cravate, sm. a Croat, sf. a cravat a word Under corvee of hist, origin, see 33.
;

erte,

cowverture, couvrtxxr, recouvrir,

dd-

explained the origin etc. of this lived when cravats were first brought into France, confirms

we have
word.

Manage, who
:

'

couvrir.

CRABE,

sm. a crab; from Germ, krabhe. Der. crevette, dim. of crabe, through the following steps ; first crdbette, then cravette. For the regular change of b into 1/ see 113.
( 34)-

this

etymology

he says

Cravate, on

appelle ainsi ce linge blanc qu^on entortille a Ventour du cou, dont les deux bouts pen-

DRAG, inter]

Der. craquer.
origin,

(an onomatopoetic word), crack

3RACHER, va. to spit.

of

Germ,

O. Fr. racher, a word Norse hraki, saliva.

J

dent par devant; lequel linge tient lieu de Et on I'appelle de la sorte, a cause collet. que nous avons emprunte, cette sorte d'ornement des Croates, qu'on appelle ordinairement Cravates. Et ce fut en 1636 que

Der. crachemtnX., crachzt, crachoix.

nous prismes cette sorte de collet des Cravates, par le commtrce que nous eusmes en

H2

lOO
ct

RA YON
tans-la

CRISTAL.
+ Crescendo,
It.

en

AUemagne au

sujet

de la

adv. (Mus.) crescendo; an

It.

guerre que nous avians avec VEmpereur. Cravate is a doublet of the proper name
Croate.

word,

= Fr.
sm.

croissant.
cress.

CRESSON,

crescione,

from L.
a plant

CRAYON,
CR^ANCE,

sm. a lead pencil.

5/.

See craie.

crescionem *, from crescere,

which grows quickly. into ss before e and i,
croisi^nnt;

lit,

sc
as in

is

assimilated

Der. crayonxitx.
credit
;

crescentem,

properly

croyance

nascentem,
a crest, cock's

naissant, etc.

comb. O. Fr. creste, from L. crista. For i = e see mettre; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. For loss of medial der. from credere. t see abbaye; for -iia, = -ce see agencer. f Cretin, sm. a cretin, idiot a Swiss word, from the Grisons patois. Cretin is a doublet Creance is a doublet of croyance and crein the phrases lettres de creance, donner creance a tine chose from L. oredentia*,
; ;

CRftTE, sf

dence.

Der.

creancitx.
;

of Chretien,

q. v.
sf.

Der.
dig a
a

cre'/misme.
stout
calico.

Cr6ateur,
torem.

sm. a creator

from L. crea-

Cretonne,

linen

cloth,

Origin unknown.
pit.

Creation, s/. creation; from L.creationem. CREUSER, va. to Creature, sf. a creature; from L. creatura. CREUSET, sm.
Origin unknown. CRECELLE, sf. a CRfeCHE, sf. a manger, crib. Prov. crepcha, It. greppia,z word of Germ, origin, O. Sax.
rattle.'

crucible,

See creux. melting-pot.

Origin unknown. CREUX, adj. hollow.

Prov. cros,

Low

L.

For -pia = -pja = -pcha = -che see Gram. p. 65. Credibility, sf. credibility; from credibilitatem. Credit, sm. credit; from L. creditum.
cribbia.

Hist.

crosuin, contrd. from L. corrosum. For '08\mx = -eux see 229; for contraction of corrosus into c'rosus see briller.

Der. cr^Mser.
CREVER,
crepare,
III.

vn.

to burst.

Der. credittx, creditcux, accrediiex, discreditex, decreditex.

Der.

from L. erepare.

Prov. crebar. It. For p = v see

See crabe. See crier.

crevasse, creve-coeur.
squall.

CREVETTE,
;

sf a shrimp, prawn.

Cr6dule,

Der. creduhte,

adj. credulous

from L. credul.us. CRIAILLER, vn. to bawl,

incr6dule.
;

Der.

criailler'ie.

CRIBLE, CREER, va. to create from L. creare. brum. CREMAILLfiRE, sf. a pothook from O. Fr.
;

from L. criFor dissimilation of r into / see Der. criblex. cremaille, which from L. cramaculus*, 169 and autel. found (8th cent.) in the Capitul. de Villis, CRIC, sm. a screw-jack (an onomatopoetic word). See 34. For catenas cramaculos.' part 41 -aculus = -az7Ze see 255; for a = e see CRIER, vn. to cry. Prov. cridar, Sp. gritar, from L. quiritare. For contraction of Cramaculus is of Germ, origin, 54. q(\u)ritare into q'ritare see briller for a dim. of Neth. kram. cream; from L. crema (used q = e see car for loss of medial t see Cr^me, sf abbaye and 11 7. Der. cri (verbal subst.), by Fortunatus). Der. ecremtx. crzeur, mard, criee,decrier, s'^crier, cria.i\lex. CR^NEAU, sm. an embrasure, battlement. Crime, sm. a crime from L. crimen. See cran. Der. creneler. + Creole, sm. a Creole; introd. from Sp. Criminel, adj. criminal; from L. crimism. a sieve, riddle
;

'

criollo.

CREPER,

from to crisp, crimp (hair) For i e see mettre; for L. crispare. Creper is loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81.
va.
;

nalis. Der. criminality, criminalisex, crimmaliste.

CRIN, sm.
the

horsehair

restriction

from L. crinis. ; of sense see 12.

For

Der.

a doublet crepir du crin, to crisp horsehair), crisper, Der. (l) crepe (crape, stuff lightly q.v. crisped), (2) crepe (a thin cake like crape),

of crepir (used

in the

phrase

cnVziere, crmoline.

CRI QUE,
origin,

CREPIR,

crepu, crepme. va. to

crisp.

See

creper.

Der.

sf a creek; a word of Germ, Neth. hreeli. CRIQUET, sm. a field-cricket, grasshopper; der. from eric, an onomatopoetic word. The
cricket
is

similarly called cri-cri.

;

crept (panic, subst.), (Te/>issure.

Crise, sf

a crisis

Crepitation, sf
pitationem.

crackling; from L. cre-

Crisper,

Der.
Der.

vn. to shrivel;
crystal;

from L. crisis. from L. crispare.

cr/spation.

Cr6puseule,

from L. sm. twilight, dawn crepusculum. Der. crepuscuhixe.

Cristal, sm.a

fromL.crystallum.

cristal\xxi, crisiallistx, cns/a/lisation.

CRITERIUM CRYPTOGRAPHIC.
Criterium,
from Gr.
sm. a criterion; a Lat. word,
critical,
sf.

lOI

KpiT-qpiov.

Critique,
a
critic;

adj.

criticism,

from
vn. to

Gr.

Kpirifcos.

Der.

sm.
cri-

c'rot'laa-e by losing the first o (see hriller). Crotlare assimilates tl into // (see 168), and becomes O. Fr. croller, whence crouler, by resolution of ol into ou (see agneau).

tiquex, critiquahle.

CROASSER,

topoetic word),

Der. croassement.
;

croak,

caw (an onoma- t

Der. ecrouler. Croup, sm. croup; an Engl, word introd. into Fr. about 181 5.
sf.

CROC,
krok.

sm. a hook
Der.

of Germ, origin, Neth.

crochu, crochi,
ac-

CROUPE,
The
croupe

crupper, rump.

O. Fr. crope.
;

crochet,

crocher, decrocher.

CROCHET,

sm. a little hook. See croc Der. crochettx, crochetem. CROCHU, adj. hooked, crooked. See croc. Crocodile, sm. a crocodile; from L. crocodilus. CROIRE, va. to believe ; from L. credere. For the changes see under accroire. Der.

is a protuberance, as in of Germ, d'une montagne, etc. origin, Norse^ro/>pr, hryppa. Der. crow/>ion,

original sense

crow/iere, croup'n (which in

O. Fr. meant

to cover,

s'accro//>ir,

croupier (properly one's

associate in the

who

rides

crqyant, cro>'ance, cro^able, Accroire,

crotre.

CROUPIER, CROUPION, me- CROUPIR, vn.

CROCtTE,

game, metaph. from one on one's crupper). See croupe. sm. a croupier. sm. a rump. See croupe.
to stagnate.

See croupe.

tCroisade,
crucem.

from Pro v. crozada, which from cro2, which from L.

/,
a

crusade;

O. Fr. crouste, from sf. a crust. L. crusta. For u om see 90 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81,' Der. crouton,

Croisade
va.

is

a doublet of croisee.

CROISER,

to

cross.

See croix.

Der.

encroiiter, crowstiller.

=/cnctre croisee, i.e. divided into four compartments by mullion and transom), cro/siere. CROISSANT, sm. a crescent. See croitre. Croissant is a doublet of It. crescendo. CROITRE, vn. to grow, increase from L. cr^scere. For the changes see under accroise, crofsement,

croisee (primitively

CROYABLE, adj. credible. CROYANCE, /. belief. See

is

See croire.
croire.

Croyance

a doublet of credence, creance, q. v.

CRU, CRU,

sm. growth. See croitre. adj. crude; from L. crudus, by

sf.

loss

of d, see alouette.

CRUAUTE,

cruelty.

O. Fr.
(see

crualte,

croitre.

Der.
:

originally cruelte,

from L. crudelitdtem,
52) into

croit (verbal subst.), cru, crue,

lecroitre,

which, contrd. regularly

accroitre,

d4croitre,
is

surcroitre.

The

partic. croissant

For e = oi
cxesson
croissance.

from L.creseentem. for sc = ss see hence the two subst. croissant and
see

61,62;

orudel'tatem, becomes O. Fr. crualtet by loss of medial d, see 120; and then cruaute, by softening 1 into u, see agneau ; and by -atem = e/=e, see 230.

CRUCHE,
;
;

sf.

a pitcher, jug, cruse.

CROIX,

sf.

u = oi

Der.

from L. crucem. For origin, Kymri cruc, crwc. Der. cruchon. from see angoisse for c = see amitie. Cnicifere, adj. (Bot.) cruciferous
a cross
;

Of Celtic

croiser.

L. crucifer.

CROQUER, va.

to crunch (an onomatopoetic word). Croqner is a doublet of craquer. Der. croywette, croquh, croyj/ignole. CROQUIS, sm. a sketch. See croquer. CROSSE, sf. a crozier. O. Fr. croce. It. croccia, medieval L. crucea, deriv. of cru-

va. to crucify; from L. crucificare*. For loss of c see affouage. Der. criicifiemen\. Crucifix, sm. a crucifix; from L. cruci-

Crucifier,

fixus.

Crudit6,

sf.

crudity, rawness
increase.
;

from L. cru-

cem.
shaped
crozier

Crucea
crutch
is
;

signifies

the

properly a crossexclusive sense of

ditatem.

CRUE,

sf. rising,

See croitre.

from L. crudelis, by modern. In some provinces the CRUEL, adj. cruel phrase marcher aiix crosses, is still used of loss of medial d, see 1 20. infirm persons who walk with crutches. Crustac6, adj. crustaceous; from L. crusCROTTE, sf. dirt, mud. Origin unknown. ta ce us*, clothed in a crust, crusta. Der. crotler, decrotter, crottin. Crypte, sf. a crypt; from L. crypta. CROULER, vn. to fall down, sink down. Crypte is a doublet oi grotte, q. v. from O. Fr. croller, originally crodler, Prov. Cryptogame, adj. cryptogamous crotlar, from L, corotulfire*, to roll togeGr. KpvnTos and yafieiy. ther. It loses its atonic u regularly (see Cryptographic, sf cryptography; from Gr. Kpvnros, and ypd^eiv. 52) and becomes corot'lare, and thence

102
Cube,
sw. a cube;
cubtr, cubige, cj/6ique,

CUBE
from L. cubus.

CYLINDRE.
cuhsse, accw/er, 6culer, rectt/er, culie, culotte; cw/buter {ieebuter), c/-de-sac.

Der.
is

t Cubitus, sm. a
CUEILLIR, va.
For the changes

to collect

cubit; from L. cubitus. ; from L. oolligere.

Culinaire,
narius.

adj.

culinary;

from L. cuH;

see accueillir.

a doublet of colliger. Der. cueillette (L. collecta, of which the doublet is collecte for ct = // see assiette and i68), ^iCcueilUr,
;

Cueillir

Culminer,

vti.

to culminate
culpability

from L. cul-

minare. Culpabilit6,

sf.

from L. cul-

pabilitatem.
;

recueillir.

CUIDER, va. to Cogit^e is contrd.

into

Culte, sm. worship; from L. cultus. think; from L. cogitare. Cultiver, va. to cultivate from L. cultiregularly

cog'tare.

o becomes

(see 52) ui as in co-

vare*, used

in

Low

Lat.

Culture,

sf.

culture; from L. cultura.

cuisine, etc., 84. In some words o has become ui by attraction of the i, as in i n-o d i o, ennui. For gt c? see aider. Der. outrecwicfance. CUILLER, ff. a spoon ; from L. cochleare (found in Pliny and Martial), written cocleare in the last ages of the Empire. For o = ui see cuider ; for cl = il see Hist. Gram, Der. cuillere, cuiller6e. p. 71. CUIR, sm. hide, skin, leather; from L. cerium. For o = ui see chanoine.

quina,

the

Cumin, sm. cumin; from L. cuminum. Cumuler, va. to accumulate from L. cumulare.

Der. cumul (verbal

subst.).

Cun^iforme.flfl?/. cuneiform, wedge-shaped; from L. cuneus. Cupide, ac?/. greedy; from L. cupidus.
Der. cupidiie.

't'Cura9ao, sm. cura5oa, a liqueur

from the Island of Curagao.

imported
;

Curateur,
elle.

curatorem,

sm. a guardian, curator from L. deriv. of curare. Der. curat-

+ Cuirasse,
corazza.

Der.

sf.

a cuirass; introd. from

It.

cuirasser, cuirassieT.
;

Cure,
souls)

(i)
;

sf.

cure, doctoring; (2) cure (of

CUIRE,
see

va. to cook, dress

from L, coquere,

written

cocere in a 3rd-cent. inscription: CocSre, contrd. regularly (see 51) into coc*re becomes cuire by change of o into ui through the influence of the cr (see cuider), which cr is reduced to r, see
car.

benir.

CUISINE,

It. cucina, Sp. cocisf. a kitchen. na, from L. coquina, used by Palladius and Isidore of Seville. Coquina, written cocina in the Glosses (see car), becomes

cuisine.

For o = ui see cuider

seeamitie.

c Der. cuisineT,cuisinieT,cmsinihTe.
;

for

=s

from L. cura, in eccles. Lat. the cure of souls. Cura took the sense of the duty of a curate, then by extension (3) a parsonage, vicarage. Der. cure (one who holds a cure), CUREE, sf. a quarry (^hunting term); from L. corata*, the entrails etc. of an animal, from cor cur^e being properly the enentrails etc. of the stag, thrown to the dogs. For -ata = -ee see 201. o here becomes u, as in forum, fur. CURER, va. to cleanse, clean, prune; from L. curare. Der. c^^rage, cwreur, recurer,

cure-dent, cwre-oreille.

CUISSE, sf. a thigh, leg; from L. coxa, a Curieux, adj. curious; from L. cur iosus. word written cossa by the Romans. For For -osus = -eux see 229. 7i = ss see aisselle for o = ui see cuider. Curiosity, s/^. curiosity from L. curiosi;

Der. cuissot, cuiss^rd. CUISSON, sf. cooking, baking

tateni.
;

from L. coc-

Cursive,

For o = ui under influence of c cuider and attrait ; for ti = ss see agencer. Cuisspn is a doublet of coction,

tionem.
see

q.v.

adj. cursive; from L. cursiva*, which from cu'rsum, supine of currere. adj. cutaneous; from L. cutaneus*, deriv. of cutis. t Cutter, sm. a cutter; sea-term, from

Cutan6,

CUISTRE,

a cook, then a then a pedant; from L. cocistro*, used by Isidore of Seville, a form of L. coquaster*, deriv. of coquus. For loss of medial c of co(c)istro see affouage for o = ui see cuider. CUIVRE, sm. copper from L. cuprum. For p=v see ill for u = ttj see buis. Der. cuivrer. CUL, sm. a bottom ; from L. cuius. Der.
originally

sm.

Engl, cutter.

college-servant,

CUVE, sf. a vat, tub from L. cupa. For p = v see III. Der. cuviev, cuv6e, cuv-

ette, cuvex.

Cycle, sm.
cyc/ique.

a cycle

from Gr. kvkXos.

;

Der.

Cyclope,

Der. cyclopeen.

sm, a cyclop

from Gr.

KvK\ai\p.

Cygne.

Cylindre,

sm. a swan; from L. cygnus. sm. a cylinder; from L. cylin-

CYMAISEDAMOISEA U,

103
from L. cynicus.

Der.

drus.

Cylindre

is

a doublet of calandre.

Cynique,
Cyprus,

cylindr'i(]\ie.

Der. cynisme.
sm.
a

adj. cynical;

from L. cusf. from It. cimasa. pressus. Cjrmbale, sf. a cymbal; from L. cymbal- Cytise, sm. a cytisus ; from Gr. kvthtos. um. Cymbale is a doublet of cymble. t Czar, sm. the Czar; from Russ. tzar.
(Archit.) an ogee; introd.

f Cymaise,
in 1 6th cent,

cypress;

Der. cymbaliev.

D.
Damasquiner,
;

DA,

inter},

truly,

indeed

originally

diva,

peratives di (dis)

O. Fr. dea, dia, compd. of the two imand va. See dire and aller.
!

va. to inlay with gold Introd. in and silver from damasquin. 1 6th cent, from It. damaschino, a Damas-

allumer and 168) and o into a, the only instance of this change for accented o, though there are several examples of atonic o being changed to a, as domicellus*, damoiseau; dominiarium*, danger; loDame is a doublet of cust a, langouste. dom, masc, and of duegne, fem. Der. see 33. plant named after Dahl by t/aweret, damtx, damiex. A Cavanilles. DAME, interj. why indeed This word is DAIGNER, vn. to deign from L. dignari. all that remains of the medieval exclamaFor i = ai see marraine. Der. didaigner. tion Dame-Dieu! (from L. domine Deus ! DAIM, sm. a deer from L. damus*, seconi. e. Seigneur Dieu !) The right sense of dary form of dama. For a = a see aigle. dame ! is therefore Lord Der, daine. As O. Fr. wrote dain for D6m.mus was reduced to domnus by dai7n, the corresponding fem. is daine. the Romans themselves the form is found DAIS, sm. a canopy. O. Fr. dois, It. desco, in several inscriptions under the Empire, see from L. discus. Dais in O. Fr. always Dom.ine similarly becomes dom.ne, 51.

even find the interjection diva followed di. Ruteboeuf (13th cent.), in his Miracle de Theophile, has diva di, lit. saygo-say showing clearly the presence of the imperative dis in the word. Dactyle, sm. a dactyl; from L. dactylus. Dactyle is a doublet of datte. DAGUE, sf. a dagger. Origin unknown. Der. daguet (a young stag, with straight horns like daggers). Dahlia, sf. a dahlia ; a word of hist, origin,

We
by

cus blade.

DAME,

sf.

a lady
in

'

dom.na

from L. domina, written bethe inscriptions.

;

'

comes dame by changing

m.11 into

Domna m (see

meant

a dinner-table, but specially a state;

canopy gradually the sense of table has been lost and that of canopy prevails, whereas in Eng. the sense of canopy is lost, while that of a state-table remains. Discus gives O. Fr, dois, as meniscus, menois, by change of i into oi, see hois. Dois becomes dais by change of oi into ai, see 61. Dais is a doublet of
table with a
disque.

whence dame (interj.), just as dom.na became dame (sf.). For details of these

f Dame,

changes see above, under dame (l), from Germ. damm. sf. a dam
;

DAMER,
See

va. to
(1).

crown a man

(at draughts).

dame

DAMERET, sm.
DAMIER, sm. a

a ladies' man. See draught-board. See

dame dame
;

(i). (i).

Damner,
damnare

va. to

damn, condemn

from L.

DALLE,

sf.

a flagstone.

Origin unknown.

DAMOISEAU,

Der. dalhx.

DAM,

from L, damnum. For and 168, Damas, sm. Damascus, damask a word of hist, origin ( 33), from Damascus, where damask was first made, Der, damas^tx.
cost, loss
;

Der. cfamwation, damnMe. sm. a page (a gentleman who O. Fr, damoisel, from is not yet knighted), L. dom.inicellus*, dim. of dominus.

inn = m

see allumer

Dominicellus, contrd, regularly (see 52) to domin'cellus, drops the n (see coque) and becomes domicellus, the
form used
in

medieval Lat.

'

Non

habeant

I04
domicellos,'
in

DANDINER
the
Statutes

DSbARQUER.
;

168; for loss of the two last syllables, -ylus, see 50, 51. Daile is a doublet of dactyle, q.v. O. Der. dattier. for i = oi see Daube, sf a stew. Origin unknown. Datnoisel afterwards became datnoiseau, by DAUBER, va. properly to beat, cuff. A word resolution of -el into -eau ; see agneau. of Germ, origin ; O. G. dubban, to dab, Der. demoisdh (O. Fr. t/amoiselle, fem. of strike. O. Fr. datnoisel). DAUPHIN, sm. a dolphin. Prov. dalfin, from DANDINER, vn. to walk awkwardly, like a L. delphinus. The eldest son of the King dandin, an O. Fr. adj. meaning clumsy, of France began to bear the name of the boobyish. This adj. is personified in such Dauphin in the year 1343, the date of the names as Perrin Dandin, Georges Dandin, absorption of Dauphine into the kingdom. Origin unknown. etc. Dauphin^, or rather the Viennois, had had sm. a <^ndy; introd. from Engl, several lords named Dauphin, a proper + during the Restoration period. name which is simply the L. delphinus. DANGER, sm. danger, peril. The original For el = aM see agneau; for ph.=/ see sense of this word is 'power.* Eire en dancoffre and 146. ger rfe Vennemi signified in the middle ages DA VANTAGE, adv. more. O.Ft. d'avantto be in one's enemy's power, at his age ; see de and vantage. mercy. From this signification it passed Davier, sm. (Med.) the forceps. Origin unby natural transition to the sense of peril, known. danger ; it is perilous to be in the enemy's DE, prep, of; from L. de. danger.* This sense of power remained DE-. A prefix which answers (i) to L. de up to the middle of the l6th cent. Danger, (2) to L, dis (in the latter case the O. Fr. dongier (for o = a see dame l), original Fr. form was des: calceare, comes from L. dominiarium*, deriv. of chausser; dis-calceare, des-chausser, then dominium, used in sense of 'sovereignty' dechausser. For dis = des = de see mettre by Cicero. Just as dominus had become and Hist. Gram. p. 81. We have in the doxonus in Roman days (see dame 2), so double form decrediter, discrediter a strikdominiarium became domniarium, ing example of the opposition of the popular which consonified the ia (see the rule under and learned forms) ; (3) to L. de-ex in a ahreger and Hist. Gram. p. 65) ; whence few words, devier, deduire, etc., which in domnjaritmi, whence O. Fr. dongier O. Fr. were desvier (de-ex-viare), desduire

of

Cluni.

From domicellus
Fr. datnoisel.

comes

straight

the

For o=a see datne (l) boire; for c = s see amitie.

Dandy,

For

m=

see 198. Der. dangereux. DANS, prep. in. O. Fr. dens {d'ens contrd.

see changer; for

-arium = -fer

J^de-exducere),

etc.

DE, sm.
Sp.

a thimble.
It.

O.

Fr. del, originally deel,

dedal,

ditale;

from de and ens) ens intus = ens see mettre

;

Der. derfaws. 65, note I. DANSER, vn. to dance ; a word of

origin,

L. intus. For for dens dans see

is

Digitdle, contrd.
into dig'tale, loses
(see abbaye),

regularly
its

from L. digitale*. (see 52)

medial
Fr. deel.
t,

di-t-ale

whence O.

For -ale
mettre.

O.H.G. danson.
dansem,
origin,
sf.

Dei.danse

Germ,
(verbal

= -el
De
is

see 191; for i g a doublet of doigt, q.v.

see

subst.),

coniTedatts.
It. dardo, a word of dara^. Der. darder. a word of Celtic origin,

DE, sm.
what
to

a die,
is

DARD,
Germ,

sm. a

dart.

from L. datum, i. e. thrown on the table, from dare,

pi.

dice

A.
;

S.

throw,

as

in

such phrases as

Dare

DARNE,
from

a slice

Kymri darn,

+ Darse,
It.

sf.

a slice, piece. a floating wet-dock;

shingles, rash.

ad terram.' poule.

etc.

For -atum = -e see ambreak-up (of

ice).

introd,

DEBACLE,
bacler.

sf.

See

darsena.
sf.

Dartre,

unknown.

Der.

(Med.)

Origin

dbALLER,
debalhge.

va. to unpack. See balle.

va. to disband. See

Der.
(2).

dartreux.
It.

Date,

sf.

a date.

data, from L. data,

datei,
zntidatei,

DEBANDER.

rightly

meaning datum Romae.'

given,' in the expression

Der. debandade.
sm. lighterman.
to land.

bande

Der.

DEBARDER, DEBARDEUR,
See bard.
barque.

va. to unlade
vn.

postrfa/er.

Datif, sm.

a dative; a date

from L. dativus.
also written dacte.

DEBARQUER,
Port.

va. to unship (goods);

DATTE,
datil,

sf.

See

Der.

debarcudhve

from L. dactyUis.

For ct=//see

(cp. Sp. sembarcddero).

dba rrasser
DSBARRASSER,
embarrasser.

dScharger
Decade, sf. a Decadence,

105
;

Der. debarras
va.

va.

to clear up, rid.

See
See

(verbal subst.).

D^BATTRE,
battre.

Der debat

to

argue,

debate.

(verbal subst.).

DEBAUCHER,

va. to debauch, entice aw^ay

from one's duty, i. e. from bauche, O. Fr. for a workshop. The origin of bauche is unknown. Der. debauche (properly cessayojvos. tion of work, then idleness, then debauch). fD^het, sm. a debit; a Lat. word, debet. Decagramme, sm. a decagram; from Gr. Sifca, and gramme, q. v. Dbile, a(i;. weak from L. debilis. Debile Der. debilitei, Decalitre, sm. a measure of ten litres is a doublet of O. Fr. dieble. from Gr. Siita, and litre, q. v. debilite. D6bit, sm. a sale, shop; from L. debitum. Decalogue, sm. the decalogue; from Gr.
; ;

decade from Gr. Sifcas, -6.S0S. sf. decadence; from L. decade nti a*, from decadere*. Decadence is a doublet of decheance, q. v. D6cadi, sm. the tenth and last day of the decade in the calendar of the first French republic from Gr. Se'/fo and L. dies. Decagone, sm. a decagon ; from Gr. 56a-

Debit

is

a doublet of dette.
to rail at;
clear

Der.

debitor,

deKaXoyos.

debiteuT.

DECAMPER,
from L. debla-

vn. to decamp.

See camper.

D6blat6rer, w.
terare.

D6eanat,
natus,

sm. a deanery;

from
va.

decanus.
to

from L. decaDecanat is a
It.

DEBLAYER,
kept
a
its

va. to

away;

from L.

doublet of doyenne.

debladare*.
field,

In medieval Lat. this word original sense of carrying corn from

Decanter,

decant.

decantare,

generally.

read,
loco,

'

then of carrying off, clearing away In a Chartulary of 1272 we Similiter in pratis ipsorum de dicto
fuerint

from L. decanthare*, to pour wine out gently, which from L. canthus, the angle
o( a wine-jar.

DECAPER,
surface),

va. to clean (properly to scrape

postquam
is

debladata.'

De-

off the crust of dirt or rust

deriv.

on a metallic
cloak,
q.

bladare
medial

a deriv.
see

Debladare becomes

naked. Der. decapage. (verbal subst.), D6capiter, va. to behead ; from L. decaDEBLOQUER, va. to raise a blockade. See p it are*, deriv. oi caput. bloquer. Deceder, vn. to depart this life, die ; from DEBOIRE, sm. an after-taste, disappointment. L. decedere. DECELER, va. to disclose. See celer. See boire. DEBOITER, va. to dislocate. See hotte. DECEMBRE, sm. December; from L. deDEBONNAIRE, adj. meek, goodnatured. cembrem. O. Fr. de bon aire. See air (in sense of Deceimal, adj. decennial; from L. decennalis. jiatural disposition). DEBORDER, vn. to overflow, run over. See Decent, adj. decent; from L. decentem. Der. decence. bord. Der. debord, debordement (verbal subst.). Deception, sf. deception; from L. decepDEBOUCHER, va. to uncork ; vn. to emerge. tionem. D^cerner, va. to award (honours, etc.) See boucher. Der. debouche. DEBOURSER, va. to disburse. See bourse. from L. decernere. Der. debours (verbal subst.). D6cds, sm. decease, death; fromL.decessus. DEBOUT, adv. on end. See bout. DECEVOIR, va. to deceive from L. deciDEBOUTER, va. to nonsuit. See bouter. pere. For -cipere = -cevoir see concevoir. DEBRAILLER, va. to uncover the breast. Der. decevable. See braie. DECHAINER, va. to let loose (a dog). DEBRIS, sm. pi. remains, fragments. See O. Fr. deschainer, from L. dis-catenare*. briser. For the changes see de- and chaine. Der. * DEBUCHER, vn. to break cover (hunting). dechainement. DECHANTER, vn. to change one's note. See buche and bois. O. Fr. deachanter. See de- and chanter. tP6busquer, va. to drive out. See embusquer and de-. DECHARGER, va. to unload, discharge. DEBUT, sm. a beginning, first stroke, outset. O. Fr. descharger. See de- and charger. See but. Der. decharge (verbal subst.), dechargeDer. debuter, debutant. jDEQA, prep, on this side of. ment. See de and fa.
;

of bladura*, q. v. deblayer by loss of accabler. Der. deblai

of

cape,

v.

Thus decaper would mean

metal, strip
it

to uncloak the

io5

DECHA RNER
va. to
strip

D^CRE
D6clive,
Der.

T.

DECHARNER,
O.

the

flesh

off.

adj. sloping;

from L. declivus.
See d4- and clore. See

Fr. descharner, Sp. descarnar,

from L.

d(^clivit6.

discamare'*'. To take off the flesh, car- DECLORE, va. to nem. For o = ch see 126. For dxH = de DECLOUER, va.
see de-.

unclose.

to unnail, unfasten.

de- and clouer.

va. to pull off boots, shoes,

DfiCHAUSSER,
etc,

DECOCHER,

va.

to discharge, shoot.

See
L.

de- and coche, O. Fr. desckausser, from L. discalceare. For the changes see chausser and D6coction, sf. decoctionem. de-. Der. ddchaux (the barefooted friars,

decoction

from

Carmelites').

DECOIFFER,
sf.

va. to take off a coif, head-

DfiCHEANCE,

dress. See coiffer. from L. decaFor loss of D6collation, sf. a beheading; from L. dedentia, from decadere. che see j:ollationem. medial d see accabler; for ca, 126 and 54; iox-tia, = -ce stt agencer. DECOLLER, va. to behead. See col. See Decheance is a doublet of decadence, DECOLLER, va. to unpaste, unglue.

forfeiture

il-v.

colle.

See dechoir. sm. waste, loss. Dechet is a doublet of dcchoit. DECHIFFRER, va. to decipher. See chiffre. J Der. deckiffrahle, indeckiffrzhle.

DECHET,

DECOLLETER,
ders.

va. to bare

neck and shoulSee deSee en-

See

collet.

DECOLORER,
and colorer.

va. to

discolour.

DECHIQUETER,
into
;

va. to cut up, slash, chop

DECOMBRES,
comhre.

sm.
va.

pi.

rubbish.

chiqidet,

word which seems to be a dim. of from L. ciccum (an insignificant

Decomposer,
composer.

thing,
chirer,

trifle).

Der. decomposition.

to

decompose.

See

DECHIRER,
skerran.

O. Fr. desva. to tear up. compd. of O. Fr. eschirer, Prov. esqnirar; a word of Germ, origin, O. H. G.

DECONFIRE,

va. to discomfit, rout.

Mal-

Der. dechirement, dechirure.

vn. to

DECHOIR,

See de andchoir. Der. cfecAet (another form of dechoit). See 187. Decider, va. to decide (a case), settle ; vn. to decide,- judge; from L. decidere. Der. indecis (from in and decisus), decisis (from decisivus*, deriv. of decisus). D^cime, sm. a tenth, tithe; from L. deDecime is a doublet of dixieme cima. and dime, q. v. Der. decimtx, decitmXion,

fall

(from), sink, decline.

herbe writes that la France a deconfit I'Espagne. Deconjire, O. Fr. desconjire, is from L. disconficere (compd. of conficere). For changes see de- and confire. Der. deconjitme. DECONTENANCER, va. to abash. See
contenance,

DECONVENUE,
D6corer,
ra re.

sf

mishap,

ill-luck.

See

de- and convenir.

Der.

va. to decorate; from L.

deco-

decor (verbal subst.), decora-

tion, decorat&nx, decoratif.

D6coruin,
L.

sm. decorum, propriety;

vn. to sleep out.
to

from

decimal.

decorum.
See dede- and

D^cimdtre,
prefix

sm. a decimeter deci- and metre, q. v.

from

L.

DECOUCHER,
and coucher.

The

prefix

deci- denotes ten, so that the word is illformed, as it rightly means ' ten metres,' not ' a tenth of a metre ; for the Lat. deci- multiplies, not divides. Decisif, adj. decisive. See decider. Decision, sf. a decision; from L. de'

DECOUDRE,
coudre.

va.

unsew.

See

DECOULER,
couler.

vn. to flow

down.

See de- and See de-

DECOUPER,
and couper.

Der. decotipnre.

va. to carve, cut out.

cisionem.

DECOUVRIR,
va. to declaim, recite

va. to uncover, discover.

D6clamer,
atoirer

dec lam are.

Der.
to

from L.

de- and couvrir.

subst.).

Der.
to

See decouv&rtt (partic, See crasse. See de,

declamation, declam;

Declarer,
ci ar are.

Der. declamation.
invitation,
etc.);

va.

declare

from L.
;

de-

DECRASSER, va. to DECREDITER, va.

and
crediter.

cleanse.

discredit.

!D6clmer,
cline

vn. to wane, decline

va. to de-

D6cr6pit,
pitus.

(an

clinare

Der.

from L. desubst.), de-

Der. decrepitude.
decrettx, decretalt.

adj.

decrepit;

from L. decre-

declin

(verbal

D6cret,

c/mable, declinzison.

Der.

sm. a decree; from L.

decretum.

DJ^CRIER
DECRIER,

DjSgSnSreSCENCE.
DEFENSE,
sf.
;

107

Der. decri (verbal

ecrire.

va. to decry.

See de- and crier.

subst.).

word found

DECRIRE,

va. to describe.

from L. describere.

O. Fr. descrire, For changes see

D6fenseur,
fensorem.

from L. defensa *, a defence in TertuUian. sm. a defender; from L. dedefensive; introd. in i6th

fD^fensif, adj.
va. to

DECROCHER,
See croc.

unhook, take down.

See

cent,

from

It.

defensivo.
;

Dferer,
vn. to shorten, decrease.
t/ecroissant,

DECROITRE,
croitre.

Der.

fer re.

Der. defer

va. to confer, bestow

QWCQ.

from L. de-

cfeVroissance,

DfiFERLER,

va. to unfurl.

?>Qeferler.

decree.

DEFERRER,
va.
to
clean,

va. to unshoe, take the tires off

DECROTTER,
crotte.

Der.

brush.

See

a wheel.

decrotieur, decrottovc.

DEFIANCE,
DEFIER,
O. Fr. L. dis
fidare.

Decuple,

Der.

adj. tenfold;

from L. decuplus. t Deficit,

See fer. sf distrust, diffidence. See defter. s/n. a deficit; aLat. word.

dectipler.

va. to defy.

D^DAIGNER,
desdaigner.
(see de-)

va. to scorn, disdain.

It. disdegnare, from and dignari (see daigner).

Der.

Der.

O. Fr. desfier. It. disFor the etymology see de- and_/?er.

deft (verbal subst.), diftunce.

Dedale,

dedain (verbal subst.), dedaigtieux. sm. a maze, labyrinth; from Gr. Aaida\os (who made the Cretan labyrinth). DEDANS, adv. insist, within. See de and dans. Dedicace, 5/". dedication; from L. dedicatio.

D6figurer, va. to disfigure. See figure. DEFILE, sm. a pass, defile. See deftler (2).

DEFILER, DEFILER,

va. to unthread.
vn. to
file

Seefil.

See file. Der. defile (a narrow way, through which

off, defile.
file).

one must pass in

DEDIER, va.
For
loss

DEDIRE,
dire.

Der.

to dedicate from L. dedicare. of medial c see affouage. va. to contradict. See de- and
;

Dfiner,

Der.
issable.

va. to define;

from L. definire.

deftnif indefini, definissdihle, iudefin-

dediX..
sf.

D6finitif,
tivus.

adj. definitive;

from L. defini;

Deduction,
ductionem.

a deduction; from L. deto

DEDUIRE,

va.

deduct;

from

L.

de-

D6finition, nitionem.

sf.

a definition

from L. defi;

va. to ducere. Dediicere, contrd. regularly, DEFLEURIR, vn. to shed blossoms by the rule of the Lat. accent, into deblight. See fleur. defloduc're, becomes deduire by changing cr D6florer, va. to deflower; fromL.

into

ir,

for
sf.

which

see benir.

rare.

DEESSE,

O. Fr. deuesse, formed from O. Fr. deu (which from L. deus),

a goddess.

DEFONCER,
fond.

Der. defoncement.

va. to stave in, dig up.

See

and the fem. sufBx

-esse.
fail.

DEFAILLIR,

vn. to

See abbesse. See de- and faillir.

DEFORMER,

va. to deform.

See forme.
Seefrais.

Der. deforma.t\on.

J Der. defaithncQ. DEFAIRE, va. to undo, unmake.

desfaire.

See de- and /aire.

Der.
v.)

O. Fr.
defaite

DEFRAYER, va. to defray. DEFRICHER, va. to clear

friche.

Der. defrichement.
va.

(of ground).

See

(partic. subst.).

DEFROQUER,

to

unfrock.Der. de;

It. froque (verbal subst.). and the D6funt, adj. dead, defunct from L. de(q. radical falquer, a word of Germ, origin, functus. O. H. G.falcan. Der. defalcuXion. DEGAGER, va. to redeem a pledge. See DEFAUT, sm. a defect, blemish. Seefaute. jgager. Der. degagement. DEFAVEUR, sf. disfavour, disgrace. See de- DEGAINER, va. to unsheath. See game.

DEFALQUER,
diffalcare,

va. to deduct, subtract.

compd. of de-

andfaveiir.

Der.

defavoxa.h[e.

Defectif,
tivus.

adj.

defective;

from L. defecdefec-

Der. degaine (verbal subst.). DEGARNIR, va. to unfurnish, unrig,

strip.

Stegarnir. DEGAT, sm. damage, depredation; verbal sf. See gater. subst. of O. Fr. degater. D6fectueux, adj. defective; from L. de- DEGELER, va. to thaw. See geler. Der. fectuosus*. degel (verbal subst.). DEFENDRE, va. to defend; from L. de- Degen^rer, va. to degenerate; from L. defendere. For loss of penult, e see 51. generare. Der. degener^Xion. Der. defendMe, defendem, dtfenderesss. Degenerescence, s/". degeneracy; from

Defection, tionem.

defection; from L.

io8
d^g^nirescent,

DSGL UTITION DELIMITER.

from
L.

tem* (degenerescere*)
rare.

degenerescen- Dejection, from degenetionem.

sf.

dejection; from

L.

dejec;

DEJETER,
sf.

va. to warp,

Deglutition,

deglutition; from L. de-

L. dejectare.

make crooked from For ct=/ see 168.

vn. to breakfast. O. Fr. desSee d6- and jeiiner, lit. to break For the contraction in meanDEGORGER, va. to disgorge, vomit. See ing see 12. Der. dejeuner {sm.). DEJOINDRE, va. to disjoin. Seejoindre. J^orge. DEGOURDIR, va. to take off the stiffness, DEJOUER, va. to baffle, frustrate. Seejouer. sharpen, brighten. See gourd. DEJUCHER, vn. to leave the roost. Seejucher. DEGOOT, sm. disgust. O. Fr. desgoust, It. DELA, prep, beyond, on the other side. disgusto. See la. See de- and gout. Der. de-

glutitionem, from deglutire.

va.

DEJEONER,
jeuner.
one's fast.

DEGOISER,
gosier.

to

chirp,

chatter.

See

gouttx.

f Deiabrer, va.
vn.

to dilapidate, destroy, ruin.

DEGO UTTER,
goutte.

O. Fr. deslabrer, from It., Milanese dislabrare. Der. delabrement. D6grader, va. to degrade; from L. degra- DELAI, sm. delay. See delayer. dare. Der. degrad&\.ion. DELAISSER, va. to abandon, forsake. See DEGRAFER, va. to unhook. See agrafer. laisser. Der. delaissement. DEGRAISSER, va. to skim off the fat, scour, DELASSER, va. to refresh, relax. See las.
to

drop,

trickle.

See

fleece.

See graisse.

Der. degraisseur, de-

Der. delassement.

^'"^

DEGRE,

from L. desm. a step. Prov. degrat. latorem. This word answers to a type degradus*, compd. Delation, sf. delation, information from L. of de- and gradus. For loss of d see delationem. alouette for & = e see 54. DELAYER, va. to dilute from L. dilatare. DEGREVER, va. to reduce (a tax). See For loss of medial t see abbaye; for i = e
graissige.

Deiateur,

sm. an informer;

DEGRINGOLER, vn.

mettre. The change of sense from dilatare, to dilate, broaden, to that of unknown. delayer is seen in the phrase delayer un DEGRISER, va. to sober. See griser. discours. Delayer is a doublet of dilater, DEGROSSIR, va. to rough-hew. See q. v. Der. delai (verbal subst. of delayer, grosstr. in its sense of extension delai being an DEGUENILLE, adj. tattered. See guenille. extension of time granted). DEGUERPIR, va. to give up, quit vn. to Deiecter, va. to delight from L, delectare. pack off; compd, of de- and O. Fr. verb Der. delectation, delectable. guerpir to abandon, which is in medieval Deieguer, va. to delegate, commission; Lat. -werpire, a word of Germ, origin, from L. delegare. Der. delegation. Scand. verpa. For yr = gu see gaine. Deleter, adj. deleterious; from Gr. SrjXijDer. deguerpissement. TTJptOS. DEGUISER, va. to disguise. See guise.' Deiiberer, vn. to deliberate; from L. deDer. deguisement. liberare. Der. deliberation, deliberatxf. D6guster, va. to taste; from L. degus- Delicat, adj. delicate; from L. delicatus. tare. Der. degusta.tion, degustateur. Delicat is a doublet of delie, q. v. Der. indelicat, delicatesse. Dehiscence, sf. (Bot.) dehiscence from L. ^dehiscentia* (dehiscere). Deiices, sf. pi. delights, pleasures ; from L. DEHONTE, adj. shameless. See honte. deljciae. Der, delicieux. DEHORS, adj. outside, without. See hors. DELIE, adj. fine, slender, delicate, as in un Deicide.sra. deicide(used of the Jews); from from L. delifX delie, un style delie, etc, L. deicida*. catus. For loss of medial c see affouage ; D6ifier, va. to deify ; from L. deificare. for -atus = e see Delie is a 201. Der. cfe'//?cation. doublet of delicat, q. v. Deisme, sm. deism; from L. Deus, with DELIE, partic of delier, unbound. suffix -isme. DELIER, va. to unbind. O. Fr. deslier. See Der. deiste. D6it6, sf. a deity from L. deitatem. de- and Her. DEJA, adv. already. O. Fr. desja. See des Delimiter, va. to fix boundaries from L. and ja. delimitare. Der. delimitation.

^rever.

Der. degrevement,

see

to tumble down. Origin

BtLINtA TION
Delineation,
sf.

DSMORDRE.
DEMARRER, va. to unmoor. DEMASQUER, va. to unmask. DEMELER, va. to disentangle.
meler.

109
See amarrer. See masque. See de- and

delineation; from L, de-

lineationem, from delineare.

Delinquant,

sm.

delinquent

from L.

va. to dismember. See membre.DeT. detnembrement. from L. de- DEMENAGER, va. to remove. See menage. Der. demenagement. lictum, DELIVRER, va. to deliver, free; from . D6nience, s/". madness; from L. dementia. deliberare*, compd. of liberare. De- DEMENER, va. to kick, struggle. See mener. liber^re, regularly contrd. (see 52) DEMENTIR, va. to contradict, deny. O. Fr. desmentir. See de- and mentir. Der. deinto delib'rare, becomes delivrer (see menti. Der. delivriLnce. avant and 113). DELOGER, vn to remove, get away va. to Dein6riter, vn. to do amiss. See meriter.

delinquentem. D6lire, sm. delirium; from L. delirium.

Der. delirer. Delit, sm. a crime, offence;

Der. demel, demeloix.

DEMEMBRER,

dislodge.

See loger.
adj.

_; Der. demerile (verbal subst.).

DELOYAL,

loyal. It. disleale,

Der. cfe/qyaut^ DELUGE, sm. a deluge, flood. It. diluvio, from L. diluvium. For consonification of iu into ge (diluyjum) and for vj ^7
see Hist.

O. Fr. desfrom de- (q. v.) and loyal. (see de- and loyaute).
disloyal, false.

DEMESURE,
mestire.

adj.

unmeasured, huge.

See
See

DEMETTRE,
mettre.

va. to dislocate, dismiss.

DEMEURER,
rare,

Gram.
adj.

p.

65

for i

=e

see mettre.

DELURE,
leurre.

disenchanted.

See 8 and

vn. to dwell, live. It. dimofrom L. demorari, found in sense of tarrying, dwelling, in the Theodosian Code. Der. demeure (verbal subst.), au demeur-

ant.

Demagogue,
Srjimyor/OS.
ique.

sm. a demagogue ; from Gr. Der. demagogic, demagog-

DEMI,
loss

adj. half;

from L. dimidius.
see alouette
;

For
atonic

of medial
see mettre.

for

=e

DEMAIN,
dimane;

mand.

adv. to-morrow. Prov. demon. It. from L. de-mane*, compd. of see aigle. Der. lenFor a

Demission, sf. resignation (of an ofBce,etc.);

=m

demain (in O. Fr. Vendemain, as in It. it is from Gr. sf. Vindomani a form compd. of en and deSrjfjLOKpaTia. democratmain). ique. In the 14th cent, the article le by a singular misunderstanding became attached DEMOISELLE, sf. a damsel, young lady. See damoiseau. Demoiselle is a doublet of to the body of the word (see lierre) and dozelle. produced the sm. lendemain, which in its turn is again preceded by the article (le len- D6niolir, va. to demolish; from L. dedemain). moliri. Der. c?emo/isseur, demolition, (L. DEMANDER, va. to ask ; from L. demandemolitionem). dare. Der. demands (verbal subst.), de- D^mon, sm. a demon from L. daemonem. mandewT, demanderesse. Der. Je'mowiaque.
; ;

Der. democracy D^mocratie, Der. democrate,

sion em.

introd.

in

1 6th

cent,

from L.

demis-

demissionna.ire.

L.

DEMANGER,

vn. to itch. Der. demangeaison.

off the mantle,

See

manger. D6nionetiser,
coin, call
it

va. to alter the value of a

;

in

from de- and

mo net a.
;

DEMANTELER, va. to dismantle, i.e. to

then to
strip a
its

take
its

D6monstratif,

adj. demonstrative

from

town of
walls.

protection

by destroying

Der.

demonstrativus.
sf

Demonstration,
proof; from L.

a
a

demonstration,

demantel ement.

demonstrationem.
sm.
demonstrator

D^mantibuler,
mandibuler,

va. to break.

properly

to

O. Fr, debreak the jaw

Demonstrateur,

from L. demonstratorem.

/rom
qtter.

de- (q. v.) and

sf.

mandibula.
demarcation. See marbearing,
step.

DEMONTER,
rider).

DEMARCATION,

DEMONTRER,
sf.

DEMARCHE,
marche.

gait,

See

va. to unhorse, dismount (a See de- and monter. va. to demonstrate. O. Fr. demonstrer, from L. dem,onstrare. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. de-

DEMARIER,

See marier. DEMARQUER, va. to unmark, take out a mark. See marquer.

va. to unmarry.

mows^able.

DEMORDRE,
from.

vn. to let go (grip), swerve See de- and mordre.

no
Denedre,
Denaire
adj
.

LENA IRE
is

DEpENSER
Dense,
dens'xi^.

denary; from L. denarius.

va. to
alter

adj. dense;

from L. densus.

Der.

a doublet of denier, q. v.

DENATURER,
See nature.

the nature

of.

DENT,

5/ a tooth ; from L. dentem. Der. eudent(\ ^dentk, dentier, dentiste, dentcWe.

adj. dental;

D6n6gation,
tionem.

sf.

denial; from L.

denega- Dentaire,
Dentaire

from L. dentarius.

is

a doublet of
sf. lace,

O.

Fr. dentier.
little

DENI,

a refusal (law term). See dinier. va. to take out of a niche, out of a nest. See nicher. Der. denichem. DENIER, >sm. a denarius, denier (-J^ of a sou),
stn.

DENTELLE,

DENICHER,
mite;

Der.
Pliny).

properly a dentel6, dentelme.

tooth.

Dentifrice, stn. dentifrice, tooth-powder; from L. dentifricium (tooth-powder, in

from

L.

denarius.
Denier
is

For

-arius

= 'ier

see 198.

a doublet of

Dentition,
tionem.

s/.

dentition; from
to

L. denti-

denaire.

DENIER,

va. to deny, refuse

negare. for e = i
subst.).

For
see

loss

; from L. deof medial g see allier Der. d^ni (verbal 58.

D6nuder,
L.

va.

denude, lay bare; from

deprive,
strip
;

denudare.
va. to

DENUER,
cabler.

from L.

denudare, by
va. to revile, blacken (character,

D6liigrer,
etc.);

va. to render incomplete, See pariel. DENOMBRER, va. to number; from L. DEPARER, va. to strip. See parer. dentunerare. For numerare = om6rer DEPARLER, va. to cease speaking. See see nombre. Der. denombrement. parler.

from L. denigrare.

Der. denigre-

Der. rfeWment.

loss

of medial d, see ac-

DEPAREILLER,
spoil a pair.

ment.

I>6noininatif, adj. denominative denominativus.

from L.
;

DEPARTEMENT,
departir.

sm. a department.

See

D^nominateur,
L. L.

stn.

a denominator

from
from

DEPARTIR,
see
de.

va. to distribute.

O. Fr. des-

denominatorem.
sf.

partir, from L. dispartire.

;

Denomination,

a denomination

Der.

Fordis = </e

depart (verbal subst.), deto pass by, go beyond.

DENOMMER,
L.

denominationem. partement. va. to name (in a deed) from DEPASSER, va. denominare. For letter-changes see passer.
;

See

nommer.

DENONCER,
annoncer.

va.

demintiare.

DEPAYSER, va. to send abroad, expatriate. denounce; from L. See pays. For nxintiare = noncer see DEP]&CER, va. to break up (into pieces). See
to
piece.

Dnonciateur,

$m. a denunciator, informer; from L. denuntiatorem. D6nonciation,s/". a denouncement, declaration

;

DEPECHER,
empecker.

Der. d^peche

va. to despatch, hasten.

See

(verbal subst.).

DEPEINDRE,
see ceindre.

va. to depict, paint, describe

from L. denuntiationem.
va. to denote, describe
va. to untie, unravel.
;

from L. depingere. For -ingere = -eindre

from L.
See dc-

D6noter,

jienotare.

DEPENDRE,
j;ibbet).

DENOUER,
and nouer.

Der. denotement.
*

DENREE,s^.
the

food, commodity; from late L.dein the Capitularies

nerata, found
Bald
:

of Charles
.

Ministri Reip. provideant, ne

ilH qui

panem ...

per

deneratas

ven-

va. to take down (from a See de- and pendre. DEPENDRE, vn. to be dependent (on); from L. dependere. For changes see pendre. Notice the displacement of the accent from dependere to dependere, whence the form dependre, not dependoir.
(Hist.

dunt.' Originally merchandise generally, and

specially such

Gram.
For

p. 133.)

goods as were worth a denier. Similarly Sp. has dinerada, from dinero. From denier came O. Fr. deneree, just as from panier came panneree. Deneree is
Similarly in

DEPENDRE,
jiere.

DEPENS,

from L. depen; of e see 51. sm. pi. expense, cost, charge. See
va. to spend
loss

depenser.

contrd. into den'ree, denree.

Bavaria pfenningwerth properly means a pfenning's worth of anything. For loss of the (denSrdta) see 52; for -ata = -ee
see 201.

DEPENSE, sf. expense, outlay. See depenser. DEPENSER, va. to spend. O. Fr. despenser,
from L. dispensare.
de-.
q. V.

For 6is = de-

see

Der. depens,

Depenser

is

a doublet of dispenser,
depense, depensitx.

D^PERDITION
Deperdition,
D6p6rir,
peri re.
sf.

DERNIER.
a depositor;

Ill
from L. de-

loss,

waste; from L. de-

Depositeur, sm.
positorem.

perditionem*, from deperdere.

Der.

vn. to perish utterly; from L, dec?e/)enssement.

Deposition,
sitionem.

sf.

deposition; from L.

depo-

DEPftTRER,

va.

to

disengage,

extricate.

D6possder,
der.

va. to dispossess.

See posse-

O. Fr. despestrer, the opposite of einpetrer, Empetrer signifies proO. Fr. empestrer. perly to hobble a horse while he feeds is to free his legs from afield, and depetrer These words come from medithe bonds.
eval Lat.
pasture.

DEPOUILLER,
despouiller,

va.

to strip,
for

spoil.

from L. despoliare.
;

O. Fr. For o
see

= ou

see

affouage
s

li = ill
p.

for loss of

see Hist.

Gram.

81.

Der.

ail

pastorium*,

a clog for horses at

(der.
is

depouille (verbal subst.), depotiillement.

Pastorium tum, from pascere)

sense in the
ercitu aliquid furaverit,

through pasin

DEPOURVOIR,
pourvoir.

common

this

Der. depourvu.
Deprecier
is

va. to

deprive, strip.

See

Germanic Laws:

'Si quis in ex-

Depraver,
D6pr6cier,
pretiare.
priser.

va. to deprave, vitiate;

pastorium,

capis-

depravare.

Der. depravation.

from L.

from L. sf. compounds, pastoriare *, dispastoriare *, depraedationem. has produced the two. O. Fr. verbs, empes- Depression, sf. depression; from L. depressionem. trer, despestrer, by changing (i) im. into mettre in, then into en, see (2) dis D6prinier, va. to depress; from L. depriinto des, then de, see demere. (3) and pastoriare into pestrer, by dropping the o, DEPUIS, prep, since. See puis. see 52, whence the modern form pttrer. D6purer, va. (Chem.) to depurate, purify from L. depurare. Der. depuration, deFor loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 for puratiL a = , see 54. DEPEUPLER, va. to depopulate. See peupler. Dputer, va. to depute; from L. depuDer. depeuplement. tare. Der. deputation, depute. D6piler, va. to take the hair off; from DERACINER, va. to uproot. See racine. ^L. depilare. Der. c?e/>/7ation, d4pila.toire. DERAILLER, vn. to run off the rails. See DEPISTER, va. to track, hunt out. See piste. rail. DEPIT, sm. despite, vexation. O. Fr. despit, DERAISON, sf. unreason. See raison. = de see defrom L. despectus. For des Der. deraisonner, deraisonnahie. for e = t see 59 for ct = / see 168. DERANGER, va. to derange, displace. See Der. depitex. ranger. Der. derangement. DEPLACER, va. to displace. See place. DERECHEF, adv. again, afresh; formerly Der. deplacemenU written de rechef compound of re, marking DEPLAIRE, va. to displease. See plaire. exrepetition, and chef, meaning end, Der. deplaisiT, deplaisa.nt. tremity. We have seen under achever the DEPLIER, va. to unfold, open. See de- and medieval phrase venir a chef for venir a
depredation;
;

trum, frenum,' etc. (Lex Bavar. tit. IL vi. i). So also in the Lex Langobard. tit. L xx. 5 ' Si quis pastorium de caballo alieno tuPastorium, by means of the two lerit.'
:

va. to depreciate; from L. de-

Der. depreciation.

a doublet of de-

D6pr6dation,

plier.

hout.

See chef.

D6plorer,
rare.

Der. deplorable. DEPLOYER, Der. deploiement.

va.

va. to deplore;
to

from L. deploSee de-

DEREGLER,
regie.

Der. dereglement.
sf.

va. to derange, disorder.

See

unroll.

and

ployer.

DEPLUMER,
and plume.

va. to pluck (a bird).

See de-

Derision, onem. Derisoire,

rius.

derision;

from L.

derisi-

adj. derisive;

from L. derisodrift
;

Depopulation,
D6porter,
deport are.
^portement.

sf.

depopulation;

from L. D6river, vn. to leave shore,

;

to spring,

depopulationem.
va. to deport, transport

Der.

from L.

Der. derive; va. to turn off (a stream). derive (verbal subst.), derivation, derivatif.

deport, deportation, de-

Derme,
See poser. depositary, guardian,

sm. skin
adj.

from Gr.

Sippia.

DEPOSER,

va. to depose.

DERNIER,

last;

formerly

derrenier,

Depositaire,

sm. a confidant; from L. depositarius.

derrainier, der. from O. Fr. derrain.

Der-

rain answers to L. deretranus*, deriv. of

112
de-retro, properly one

D^R OBER
who walks

DESPO TE,
DfiSEMPARER,
See emparer.
va.

behind.

and
;

n. to quit,

go away.

DerStrdnus,

contrd. regularly (see 52) into dertr'anus, softens tr into dr, then

DESERT,

rr (see 168), and changes

aigle).

into ai (see
robe.
;

Der, dherttr,

adj. deserted

from L, desertus,

deserteur, desertion.
;

DfiROBER, va. to rob, steal. See D6roger, vn. to derogate (from)

^derogare.
rouler.

DESERT, sm. a DESESPERER,

esperer.

from L. desertum, vn. to despair. See d4- and

desert
despair.

Der. derogation.
sf.

from L.

DESESPOIR,
See
espoir.

sm.

See

de-

and

DEROULER,
DfiROUTE,

va. to unroll, spread out.

rout, defeat.

DESHABILLER,
and
habiller.

va.

to

undress.

See d4-

O.Fr. desroute, from L. disrupta, from disruman army in battle. pere, to break up For dis = de see defor u = o see 90
;

DESHERENCE, sf. escheat. See hoir. DESHONNETE, adj. immodest. See

nete.

honhon-

for

pt = /

see acheter.

DESHONNEUR,
neur.

sm.

dishonour.

See

DEROUTER,

See route. DEKKltKE, prep and adv. behind; from L. de retro*. ' Visa itaque turba de retro et ab ante adorantes dicite ' (Baruch vi. 5).
va. to lead astray.

DESHONORER,
orer.

va. to dishonour.

See hon;

Designer,

For retro

= riere

see arriere.

DES, art.gen.pl. of the; contr. oi dels = deles. See for details Hist. Gram. p. 10 1. Y)r.S,prep. from; from L. deipso, sc. temation; from L. desinentia. pore, De-ipso, contrd, into d'ipso, be- DESINTERESSER, va. to buy out (creditors, comes dis. For i = e see mettre for ps = s etc.). Der, desinSee de- and interesser.
;

va. to designate, describe from Designer is a doublet of L. designare. dessiner, q. v, Der, designation. Desinence, sf. (Gram,) a desinence, termin-

jee

caisse.

teressement.

DESAIMER,
^and aimer.

va.

to cease loving.
va. to disappoint.

See deSee de-

tDsinvolture,
from
It.

sf.

ease

of carriage;

disinvoltura.

DESAPPOINTER,
and appointer.

Der, desappointement.
;

DESIR, sm. desire, wish. See desirer. DESIRER, va. to desire. O.Fr, desirrer, from
L. desiderare, Desiderdre, contrd, regularly (see 52) into desid'rare, becomes desirer. For 6x = rr = r see 168, Der.

DfiSARROI,

sm. disarray, confusion compd. of des (see de-) and O, Fr. arroi. Desarroi therefore des-ordre. rroi is a

compd. of O.

Fr. roi, just as

arranger

is

of

desir (verbal subst,), desir&nx, desirabXt.

etc. Roi, meaning D^sister (Se), vpr. to desist from L, demeasure (a sense which resist ere, Der, desistemtnt. mains in the phrase pied de roi), answers to DESGEUVRER, va. to throw out of work.

ranger, arrondir of rond,

in O. Fr. order,

the

It,

root redo*, to medieval L,

redum*,

and comes from Germ, source, Dan. rede, Swed, reda, to set in order,

Der, desceuvrement. See to ravage; D6soler, desolari. Der, desohnt,

ceuvre.

va.

desolate,

from L.

desolation.
clear out

+ D6sastre,
1 6th cent,

sm.
It.

disaster;

from

desastro.

introd,

in

D6sopiler,

Der, desas-

va. (Med,) to empty, from L, dis-oppilare*,

adj.

trcMX.

DfiSORDONNE,
sm. a disadvantage.
See

disorderly.

See dede-

DESAVANTAGE,
avantage.

and ordonner.

DESORDRE,

sm.

disorder.

See

and

DESAVEU, sm. a disavowal. See aveu. ordre. DESAVOUER, va. to disavow. See avouer. DESORMAIS, adv. henceforth, DESCELLER, va. to unfasten, unseal. See ore mais. Ore is from L. hora;
sceller.

O, Fr. des mais from

DESCENDRE,
sc^ndre.
descents

vn. to descend

from L. de-

For

loss

of g see 51,
see

Der,
de-

(partic.

subst.,

ahsoute),

scendance, redescendre, condescendre.

Descriptif,
scriptivus.

adj. descriptive;

from L. de-

Des ore mais properly means hour forward, i, e, dating from For etymology see des, this present hour. Similarly dormavant, q, v., or, and mais. which was in O. Fr. d'ore en avant, means from this present hour forward,
L, magis,

from

this

Description,

s/.

a description;

from L,

DESOSSER, va. to bone. See os. Despote, sm. a despot from Gr,

descriptionem.

Der.

ScCTTc^riys.

despotiqae, despotisme.

DESSAISIR
DESSAISIR,

DETROIT,
DETALER,
etal.

113
pack up.
from
;

Der.
its

va. to dispossess.

See saisir.

va. to clear away,

See
vn.

rfessa/sissemetit.

DESSECHER,

DESSEIN, sm.
doublet.

va. to dry up. See seeker. Der. dessechement. design. See dessin, which is

DETEINDRE,

va. to take colour

to lose colour.

See teindre.

DETELER, va. to DETENDRE, va.

tendre.

unyoke. See atteler. to unbend, relax. See

DESSERT,

DESSERVANT,
See desservir.

sm. dessert. See desservir. sm. an officiating

Der.

detente (partic. subst., see ah-

priest.

soute).

DESSERVIR,

va.to clear away (after dinner). See servir. Der. desservnr\t, dessert and desserie (partic. subst, of desservir, see absoute ; similarly O. Fr. had sert from

va. to detain from L: detinere. For atonic i = e see mettre for e = i see Der. detenu. 59 Detenteur, sm. a holder of property from
;

DETENIR,

L.

detentorem.
sf.

servir^.

Detention,
sf.

detention; from L, deten-

Dessiceation,

desiccation;

from

L.
this

tionem.

va. to clean (a va. to

dessiccationem.

Deterger,

wound)

from L.
;

DESSILLER,
and
oil.

va. to open (eyelids).

On

detergere.

word, written in O. Fr. deciller, see 13

Deteriorer,

DESSIN, sm.

design, drawing.

See dessiner.

DESSINER,
It.

va. to draw; in Regnier dessigner.

Der. determine from Determiner, L, determinare. Der. determination.

L. deteriorare.
deteriora.tion.
;

deface,

damage

from

va. to settle,

from L. designare. For D6terrer, va, to dig up, exhume. See 8 ss, cp. vessica, vessie; pulsare, pousterre. ser. For gn = w see assener. Dessiner is Detersif, adj. detersive; from L. detera doublet of designer, q. v. sivus*, from detersus, p.p. of detergere. DESSOUS, adv. below. See sous. D6tester, va. to detest from L. detestari.
disegnare,

DESSUS, adv. above. See sus. DESTIN, sm. destiny. See destiner. Destination, sf. destination from destinationem.
;

L.

Der. detestMe. Detoner, vn. detonate; Jtonare. Der. detonation.

to

from L.

deSee

DETONNER,
ton.

vn. to sing out of tune.

va. to twist, wrest;

DESTINEE, sf. destiny. See destiner. DESTINER, va. to destine, doom from
;

L.

Detorquer,

from L.

destinare. Der.

destin

(verbal

subst.),

detorquere.

destines (partic. subst.).

DETORS,
;

Destituer,
tuere.
led

Der.

va. to dismiss
destitution.

from L. desti-

DETOURNER,
ner ment,

See tordre. See tourDer. detour (verbal subst.), detourneva. to turn away.

adj. untwisted.

DESTRIER,

sm. a knight's warhorse, a horse

by the squire on his right hand (dextra), Detracteur, sm. a detractor; from L. dewhence the deriv. dextrarius for a wartractorem. horse in medieval texts, as in an llth-cent. DETRAQUER, va. to spoil the paces (of a chronicle we read equo ejus militari, quem horse, etc.), disorder. See traquer. dextrariura vocant, ablato.' For x = s DETREMPER, va. to dilute. See tremper.
'

see ajouter;

for

-arius

= -zer

see 198.
;

Der. detrempe (verbal

subst.")

Destructeur, sm.
structorem.

a destroyer

from L. de-

DETRESSE,
to
oppress,

sf.

distress.

O. Fr.
the

destrece,

oppression, verbal subst. of destrecer,

adj.

Destructible,
Destructif,
structivus.

destructibilis.

Der.

destructible;

from L.

and

represents

L.

means de-

indestructible.

adj. destructive;

from L. defrom L.
;

Destruction,

sf

destruction;

strictiare*, derived regularly from destrictus, p.p. of destringere. Destrictiare becomes destrecer. For ct = / see 168 ; for -tiare = -cer see ngencer and

destructionem.

Desuetude,

sf.

desuetude, disuse

from L.

jiesuetudinem.

DETACHER,

Der. deiachement.

va. to unfasten.

See attacker.

Next destrece 264; fori=esee mettre. becomes detresse. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 for c = ss see agencer. Detriment, sm. detriment, loss ; from L,
;

detrimentum,

DETAILLER,

va. to cut up. See tailler. Der. detail (verbal subst.), detailhnX.

DETROIT,

sm. a L. districtus.

strait.

O. Fr.

destroit,

from

In medieval documents

we

114
find

DSTR UIRE

DIABLE.
;

Ddvier is a doublet See under dS- and vote. districtus fluvii ' (rendered by Duof devoyer. cange as a place where a stream is crossed). from L. divinus. Distriotus becomes detroit as strictus DEVIN, sm. a diviner for Der. deviner, devineur, rfmweresse. becomes ^troit. For dia = di see deDetroit is a doublet DEVIS, sm. (I) chat, talk; {2\ estimate; iot = oit see attrait. oi district, q. v. verbal subst. of deviser, signifying in O. Fr. to distribute, regulate, whence the DETRUIRE, va. to destroy. O. Fr. destruire, meaning of devis as an estimate of all from L. destruSre. For loss of s see costs of a building. for e = f see 59. Hist. Gram. p. 8l DETTE, sf. a debt from L. d6bita, what DE VISAGER, va. to scratch the face (of one). See visage. is due, from debitum. For loss of i (d6b'ta) see 51; for bt = see 168. DEVISE, sf. device verbal subst. of deviser, O. Fr. to distribute. Devise was first a Der. endetter. heraldic term, meaning a division or part DEUIL, sm. mourning, grief. See douloir. of a shield in which some emblematical DEUXf num. adj. two from L. duos. For figure ( = corps de la devise) was inscribed, uo = see 90 then for o = eu see cueiller = cp sposus, epoux russus, roux; and above a legend or sentence explaining it for s (technically called dme de la devise). This otiosus, tnssi s, toux; cor ossus*, creux motto, which was originally only a part and for suffix in osus = eux see oiseux of the device, presently took to itself the Deux is a doublet of duo. Der. 229. name of the whole. deux\Qme. DEVALER, va. to let down, lower. See aval. DEVISER, va. to chat, talk; in O. Fr. to regulate See DEVALISER, va. to rifle, plunder. from L. divisare. Divisare is a frequent, of dividere, formed in the valise. usual way from the p.p. divisus. For i = e DEVANCER, va. to precede. See devant. see mettre. Der. devancieT. Deviser is a doublet of diviser. DEVANT, prep, and adv. before, in front. ^ Der. devis, devise. O. Fr. davant (d'avant), compd. of de and DEVISSER, va. to unscrew. See vis. DEVOIEMENT, sm. looseness, diarrhoea. See avant, q. v. Der. devancer. devoyer. IJ6vaster, va. to devastate; from L. deDEVOILER, va. to unveil. See voile. vast a re. Der. t/e'i/as/ation, devastAtem. DEVELOPPER, va. to develop. Formed DEVOIR, va. to owe, be in debt from L. Origin unknown. debere. For b = v see avant and 113 from a radical velop.' for e = oi see accroire and 61. Der. developpement. Cp. envelopper, q.v. Der. devoir (verbal subst.). DEVENIR, vn. to become; from L. deD6volu, adj. vested, devolved from L. devenire. DEVERGONDE, adj. dissolute; partic. of volutus. D6vorer, va. to devour; from L. devoO. Fr. verb devergonder, to lose all shame rare. compd. of de (q. v.) and vergonder, which
;
; ;

'

from L.
contrd.

verecunddri.
regularly
(see

Verecundari, D6vot,
tus.

53) into ver'cundari, becomes vergonder. For c=g see annoncer Der. see adjuger for u =
;

Der. devotieux.
sf.

adj. devoted, pious;

from L. devofrom L.
;

Devotion,
tionem.

devotion;

devofrom

DEVERS, DEVERS,

See vers. from L. deversus. Der. deversei (to bend a piece of wood). DEVERSER, vn. to lean, bend. See verser.

devergond2igt. prep, towards. adj. leaning;

DEVOUER,
L.
;

va. to devote, consecrate

devotare.

For

abhaye for o vouem&nX.

= ou

of medial t see see affouage. Der. deloss

DEVOYER,
Dexter it6,
tatem.

va. to mislead.

See voie. T>tr.

Der. deversoir.

devoiement.
;

DEVIDER,
see vide.

va. to

wind off. O. Fr. desvider Devider properly means to make

bare
{vide)

sf.

dexterity;

fromL. dexteri;

the spindle devidok.

of

wool.

Der.

Dextre, sf. the right hand from L. dextra. Diabdte, sm. (Med.) diabetes; from Gr.
Siap-ffTrjs.

Deviation,
tionem.

./.deviation; from L. devia-

DIABLE,
O.
Fr. desvier,

DEVIER,

vn. to deviate.

from

L. de-ex- viare* (to leave the right path).

Der. diablene,

For regular

sm. the devil from L. di&bolus. loss of 6 see 52 and ancre.

;

diable$se, diablotin.

DIABOLIQUEDILEMME.
Diabolique,
bolicus.
ac?/.

115
;

from L. dia- Di^r^se, sf diaeresis from Gr. Siaipems. Didse, sm. (Mus.) diesis, a sharp adj. sharp. Der. diestx. Diaconat, sm. the diaconate; from L. diaDite, sf. (i) a diet, assembly (in St. Jerome). from L. conatus diaeta*, an assembly on a fixed day, deriv. Diaconesse, sf. a deaconess; from L. diaof Gr. hlaira. conissa (in St. Jerome). (2) diet (food, etc.). DIACRE, sm. a deacon. O. Fr. diacne, from DIEU, sm. God in the Oaths of a. d. 842 Deo ; from L. deus. From 9th-cent. deo comes Diaconus L. diaconus (in Tertullian). modern dieu. For eo = zo see abreger; regularly (see 52 and ancre) is contrd. then for o = eu see accueillir into diac'nus. For n = r see coffre. Der. zdieu (lit. A Dieu), for a Dieu soyezl which Diaddrae, sm. a diadem from L. diadema. diagnostic; from form of the phrase in was the complete Diagnostic, sm. (Med.) O.Fr. adj. diagnostique, from Gr. SiayvoicrriKSs. Diagonal, adj. diagonal; from L. diagon- Diffamer, va. to defame; from L. diffamare. Der. diffamzitm, diffamz\o\rt. alis. Dialecte, sm. a dialect fromL. dialectus. Difference, s/. a difference; from L. differdiabolical
;

Der. dialect^].
sf.

entia.
dialectics;

Dialectique,

from L. dia- Different, adj. different; from L. different em. Differend is simply an orthogralectica. phic alteration of the word. Dialogue, sf. a dialogue from L. dialogus. dia- DifPirer, va. (i) to put off, defer, (2) to Diamant, sm. a diamond from It. differ; from L. differre. mante. Diamant is a doublet oi aimant, adamant, q, v. Diflacile, adj. difficult; from L. difficilis. Der. difficilemtnt. Diamdtre, sm. a diameter from Gr. StciDiflacult6, sf a difficulty; from L. diffififTpos. Der. diametraX, diametr^lement. cult a tem. Der. dijfficultvitMX. f Diane, s/. a morning gun, reveille introd. in 1 6th cent, from Sp. diana. fDifforme, adj. deformed; introd. in 15th cent, from It. difforme. Der. difform+ Diapason, sm. diapason, octave; fromL. it^. diapason. from Gr. DifFus, adj. diffuse; from L. diffusus. diaphanous Diaphane, adj. hia(pavus. Dig6rer, va. to digest; from L. digerere. Diaphragme, sm. (Med.) the diaphragm Digestif, adj. digestive; from L. digesfrom L. diaphragma. tivus*. "tDiaprer, va. to diaper, variegate; me- Digestion, sf digestion; from L. digesdieval diasprer, formed from O. Fr. subst. tionem.
; ;

'

diaspre (a stuff of jasper-colour). Diaspre

is

Digitale, sf

fox-glove, digitalis

in botanical

from

It.

diaspro.
sf.

Lat. digitalis
diarrhoea;

purpurea.

Diarrh6e,

Diath^se, s/. Diatribe, sf

from L. Digne, adj. worthy; from L. dignus. Der. dignement. fromGr.Sm^ects. Dignity, sf a dignity; from L. dignitafrom L, a diatribe, philippic tem. Der. dignitn'iTe. diatriba. Digression, sf a digression; from L. diDietame, sm. (Bot.) dittany; from L. dicgressionem. DIGUE, sf. an embankment, bank. O.Fr. tamnus. dicque, word of Germ, origin, Neth. dyk. Dictateur, sm. a dictator; from L. dictaDer. dictatonal. Der. endiguer. tore m. Dictature, sf a dictature from L. dicta- Dilapider, va. to dilapidate, waste from L. tura. dilapidare. Der. dilapidation, dilapidDieter, va. to dictate; from L. dictare. ateur. Der. dictee (partic. subst.). Dilater, vfl. to dilate from L. dilatare. It Diction, sf diction; from L. dictionem. Der.rfz'/a^ation. is a Aowhltloi delayer, q.v. Der. dictionn&ire. Dilatoire, adj. dilatory; from L. dilatorius. + Diet on, sm. a saying, bye-word, a word corrupted from L. dictum. It is a doublet Dilection, sf affection; from L. dilec(Med.)

diarrhoea.

a disposition;

'

of

dit.

tionem.
adj. didactic;

Didactique,
daKTlK6s.

from Gr.

5i-

Dilemme,
lemma.

sm.

dilemma

from L. di-

I 2

116
t Dilettante,
from
It.

DILE TTANTE-'DISPENDIE UX,

dilettante.

Directeur, sm. a director from L. directorem (deriv. of directus). lecfant, q. v. Direction, sf. direction; from L. direcDiligence,./, diligence; fromL.diligentia. tionem. Diligent, adj. diligent; from L. diligen- Directoire, sm. a directory; from L. di-

sm. a dilettante, amateur; It is a doublet of deDer. dilettantisms.

tem.

Der.

diligenter.

rectorium

(deriv. of director).
;

Diluvien,

from L. dirigere. from L. diriDIMANCHE, sm. Sunday. O. Fr. diemenche, pres. part, of dirimere. from L. dies-domiziica, the Lord's Day, Discerner, va. to discern from L. disin St. Augustine and Tertullian. Domincern ere. Der. discernement. ica loses its penult, i regularly ( 51), Disciple, sm. a disciple; from L. discipulus. and becomes domin'ca. Die-dominica Discipline, sf. discipline; from L. discipi ina. having thus become die -domin'ca, loses Der. discipliner. disciplinAire. medial d (see accabler), and becomes O. Fr. Discorder, vn. to be in a state of disagreediemenche, whence dimanche. For ca = cA ment from L. discordare. Der. discord (verbal subst.), discordzut (whence discordsee 126 and 54; for in = e see Hist. ance). Gram. p. 178. 'en = a in modern Fr. is a very rare change, see 65, note I. Discorde, f. discord; from L. discordia.
adj. diluvian;
.

nus* from diluvium

from L. diluvia- Diriger,

er.

va. to direct
arf/.

znt^diluvien

Dirimant, mentem,

invalidating

DIME,

sf.

tithe

from L.

decima
its

formerly disme, It. decima, (found in Varro). D6i regularly (

DISCOURIR,
courir.

vn.

to

expatiate,

discourse;

from L. discurrere.

Cima
contrd.

loses

to

dec'ma, whence

51), and is disme. For

s seeamitie; for the see 59; for o loss of s at a later time, see Hist. Gram,

e=t

Der. discourexxx. sm. a discourse; from L. discursus, found in the Theodosian Code. Discret. adj. discreet ; from L. discretus.

For changes see

Discours,

sf discretion, distinction ; from L. discretionem. Der. discretionriAixe. mensionem. Disculper, i/a. to exculpate; from L. disDiminuer, va. to diminish ; from L. diculpare * compd. of culpare. minuere. Discussion, sf. a discussion; from L. disDiminution, s/. diminution; from L. dicussionem.
p. 81.
is

Dime

a doublet of decime, q. v.

Discretion,

Dimension,

sf.

dimension

from L. di-

minutionem.

Discuter,
cutere.

va.

to

discuss;

from L. dis-

Dinde,

sm. a turkey ; a word of hist, origin ( .^3)> abbrev. of the phrase coq d'Inde. Der. dindon, dindonnea.\i. DINER, vn. to dine formerly disner, in the 9th- cent. Lat. disnare *, in the Vatican Glosses. Origin unknown. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. diner (sm.). Diocdse, sm. a diocese; from L. diocesis, found in Tertullian. Der. diocesa.in. Diphthongue, sf. a diphthong; from L.

Der, discutzhXe,

mdiscutzhXe.

Disert,

adj. eloquent;

from L. disertus.

DISETTE, sf dearth. Origin unknown. Disgrace, sf disgrace. See grace. Der.

disgrac'itx.

Disgracieux,
See gracieux.

adj.

ungraceful,

uncomely.

va. to disjoin from L. disFor changes seejoittdre. Disjonction, sf disjunction; from L. dis;

DISJOINDRE,
jungere.

diphthongus.

junctionem.
a diplomatist.

Diplomate,
plome.

Der.

sm.
a

See di-

Disloquer,

diplomatic, diplomatique

Dipldme, sm.
Diptyque,
cha.

Der. diplomate.
va.

diploma

from L. diploma.
:

from dis (see ; Disloquer properly means to displace so disloquer le bras, is to throw the arm out of joint. Der. dislocva. to dislocate

de-) and locare.

;

sm. a diptych
say
;

from L. dipty-

ation.

DISPARAtTRE,
to

DIRE,

from L. dicere.

Di-

raitre.

Der.

vn. to disappear.

See paafter ap-

dispar'ition

(formed

r,

cSre, contrd. regularly (51) into dic're, becomes dire by reduction of cr to see henir. Der. dire (sm.), contrerf/re,

parition).

Disparate,
paratus
paraitre.

adj. incongruous;

from L. disSee
dis-

(in Boethius).

vnedire, d^dire, maurf/r,

h^nir, xtdire, dit,

Disparition, sf

disappearance.

disenr, disexise.

Direct,
is

adj. direct;

from L. directus.
<j.

It

Dispendieux,

adj. expensive,

burdensome

a doublet of droit,

v.

from L. dispendiosus.

DISPENSER
Dispenser,
L.
;

DIVA N.

;
;

117

from Dissoner, vn. to be dissonant from L. va. to dispense, distribute dissonare. Der. dissonznt, dissonance. dispensare, to grant, whence the use from L. disof dispenser de = to give permission to one DISSOUDRE, va. to dissolve solvere. For solveTe = soudre see abnot to do something, grant dispensation
Dispenser is a doublet of depenser, dispense (verbal subst.). va. to disperse; from L. dispersare * a deriv. of dispersus, partic. of
to.

q. V.

Der.

soudre.

Dissuader,
suadere.

va. to dissuade;

from L. dis-

Disperser,

Dissuasion,
suasionem.
sf

sf.

dissuasion;

from L. disL.
dis-

dispergere.

Dispersion,
persionem.

sf.

dispersion;

from L. dis- Distance,

tantia.
;

distance;

from

Disponible,

from L. dis- Distant, adj. distant; from L. distantem. Distendre, va. to distend; from L. disdisponere. DISPOS, adj. disposed from L, dispositus. tendere. For loss of the last two atonic syllables, see Distiller, va. to distil; from L. disadj.

disposable

ponibilis*,

deriv. of
;

5o> 51Disposer, va. to dispose.

mdispnser.

See poser.

Der.

tillare.

Der.

distilhteur, distilhtion.
distinct;

Distinct,
tinctus.

adj.

from

L.

dis-

Disposition, sf. dispositionem Disputer, va. to

.

Der.

disposition

from L. Distinctif,
tinctivus.

adj. distinctive;

from L. disfrom L. disfrom

L.

dispositif.

tare.

Der.

dispute; from L. dispuIt

is

Distinction, sf
tinctionem.

distinction;

dispute (verbal subst.).

Disque,

sm. a disc: from L. discus.

a dissection;

Distinguer,

va. to

distinguish;

a doublet of da^is, q. v.

Dissection, sf. sectionem.

distinguere. from L. dis- Distique, sm. tichus.

spread

distich;

from L.

dis-

Diss^miner,
Dissension,
sensionem.

va.

to

disseminate,

Distraction, sf
tractionem.

distraction; from L. dis-

abroad; from L. disseminare.

sf.

dissension;

from L. dissentiment.

DISTRAIRE,
trahere.

va. to distract;

from L. distraire.

For changes see

adj.

Dissentiment, sm. dissent. See Diss^quer, va. to dissect; from

care.

DISTRAIT,
tractus.

distracted;

from

L.

dis-

L. disse-

For Qt = it see

attrait.

Distribuer,
sf.

va. to distribute; from L. dis-

Dissertation,
Disserter,

a dissertation

from L.
;

tribuere.

from L. a distributer distributorem. L. dissertare. from L. Distributif, adj. distributive Dissidence, sf. dissidence, disagreement; distributivus*, from distribuere. from L. dissidentia. from L. Distribution, sf distribution Dissident, adj. dissident; from L. dissidistributionem. medieval L. dentem. District, sf a district; from Dissimulation, ./. dissimulation from L. districtum, a territory under one jurisdiction. District is a doublet of detroit, q. v, dissimulationem. Der. dissimulatenr. It is Dissimuler, va. to dissimulate; from L. DIT, sm. a saying, maxim. See dire. dissimulare. a doublet of dicton, q. v. Dissipateur, sm. a dissipator, spender Dithjrrambe, sm. a dithyramb; from L, from L. d issipatorem. dithyrambus. Dissipation, sf. dissipation from L. d issi- + Dito, adv. ditto from It. deito. pationem. Diurnal, adj. diurnal; from L. diurnalis. Dissiper, va. to dissipate; from L. dissiIts doublet is journal, q. v. pare. Diurne, adj. diurnal; from L. diurnus. Dissolu, adj. dissolute; from L. dissoIts doublet IS jour, q. v. lutus. Divaguer, vn. to wander hither and Dissolution, s/. dissolution from L. disthither; from L. divagari. solutionem. + Divan, sw. a divan; a word of Oriental Dissolvant, adj. dissolvent; from L. disorigin, Ar. diouann. Its doublet is douane, solventem. q.v.
;

dissertationem.
va. to

Distributeur, sm.

make

a dissertation

from

ii8
Sive, adj. divine from L. diva. Diverger, vn, to diverge; from
;

DIVE DOMINO.
+ Dogue,
L. diver-

sm. a dog; from Engl. dog. Gros chien d'Angleterre, says Menage in

gere.

the 17th cent.

adj. diverse;

Divers,

from L. di versus. Diversifier, va. to diversify; from L. diversificare*, deriv. of diversus. Diversion, sf. a diversion; from L. diver-

DOIGT,

sm.

finger

from L. digitus.
contrd.

Digitus,

regularly

into dig*tu8,
de, q. v.

i into oi, see boire.

sionem. Diversit6,
sitatem.

Der.
sf.

(see 51) becomes doigt by changing Doigt is a doublet of

doigttx, doigixtx.

sf.

a diversity;

from L. diver- Dol, sm.

deceit,

DOLEANCE,
va. to turn aside;

cozenage; from L. dolus. complaint, grief; answering

Divertir,
vert ere.

Der.

from L. di-

to a verb

doleir,

which represents a Lat.

from
L.

tfji/er/issement.

form dolicare.

Dividende,
Divin,
flrf/.

sm. a dividend; from L. divi-

DOLENT,
lentem.

adj.

suffering;

do-

denda, from dividere.

divine
;

from L. divinus.
;

Its

Doler,

va. to chip with an adze; from L.

doublet

is

devin, q. v.
sf.

dolare.

Divination,
ationem. Divinit6, sf.
tatem.

divination

from L. divin- +

Dollar,

+ Dolman,
divinity
;

from L. divini-

sm. a dollar, from Engl, dollar. sm, a hussar's coat, a word of Magyar origin. Hung, dolman. See
a

33. Divis, adj. divided; from L. divisus. + Dolmen, sm. a dolmen; Diviser, va. to divide; from L. divisare, Low Breton patois, introd. into
frequent, of dividere.
viser, q. V.
Its

word

Fr.

of towards

doublet

is

de-

the end of the 18th cent. It is of Celtic origin, Gael, tolmen, a stone table.

Diviseur, sm. orem.

Divisible,
ibjlis.
adj.

divisor;

from L. divisfrom L. divisfrom L.

divis-

DOLOIRE,

divisible;

sm. an adze. O. Fr, doleoire, from L. dolatoria, in Vegetius 'cum securibus et dolatoriis.' For loss of
:

Division, sf. ionem. Divorce, sm.

tium.

division;

a divorce;

from L. divor

Divulguer,
gare.

va. to divulge;

from L. divul-

DIX, num. adj. ten frdm L. decern. For e = / see accomplir; for c = see amide.
;

Der. dizzin, diznine, doublet is dime).

dixihmc

(whose

from L, docilis. from L. docilitatem. domesticitatem*. + Dock, sm. a dock from Engl. dock. Dom.estique, adj. domestic; from L, doDocte, adj. learned; from L. doctus. mesticus. Docteur, sm. a doctor; from L. doctor. Domicile, sm. a domicile; from L. doadj. docile;
sf.

Docile,

medial t see abbaye ; doleoire = doloire is a rare change. DOM, sm. lord from L. dominus, which is domnus in several Merov. documents. For loss of i see 51; for inn = see Dom is a doublet of dame^ q. v. 168, DOMAINE, sm. domain; from L. dominium. For i = az, seen in daigne from digno, see marraine. Der. domamzX. sm. a dome; introd. about the 15th cent, from It. duomo. Domesticity, sf. domesticity; from L.
;

tD6me,

Docility,

docility

Doctrine,

Document,

Der. doctorat, doctoral. sf. doctrine; from L. doctrina. sm. a document; from L.

mieilium.

Der.
sf.

Dominateur,
Domination,

domiciliaiTe, domiciHer. sm. a dominator; from L,

dominatorem.
domination
;

documentum.

from

L,

DODU, adj. plump. Origin unknown. i'Doge, sm. a doge; from It. doge.
doublet
is

dominationem,
Its

due, q. v.
adj.

Der. dogzt.
dogmatic;

Dominer,
nari.

va. to dominate; from L.

adj. dominical;

domi-

Dogmatique,
dogmaticus.

from L. dofrom dominus. Dogmatiser, vn. to dogmatise; from L. + Domino, sm. a domino; from Sp. dodogmatizare. mino, a black hood worn by priests. Der. Dogmatiste, sm. a dogmatist; from L domino (a game composed of pieces of dogmatistes. ivory, backed with black, and, so far, reDogme, sm. a dogma; from L. dogma. sembling a domino).

from

L Dominical,
minicalis,

der.

DOMMA GE
DOMMAGE, sm.
Der.

DO ULOUREUX.
L.

IT9
Dormitorium,
regu-

damage; originally damage, from L. damnaticum*, der. from damnum. For in.n = see i68.

dormitorium.

mm~m

larly contrd. (see

52) into dorm'torium,

dommage'dhle,

dedommager, endotn-

becomes dor'torium (for loss of see Hist. Gram. p. 81), and then dorioir by
attraction of the i
;

mager.

see chanoine.

from L, domi- DOS, sm. the back; from L. dossum, a form found (for dorsum) in several in 52) into dom.'tare the intercalated p is euphonic. scriptions of the Empire. For rs = s see Der. dompttMT, domptahle, indompuhle. chine. Der. rfoisier, adosser. DON, sm. a gift; from L. donum. Der. Dose, sf. a dose from Gr. 86cns. Der.
va. to daunt;

DOMPTER,
tare,

contrd.
:

regularly

(see

Der. sf. a dowry; from L. dot em. dompnhon, from medieval L. domnic?o/er (which is a doublet of doner, q. v.), onem.*, a tower which dominates. Domnidotz\. onem is regularly contrd. from domini- Dotation, sf. a dotation; from L. dota6nem by loss of i, see 52. Dominitionem. onem is a deriv. of dominium. From DOUAIRE, sm. a dowry; from L. dotadomnionem we come to donjon. For mn rium. For loss of medial t see abbaye; = (domionem) see 168; for io=_;o for o = ou see affouage. Der, douairVext. see abreger for change of into n fDouane, sf. custom-house; introd. to(domjonem) see conge. wards the 15th cent, from It. doana, old DONNER, va. to give; from L. donare. form of dogana. Douane is a doublet of For n = n cp. inimicus, ennemi. Der. divan, q. v. Der. douanier. doTinee. (partic. subst.), donneur. DOUBLE, adj. double; from L. duplus. DONT, adv. then pron. whence, from For u = OM see 90 for p = 6 see whence, whose. In Clement Marot d'ond, abeille. Der. doublet, dedoubler, redoubler, from L. de-undd, whose etymol. meandoublet, doublure. ing the Fr. of the 17th cent, had pre- tDoublon, sm. a doubloon; introd. from

donation, c?owateur, c?oataire. DONC, adv. then ; aphaeresis of O. Fr. adonc. Adonc is from L. ad-tixnc, compd. of tunc. For u = ow see annoncer. Prov. DONJON, sm. a donjon, tower.

doser.

DOSSIER, sm. back

q.v.

(of seats, etc.), a bundle of papers labelled on the back; from dos,

Dot,

served, as Corneille uses

it

in
//

Nic. v, 2

Sp. doublon.

Le Mont Avenfin, dont

Vaurait

vu

= o see faire une horrible descente. For annoncer. The second d here becomes /,

as in

subinde,
from
It.

soiwent.

DOUCET, adj. mild. See doux. DOUCEUR, sf. sweetness from L. dulFor vlI ou see agneau corem. for 6 = eu see 79. Der. doucereux, doucer;

i Donzelle,
cent,

sf.

a damsel donzella.

introd. in

16th
is

eusement.

Donzelle

Douche,
in
1

sf.

douche,
It.

bath;
doccia.

fDorade,
rightly

doublet of demoiselle, q. v. sf. a dorado, gold-fish; introd. from Prov. daurada. Daurada signifies
'gilded'
(doree),
partic.

6th

cent,

from

Der.

introd.

doucher,

of Prov.

verb daurar, from L. deaurare. is a doublet of doree. DORENAVANT, adv. henceforward. desormais.

DOUELLE, sf. an archivolt. See douve. DOUER, va. to endow from L. dotare. Dorade For loss of t see abbaye; for o = o see
;

affouage.

Doner
sf.

is

a doublet of doter.
;

See

DOUILLE,
'

a socket

from L. ductile *
;

used in medieval Lat. for a culvert thus we DORER, va. to gild; from L. deaurare in a Chartulary of have ductilis aquae (in Seneca). Deaurare, contrd. regularly 1016. For ductile = douille see andouille. into d'aurare, becomes dorer. For au = doublet of ductile, q. v. Douille is a see alouette. Der. dorem, dedorer. DOUILLET, adj. soft, downy, effeminate; DORLOTER, va. to coddle. Origin undim. of O. Fr. donille (soft, tender), which known. For ductilis = douille, is from L. ductilis. DORMIR, vn. to sleep from L. dormire. Der. douilletiement. see andouille. Der. dormeuT, dormeuse, endormir. DOULEUR, sf. pain from L. dolorem. Dorsal, adj. dorsal; from L. dorsalis*, For accented o = eu see 79 ; for atonic
'

from dorsum. DORTOIR, sm. a bedroom, dormitory; from

o = OM

see affouage. adj. painful,

DOULOUREUX,

sorrowful,

lao

DOULOIR^DU.
o ou
;

grievous; from L. dolor6su8. -osu8 = -/* see 229; for atonic

see affouafre.

DOULOIR
S

(SE), vpr. to mourn, grieve

For DRfeCHE, sf. malt. O. Fr. dresche, crushed barley, which is Low L. drascus, coming from O. H. G. drascan (to thresh corn in a from barn). For a. = e see 54 ; for loss of
for
s

L. ddlere.

For 6

= ow

ot

see

61.

Der.

see q^owa"-*
deiiil

see Hist.

Gram.

p.

81. s
It.

deul,

verbal subst. of -doloir).

vn. to doubt.

(O. Fr. For o = eu

DRESSER,

va. to erect, set up, arrange.

drizzare, dirizzaire, from L, drictiare*, a

DOUTER,

verb derived from drictus, a form explained For -ctiare (cciare) = droit, q. v. L. dubitare. For loss of i in dubitare -sser see agencer; for i = e see meUre. see 52 for Vi = ou see 90; for bt = ^ Der. dressoxx, xedresser. see 168. Der.doute (verbal subst.), dout- DRILLE, s/. (i) rag (for paper-making), (2) eux, redoufer. drill, (3) a soldier, comrade; of Germ,
see 79.

Cat. duhtar, from

under

DOUVE,
known.
loss

Der.
;

sf.

stave

(of casks).

Origin un-

origin,

O. H. G.

drigil, a servant, lad.

ffowelle (for dou-v-elle).

For f

Drogman,

sm. a dragoman;

in

Ville-

of V see aieul.
adj. sweet, soft.

DOUX,

ally dols,

agneau

O. Fr. dous, originfrom L. dulcis. For ul = ow see for G = x see agencer. Der.

hardouin drugkemant, It. drogomanno, a word of Eastern origin, introd. from Constantinople by the Cruaders, who had borrowed it from the medieval Gr. Spayovfiavos, an interpreter.

zdoiich, doticet, douce&tre.

from L. duodecim, of du6dcini into duod'cim, see 51. For uo = see deux; for d'c = c see 168; for o = ou see affouage; for c = z see amitie. Der. douzihmt, rfoMzaine. DOYEN, sm. a dean from L. decanus. For loss of medial c see affouage for for -anus = -en see e = oi see 61 Der. doyenn6 (which is a doublet 194. of decanat, q. v.). Drachme, s/". a drachma from L. drachadj. twelve
;

DOUZE,
by

DROGUE,

regular

contr.

Origin unknown. sf. a drug. Der. drogmste, droguer. DROGUE, sf. game of drogue (played by soldiers and sailors). Origin unknown. DROIT, sm. right; from L. directum, which came to have the sense of justice or

ma.

f Dr age, 5/
Prov.
drageoxr.

a sugarplum

introd.

through

dragea,

from

It.

treggea.
a

Der,

(Thus we find directum facere for do justice' in the Formulae of Marculfus.) Directus becomes dirictus in medieval Lat. documents, as in et ultro hoc debet habere dirictum,' for e = i see 59 dirictum. soon became contrd. to drictum, to be seen in Charlemagne's Capitularies, Et plus per drictum et legem fecissent' : lastly drictum becomes droit, by regular change of ict into oil, see attrait;
right.
*
'

'to

'

'

DRAGEON,
Germ,

sm. (Bot.) a sucker

word of

cp. St rictus, etroit.

Der. droilnre.

Goth, draibjain. sm. a dragon; from L. draconein. For Q=g see adjuger. Der. dragon (a dragoon), dragonne, dragonna.de. + Drague, sf. a drag, dredge ; introd. from Eng. drag. Der. dragutr, dragueur. t Drainer, va. to drain; introd. from Eng. drain. Der. drainzgt. Dramatique, adj. dramatic; from L. draorigin,

DROIT,

crrf/.

straight, right;

from L. direc-

DRAGON,

tus. For changes see above. Droit is a doublet of direct, q. v. Der, zdroit. + Dr61e, adj. droll; sm. a knave, sharp rogue. Formerly drolle. Introd. from Eng. droll. Der. drolerie, drolesse, cfro/atique. Dromadaire, sm. a dromedary ; from L. dromadarius, which from L, dromadem,

DRU,

adj. fledged, lively, vigorous, thickset

maticus.

Dramaturge,

sm. a dramatist, playwright

from Gr. dpafxarovpyos.

sm. the drama from L. drama. DRAP, sm. cloth ; from L. drappum *, in Charlemagne's Capitularies. Origin unknown. Der. draper, drapier, drapene. DRAPEAU, sm. an ensign ; originally stuff, a rag ; dim. of drap, q. v. Drastique, adj. drastic ; from Gr. dpaan;

of Celtic origin, Kymr, drud, vigorous. Druide, sm. a druid; from L. druida, a Celtic priest. Der. druidesse, druid-

Drame,

isme.

Drupe,
DU,

sm. (Bot.) drupe; from L. (properly the olive).

;

drupa

Dryade,
art.

KOi,

from L, dryad em. sf. a dryad m. of the* O. Fr. deu, originally del, which is a contr. of de le. Del becomes deu by softening / into u see agneau.
;

DUJSbRUITER.
DU,
sm. due, devoir used

121
;

duty

formerly

deii,

p.p.

of

substantively.

Under

boire

we have shown that the p.p. of debere should have been debutus. Fordebutus = deu^dii see boire. Der, diim&xit (from fem. due and suffix merit).

sm. a duet from It. duo. Its doublet deux, q. v. DUPE, sf. a dupe. Origin unknown. Der. dnper, diiperie, dupeur.

Duo,
is

tDuplicata, swz.
neut. pi.

a duplicate, a Lat.
p.p.

word

of duplicatus,
s/".

of dupli-

Dubitatif,

adj.

dubitative,

expressive

of
Its

care.

DUG,

doubt; from L. dubitativus. stn. a duke from L. ducem.

;

Duplicity,
tatem.

duplicity;

from L. duplici-

doge, q. v. 5m. a ducat; iromlt. ducato. doublet is duche. Der. ducaton. DUCHE, sm. a duchy. See due.
is

doublet

DUR,
Its

adj. hard

+ Ducat,

et6 (L.

DURER,
able.

Der.

from L, d\irus. Der. durduritatem), durillon, durcir. vn. to endure, last from L. durare.
;
;

dur^e

(partic. subst.), rfwrant, dur-

DUG HESSE, s/. Ductile, adj.

Its

a duchess.

ductile;
a

See disc. from L. ductilis.

doublet

is

douille, q, v.

Der.

ductilite.

DUVET, sm. down, wool, nap from L. dumetum, through a form dubetum*,
;
;

duenna; from Sp. duena. whence diwet; for b=i/ see 113. Its doublet is dame, q. v. Dynastie, sf. a dynasty from Gr. SvvaDuel, sm. a duel from L. duellum. Der. (TTfia. duel\\ste. Dyspepsie, sf dyspepsia; from Gr. SvaDulcifier, va. to dulcify, sweeten from L. niipia. dulcificare * (which from dulcem), Dyssenterie, sf. dysentery from Gr, 8u<rsf.
;

fDudgne,

DUNE,
a

sf.

down

of Celtic origin, Irish diln,

ivr^pia.

hill.

Dysurie,

sf.

dysuria

from Gr. hvaovpia.

EAU,

sf water; in

eave, originally eve,

T5th cent, eawe, from L. aqua.

earlier

EBAUGHER,
known.

Aqua

Der.

va. to sketch out.

Origin unsubst.),

ebauche

(verbal

becomes aqva by the consonification of ebauchoir. (see Janvier), thence ava by reduction EBAUDIR, vpr. to frisk, frolic lit. to make of qv into v (see Janvier and suivre). For etymology of baud see baudet. gay. Ava becomes eve by regular softening ifib^ne, /". ebony from L. ebenus. Der. of a into e (see 54); cp, faba, sapa, ebemer, ebeniste, eftmisterie. feve, seve. Eve soon changed e to the EBLOUIR, va. to dazzle. Origin unknown. diphthong ea {eave); cp. bel, beal, whence Der. e'Wowissement, beau. Eave next vocalises v into w (see EBORGNER, va. to make blind of one eye. aurone), whence the form eaue which was See borgne. reduced to eau from the 16th cent. EBOULER, vn. to fall (like a ball). See EBAHIR, vn. to be amazed; an onomatopoetic Per, eboulement. boule. word formed from the interj. bah I Der. EBOURIFFE, panic, disordered (of the hair).

eiaAissement.

EBARBER,

va. to pare, scrape. vn. to sport, frolic.

See barbe.

Origin unknown.

EBRANLER, EBRECHER,
impair.

va. to shake.
va.

See branler.-^
a

Der, e6ar6age,

Der. ebranlement.
See battre.

EBATTRE,

Der.

ebat (verbal subst,),

'

See breche.
(S'), vpr.

to

make

breach

in,

EBAUBI,

adj. wonderstruck. Ebaubi is p.p, of O, Fr, ebaubir. Ebaubir means to make

EBROUER
unknown.
a stuff)
;

to snort, sneeze.

Origin

baube,' just as faroucher

means

'

to

make tifibrouer,

va.

to

wash (before dyeing

farouche'; O.Yr. baube,

is

begue, stammering,
1 into u, see

from Germ, bruhen.

va.

from L. balbus by softening agneau.

EBRUITER,
about.

to

make known,

noise

See bruit.

122
Ebullition,
litionem.
s/.

SB ULLITION
ebullition;

SCHA RPE.
chalas, escalas
;

from L. ebul-

originally escaras,

from L.

feCACHER,

va. to crush

formerly escacker,

compd. of intensive
verb cacher,
q, v.

prefix

ez and O.
O. Fr.

Fr,

ex-oaratium *. Caratium, a pale or stake in the Lex Langobardcrum (' Si quis palum, quod est caratium, de vite
tulerit'),
is

l^CAILLE,
Goth,

sf.

scale,

shell.

escaille,

Ex-caratixim
eschalas.

originally escale, a
scalja.
ec, see Hist.

word of Germ, Germ, schale. For initial sc Gram. p. 78. Scaille isa doublet
origin,

from Gr. X'^Pibecomes escaras, then For o cA see 126; for r = /

for
./.

see

154

x^s

see ajouter.
;

of tcale,

q. v.

Der.

ECHALOTE,
;

icailltx, icaillhxe.

6CALE,

sf.

hull

(of

beans,
its

etc.).

shell;
its

formerly eschaa shalot lote corruption of eschalone, escalone, the O. Fr. form. Escalone is from L. asca(Pliny).
see
p.

formerly escale. doublet ecaille.

For

etymology see

lonia
c

Der. ecaler.
;

= cA

For a = see 54; for 126; for loss of s see Hist.

ECARLATE,

adj. scarlet

formerly escarla(e,

Gram.
in

81.

word of Eastern
sc = esc = tc, see ECARQUILLER,
etc.).

origin, Pers. scarlat.

Hist.

For
eyes,

ECHANCRER,
cancriim
;

Gram.
to

p. 78.

va.

open

(one's

Origin unknown. sm. a step aside, flight, digression, fault. See ecarter. ECARTELER, vn. to quarter ; formerly escarteler, compd. of ex and cartel ecarieler is to make into cartel. Cartel is from L, quartellus*, dim. of quartus. For qu = c see car. Der. ecartelemQw^.. ^CARTER, va. to divert, turn aside; formerly escarter, compd. of ex and carte, ^carter, originally a term of card-playing, means properly to put the cards aside, reject them thence by extension to reject generally. Der. ecart (verbal subst.), ecarte, ecartement.

va. to hollow out, slope, cut form of a chancre. Chancre is from L. properly a crab, then a canker, crab-shaped. For <i = ch see 126. Der.

ECART,

echancrnxe.

ECHANGER,

Ecchymose,

sf.

ecchymosis
adj.

from

Gr.

Ecclesiastique,
an ecclesiastic;

and sm. ecclesiastical, from L. ecclesiasticus.

See cervelle. O. Fr. escha-

ECERVELE, adj. harebrained. CHAFAUD, sm. a scaffold.

;

va. to exchange, barter. See changer. Der. echange (verbal subst.), echange^hle, echanglsie. ECHANSON, sm. a cupbearer. O. Fr. esfhancon, from L. scantionem* (used in the Germanic laws). Scantio is from O. H. G. scenfo. For initial 8G = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78 for c = ch see 1 26 for ti = f! = s see agencer. ECHANTILLON, sm. a sample, pattern; dim. of O. Fr. echantil. Schantil, originally eschantil, escantil, is compd. of ex and O. Fr. cant (a corner, piece), which comes from L. cantlius. For G = ch see 126. Der. echantillonnex. ECHAPPER, va. to escape, avoid formerly eschaper, escaper; properly to get out of the cape (of the thence by cloak),

extension,

to

flee,

escape.

parallel
;

originally escadafaut, faud, eschaafaut meaning first a platform whence to see a tourney, etc. Escadafaut, from Low Lat. scadafaltum, is compd. of ex and

metaphor
this

exists

in

Gr.

hKlv^aOai

for

analogy of metaphors see 15. The It. confirms this derivation by having two verbs scappare (to escape), formed from ex and cappa (a robe) and incappare Cadafaltum is in Prov. cadafaltum. This form (to fall into), formed from in and cappa. cadafalc, in It. catafalco. Der. echappee (verbal subst., whose doublet catafalco is compd. of cata and falco Romance verb catar is escapade, q. v.), echappexnent, echappzlo'ut. cata is derived from a (to see), origin unknown falco is of ECHARDE, sf. a prickle (lit. of a thistle), splinter. Germ, origin, answering to O. H. G. palcho. O. Fr. escharde, compd. of ex and charde, which from L. carduus. For Catafalco is properly a scaffolding whence one sees a show. As to changes from excae = cA see 126. dafaltum * to eschadafaut, eschaafaut, es- ECHARPE, sf. a scarp, sling (for a broken
;

chafaut
p.

for

c = cA see

126

for loss of

see accabler; for loss of s see Hist.

81

for l

tt

see agneau.

a doublet of catafalque, q. v. Der. echa-^ faudzge. echafaudtx. ECHALAS, sm. a. lath, stake ; formerly es-

Gram. Schafaud is

middle ages a great purse pilgrim's neck. Joinville speaks of one who put in son escharpe grant foison d'or et d'argent. Then it designated the belt or band from which the purse hung. For this change of meaning
etc.);
in

arm,

hung round

ScHARPER
Scharpe, O. Fr. esckarpe, escherpe, see 13. is a word of Germ, origin, O.H.G. scherbe.

Colore.
0*H. G.
and 54; 78: for
skepeno.
for

123
For
oa,

= che

see

126

80

= esc = ec
see avant

see Hist.

Gram.

This Germ, word gave to

Low

Lat. a type

b=v

and
;

113.

Der.

p.

*, whence the dim. scarpicella *. echevinnge, echevinzl. Scarpicella becomes escarcelle. For the ECHINE, sf. a spine, chine formerly eschine, regular loss of i see 52, whence scarp'' Prov. esquina of Germ, origin, O. H. G. sJiina. cella; for &o=esc see Hist. Gram. p. 78; Its doublet is esquine. for pc = c see caisse. Echarpe is a doublet ECHIQUIER, sm. a chess-board, exchequer.
;

Scarpa

o( escarpe.

q. v. slash, cut to bits

;

See echecs.

ECHARPER, va. to

secondary form, with change of conjugation, of

^cho, sm. an echo; from L. echo. ECHOIR, vn. to fall to, become due
eschoir,

formerly

O. Fr. echarpir, originally escharpir, which from L. excarpere, compd. of ex and carpere. For c = cA see 126; fore = i
,

from L. excadere
choir.
sf.

*.

see 59.
sf.

ECHASSE,

stilt, tressel.

O. Fr. eschace,

Der.

word of Germ, origin, O. Flem. schoetse. For sch = esch = ech see Hist. Gram. p. 78.
echassier.

echeauce. ECHOPPE, sf a graver. Origin unknown. ECHOPPE, sf a carved stall (in market); formerly eschoppe, from Germ, schoppen.

dere = choir see partic), whence

Der. ech6^nt

For ca(pres.

For sc = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. ECHOUER, vn. to run aground, to

carry.

78.
fail,

mis-

ECHAUDER,

va. to scald

formerly chauder,

Origin unknown.
va. to splash. verbal

Der. echaude, echaudoir.

ECHAUFFER,
chauffer.
subst. of

from L. excaldare (in Apicius), For G = ch see 126, for aX = au see agneau.

ECLABOUSSER,
known.

Origin unsubst.

ECLAIR,
heat.

sm.

lightning;

of
See

Der.

va.

to

warm,

See

eclairer.

echai-iffement, rechauffer.

ECLAIRCIR,
clair.

ECHAUFFOUREE,
ECHAULER,
chauler.

an affray; partic. sf. O. Fr. echauffbnrer, compd. of ex

Origin unknown.
va. to steep in lime-water.

Der.
;

va. to clear up, brighten.

eclaircie (partic. subst.), eclair-

cissement.

and O. Fr. chajiffourer.

ECLAIRER,
esclairer,

va. to light, illuminate

for

formerly
a,

See

from L. exclarare.

For

= ai

see aigle

x=s

see ajouter; for loss of

ECHE,
For
of

sf.

a bait. see

csL

= che

O. Fr. escke, from L. esca. For loss 126 and 54,

p.

s see Hist.

Gram.

81.
falling

ECHEANCE,
bills,

sf.

expiration,

due (of

see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. eclair, eclainge, eclairem. ECLANCHE, sf. a shoulder of mutton. Origin *
s

unknown.
dour.

&c.).

See echoir.

ECLAT,

^CHECS,

Germ, origin, O.H.G. skleizan, afterwards sMeitan, whence O. Fr. game and name are oriental Pers. schah, a esclater, then eclater. king, the game taking its name from the Der. eclat, eclaUnt. principal piece. From the Pers. phrase ificlectique, adj. eclectic from Gr. k\kshine brilliantly; of
;

sm. pi. (i) chess. (2) in the sing. For such metaphorical a check, defeat. senses see 12. O. Fr. eschac: both the

sm. a fragment, an explosion, splenSee eclater.

vn. to fly into fragments, burst,

ECLATER,

sckach-mai = the king

is dead, comes the expression echec et mat (checkmate). Echec is a doublet of schah. Der. echiqnitr.

TiKos.

Der.
s/.

eclectisme.

Eclipse,

Der.
ticus.

an eclipse; from L. eclipsis.

ecliptic

eclipser.
;

ECHELLE,
L. scala.
esc

sf a ladder.

O. Fr.

p.

eschele,

from ificliptique, sf the

from L. eclip-

For o = ch see

126, for sc

= ec

see Hist.

Gram.

78, for

a=e

see

Echelle is a doublet 54. Der. echelon, echelonner.

of

escale.

ECLISSE,

sf.

split

a piece of split

wood wood

compd. of clisse, of Germ, origin,

sm. a skein. O. Fr. echevel. For Echevel is verbal see agneau. subst. of echeveler. See echevele. ECHEVELE, partic. dishevelled from O. Fr. echeveler. See cheveu. ECHEVIN, sm. an alderman, judge formerly eschevin. It. scabino, from L. scabinus * a Carolingian word of Germ, origin, from
el = eau
;
;

ECHEVEAU,

ECLOPPE, adj. lame. ECLORE, vn. to hatch,

O. H. G. kliozan, to cleave. See clopin-clopant. open, dawn formerly

;

esclore, from L. ex-claudere *. The compd. ex-claudere signified to hatch, come out. Columella often uses excludere ova ' for to hatch eggs.' For
' '

olaudere

= clore

see clore

for

x=s

see

ajouter.- Dex. eclos, ec/osion.

124
ECLUSE,
esclusa,
^.

SCLUSE
a mill-dam
;

SCRU,
escolter,

formerly

escluse,^ Sp.

from L. ezclusa.

Exclusa aqua,

Lat.
see
p.
Its

is

often written asoultare.

from L. auscultfire, which in lat" For a = *

for esc

properly water dammed up, is used thus in Fortunatiis and several Merov, documents.

54;
for
is

= ec

see

Hist.

Gram.
p.

78;

ul=OM
s/^.

see Hist.

Gram,

54.

Exolusa becomes sclusa

in

the

Lex

Salica

Si

8th cent, quis sclusam de

in the

doublet

ausculter, q. v.
a hatchway. Origin unknown,

ECOUTILLE,

molendino alieno rumperit.'

For

x=s

see

ECOUVETTE,

ajouter; for loss of s see Hist. Der. edusier, eclusdt.

s/l

Gram.

p. 8l.

formerly escole, from L. schola. For ch = c see 135; for sc = esc = cc see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Der. e'co/ier (whose doublet is scolaire). ilSconome, smf. an economist; from L. oeconomus, so used in the Theodosian Code. Der. econom\e, econotnlser, economa school;

ECOLE,

sf. a broom, brush ; dim. of 4couve *, O. Fr. escouve, from L. scopa. For sc = esc = ec see Hist Gram. p. 78 for o = OM see affouage ; for p = 6 = v see ill.
;

Another dim. of ecouvi

is

ecouvillon.

ECOUVILLON,
ecouvefte.
*

sm. a gunner's sponge.

See

EC RAN,

ECRASER,

ists.

sm. a screen ; formerly escran. Origin unknown. va. to crush; formerly escraser, compd. of a radical eraser, of Germ, origin,

Ilconomique,
oeconomicus,

adj.

economical;

from L.
It.

Swed. krasa. Der. ecrasement.

so used in Quintilian.

ECREVISSE,
crevice,

sf.

crayfish;

in

13th cent.

ECORCE,
scorzxi,

^.
in

bark;
7th
St.

formerly escorce.
scorzia,
in

from O. H. G. krebiz.
vpr. to exclaim, cry out. Seecrier.
;

cent,

the

ECRIER(S'),

from L. excor- ECRIN, sm. a casket, shrine formerly escrin, ticea*, deriv. of corticem. from L. scrinium. For 80 = esc = ec see For ex = e see ecluse; for corticea = cort'cea see Hist. Gram. p. 78. for cort'cea = cortcia see agencer. ECRIRE, va. to write formerly escrire, from 51 Der. ecorcei. L. scribere. For regular loss of penult. 6 tCORCHER, va. to flay, skin; formerly for sc = esc see 51 for br = r see boire escorcher, from L. excorticare, to take = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78, Der. ecnveur, away the bark (corticem) then in the g'cnvassier. Salic law to flay. Excorticare is scorti- ECRIT, sm. a writing formerly escrit, from care in the Capitularies of Charlemagne L. scriptum. For sc = ec see Hist. Gram. ' antea flagellatus Der. ecnVeau. et scorticatus.' p. 78; for pt = / see 168. Excorticdre, contrd. regularly (see ECRITOIRE, sf. an inkstand from L. scripinto excort'care, excor'care, betorixim. For script- =ecrit- see ecrit; for S2) comes escorcher. For x = s see ajouter; O = oi, see chanoine. for ca, = che see 126 and 54. Scorcher ECRITURE, sf. writing from L. scriptiira. is a doublet of ecorcer. For script- = ecrit- see ecrit. Der. e'corcAeur, ecorchate. ECRIVAIN, sm. a writer, author; from L. ECORNER, va. to break the horn, curtail. scribanus *, deriv. of scriba. For scri= ecri- see ecrit for b = v see 113; for See corne. Der. ecorniBer. ECORNIFLER, va. to sponge on (any one). -anus = -am see 192.
Vocabulary of
Gall,

See ecorner.

Der.

ecornijleur.

ECROU,

sm. a screw-nut;

formerly escrou,

ECOSSER, ECOT, sm.

Germ,

va. to husk, shell.

See cosse.

ECOT,

branch of a tree. O. Fr. escot ; of origin, O. Norse skot. sm. share, 'scot'; formerly e^cot; of
origin, Engl, scot, contribution.
off",

from L. scrobem. For sc = esc = 6c see for o = ou see affouage Hist. Gram. p. 78 for loss of b see aboyer and 113.
;

Germ,

ECROU, sm. a gaol ECROUELLES, sf.

evil;

register.
pi.

See ecro7/er. scrofula, the king's

ECOULER (S'), vpr. to run

formerly escouler, from L. excolare (occurring in a Latin version of the Bible). For x = s see ajouter ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 for o = oti see affouage. Der. ecoulement. ICOURTER, vn. to curtail, shorten. See court. ECOUTE, s/. a listening-place. See ecouter. ECOUTE, sf. sheet (of a sail); formerly escow^e, of Germ, origin, Dan. skicede, Swed. skot. JECOUTER, va. to listen to, hearken, O. Fr.
drain
;

formerly escronelles, from L. scrofella*, a secondary form of scrofula. For for o = ou see affouloss of f see antienne age for sc = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78. ECROUER, va. to enter in the gaol register. Der. eVrow (verbal subst.). Origin unknown. ECROUIR, va. to harden. Origin unknown. ECROULER, vn. to fall to pieces. See Der. ecroulemexit. crouler. ECRU, adj. unbleached; compd. of cru, q. v.
;
',

^C U

EFFRA C TION.
;

125

Cuir ecru is what the Romans called cru- Editer, va. to edit; from L. edit are, frequent, of edere, to publish. diim scorium, untanned leather. ECU, sm. a shield, a crowu-piece, money for- Editeur, sm. an editor; from L. editor em,
deriv. of edere, to publish. merly escw, originally escw/, from L. scutum. For so = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78 for Edition, sf. an edition; from L. editio;

loss

of t see aigu.

The

sense of

crown

nem.

comes from the three fleur-de-lys fEdredon, sm. eider-down; formerly Der. ederdon, from Germ, eiderdune. stamped on the coin as on a shield. e'cwsson (properly a little ecu, from L. jfiducation, sf. education; from L. educapiece

tionem, seutionem for ti = ss see agencer). ECUEIL, sm. a rock formerly escueil, from Edulcorer, va. (Chem.), L. e and dulcorem. For regular contr. into L. scopulus.
; ;

to sweeten

from

scop'lus see Gram. p. 8i

;

for

51;

for

pi = il see

Hist.
;

EFFACER,

va. to efface

meaning

originally

o ue

see accueillir

for

sc = ec see Hist. Gram.

p. 78,'

ECUELLE,
Gram.

sf.

a porringer,

O. Fr.

escuelle,

Prov. escudela, from L. scutella. For loss of t see abbaye ; for sc = esc = ec see Hist.
p. 78.

to erase, wipe out, a face. See face. Der, Capable, in^a^able, effacexntnt. EFFARER, va. to scare, make to look wild from L. eflPerare. For e = a see amender. EFFAROUCHER, va. to scare away. See

farouche. from L. effecto tread down the heels (of EflPectif, adj. effective; See cul. tivus. Legume, sm. foam; ioxxnexly escume ; of Germ, EfFectuer, va. to effect, execute ; from L. effectuare*, dim. verb from effectus. origin, Q, H. G. scum. Der. ecumtr, ecumeux, ecjwtGUT, ecumoixe. Effeminer, va. to effeminate; from L, effeminare. ECURER, va. to scour (pots and pans). See curer. Der, recurer. EEervescent, adj. effervescent; from L. ECUREUIL, sm. a squirrel ; formerly escueffervescentem. reuil, from L. sciuriolus, dim. of sciurus. EFFET, sm. effect ; from L. efifectum. For For -iolus = -ewz7 see 253; forsc = esc = ct = / see 168. ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Efficace, adj. efficient; from L, efficaECURIE, sf. a stable formerly escurie, from cem. Merov. L. scTiria (' Si quis scuriam cum Efficacit^, sf. efficacy; from L, efficacianimalibus incenderit,' Sahc Law). For sc tatem.

ECULER,
boots).

va.

~esc=^ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Scuria is Efi&cient, adj. efficient; from L. efficiof Germ, origin, O. H. G. skura. entem. ECUSSON, sm. a knob, shield, escutcheon. Effigie, sf. an effigy; from L. effigiem. See ecu. EFFILE, sm. a fringe. EFFILER, va. to Der. ecusso?ier (to bud). ECUYER, sm. a squire; formerly escuyer, ravel out, Seefil. Prov. escudier. It. scudiere, from L. scuta- EFFILOCHER, va. to unravel. Seefiloche. rius * (who carries the scutum of a EFFLANQUER, va. to render lean. See knight). For loss of medial t see abbaye flanc. for -arius = -ier see 198; for sc = esc = ec EFFLEURER, va. to graze, rub a surface. see Hist. Gram. p. 178. Der. ecuyhie. See fleur. !!fiden, sm. Eden (in St. Jerome). Ef9.orescent, adj. efflorescent; from L. EDENTER, va. to break the teeth of. See efflorescentem. dent. Eflorescence, sf. efflorescence; from L. ^dificateur, sm. a builder; from L. aediefflorescentia,deriv.of efflorescentem. ficatorem. Effluve, sm. effluvium; from L. efflu-

Edification, sf. building, edification from ^ L. aedificationem. Edifice, sm. an edifice; from L. aedificium.
;

vium.

EFFONDRER,

vn.

to

fall

in.

?>&e

fond
See

Der. effondrement.

:fidifier, va. to build, edify;

from L. aedi-

EFFORCER
forcer.

ficare. ifidile, sm. an

Der.

(S'), vpr. to

make an

effort.

effort (verbal subst,).

aedile

Edilit6,
Ct

sf.

aedileship

Edit, sm. an

edict;

from L. aedilis. Effracteur, va. a breaker open; from L. aedilitatem. effractor em. from L. edictum. For Effraction, sf. a breaking open
;

from L,

from L.

=^

see 168.

effractionem*.

126
EFFRAYER,
va.

EFFRA YER
to
frighten, affray;
for-

SLIMER.
EGRENER,
grain.
va. to shell (seeds), pick grapes
;

merly eff'royer,es/royer,'Prov. esfreidar; from L. exfrigidare*, compd. of frigidus, so properly to freeze with fright. Exfrigi ddre, contrd. regularly (see 52) into exfrig'dare, reduces gd to d (see amande), whence exfridare, whence es/royer. For

(from the bunch)

formerly egrainer.

See

EGRILLARD,
t Ifigriser,
compd. of a

adj. brisk.

Origin unknowo.

va.

to

clean

(diamonds);

radical grise*,

X=s
loss

see ajouter

for i

= oi

see boire
it

of

see accabler.

Next

loses s

X = s becomes effroyer, see

(verbal subst.), ^^royable.

Hist. Gram. p.

gries. Egrisee is for polish diamonds. and EHONTE, adj. shameless. See honte. from !|jacillation, sf. ejaculation 81
;

which is Germ. diamond-powder, used to

L.
L.

then effrayer by changing oi into ai, see ejaculationem*. Der. (from O. Fr. effroyer) effroi ifilaboration, sf. elaboration 61

from

elaborationem.
efifre-

EFFRENE,
natus.

adj. unbridled; from L. For -atus = -e see 201.

adj. bold-faced.

Ifilaborer, va. to elaborate; borare.

from L. ela-

EFFROI,

va. fright.

EFFRONTE,
Effusion, sionem.

See effrayer. See

ELAGUER,
front.
origin,

Der. effronttnt.

ELAN,
effusion;

EFFROYABLE,
sf.

adj. frightful.

See effrayer. from L. effu-

va. to prune, curtail ; of Germ. Dutch lalten. Der. elagngt. sm. a burst, spring. See 6lancer. !filan, sm. an elan (a kind of elk) ; from

Germ,
lancer.

elenn.

ELANCER.
from L. aequalis. For 104; for qu=^ see aigle.
;

EGAL,

adj. equal

see elancement. Der. egaler, egalistr, egalit^. ELARGIR, va. to widen. See Ibrge. Der. EGARD, sm. regard. See garder. e'/ar^-issement. EGARER, va. to mislead. See garer. ifilastique, arf/. elastic; from Gr.kKaaTiKos. Der. egarement, egare. Der. elasticite. EGAYER, va. to enliven. See gai. t Eldorado, sm. Eldorado; from Sp. !]gide, sf. an aegis, protection; from L, aegieldorado. dem. ^lecteur, sm. an elector; from L. elec6GLANTIER, sm. eglantine, dog-rose ; fortor em. Der. e/ec/oral, electorzX. merly aiglentier, properly a plant covered ifilectif, adj. elective; from L. electivus*, See elire. with aiglents, thorns. Aiglent is from L. der. from electus. aculentus*, deriv. of actQeus*. Acu- ifilection, sf an election; from L. elec-

ae =

Der.

va to dart, shoot, push on.

elan

See

(verbal subst), elance,

contrd. regularly (see tionem. 52) aclentus, becomes aiglent. For cl ifilectrique, adj. electrical; from L. elecand for & = ai, see aigle. Aiglant =ge, trum. Der. electricite. electriser. has produced two Fr. derivations aiglaniiei Ifilectuaire, sm. an electuary; from L. (now eglantier), aiglantine (now eglanelectuarium. !fil6gance, s/. elegance; fromL. elegantia. ^ tine). EGLANTINE sf. eglantine, columbine. See !fil6gant, ac?/. elegant from L. elegantem. eglantier. ]Sl6giaque, adj. elegiac; from L. eligi-

lentus,
into

EGLISE,

sf.

a church;

from L. ecclesia.

from L. elegia. sf. an elegy an eclogue; from L. ecloga. l6l6nient, sm. an element; from L. eleder. mentum. Der. eUmenta'ne. ifigoisme, sm. egotism, selfishness from L. ego. Der. egdiitt. I6l6phant, sm. an elephant; fromL. eleIts doublet is O. Fr. olifant. EGORGER, va. to cut the throat, slay. See phantem. ELfeVE, sm. a pupil. See lever. Der. egorgemctvt, egorgeur. gorge.
59
;

For e = 2 see
sf.

for cl

=gl

see aigle.

acus. I6l6gie,

Eglogue,

EGOSILLER, va. to make make hoarse. See gosier.

the throat sore,

ELEVER,
lever.

Der.

va. to raise, bring up, educate.

eleve

See

(verbal

subst.),

elevQ,

eUvztion, elevtnx. See sm. a fall (of water), sewer. Der. egoutier. ifilider, va. to elide, cut off; from L. eliEGOUTTER, va. to drain. See goutte. dere. Der. egout (verbal subst.). ifiligible, adj. eligible; from L. eligibilis. scratch (the skin). Der. eligibility. EGRATIGNER, va. to ELIMER, va. to file out. See limer. See gratter. Der. egratignutc.
Sgoutter.

EGOUT,

^LIMINER

EMDRA SER
embargo.
barque,

127
sm. an embargo;
va.

ifiliminer, va. to eliminate; from L, elim- t

inate.

Der.
;

Embargo,

from Sp.
ship.

e'/fm/wation.
;

from L. eligva. to elect, choose The e disappears ( 51) whence ere. eli'gre then gr becomes r (see i68\ whence elire. Eligere, signifying to choose, try, the O. Fr. elire, meant the same whence the O. Fr. p.p. elite, now used as a subst., signifying that which has been chosen, choice. Slite represents L. electa. For e = i see 59; for ct = t see 168. ]Slision, */. elision; from L. elisionem, ELITE, sf. the elite, chosen ones. See elire. fifilixir, sm. an elixir; of Eastern origin, together with many other chemical terms. It represents Ar. al-ahsir, quintessence, ELLE, pers. pr. she from L. ilia. For i = e
. ; ;

ELIRE,

EMBARQUER,

Der. embarquement.
va.
to

to

embark,

See

EMBARRASSER, va. DEBARRASSER,

also barras,

to obstruct, embarrass;

disembarrass;
in Sp.
is

compds, of radical barras*, which

(cp,

Der, embarras See debaucher. Der. embauch^ge, efnbaucheur. EMBAUMER, embalm. See baume. Der, embaumeur, embanmement.
barre, q.v.

whence verb active barrasser* barrer from harre). Barras* is from Fr.
(verbal subst,).
va. to hite, seduce.

EMBAUCHER,

va. to

EMBELLIR,

va. to embellish.

See

beau.

Der. emfc^Z/issement.

EMBLAVER,

see mettre.

ments, and has also given birth to It. imbiadare, which answers exactly to emblaver. sis (found in Priscian). Der. ellipt'ique. Imbladare drops its medial d, see accabler ; it intercalates an euphonic v, see !filocution, sf. elocution from L. elocutionem. corvee. For i = e see mettre. Der. emblavme. ^filoge, sm. an eulogium, eulogy; from L. elogium. Der. elogieux. EMBLEE, adv. at the first onset an adverbial ELOIGNER, va. to remove afar. See loin. phrase, compd. of de and emblee, partic. Der. eloignement. subst. of embler, O. Fr. verb meaning to Eloquence, sf. eloquence; from L. elosteal. It comes from L. involare, written quentia, irabolare in the Germanic Laws. For v = 6 see bachelier for contr. of imboldre into Eloquent, ac?/, eloquent; from L. eloquentem. imbl'lare see 52, whence embler; for = e see mettre. iSlucider, va. to elucidate; from L, elucii dare. Embl6matique, adj. emblematic See Ifilucubration, sf. a lucubration from L, embleme. elucubrationem. Embldme, sm. an emblem from L, emifiluder, va. to elude from L. eludere. blem a. Der. emWe'matique. ^Iys6e, sm. elysium; from L, elysium. EMBOIRE, va. to cover (with wax or oil). EMAIL, sm. enamel formerly esmail. It, See boire, smalto; of Germ, origin, O, H.G. smalti, EMBOtTER, va. to fit in, joint. See boite. that which has been fused, melted. For EMBONPOINT, sm. stoutness, plumpness, sm = esm = em see Hist. Gram, p. 78, point. See point. O. Fr, en bon Der. emailler, emailleur. EMBOSSER, va,(Naut,) to bring the broadside Emancipation, sf. emancipation ; from L. to bear (on) ; compd, of en and bosse (the emancipationem. name of certain parts of a ship's rigging). iSmanciper, va. to emancipate from L, Der, embossage. emancipare. EMBOUCHER, va. to put to the mouth. See Emaner, vn. to emanate; from L. emabouche. Der. embouchure, embouchoir. nate. Der, emamtion. EMBOURBER, va. to thtust into mite. See fiMARGER, va. to wtite in the margin. See bourbe. marge. Der. emargement. sm. branching off; EMBALLER, va. to pack up. See balle. deriv. of embrancher, compd. of en and Der. embalhge, emballeuv. branche, q. v. sm. a wharf, place EMBRASER, va. to set on fire. Der. emof embarkation from Sp. emharcadero. brasement, embrasure ; originally a term of

E116bore, borum.
Ellipse,

sm.

hellebore;

from L.

elle-

from L. va. to sow with corn imbladare*, from bladum, q. v. Imbladare is a common word in medieval docu;

sf.

an

ellipsis, ellipse;

from L. ellip-

EMBRANCHEMENT,

fEmbarcaddre,
;

t Embarcation,
Sp. embarcacion.

sf.

embarkation

from

fortification, a

narrow window in a parapet, through which to lay a cannon, or fire a

138
gun
fire
:

EMBRA SSER
properly a

EMPiCHER
Eminence,
nentia.
sf.

window whence one

sets

eminence;

from L. emi-

to (embraser) a gun.

EMBRASSER,
bracer,

O. Fr. eviva. to embrace. properly to take in one's arms (brace). For explanation and etymology of Der. embrassement, O. Fr. brace see bras. embrasszde, embrasse (verbal subst.).

Eminent,
tem.
sarius.

adj.

eminent; from L.
;

eminen-

missaire,

sm. an emissary
sf.

from L. emis-

Amission,
sionem.

emission;

from L, emis-

EMBRASURE,
braser.

sm. an embrasure.
va.

See

emSee

EMMANCHER,
to spit (a to
fowl).

va. to haft, put handle to.

EMBROCHER,
broche.

See manche.

EMMENER,
va.

EMBROUILLER,
See brouiller.

embroil,

confuse.

EMOI,

Embryon,

sm.

an

embryo;
;

from

Gr.

efi,0pvov.

EMBUCHE,
It.

from L. emoladj. emollient becomes embiicher. For i = e for o = w see curee ; for ca = ch Emolument, sm. emolument mettre from L. see 126 and 52; for loss of s see Hist. emolumentum. Gram. p. 81. ifimonctoire, sm. (Med.) an emunctory fEmbuscade, sf. an ambuscade; in- from L. emunctorius. trod. in i6th cent, from It. imboscata. It ifimonder, va. to prune, trim ; from L.

verbal sf. sf. an ambush, snare of O. Fr. embucher, originally embuscher. imboscare, Low L. imboscare, properly to allure into the boscum, or bush. For origin of boscus, see bois. Imbos-

va. to lead away. See mener. sm. anxiety, emotion fromerly esmoi, originally csma/. Prov. esmag, It. smago; verbal subst. of esmaier (to be anxious). This O. Fr. verb, answering to It. smagare, is of Germ, origin, being compd. of prefix es (Lat. ex) and O. H. G. magan, and means properly to lose all one's ' main,*
;

strength.
;

care

ifimollient, see lientem.

is

a doublet of embusquee.

emundare.
ambush;

fEmbusquer,
introd, in

va. to place in
It.

Emotion,
tionem.

i6th cent, from

va. to

imboscare.

Der. emondaige. an emotion; from Der. emotionnex.

sf.

L.

emo-

ifimender,
dare.

amend; from L. emen-

EMOUDRE,
emolere
fouage.

va. to grind

formerly emoldre,

from L. emolere.
It.

For regular contr.

see for ;

of

tMERAUDE,
ralde.

an emerald. O. Fr. esmesmeraldo, from L. smaragdus.

sf.

into

emorre,

52

for lr

For
for

ara.

= esm = em
vn. to

see Hist.

Gram.

p.

78;
see

Idr see Hist. Gram. p. 73 o = ou see afDer. emouleux, xemouleux.

a = e see 52; amande and agneau.

for

ed = ld^ud

EMOUSSER,
See mousse.

va. to blunt, dull the edge of.

^merger,

ge re. Der. emergent, emergence. iSmeri, sm. emery formerly esmeril,

;

emerge; from L. emerin-

EMOUSTILLER,
Origin unknown.

va.
to

to

exhilarate,

rouse.

EMOUVOIR,
vere.
oir see Hist.

va.

move; from L. emSfor

EMERILLON,

6th cent, from It. smeriglio. sm. a merlin ; formerly esmerillon, dim. of a form esmerle*, compd. of the prefix es and merle, q. v. in6rite, adj. superannuated, who has served from L. emeritus. his time EMERVEILLER, va. to amaze. See merveille. ^in6tique, sm. an emetic; from Gr. c/xeTiKus. Der. emelisei. EMETTRE, va. to emit ; from L. emittere. See mettre. EMEUTE, sf. a riot, disturbance; from L.
trod. in
1
;

Fox o = ou see affouage;

ere

132. EMPALER, va. to empale. See pal. EMPAN, sm. a span formerly espan. It. spanna, a word of Germ, origin. Germ. spanne. EMPARER, va. to fortify, in O. Fr. compd. of en and parer, to prepare. S'emparer in
p.
; ;

Gram.

15th cent, meant to

fortify oneself,

grow

strong, acquire, seize.

Der. xemparer

hence to

(compd. of re and emparer, whence verbal subst. rempar, now remparl).

(that which is disturbed, troubled). EMPATER, va. to cover with paste. See For x = s see ajouter; for loss of s see Hist. Der. empdtement. pate. G am. p. 81 iox o = eu see accueillir. EMPfeCHER, va. to hinder; formerly emDer. emsutlex, pacher, from L. impactare *, deriv. of ifimigrer, va. to emigrate; from L. emiimpactus, partic. of impingere. Imgrate Der. e'TMi^ration, 4migr2int, migr6. pactare becomes first empacher, then

exiuota

EMPEIGNE
empecher.

EN.
munitatis.*

139
For
for i
loss

For ct = ch see allecher

for

of
is

c,

impli(cUre,
;

see

empbchement, depecher (answering see de- and emdis-pactare * Depecher signifies profrom hindrances, perly to free oneself opposed to empecher, to embarrass oneself). EMPEIGNE, sf. the upper leather, vamp (of
to a type
;

Der,

see

54

for

see

mettre.

affouage
see boire.

=e

see mettre

for

= oi

quer, q. v.

Employer

a doublet of impli-

Der. emploi (verbal subst.), em-

pecher for changes.

ploye.

EMPOIS,

sm. starch.

See poix. See poison.

EMPOISONNER,

Der. e?npoisonnement, empoisonnenr.

va. to carry
see souvent
oflf;

va. to poison.

a shoe).
pereiir,

Origin unknown.

EMPORTER,
;

formerly en-

EMPEREUR,

sm. an emperor formerly emoriginally empereor, emperedor,

porter, for entporter,

from L. indd portare.

;

For inde
en.

from L. imperatorem. For i = e see mettre; for a = e see 54; for loss of t see abbaye; for eo~eu see aieul and 79.

Der. emportement, emporte,

va.

= ent

for

ent = en

see

lemporter.

EMPOTER,
pot.

va. to pot (flowers, etc.).

See

EMPESER,
in

va.

to starch.

102, 103 why empeser, and not empoiser.

va. to taint.

rnay be seen the deriv. of empois is

It

EMPREINDRE,
imprimere.
geindre. primer, q.
v.

from L. to imprint For imere = eindre see Empreindre is a doublet of im;

EMPESTER,

EMPETRER,
See depitrer.

va.

to

See pesle. entangle, embarrass.

Der. empreinte
(S'),

(strong partic.

subst., see absoiite).

EMPRESSER
;

Emphase,
sis.

Der.

sm. emphasis
emphai\<\\xe.
sf.

from L.

empha;

See presse.

Der. empresse, empressement.

va. to

vpr. to be eager, ardent.

EMPRUNTER,

borrow

from L. im-

emphyteusis (legal) formerly emphyteuse, from L. emphyteusis. EMPIETER, va. to encroach. See pied. Der. empieiement. EMPIRE, sm. empire from L. imperixun. For i = e see mettre ; for e = i see
;

Emphyt^ose,

promutuare *, compd. of promutuari, which is from promutuum, a loan. Inipromutud,re, contrd. into improm'tuare (see 52), changes ua into a, see whence impromtare, whence em 52
;

59-

EMPIRER,
See pire.

va. to

make

worse,

aggravate.

= For i = e see mettre; for see change for o = see ctiree. Der. emprimt (verbal subst.), emprnnttnt. Empyree, sm. the empyrean from Gr.
prunter.
;

Empirique,
ricus.
ique.

Der. empirhme.
va.

adj. empiric;

from L. empiSee empir^

See

'ifxiTvpos.

Empyreume,
empyreuma.
establish.

Empirisme,

sm. empiricism.
to
place,

Der. empyreumntique.
; ;

sm. the

empyreum

from L.

EMPLACER,

ifimulation, sf. emulation from L. aemulationem. Der. emulateur. place. Der. emplacement, xemplacer. ifimule, sm. a rival from L. aemulus. Empl^tre, sm. plaster formerly emplastre, ifimulgent, adj. emulgent from L. emulfrom L. emplastrum. gentem. EMPLETTE, sf. a purchase from L. impli- ifimulsion, sf. an emulsion from L. emulcita *. This word means expenditure in sion em *, deriv. of emulsus. Der. emul-

'

'

several medieval texts

thus a

2th-cent.

sionner, emulsif.
;

implicitam vero decla- EN, prep, in in 9th-cent. Fr. tn, from L, in, emptionem mercium per commitby change of i into e, see mettre. tentes ordinatam.' Implicita, regularly EN, rel. pron. of him, her, etc. formerly ent^ contrd. ( 51) into implic'ta, becomes For i = e see originally int, from L. inde. emplette. For i = e see mettre for mettre for nd = nt = n see 121.
regulation says,
'

ramus

ct = tt see 168. of implicite, q. v.

Emplette

is

a doublet

Indd
ex
illo,

had, in popular Lat., the sense of

ab illo
'

'

Cadus

erat vini

indS
i.

EMPLIR,
i

va. to

fill

from L. implere.
for

For

implevi Cirneam

(Plautus, Aniphyt.

l).

mettre Der. xemplir.

e see

=
;

see 59.

EMPLOYER,
to
in

va. to employ from L. implicare, which in medieval documents means

This use of ind was very common in Low Lat., and Merovingian documents have many examples of it thus in a For:

employ
a

for

some

one's profit.
'

We

read

I3th-cent.

document,
in

libras

implicandas

Dedit 40 augmentum com-

mula of the 7th cent., Si potes inde manducare = si tu peux e n manger in a Diploma of 543, Ut mater nostra ecclesia

' ;

'

Viennensis

indd

nostra

haeres

fiat,'

etc.

130
Indd becomes
in the

ENCA DRER
;

ENDIVE.
clore see clore.
clure.

in O. Fr. inl, a word extant Oaths of 842 in the loth cent, it is ent, a form still surviving in souvent, from subinde in the 12th cent. en.
;

Der. enclos
sm. a

Enclore

is

a doublet of in-

(partic. subst.).

ENCLOS,

close, enclosure.

See enclore.

ENCLOUER, va.
spike (a gun).

to prick (a horse's foot), to

ENCAISSER,

See cadre. to pack in a case. See caisse. Der. encaisse (verbal subst.), encaissemeni. ENCAN, stn. an auction. O. Fr. encant,
va. to frame. va.

ENCM)RER,

See clouer.

Der. enclouzge.
; :

ENCLUME,
tion of

from L. incusf. an anvil; dinem. For in = en see mettre for -udinem = -vme see amertume the intercala/ is

remarkable. en quant, originally inquant, from L. in- ENCOGNER, va. to wedge in, to strike in. See cogne and coin. Der. encognxat. quantum. For qu = c see car; for i = e ENCOGNURE, sf. a corner. See encogner. see meltre. ENCAQUER, va. to pack in barrels. See ENCOLURE, sf. neck and shoulders (of a horse), appearance, mien (of man). caque. See col. Encastrer, va. to fit in, set in ; from L. ENCOMBRE, sm. an impediment. See deincastrare (in Isidore of Seville). combres, compd, of the prefixes de and en Eucaustique, sf. encaustic; from L. en-

causticus.

and a radical combre*, signifying a heap.

va. to encircle, surround
;

ENCEINDRE,

from

For changes see ceindre. L. incingere. Der. enceinte (a circuit of walls, which surrounds a city). ENCEINTE, s/. circuit (of walls), enclosure; from L. incincta (used of a pregnant woman in Isidore of Seville). For i = esee met(re; for ct = t see 168. ENCENS, sm. incense from L. incensum (in Isidore of Seville). For i = e see mettre. Der. encensei, encefisoir, Enc6phale, sm. the brain from Gr. kyai(paXov. Der. encephalic, encephalite. ENCHANTER, va. to enchant, bewitch; from L. incantare. For changes see chanter. Der. enchantemtnl, enchanteuT, desenchanter. ENCHERIR, va. to bid for, outbid. See Der. enchere (verbal subst.), enchere. cAerissement, encherisseur, xencherir, sxxren;

The
so

Lat.CTimiiluslost
;

its

u regularly( 51),
intercalating a
it

becoming cum'lus

m'l

regular

(see absoudre),

became ctim-

blus
thus

the 1 became r (see apotre), and

a heap, found in Merovingian documents, e. g. in the Gesta Regum_^Francorum, chap. 25.

several

we have cumbrus,

ENCONTRE

(A

L'), against, counter;

pro-

perly a verbal subst. of

compd. of contre.
table.

Der. rencontrer.

O. Fr. encontrer,

ENCORBELLEMENT, sm. (Archit.) a corbelENCORE,

atelier.

See corbeau. adv. again ; formerly ancore, from L. banc boram, by loss of initial b see
;

ENCOURAGER,
courage.

Der. encouragement.
va. to incur
;

va.

to

encourage.

See

ENCOURIR,
rere.
Its

from L. incurFor changes see coiirir and en.

va. to dirty,
soil.

ENCRASSER,
doublet
sf.
is

See crasse.

cherir, surenchere.

ENCHEVfiTRER,
noose;

va. to halter, entangle in a

ENCRE,

engraisser, q. v. ink; formerly enque, originally

enca ; from L. encaustum, by intercalating r (see chanvre). This word preserves the Gr. accentuation (eyKavarov), not the Lat. ; (encailstum). Der. encrier. for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. Si. Der. Encyclique, adj. encyclical ; from Gr. enchevetremtnt. yKVK\l0S. ENCHIFRENER, va. to stop up the nosepassages. Origin unknown. Encyclop6d.ie, sf. an encyclopaedia from Gr. kyKv/cXonaiSda. Der. encyclopediqxic, Enchymose, sf. enchymosis; from Gr.

from L. incapistrare, used by Apuleius. For i = e see mettre; for ca = che see 126 and 54 for p = v see arriver

encyclopediste.

Enclaver,
in.
Its

from L. inclavare*, a medieval word, meaning to shut

va. to enclose;

End6mique,
hdrjpuKos.

adj.

endemic;

from

Gr.

doublet
adj.

is

ejiclouer,

q. v.

Der.

ENDfiVER,

enclave (verbal subst.).

ENCLIN,
clinis.

inclined,

prone

from L. in-

ENDIVE,
of
for

vn. to be vexed, wild, mad. Origin unknown. sf. endive ; from L. intyba *, fern.

For

i=e

see mettre.
;

intybus

(chicory).

For
1

ENCLORE,

va. to enclose

from L. inclau-

b=

z;

see avant

and

dere* (forincludere).

Forolaudere =

13

= see mettre; for t = c? see

;

aider and

117.

ENDOLORIR
ENDOLORIR,
leur.

ENGRENER.
ENFOURCHER,
fourcJie.

13
va. to stride, bestride.

vn. to be in pain.

See dou-

See
Sec

ENDORMIR,
mir.

va. to

lull

to sleep.

See dor-

ENFOURNER,
four.

va. to put in the oven.

ENDOSSER,

va. to don, put on one's back. Der. endos (verbal subst.), enSee dos. dossement, endosseur. ENDROIT, sm. a place compd. of en and Endroit, an adv. in O. Fr., droit, q. v.

'

ENFREINDRE, va. to infringe. Seefreindre. ENFUIR (S'), vpr. to run away. See en and
fuir.

'

ENGAGE ANT, adj. engaging. See engager. ENGAGEMENT, sm. an engagement. See
engager.

meaning right before one,' became subst,, meaning a place right before
'

later a

one.'

ENGAGER,

va. to engage.

See gage.

Der.

Endroit

is

a doublet of indirect, q. v.
;

engagea.nt, engagement.

ENDUIRE,

from L. in- ENGAINER, va. to sheath. See gatne. va. to coat, cover Der. rengainer. dueere. For regular contr, of inducere into induc're see 51; for cr = ir see ENGEANCE.s/. breed (of animals). See enger. Enduire ENGELURE, sf. a chilblain; from O. Fr. benir for in = en see mettre.
;

is

a doublet of induire.

Der. enduit
See
;

(partic.

verb engeler.

See geler.
va.

subst.).

ENDURCIR,

va. to harden. Der. ewrfwrcissement, va.

i

dur.

ENGENDRER,
ingenerare.

to engender; from L. For regular contr. of insee

generare
from L, indu-

to

ingen'rare
for

52;

for

ENDURER,
rare.
ant,

to endure

For
sf.

=e

see mettre.

Der.

=e

see

mettre;

n'r = ndr see abmultiply.

endur-

soudre.

ENGER,
energy; from L, energia*.
a demoniac,
fanatic;
energ'xqat.

va.

ifinergie,

Der.

unknown.

Der. engennce.
skill,

to burden,

Origin

ENGIN,
L.

!finerguin%ne, smf.

from Gr. kvepyovfievos. from L, enerjfinerver, va. to enervate vare, ENFANCE, sf. infancy; from L. infantia. For tia, = ce see agencer. ENFANT, sm. a child, infant from L. inIts fantem. For m=e see mettre.
;
;

It. ingegno, from used for a war-engine by ' Tertullian, de Pallio Cum tamen ultima-

sm.

engine.

ingenium,

rent tempora patriae et aries

in
illico

jam Romanus
;

muros quondam suos auderet

Carthaginienses ut
'
;

stupuere
Seville,

novum extraneum

ingenium
*

and by Isidore of

Apud

doublet

is

infant, q. v.

Der.
For
in.

et

antiquos Minerva vocata quasi Dea manus artium variarum. Hanc enim
prohibent.*
see 59.

enfanttx, en-

fant'm, fw/hrillage, enfanttmtnt. ENFARINER, va. to flour, Seefarine.

multorum ingeniorum = e see mettre for e = i

;

For

ENFER,

sm.

hell.

Prov. enfern,
i

It.

inferno,

ENGLOBER, va. to unite. See globe, ENGLOUTIR, va. to engulf, absorb

;

from

from L. infer mim.

=e
See

see mettre;

for rn = r see aubour. ENFERMER, va. to shut

fermer.
enjil-

ENFILER,
ade.

Der. renfermer. va. to thread.

adv. at
last.

L. inglutire, in Isidore of Seville. For u = OM see 90. Der. englout'issement. ENGORGER, va. to obstruct, choke. See gorge. Der. engorgement, rengorger.

See;?/,Der.

ENGOUER,

va.

Origin unknown.
See en znd Jin.
;

Der. engouement.
benumb.

to

obstruct

(the

throat).

ENFIN,

ENGOURDIR,
grow
see
B,

ENFLAMMER,
flammare.

va. to inflame

from L. in-

Der. engourdissement.
fat;

va. to

See gourd.
vn. to

For

=e

see mettre.
;

ENGRAISSER,
mettre;

va. to fatten, for

manure

ENFLER,
For
i

va.

to inflate

from L. inflare.
desenfler, xen-

=e

see mettre.

Der.

from L. incrassare.

For

i=e
for

G=g

see

adjuger;

fler, enflnre.

ENFONCER,
fond.

Der. enfoncement,
=e
see mettre; for see

va. to sink, plunge, bury.

lenfoncer.

See

ENFORCIR, va. to strengthen. See force. ENFOUIR, va. to bury, dig in from L. infodere. For loss of medial d see accabler
; ;

for i

o = ou ment.

affouage.

Der.

see

59;

for

enfouKse-

Engraisser is a doublet of Der. engrais (verbal encrasser, q. v. subst.), engraissement, engraisseur. ENGRAVER, va. to bed in sand. See gravier. Der. engravement, ENGRENER, va. to put corn (into the hopper); formerly engrainer. See grain. ENGRENER, va. to tooth (a wheel) ; from L. increnare *, from crena, tooth of a
see 54.

= ai

132

ENHARDIR

ENTENDRE.
Der. enquktuT (whose doublet
q.v.).
is

wheel. For 1 = see mettre ; see adjuger. Der. engremge.

for

g'

inquisiteur,

ENHARDIR,

va. to embolden.

nigrQatique, adj. enigmatic.

lligm.e, sm. an enigma

See hardi. See enigme.

ENRAGER, ENRAYER,
See rayon.
registre.

va. to enrage.

See rage.

Der. 6nigmaA(\Mc.
va. to
va. to

from L.

aenigma.

Der. enrayme.

va. to put spokes in a wheel. va. to register, enrol.

ENIVRER,

intoxicate.

See ivre.

ENREGISTRER,

Der. enregistrement.
va.

See

Der. enivremtnX., civrant.

ENJAMBER,
ENJOINDRE,
enjohm.

stride.

See

ENRICHIR, va. to enrich. See riche. jamhe. ENR6lER, va. to enrol. See role. Its doublet
is

Der. enjambemtnt, enjamb^e. va. to enjoin; from L. injungere. For changes see en and joindre. ENJOLER, va. to inveigle. See geole Der.

enrouler, q.v.

Der. enrolement,
to

enroleur.

ENROUER,
alouette

make

hoarse

inraucare,
;

deriv. of

raucus.

medial c see
for i

affouage;

from L. For loss of for au = ow see

;

=e

see mettre.
to

Der. enroueSee
rouler.

ENJOLIVER,
jolt.

va. to adorn, embellish.

See

ment.

Der. ;o/*Wment, enjolitfuxt, enjolivproperly p. p. of O.Fr. Der. enjoue-

ENROULER,
Its

va.
is

roll

up.

eur.

doublet

enroler, q. v.

ENJOUE, adj. playful

ment.

enjouer, corapd. oijouer, q. v.

ENSABLER,
sable.

va. to run

on a sandbank.
It.

See

'Der. ensablemtnt.
sf.

ENSEIGNE,
va.

a sign, ensign.

insegne,

ENLACER,
ENLEVER,

Der. enlacemtnl. en and Der.

lever.

to entwine, clasp.

See
oflF.

lac.

from L. insignia *.
for i

= ei see ceinture.

For i = e see mettre ; Enseigne is a doublet

va. to raise,

lift,

carry

See

of insigne.

etilevevataX.
;

ENSEIGNER,
from L. in

Enluminer,
(see en

va. to illuminate

nare *,

and Ituninare) properly to brighten, to paint with brilliant colours. Its doublet is illuminer, q. v. Der. enlumin-

va. to teach; from L. insigproperly to engrave, then to teach. For changes see enseigne. Der. enseigne-

whence

ment, renseigner.

ENSEMBLE,
simul.

adv.
i

together;

from L. in-

eur, enluminuTe.

For

=e

see mettre, for siniul

ENNEMI,

sm. an enemy

from L, inimicus.
for i

semble see assembler.

For icus = i see 212 here becomes nn, as

;

see mettre.

ENSEMENCER,

va. to sow.
;

See semence.

in

m on eta,

naie,

ENNUI,

sm. ennui, weariness ; annoyance, pain, hatred. Sp. enojo, O. Venet, inodio, from L, inodio. In the Glosses of Cassel (Charlemagne's time) we have in odio habut, i. e. I was For iii = en see en, for sick and tired of. odio = tti see alouette and cuider. Der. ennuyer, ennuytxxx.

mon- ENSEVELIR, va. to bury from L. insepelire*, compd. of sepelire. For i = c see mettre for p = v see 111. formerly enui, Der. ensevel;

meaning

issement.

ENSQRCELER,
ENSUITE,
suivre.

Der. ensorce/lement,

va. to bewitch.

See sorcier.

ensorceleut.

adv. afterwards.

ENSUIVRE

(S'), vpr. to ensue.

See en and suite. See en and

ENTABLEMENT,
table.

sm. an entablature.

See

ENONCER,

va. to enunciate, state

enuntiare.

from L. For changes see annoncer.

;

ENTACHER,
ENTAILLER,

va. to infect.

Der. eociation, enonce.

See tacher. See tailler. va. to cut away.

to cut in, attack. Prov. enta-

ENORGUEILLIR,
orgueil.

va. to

make

proud.

See

Der. entaille (verbal subst.), entaillme.

ENTAMER, va.
adj.

enormous; from L. enormis. Der. enormement. ^normit^, sf. an enormity; from L. enor-

^nornie,

menar, from Lat. form intaminare, compd. of in and a radical taminare, which is found
also in contaminare, attaminare. Intaminare, contrd. regularly (see 52) to intam'nare, becomes entamer. For i = e see mettre, for nin = m see 168.

mitatem.

ENQUERIR,
qxiirere.

vn. to enquire

For changes
sf.

see en

from L. inand acquerir.

ENQUfiTE,

formerly enqueste, from L. inquisita; strong partic. subst., see absoute. For regular contr. into inqtiis'ta see 51; for i e see mettre for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8i.
inquiry
;

ENTASSER,
ENTE,
sf a

va. to heap up.

graft.

See ^as. Der.

entassement.

See enter.
;

ENTENDRE,

va. to hear, understand

from

L. intendere, to apply to, direct towards.

ENTENTE
-

ENVA HIR.
For regular
loss

^S3

For thence pay attention, thence hear. changes see en and attendre. Der. entente

(partic. subst., see absoute), en/ec?ant

(whose

of e see 5 2 ; for ea ia Intrania in turn becomes see abreger. enlrailles. For in = en see en; for n = /
see 163.

doublet is mtendant),entendement, entendeur, entendn. ENTENTE, sf. a meaning, agreement. See

entendre.

ENTRAIN,
entrainer.

sm.

spirits,

animation.

See

ENTRAINER,
;

ENTER,

va. to graft, engraft

from L. im-

potare *, deriv. of impotus, a graft, in the Lex Sahca. Impetus is Gr. e/xipvTov.
Irapot^re, contrd. regularly (see 52) into imp'tare, becomes e?iter. For pt = / = see changer, for i = e see acheter, for
see mettre.

va. to carry away, hurry on, Der. entrain See en and trainer. (verbal subst.), entralnement. ENTRAVER, va. to clog, trammel, put an From L. traentrave to act as a clog.
inspirit.

Der.

bem

entraver.

comes a compd. intrabare *, whence For in = en see en, for b = v

eiite

(verbal subst.), ewAire.

ratify;

see 113.

Der. entrave (verbal

between
;

subst.).

ENTERINER,

O. Fr. enterin, entire, complete, which answers to a Lat. type integrinus *, deriv. of inFor in = tegrum. see en, for gr = r
va.

to

"from

ENTRE,
For in

prep,

from

L.

intra.
See

en see eti. ENTRE-BAILLER, va.

entre

to

half-open.
(in

see 168.

Der. enterinement.
va. to inter, bury.

and

bailler.

ENTERRER,
,

See

terre.

tEntrechat,
terms, from
It.

sm. cutting

dancing),

introd. in 1 6th cent., with

many other

dance-

Der. enterrement.
va.
to
affect
tete.

intrecciato, in

the phrase

ENTETER,

giddy, vain.

See

the head, make Der. entetement.

;

capriola intrecciata.

Enthousiasme,
h9ovaiacfx6s.
siaste.

Der. enthousiasmtr, enthousm.

sm. enthusiasm

from- Gr.

ENTREE, sf. entrance, admission. See entrer. ENTREFAITES, sf. (in the) interval, i.e. entre. ENTRELACER, va. to interlace. See lacer.

Der.

efitrelacs,

entrelacement.

Enthousiaste,
enthousiasme.

an

enthusiast.

See

Enthym^me, sm.

an enthymeme; from L.
Prov. enteir,
It.

ENTREMELER, va. to intermingle. Seemeler. ENTREMETS, sm. a side-dish. See mets. ENTREMETTRE, va. to interpose (an obstacle).

enthymema. ENTIER, adj. entire.

from L. integrum. for e = ie see 67,
Entier
is

See mettre.

Der.

entremetteui
e?itre

intero,

For
for

in.

= en

see en,

ENTREMISE, sf. mediation. See mise. ENTREPOSER, va. to warehouse. See

and poser.
Its

gr = r

see

168.

ENTICHER,
unknown.

a doublet of integre, q. v. va. to spoil, taint.

Origin

Der. doublet is interposer. entrepot (like depot from deposer), entreposeuT, entreposxizirt. ENTREPRENDRE, va. to undertake. See
prendre.

Entite, tatem

an entity; in schol. Lat. entiof entem. Entomologie, sf. entomology; from Gr. evTo/jLov and A.070S. Der. entomologique,
sf.

Der.

entreprise

(partic.

subst.),

*, deriv.

entreprena.nt, e?itrepreneuT.

ENTRER,

va. to

enter;
en.

For in = c see
subst.), rentrer.

Der.

from L. intrare.
entree (partic.

entomologiste.

ENTONNER,
entonno'ix.

va. to tun.

See tonne. Der.

ENTRE-SOL,

sm. the suite of rooms between

ENTONNER,
See ton.

va. to begin (a song), to sing.

ground-floor and first-floor. See entre and sol. ENTRETENIR, va. to hold together, support.

See entre and tenir.

Der. entre^ca

ENTORSE, ./. a sprain. See tordre. ENTORTILLER, va. to twist, wind.

tortiller.

(verbal subst.).

See

ENTREVOIR,

ENTOUR,

sm. neighbourhood. See tour. Der. entourtx, entourz^Q, alentour.

sf.

ENTOURNURE,
See tournure.

slope (of sleeves, etc.).

va. to see imperfectly, catch a Der. glimpse of. See entre and voir. entrevwe (partic. subst.). ^nura^ration, sf. enumeration; from L. enumerationem Der. enumeratit ^num^rer, va. to enumerate; from L.
.

ENTRAILLES,
intralia,

sf. pi.

bowels, entrails.

Prov.

enumerare,

from L. intrania*, in the Lex

'

ENVAHIR,
invadire,

va. to invade. see accabler

Sp. envadir.

It.

vero intra costas vulnus inusque ad intrania pervenerit.' Intrania is from L. interanea (Pliny).
:

Salica

Si

from L. invaders.
;

For

loss

of
see

traverit, et

medial

for intercalation of

see Hist.

Gram.

p.

72;

for xa.

= en

134
mettre
;

ENVELOPPER
for
lost

^PA ULE.
;

having
as
is

ere = ir see 59. its d became in O.

is

Invadere
Fr. enva-ir
;

the intercalated h
also

put in to save the hiatus,

is

done

in

trader e, trahir. h

added

For inde = ent = en see en for viare voyer (by change of i to oi) see boire. Der. envoi (verbal subst.), xenvoyer. pacte, sf. the epact; from L. epactae.

Avec une demi-douzaine d'espagnols, et deux levriers, vous voila roy des perdrix et lievres pour tus, hac, for tout cet hyver, says Gargantua, i. 12. The asin Griiter's Recueil d'Inscriptions. This breed coming from Spain got the piration of the letter k in Fr. words is due name of chiens espagnols, or, as is now to the influence of corresponding Germ, For o = eu see 79 said, chiens epagneuls. words, such as, hoch, heulen, etc., compd. for e$p=iep see Hist. Gram. p. 81. pagwith Fr. haut, Hurler, etc. This remark is neul is a doublet of espagnol, q. v. due to Professor Max Miiller, who has worked it out in detail in the Zeitschrift fiir EPAIS, adj. thick formerly espais, originally espois, from L. spissus. For i = o/ see vergleichende Sprachforschung (v. 11-24: boire; for oi = at see 62; for sp = deutsche Schattirung romanischer iiber esp = ip see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Worte'). In my Historical Grammar Der. epaissir, epa/sseur, epct/ssissement. (Engl. ed. 1869) I rejected Professor Max formerly esMiiller's theory, but I now believe it to be EPANCHER, va. to pour out Der. envahisseni, envahpancher, from L. expandicare * (deriv. of entirely correct.
espagneul, in Rabelais espagnol.

at the beginning of words, such as altus, Even in Lat. haut, see Hist. Gram. p. 79,
find the forms

EPAGNEUL,

sm.

spaniel

in

Montaigne

we

hornamentum, hobiornamentum, obitus, ac,

issement.

expandere.
va. to

Expandicdre,

contrd.
see

re-

ENVELOPPER,
per.

Der, enveloppe (verbal

wrap up.

See developvenin.

subst.).

gularly (see 52) into comes epancher. For

for

expand'care, be-

x=s
p.

ajouter;
for
for

ENVENIMER, va. to envenom. See ENVERGUER, va. to bend (sails).

es

=e

see Hist.

gue. Der. tnvergwxt (the bending of sails, thence metaph. the unfolding of birds' wings). ENVERS, sm. the reverse, wrong side (of For in. = en Stuffs); from L. inversus. Envers is a doublet of inverse, q. v. see en. ENVERS, prep, towards ; from L. en and
vers, q. v.

See ver-

c see

168

epanchemtnX. EPANDRE, va. to spread; ioxmexXy espandre from L. expanders. For regular loss of
see 54.

Der.

for

Gram. e = cA see

81

dc =
a =e

126;

penult,
for

e see 51; for ex = es see ajouter ; es = e' see Hist. Gram, p. 81. Der. re-

fandre.

EPANOUIR,
pandere.
see courir
;

va. to expand,

merly espanouir,
For etymology

developed

ENVI,

prep, in emulation of.

espanir from espandir, which from L.

smoothen forfrom O. Fr. ex;

of this word see renvier.

For expandere
for

= expandere
;

EN VIE,

envy, desire; from L. invidia. For in = en see en ; for loss of d see acDer. enviev. cabler.
sf.

e=t

ENVIER,

va. to envy.

See envie.

Der.

EPARGNER,

en-

see 59. Der. epanouissement. Origin unknown. va. to spare.

ex = es = e

see ajouter

for

wable, envieux. ENVIRON, adv. about.

vironner.

EPARPILLER,
See virer.Der. enSee
ages,

Der. epargne (verbal subst.). va. to scatter, disperse ; formerly esparpiller, properly, in the middle
to
scatter,
is

fly

off

like

a butterfly.

ENVISAGER,
visage.

va. to look at, consider.

ENVOI,
voter.

sm. a sending, parcel.

(S'),

ENVOLER
a

vpr. to fly away.

See envoyer. See en and

ENVOOTER,
wax

va. to enchant (by melting etc.

;

compd. of ex and the radical parpille *, which answers to L. papilio. For addition of r see chanvre. This etymology is fully proved by It. sparpagliare, and similarly formed from parpaglione Der. eparProv. esfarfalha ixom falfalla.
Esparpiller

figure)

originally

envolter,
e.

from
a
loss

pillexxient.

medieval L. invultudre*, i. waxen face, deriv. of vultus.

ii

to

make

EPARS,

adj. scattered, straggling

formerly

es-

For

of

pars, from L. sparsus.

For 8p

= esp = ep

see

in = en

Der. envotkemcnt.
va.

52; see en; for

for

see Hist. a = e see 54; for iil = o/ = Ott see agneau. E PATER, a glass).

Gram.
va.

p. 78.

ENVOYER,

to send

formerly enveier,

originally entveier,

from L. indSviare*.

to break off the foot (of See palte. EPAULE, sf. a shoulder; formerly espaule, originally espalle, from L. spatula (used

^PA VE
by Apicius).

Episode.
espice,

-^35
for spice in

Spatula, contrd. regularly into spat'la (see able and 51), becomes espalle by assimilation of tl into // (see 168), and by sp = esp (see Hist. Gram. p. 78). Espalle then becomes espaule by al = au (see agneau); lastly epaule by loss of Epaule is a s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81).
doublet of spatule, epaulement, epaulette.

from L. species (used

the Digest, de Publicanis et vectigalibus : ' species pertinentes ad vectigal, cinna-

monum,
see Hist.

piper longum.'

Gram.
a

p.

For sp = esp =: ep 78; fore = zsee 59.

of espece, q. v.

Epice

is

doublet

Der,

!]6pid6inie, sf. an epidemic from Gr. q. v. km^fxios, sc. voaos. Der. epidemiqae. EPAVE, adj. stray, sf. a waif; formerly es- !]6pideniique, adj. epidemic See epidemic. from L. pave, a word now applied only to things Ifipiderme, sm. epidermis, cuticle epidermis. lost, though still used, in some legal phrases, formerly espier. It. of animals, aszm cheval epave. In O.Fr. epave EPIER, va. to spy spiare, a word of Germ origin, Engl, to spy, was only applied to animals, not to things. O. H. G. spehen. For sp = esp = ep see Espave comes from L, expavidus, i. e. Hist. Gram. p. 78. frightened, then running away, strayed. For ex = e5 = e see aj outer and Hist, Gram, EPIEU, sw. a boar-spear; formerly espieu, originally espiel, from L. spiculum. For for loss of two last atonic syllables p. 8 1
epaulet,

Der.

epicier, epicene, epicet.

see Hist.

Gram.
sm,

p. 34. spelt,

regular

contr.

into

spic'lum
;

see

51.
see

EPEAUTRE,

bearded wheat

for-

For sp
;

= esp = ep

see esperer

for cl

= il

abeille for espiel = espieu see agneau. merly espeautre, Sp. espelta. It. spelta, from adj. epigrammatic L. spelta. For s-p = esp = ep see Hist. Epigrammatique, from L. epigrammaticus. Gram. p. 78 for el = eal see eau for eal = eau see agneau; for intercalation of r ifipigramme, sf. an epigram; from L.
; ;

see chanvre.

epigramma.
;

EPEE,

formerly espee, originally spede, It. spada, from L. spatha (Tacitus). For sip = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78; Spee is a doublet for ata = ee see 201, of spathe, espade, EPELER, va. to spell formerly espeler (meaning in the middle ages to explain, enunciate generally), a word of Germ, Der. epellation. origin, O. H. G. spellun. EPERDU, adj. distracted. See perdu. EPERLAN, sm. a sprat, smelt formerly essf.

sword

ifipigraphe, sf an
I7ri7pa077.

epigraph;

from

Gr.

i^pilepsie, sf. epilepsy; from L, epilepsia. ifipileptique, a^'. epileptic from L. epi;

lepticus.
ifipiler, va. to depilate, strip of hair; from

L.epilare.deriv. of pilus. Der. epihto'ire. sm. an epilogue; from L. epiloDer. epiloguex. gus. EPINARD, sm. spinach. See epine. EPINE, sf. a thorn ; formerly espine, from L.

Epilogue,

perlan,
p. 78-

originally

spierling.
.

from Germ. For sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram.

esperlanc,
;

spina.
p.

78.

Der.
its

For

8jp

= esp = p

see Hist.

Gram,

epineux,

epinoche,

epinihre,

epimxA
dents in

(so called

from the thorn-shaped

;

EPERON,

formerly esperon, essm. a spur poron, from O. H. G. sporon. For sp = esp Der. eperonner. ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78. EPERVIER, sm. a sparrow-hawk; formerly sparviere, esparvier, It. espervier, Prov. from O. H. G. sparvari. For sp = esp = ep

calyx), epine-vinette.
sf.

t Epinette,
espinette,

a spinet

in the

l6th cent.

from

It.
:

spinnetla.

EPINGLE,

see Hist. Gram. fiph61ide, sf. a

p. 78. freckle;

from L. epheli;

dem.
!fiph.6m5re,
lifpos.

formerly espingle, from sf. L. spiniila, properly a little thorn. For regular contr. into spin'la see able and for 51; for n'l = ngl see absotidre sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Epingle Der. epinglette, is a doublet of spinule.
a pin
;

adj.

ephemeral

from Gr.

I<^^-

epingler.

;fiphemrides,

sf. pi.

ephemerides, journal

EPINOCHE, Epique. adj.

sm. a stickleback.
epic
;

See epine.

from L. ephemeridem. scopalis. EPI, SOT. an ear (of corn), spike formerly espi, from L. spicus * (a masc. form of spica). ifipiscopat, SOT. the episcopate; from L. episcopatus. Its doublet is eveche, q. v, For sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78 for icu8 = i see 212. ifipisode, SOT. an episode from Gr. kmiffDer. episodiqne. udiov. EPICE. sf. spice, pi. sweetmeats; formerly
;
;

from L. epicus. ifipiscopal, adj. episcopal; from L. epi-

136

Spispastique
epispastic;

EquitjE.
sm.

ifipispastique, adj. (Med.) from Gr. (manaaTiKot.

fePISSER, va.
to
splice
;

EPOUX,

sponsus.
to splice.

a spouse, husband; from L. For changes see ipouser, Der.

formerly espisser,

word of Germ, origin, Engl, Der. epissoire, epissmc.

fipistolaire,
st
arf/.

e.pousziWts, ^pouseur.

EPREINDRE,

epistolary

from L. epifrom L. epi-

Claris.

Its

doublet

is epistolier.

squeeze out from L. exprimere. For primere =preindre see empreindre. Epreindre is a doublet of exprimer, q. v. Der. epreinte (verbal
va. to express,
;

ifipitaphe, sm. an epitaph;

Subst.).

taphium. iJ^pithalame, sm.

EPRENDRE
a marriage song; from L.

(S'),

See prendre.

Der.

vpr. to

become enamoured.

epris.

epithalamium.
]]@pithdte, sm. an epithet; from L. epithetum, used by Macrobius. Epitome, sm. an epitome; from L. epitome. EPITRE, sf. an epistle, letter; formerly originally epistle, from L. epistoepistre For regular contr. into epist'la see la.
;

EPREUVE, sf. a trial, proof. See eprouver. EPROUVER, va. to try. See prouver.Dtx.
EPUISER,
^preuve (verbal subst.), eprouvette. va. to exhaust. See puiser. epuisemtnt, epuisMe, inepw/sable.

Der.

EPURER,

51;

for 1

=r

see apotre

for loss of s

va. to purify. See pur. Dei. epure (verbal subst.), epur&tion. EQUARRIR, va. to quarry, cut into an equerre,
q. V.

see Hist.

Gram.

p. 81.

Der. equarriss&ge, equarrisseuT.

;fipizootie, sf. distemper; from Gr, inl Ifiquateur, sm. the equator; from L. aeand ^wov. Der. epizootique. quatorem * (i. e. a circle dividing the earth into two equal parts). Der. equaiona\. EPLORE, adj. weeping. See pleurer. EPLOYE, adj. spread (eagle) from L. expli- ifiquatorial, adj. equatorial. See equateur. catus. For changes see ployer; for -atus = Equation, sf. an equation; from L. aequaEploye \sz6.o\ih\tloi explique. tionem. -^' see 201. EPLUCHER, va. to pick, examine closely; EQUERRE, sf. a square (instrument); formerly esquerre, originally esquarre, verbal subst. formerly esplucher, espelucher. See peluche. of a type esquarrerer * answering to L. Der. epluchsige, epluchement, epluchenr,

epluchoir, epluchure.

exquadrare
off.

EPOINTER,
^ pointe.

va. to break the point

See

for

whence the name equerre the instrument which enables us to draw

*,
is

right angles. Squerre

a doublet oi square,

(of horns) ; formerly EFOIS, espois, from O. H. G. spiz, a pointed piece of wood, whence the pointed antlers of the

sm. branches

escadre, q. v.

quarrer* by
see

Exquadrare * produces esex ==65, see ajouter; by es = e,

p.

Hist.

stag.
p.

For sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram,

;

168.

Der. equarrh (formerly

;

Gram.

81;

by dr = rr,

see

esquarrir,

EPONGE,

from esquarre, O. Fr. form of equarre). formerly esponge, ^questre, adj. equestrian from L. equestris. from L. spongia. For 8p = esp = ep see Der. eponge.r. ifiquidistant, adj. equidistant; from L. Hist. Gram. p. 78. aequidistantem. ;fipop6e, sm. an epopee ; from Gr. eiroiroiia. ;fiquilat6ral, adj. equilateral; from L. ae^poque, sf. an epoch ; from Gr. eiroxvquilateralis. EPOUSER, va. to espouse, marry; formerly espouser, originally esposer. It. sposare, from Ifiquilibre, sm. equilibrium from L. aequilibrium. Der. equilibrtr. L. sponsare (used in the Digest). For ns = s see atne ; for sp = esp = ep see Hist. ifiquinoxe, sm. the equinox; from L. ae78
for i
sf.

= oi

see boire.

a sponge;

Gram.

p.

78; for o

= ow

see affouage.

EPOUSSETER,

va. to dust.

See ponssiere.

quinoctium.
(generally).

Der.

e'y7oial.

EQUIPER, va. to
a ship,
is

Der. epoussete.

EPOUVANTER,

ra. to scare, frighten; for-

fit out (a ship), purvey Equiper, O. Fr. esquiper, to rig from Goth. skip. For sq = esq = eq

equip,

see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Der. equips (verbal merly espouvanter, originally espaventer. It. subst.), equipage, equipee, equipement. spaventare, from L. expaventare (deriv. of expaventem, p. p. of expavere). For Ifiquipollent, stn. an equivalent from L. equipoUentem. Der. equipollence. ex=es = e see ajouter and Hist. Gram, a = ou and e = a are peculiar changes ifiquitation, sf. horsemanship: from L. p. 78 equitationem. which have taken place since the word beDer. epouvante (verbal Equity, sf. equity from L. aequitatem. came French. Der. equitable. subst.), epouvantzWt, epouvantzW. I

Equivalent
Equivalent,
ilfiquivaloir,

escient.

^31

aequivalentem.

sm. the equivalent; from L. Der. equivalence. vn. to be equivalent; from

iSquivoque,
vocus.

See valoir. L. aequivalere. adj. equivocal ; from L. aequi-

Der. equivoquer.
sm. the
for

ES, contr. of en les (enls, then ens, whence es, by regular reduction of ns to s, see aine). Es {en les) has left some few traces in the language, as in the phrases maitre es arts, docteur es sciences, es mains, Saint-Pierre
es liens, etc.

ERABLE,

maple; formerly erabre, erarbrejxom L. acer and arbor. For arbor

ESCABEAU, sm.
For sc

a stool

from L. scabellum.
;

= arbre see arbre;

for

acer = ac'r

see 5 2

see 54. ing r into

cr = r see benir and 168; for a = e Erabre becomes erable by chang/,

= esc see Hist. Gram. p. 78 for elluni = eaM see agneau. t Escadre, sf. a squadron; introd. from It.
squadra.
Its

see a^itel.

t
See rafle.Dtr.

Escadron,

6RAFLER,
eraflme.

vn. to graze.

introd. in 1 6th cent,

doublet is equerre, q. v. sm. a squadron (of cavalry) from It. squadrone.

+ Escalade, s/.

escalade, scaling (of walls);

ERAILLER,

introd. in 16th cent, from It. scalata Der. va. to fray, fret; O. Fr. esrailler, escalader. from L. exrallare*, properly to heat by from It. friction, der. from rallum, a scraper. For ex t Escale, 5/ putting in (naval)

= es = e see Hist. Gram. p.

Ere,
Ifirectile, adj. erectile;

78.

Der.
;

eraille-

scala.

Its

doublet

is

echelle, q. v.

ment, eraillnre. sf. an era; from L. aera.

sf.

tEacalier,
escalier,

sm. a staircase; from Prov. which from L. scalarium,* deriv.

Its

!!Srection,

from L. erectilis*. an erection, raising from L.

of scala.
escamotar.
"Y

doublet
va.

is

echalier.

tEscamoter,

erectionem.

Der.

to juggle;

from Sp.
;

escamotsige, escamottuT.

EREINTER,
out.

va. to break the back of, tire See rein. ifir^sipdlCj sm. erysipelas. See erysipele. ERGOT, sm. spur (of a bird). Origin unknown. Der. ergo(e. Ergoter, vn. to quibble, weary a disputant with syllogisms; der. from L. ergo, sign of the conclusion in syllogism. Der. ergotcui. ifiriger, va. to erect; from L. erigere. ERMITE, sm. a hermit; from L. eremita. Der. ermitage. j For loss of e see 52. Erosion, sf. erosion from L. erosionem. Erotique, adj. erotic: from L. eroticus. + Errata, sm.pl. errata; a Lat. word. Erratique, arf/. erratic; from L. erraticus. ERREMENTS, sm. track, way, manner; from O. Fr. errer, to travel, which remains in verbal subst. erre, and in the knightly word errant. Errer, Prov. edrar, is from L.

vn. to scamper off, decamp from It. scampare, whence the phrase prendre la poudre c?'escampette. t Escapade, sf an escapade, frolic; from

Escamper,

ESCARBOT,
a

scappata. Its doublet is echappee. sm. a stag-horn beetle dim. of type escarbe*, answering to L. scarabaeus. Scarabaeus is contrd. to scar'It.
;

baeus

(see

52),

whence
p.

escarbot.

For
for

BG = esc see Hist. Gram. addition of o^ see chabot.

78; and

ESCARBOUCLE,

5/.

carbuncle; from L.
prosthesis of s.

carbunculus, with
;

Ex-

carbunculus loses its u, see nc c see coque for u = ou see

Escarboucle
is

For 51. accouder.

a doublet of carboucle.

ESCARCELLE, sf a purse. ESCARGOT, sm. an edible

escargol,

See echarpe.
snail
;

originally

from ex and the root cargo}, iterare* (to travel, from iter), contrd. answering to Sp. caracol and It. caragollo. regularly into it'rare, see 52. For tr = Origin unknown. rr see 168 for i = e see mettre. t Escarmouche, sf. a skirmish; from ERREUR, sm. an error, wandering from L. It. scaramuccia. errorem. See accueillir. t Escarpe, s/". a scarp, escarpment from Erron6, adj. erroneous; from L. erroneus. It. Scarpa. It is a doublet of echarpe, q.v. jfiruetation, sf. eructation, belching from Der. escarper, escarpment, contrescarpe. L. eructationem. + Escarpin, sm. a pump (shoe) from It. ifirudit, adj. erudite; from L. eruditus. scarpino. Erudition, sf erudition; from L. erudi- tEscarpolette, sf a swing; from It.
;

tionem, ifirugineux, adj. (Med.) eruginous L. aeruginosus.

scarpoletta.
;

from Escarre,

sf.

better written escharre,

(Med.) a slought (of a wound) from L. eschara.

Erysipdle,
pelas.

sm, erysipelas; from L. erysi-

Escient, sm. knowledge; from L. scientem. For so = es see Hist. Gram. p. 78.

138
ESCLANDRE,
candle,

ESCLA NDRE
sm. a scandal;
contrd.
(see

ESQUILLE,
sp = esp
see Hist.

formerly
51),
;

es-

Gram.

p. 78.

Espece

is

from L. soandalvun.
regularly

So&nd&be-

luxn,

a doublet of epice, q, v, ESP^RER, vn. to hope;

from L. sperare.

comes scandlvim, whence O. Fr. escandle. For sc = esc see Hist. Gram, p, 78 then esclandre by intercalation of /, which is un-

common
dre
is

for dl

= dr

(see apotre).

Esclan-

ESCLA VE, sm.

in 9th cent,

sclavus, slavus, a word which rightly means a Slavonian, and was originally applied only to Charlemagne's Slavonian prisoners, who were reduced to slavery. After the loth cent, the word sclavus takes the general sense of slave, without distinction of nationality. For -bo\ = -escl see Hist. Gram. p. 78, Esclave is a doublet
of slave.
hist,

a doublet of scandale, q. v. a slave; in lOth cent,

sounds sc (scribere), sm (smaragdus), sp (sperare), st (status), which were hard to pronounce, the Roman people early prefixed the letter i to divide the two consonants in pronunciation. As early as the 4th cent, we find in Roman inscriptions ispatium for spatium, istare for stare, istatua for statua, ispiritu for spiritu, istabilis for stabilis, ismaragdus for smaragdus. This i soon became e (see mettre), and in the 5th cent, we find in Christian inscriptions the forms

To

the

initial

Der.

esclavage.
sf.

Escobarderie,
origin,

subterfuge, shuffle

of

see

Escobar's reticence.
Letters.

meaning to use Escobar was a Spanish

33
,

casuist immortalized in Pascal's Provincial

ESCOGRIFFE,
known.

sm. a sharper.

Origin un-

Escompter,
scontare.
schioppetto.

Der. escompte (verbal

sf.

va. to discount;

from
from
It.

It.

subst.).
It.

+ Escopette,

carbine;

Merov. Diplomas; This change of sc into esc, sm into esm, sp into esp, st into est, went on in Fr. in suchj words as spatium, espace. Since the i6th cent, many of these words have been again modified by loss of the s, see Hist, Gram. p, 80, and the suppression is marked by the acute accent on the initial e, as in statu m^i etat. Even farther, a false assimilation led to the prefixing of e before words which had no Latin s thus c orticem, ecorce carbunculus, escarboucle, etc. Der. esper;

estatua, espatium

in

especiem, esperare, estudium.

ance, d6sesperer.
sf.

fEscorte,

Der.

an escort; from

scoria.

Espidgle,

adj. frolicsome

of

hist, origin, see

escorter.

tEscouade,

i6th cent. /. a squad, escouadre and scouadre, from It. squadra. It is a doublet of escadre and equerre, q. v. ESCOURGEE, sf. a scourge; from L. ex-

33, s/)zeg'/e isa wordof the l6th cent., at which time a very popular German tale

oonigiata *.
regularly (see

For ex = es
affouage
;

see

contrd. Excorrigidta, 52), becomes escourgee.

(Eulenspiegel) was translated and introduced L' Histoife into Fr. under the title of joyeuse de Till Ulespi^gle.' In this story the hero performs a number of waggeries and tricks. This ' Histoire de Tiel Ules'

ajouter;

for

o = ou

see

piegle,'

or,

as

it

was written,

Histoire

-ata = -e see 201. ESCOURGEON, sm. winter barley.

for

de I'Espiegle,' soon became popular, and the

Origin

word

espiegle

became

unknown.

mischievous
sf.

spirit.

Der,

name

for a tricky,

espiegleiie.
It.

ESCOUSSE,
L.

excussa*.

Der.

a run (before leaping)

rescousse.
;

from
scher-

fEspion,

sm. a spy; from Der. espionner, espionnage.

spione.

t Esc rimer,
m^re.
,

an esplanade. In sf. Montaigne splanade, from It, splanata. +Escroc, sm. a swindler ; from It. scrocco. ESPOIR, sm. hope from L. speres *. For sp = ^s/> see esperer for e = oi see 61. Der. escroquer, escroqueur, escroqutx\e. ESPACE, sm. a space from L, spatium. fEsponton, sm. a spontoon; from It. for ti spunlona. For 8p = esp see Hist. Gram. p. 78 = c see agencer. Der. espacei, espacement. ESPRIT, sm. spirit; from L. spiritus, by displacing the Lat. accent (spiritus for i'Espadon, sm. a sword, sword-fish from It. spadone. spiritus) and by sp = esp, see esperer for

Der. escrime

vn. to fence

from

It.

t Esplanade,

(verbal subst.).

fEspagnolette,
tEspalier,
spalliere.

./.

baize;

introd.

in

loss

of

i see

52.

Esprit

is

a doublet of

17th cent, from It, spagnoletta. sm. a fruit-wall;

sf.

spirite.

from

It.

ESQUIF, sm.
For
sli

skiff;

from O. H. G. sMf
;

= esq

see esperer.

ESPECE,

a kind; from L, species.

For ESQUILLE,

sf.

a splinter

from L. schidu-

ESQ UINA NCIE

lae*, dim, of schidiae, splinters of wood, by the regular contr. (see 51) into schid'For dl=:// see 168; for sch. = sc lae. esq see esperer and Hist. Gram, p. 63. quinsey. i6th &f. the cent, sqninancie, from It. schinanzia.
sf.

S TA BLIR
sf.

139
an express;
tall

t Estafette,
sta^etta.

from

It.

+ Estafier,
staffiere.

sm. a

footman; from
gash;

It.

fEsquinancie,
fEsquisse,

t Estafilade,
staffilata.

sf.

from

It.

Der.

a sketch; from It.schizzo.

Estaminet,
unknown.

sm. a smoking-room.

Origin

esquisser.

va. to evade (a blow), avoid f Estampe, sf. a print, stamp; from It. from O. H. G. skiuhan. stampa. Der. estampxWt. ESSAI, sm. trial from L. exagium, weigh- fEstamper, va. to print, stamp; from = ss see ing, a trial of exact weight. For :s. It. stampare. aisselle for -agivim = -a see allier. Der. Estampille, sf. a stamp. See estampe. essay&r, essayeuv. ESTER, vn. (Legal) to appear (in court) from ESSAIM, sm. a swarm; from L. examen. L. stare. For st est see esperer. For x = ss see aisselle; for -amen = -aim Esth6tique, adj. aesthetic; from Gr. aisee airain. Essaim is a doublet of examen. adrjTiKos. Der. essaimer. Estimation, s/. esteem from L. aestimaESSARTER, va. to grub up; from L. extionem. Der. estimateur, estimatif. saritare *, a frequent., der. from ex- Estimer, va. to esteem from L. aestisaritum, p. p. of ex-sarire. Exsarimare. Der. estime (verbal subst.), estimtare becomes essarter by regular fall of able, vcxQiestimer, mesestime. i, see 52; by xs = ss, see aisselle. Der. ESTOC, swz. (l) a stick, (2) a sword. It. stocco, essartenitxii. from Germ, stock. For st = est see esperer. ESSAYER, va. to essay. See essai. t Estocade, sf. a stockade; from It. stocEssence, sf. essence; from L. essentia. cata. Essential, adj. essential; from L. essenti- ESTOMAC, sm. a stomach from L. stomaalis, in Isidore of Seville. FoT 8t = est see esperer. ch.us. ESSIEU, sm. an axle-tree in Amyot aissieu, fEstompe, sf. a stump; from Germ. in Montaigne aixieu, from L. axicvilus. stumpf. For Sb = ai = e see 54; for x = ss see fEstrade, sf. a route; from It. strada, aisselle for iculus = ieu see epieti. whence the phrase battre Vestrade. Its

ESQUIVER,
a.

ESSOR,

of L. draconem (primitive of dracuncuFor Fr. words which lus) with prefix ex. subst. essor. spring from corruption see 172. ESSORILLER, va. to crop ears (of dogs); tEstram.a90n, sm. a two-edged sword from L, exauriculare *, der. from aurifrom It. stramazzone. cula. For regular contr. of exaxu-icu- fEstrapade, sf. a strappado; from It. Idre into exauriclare see 52; for strappata.

sm. flight (of birds). See essorer. ESSORER, va.to soar; from L. exaurare*, deriv. of aura. For :s. = ss see aisselle for au = o see alouette. Essorer in O. Fr. meant to balance in air, soar, whence verbal
;

doublet

is

estree.
;

fEstrade, /. a platform from It. strata. ESTRAGON, sm. (Bot.) tarragon corruption
;

X = ss
for cl

see aisselle

for

au =

see alouette

fEstropier,
It.

va. to cripple,

maim; from

= il

see abeille,

stroppiare.

estuary; from L. aestudoublet is O. Fr. eV/er. ESSUYER, va. to wipe, wipe away. It. as- ESTURGEON, sm. a sturgeon. Sp. esturion, ciugare, from L. exsuccare. medieval Lat. sturionem. Sturio is deExsuccare, reducing cc to c (see bee), becomes exsurived from O. H. G. sturio. For st = est see
va. to put out of breath.

ESSOUFFLER,
souffier.

See

Estuaire, sm. an
arium.
Its

(c)are, thence essnyer.

aisselle
;

For xs=ss

see

for loss of
is

Essuyer

medial c see affouage. a doublet of essucquer.T)Qx.

;

ET,

esperer; for io =jo =geo see abreger. conj. and from L. et.
;

ETABLE,
L.

essui (verbal subst.).

EST, sm. the

qst,

east

of Germ, origin, Germ.

a

Engl. east.
sf.

+ Estacade,
stoccata.

stockade

from

It.

formerly estable, from of u see 51 for &t est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. ETABLIR, va. to establish formerly establir, Stabilire, contrd. from L. stabilire.
sf.

a stable

stdbulum. For

loss

regularly (see 52) into stab'lire,

becomes

140
etablir.

^ TA GE
For st = /=<?/
p.

ETERNUER,
fiTANCHER, va.

Hist.

Gram.

8l.

Der.

see

esperer and
(verbal

elabli

ETANCON,
stantia*
st

subst.), etablissement.

to stanch. Origin unknown. sm. a stanchion formerly estanfon, from O. Fr. estance, which from L.
;

TAGE,

sm. a story (of a house) ; formerly from L. staticum* (properly a place where one establishes oneself), deriv. of status. Staticum indicates the state or order of the rooms of a house. For -aticum == -o^^ see age; for st = est = <f/ see esperer and Hist. Gram, Elage is a doublet of stage, q. v. p. 81. Der. etagtr, etaghre. TAI, stn. stay, support; formerly estay, word Der. etaytx. of Germ, origin, Flem. staeye. formerly TAIM, sm. fine carded wool
estage, Prov. eslatge,

(that

which stands upright). For

= est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 ior -%iQ. = -ce stt agencer. Der. etanfonner. ETANG, sm. a pond, pool, O. Fr. estang,

from L. stagnum. For st = est =et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 for gn = ^,
;

as in
_ P- 77.

pugnus, poing,
sf.

etc., see Hist.

Gram.

ETAPE,

estaim, from L.

stamen. For -amen = -aim

at=^est=et see esperer and
;

see airain;
Hist.

for

Gram.
sm.

p. 81,

6TAIN,

tin,

pewter

formerly estain.

It.

stagno, from L.

stagnum*
;

(archaic form of

For sX = e&t = et see esperer for gn = see p. 81 Der. etamtx (from etain, like veni 131. meux from venin). ETAL, sm. a stall, butcher's shop formerly

stannum*).
and
Hist,

Gram.

formerly of necessaries of life (so used even by Montesquieu), then specially a dep6t of food for troops on march; and lastly the place where troops halt. Etaple, in medieval Lat. stapula, is of Germ, origin, Flem. stapel. Stdpula, regularly contrd. ( 51) hito stap'la, becomes estaple, then estape, etape. For st = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for loss of 1 see able. ETAT, sm. state, condition; formerly estat,
rations,

halting-place;
full

estaple,

a warehouse

from

L.

status.
a

For

st

= est =et

see

esperer and Hist.

Gram.

p. 81.

origin, It. stallo, word of Germ, stal, Engl, stall. Etal is a doublet of stalle, q. v. Der. etaler, detaler (to gather in one's goods and be gone). ETALER, va. to expose for sale. See etal. Der. etalige, etahgiste. ETALON, sm. a stallion; formerly estalon, It. Stallone (a horse kept in the stall, and not worked). It. Stallone is derived from
estal.

ETAU,
Germ,
stock.

sm.

vice

O. H. G.

stock, in

formerly estau, from ; the Germ, compd. schraub-

For st

= est = et

see

espdrer

and

Hist.

Gram.

p. 81.

ETAYER,

va. to stay, shore up.

See

etai.

Der. etayement.

ETE, p.p. V. subst. been. See etre. ETE, sm. summer; formerly este, from L.
aestatem.

L. stalla, similarly the Fr. estalon is from medieval L. btallum. For s,X, = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 for addition of suffix on see aiglon. Stallum is O.H.G.
;

-atem = -e
Hist.

see
p.

For ae = e see 103; for 230; for loss of s see

81. to
extinguish;

Gram,

ETEINDRE,
esteindre,

va.

formerly

The certainty of this etymology is proved by the Germanic Laws, in which we find 'equus ad stallum,' for a stallion. The
stall.

Lex Wisigothoruni, viii. 4, has qui alienum animal aut quemcumqae quadrupedem qui ad stallum servatur, castraverit.*
'

Exfrom L, exstinguere. stinguere becomes exstinggre, then exsting're (see 51), whence exstin're whence esteindre by intercalation of d (see Hist, Gram, p, 73), lastly eteindre by loss of
s (see Hist,

ETENDARD,
ETENDRE,
ex.
p.

ETALON,

sjn.

standard

(measure)

for-

merly estalon, in Low Lat. stallonem, from O. H. G. stihil, a stick (measure). For st = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 ETAMER, va. to tin. See etain. Det.
etamage, etamtnr.

Der. eleignoxx. p. 81). der. sm. a standard, flag; with suffix -ard from L. extendere. For changes see etendre.
va. to extend, stretch forth; formerly estendre, from L, extendere. For

Gram.

= es = e
81
;

see

ajouter

and Hist. Gram,

see

ETAMINE,

sf.

stamin,

bolting - cloth

for-

Der, etendue

for

tendere = tendre
(partic, subst.).

tendre,

merly estamine, from estame, which from ^ternel, adj. eternal; from L. aeternalis. L. stamen. For 8t = est =et see esperer ifiternit^, s/". eternity; from L. aeterniand Hist. Gram. p. 81. tatem, Der, eternher. ETAMINE, sf. a stamen from L, stamina. ETERNUER, vn. to sneeze formerly estern= est = et see esperer and Hist. For loss of For st uer, from L. sternutare.
;
;

Grifai. p. 81.

medial t see abbaye;

for at

= est =et

see

tTEVLE
esperer

ETRE.
ETOUFFER,

T4I

and

Hist.

Gram.
;

p.

81.

Der.

eternuen\&n\..

ETEULE,

formerly estenle, origisf. nally estuble, from L. stiptQa. Stipilla,

stubble
regularly contrd. (see 51) into stip'la, becomes estuble. For st est =^et see es-

va. to stifle ;'^ formerly estouffer, compd. of ex and a radical touffer *, deriv. of Gr. TV(pos, a word which remains in Prov. touffe, and Sp. tttfo. Etouffer is then
rightly
'

to

stifle

in vapour.'

Der.

etouffee

(partic. subst.), etouffemQnt, etouffoix.

perer and Hist. Gram.

abeille.

p.

81

for

p=6

see

ETOUPE,

by changing bl into ul (see aurone and alouette), becomes estule, whence esteule by changing u into eu (see beugler), then eteule by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Eteule is a doublet of
Estuble,
stipule, q. v.

formerly estoupe, from L. sf. tow stuppa. For st = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 for u = om see 90 for pp=/'see chape. Etoupe is a doublet of
;

eteuf.

ETOURDIR,
estourdir.

va. to din,
It.

deafen;

formerly

:fither, sm. the aether; Der. ethere.

from L. aether.
from L. ethica.
;

Ifithique, adj.

ethical;

Ethnique, adj. ethnical from L. ethnicus. Ethnographie, sf. ethnography; from Gr.
eOvos and ypdcpeiv. ethnographe.

from L. extorpidire, to make torpidus. Extorpidire, regularly contrd. (see 52) into extorp'dire, becomes extordire (for pd d-see 168), whence estourdir (for o = ou see
stordire,

Der.
;

ethnographique,

affouage; for ex = es see ajouter), lastly etourdir (for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Der. etovrdi, e/o?/rc?issement, etotirderie.

ETIAGE, cum*,

sm. low water from L. aestiratiproperly summer (i.e. low) level of waters. For loss of medial v see a'ieul for loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for -aticum = -age see age ; for ae = e see
;

ETOURNEAU,
tournel,

sm. a starling

formerly

es-

from L. sturnellus, dim. of sturnus. For st = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 foru = OM see -90; for -ellus = -e/ = -eaw see agneau.
;

It.

103sf.

ETRANGE,
a spark
;

adj. strange

formerly estrange,

ETINCELLE,
scintilla,

formerly

estincelle.

from L. extraneus.
ajouter and Hist.

from L. scintilla, by transp. 77),

position of scintilla into stincilla* (see

Hist.
i

-ge see abreger.

Der.

Gram.

For ex = es = e see for -eus = p. 81

;

elrangete, etrange-

Gram.

whence

etincelle.

For

ment.

= e see

mettre; for 8t

= est = et

and Hist. Gram. p. 8l. (whose doublet is scintiller,

Der.
q. v.).

see esperer
etinceler

ETRANGER,

adj.

strange, sm. a stranger;

It.

formerly estranger.

straniere,

from L.

ETIOLER,
lare.

va. to emaciate

from L. stipu-

Its

doublet

is

stipuler, q. v.

Der.

extranearius*, der. from extraneus. For extranearius = extraniarius see

agencer for see abreger; for other changes see etrange. Der. etrangeid.
;

m=ge
va.

eV/o/ement.

to

!fitiologie, sf. (Med.) etiology; from Gr. airioXoyia, that part of medicine which treats of causes of disease. ifitique, adj. consumptive, hectic. See hectiqne (of which it is a doublet). Der.

ETRANGLER,
esperer

strangle,

throttle;

formerly estrangler, from L. strangul^re. For loss of ii see 52 for s,t = est = et see
;

and Hist.

Gram.

p.

81.

Der.

etranglement.

eVzsie.

ETRE,
sf.

V. subst. to be.

The

Lat. esse being

Etiquette,

Der.

a label.
cloth

Ongin unknown.

defective borrowed six tenses (fui,

fueram,

etiqjieter.
sf. stuff,
;

ETOFFE,

formeriy estoffe. It. Der. etofftx. stoffa, from Germ, sioff. ETOILE, sf. a star ; formerly estoile, from L.

fuero, fuerim, fuissem, forem) from unused fuere. In Fr, etre is composed
of three verbs: (l) fuo, whence pret. fus (fui), and subj. fusse (fuissem) ; (2) stare, whence the p.p. ete, O. Fr. este

For e = ot see 61; forst = es/ and Hist. Gram. p. 81. ETOLE, sf. a stole formerly estole, from L. stola. For st = est = ei see esperer ant^
Stella.
^

=et

see esperer

(status)
tenses,

(3)

esse,

whence
inf.

all

other
Sire,

and specially the

estre.

pres.

O. Fr.

Hist.

Gram.

p. 81.
;

To
formerly eston-

such defective verbs as velle, posse,

ETONNER,
ner,

va. to astonish

from L. extonare, compd. of ex and radical tonare, seen in at-tonare. For ex = es see ajouter; for es = e see Hist.
.

offere, inferre, esse, too short to provide the usual infinitives, the vulgar Lat. added a termination re, and thus assimilated

Gram.

p. 81.

Der. etonnement.

them

falsely

to verbs of the second conin the

jugation.

Thus

6th cent, we

may

142
find

ETRSCIR

EVADER.
^TRILLE,
estrille,
sf.

in Merov. documents vol ^ re for velle, potere for posse, offerrere for offerre, inferrere for inferre, essere for esse. fissure was regularly contrd. (see 51) into ess're sr became sfr (see accroitre) whence estre, now etre; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. This etymology is farther confirmed by the form the verb takes in the other Romance languages, as It. essere, Sp. ser. Port, ser, Prov. esser. If any doubt whether essere ever existed we may reply In by producing documentary proofs. Gruter's Collection of Roman Inscriptions may be read the following epitaph found in Rome in a yth-cent. church, ' Cod estis fui
; ;

curry-comb;

formerly

Strigilis, L. strigilis. regularly contrd. into strig'lis, becomes

etrille.

from

Gram.

p.

For st = est = it see esplrer and Hist. 81 for gl = j7 sec Hist. Gram. p.
;

71. Der. ^/n7/er. fiTRIQUE, adj. scanty.

;

fiTRIVIERE, sf. a leathern strap. fiTROIT, adj. narrow formerly

L. strictus.

Origin unknown. See etrier.

estroit, from For Bt = est = it see esperer

and

Hist.

Gram.
is

p.

81

for ict

= ot7

see atq. v.

trait.

Etroit

a doublet of

strict,

quod sum essere abetis,' i. e. quod estis, In a fui et quod sum, esse habetis.' series of Carolingian Diplomas we have, A. D. 820, 'quod essere debuissent;' a. d. 821, essere de beneficio ;' a.d. 836, quod de ista ecclesia Vulfaldo episcopus essere debuisset.' The same suffix re is to be seen in compds. of esse, such as adesse,
et
'

Der. itroitesse, etr^ck. sf. study ; formerly estude, from L. studiiun. For st = est = it see esperer and Der. etudier, eVwdiant. Hist. Gram. p. 81. ETUI, sm. a case, sheath; formerly estui. Prov. esiug, Sp. estuche, a word of Germ,

TUDE,

origin,

M. H. G.
sf.

stiiche.

For st est = it
p. 81.

see espirer and Hist.

Gram.

'

'

ETUVE,

Prov. formerly estuve. estuba, from medieval Lat. stuba, which from O. H. G. stupa. For st = est = it s^
a stove
;

esperer and Hist.

113.

etc.,

as e. g. in a Chartulary

quam
proof
is

ingenuus

of a.d, 818, Farther adessere.'

Der.

Gram.

p.

81

for

b =v see

etuvcT, etuv&e (partic. subst.),

etuviste.

unnecessary. No one now believes that etre is from L. stare. How could stdre (accented on the a) have

jfitymologie,./. etymology; from L.etymologia.

Der. e/?ymo/o^ique,
va.
avoir,
;

<?'/yro/o^iste.

EU, p.p. of

etre") And again, how could stare produce, with the other Romance forms, Prov. esser. It. essere, Sp. and Port, serf Lastly, we know exactly that stare has given us the Fr. ester, as in the phrase ester en justice ('stare in justitia '). Ester still remains in certain compds. as rester, re-stare; arreter, ad-re-stare (O. Fr.

become

had; formerly eii, originally aii, avud, from L. habitus (for For loss of medial b p. p. in utus see bil). for utus = u for a = e see 54 see aboyer
;

see

201

for loss of initial h. see atelier.

sf.

Eucharistie,
eucharistique.

the

eucharist
in

from L.

eucharistia (so used

Cyprian).

Der.

Eucologe,
and \6yos.

sm. euchology

from Gr. (i/xv

;

arrester).

ETRECIR,

va. to narrow.

See itroit.Der.
;

Eudiom^tre,

sm. an eudiometer
;

from Gr.

retrecir, r^^re'cissement.

cvSios and ixerpov.

ETREINDRE,
estreindre,
est = et

va. to bind, tie up formerly Eimuque, sm. an eunuch from L. eunufrom L. stringere. For st = chus. see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 Eupli6niisnie, sm. an euphemism from see
astreindre.

for

ingere eindre
sf.

Der.

Gr

V(pr)fj,i(Tfi6s.
sf.

etreinte (verbal subst.).

Euphonie,
Christmas-box

fiTRENNE,

first

sale, pi.

Der.
L.
eus,

euphony

from Gr. cu^an'ta.

;

et/phonique.
sf.

For formerly estrenne, from L, strena. st = est et see espdrer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. ^trenner. fiTRIER, sm. a stirrup, properly a leathern formerly estrier, contr. of estri(v)ier. strap This form with v remains in etriviere, formerly Estrivier * is a deriv. of O. Fr. estriviere. estrif, which is of Germ, origin, from Germ. For st = est = et strippe, a leathern strap.

Euphorbe,
EUX,
f

(Bot.) an euphorbia

from

euphorbia.
pr. pers. m. pi. they,
originally
els,

them

formerly

from L. illos.

For

regular contr. of illos into ill's see Hist. Gram. p. 70 ; for i = see mettre ; for ils
els

= eus see agneau

sf.

for eus

= = eux see deux.

ifivacuation, cuationem.

evacuation; from L. eva-

see esperer and Hist. Gram. of 1/ see aieul.

p.

81

for loss

!fivacuer,va. to evacuate; fromL. evacuare. ifivader (S'),i'/'r.to escape; fromL. evadere.

^VALUER
ifivaluer, va. to value.
c'va/wation.

EXCELLENT.
Evincer,
cere.
va. to evict, oust
;

143
from L. evin-

See valoir.
;

Der.

from L. ifivangelique, adj. evangelical evangelicus. va. to evangelize; from L. ]6vangeliser, evangelizare.
from L. ifivangeliste, sm. an evangelist evangelista. EVANGILE, sm. the Gospel from L. evangelium. For e = i see mettre.
;
;

Eviter,

va. to avoid;

from L. evitare.

Der. evitzhle.

Evocation, sf.
Evolution,
tionem.
sf.

evocation, raising (of spirits)

from L. evocationem.
evolution; from L. evolu-

Evoquer,

Der.

va. to

evoke

from L. evocare.

eVocable.

EVANOUIR,
nouir.
It.

vn. to vanish

formerly esvaadj.
'

Exacerbation,
ing; from L.

sf exacerbation, embitter-

svanire,

compd. of L. ex and
imago.*
It

exacerbationem.
from L. exactus.

vanus,

unreal,

as in the phrases

vana Exact,

adj. exact;

Der.

simualcra,'

'vana

cult to give the exact relation

Lat. radical and Fr. deriv.

Der.
;

would be diffibetween the

evanou-

exactement.

Exacteur,
actorem.

stn.

an exactor; from L. exan exaction

;

issement.

Exaction,
sf.

sf.

from L. ex-

Evaporation,

evaporation;

from L.

actionem.

evaporationem. fivaporer, va. to evaporate

porare.

Exactitude,
from L. eva-

sf.

actitudo

*, deriv, of

EVASER,

va.

to

widen.

See vase.

Der.

evasement.
ifivasif, adj. evasive; from L. evasivus*, der. from evasus. See evader.

Exag6ration, exaggerationem Exag6rer, va. to

exaggerare.

from L. exexactus. from L. sf exaggeration

exactness;
.

Der.

exagerateur. exaggerate; from L.

;

Exaltation,
Exalter,

sf exaltation
;

from L. exal-

Evasion,
(

s/".

evasion; from L.
in S.

evasionem

tationem, used

for 'pride' in Tertullian.

= deliverance,
sm.
is

Jerome).

va. to exalt

EVECHE,
Its

a bishopric, bishop's palace.

episcopal, q. v.

Examen,
L.

from L. exaltare. sm. a survey, examination fnom

;

doublet

examert.
sm. an examiner
;

EVEILLER,
veiller.

va. to

waken formerly
;

esveiller,

Examinateur,

from L.

from L. exvigilare

Der.

*.

For changes see

occurrence, event
It.

examinatorem.

eveil (verbal subst.), xeveiller.

Examiner,
aminare.

va. ta examine

from L. ex;

't'!fiv6nement, sm. an
introd. in l6th cent,

from

evenimenio.

Exanthdme,
anthema.

sm. exanthema
sf.

from L. ex-

EVENTAIL,
f;VENTER,

sm. a fan.
va.

See eventer.Der.

eventailliste.

Exasperation,
to
fan.

exasperation; from L.

See

vent. Der.
See ventre.

exasperationem.

eventai], eventa.ire, event (verbal subst.).

Exasp6rer, va.

EVENTRER,
Eventuel,

va. to disembowel.

to exasperate, enrage L. exasperare. va. to

from

adj. eventual;

Der. eventuality. alis * (from eventus). fevfiQUE, sm. a bishop from L. episcopus. For changes see archeveque. Der. eveche. Aversion, s/l overthrow from L. eversi;

from L. eventu-

EXAU^ER,

onem.

EVERTUER
self).

(S'),

vpr. to strive, exert (one-

See vertu.
sf.

hear favourably (prayers, etc.) lit. to exalt, lift up, the petitioner, by granting his prayer, from L. exaltiare *, deriv. of altus. For al = au see agneau ; for tiare = cer see agencer. Exauger is a doublet of exhausser, Der. exaucemeat. Excavation, sf excavation from L. excagrant,
;

Eviction,

an eviction, ejection
;

from L.

vationem.

evictionem.
s/".
;

Exc^dant,

sm.

excess,

surplus;

from L.

Evidence, evidence fromL. evidentia. excedentem. Evident, adj. evident from L. eviden- Exc6der, i/a. to
tern.

EVIDER,
evidoxr.

va. to hollow out.

See vide.

Der.

Excellemment,
celhr.

exceed; from L. excedere. adv. excellently. See ex-

Excellence,
;

sf excellence; from L. exceladj.

lEVIER, sm. a sink der. from eve, O. Fr. eau. For etymology see eau. Svier is a doublet of aquarium, and of O. Fr. aiguiere.

lentia.

Excellent,

excellent;

from L,

ex-

cellentem.

144
Excellentissime,
L,

EXCELLENTISSIME

EXIGENCE,

adj. most excellent; from Execution, sf an execution; from L. execution em, Der. ex/cutif. excellentissimus. iBxceller, va. to excel from L. excellere. Ex6cutoire, adj. executory; from L. executorius *, der. of executare. tExcentricit6, sf. eccentricity; recently introd. from Engl, eccentricity. Exegdse, sf exegesis; from Gr. ^-qyijais.
;

tExcentrique,
introd.

adj. eccentric; recently

Der.

exf'getique.

from Engl,
ffl.

eccentric.

Exemplaire,
exemplaris

adj.

exemplary;

from

L.

Exceptor,
tare.

to except;

from L. excepfrom L. excep-

Exception,
tionem.

Der.

sf.

exception

(used in theological Lat.). Exemplaire, sm. a copy; from L. exemplarium (in Arnobius).

exceptionntl.

Exemple,
emplum.

sm.

an example; from L. ex;

Excds,

sm. an excess; from L. excessus.

va. to plead an exception (legal)

Der. excessM.

Exempt,
;

adj.

exempt
'

from L. exemptus.

of police' comes under the former French of cavalry were exempt from regular service, and detached to comnem. maiKi squadrons of horse-police. Excitable, adj. excitable; from L, excitaExempter, va. to exempt ; from L. exempbilis. Der. excitability tare *, deriv. of exemptus. Excitation, sf. excitement; from L. exciExemption, sf. exemption; from L. extationem. Der. excitatem, excitatii. emptionem. Exciter, va. to excite; from L. excitare. Der. excitant. f Exequatur, sm. an exequatur; a Lat. word = let him execute ' (a sentence). Exclamation, sf. exclamation; from L. Exercer, va. to exercise; from L. exercere. exclamation em. Der. exclamatii. EXCLURE, va. to exclude ; from L, exclu- Exercice, sm. an exercise; from L. exercitium. dere. For changes see conclure. i^j^clusion, sf. exclusion; from L. exclu- Exergue, sm. exergue; from Gr. l and epyov. sionem. Der. exclusiL Excommunication, sf excommunication Exfoliation, sf exfoliation; from L. exfoliationem. from L. excommunicationem. Excommunier, va. to excommunicate; Exfolier, va. to exfoliate; from L. exfoIts doublet is effeuiller, q. v. from L. excommunicare. liare. Excr6m.ent, sm. excrement ; from L. ex- EXHALAISON, sf. an exhalation, expiration ;
sense of

Exciper,

The

an

officer

from L. excipere. Excision, ^. excision; from L. excisio-

from the

fact that

monarchy

officers

'

crementum. Excretion, sf. tionem *.

from exhalationem.
excretion; from L. excre-aison see fenaison.
tion, q. V.
Its

For -ationem =
doublet
is

exhala-

EXCROISSANCE,

sf. an excrescence; from L. excrescentia*, deriv. of excrescentem, For changes pres. partic. of excreseere.

Exhalation,
lationem.

sf.

Its

exhalation; from L. exhadoublet is exhalaison, q. v.

see croissance.

Exhaler, va. to exhale; from L. exhalare. EXHAUSSER, va. to raise, run up from L.
;

Excursion,

sf an excursion

from L. ex-

cursionem.

Excuse,

sf.

an excuse.
;

See excuser.

Der.

exaltiare *, see agneau

;

for

For al = aM for -tiare = -sser see agencer addition of h see haut. Exhausser is
der.

from altus.

excusMe.

Excuser,

Der. excuse
crabilis.

va. to excuse
adj.

from L. excusare.

a doublet of exaufer, q. v. Exh6r6der, va. to disinherit

(verbal subst.).

heredare.

Der. exheredation.
;

from L. ex-

Execrable,

execrable; from L. exeexecration

Exhiber, va. to exhibit from L. exhibere. Exhibition, sf. an exhibition; from L.

exhibitionem.

Execration, sf
crationem.

from L. exe-

Exhortation,

sf an exhortation
;

from L.

exhortationem. Ex6crer, va. to execrate; from L. execrari. Excuter, va. to execute; from L. execu- Exhorter, va. to exhort
tare*,
der.

from
sm.
an

executus.

Der.

from L.

exhor-

ex-

tari.

ecutant, executahle.

Exhumer,
executor;

Ex6cuteur,

from

L.

mare.

Der. exhumztion.
s/".

va. to

exhume; from L. exhu-

executorem.

Exigence,

exigency; from L. exigentia.

EXIGER
Exiger,
Der.
va. to exact;
exig'xhlt.

EXP ULSER
;

145

from L. exigere. Expier, va. to expiate; from L. expiare. Expirer, va. to expire fromL. exspirare. from L, exiguus. Expietif, adj. expletive; from L. expleExigu, adj. scanty ; tivus. Exiguite, */". scantiness; from L. exiguiExplicatif, adj. explanatory; from L. extatem. plicativus *. Exil, sm. exile; from L. exilium. Der. exiU, exiler. Explication, sf. an explanation; from L. explicationem. Exister, va. to exist; from L. existere. Der. existence. Explicite, adj. explicit; from L. explicitus. Its doublet is exploit, q. v. Exorable, adj. exorable; from L. exorExpliquer, va. to explain; from L. expliabilis. care. Exorbitant, adj. exorbitant; from L. EXPLOIT, stn. an exploit; verbal subst. of exorbitantem. exploiter. Its doublet is explicite, q. v. Exerciser, va. to exorcise; fromL, exorEXPLOITER, va. to work, cultivate, employ, cizare. from L. make the most of. Prov. explectar, from Exorcisrae, sm. an exorcism L. explicitare, frequent, of explicare. exorcismus. For change of sense see 13. ExpliciExorde, sm. an exordium from L. exordium. tare, regularly contrd. (see 52) into exoteric from L. exoteexplic'tare, becomes exploiter. For let = Exoterique, adj.

ricus.

ait

see attrait.

Der.
sm.

exploit (verbal subst.,

its

Exotique, Expansif,

from L. exoticus. from L. expanadj. expansive sivus *, der. of expansus. Expansion, sf. expansion from L. exadj. exotic;
;

signifying rightly an act, just as

tive

primiact'),

explicare came to mean 'to

an explorer;
;

exploitation.

Explorateur,
Exploration, Explorer,
rare.

from L.

pansionem. Expatrier, va.

patriare
*, a

exploratorem.
sf an exploration
;

Expectant,
tantem.

to expatriate; from L. exmedieval Lat. word. adj. expectant ; from L. expec-

from L.

explorationem.
va. to explore

from L. explo;

Expectative,
pectativa
*,

Expectorer,
torare
*.

Der.

from L. e xfrom L. expectatus. va. to spit; from L. expecadj. expectant

;

Explosion,

sf.

an explosion

from L. e x-

plosionem.

Exporter,
tare.

expec/oration.

Der.

va. to export; from L.

expor-

exportation, exportateur.

Expedient,
pedientem.

adj.

expedient;

from L. ex-

Exposer,

EXPEDIER,

va. to despatch, expedite ; from L. expeditare*, frequent, of expedire. For loss of medial t see abbaye. Exp6diteur, sm. a shipper, sender; from

va. to expose; from L. expausare, compd. of pausare. Der. exposa.nt. Exposition, s/^. exposure; fromL. expo-

sitionem.

EXPRES,
Its

adj. express
is

from L. expressus.
q. v.

doublet

express,

Der.

expres

expeditorem*. Exp6ditif, adj. expeditious; from

L.

(adv.).

L. expe-

t Express,
q.v.

ditivus*,
I

der.

Expedition,
ditionem.
rientia.

Der.
sf.

from expedire. sf. expedition; from L. expeexpeditionn-dire.

sm, an express recently introd. from Engl, express. Its doublet is expres,
;

Expressif,

adj.

expressive;

Experience,

experience; from L. expeadj.

*.

pressivus*,

deriv, of
sf.

Expression,
experimental;
to

from L. exexpressus. an expression; from L.

Experimental,
'

from from

expressionem.

L.
L.

experimentalis
va.

Exprimer,
experience
;

va. to express; from L.

expri-

Experimenter,
j

mere.

Its

doublet

is

epreindre, q.v.

experimentare.
ac?/.

Expropriation,
possession of a

|j

Expert,

expert; from L. expertus.

s/".

debtor's

sf expropriation, a taking landed property.

ij

Der. expertise.

Expiation,
tionem.

expiation; from L. expia-

Exproprier, Expulser,
sare.

See exproprier. va. to expropriate; from L. expropriare *. Der. expropriation.

Expiatoire,
piatorius.

adj. expiatory;

from L. ex-

va. to expel; from L.

expul-

14^
XiXpulsion, sionem.
sf.

EXPULSION
expulsion; from L.
to

FA CILE,
va. to extirpate; va. to extort;

expul- Extirper,
tirpare.
L.

from L. ex-

Sxpurger,

va.

purge
;

out

from

Extorquer,
quere.

from L. extor-

expurgare.

EXQUIS, adj. exquisite from L, exquisitus. Extorsion, ./. extortion from L. extortionem*, der. from extortus. The accent became misplaced (exqtiisitus from L. exfor exquisitus), and then the last two Extraction, sf. extraction
; ;

being atonic, were dropped. !Ex8uder, va. to exude; from L. exsuDer. exsudiiXion. dare. Bxtase, ./. a trance, ecstasy ; from Gr. tKaraais. Der. exlasier. Extatique, adj. ecstatic; from Gr. ICTariKus. XjXtensif, adj. expanding, capable of extentension from L. extensivus. Extension, s/. extension ; from L. extensionem. Der. extenseur, extens\h]e. Extenuation, sf. extenuation; from L.
syllables,

from extractus. Extradition, sf extradition ; frgm L. ex and traditionem. EXTRAIRE, va. to extract from L. extrahere. For trahere = ^a/re see traire.
der.
;

tractionem*,

Der. extrait (verbal subst.). Extraordinaire, adj. extraodinary L. extraordinarius,

from

Extravaguer,
travagari *.
gant.

Der, extravagance,
extreme
;

vn. to rave;

from L. exextrava-

Extreme,

extenuationem.

Der. ^/rew^-onction

arf;.

from L. extremus.
(see onction).
;

Ext6nuer,

from L. ex- Extr6mit6, sf. extremity from L. extremitatem, tenuare. Der. extenuation. Ext6rieur, sm. exterior from L. exterior. Extrinsdque, a(^'. extrinsic; from L. extrinsecus. Exterminateur, sm. an exterminator; from L. exterminatorem. Exuberance, sf. exuberance; from L. exuberantia. Extermination, sf. extermination from L. exterminationem. Exuberant, adj. exuberant from L. exuberantem. Exterminer, va. to exterminate ; from L. exterminare. Exulc6rer, va, to exulcerate; from L, Externe, adj. external sm. a day scholar exulcerare. from L. externus. Der. exterml. Exutoire, sm. (Med.) an issue; from L, exutorium*, der. from exutus, p.p. of Extinction, /. extinction; from L. extinctionem. exuere. Extirpation, sf. extirpation; from L. ex- fEx-voto, sm. a votive offering; from tirpationem. L. ex and voto.

va. to extenuate;

F.
FABLE,
sf.

a fable; from L. fdbiila.

see 51. sm. a fableau, metrical tale
;

For
;

+ Pa9ade,
1

sf.

a facade, front;
It.

introd. in

regular loss of

&

6th cent, from

facciata.

FABLIAU,

For ci = for- FACE, 5/. a face ; from L. faoies. merly also fableau, originally fahlel from c see agencer. Der. /acette, facex, effacer, L. fabul611us *, dim. of fabula. For loss surface. from of atonic u see 52 for el = eau see Pacetie, sf. facetiousness, joke, jest agneau. Fableau has htcome fabliau just L. facetia. Der. /aceV/eux. as beau becomes biau or epeautre becomes FACETTE, sf. a facet, face. See face.

epiautre in certain patois.

FACHER,

va.

to

offend,

afflict;

Eabrique,
fabrica.
fabricien.

a fabric, factory; from L. Its doublet is /org-e, q: v. Der.

sf.

fascher,

from Pro v. fastigar by

loss

fabriqueT,fabricznt, fabriatioa, fabriczttMX,

(see 52), whence fast'gar, then fascher. The Prov. fastigar comes iioTdfastig = ennui, and represents L. fas-

formerly of i fas'gar,

Pabuleux, adj. fabulous

Fabuliste,

from L.fabulosus.

tidium.
facheax.

Der.

fdcherie,

(se)

^kfacher,

sm. a fabulist ; a word framed from L. fabula and the sufSx iste.

Facile,

adj. easy, facile;

from L. facilis.

FA CILITSFALOT,
racilit6,
)

H7

s/.

facility;

fromL. facilitatem.

a=ai
FAINE,

see

54.

Der. af/amer, /azmvalle

is

Faciliter,
sf.

va. to facilitate; introd. in

It.

(the origin of valle

l6th cent, from

facilitare.

sm. a beech-nut

unknown). from L. fagina

;

*.

FACON,

make,

fashion,

way, manner;

Fagma

regularly loses

its

(see

51),

from L. factionem.

For ctio
is

= mo = czo

= C'o,
dus.

see agencer.
adj.

faction, fashion.

Faconde,

Der. faponneT. eloquent; from L. facun-

Fafon

a doublet of

hence fag'na, whence faj'na (seejumeau), then faina (for ji see aider). Fagina becomes faine as vagina becomes gaine.

FAINEANT,
fait

adj. idle, do-nothing; formerly

neant,

from fait

and
;

n^ant.

Der.

fFac- simile,
fac and simile.

sm. a facsimile; from L.

faineatiter, faineanlise.

FAIRE, va.

to do, act, effect

from L. facere.

Facteur,

sm. a maker, postman, factor; Der./ac/orerie. from L. factor em. from L. factiFactiee, adj. factitious

is

For regular loss of e, fdicere, see 51 ;' benir. Der. /a/sant, for acr = air see

faiseui, faisable, affaire, hienfaire, contrefaire,

dcfaire,
iorfaire,

cius.
sus.

Its

doublet
flf//,

fetiche, q. v.

ma.]faire,

m^faire,

Factieux,
Faction,

factious; from

L.

factio-

xtfaire, snvfaire.

FAISAN, sm.
sf.

a faction

from L. factionem.

nus.

Its doublets are fapon, fashion. Factionnaire, sm. a sentinel, der. from faction in its sense of military service, which

54.

From

a pheasant; from L. phasiaFor ph. =/ see coffre for a = ai see

;

the

old

spelling faisant,

faisande, faisandtr (i. e. to give a flavour of high game to), faisanderie,

come

from L. factionem.

^Factotum,
+

sm.

a.

factotum; from L.

fac and totum. Factum, sm. a statement of a case; from L. factum (properly a fact, thing done then a statement of the facts of a case
in law).
Its
sf.

Facture,
factura.

Der. mznufactzire, manii/ac/wrer.

5/1

doublet is fait, q. composition, bill;

v.

from

L.

Faculty,

Der.

faculty;

from L. facultatem.
;

facult&tif.

FADE,

adj. insipid, dull

flat,

from L. vd,pidus
see

faisandeau. sm. a bundle from L. fascellus*, dim. of fascis. For a, = ai see 54; for -ellus = -eati see agneau, FAISEUR, sm. a maker, doer. Seefaire. FAIT, sm. a fact, deed; from L. factura. For ct = it see attrait. Its doublet is factum, q. V. FAITE, sm. the top, pinnacle formerly /a/s/^, from L. fastigium., by an irregular displacement of the tonic accent into fastigium, whence faiste by loss of last two

FAISCEAU,

(properly

savourless,

For regular

loss

of i

without scent). 51, hence

atonic syllables;
lastly fatte
p. 8 1
).

by a = az
loss

vap'dus, whence fade; for v=/ Hist. Gram. p. 81

;

for

pd = J

see

Der.

by

of

s (see

see 54, and Hist. Gram,

faitzgt, fait'ihre.
;

see 140.

Der. fadeur, fadaise, fadasse. FAGOT, sm. a fagot. Origin

FAIX, sm. a burden a = ai see 54

from L. fascis.
for

For

unknown.

FAIBLE,
for
first

Der. fagoteT,fagotm,fagoteur. adj. weak; formerly /ot'We, from L.

flebilis.

For regular
see

loss of i see

= oi = ai
is

61;

for

loss

51 of the
;

Der. s'a.{faisseT (i. e. bend under a burden), porte/a?*. FALAISE, sm. a cliff; formerly faloize and Forfalize, from O. H. G. felisa, a rock.

s to

see

deux.

1,

a result of dissimilation, see 169. a

Faible

doublet of
faience,
at

flebile, q. v.

i= oi = ai see 68, 61. Falbala, sm. a furbelow, a word

to the 1 7th cent.
;

Der.

traced back Origin unknown.

faibhss,t,faihl\x, nffatbliT.

t Faience,
earth,
first

sf.

pottery

Fallace, sf. deception from L. fallacia. of glazed FallacieUX, adj. fallacious; from L. fallaciosus.

229. to be FAILLIR, vn. to err, mistake, fail, be near necessary, to require, need, ask; properly to to from L fallere. For 11 = ill see ail ; fail of, as in the phrase il s'en faut de, etc for e = t see 59. For fallere becoming from L. fallere. For the change of fallere into fallere see courir. Faillir for e = o/ see 61. failure see accourir is Der. failli FALOT, sm. a lantern formerly fanot, a doublet of falloir, q. v. (partic. subst.), faillite, defaillir, faillihle, compd. of radical fan * and dim. ot. Fan,

made

Faenza, whence the

fac'ienctne.

For -osus = -/x, see

vn.

name.
;

'De.r.fa'ienc'xtx,

FALLOIR,

(impers.

irregular),

/ai/Zibilite, in/ai7/ible.

is

Gr. <pav6s (a lantern).

For
2

n=/

see

FAIM,

sf.

hunger;

from L. fames.

For

aller.

148
FALOURDE,
sf.

FALOURDE

FARFA DET
Fantasmagorie,
dissolving-view

a bundle of firewood. Origin

unknown. from L. Falsification, sf. falsification falsificationem *, der, from falsifica;

AyopA.

a phantasmagoria, sf. from Gr. (pSLvraa/jia and Der. fantasmagorique.

;

tus.

Der.

FANTASQUE, adj.
in

fantastic,

homfantasche

fahijicateur.
falsify;

from L. fantasticus,
from L. falsificontrd.

capricious, disorderly,

Falsifier, va. to
care.

FALUN,

Origin unknown. sm. shell-marl. Der. faluneTj/alumhre. Fame, sf. renown, fame; from L. fama. FAME, adj. famed from L. famatus. For -atU8 = -<*see 201. from L. Fain6lique, sm. a starveling

Fantdsticus, regularly into fantast'cus (see becomes fantas'cus ; thence / 51), tasqiie. For tc=c see 168. Fantasque is
medieval Lat. texts.
a doublet oifantastique, q. v.

Fantassin,
fantacci7io.

sm. a foot-soldier
adj.
fantastic
;

from

It.

Fantastique,
(pavTaariKos.

from

Gr.

famelicus.

FAMEUX,
familier.

adj.

famous, notorious; from L.

229, See

FANTOME, .sm. a phantom

formerly/a/osm,

famosus. For -osus = -c?/x see Familiariser, va. to familiarise.

Familiarity,

sf.

familiarity;

from L. fa-

miliaritatem. Fam.ilier, adj. familiar; from L. familiar i s

.

Der.
sf.

familiariser.
a family
;

Fam.ille,

Fam.ine,

from L. familia. famine; from L. famina*, barbarous deriv. of fames. sm. a ship's lantern, beacon i* Fanal, introd. in l6th cent, from It.fanale. Fanatique, sm. a fanatic; from L. fanatisf.
;

from L. phantasma, by ph=/see coffre; by accented a = o (a change which is an exception to all rules) by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. FAON, sm. a doe, fawn formerly /ton, from L. foetonus*, deriv. of foetus, properly = little. The sense of/aon was not restricted in meto the young of deer till very late dieval Fr. it meant the young of any beast, and was used of those of the tigress, sheep, etc. Foe(t)onus=/ao by loss of medial bye = a, t, see abbaye; by & = e, see 51
; ; ;

Der./ctwa/isme, fanatistx. FANER, va. properly to make hay by" turning the mown grass, whence to dry, wither
cus.

up; from L. foenare*, deriv. of foenum. For oe =e see 105 for e = a see amender. -.JDex. faifa.gt, fane (verbal subst.), fantMX. FANFARE, sf. a flourish of trumpets. Origin
;

amender. Der./aowner. sm. a mean rascal, puppy from Der. faquinene. It. facchino, + Far andole, sf a Proven9al dance from Vxov.farandolo. Origin unknown. FARCE, /. a farce. See farcir.Dex. farsee

t Faquin,

ceur.

FARCIN,

unknown.

farciminum.
adj.
syllables see
;

sm. farcy, glanders (pi.) from L. For loss of the two last
;

f Fanfaron,

and sm. blustering, a from Sp. fanblustering fellow, swaggerer Der.ya/aronade, fanfaronvitnt. farron. + Fanfreluche, sf. a bauble; from It.

changer.

Der. farcineax.
;

50, 51

for

m=

see

FARCIR,

Der. farce
is

va.

to stuff;

(verbal subst.,

fanfaluca.

meat, stuffing).
;

from L. farcire. meaning forceFarce, meaning a broad

pieces farcies,

^ANGE,

mud, dirt from L, famicem *, whose deriv. famicosus, is found in Festus. Famicem, contrd. regularly into fam'sf.

comedy,
phrases
i.

verbal subst. of farcir (in such

epitres farcies,

as

cem, changes c into g into n (see changer). juger) and

(see juge and ad-

FANGEUX, adj. muddy, miry

cosus.

from L. fami-

ramic6sus becomes fam'co-

sus

For (see 52), then fangeux. M see changer; for see adjuger; for

m=

G=g

= -eux see 229. FANON, sm. properly a piece

-oa\ia

Latin letters etc. in which are introduced expressions or words belonging to the vulgar tongue). FARD, sm. paint (for the face), varnish formerly /ar/: of Germ, origin, O. H.G. /arjon, to tint, with colour used to rouge the face. Der. fardex. FARDE, sf. formerly in general sense of a bure.
;

'

of stuff which acts as a kind of flag, thence (by extension) the dewlap of an ox, which hangs down under his throat; of Germ, origin, O. H. G.fano.
sf.

den,'

now

restricted to the
coflfee.

commercial sense

of bales of
/arrfeau.

Origin unknown.

Der.
Origin

Fantaisie,

imagination,

fancy,

whim:

FARDEAU, sm. a FARFADET, sm.

unknown.

burden,

Seefarde.
spirit.

a familiar

from Gr. (pavraaia.

FARFOUILLER
FARFOUILLER,
which
is

FA VORABLE.
;

149

vn. to

rummage

compd.

of fouiller and a prefix far, the origin of

unknown.
L.

FARIBOLE, sf. an idle tale. FARINE, sf. flour; from

Origin unknown. farina.Der.

farineux, fariniex, enfarifier.

FAROUCHE,
For
q. V.

=a

126.

Der.

from L. ferocem. amender for c = ch see Farouche is a doublet of feroce,

adj. fierce
see
;

effaroucher.
(heraldry)

Fasce, sf. a fesse Fascicule, sm.

L. fasciculus.

from L. fascia. a bundle, fasciculus; from

;

from L. falcare, a middle Lat. word. For al = au see agneau for ca = che see 126 and 54. Faucher is a doublet of falquer. Der.fauche (verbal suhst.),fauchage, fauchcL\son, fauchet (partic. subst.), fauch&nr (whose doublet is faucheux). FAUCILLE, sf. a sickle, reaping-hook from L. falcilla, used for falcula in Carolingian documents. For al = au see agneau. FAUCON, sm. a falcon from L. falconem. For al = au see agneau. Der. fauconneau,

fauconnerie, fauconnler.

FAUFILER,
;

va.

to tack, baste (in sewing).

Fascine,
fa sc i na.

sf

a hurdle, fascine Der. /ascmage.

from L.

Tacking was done with a fatixfil, i. e. a thread which is not meant to remain. For
origin set faux zndfil.

Fascination,
cinationem.

sf fascination; from L. fas;

Faune,

Fasciner

from L.fascinare. Faseole, sf a bean; from L. phaseolus. For ph.=/see 146. } Fashion, sf fashion; an Engl. word. Its doublet is fagon, faction, q. v. Der.
wa. to fascinate

FAUSSAIRE, sm.

faskionzhle.

Faste, sm. pomp; from

fastueuK.

L.

fastus. Der.

from L. faunus. from L. falsarius. For al = aM see agneau. FAUSSER, va. to forge; from L. falsare. For al = au see agneau. FAUSSET, sm. a spigot. See faux. FAUTE, sf a fault. It.falta, from L. fallita* act of failing, der. from fallere. For subst. of this kind see absoute. Fdllita,
sm. a faun
;

a forger

Fastes, sm. pi. the Fasti, the

consular records

thence annals, histories, from L. fasti. Fastidieux, adj. fastidious; from L. fastidiosus. For -osus = -e2/x see 229. FastueUX, adj. pompous, magnificent; from L. fastuosus. For -osus = -/;<; see 229. + Fat, sm. a fop from Prov. fat, which from L. fatuus. Fat is a doublet offade, q. v. Der.fatuite. Fatal, adj. fatal; from L, fatalis. Der. fatalisme. Fatality, sf. a fatality; from L. fatalitatem. Fatidique, adj. fatidical; from L.fatidicus. Fatiguer, va. to fatigue from L. fatigare. Dqt. fatigue (verbal subst.), defaiiguer. FATRAS, sm. a litter, medley from L. fartaceus *, deriv. of fartus. Fatras rightly means a confused heap of all kinds of things. Fartaceus becomes fatras (for fartas *) by transposing the r, see aprete. Fatuite, sf. fatuity, foppishness ; from L.
;

51) For al au see agneau. becomes faute, so fallitum becomes faut, which remains in the compd. d(faut, formed of de- (q. v.) and faut this word answers to defailler, just as

contrd. regularly into fall'ta (see

becomes faute.
as

Just

fallita *

faute to failler. Der. fautxi. FAUTEUIL, sm. an arm-chair formerly /nz/;

origmsWy faldesteuil. It. faldistorio, from L. faldestolium *, found in a 9thcent. document. This word clearly is of Germ, origin, and answers to O.Yi.G. faltstuol. For -olium = -euil see accueillir and aleul for al = aw see agneau; for loss of d see acdestetiil,
;

cabler;

for loss of s see Hist.

Gram.

p. 81.

Fauteur,sra.an

abettor; from L. faut or em.

;

FAUTIF, adj. faulty deriv. of faute, q. v. FAUVE, adj. tawny; formerly falve, Prov.
falb, It.falbo; of

Germ,
;

origin.

Germ.

falb.

For

h=v
see

neau.

fatuitatem.

FAUX,
au
It.
;

FAUBOURG,

sm. a suburb, faubourg, quarter outside the gates of a city more properly written in O. Yr.forhourg,forsbourg; from medieval Lat. forisburgus *, compd. of foris and burgus. For forisbiirgus = forsburg see 52 for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for or = aur see 86 ; for loss of r
;

from L. falsus. For al = agneau for a = x see deux. Der. fausset (a word formed from /aw;v, imitating
adj. false
; ;

Der. fauvette.

see avant

for

al = au see ag^

falsetto).
sf.

FAUX,

a scythe

al = au see agneau for s = x see deux.

from L. falcem. For for c = s see agencer

Faveur,

see Hist.

Gram.
va.

p.

81

for

u = om

see 97.

See also bourg.

sm. favour; from L.'favorem. Der. defaveiir. Favorable, adj. favourable from L. favorabilis.

FAUCHER,

to

maw,

cut down, reap;

Der, defavorable.

150
t

FA VORI
whisker
;

FERME,
Femelle,
adj. female; from L. feme 11 a*, dim. of femina. F6ininin, adj. feminine; from L. femi-

Pavori, sm. a

Der.
vorita.

from

It. favorito.

favoriscT, favorixismc.
sf.

+ Favorite, FEAL,

a favourite; from

It.

/a-

ninus. from L. f^iuina. sf. a woman; for fem'ua For regular loss of 1 see 51 For loss of medial d Feal for e = a see amender. to mm, see tnettre =femme, by assimilation of see 168. is a doublet oifidele, q. v. Dex.femmelette. from L. Febrifuge, sf. a febrifuge; from L. febri- F6niur, sm. the thigh - bone Der./e'moral. femur fugia. FENAISON, sf. hay-making from L. foenaF6brile, adj. febrile; from L. febrilis. tionem*, deriv. of foenare*. For oe = 5 F6cal, adj. fecal from L. fecal is. see 105; for -ationem = -ao, by atFdces, sm. pi. (Med.) feces from L. fecem. traction of i and softening of t, see F6coild, adj. fertile, fruitful, prolific from
adj. trusty, faithful
;

from L. fidelis.
;

FEMME,

see accabler

for i

=e

mn
;

L. fecundus.

agencer.

Feconder,
dare
.

Der
sf.

va. to fertilise;
.

from L. fecun-

FENDRE,

/ccowrfant, fccondzxXon.
fertility;

va. to cleave; from L. flndere. For regular contraction of findere into

;

F6condit6,
tatem.

sf.

from L. fecundi;

Der. fente
fend'iWer.

find're see 51

for i

see ceinture. see

(partic. subst,,

absoute),

F6cule,

(Med.) fecula

from L. faecula.

Der. feculent.
ai/. federal;

FENTRE,
from L. foederalis*,
federation
;

sf.

window

Federal,
deriv. of

from

L.

fenestra.
;

For

formerly fenestre, loss of s see

foedus.
sf.
.

Fd6ration,

Federer,
rate
;

foederationem va. to make

from L.

from

L.

Hist. Gram. p. 81. FENIL, sm. a hay-loft

Der. federat\(.
a federation, confede-

FENOUIL,

sm.

fennel;

from L. foenile. from L. foenu-

foederare.

Der. federe

culum, secondary form of foeniculum/ For oe e see 105; for -uculum=

-otiille

^(verbal subst.).

see abeille.

T>er. fenouillette.

FEE,

sf.

a fay, elf; properly a supernatural

which (according to medieval logy) presides over our destinies, like the ancient Parcae. Fee, Fort, fada, It. fata, is from L. fata ( = fairy, in an inscription of Diocletian's time). Pata is the being who
being,

FENTEj sf. a slit. Seefendre. mytho- Feodal, adj. feudal from

;

medieval

L.

Der.

feodalis (that which

feodal'ite.

relates to zfief q.v.)

FER, sm.

iron

from

L.

ferrum.

Der,
iron.

ferrer, ferrage, ferrement, /errant, /errure,

/erraille, ferret, ferriere, ferronnier,ferron-

presides over our

fatum

or destiny.

The

inscription uses fata for

no doubt

as to the exact

Parca, so leaving nerie, enferrer, deferrer. meaning of this FER-BLANC, sm. tin-plate, tinned
Der./erWatier. Ferie, sf. holidays;
doublet
is foire,

common
201
.

Der.
vn.

Lat. word.
/eerie,

For -ata = -ee see

from L. fingere.
see
ceindre.

/mique.

FEINDRE,

to feign;

For -ingere

= -eindre

Der.

q. v.

Der.

from L. feriae.
ferie, feria].

Its

Feri6,

adj. relating to holidays.

See ferie.

feinte (partic. subst., see ahsoule), feintise. FELER, va. to crack, spht (glass) from L.
;

FERIR,
blow.

from L. ferire, in the phrase sans coup /eWr = without striking a

va. to strike
;

fissulare*, deriv. of fissus. For regular loss of u see 52; hence fiss'lare, whence For i = e see mettre for fesler, then filer. loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der./e/ure. Felicite, sf felicity; from L. felicitatem. from L. F6liciter, va. to congratulate felicitare (to make happy, in Donatus).

+ Ferler,

i/a.

to furl
a

from Engl. furl.

locket
for
;

Der. diferler. FERMAIL, sm.

clasp,

from L.

firmaculum *
For
i

(a clasp, in medieval Lat.)

=e

see

mettre;

-aculvtm = -a//

Y>tr. felicitation.

FERME,
i

see 155. adj. firm;

F61in,

from L. felinus. FELON, sm. a felon; from L. fellonem*, a word found in the Capitularies of Karl
adj. feline
;

=e

is

from L. firmus. For af/ermir. Fermete from L. flrmitatem. For -atem = -e'
see mettre.

Der.
;

the Bald.
feluca.

Origin unknown.
sf.

Der. /e7oie.
from
It.

see 230.

FERME,

+ F61ouque,

felucca;

farm properly a compact, sf. a agreement for letting (specially of rural properties), then by extension used of those

FERMENT FIA NCER

lands let out to farm, thence the house of the farmer. Ferme in sense of an agreement For i = e see mettre. is from L. firmus. Der./er?nage,/(?rmier, ^ifermftr. Ferment, sm. leaven; from L. fermentum.

151
;

Der.
tatus.

ferment2k.'C\{.
sf.

Fermentation,

fermentation
der.

from L.

fermentationem*,

from

fermen-

Fermenter,
mentare.

vn. to ferment; from L. ferto

is
:

sm. straw, bit of straw formerly Prov. festuc, from L. festucus, masc. form of festuca. For -ucus = -u see 237 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. FEU, sm. fire ; from L. focus. For loss of c see ami for o = eu see 76. FEU, adj. late, lately dead formerly feu (in fem.feude, in St. Alexis), from L. fatutus*, deriv. of fatum. Feu means properly one who has fulfilled his fate. Fa(t)utus loses its medial t (see abbaye), and changes
festii,
; ;

FETU,

FERMER,

va.

shut,

close;

from

L.
in

firmare, which

used for claudere

Isaiah xxxiii. 15 For i = e see mettre. ut ne videat.' Der. fermoir, en/ermer, /ermt ture.

'et firraaijs oculos suos,

FERMETE,
FERMIER,
Feroce,

sf.

firmness.
ferocious,

?,te

ferine.

-utus into -u (see 201), whence fail, whence feu, by softening a into e (see 54)from L. Feudataire, sm. f feudatory feudatarius*, a term of feudal law, der. from feudum, a fief. For etymology of
;

sm. a farmer,

^tt ferme.
fierce
\%
;

feudum
q. v.

seejief.
;

adj.

from L. Feudiste,
feroci-

ferocem. Its doublet Ferocity, sf. ferocity; tatem.

farouche,

sm. a feudist from L. dista*, der. from feudum, see fief

sf a leaf; from L. folia,

feupi.

from

-L.

FEUILLE,
folium.

of

FERRAILLE,

sf.

old iron.

See /er._Der.
;

fa-raill&x, ferrailleur.

see 76. Der. feuilhge, fenillex, feuillie, feuilln, fezdlhison, feuillet, feuilletex,feuill-

For

li

= t7

see

ail;

{or

o = eu

Ferrugineux,

adj. ferrugineous

from L.

eton.

ferruginosus, deriv. of ferruginem. Fertile, adj. fertile; from L. fertilem.

Der. fertiliser, fertilisation.

FEUILLETTE.
gallons').

Fertility, sf fertility; from L. fertilitatem. F6rille, sf a ferule, rod; from L. ferula. Fervent, adj. fervent; from L. ferven-

tem.

Ferveur,
FESSE,
sf.

sm. fervour; from L. fervorem. ; from L. fissa, from fissus, partic. of findere. + Festin, sm. a feast; from It. festino. Der. festintr. Festival, sm. a festival; from L. festivalis *, deriv. of festivus. ton, sm. a festoon; {xom.lt. festone. f Der, festonner. FESTOYER, va. to entertain, feast; from L.
a buttock

sf. a measure of wine (30-8 Origin unknown. FEURRE, sm. straw. Sp. forro. It. fodero., word of Germ, origin, O. Scand. /orfr. For dr = rr see 168; for o = eu see 76. FEUTRE, sm. felt ; formerly feltre, It. feltro, from L. filtrum.*, a medieval word. Filtrum. is of Germ, origin, Neth. vilt. Germ. Fetitre is a doublet of alchemist's Jilz. vf Old filtre. Filtrum becomes feltre, then

feutre.

For

see agneau.

Der.
;

=e

see mettre

for el

= eu
ff

feutrex, feutrzge.

FEV,
see

sf.

a bean

54; fevexoXe.

for

from L. faba. For a = b = v see 113 Der.

sm. February; from L. februarius, febrarius*. For b = t/ see 113; for -arius = -/er see 198. festicare*, der. from festum. For loss FI, interj. fie (onomatopoetic). See 34. a word of medial c see affouage ; for i = oi see Fiacre, sm. a hackney-coach, cab dates from boire. it of hist, origin (see 33) FETE, sf. a festival, feast, holiday; formerly A. D. 1640, when the first carriages for hire feste, from L. festa, pi. of festum. For were stationed in Paris, at the Hotel de loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Menage wrote in 1650-: Der./eVer. Saint Fiacre. Fetiche, sm.. a Fetiche; a name given Fiacre. On appelle ainsi a Paris depuis + by the Portuguese to the rough idols worguelques annees un carosse de louage, a shipped by the inhabitants of the West cause cfe. I'image Saint Fiacre qui pendoit African coast. It comes from Fort, feitifo. pour enseigne a un logis de la rue SaintFetiche is a doublet of factice, q. v. Antoine, oil on louoit ces sortes de carr asses. Der. /f;ftc/iisme. Cest dont je suis temoin oculaire. Fetide, adj. fetid; from L. fetidus. Der. FIANCER, va. to affiance, betroth. It. fidan/('Vrrfite. sare, from L. fidantiare*, found in some

Fes

FEVRIER,

152

FIBRE

FILLEUL.
mettre; for e = ie see 56; changer. Der. Jienter.

medieval Lat. documents. Fidantiare is der. through fidantia from fldantem, partic. of fldare* (seejier). Fi(d)antiare For loss of medial d becomes fi-ancer. see 120; for -tiare = -<: see agencer. Der, fianc^t, ^anfailles. Fibre, sf. a fibre; from L. fibra. Der.

form = nsee

FIER, va. to

trust. Sp. fiar, It. Jidare, from L. fldare* (found in this sense in a 13thcent. document habeant perfectam fidem, ita ut omnes . possint se in illis fldare')* For loss of medial d see 120. ^Der.
' .

jf6reux,jfffcrilie,^6nne.

d^fier, confier, m^fier.

;

FICELLE,
is

sf.

oellum*,
contrd.

52). whence _/f/ce//e *, whence _;fce//e. Der. ficehx. FICHER, va. to drive in (as a nail), fix (eyes on) ; from L. figicare*, der. from flgere.

pride; from L. feritatem. Ferit6.tein is contrd. regularly (see 52) into fer'tatem, whence }fr/^. For e ie see 56 for -atexn = -e' see 230. FIEVRE, sf. a fever from L. febris. For e = /e see 56; for b = v see 113. Figicdre is contrd. regularly into fig'care For Qa, = che Dex.fievrtMX. (see 52), whence _/?cAcr. Of Germ, origin (Jififfer Der. fiche (verbal FIFRE, sm. a fife. see 126 and 54.

from L. filia string, twine Filic^Uum dim. of filum. regularly into fil'cellum (see

FIER,

adj. proud,

haughty

from L. ferus.

For e

= ie

see 56.

FIERTE,

sf

subst.), fichn.

Pictif,

adj. fictitious;

in the Germ, patois of Switzerland). from L. fictivus*, Figer, va. to congeal, curdle; from

L.

deriv. of fictus.

figere.
;

Fiction,
L.

sf.

a fiction

Fid^icommis,
Fid^USSeur,
doublet

from L. fiction em. sm. a trust (in law) ; from

'

fFlgue,

s/". a fig; a word introd. in this form from Vxoy.figa, which from L. flea,

fideicommissum.
sm. a
fideijussor,'

guarantor
delis.

fem. of ficus. The more correct O. Fr. rendering of fica was fie (see affouage). Der.
;?^wier.

from L. fidejussorem. Fiddle, adj. faithful; from L.

is

fi

Its

Figure,

sf a face; from L. figura.

Der.

feal, q. v.

Jigurine, figurati f

from L. fidelitatem. Figurer, va. to figure, form from L. Its doublet hfealte, q. v. figurare. Der. figtirznt, configur^X\ox\, (partic. Fiduciaire, sm. a fiduciary; from L. fidutX3.nsfigurex, ^gure difigurtx,

Fid61it6,

sf. fidelity;

ciarius.

subst.).
fief;

FIEF, sm. a

FIL, sm. thread; from L. filum (used also for a sword's edge by Ennius). Der.^/er, feodum, from O. H. G. feod, possessions, goods, properly cattle. For eo = ieu see fileux, fileuse, fihudihre, enjilex, fau/f/er, in detail under dieu ieu (which is found in effilex, affilex Jile (properly ranged along a thread, whence 7?/er, defiltx),Jih\., ^lihxe, the form fieu in several medieval texts) is j^/oche, Jilon, JiUsse, Jihndreux (from reduced to ie in a very unusual way. Next, for </=/ see 121; this resolution of a filandres, deriv. offiler), fihge. dental into a labial is found in sitis, soif; Filament, sm. a filament; from L. filamentum*, from filare, from which verb judaeus, jnif; viduus, veuf; modus, come also the non-classical forms filator *, moeuf and in all Norman names of places ending in -beuf, derived from a Lat. type filatura *, whence ^latejir znd filature.
in

nth

cent. fied.

Low

L,

Der. filamenteux. bodus, as Marbodus, Marbeuf; Pampodus, Pa/m6^/, etc. Der. ^e/fe (which Filateur, sm. a spinner. See filament. Its formerly was a subst. signifying one who doublet \sfileur. possesses a fief: in the i8th cent, the Filature, sf. spinning, ^ee filament. phrase un hzdssier fieffe was used. Later Filial, adj. filial from L. filial is. the word became an adj. used to strengthen Filiation, sf filiation, affiliation; from L. an insulting epithet, as un coquin fieffe, filiationem. FILlfiRE, sf. a draw-plate. See//. un ignorant fieffe, etc.). FIEL, sm. gall, bile from L. feL ^ For e = ie tFiligrane, sm. filigree-work; introd.

see 56.

Der.

tnfielhx.

for

It. filigrana.

FIENTE,
from
(see

sf.

dung.

Prov. fenta. Cat. fempta,

der.

FILLE, sf a
from L.
_;?//ette.

girl,

female, maid,

L.

flmitus*
becomes

from
For

flmum.
flm'tus
i

filia.

For lia

= //e
;

see ail.

daughter ; Der.

Fimitus,

contrd. regularly into

fiente.

51),

=e

see

FILLEUL,

sm. a god-son

from L. filiolus,

FILOCHE
(dim. of Alius).

FLAMBERGE.
Pers.

firman, an order signed by the Grand Vizier. rain how the Church gave the name Fisc, sm. the treasury; from L. fiscus. of father (j)ere) and mother (mere) to Fiscal, adj. fiscal; from L. fiscalis (sm.).
see

We may

under the

words

commere, compere,

marrai?ie, par-

those

who

held the child at the baptismal

Der.

fiscaliie.

font as sponsors;

name of filiolus, = darling

baptised infant.
for li
P'or

she has also given the little son, to the

Fissure, sf
Fistule,
sf.

a fissure;

a fistula;
fixed

from L. fissura. from L. fistula.

fixus.

olus = eM/

see dieul

Dex.fistulenx.

= //

see ail.
s/.

Fixe,

adj.

from L.
is

Der.

FILOCHE,
filocher.

a network.

See//. Der.
See//.
It.

ef-

/;cer (whose ation,/xite.

doublet

ficher, q. v.), fix-

FILON, sm. a vein, t Filoselle, sf.

gello.

course, lode.
floss-silk;

from

jilu-

Flaccidite, sf flaccidity, flabbiness; from L. flacciditatem *, from flaccidus.

FLACON,

sm.

bottle,

FILOU, sm.

a pickpocket, sharper. Its doublet Der.//o?^ter,^/owterie. xsfileur, q. v. FILS, sm. a son; from L. filius. For the continuance of the s see 149. Filtre, sm. a philtre, love-potion ; from

flasconem*, found
documents.
'

We

from L, Merov. and Carol, may quote from Flodoard :

flagon
;

in

Vas, quod vulgo

flasconem
dedit.'

vocant, vini a

se benedicti
is

plenum

Flasconem
flacon
p. 81).
;

a dim. of fiasca, used for a phial in Isidore

Seville.

the pharmacy of the middle ages, which used filtrum, originally a bit of felt, then of stuff or linen, through which liquids were strained. For etymology of filtrum stefeutre (which is its doublet). Der.

of

Flasconem becomes
(see Hist.

by dropping the s

Gram.

Flagellation, sf whipping, scourging from

L. flagellationem.

Flageller,
lar e
T>er.
.

filtreT,Jiltr^\.\on, \nfiltre.

FIN,

from L. finis. Der. From O. Fr. verb finer, to 2Lfin, enjin. bring to an end, finish, then to pay, comes, through the partic. finant, the deriv.
sm.

an

end

Der. flagelhm.

va. to scourge

from L. flagel-

FLAGEOLET,

FLAGORNER,

sin. a flageolet. Seefiiite.-^ flageolet (horn flageol*, see fliite). va. to fawn on. Origin unknown. Der. flagorner'ie, flagornexxr.

ac(/. flagrant ; from L. flagranfrom L. finitus, tem. finished, perfected, hence by extension re- FLAIR, sm. scent (of dogs). See flairer. fined, then keen, sly. This word, while still FLAIRER, va. to scent, smell in O. Fr. in Lat. displaced its accent from finitus to neut. sense of exhaling an odour from finitus; it then dropped the two final short L. flagrare, by reduction of gr to r (see syllables, see 50,51. Der.7?esse,/aud, whence flarare, whence fiairer. 168), /passer, /nasserie, zifiintr, a{fi?ta.ge, afjinForr = l see 154; for Q. = ai see 54. eur, ra/er, ra/eur, ra/erie. Flairer is a doublet of fleurer, q. v. Final, adj. final; from L. finalis. Der. 'Der. flair (verbal subst.), /aiVeur.

finance.

Flagrant,

FIN, adj.

fine,

slender

sm. a flamingo ; formerly flamgiven from the flaming colour of the bird's plumage. DcT.financer, financier. Its doublet FINASSER, vn. to finesse. See fin. is flambant. FINAUD, adj. cunning, sly. See fin. FLAiVlBE, sf. the German iris {iox flamhle) FINESSE, sf. fineness, delicacy, subtlety. See from L. flammula, dim. of flamma. For regular contr. of fidmmula to fin. FINI, sm. finish (in art). flam'la, then to flamble, see 51. See finir. For FINIR, va. to finish; from L. finire (sm.). change of ml into mbl see absoudre for Der. fini (partic. subst.), Aefinir. loss of 1 see able. Der. flamber, flambFIOLE, sf. a phial, bottle from L. pMala. eau. For ph.=/ see coffre; for a = o, in an un- FLAMBEAU, sm. a torch. Seeflambe. usual way, see taon. FLAMBER, vn. to flame. See flamhe. Fioritures, sf graces (in music) ; from Der. flainboyer. t It. fioriture. Flamberge, sf a sword, a word of hist, Firmament, sm. firmament; from L. firorigin, being the name of the sword of Renard mamentum. de Montauban, in medieval romance hence sm, a firman ; of Oriental origin, + by extension applied to any sword.
finality.

FLAMANT,
mant,
a

FINANCE,

sf.

cash, fine, finance.

See fin.

name

Firman,

154

FLA MME

FL UER.
in
I
.

FLAMME,

s/. a flame ; from L. flamma. Der. /lammhche, cujlammer, FLAN, sm. a custard, tart. O. Fr. /laon. It.

Der.

which way

it

is

connected with flttrir

;

^('Vrissure.

Jiadone, from L. flatonem* (a soufflet in Fortunatus), der. from flatus. For loss of medial t of flatonem see abhaye. FLANC, sm. flank, side (soft, weak, i. e. the soft part of the body) from L. flaocus. A
;

FLEUR, o^eu

sm. a flower
see

79.

Der. ^^wron, ^ewrette,

from L. florem.

For

fieur'xsie, flei/ret, fleurAisoxi.

FLEUR,
de.

Of Germ,

sm. level with, in the phrase afleur origin, Germ. flur. Der.

ifflevrex, eifleurex.

similar

metaphor

exists

in

Germ., where
soft.

FLEURDELISER,
de-lys
;

va. to brand with a fleur-

we have

weiche (the flank), from weich,

der. ixoxn. fleur

de

lis,

q. v.

On

such analogies see 13.

Flaccus

be-

comes fianc by adding n,

see concombre.

tPleuret,
fioretto.

sm. a foil, dagger, a word created in the i6th cent, to answer to It.

Plandrin,

\y&x.flanqutr, tiflanqu^. sm. a lanky lad, a word of hist, origin (see 33), being a nickname given to the Flemings, then used of any
tall

FLEURIR,

and

them. FLANELLE, sf. flannel. Origin unknown. FLANER, vn. to stroll. Origin unknown. Der. fldntvix. Flexibility, sf. flexibility; from L. flexiFLAQUE, sf. a puddle, pool of Germ, origin, bilitatem. Flem. vlaque, the sea. Flexible, adj. flexible; from L. flexiFLASQUE, adj. lanky, soft, flabby: from L. bilis. flaxidus*, a transformation of flaccidus. Flexion, sf. flexion, bending ; from L. Flaxidus, = flacsidus, is transposed to flexionem. flascidus (see Idche and '170), flasqu- fFlibustier, sm. a buccaneer, freebooter; idus whence flasque by dropping the ioxmexly fribustier, a naval term of Germ.
like
; ;

meagre man,

va. to flower, flourish from L. florere. For e = i see 58 for o = eu see 79. Fleurir is a doublet oi florir, q.v. Derj^?/raison. FLEUVE, sm. a river; from L. fluvius. For u = ew see betigler.
; ;

atonic syllables (see 50, 51). FLATTER, va. to flatter. Origin

origin,

Dutch

vrybuiter, a

marauder

Engl, Engl.

unknown.

freebooter.

Der.

flatter\&, flattenx.

tFlint-glass, sm.
flintglass.

flintglass.

From

FLEAU,

sm. a flail, scourge. O. Fr. flael, Prov. flagel, It.JlageUo, from L. flagellum. For loss of medial g see allier for e see 54; for el = au see agneau. a, Fleau is a doublet oiflagelle. FLEBILE, adj. lamentable, weak from L. flebilis. Its doublet is faible, q. v. FLECHE, sf. an arrow, point, pinnacle ; formerly ^escA? of Germ, origin, M. H. G.
;

FLOCON,

sm. a floe*, remaining in Prov. floe; floccus. Der. floconnewx.

flake,

flock; dim. of root

from L.

FLORAISON,

sf.

efflorescence.

Seeflorir.

Flore, ./. Flora; from L. Flora. Floral, adj. floral, deriv. of florem. + Florin, sm. a florin; from It. fiorino.

FLORIR,
_/?oraison.

vn.

jlitsch =fleche.

L. florere.
flitch

bloom, flower; to For e = r see 58.

;

Der.
For
168.

from

FLECHE,
FLECHIR,
For
e=

sf.

of bacon;
;

formerly

Jlesche; of

Germ,
see

origin,

va. to
i

bend

Dan. _/?es^. from L. flectere.

for

FLOT,

sm. a wave

from L. fluctus.

u=o

allecher.

Der.

58;
;

c% = ch

see

^e'cAissement, _^e'cAisseur.

Plegme,

sm. phlegm

from L. flegma.
wither;

Der. flegmz.\.\(\w&. FLETRIR, va. to blast,

flestrir,

fluctuation, q. v.) PLOTTER, va. to float. See flot flotte (verbal subst.),_;?o//ille,_;?oeur.
'\s

Der. doublet

see 97; for ct ^ see flottex, flott^ge, ^o/taison

(whose
Der.

formerly Flaistre corresponds to a L. flaccaster*, deriv. to be flaccid, faded, of flaccere (i. e. withered). Flaccaster becomes flacaster, then loses its medial c regularly (see

FLOU,

from O.

Fr. flestre, flaistre.

formerly flo sm. softness of touch (weak), a word of Germ, origin, Flem. = o = ow see alouette. Der. flauw. For au
;

flueX..

Fluctuation,
aison.

sf.

fluctuation;
Its

from L.
is

fluctuation em.

doublet

flott-

affouage),

whence

flaistre.

For a = a/ see

FLETRIR,
with
a

i54.

va. to dishonour, brand, properly

hot

iron;

to

burn,

dry

from L. fluctuating; For -osus = -ewac see 229. up; Fluer^ vn, to flow, run; from L. fluere.
adj.

Fluctueux,

fluctuosus.

FL UET
FLUET,
Fluide,
JIuidite.
adj.

FONGIBLES,
which

^55

mean,
is

thin, lanky.

Fhiet, in

Lafontaine^owe^,
adj. fluid;

a dim. o^ floti, q. v.

from L. fluidus.

Der.

is from follis, a grimace foUere *, made by puffing out the cheeks, used by The idea of motion survives in Juvenal.

the phrases feu follei, esprit follet. Fol is a doublet of fori, q. v. sm. (Chem.) fluorine, the presumed Der. /o/ie, /o/let, root of the fluorhydric acid; formerly a folatve, folichon, zffoleT. name given by alchemists to all mineral FOLATRE, adj. foolish. See fou. Der. acids, because of their fluidity: from L. foldtrer. FOLIE, s/. folly. See fol. fj^uorem. FLUTE, sf. a flute ; formerly Jlaiite, It. Folio, sm. a folio, a Lat. word, abl. of verbal subst. of O. Fr. flaider (to folium. Its doublet \s feuille, q. v. flauta ; blow into a wind instrument). Flauter FOLLET, adj. wanton, playful. See fol. is from L. flatuare, deriv. of flatus, by FoUiculaire, sm. a pamphleteer ; der. from transposition of u flautare for flatuare. follicule, used by Voltaire to signify a small sheet of paper. Follicule is an absurd word, Flauta*, or rather its masc. flautus*, gives the dim. flautiolus *. This, by made out of the L. folium. consonification of io into jo (see abreger), Follicule, sf. a follicle; from L. follihas produced Prov. flaujol, O. Fr. flajol, culus. Flageol disappeared at end of Fomenter, 1/fl. to foment; from L. fo menflageol. the 1 6th cent., but left its dim. Jlageolet. tare. Der. fomentation. Der. flUt&m, Jiuliste. FONCER, va. to bottom a cask. See fond. Der. fonce, enfoncer, defoncer. Fluvial, adj. fluvial; from L. fluvialis. FONCIER, adj. landed. Seefoftds. Flux, sm. flux, flow; from L. flux us. Fluxion, sf. fluxion, inflammation; from Fonction, sf a function; from L. funcL. flux ion em. Der. Jluxionnaire. tion em, Der. fonctionner, fonctionnaiie, fonctionnement. + Foc, sm. a jib-sail; from Dutch fok. f Foetus, sm. a foetus; from L. foetus. FOND, sm. a bottom, foundation; from L. FOI, sf. faith; from L. fldem. For i = oi fundus. For u = o see 97. O. Fr. see boire for loss of d see alouette. form was fonds for the nom., whence FOIE, sm. liver. It. fegato, from L. ficatum, For this fofiser *, now written foncer. found in Marcellus Empiricus. The accent nominatival s see Hist. Gram. p. 89. Der. has been misplaced (ficatum for ficdtum). effondrer {see fondriere). Ficatura then loses its atonic syllable Fondainental, adj. fundamental ; from L. (see fundamentalis *, der. from fundamen51), then is reduced to flea, whence foie by loss of medial c, see affoutum, = oi see hoire. age. For i Fondateur, sm. a founder ; from L. FOIN, sm. hay from L. foenum. For oe = e fundatorem. see 105 ; for e = oi see 63. Fondation, sf. a foundation ; from L. FOIRE, sf. a fair. Sp. feria, from L. feria, fundationem *. found in medieval documents, as Quod Fondement, sm. a fundament ; from L. nullus in regno potest facere feriam sine fundamentum. permissu Regis.' Feriae, properly holidays, Fonder, va. to found ; from L. fundare. has taken the sense of fair, because me- FONDRE, va. to melt; from L. fiindere. dieval fairs were held on saints' days. For u o see 97. For loss of e see For e = oi see 61. Foire is a doublet Der. fonte (partic. subst,, see ab 51.

Fluor,

'

oiferie, q. v. FOIS, sf. time.

soute), fondexxr, fondexie, xefondre.

Prov. fes. It. vece, from L. For v=/see 140 ; for i = oi see boire for c = s see amitie. FOISON, sf abundance from L. fusionem, pouring forth with plenty. For \x = oi, by attraction of the i, see bids. Foison is a

F0NDRIRE,
fondrer,

vice.

an

sf a slough, bog; der. from O. Fr. verb which survives

in its compd. effondrer. Fondrer is from fond. For the addition of r see

FOL,

found

doublet of fusion, q. v. Der. /ozsowner. adj. mad, crazy from L. follus *, in a Lat. document, a.d. 879.
;

Follus is properly one who grimaces, moves affectedly, and is connected with L.

chanvre. sm. ground, soil, landed property, funds, cash from L. fundus. For u = o see 97. Der. /owcier. adj. that which being lent or Fongibles, leased may be replaced by other like things; from L. fungibiles.

FONDS,

5
Fongueuz,
fungosus.

FONG UEUX FORME.

adj. fungous, upstart;

from L.'

FORET,

FORfiT,
sf.

FONTAINE,
tana *
;

a fountain

from fontem. examples of fontana in yth-cent. documents. For a = ai see 54. Der. fon/Oinier.

from L. fonThere are several

;

Fontange,
introduced

sf.

a top-knot, a

word of

hist,

origin (see 33), being a

form of

coiffure

by

Mile,

de

Fontange,

a.d.

See/or*. formerly forest, from L. forestis *, which in Carolingian documents means an open piece of ground over which the rights of the chase are reserved. Medieval writers oppose the forestis or open wood, wherein the lord has sole hunting rights, to the walled-in wood, the parous, Forestis is from foris, out of, i. e, not shut. There is a medieval docudrill,

sm. a
sf.

a forest

1679.

FONTE,
Fonts,

sf.

melting, founding.
s/.

Seefondre.

tFontes,

holster (of a saddle), introd.

from It. fonda. sm. pi. the baptismal font ; from L, fontes der. from fons. For, sm. a tribunal; from L. forum. Its doublet is/j/r, q. v. FORAGE, sm. boring, drilling. Seeforer. FORAIN, adj. foreign ; from L. foraneus *, that which is without, strange, foreign, Foraneus* is from foras. Travelling pedlars are called forains in opposition to home-staying traders. FORBAN, sm. a pirate, bandit, one out of the pale of law, who is under ban. See ban. + Forcat, sm. a convict; from Prov, forcat, which from L, fortiatus ; see Its doublet is forc^. forcer. FORCE, sf force, strength ; from L. fortia *
in 1 6th cent,
; ;

ment which clearly draws this distinction Forestis est ubi sunt ferae non inclusae ; parens locus ubi sunt ferae inclusae.' From the special sense of unenclosed woodland the word came to signify any kind of forest. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81.
:

'

FORFAIRE,

va. to forfeit from L. foris and facere, properly to do things contrary to what is right, to act criminally. For the letter-changes see faire. Dei. forfait (verbal
;

(subst.), forfaitnxe.

FORFAIT, FORFAIT,
done
at

used in the Germanic Laws as in this pasSi cui sage in the Lex Bajuariorum il, 5 : Deus dederit fortiam et victoriam.' For tia = ce see agencer. F( RCENE, sf. a madman ; formerly forsene, It. forsennato, properly one out of his senses ; compd. of for, which is from L. foris, and O. Fr. sene, der. from sen, which means sense, reason, judgment, in O. Fr. Sen is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. sin. fForceps, sm. a forceps; from L. for'

sm. a crime. See forfaire. sm. a contract, properly a thing a settled price; from L, forum factum *, from forumi, a price, and factum. For letter-changes see fait. Of the sense of price given to forum, take some examples from medieval Lat.: 'Quod victualia eis vendantur et tradantur ad rationabilem forum..' (Ordonn. des Rois de France.) Again, in a document of a.d, 742 ' Ut per omnes civitates legitimum forum et men:

sura

fiat,

secundum abundantiam temporis.'

sf.

-j-Forfanterie,

boasting,

bragging;

from Vi.furfanteria.

FORGE,

forge, Prov,. faurga, from For regular contr, of fabrica into fabr'ca see 51 ; for br = ur see aurone, whence faurca. For cg see adjuger, whence faurga, whence forge by
sf.

L. fabrica.

ati

= 0,

see alouette.

Forge

is

a doublet of

ceps.

fahrique, q. v.
va. to force, break open, oblige,

FORCER,
force.

FORGER,

va. to forge,

impose by force; der. from fortia*; see For -tia = -ce see agencer. Der.

L, fabricare.

Prov, faurgar, from For the regular contr, of

^{forcer, xtnforcer.

fabricdre into fabr'care see 52. For letter-changes seeforge. Der.forgeron,

FORCES,

.</.

pi.

shears

from L. forcipes,

forgeur.

contr. regularly (see 51) into forc'pes, whence forces, by assimilation of pc into c
(see 168).

FORJETER,
and Jeter.

vn. to project; from L. foris

Formality,
va. to forclose
lit.

FORCLORE,
Forer,

and claudere, the changes see

for3t.gi&,

from L, foris For to exclude from.

;

Format,

clore.

va. to bore;
foret.

from L. forare.

Der.

Seeformel. sf. formality. sm. size (of books); from L. forIts doublet is formS. matus. Formateur, adj. creative; from L. for-

matorem.

Formation,
mationem.

sf.

a formation; from L. for-

FORESTIER, adj.

of forests ; der, from /ores/, O. Fr. form of foret. See foret.

Forme,

sf.

form; from L. forma.

FORMEL
;

FO UINE.
a passage,
'

^57
Forma
litterarum quae mittitur

Formel, atf^'. formal from L. formalis. Der. formalite, formalisme, formaliste, formaliser.

praedictis superfocatico.'

For letter-changes

see affouage.
;

Former, va. to form Formidable, adj.

formidabilis.

from L. formare. formidable; from L.

Form.ule,

Der. formultr, fortmihire. Forniquer, n Der.

i

sf.

a formula; from L.

formula.

va. to whip away. Seefouet. sm. a tun (for liquids); from Germ, fuder. FOUDRE, sm. a thunderbolt formerly /oWr^,

FOUAILLER,

Foudre,

from L. fulgurera. from L. forIts

va. to fornicate;

cari

/orrazcateur, forntca.tion.
;

fulgurem into fulg'rem see furrem. by reduction of gr to

;

For regular contr. of hence 51

;

r, see

168.

FORS,

prep, save, except

is

from L. foris.

doublet

hors, q. v.

Lastly fTil'rem becomes foldre. see 97 see for Ir = Idr

For

u=o

absoudre.

Foldre softens 0/ into on (see agneau), hence foudre. Der. foudroyer. fori (sm.),/or/in. t Forte, adv. (Mus.) forte; from It. forte. FOUET, sm. a whip, properly a bundle of twigs dim. of fou, properly a branch of FORTERESSE, sf a fortress. Prov. fortalessa, the beech, then branch of any tree. O. Fr. Sp. fortalezza, from L.fortalitia*,der. from originally fau, is from L. fagus. For We find foil, fortis, used for a strong work. a, = au o see taon and alouette for loss of a I3th-cent. chronicler the phrase Conin medial g see allier. Der. fouetXex'. from sules occurrebant et regi fortalitia tradeadj.

FORT,

strong; from L. fortis. Der.

'

bant.'

Forl = rsee 157;

54;
for -itia
sf.

for atonic

a=c

Fortification,

from L. fodicare. For regular contr. into fod'care see 52, whence /ow^er for dc = c = gfortificationem. see adjuger; for = 07/ see 81. Fortifier, va. to fortify; from L. fortiFOUGERE, sf. fern. O. Fr. feugere, from ficare. L. filicaria *, der. from filicem. For Fortuit, adj. fortuitous, casual; from L.
see see 245.
;

= -^sse

prim. /oM comes /oz/ailler. FOUGER, va. to grub (of boars)

fortification;

from L.

fortuitus. sf fortune; from L. fortuna. Der. mfortune. Fortune, adj. happy from L. fortunatus Der. mfortune. FOSSE, sf. a pit, grave; from L. fossa.

regular contr.
see

of filicaria into fll'caria

Fortune,

52; hence Algeria.

Forc=g'see

adjuger; for a = e see 54. Filgeria is found in an iith-cent. document: 'Dedit perpetualiter percursum centum porco. rum in glande et Algeria.' Filgeria becomes felgere (for i=^e see mettre), then Den /ossette, /ossoyer. FOSSE, sm. a ditch, drain; from L, fosfeugere (for el = eu see agneau). satum *, der. from fossa. Fossatum is sf fury, fire, spirit; from It. ' found in the Lex Longobardorum Der. fougueux. Si foga. quis fossatum in terra alterius fecerit.' For FOUILLER, va. to excavate, dig; from. L. -atuin = -f' see 201. fodiculare, frequent, of fodicare *. For Fossile, adj. fossil; from L. fossilis. regular contr. of fodiciilare into fodic'FOSSOYER, va. to ditch, dig a trench lare see 52. Fodiclare loses its medial round. See fosse. Der./osso_yeur, fossoy<ige. d, see accabler, and becomes fouiller. For FOU, sm. a madman ; a softened form of its cl = /7 see aheille; for o ou see 8r. doublet /o/, q. v. For l = u see agneau. Der. fouille (verbal snbst.). For the FOUACE, sf a buttered roll. Prov. fogassa, coimpd. farfouiller, see that word. It. foccacia, from L. focacia, fem. of foFOUINE, sf a beech-martin formerly foine, caeius, used of bread baked under the originally /aiwe, It.faina, C^t. fagina, from ' ashes Subcinericius, cinere coctus et reL. faglna *, der. from fagus. The versatus ipse est et focacius,' says Isidore word fagina is used for the beech-martin of Seville, Focacius is der. from focus. in the following article of the Council of Focacia becomes fouace. For loss of Tarragon ' Nulli canonici vel clerici . medial c see affouage; for o = oz/ see 81 vestes rubeas vel virides nee forraturas pelfor -cia = -ce see agencer. Fouace is a lium de martis, de faginis . portare praedoublet oifougasse. For letter-changes see faine. sumant.' FOUAGE, sm. hearth-penny. Vxov.foguatge, FOUINE, sf. a. fork for fousine, from from L. focaticura * (a tax on every For the regular contr. of L. fuscina. hearth), from focus. Ducange quotes fusciua into fus'na see 51 ; hence

fFougue,

158

FO VIR

FOURRIER.
FOURMILLON,
from L. of forznicula. For letter-changes see fourmiller. FOURNAISE, sf. a furnace, h.fornace, from L. fornaoem. For o ou see 81 ; for c = s see amitie for a = at see 54.
ant-lion;

fouisne* (see hnis and accouder), then fouine (see Hist. Gram. p. 8l). FOUIR, va. to dig from L. fodere, found in the form fodire in a document of a.d. For fodSre = fodire see accourir. 470. Fo(d)8re becomes /ow/r. For loss of medial d see accabler for o=ou see 81
;
',

sm. an

formiculonem*,

deriv.

for e=i see Foulard, sm.

60.
a silk handkerchief.

Origin

unknown.

FOULE, sf. a crowd. Stt fouler. FOULER, va. to press, tread.

from L. fuUare *
find the deriv.
;

It.

follare,

in Class. Lat.

we

only
see

97.

Der. foule

fullonem.

For

u = o

sm. a stove (for cooking), furSee four. FOURNEE, sf. a batch, baking. See four. FOURNIER, sm. a (public) baker. See four. FOURNIL, sm. a bakehouse. See four. FOURNIR, va. to furnish formerly fomir, Prov.formir and fromir, a word of Germ, origin, O. H. G. frumjan, to furnish, pronace.
;

FOURNEAU,

(verbal

subst.), foul-

eur, /o7//erie,

FOULON, For u = o FOULQUE,

51
;

foulmc, x&fouler. sm. a fuller ; from L. fullonem.

see 97. sf. a coot;

fromir, by

from L. fulica.
into

For

first becomes 97) ihen formir by transposing r (see dprete), hence fomir (for m = see changer) lastly /orm> softens o into ou (see 81). Der. /oKr/"ment,

cure.

The Germ,

radical

u=o

(see

regular contr. of fulica

for

fiil*ca see

/o?/rnisseur, fournitoxe.

u = OM
for

see 97.
;

FOURRAGE,
from O.

sm. forage

formerly forrage,
in

FOUR,
forn.
see

sm. an oven
It.

formerly for, originally forno, from L. fumus. For u = o

Fr. forre,

which from fodrum,

for 81 O. Fr. form foumel (whence fourneau for el = eau see agneau), fourn^Q, fournxtr, fournz.gt, four-

rn = n

97;

see ahour.

Der. from
;

o = om

see

Carolingian documents. In a Chartulary of Louis the Pious, a.d. 796, we find

:

Inhibuit a plebeiis

annonas militares

nil,

en_^wrer.
adj.

cheating; introd in l6th Xitx.fourhe, fourb&r'xQ. furho. of Germ, origin, O. H. G. furban. For u = o see 97. Der. /owrfcissage, /orWssure, /or6isseur. FOURBU, adj. foundered, having foot disease formerly forbu, partic. of O. Fr. verb forhoire, to drink hard. It was believed that this disease was caused by giving horses too much water after a long journey. For etymology of forboire see boire for is from L. foris. or forbufourbu see 81. FOURCHE, sf. a fork ; from L. furca. For u = OM see 97; forc = cA see 126. Der. fourchttte,fourchon,fourchu,fourcheT, fourgon (a poker). FOURGON, sm. a van, carriage. Origin uncent,

fFourbe,
from

It.

FOURBIR,

va. to furbish

known.

FOURMI,
81.

sm. an ant ; formerly formi, from L. formicus*, masc. form of formica.

see

For -icus = -i

212;

for

o = oti
;

see

FOURMILLER,
L.

from vn. to swarm (with) formiculare*, der. from formicula, used by Apuleius for a small ant. For regular contr. into formiclare see
hence fourmiller.
;

quas vulgo fodriun vocant, dari.' Podrum is of Germ, origin, answering to Goth. fudr. Fodrum becomes forre by changing dr into rr (see 168), hence deriv, forrage, whence fourrage (see 81). Der. fourrager,fourraghxe, fourragem. FOURREAU, sm. a sheath, case, frock ; formerly fourrel; for el = eau see agneau. Fourrel is dim. of O. Fr. fourre. Fourre is of Germ, origin, answering to Goth. For dr = rr see 168; for o = om fodr. see 81. From O. Fr. forre comes va. fourrer, to thrust, poke, as with a ourreau. f FOURRER, va. to thrust, poke, stuff in. Der. fourr^, fourrare, fourrem. FOURRIER, sm. formerly an officer of the royal household, employed to see to quarters and food, a courier, properly one who sees to the forage. From L. fodrarius*, used of one who looks after forage in Carol, documents, as e. g. in Hincmar, Opusc. 5 : ' De coercendis militum rapinis Et mitte homines secundum consuetudinem praedecessorum vestrorum, qui in longius pergant propter fodrarios.' Fodrarius is from fodrum, see under fourrage. Fodrarius becomes fourrir. For o = o

see

81;

for

dr -rr

see

168;

for

accointer;
see

For
abeille.

81

for

c\--il

see

Der.

= 0?/

-arius = -iVr see

these
riere,

fourmilihre, fourmillement.

was called fourfourriers a word applied later to the pound in

198. lodged

The

place where

FOURR URE
which strayed beasts are put and kept
a time,

FRA TERNITS.
for

159

of fragum*. For ea = m see for gia = se see agencer cp. also from gigerium, gencive from ginFOURRURE, sf. fur. Seefourrer. formerly /orgiva. For a = az see 54. Der. /raesier. va. to mislead FOURVOYER, introd. from voyer, to go out of the way, compd. of FRAISE, sf. a fringe, lacework Sp. /reso. Dtr.fraiser. for (L. foris) and voyer (deriv. from voie). Der. fourvoie- FRAISE, sf a ruffle (a term used by butchers). For o = ou see 81. Origin unknown. ment. FOYER, sm. a fire-grate from L. focarium, FRAMBOISE, sf. a raspberry; of Germ, origin, Dutch brambezie, a blackberry. der; from focus. We find in a medieval For b = v=^f, an unique change at the Igniarium focaglossary the following beginning of a word, see avant and bceuf; rius locus in quo fit ignis.' Focarium for e = oi see 63 Der. /ramftomer, losing its medial c (see affouage) becomes framboistr. foyer by changing -arium into -ier (see FRANC, sm. a franc, value 9.69 pence; "so 198). called from the old device on it, Francorum + Frac, sm. a dress-coat, frock from Germ. Rex. frack. tFracasser, sm. to shatter; introd. in FRANC, adj. free, exempt; from L. franDer. cus*, meaning free in Merov. documents. the 1 6th cent, from It. fracassare. This sense remains in such phrases zs franc fracas. de port, etc. Francus is from O. Yi.G. franFraction, sf. a fraction; from L. fracderiv.

abreger

gesier

'

'

'

tionem. Der. /rac//o7jnaire, fractionner, fractionnement. Fracture, s/ a fracture; from L. fractura. Der. fraciurev. Fragile, adj. frail; from L. fragilis. Its doublet is frele, q. v. Fragility, sf. fragility, frailty ; from L. fra-

co.

Der. /rawchir

(to free oneself, to leap

""^over an obstacle), franchise., af/rctnchir.

FRAN^AIS,
woman;

sm. a Frenchman, sf a Frenchformerly/ra^o/s, fromL.francensis*, deriv. of Franc, as the name of a people, with sufhx -ensis.used in Lat. to express
nationality.

Francensis,

regularly

re-

gilitatem.

Fragment,
mentum.

sm. a fragment

from L. frag-

ducing ns to s (see aine), became francesis, thence fran^-ois, then frangais (^for e = oi^azsee 60,63). Der. franciser,
francisa.tion.

FRAI, sm. spawn. FRAIRIE, sf. an

;

See frayer. entertainment, merry-makproperly a meeting, assembly, then a ing pleasure party; from L. fratia. For tr = r
;

for & = ai see 54. see 168 FRAIS, adj. fresh, Prov. fresc, It. word of Germ, origin, A.S. fresc.
oi

fresco, a

For

= at

see 60,

63

for

sc = s

see bois.

fresc was Latinised into frescus by the Gallo-Romans, whence fem. fresca became fresche by changing c into ch (see 1 26) fraische htczme fraiche by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Der. ^atcheur, fraichk, tzfraichxr. FRAIS, sm. pi, cost, expense pi. of O. Fr. frait, which is from L. fredum*, a fine, in the Germanic laws, as in the Ripuarian Code: 'Fredum autem non illi judici tribuat, qui culpam commisit, sed illi qui solutionem recipit.' Fredum, of Germ, origin, answers to Dan. fred, Germ, friede, and signifies rightly a payment for having broken
;

The Germ, form

See franc. sf franchise, freedom (of a city). See franc. FRANGE, sf a fringe ; formerly fringe, Wallachian frimbie, from L. fimbria*. For transposition of r see aprete, whence frimbia, whence the Wallachian frimbie. Frimbia consonifies ia into ge (see abreger), loses b (see abreger), whence fringe ; changes m. into n (see changer), hence For \XL en = an see andouille. frange. Der. franger. fFrangipane, sf. frangipane; from It. frangipane. FRAPPER, va. to strike. Piov.frappar, It. frappare, from Scand. hrappa, to handle roughly, thence by extension to strike. For hr=frcp.freux,hr6c; froc,hroch; frimas, hrim. Der. frappe (verbal, subst.), frappement, frappexm.

FRANC HIR,

va. to leap over.

FRANCHISE,

tFrasque,
Fratemel,
nal is.

s/.

a farce;

the public peace.

fresque.
oi

Frais

is

a doublet defrayer.

of

adj. fraternal;

from \t.frasca. from L. fraterfrom L. frater-

Fredum. becomes /razV. For e =

= ai

see 60, 63.

Der.
;

Fraternity,
nitatem
.

FRAISE, sf a strawberry

from L. fragea,

Der. fratermsex.

sf.

fraternity;

i6o
Fratricide, (l) sm.
L. fratricidium.

FRA TRICIDE

FRILEUX.
Fr6quence,
quentia.
sf.

fratricide (the act); from (2) sm. a fratricide, (the person); from L. fratricida. Fraude, sf. fraud; from L. fraudem. Der.

frequency;
frequent;
to

from L. fre-

Frequent,
quentem.

adj.

from L. from

fre-

fraudex, fraudtnx.

Fr6quenter,
fraudulous
;

va.

Frauduleux,
fraudulosus^

adj.

from

L.

frequentare.
quentitif.

Der.

frequent;

L.

frequenUtiou, fre-

FRAYER,
out
;

va. to trace out (a road), to

mark FRfeRE, sm.

"

a brother;
see

from L. fratrem.
for
a.

formerly froyer, from L. fricare. For icare = oyer see employer for oy ay Der./rai (verbal snbst.). see 63. FRAYEUR, sf. fright, fear; formerly >qy/r, from L. frigorem (shuddering caused by fright). Frigorem loses its medial g (see allier) and becomes /rayer. For o = eu see

Der.
&e = e
loss of

For tr

=r
sf.

168;

=e

see 54,

confrere, confrerie.
a white

FRESAIE,

owl

in Poitevin patois

presaie, in Gascon bresague, from L. praesaga * (properly a bird of ill omen). For

see 103; see allier

.f.

for
;

for

p =/ see chef; a = ai see 54.

introd. in
Its

for

79; for i

= oi see hoire;
sf.

FREDAINE,
known,
cent,

a frolic.
va.

FREDONNER,
+ Fr6gate,
from

to

for oi = ai see 63. Origin unknown. hum. Origin un-

+ Fresque,
cent,

a fresco;

i6th
frais,

from

It.

fresco.

doublet

is

q.v.

Der. fredonnement.
sf.

PRESSURE,
unknown.

sf.

pluck (of animals).

Origin

a frigate;

introd. in l6th

It. fregata. sm. a bridle ; from L. freniiin. For before n, m, cp. plenum, plein; see 61. f Frelater, va. to sophisticate, adulterate. This word signified formerly to decant, transfuse; from Fltm. verlaten, by metathesis of verlaten into vrelaten (see dprete). Der. frelateuT, frelaiage. FRfiLE, adj. frail ; formerly fraile, from L. For regular contr. of frdgilis fragilis. into frag'lis see 51 ; hence fraile. For gl = il see cailler ; for ai = e see 112, note I, and 1 14. Frele is a doublet of Der. frelon (properly an fragile, q. v.

FRET,

FREIN,
e

origin,

sm. freight (of a ship); of Germ, O. H. G.freht. Der. fritex,freteMX,

= ei

2SJretex.

FRETILLER,
fricare.
mettre.

va. to frisk, wriggle ; from L. frictillare*, der. of frictare*, frequent, of

Der. fretillement.
sm.
fry,

For ct =/ see

168

for i

see

FRETIN,

small fry, trash.

Origin

unknown.

FRETTE,
FREUX,

sf. a hoop (in building), curbing. Dex.freitei. Origin unknown. sm. a rook of Germ, origin, O. Sax. For hr =fr see frapper ; for = eu hroc.
;

Friable,

see 79. adj. friable;

insect

whose body

is

frail

and feeble;

hornet, drone).

Der. friabilite (from deriv. of friabilis).

from L. friabilis. L. friabilitatem,

See frire.

FRELON, sm. a FRELUCHE, sf.

unknown.

hornet.

See frele.
Origin

FRIAND,

Der. freluquet.

a tuft (of silk, etc.).

smf. an epicure. friandise, affriandex.

ery).

Der.

FRICANDEAU,
Seefreluche.

FRELUQUET,
FREMIR,
mere.
59.

sm. a coxcomb.

vn. to shudder at;

from L. fre- FRICASSER, va.

cassee.

for fir6m6re) see accourir;

FRENE,

FRICHE, sf. waste (of land). Origin unformerly fresne. It. known. Der. d^frickex. an ash Origin unfrassino, from L. fraxinus, by regular FRICOT, sm. a ragout, stew. change from fraxinus to frassinus known. Der. fricotex, fricotewx. (' Quomodo vadit ad caput frassino- Friction, sf. friction; from L. frictionem. Der. frictionIts doublet is frisson, q. v. rum,' says Ducange). Pr6,ssinus, contrd. (see 51) into frass'nus, becomes fresne. ner. For a = e see 54 ; for loss of s see Hist. FRILEUX, adj. chilly. O. Fr. frilleux, from
sm.
;

Der./re'missement.

For change of accent (frem^re for e = i see

sm. a fricandeau (in cookOrigin unknown. to fricassee, metaph. to Origin unknown. squander. Der. fri-

Gram.
nesis.

p. 8t.
sf.

L. a phrensy;
adj. frantic;

frigidvilosus,

deriv. see

of

frigidiilus.

Fr6n6si6,

from L. phrefrom L. phre-

Fren6tique,
neticus.

that frigidus was found in popular Lat. in the form frigdus; which shows that the contr. from frigidulosus into frig'dtilosus had taken place

Under froid we

FRIMA S

FR ONTI^RE.
from O. H. G.
/rapper.
hrocJi.

l6l
For

in the Lat. of the time of the later Empire. Frigdulosus reduced gd to d (see amande), then fridulosus was regularly

Der. /rocard. de/rogue,

Rome
for

hr=/r

see de/roqueT.

FROID,

adj. cold;

from L. frigdus, used

frigidus.
'

contrd. (see 52) into fridlosus, whence frileux by assimilating dl into U, then into
/

popularly at

Frigida

(see

168), and

by -osus^-^wa; (see
;

229).

FRIMAS,
hrim.

&m. hoar frost

der.

from O. Scand.
frapper.

For
sf.

hr

= fr

see

Der.

/n'maire.

Der. /roideur, /roidme,

FROISSER,
L. frictiare*, der.
for i

non fricda/ says the Appendix ad Probum. We also tind frigdor for frigidor, frigdosus for frigidosus, &c. For this loss of 1 see 52. Frigdus becomes /ro/rf by gd d (see amatide), i = oi (see 74).
xe/roidir.

PRIME,
known.

a pretence, sham. Der. /r/mousse.

sf.

Origin unin

FRINGALE,
'

a sudden

hunger;

Norm,

from from frictus, partic. of fricare. For -ctiare = -sser see agencer

va. to bruise, rub violently;

patois frainvale, a corruption of faimvalle,

= oi see

74.

Der. /roissement,/roiss-

hungry-evil

'

(a veterinary term).
der.

ure.

FRINGANT,
fringuer.

adj. dapper, brisk; Origin unknown.

from

FROLER,
dim.

FRIPE,

sf.

a rag, scrap.

See /riper.

Der.

va. to graze ; from L. frictulare, of frictare*, frequent, of fricare.

fripier, fripevie.

Frictulare becomes fritulare by ct = t (see affete) frituMre, regularly contrd.

;

FRIPER,
down.

va. to rumple,

squander, swallow

Origin

unknown.
adj.)

Der. fripon.
a

(see

52)

to

frit'lare,

changes
/

into

(see /rotter),

whence
//

/rot'ler,

whence

FRIPON, sm.
originally a

(also

gourmand;

der.

knave, cheat, from /riper.

/roler,

Der. /ro/ement.
Prov.

by assimilating
sm. cheese

into

(see 168).

FRIRE,

Der. /riponntrie, /riponnex, /riponne^u. va. to fry ; from L. frigere. For regular contr. of frigere into frig're see whence /rire by reduction of gr 51 to r, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. /rzand (irom/riant, partic. of /rire, like riattt from
;

FROMAGE,

formerly /ormage, from L. formaticum in Merov. and Carol, docu( = caseum ments. In the Glosses of Reichenau, 8th cent., we have caseum = formaticiiJtn'). Formaticum is properly something made
;

/ormatge,

'

rire.

petising, thence,

Friand means properly anything apby a remarkable extension

in

form.

as a popular

of meaning, an epicure. The old form of /riand is always /riant, showing that the above is the correct etymology).

eum.'
sage to

Papias quotes formaticum. word caseus vulgo form.atiDucange quotes a pth-cent. paslike effect Ova manducant et
:

'

'

formaticum,
;

id est,

caseum.'

Formati-

fFrise.s/. (Archit.) a frieze; irom It./regio. Frise, sf. woollen frieze a word of hist, origin, see 33. It came from Friesland.
;

cum. becomes /ormage by -aticum -age (see 248) then /romage by transposing r
(see aprete).

Der. /romager, /romagerie.

SOT.

Frise (Cheval de),

so called because
it

s/.

a military term,
first

FROMENT,
m.entum.

wheat

from

L.

fru-

used in defensive warfare in the province of Friesland.

was

For

u=

see annoncer.

FRONCER,

FRISER, va. to frizz, curl (hair). Origin unknown. Der. /risure, /rison, /risotter,

from L. frontiare *, der. from frontem. For -tiare = -cer see agencer. Der. /ronce (verbal subst.), /rowcement, /roncis, d6va. to wrinkle up, frown;

de/mer.

/roncer.

FRISSON, sm.
/rifon,

a shivering, shudder
'

formerly

from L. frictionem, found in Gregory of Tours Ita sospitati est restitutus ut nee illas, quas vulgo frictiones vccant, ultra perferret.' For -ctionein = -fon see 232; for /rigon /risson see
:

FRONDE, s/. a sling u = see annoncer

;

from L. funda.
;
,

For

chanvre.

Der. /rondtr /rondenr

;

for intercalated r see

FRONT,
tem.
erie.

Der.

sm. forehead, front

from L. fron/ronton, af-

/ronta.\, /rontea.\x,

/ront, zf/ronttx, con/ronttr, tf/rontd, ef/ront-

agencer.
q. V.

Der.

Frisson

is

a doublet of /riciion,

/rissonner, /msownement.

FRONTIERE,

s/.

a frontier

from L. fron-

FRITURE,
Frivole,

sf.

frying;
affete.

from L. frictura*.
from L. frivolus.
in

For ct = / see

adj. frivolous;

Der./rit/o/ite.

FROC, sm.

a frock, coat

Low Lat. hrocus,

teria*, a word used for a boundary line between two countries in medieval documents, literally the face-to-face boundaries between two countries from firontem. For e = ie see 56.
:

l^^
Prontispice,
ftn.

FR ONTISPICE
a frontispiece;
frontal,

F USSE.

from L.
See

frontibpicium*.

FRONTON,
front.

itn.

pediment.

FROTTER,
;

from L. frictare *, frequent, of frioare. For ot = tt see for i = o cp. ordino, ordonne; l68 {t ictxxl SLT e, froler. Der. froUement, frottvn. to rub
;

fumoir, fumcron, /wmiste, enfi/mcT, parfumcr. FUMEUX, adj. smoky; from L. fumosus. For -osus = -fj/jc see 229. FUMIER, sm. dung formerly femier ; from L. fimariuin*, deriv. of fimus. For -arius -er see 198; for i-e = u see
:

affubler.

age, JroUeuT. frottoxr.

Fumigation,
iger.

sf.

fumigation.

See

fumfum-

fPructidor,

sm. Fructidor (the 12th month in the Republican Calendar, from Aug. 18 to Sept. 16) ; der. from L. fructus. Fructification, ./. fructification ; from L.

Fumiger,
igare.

Der. fumigzHon, fumignXoire.

;

va. to fumigate: from L.

Funanibule,sOT.

a rope-dancer, adj dancing

fructificationem.

Pructifier,
tificare.

vn. to fructify
adj.
fruitful;

from L. fruc-

Fundbre,

PructueilX,
tuosus.

from L. fruc-

For -os\XB = -eiix see 2^29. Frugal, adj. frugal; from L. frugal is. Frugality, s/". frugality; from L. frugali-

on the rope; from L. funambulus. adj. funeral; from L. funebris. Fun6railles, sf. pi. funeral from L. funeFor -alia= -aille see ail. ralia *. Fun6raire, adj. funeral; from L. func-j
rarius.

'

Funeste,

adj.

fatal,

baleful;

from

L.

tatem.

Frugivore, adj. frugivorous; from L. frugem and vorare. FRUIT, SOT. fruit; from L. ftiictus. For FUR,
ct = iV see at trail.
erie.

funestus. Funin, sm. a hawser from L. funis.

sm. in proportion
for
sion,

dim, of fune, which

;

Der.
pi.,

a pleonastic expres-

fruititx,

fruit-

portion.

fur means price, measure, proFur is from L. forum, in sense

see

FRUSQUIN,

sm.
adj.

in

sticks

and stems,
etc.);

of price;
curee;
cp.

forfait.

For o
is

see

one's goods and chattels.

Origin unknown.
(of coins,

mesure.

Fur

a doublet of

+ Pruste,
from
\\.

defaced

for, q. V.
SOT, a ferret; dim. of/wr*; a root answering to L. furo, in Isidore of Seville. Der. fureter (properly to hunt with the ferret, then to rummage). FURETER, vn. to ferret, rummage. See Der. fureteur. furet. Fureur, sw, fury ; from L. furore m.

frusta.
sf.

FURET,

Frustration,
trationem.

frustration;

from L. frus;

Frustrer,
frustrari.

va. to defraud, frustrate

adj. fugitive, transient;

from L. from L.
;

Fugace,

fugacem. Fugitif, adj.

fugitive,

sm. a fugitive
It.

from
Its

Furibond,
bundus,

adj.

furious;

from

L.

furi-

L. fugitivus.

Fugue,
doublet
is

/.

a fugue; from

fuga.

Furie,

sf fury

fuie.

Furieux,
from L. fugSre. For fug're see 51, For gr ir see accueillir and
into

adj. furious;

from L. furia. from L. furiosus.

;

FUIR,

vn. to flee;
contr.

For -osua = -eux see 229.

regular
buis.

Furoncle,

sot.

a gathering, boil

from L.

whence yi/i'r.

Der.

furunculus.

fuite (partic. subst., see absoute),

fuyzrd, s'en/w/r.

FUITE, s/. flight. Fulgural, adj.

ralis.

See/wV.
fulgurous; from L. fulgulightning; from L. fulfuliginous;

Furtif, adj. furtive; from L. furtivus. FUSAIN, SOT. spindlewood, a tree whose wood makes good spindles (fuseau). Fusain answers to a Lat. fusanus *, deriv. of fasus. For -anus = -am see 194. The word is
also used for the charcoal

Fulguration,
gurationem.

sf.

used by draughts-

men, which
adj.

is

made

Fuligineux,
fuliginosus.

from

L.

FUSEAU,
fusel.

Fulminer,
minare.

Der. fulminznt, fulmimtion.

vn.
to

va. to fulminate

from L. ful-

SOT. a For el eau see agneau. Fusel represents L. fasellus *, from fusus.

of spindlewood. formerly spindle, distaff;

FUSEE,
thread

sf.

a spindleful

FUMER,
smoke
;

smoke, va.

(partic. subst.),

from L. fmnaxe. fumzge, fumet, /wmeur,

by Der. fumee
to

dry

on

the

spindle,

properly the ball of then a piece of

In
its

artillery

of that shape.

first

sense

fuseau comes from L. fusata

*,

which has

FUSER
the same meaning.
'

GA GNA GE.
from L. fustis.

53

Portans secum duas fusatas fili,' says a document of a.d. 1355. For -ata = -eV see 201.
va.

Gram.

p. 81.

Der.

For

loss

of

see Hist.
little

fut^ie, futa.i\le (a

cask), fiite (crafty, one

from L, fusare*, FllSer, deriv. of partic. fusus, from fundere. Fusible, adj. fusible; from L. fusibilis. Der. fusibilixe (from fusibilitatem *, from fusibilis).
to

fuse;

who has experience, has suffered, in O. Fr. one who has been beaten with ayw/ or stick), af/i// (compd, of

fut, i. e. = au bois, properly the leaning up against a tree to watch game ; thence a gun-carriage).

a and

FUSIL, sm.
tinderbox,

steel

(to

strike

flint

with),

(of a gun), then a musket, by extension. Fu&il is in It. focile, from L. focile*, steel (to strike fire with),

hammer

FUTAIE, sf FUTAILLE,
t
introd.
in

a forest.
sf.

See fut.
Seefiit.
;

a small cask.
fustian
;

Futaine, sf

{oxmerXy fustaigne

Fusion,
Its

Der. f7isilhT,fusilhde, from fusionem. doublet Der./Mszowner. whip; from Fustiger, fustigare Der.
see amitie.
fusilier
sf.

from focus.

For o

=u

see curee; for

o=s

commerce, from FCtTE, adj. crafty.

middle ages, through Genoese It. fustagno.

See/^
;

fusion;

L.

Futile,

adj. futile
sf.

isfoison, q. v. va. to beat,

Futility,

L.

Futur,
fuir.

adj.

from L. futilis. from L. futilitatem. future; from L. futurus.

futility;

/ws/z^ation.

FUYANT, FUYARD,

adj. flying, fleeting,

fading.

See

FUT,

formerly fust sm. a cask properly wood (as in the phrase le fut cfune lance).
; ;

sm. a fugitive.

See fuir.

G.
t

Gabarre, /. a storeship, lighter;

gabarra.

Der. gabarier, gabarit

sf.

(a

from It. model

then

for the construction

of these used for any naval model).

gabel, salt-tax
;

ships,

GABELLE,

originally

any

kind of tax, a word of Germ, origin, Engl. gabel, gavel, A. S. gafol. Gabelle is a doublet of cabale, q. v. Der. gabelem, gabelou, gabeler, gabehge. GABER, va. to mock at, gibe at. It. gabbare; of Germ, origin, O. Scand. gabba, to

deceive.

fGabier,
gabbiere.

sm. a topman; introd. from.

It.

gauche; wafer, gaufre; walu, gaule; WASO, gazon. ^w remains before e werra, guerre; w er } a.n, guerir; wahten, guetter. For GSk che see 126 and 54; for loss of s see Hist. Gram p. 8 1 DcT.gdche (verbal subst.), gachtur, gncheux, gachh. GACHE TTE, sf a tumbler (term of gunnery). See gache. Gade, sm. a codfish from Gr, 7(i5o$. GADOUE, sf. a clearing out (of cesspools, Origin unknown. Der. gadousLtd. etc.). GAFFE, sf. a boat-hook of Celtic origin, Der. gaffer. Gael. gaf. GAGE, sm. a pledge, forfeit. See gager.
;

+ Gabion,
gabbione.

G&che,

sf.

sm. a gabion; introd. from It. Der, gabionner. a staple. Origin unknown.

Der. ^a^iste.

GAGER,

va.

to

wager,

hire,

pay.
in

gatjar, from L.

wadiare *, found

Pro v. Ger-

Der. gnchette.

GACHER,

formerly gascher of Germ, temper mortar origin, O. H. G. washan, to wash whence in Low Lat. a form wascare*, whence gascher, by regular transformation. For
va. to bungle
;

properly

to

manic codes: it is der. from wadium*, found in the same codes in sense of a pledge, "Wadium is of Germ, origin, and answers "Wadiare, regularly transto Goth. vadi. formed (see abreger, and Hist. Gram. p. 65) into "wadjare, becomes gager. For dj =^
see ajouter;
for

initial

w=^w = g'

before a, as in

wadiare,

vr^g

see gdcher.

Der.

gager; weidaniare*, gagner; wantus, gant; warant, garant; warten, garder; warenn^L, garenne; wa.r on, garer; warnian, garnir; wastel, gateau; welk,

gage

(verbal

subst.),

^a^erie,

^a^eur,
See

GAGNAGE,

^a^eure, engager, d^gager. sm. pasture land, pasturage. gagner.

164
GAGNER,
pfofit

GA GNER

GA L VA NIQUE.
a hardness of skin, thence a cutaneous dis-

profit

va. to earn; formerly to make out of cultivation, originally to make by pasturing cattle hence the word this sense is kept first means to pasture in gagnage, q. v., and in such hunting
;
:

order which makes the skin hard and thick from L. callus. Callus is found in sense
:

of the itch
deriv.

in

phrases as le lievre gagne, le cerf gcigne, the hare, stag, feeds. Gagner, in O. Fr. gaagner, Prov. gazanhar. It. guadagnare,
i.e.

O. Sp. guadanar, is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. weidanjan, to pasture cattle. This form answers to the Low Lat. form
,

weidaniare
accabler
see
;

*.

For

loss

of medial
;

for

w =^ see gdcher
subst.

d see for ni =gn

contrd.

cigogne.

Gaagner had formed the

gaaing,

O. Fr. verbal
into gain.

now

cent. Insuper expertus calloso corpore lepram.' For c =^ see adjuger. Der. gahux (whose doublet is calleux). tGalega, sm. (Bot.) goatsbeard; from Sp. gallega. from L. gaGaldne, sf. (Min.) galena lena. t Galore, s/. galley; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. galera. Der. galeritn. t Galer ie, sf. a gallery; introd. from It.
: '

callosus document

medieval Lat. We find its in sense of scurfy in an i ith-

galleria.

GAI,

gay, blithe; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. gaki, lively, alert, whence later gay. Der. gaiet6, egaytx. fQ-aiac, sm. guiac, holywood; a word
adj.

GALERNE,
GALET,
flat

sf.

the north-west wind

of Celtic
Origin

origin, Bret, givalern.

sm. a pebble, shovel-board.

unknown.

introd.

from
sf.

St,

Uomingo.

Der. galette (which has the and round shape of the galet).

GAIETE,

GAILLARD,

sm. a galleon; from Origin unknown. GALIOTE, sf a galliot. See galion. vaina became gaine by changing the Galle, sf. an oak-apple, gall; from L. galla, gdter, initial v into g, as in vastare, Der. ^a//ique, and Hist. Gram. p. 64. Gaine is a doublet Galilean, adj. Gallican; from L. gallioivagine. Der. gain\e.x, gainerie, engainer, canus*, from gallus. rengaintr, degainer. Gallinace, adj. gallinaceous; from L. gallinaceus. "t-Qala, sm. a gala; introd. from It. gala. GALANT, adj. worthy, good, gallant partic. i Gallon, sm. a gallon from "Exi^. gallon. of verb galer, meaning in O. Fr, to rejoice. GALOCHE, sf. a galoshe; properly a shoe This word is of Germ, origin, from A. S, with a wooden sole from L. calopedia *, gal. Der, galanterie, galantm, galantisei. used often for a wooden shoe in medieval Q-alantine, sf. a galantine (dish of turkey or writers. Calopedia is from Gr. Ka\oveal, fish, with herbs, etc.); found in medieval TToSiov. Calopedia is contr, (see 52) documents. For the insertion of n see coninto calop'dia, which is transformed regucombre. Galalina is a corruption oi gelatma larly (see abreger) into calopd'ja, whence (see gelatine). For this word see an example galoche. YoxG=g see adjuger] for pd = c? in the Philippide of Guillaume le Breton see hideux; for dja. = che see ajouter and ' (liv. X.) Millia salmonum murenarumque abreger. ministrat Britigenis, quos inde procul com- GALONNER, va. to lace (with gold, silver, mercia mittunt Chara diu, dum servat eis Origin unknown. Der. galon. etc). Galatina vigorem,' A MS, account-book GALOPER, vn. to gallop. Prov. -galaupar; A.D. 1240 gives the same sense to the of of Germ, origin, GoXh.. gahlaupan* (compd. word ' De duodecim lampredis portatis in of hlaupan, to run, and the prefix ga. For galatina.' ajc o see alouette, Der, galop (verbal G-alaxie, sf. a galaxy; from Gr, yaKa^ia. subst,), galopin, galopa.de. Galbanum, sm. galbanum; from L. gal- Galoubet, sm. a kind of flute. Origin un-

See gat. Origin sm. sprightly, merry. unknown. Der. gaillardise, ragaillardiT. GAIN, sm. earnings, profits. See gagner. GAINE, sf. a sheath; from L. vagina. The form For -agina. = -ame see faine.
gaiety.

GALETAS, sm. a garret. Origin unknown. GALIMATIAS, sm. nonsense. Origin unknown,

GALION, GALIOTE,
O, Fr. galee.

banum.
"f-Galbe,
garbe garbo.
in

known.
sm.
(Archit.)
entasis,
:

entour;

Galvanique,
(see

adj. galvanic

of

hist, origin

Ronsard (i6th cent.)

from

It.

Galvani, 33), from physician, who discovered the

i

the

Italian

phenomenon

GALE,

5/,

scab (on

fruit, etc), itch;

properly

named

after

him

in a.d, 1780.

GALVA UDER
Galvauder,
f t
gambata,
va.

GASCON.
Germ,
forbid.
origin,

l6'^

to
a

throw into

disorder.

from O. H. G.
see
Y)tr.

ivaron,

to

Origin unknown.

"Warenna becomes
which
va. (Naut.)
origin,

Gambade,
It.

Der. gambadev.
;

sf.

gambol;

introd.

from
It.

=g,

for

gare?ine by w gdcher. gar

ennxer.
;

GARER,
Germ,

to put into

Gambit,
gambetto.

sm. gambit (chess); from

sf.

O. H.G. waron.
;

Der.

dock

of

gare

(verbal subst.), kgarer.

from L. Gargariser, va. to gargle from L. gara platter, bowl For c=g see adjuger. garizare. GAMIN, sm. an urchin, street boy. Origin Gargarisme, sm. gargling; from L. garunknown. Der. gaminer, gaminene. garisma. Gam.me, sf. (Mus.) gamut, scale; named GARGOTE, /. a cook-shop. Origin unafter the Gr. letter gamma. Guy of Arezzo known. Der. gargotxer, gargoter, gargotused to end the series of seven notes of the age. musical scale by this mark y. He named GARGOUILLE, sj. a gargoyle. Origin unthe notes a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and the last of known. Der. gargouiller, gargouillement, the series has given its name to the whole gargoidU'is, gargouilhde. scale. Gargousse, sf a cartridge. Origin unknown. f Ganache, sf. the lower jaw, a dunce; from It. ganascia. GARNEMENT, sm. a scapegrace, worthless Ganglion, sm. a ganglion; from L. ganfellow. See garnir.

GAMELLE,
camella.

glionem.

GARNIR,
sf a gangrene; from L. ganorigin,

va. to garnish, furnish; of

Germ,

Gangrene,
graena.

Der. gangreneux, gangrener.

Origin unknown.
; '

fGangue,
GANSE,

sf (Min.) gangue, veinstone;

from Germ. gang.

GANT,
Karl's

sf bobbin. sm. a glove

Capitularies

and in thecas quas vulgo "wantos vocant.' "Wanis of Germ, origin, answering to Swed. tus watite. "Wantus becomes gant by changing into g (see gdcher). Der. gander, ganter, ganterie, gantelex (through gantel*). GARANCE, sf. (Bot.) madder. Origin unknown. Der. garancer. GARANT, sm. a guarantee, voucher, surety. Low L. warantus of Germ. origiPx, Engl. warrant, Fries, warend. For vr=g see gdcher. Der. garant'n, garande. tGarcette, sf (Naut.) a gasket; from
aestate,'
'

from L. wantus *. In we have wantos in the Acta Sanctorum, chiro-

A. S. warnian, to take care, defend. For see gdcher. Der. ^arw'ture, garnement (properly that which seems to defend, protect so mauvais garnement is that which defends badly, i. e. is worth nothing, thence by extension a bad fellow), garnison (from garnir, in its first sense of to defend), garnis^ire, garni (partic.

w=g

subst.).

GARNISON, sf. a garrison. See garni. GARNITURE, sf. garnishing, set, furniture,
lining.

GAROU(LOUP),

See garnir. sm. a were-wolf,in medieval

mythology a man who is changed into a wolf and roams at night. Garou, O. Fr. garonl, is from gerulphus, found in medieval Lat.
Gervasius Tilberiensis says of this imaginary enim frequenter in Anglia per lunationes homines in lupos mutari, quod hominum genus gerulphos Galli nominant, Gerulphus Angli vero were-vulf dicunt.' Swed. is of Germ, origin, and answers to Varulf is compd. of var (a man) varulf
creature, 'Vidimus

Sp. garceta.

GARCON,
GARDER,

sm. a boy

dim. of gars.

Origin

unknown.
va. to guard, keep, take care of; of Germ, origin, O. H. warten, to watch over. For Der. garde see gdcher.

^=g

and ulf (a wolf), and means a man-wolf. Gerulphus produced O. Fr. garoul. For e = a see amender for w. ou see 90
;

(verbal subst.), gardeuT, gardien, xegarder,

for lpli

= Zcp.Radulphus, i?ao?^Z;
St. Ulfus, sm. a packing-stick.
St.

for

oul

regard.

GARDIEN,

GARDON,
GARE,
sf.

sm. a guardian. See garder. sw. a roach. Origin unknown,

a basin (river), railway platform,

= ou cp. GARROT,
known.

Ou.

Der.

Origin unOrigin

garrotter.

GARROT,
tie

sm. withers (of a horse).

terminus.

See garer.
sf.

unknown.

GARENNE,
in

a warren, properly a district

GARROTTER, va.
down.

to bind with strong cords,

hunting were reserved, originally a prohibition to hunt in a wood. Garenne, in medieval L, warenna^ is of
rights of

which the

See garrot. GARS, sm. a boy. See gargon. GASCON, adj. Gascon ; from L.

Vasconem,

i66

GA SPILLER

QELINE.
fGausser,
gaussexie.
vpr. to

see an inhabitant of Vasconia. For gaxne. - Der. gascorinei, gasconuzde. GASPILLER, va. to throw into confusion, squander, waste ; of Germ, origin, A. S.

v=^

mock, banter;

from Sp. gozar, gozarse.

Der.

introd.

gaussenx,

gaspillan, to waste, spend.

Gavotte,

Der. gaspilleuT,

gaspilhge. Qaster, sm. (Med.) gaster; from Or. yaarrjp. Der. gaslrique, gastrite. Gastralgie. ./. (Med.) gastralgia ; stomachache from Gr. yaarpakyia. Gastrique, adj. gastric. See gaster. Gastrite, sf. (Med.) gastritis. See gasfer. Gastronomie, sf. gastronomy from Gr. Dei. gastronome, gastronomyaaTpovofiia.

Of hist, origin, see sf. a gavot. Originally a dance of the Gavotes, people of Gap. Of hist, origin, see 33. Gaz, sm. gas. It was invented in the 16th cent, by the alchemist Van-Helmont. Der. gazeux, ^azeifier, ^azeiforme, ^azier, ^ctzometre. Gaze. sf. gauze. Of hist, origin, see 33
33.
i.

e.

a fabric

first

made

at

Gaza

in Palestine.

Der. gazex.
i*

Gazelle,
introd.
It is

ique.

sf from Africa by
sf.

a gazelle.

Of Oriental origin,
Crusaders.

St. Louis'

GATEAU,

formerly gasteau, originally gastel (for el = eau see agneau). Gastel is of Germ origin, answering to

sm.

cake

the dim. of Ar. ghaza.

t Gazette,
It.

gazetta.

Der.

gazette;
gazetiex.

introd.

from

sm. a gasometer; from gaz and from Gr. fi^rpov. formerly wason. L. vastare. For see game; for loss GAZON, sm. turf, grass, sod Of Germ, origin, O. H.G. waso. For of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8l. Der. d^gdl. = g see gaeher. Gazon is a doublet of tv GAUCHE, sf. left hand (lit. the weak hand); adj. left, awkward vase, q. v. Der. gazonnex, gazonx\ement. fern, form of gauc *, originally gale *, a form of Germ, origin, GAZOUILLER, va. to twitter; secondary form of O. Fr. gaziller; dim. of gaser, answering to O. H. G. welk, which becomes gale. which is for jaser. For io = g see gaeher for e = a see Der. gazouillement, amender; for al = au see agneau. Thus gazouill'is. the left hand properly means the weak GEAI, sm. a jay; formerly gai, which is in hand, which has not the qualities of strength, fact the adj. gai, for the jay gets its name agility, address, attributed to the right hand. from its chattering ways. The O. Sp., Strange as this origin may seem, it is quite which uses gayo for both jay and gay, confirms this origin. certain, and is confirmed by the existence of It. gigante, from L. analogous metaphors in other languages. GEANT, sm. giant. Thus in It. the left hand is stanca, the gigantem. For loss of medial g see Hist. Gram. p. 82 for i = e see mettre. fatigued, or manca, the defective Mod. Prov. calls it man seneco, the decrepit G6heiine, sf Gehenna ; from L. gehenna, hand. found in TertuUian, who had transcribed Der. gavchex, gaueherie, gaueh'ix. this word from the Septuagint yUvva, which GAUCHIR, vn. to turn aside, shuffle. See gauche. Der. ^awcAissement. is the Heb. gehinnom, the place of eternal GAUDE, sf. (Bot.) mignonette; of Germ, doom. For this word see 30. Gehenne origin, Germ, waude. For is a doublet oi gene, q.v. see gdcher. from GEINDRE, vn. to moan from L. gemere, Gaudir, vpr. to rajoice, mock (at);

O. H. G. wastel.
va.

For
;

GA.TER,

to spoil

w = g see packer. formerly gaster, from

Gazomdtre,
(q. v.),

v=^
;

w=g

L. gaud ere. Its doublet is jouir, q. v. ' Der. gaudnole (for gaudiole). Gaudriole, ./. a broad jest. See gaudir. GAUFRE, sf a honeycomb, wafer (cake) formerly gafre. Of Germ, origin, Engl. wafer. Germ, waffel. For w = g see gaeher. Der. gaufrex, gaufr'xex, gaufruxe. GAULE, sf a long pole, switch; formerly waule. Of Germ, origin, Fries, walu. For see gaeher. Dex. gaidex. GAULOIS, adj. Gaulish, olden, rude, patriarchal ; deriv. of Gaule, which from L. Qallia. For al = au see agneau.

by regular
see

contr. (see

51) of

gemere
;

into gera*re,

61;

whence geindre. For e = ei for in = see ehanger for

absoudre.
q. v.
;

nv ndr

see

Geindre

is

a
*,

doublet of gemir,

Gelatine, sf
der.

gelatine

from L. gelatina
(congealed).

from
va.

gelatus
to

gelatineux.

GELER,

freeze;

from L.

Der. gelare.
gelive,
frost

w=g

Der. gel6e

(partic.

subst.),

gelif,

engeluxe, d&geler, congeler.

GELIF, GELIVE,
trees, etc.).

adj.

split

by

(of

GAUPE,

sf.

a slattern,

slut.

Origin unknown.

GELINE,

sf

See geler. a hen, fowl;

from L. gal-

GELINO TTE
lina.
otte.

GENTILHOMME.

16 j

For

a=e
sf.

see

54.

Der.

gelin-

GFXINOTTE,
hazel-hen.

a fowl fattened in the yard,

G6ineau,

formerly gemel from L. gemellus. For e\ = eau see agneau. Mod. Fr. only uses the word in
; ;

See geline. sm. in pi. twins

G6n6reux, Of//, generous; from L. geneFor -os\x.s = -eux see 229. rosus. G^nerique, adj. generic; from L. genericus *. G6nerosit6, sf. generosity; from L. generositatem.

the sing,

in

astronomical phrases, as ge-

Gendse, sf. genesis from + Genet, sm. a jennet

;
;

meau

occidental,

Castor and Pollux.

gemeau oriental, e. Gemeau is a doublet

i.
;

Gr. ytveais. (Spanish horse); from Sp. ginete, a light-armed horseman. GENET, sm. the broom formerly genest, from
L. genista.

o(jumeau,
L.

q. v.

For

=e
p.

see mettre

for loss

Oemine, adj.
GEMIR,

(Bot.) geminate, double

from

of

-s

see Hist.

geminatus.
vn. to

tGenette,
groan
;

81. ./.a genet. Of Oriental origin.

Gram.

from L. gemere. Ar.djerneith. In this case the accent is displaced from GENEVRIER, sm. a juniper tree. See genievre. gemere to gemere, as in accourir. For G6nie, sm. genius; from L. genius. e = i see accotnplir. Gemir is a doublet of GENIFJVRE, sm. a juniper formerly genevre, geindre, q. v. Der. gemisiement. from L. juniperus. Regularly contr. into Gremme, s/". a gem from L. gemma. junip'rus, after the law of Lat. accent Gemonies, sf. the Gemonian stairs (in RoFor (see 51), it becomes genevre. man antiquities) from L. gemoniae (sc. p - v see III; for u = e see chapeler ; scalae). for j=^ cp. junicem, genisse jacere, GP^NvJlVE, sf. the gum (in the mouth) from For genevre = genievre, see arriere. gesir. L. gingiva. For g = c see fraise for Der. genevrier. i = e see admettre. GENISSE, sf. a heifer; from L. junicem. GENDARME, sm. a gendarme, man at arms For u = ^ see chapeler; for ]=g see geformerly gent d'arme. See under gens, nievre for c = ss see amitie. de and arme. Der. gendarmerie, gendarm- G6nital, adj. genital; from L. genitalis. er(se). G6nitif, sm. the genitive; from L. geniGENDRE, sm. a son-in-law; from L. gener, tivus. by regular contr. (see 51) of generum. G6niture, sf offspring, child; from L. into gen'rum., whence gendre. For nr =^ genitura. ndr see absoudre. GENOU, sm. a knee formerly genonil, from

GENE,

sf.

formerly torture:

mettre

la

gene was
torture.

It is

donner la question, to put to easy to see how the word has

its

gradually

lost

strength
is

gene, whose

doublet

is

gehenne,

place of torment in TertuUian

punishment, torture. Der. gtnex. Genealogie, sf a genealogy from L. geuealogia. Der. genealog\(\ne, genealog-

from L. gehenna, the thence any

;
;

dim. of genu. Genuculum signifies a knee in the Germ, codes : Si tibia subtus genuculo media incisa fiierit,' says the Lex Frisonum, 22, 60, Genuculum becomes genouil by -uculum -ouil, see 258. For genouil genou From O. Fr. see Hist. Gram. p. 191.
L.
'

genuculum,

ists

GENER,

va.

to

vex, torment, incommode.

See gene.

General,
iser,

Der. general
generalite.
ral.

adj. general;

from L. generalis.

(sm.), generaht, general-

Generaliser,

Der. generalisation.
generalissimus*,
sm.
sf. a

va. to generalise.

See gene"

G^n^ralissime,
L.
ralis.

sm. a generalissimo
superl.

from

of

gene-

genouil comes 2igenou\\\ex, genouillhre. Genre, sm. a kind, description; from L. genere, abl. of geniw. GENS, smf.pl. people; -pi. of gent, q. v. GENT, sf a nation; from L. gentem. Der. gens. GENT, adj. fair, comely, pretty; from L. genitus, of good birth, then gracious, charming. For regular contr. of genitus Der. zgencer into gen'tus see 51. (from a form agentiare*, deriv. of * for genitus. See agencer). gentus Gentiane, sf the gentian from L. gen'

G6nrateur,
Generation,

generator;

from L.

tiana.

generatorem.
generation; from L. ge-

Gentil,
Der.

adj. pretty;

from L. gentilis.

p-f'ntWe'ise

^entillktre.

nerationem.

GENTILHOMME,

sm. a nobleman, person

i68

GENTILlA TRE

GIB OYER
break,
split.

of quality ; compd. of homme and genlil, Der. in sense of a person of good birth. gentilhommene, gentilhotntmhrt. Qentill&tre, sm. a lordiing. See gentil.

Carptiare becomes garcer.

For c

=g

see adjuger; for -tiare

= -cer

see

Gtentillesse,
See gentil.

sf.

prettiness,

gracefulness.

(^nuflexion, sf. a genuflection from L. genuflexionem . Germ, gerfalk. For al = au see geodesy from Gr. 'yioi^aiaia. Q6od6sie, G6ognosie, sf. geognosy from Gr. yfj and Germain, adj. german (cousin)
;
;

agencer; garcer becomes gercer by a=-e, Der. ^erf-ure. see 54 G6rer, va. to administer, manage ; from L. gerere. Der. gerznX. GERFAUT, sm. a gerfalcon formerly gerfauc, originally gerfalc; of Germ, origin,

./.

agneau.
;

yvijais.

Der.

from L.

g"eWe'sique.

germanus.
;

(Bot.) germander (for from It. calamandrea. GERME, sm. a germ; from L. genaen. graphe. GEOLE, sf a gaol; formerly gaiole. It. GERMER, vn. to shoot, bud from L. gerGeole (a gabbiola, from L. caveola. minare, by regular contr. (see 52) prison, properly a cage) still had both senses of germinare into germ'nare, whence = n see allumer. 13th cent, germer. For in the middle ages; in the people spoke of the geole (fun oiseau as Gherminal, adj. germinal, sm. Germinal (the 7th month in the French calendar, Mar. well as of the gedle (Twi prisonnier. 21 to April 19). Caveola, which consonified eo into io (see ahreger) and changed c into g (see Germination, sf germination; from L. adjuger), became gaviola, found in the germinationem. form gabiola in a charter of a.d. 1229: G6rondif, adj. gerundive; from L. geruncustodia Ipsos quittamus ab omni . divus. from L. gigerium, villae, turris et gabiolae, ab exercitu,' etc. GESIER, sf the gizzard For loss of unused sing, of gigeria. For i = e see Gabiola becomes jaiole. for g =j see jumeau. see aboyer mettre', for g = s see f raise; for e = ie see medial b O. Yt. jaiole becomes jeole for ai = ae = e see and lastly geole, see genievre. In GESIR, vn. to lie (infinitive of git,gisais, etc.) 103 from L. jacere. For j=^ see genievre; the sense of a birdcage geole has produced for a = e see 54 for c = s see amitie ; the compd. engeoler, now spelt enjoler, for e = i see 59. Der. gesine. which in the middle ages = mettre en cage. Cp. Sp. enjaular, der. from jaula, a cage. Gestation, sf gestation from L. gestaEngeoler in fowler's language meant to lure tionem. a bird into a snare or cage by help of other Q^ste, sm. a gesture from L. gestus. technical sense the word Gesticuler, vn. to gesticulate from L. From this birds. Der. gesticuhtion, gesticulgesticulari. came metaph. to mean to cajole,' take in

Q^Ographie,

geographia.

Der.

sf

geography from L. geographique, geo-

t Gerinandr6e, sf
gelmandree)
;

mn

'

'

'

ateur. by flattering words.' The spelling engeoler, which is etymol. correct, and indicates the Gestion, sf administration; from L. gestionem. origin of the word, continued down to the

G6ologie,

Der. geol'xer. beginning of the 18th cent. from Gr. yf} and sf. geology; Der. geologlque, geologue. A070S.

Gibbosit6,

sf.

gibbousness;

from L. gib;

bositatem*, from gibbosus. GIBECI^RE, sf a game-pouch

O. Fr. gibecer.
macer.
See gibier.
a gimlet.

der.

from

G^omancie,

s/.-

geomancy

from L. geo;

Cp. grimaciere from griOrigin unknown.

rabbit-stew.

mantia. Der. G6oilldtre, s?.

geotnanc'ien.

a geometrician

from L.

geometra. Der.

geometral.
;

GIBELET, sm. GIBELJDTTE,

sf

gibelotte,

from L. geoOrigin unknown. Q^Olll6trie, sf. geometry metria. Der. ^e'oweVrique. + Giberne, sf a cartridge-box introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. giberna. Geranium, sm. a geranium from L. GIBET, sm. a gibbet. Origin unknown. geranium. GERBE, sf. a sheaf. O. Fr. garbe, from GIBIER, sm. game. Origin unknown. GIBOULEE, sf. a shower, hail-storm. Origin O. H. G. garba. Der. gerbee, gerber. GERCER, va. to chap, crack (in cold weather); unknown. formerly garcer, from L. carptiare*, GIBOYER, vn. to hunt. See gibier. Tiex. giboyeuT, giboyeux. deriv. of carptus, partic. of carpere, to

GIGA NTESQUE

GLAIVE.
adj. lying
(ill,
i

169
from L. jasee aimatit for c = s
dead)
; ;

tGigantesque,
from
It.

adj.

gigantic;

introd,

GISANT,
see

GIGOT,
GIGUE,

gigantesco. See gigue. sm. a leg of mutton. Der. Origin unknown. sf. a leg.

centem.
amide
;

For a =
for

i=g

see genievre.

GISEMENT, sm.
tion), der.

from gesir

bearing (in geology, naviga(q. v.) ; gisement is for

lodging,
site,

GIGUE,
ment.
gige.

sf.

a jig, a dance to the

sound of the

gesement, see accomplir.

gigue, an O. Fr.

name
of

for a stringed instruorigin,

GITE, sm. home,

gist
;

seat,

form,

Gigue

is

Germ

M. H. G.

formerly giste.

Low

L. gista, origin-

Germ,

geige, a violin.

GILET,

sm. a waistcoat.
a

See gille.

Der.

ally gesta, representing L.

ing place, partic. of jacere.

larly contr. (see

jacita* , a sleepJdcita, regu-

^fZetiere.

GILLE, sm. per name

'

clown

(at a theatre).

Gille represents the

As a proL. Aegidius;
Saint Gilles.
?

Low

Sanctus

Aegidius
is

'

is

in Fr.

But why

the theatre clown "called Gille

not.

We know
stage.

Der.

gilet

(originally

51) into jac'ta, becomes gesta by j=g, see genievre; by by a = e, see 54. c = s, see amilie Gesta becomes O. Fr. giste by e = i, see 59, and lastly gtte by loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. giter.
L.
;

sleeveless waistcoat

similar

worn by clowns on the metaphor is found under

a kind of cake.

GIVRE,
GIVRE,

sm.

rime,

hoar

frost.

Origin

un-

known,
O. Fr. guivre, from L. sf a snake. by regular contr. of vipra into vip'ra, whence guivre. For

jaquette, q. v.).

GIMBLETTE,
unknown.

sf.

Origin

vipera*,
see gaine

v=gu

GINGEMBRE,
see

gingimbre, originally gingibre, from L. zinzi;

sm. ginger

in Joinville

for

p=

i'

see iii.

Glabre,

berum. For
;

regular contr. to

zinzib'rum

hence gingibre by z=g, see 51 (gingimbre) jaloux. For intercalated see lambruche; for i = e (gingetnbre) see

GLACE,

adj. (Bot.) glabrous, unbearded from L. glaber. from L. glacia*. a secondsf ice ary form of glaeies, found in Graeco-Lat. glossaries in the middle ages. For cia = ce
;

mettre.
}-

see agencer.

Der. glafon,
;

glacex, glacier,

sf a giraffe; of Oriental origin. Ar. zurafa. For see gingembre. t Girandole, sf a girandole, spring (of guns) from It. girandola. Girasol, sm. a girasol; from L. gyrare and

Girafe,

glacihve, glacis.

z=g

Glacial,

ac^'. glacial

Gladiateur,
diatorem.

sm. a gladiator

from L. glacialis. from L. gla;

GLATEUL,

sol.

Giratoire,

adj.

rius*, deriv. rare. GIROFLE, sm.

cheriofle see

from L. gyratoof gyratus, partic. of gygyral

;

from L. sm. (Bot.) a gladiolus gladiolus. For glad-io-lus = glad-iolus see aieul hence gla'ieul, by loss of medial d (see accabler), and by -io\\XB = 4eul
;
;

(see 253).

clove

corruption

(for

GLAIRE,
of
'

172) of L. caryopliyllum.

sf glair, a term used by binders, signifying properly white of egg : the sense
glairous
'

Contrd., according to the Gr. accent (wap-

v6(pvWov, see

whence

girofle.

51), into For ph.

caryoph'lum,
coffre
;

=/ see

for

C=g

see accointer.

For the unwonted pheis still

nomenon of a = i see aimant; io = o more rare. Der. giroflier, girofl6&.

it

humour comes from the likehumour to the white of egg. It comes from L.clara in the phrase 'clarium ovi,' used in some Low Lat. documents. For c\ = gl and for a = a/ see 54. This
ness of this

GIRON,

sm. lap.

Before

it

received

its

pre-

sent sense

signified the part of the dress

:

between the girdle and the knees in medieval Lat. the word was giro, signifying
the lower part
sinistra

of the tunic

'

Mox cum

derivation is confirmed by It. chiara, Sp. and Port, clara. Der. glaireux. GLAISE, sf loam, clay; from L. glitea*, found in a medieval glossary. Glitea is from glitem, found in Isidore of Seville, signifying thick clay. Glitea becomes re-

manu girones

albas accipiens, et

gularly glitia

ante se tenens, spargit ante se aquam benedictam,' a passage quoted by Ducange.

For tia = se see agencer for i = ai see Der. glaiser, glaiseax, glais 69 note 2

(see 58),

whence

glaise.

The

L.

giro*

is

of Germ, origin,

M.H.G.

iere.

gere, a skirt.

GLAIVE,
sf.

sm.

a sword

from L. gladius.
;

GIROUETTE,

a vane, weathercock; from

is

O. Fr. girer, which

from L. gjn-are.

For loss of d V see corvee.

see accabler

for insertion o^

I/O
GLAND,

GLAND
;

OO^LA ND.
affouage
;

sm. an acorn from L. glandem. glande (from its likeness to an acorn), glandie. GLANDE. sf. (Anat.) a gland. See gland.

Der.

for

cer * sser

see agencer.

Der.
;

gloui>semen\.

GLOUTERON,
from
glette

sm. (Bot.) a burdock ruption of O.Fr. gletteron. Gletteron

(cp.

cordtr.

is

moucheron from mouche, aileron from aile). O, Fr. glette, a burdock. The word is of Germ, origin, Germ, kletle. GLANER, va. to glean from L. glenare*. For cl=gl see aigle. found in some 6th-cent, documents. Thus GLOUTON, sm. a glutton; from L. gluwe read Si quis in messem alienam tonem, found in Festus. For u = ott see glenaverit' in a document of a. d. 561. Der. ^/o7^//onerie. 90. Origin unknown. For e = a sec amender. GLU, sf. birdlime, glue. Prov. glut, from Der. glane (verbal subst.), glantuT, glanFor loss L. glutem, found in Ausonius.

Glandule,

sf. (Anat.) a glandule; from L. glandula. Its O. Fr. doublet is glandre. Der. glandulcMX, glanduUire.
;

'

ure, glanagc.

of t see aigu.
to

Der. glimu,
;

g/7/ant, engluer.

GLAPIR,

vn.

yelp;

of

Germ,

origin,

Neth. Happen. For g1 =gl see aigle. Der. glapissement. GLAS, sm. a knell, passing-bell, also written das in O. Fr. ; from L. classicum, which in Class. Lat. was the signal by the trum;

GLUI, sm. thick straw. Origin unknown. Gluten, sm. gluten from L. gluten. Der.

glutineux.

adj. glyptic (art of engraving on stone) from Gr. yXvirros. Gnome, sm. a gnome; a word made by pet to call troops together in Eccles. Lat. Paracelsus from Gr. yvwfirj. the bell calling the monks to church, which Gnoniique,afl?/. gnomic; from Gt. 'fVcvfx.tKos. latter sense is seen in the following Ad Gnomon, sm. a gnomon, dial-pointer from matutinum primo totum classicum pulDer. gnomon'ique. L. gnomon. setur, et, remanente classico, duo minora GO (TOUT DE), adv. freely, unceremonisigna sonent, donee fratres ad ecclesiam conously. See gober. veniant.' We even find classicxun mor- GOBELeT, sm. a goblet dim. of O. Fr. gobel. tuorum ' = gins des trespasses, the passing Gobel is from L. cupellum, masc. form bell. Classicum becomes glas by loss of cupella, used in Apicius. For c = ^ see of last two atonic syllables, see 50, 51 adjuger; for u = om see annoncer ; for p=^6 see III. for cl = ^/ see aigle. Glauque, adj. glaucous; from L. glaucus. GOBELOTTER.vw. to tipple; from gobelot*, Gldbe, sf. glebe, soil from L. gleba. dim. of gobel (see gobelet). GOBER, va. to swallow greedily of Celtic t Glette, s/. litharge from Germ, gla/te. GLISSER, vn. to slip, slide of Germ, origin, origin, Gael, gob, the mouth, whence gober. Neth. glitsen. Der. glissoire, gliss&de, GOBERGER, vpr. to amuse oneself, take
figures
; :

Glyptique,

'

'

glissenr, glissement.

one's ease.

Origin unknown.
vn. to tipple
;

Globe,

sm. the globe; from L. globus.

GODAILLER,
goder (cp. unknown.
pleton.

der.

Der. englober. Globule, sm. a globule; from L. globulus. Der. globuleux, globuhire. GLOIRE, sf. glory; from L. gloria. For transposition of i see chanoine. Glorieux, adj. glorious, boastful from L. gloriosus. For -OB\is = -eux see 229. Glorifier, va. to glorify; from L. glorificare. Der. glorification. Gloriole, sf. vainglory; from L. gloriola.
;

criailler

from

crier, etc.).

from O.Fr. Origin

GODELUREAU,
GODER,
vn.
clothes).

sm. a coxcomb, fop, simOrigin unknown.

to be creased, puckered (of Origin unknown. GODET, sm. a drinking cup dim. of root ^0/, which still survives in the Saintonge patois. Got is from L. guttus, found in Pliny. For
;

Glose,

sf.

a gloss, carping, a

L. glossa.

Der.g'/oser,^/oseur,^Zossateur.
a glossary; from L. glosa glossologist.

parody

from

u = o s.ee annoncer GODIVEAU, sm. a

unknown.

for t

cf

see 117.
pie.

forcemeat

Origin

Glossaire, sm.
sarium.

GODRON,
roon.

Glossateur, sm.

See glose. Glotte, sf. (Anat.) glottis ; from Gr. yXcoTTis. GLOUSSER, vn. to cluck ; formerly gloucer, from L. glociare *, deriv. of glocire. For oiare = ccr see agencer; for o = o see

GOELAND,

sm. (Archit.) a round plait, godDer. godronner. Origin unknown. sm, a gull; formerly goiland; The root of Celtic origin, Kymr. guilan. both goeland and guil has produced goelette, which is properly a sea-swallow, then metaph. a light bark.

GOELETTE
GOELETTE,
See goeland. sf. a schooner. Origin unknown. sm. sea-weed. Origin unknown, GOGUENARD, adj. bantering, sm. a jester, from O. Fr. gogue, pleasantry, banterer which survives in deriv. goguetle. Origin unknown. Der. goguenardei, gogiie?iard-

GOURDE.
O. Fr. gueuse.
Origin unknown.
to tire the throat.

171
Gueuse

GOEMON,
GOGO,

gives us another deriv., the vn. s'egosiller,

adj. in clover.

Gothique.
t

adj.

Gothic

from L. gothicus,
;

from Gothus.

Gouache,
It.

sf.

water body-colour

from

gunzzo.

erie,

f
sf.

GOGUETTE,
guenard.

merry

creature.

See go-

GOINFRE,

Origin unsm. a gormandizer. known. Der. gotnfrer, goinfreTie. GOtTRE, sm. a goitre, swelled neck ; formerly goetre, from L. gutter*, another form of guttur. Gutter properly signifies a throat, but is used for a goitre in late

sm. tar; corruption of goud' It. catrame, a word of Oriental origin, Ar. gatran. Der. goudronner. GOUFFRE, sm. a whirlpool; originally ^oZ/"re*,
ran.

Goudron,

It.

golfo,

Lat.
goitre,

We
in

find its deriv.

gutturosus,
quis

for a

Ulpian
sit,

turosus
'

natura gutaut oculos eminentes habeat,

:

'

Si

the r see chanvre. Gouffre is a Der. engouffrex. doublet of golfe, q.v. GOUGE, sf. a gouge from L. guvia*, a chisel, in Isidore of Seville, lib. xix., De ' Instrumentis Lingariis Cauterium gallis guvia.' Guvia is regularly transformed
see see

from Gr. agneau for p

KoKrros.

For ol
chef;
for

ou

=/

intercalated

sanus videtur;' and the Scholiast on Juvenal's line, Quis tumiduni guttur miratur in AlpiTanquam si in Alpibus bus ?' has this note
: '

(see abreger) into guv'ja,

whence gouge.

For vj
fouage.

=^" see

abreger; for

o=ou

see af-

gutturosos homines
by

admireris.'

Gutter,

GOUJAT,
L.

u=o

(see annoncer)

of e, becomes goetre.

Der.
from

and by metathesis
^-oi^reux.
It.

sm. an army servant, a blackguard. Origin unknown. GOUJON, sm. a gudgeon. It. gobio, from

f Golfe, sm.
doublet
is

a gulf;

golfo.

Its

gobionem.
^'0
;

For consonification of io

gotiffre, q. v.

into

Gomine, sf. gum; from L. gummi. For =j see u = o see annoncer. Der. gommer, gomm- GOULEE,

(gobjoneru) see abreger; for bj abreger for o = ou see affouage.

GOND, sm. a hinge; formerly gon, from L. gumphus *, a nail, piece of iron used as goule) goulet, g02dette, goulotte, a hinge, which from Gr. yofAcpos. Gum- GOULET, GOULOT, sm. neck (of
found also in form gonfus in several iith-cent. documents, becomes gon in O. Fr. For u = o see annoncer for = see changer for ph =/ see coffre for lph=^=/, see garou. f Gondole, sf. a gondola; from It. ^ow-

eux, gommier.

sf a mouthful; from goule, the For throat in O. Fr,, der. from L. gula. Der. (from O. Fr. u = OM see 90.

goulu.
a bottle).

phus, which

is

See goulee.

GOULOTTE, sf. GOULU, sm. a

goulee.

a gullet.
glutton,

adj.

See goulee. greedy.

See

GOUPILLE,

Gonfalon,

Der. gondolier. sm. gonfalon gonfalone. Der. gonfalonniei.

dola.
a

from
;

It.

formerly cousf. pille, from L. cuspicTila, dim. of cuspis. For -icula -i7/e see 257 for u==om see see adjuger; for loss of 90; for
a small pin
;
;

o^g

s see Hist.

Gram.

p. 81.

GONFLER,

sm. holy water brush; deriv. L. conflare, which in the Latin of the late of goupil, a fox. Goupillon, originally a Empire signifies to swell out. For fox's brush, came to its present sense beadjuger. see Der. gonfiement, degon/Ier. cause these brushes were like those of foxes, GORE T, sm. a porker, young pig ; dim. of Goupil, O. Fr. a fox, is theL. vulpeculus*, O. Fr. gore, signifying a sow. Of igin undim. of vulpes. For -eculus = -i7 see known. 256 ; for -v^g see gains; for ul = o GORGE, sf. the throat; from L. gurges, see agneau. properly a whirlpool, then a throat for the GOURD, adj. benumbed. Sp. gordo, from L. change of meaning by way of metaphor gurdus*, heavy, clumsy. For u = ott see see 14. For u = om see 90. Der. Der, degourdiT, engourd'n, en 90. ^org-erette, gorgei, degorger, egorger, en^OJ^rJissement. gorger, regorgev, lengorger, gorget (partic. GOURDE, sf. a gourd formerly gouourde subst.). and gougourde, from L. cucurbita. For GOSIER, sm. the throat, gullet; deriv. of regular contr. of cucurbita into cuva.

to inflate, swell out

from

GOUPILLON,

c=g

i7a

GOURDIN

GRA IN.
gubemare.
'b=v
see

subst.),

ourb'ta see 51, hence gougourde. For bt = see 168; for tt = d see 117;
for

For
113.

Der. gouverne

u = ou

see

90

for

(verbal

O^g

see

adjnger;

for

u = om

see

the O. Fr. gouourde, then gourde, by loss of medial Gourde is a doublet of g, see allier. 90.
cucurbiie,

From gougourde comes

Gourdin, sm. a cudgel, club; from It. cordino, the rope's-end with which galleyslaves

were punished.
sf.

GOURGANDINE,
unknown.

a street-walker. Origin

GOURMADE,
mer,

sf.

a punch, blow.

See gour-

GOURMAND,
gluttonous.

sm. a gourmand, glutton, adj. Der. gourOrigin unknown.

mandise.

GOURMANDER, va.
q.v.

to scold

from gourme,
See gour-

gouvernement, gouvermnte. sm. government. See gouverner. GOUVERNEUR, sm. a governor, ruler formerly gouverneur, Prov. governador. It. governalore, from L. gubernatorem. For -atorem = -eur (through ador, edor, edur, eiir, eur) see under empereur; for n = ou see go; for b = v see 13. Grabat, sm. a pallet; from L. grabatus. GRABUGE, sm. a quarrel. Origin unknown. GRACE, sf. grace, favour from L. gratia. For ti& -ce see agencer. Der. d\sgrdce. Gracier, va. to pardon; from L. gratiare *, der. from gratia. Gracieux, adj. gracious; from L. gratiFor -os\xs = -eux see 229. osus.

GOUVERNEMENT,

GOURMANDISE,
mand.

sf.

gluttony.
glanders.

Gracieuset6,
see 230.

sf.

graciousness,

courtesy

from L. gratiositatem.
sf.

For -atem = -

GOURME,
known.^
gourmer.

mumps,

Origin un-

GOURME, p.p.

GOURMER,

Der. gozirmander. va. properly to put the curb chain on a horse, to beat. Origin unknown. Der. gourintXXe, gourma.de. GOURMET, sm. a judge of wines, connoisseur originally a wine-merchant's man, in food Gourmet, in 13th cent, a lad generally. formerly groumet, is a dim. of groume, found for a boy in O. Fr. documents ; of For o = ou Germ, origin, Neth. grom.

affectedly grave, curbed.

Gracilit6, sf See tatem.

shrillness;

from L. gracili-

Gradation,
tionem.

sf gradation; from L. grada-

Grade,

Der. gradi, gradm.

sm. grade, rank; from L. gradus.

Grad6, adj. that has a rank. See grade. Gradin, sm. a step. See grade. Graduation, sf graduation. See graduer. Graduel, adj. gradual; from L. graduGraduel,
alis*, from gradus. from Eccles. L. sm. a gradual graduale (properly verses of the Psalms Levites are said to of Degrees, which the have sung on the fifteen steps of the
;

see affouage

for

transposition, groumet =
a curb-chain.

gourmet, see dprete.

GOURMETTE,
mer.

sf.

See gour-

Temple).
grael.

Graduel

is

a doublet of O. Fr.

+ Gousse,

sf a pod; in i6th cent gosse, from It. guscio, Milanese gussa. GOUSSET, sm. the armpit. Origin unknown. GOOT, sm. taste formerly goust. It. gusto,
;

Graduer,
horn)
shrill

va. to graduate; from L.

are*, from gradus.

Der.

gradu-

^rnrfwation.

GRAILLER,
;

vn. to call in the dogs (with the

from L. gustus.

For

vl

ou

see

Der. for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. gouttx, d^gouter, rugoutei, goitiex (verbal
subst.).

90

from O. Fr. graile, a trumpet, which from L. gracilis, properly clear,

then a horn, in medieval Lat. texts. So we have clairon from the adj/ clair. There is an example of gracilis in this sense in the Chronicle of Walter the Libetque preconari voci proChancellor
; :

GOUTTE,

drop from L. gutta. The sense of gout comes from the old belief that these joint-pains are caused by drops {gouttes) of humour, which swell the limbs. Der. ^ow//elette, goutteux, gouttibxe,
/. a
; '
'

'

patula

ut
'

universi,

audito

primo

sonitu

degoutter, egoutter, igoilt.

GOUVERNAIL,
for

sm. a helm; from L.

guber255
;

naculum. For-aculum = -at7

see

u = OM

see

90
to

for

b=v
from

see

And graciles, festinent bellicis indui.' again Gracilibus, tibiis, tubis clangenFor gracilis = graiVe see grele. tibus.' Der. graillement. GRAILLON, stn. broken meat. Origin un:

113.

known.
va.

GOUVERNER,

govern;

L.

GRAIN,

sm. grain

from L.

granum.

For

GRAINE GRA VIER.

-anuin=-am see 194. Der, grainier, grener, gretm, egrener, greneler, grenaille. GRAINE, sf. seed, set, race, eggs (of silkworms) from L. grana *, a fem. form of
;

173

GRAPPE,
'
'

granum.
GRAISSE,
sf.

For -ana = -ame

fat,

see

194.

Der. graitietleT.
grease. grease.

See

gras. Der.

graisser, graisseux.

GRAISSER,
t
.

va.

to

See graisse.

Der. graissiLge.

Gramen, s?n. (Bot.)

men.
sf.

grass

from L. graadj.

Gramin^e,

(Bot.)

grass,

grassy,

sf a bunch; properly a hook, then clustered fruit. Grappe in sense of hook remains in some special uses, as grappe de marechal ferrant, etc., and in the deriv. grappin. Grappe is of Germ, origin, Germ, hrappen. For k'= g see adjuger. Der, grappiWer, grappilleur, grap^illon, grappin, egrapper. GRAPPILLER, va. to glean. See grappe. GRAPPILLON, sm. a cluster of grapes. See grappe. GRAPPIN, sm. a grapnel. See grappe. GRAS, adj. fat. O. Fr. eras, from L, cras-

gramineal; from L.

Grammaire,

of Seville. For Gras is a doublet of C = g see adjuger. mar! a,* a hypothetical form, composed of crasse, q. v. Der. graisse, graisser, graisL. gramma, a letter, and the suffix arius. seux, graisouillet, grasseyer, grasseyemer\t. Der. grammainen. Grammatical, adj. grammatical from L. GRATERON, sw. (Bot.) scratchweed. See
;

graminea*. sf grammar from L. gram-

sus

(in Martial), a

word

in

form grassus

in the

17th cent,

in Isidore

grammaticalis
tica.

*,

der.

from

gramma-

gratter.

fGraticuler,
graticolare.
Its
;

va.

to square;
is

from

It.

Gram.me,

sm. a weight, gramme (15,438 grains troy) from Gr. 'ypdfifxa.

doublet

griller, q. v.

GRAND,
title)

tGrandesse,
;

from L. grandis. adj. great Der. ^racfelet, grandeur. sf grandeeship (Spanish

;

Gratification, sf gratification; from L. gratificationem. Gratifier, va. to gratify; from L. gratificari.

from Sp. grandezza.

GRATIN,
gratter.
;

sm. the burnt part (of food).

gratis;

See

GRANDEUR, /. greatness. See grand. t Grandiose, adj. grand, sw. grandeur

from
It.

t Gratis, adv.

grandioso.
V7i.

Gratitude,
grow great
;

sf.

gratitude;
to

from L. gratis. from L. gratiIt.

GRANDIR,

to

from

L.

tudinem.

gran dire. Grandissim.e,

GRATTER.
adj.

va.

scratch.
in

grattare,

superlatively

great

from L. cratare, found

:

the Germanic

GRAND'MERE,
p. 103.

from L. grandissimus. a grandmother. See sf. grand and mere. See also Hist. Gram,
sf a barn.
der.

GRANGE,
domum
vel

Sp. granja,

from L.
is
'

granea*,
.
.

from

granum. Granea*
:

thus used in the Germanic Codes

.

Si

enim

' codes Si quis alium unguibus crataverit, ut non sanguis, sed tumor aquosus decurrat,' in the Lex Frisonum, app. 5. Cratare is of Germ, origin, answering to Icel. hratta. Cratare becomes gratter by C = g, see adjuger. Der. gratteWt, graieron, grattoir, gratin, egrarigner, egrat-

incenderit aut
in

graneam

ignure.
itus.

cellaria,'
2.

the

Lex Alemannorum, Gratuit,

grania, then
see 243, 244.

81,

Granea becomes first

Der. gratuite.
adj. grave;
is

adj. gratuitous;

from L. gratuIts

Gr

granja, then grange; Der. engranger. anit, sm. granite Der. granit{(\ne.

Grave,
doublet

from L. gravis.

grief, q. v.

Der. graviter.
See gravier.

from

It.

granito

GRAVELEUX,

adj. gravelly.

Der. gravelure.
;

Granulation, s/. granulation. Seegramder. GRAVELLE, sf. Granuler, va. to granulate der. from t Graver, va.
granule, which is from L. granulum, dim. of granum. Der. granuUtion,

Granuleux,
*.

adj.

grained,

granular;

der.

from grannie.
adj. graphic
;

Graphique,
KUS.

from Gr.

ypacpi-

Graphom^tre,

sm. a graphometer; from Gr. ypacpTj and nirpov.

See gravier. of Germ, origin, Der. grnvewr, gravure. Neth. graven. GRAVIER, sm. gravel from O. Fr. grave, rough sand mixed with stones. Origin unknown. This word grave has left other derivatives gravois, graveWe, graveleux, engraver, as well as grtve, which is a For a = e softened form of O.Yr. grave.
gravel.

to engrave

see

54. Der.

gravats.g-rai/ois, grai/atier.

174
GRAVIR,
va. to climb.
(lit.

GRA VIR
It.

GR^S.
q7/e,

gradire, from L.

from

It.

grechesco.

Its

doublets are

gradire *
gradiis. of medial

to

climb

by steps^ from
loss

grieche, grecgue.

Gradire becomes gravir by

GRLE,

(gra'ire\ see accabler, and by

gravity; from L.

intercalation of an euphonic v, see corvee.

Gravity

./.

gravitatem.

formerly graile. It. gracile, from L. gracilis. For regular contr. of gracilis into grac'lis, see 51, hence O. Fr. graile by cl = t7, see Hist.
adj. slender, slim
;

See grave Der. ^rav//ation. GRAVOIS, sm. rubbish. See gravier. QravTire, sf. engraving. See graver. GRE, sm. vk'ill, inclination, taste. Prov. For grot, It. grato, from L. gratum. Der. agrt'er, mal-at\iin = -e see 201. gre, q. v. Qrec, adj. Greek; from L. graecus. GREDIN, sm. a scoundrel. Origin unknown.
vn. to gravitate.

Qraviter,

Gram.

p. 71.
sf.

GRELE,
whose

formerly gresle, a word is found in gresil, sleet. The origin of this conmion root gres- is unknown. Der. grtlon, greltr. Qrelin, sm. a wallfish ; from Germ, grehail
;

radical gres-

ling.

GRfiLON, sm.

a great hailstone.

See grele.

Der.

GRELOT, sm. a hawker's bell, dim. o[ grele. GRELOTTER, va. to shiver with cold. See
grelot.

gredinerie.

sm. rigging. See greer. GREER, va. to rig of Germ, origin, Goth. geraidjan, to get ready. For geraidjati = g'raidjan see briller; for loss of d see accabler. Der. a^res, greVment, ^re'eur. GREFFE, ff. a record-office ; in Low Lat graphium (_see greffier), a style, for writing with. For ph. =/ see coffre for a = see From greffe, in sense of a stiletto, 54. comes the verb greffer, to graft with a
;

GREEMENT,

tG-renade,
(military)
;

sf.

pomegranate,
Prov. granada^

grenade

which from L. granata for granatum. The suffix ade shows that the word did not come for had it done so, direct from Lat. to Fr. its form would have been grenee, the suffix ata always = eV in Fr.^ see 201. Der.
from
;

grenadier, grenadine.
sense of a projectile,

(From grenade, comes grenadier.)

in

GRENADIER,
tree.

(i) sm. (Bot.) a pomegranate-

GREKFE, sf. (Bot.) a graft. See greffex. GREFFER. va. to graft. See above. Der.
greffe (verbal subst.), greffeur, greffo'ir.
;

See grenade. (2). sm. agrenadier (military). See grenade, GRENAILLE, sf. a minute grain; dim. of

grain.

Der.

grenailler.
It.

GREFFIER. sm. clerk to a court, registrar from t Grenat,

graphiarius, a word found in medieval documents: 'Guillelmus christianissimi regis
L.
consiliarius
et

sm. a garnet; from

GRENER,
graine.

vn. to seed, va. to granulate.

Tier . greneier
,

granato. See

status

regni

secretis,

ut

GRENETIER, sm.

etiam

dicti ordinis S.
'

graphiarius;

Michaelis ab actis seu from an act of a.d. 1550.

Graphiarius is from graphium, a style. Graphiarius becomes greffier. For a, = e

see 54; for ph =/ -&TiMB = -ier see 198. Grdge, adj. raw (of + see
silk)

Der. greneterie. dim. of graine. GRENETIS. sm. the milled edge (of coins), a punch; deriv. o{ grenet, dim. of graine, c\.v. GRENETTE, sf. the Avignon berry ; dim. of
graine.

grene (panic, subst.). seedsman from grenette,

;

coffre;

for

GRENIER,
;

sm.

granary,

loft

from L.
see

from
;

It,

greggia

(seta

greggia, raw

silk).

granarium. For -arium = -ier for atonic a = e see 54.

198;

GREGEOIS,

adj.

Greek

(fire), wildfire

for-

GRENOUILLE,

merly feu grezois, an inflammable substance invented in the 7th cent, by Callinicus of so called from the Byzantines Heliopolis (or, as they were named in the middle ages, the Gregeois) who employed it. As late as Scarron we find Gregeois used for Grecs. Gregeois represents L. graecensis, der. Graecencis becomes from graecus.
;

O. Fr. renouille. It. ranocchia, from L. raniincula. fem. form of ranunculus, used by Cicero, der. from rana. Rantmcula becomes ranucula by nc = c (see coque), then renouille by ucula = o?7/ (see 258), and atonic a= see 54, Renouille becomes gresf.

a frog.

nouille

by the altogether unusual

prefix of

grezois by
.

ns = s,

see aine

by e = oi,

see

Der. a g, see Hist. Gram. p. 79, note 2. grenouillet, grenouillette (see renoncide),

Lastly greby c = z, see amitie. becomes grigois, just as zelosus htcomts jaloux (q. v.)

62;

grenouiUexe.

zois

GRENU,
GR^S,

adj.

corned-,

grain {un tpi grenu, an ear

sm. sandstone,

+ Grdgue,

sf.

breeches; formerly ^reg'es-

deriv. of of grain). gritstone; of Germ.

granular

full

GRSsIL
origin,

GROGNER
GRILLE,
crates.
in
sf.

^75
a grate
;

O. H. G,
sm.

grtes, gravel.

i\,gressene.

GRESIL,
ler,

sleet.

See gres.

Der, Der.
;

gres-

formerly greil, origin-

ally gra'il,

gresil-

from L. eraticula*, deriv. of Craticvila is written graticula

:

grhihemtnt.

medieval Lat. texts

.
. .

we

find

'

Unam
d.

GREVE, sf. a strand. See gravier. GREVER, va. to burden, injure

gravari.
grever.

gratieulam
from L.
d^-

abstulit,'

inanact of a.
see
is

For a = e see
sf.

54.

Der.

Der.
lus.

I35.S-

For
griller

OTSiticvla,=p grille

gril.

(whose doublet
;

craticuler),

grilUge.
a

GRIBLETTE,
unknown.
unknown.

hash of meat.

Origin

GRILLON,

sm. a cricket

dim. of L. gril-

GRIBOUILLER,
GRIECHE, adj. L graeca.

Der. gribouilhgt,

va. to daub, scrawl. Origin gribouillexte.

;

GRIMACE,

of Germ, origin, sf. a grimace O. Scand. grima, a mask, Der. grimactx,

;

prickly, importunate

For see sm. an urchin. See grime. Grieche is t Grime, sm. a dotard (theatrical term), for ca, = che see 126, 54. Grieche introd. in modern times from It. gritno. a doublet of gregue, grecgjie, q. v. Der. se primer, grimzud. is only used in two compds., pie-grieche, ortie-grieche, which is called in Eng, greek GRIMOIRE, sm. a conjuring book. Origin

ae = e = ze

from 104;

grimacier.

GRIMAUD,

nettle.

unknown.
grievous
adj.
;

GRIEF,
suet,

adj.

fern, grieve,

whence
Bos-

GRIMPER,

grievement.
as

Grief \s used, as

late as

meaning hard, painful For v=/see 142 for whence O. Fr, gre/ which 51, becomes grief by change of e into ie, see
an

2/. to climb, clamber; formerly gripper, in double sense of climbing, gripping hold to climb, then grasping, seizing

from L. gravis.

of Germ, origin, Neth. grippen.

tercalated

For

inis

a=e

see

see lamhruche.

Grimper

doublet of gripper, q. v.

arriere.

GRIEF,

Grief is a doublet oi grave, q. v. sm. a wrong, injury; from L. grave *,

into ief (for details
see

GRINCER,

by changing ave
above).

GRIEVETE,
see arriere

sf gravity, enormity
see 5
1
;

gravitatem. For a = c
;

for

from L. e = ie

vn. to gnash (with the teeth); origin, O. H. G. of Germ, gremizun, through intermediate forms grem'zon, grenFor in = see changer. zon. Grincer is a doublet of grincher. Der. grince-

ment.

i=

see

mettre

for

-atem

= -e

GRIFFE,

of Germ, origin, O.H.G. grif anything to seize with, then in medieval Germ, texts a claw. Der. griffkx,
;

see 201. sf a claw

GRIOTTE, sf (Bot.) a griotte cherry; corruption of O. Fr. agriotte, dim. of Gr. dypios.
The marble
its

called griotte

is

so

named from
;

being cherry-coloured.
vn.

GRIPPER,
origin,

to

grip,

griffa.de,

griffonntr,

griffonneur, grijfon-

O. Norse gripa.
;

Der. grippe.

seize

of

Germ,

nage.

GRIS,

GRIFFON,

sm. a griffin. Port, gripho, der. (with suffix on) from L. gryphus. For
coffre.

of Germ, origin, O. H. G. the hair. Der. ^matre, ^nsaille, griser, grison.

adj. grey

gris,

used

of

pli=/see
grigner,

GRISONNER,
to

vn. to

grow grey
Origin

deriv. of

GRIGNOTER,
cp.

vn.

nibble

der.

from

grison.

See gris.

tremhloter

from

trembler.

GRIVE,

sf

a thrush.

unknown.
Origin un-

Fr. grigner, to show one's teeth, is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. grinan. GRIGOU, sm. a poor wretch. Origin unknown. GRIL, sm. a gridiron formerly gre/l, origin;

The O.

Der. grivele.

GRIVOIS, smf
known.

a jolly comrade.

ally

grail,

from L.

craticulum, masc.

Grog, sm. grog; from Eng, grog. GROGNER, vn. to growl, grumble; secondary
+
form of grognir*. So also nare and grugnire, which
It.
is

form of eraticula, a gridiron (in Martial). Craticulum becomes gra'/l by loss of medial t (see abbaye), and by 0=g (see adjuger). The form graticula for eraticula is found in medieval Graeco-Lat. glossaries. For -iculum = -il see 257, and cp. p e r i c u 1 u m peril. Gra'/l becomes gre/l by a = ei, see 51; then gril by ei = i,
,

has grugfrom L.

grunnire
see cligner
',

(said of pigs).
for

For

nn = '

see 102, note l.

Der. grilki, grillage.

Der. groigner, O. Fr, form for grogner, comes the verbal subst, groing, now written groin for the connection between groin and groigner cp. soin and soigner, temoin and temoigner, loin and eloigner.

u=o

see annoncer.

From

176
etc.

GROIN GUERRE.
GRUMEAU,
;

5m. a clod, lump formerly grumel, from L. grumellus, dim. of GROIN, sni. a snout. See grogner. For el = eau see g^ruiuus, a little lump. agneau Der, (from O.Fr. grumel) grumelGROMMELER. vn. to grumble, formerly gnrntmeler; of Germ, origin, O. Germ, ^rwmer, grumeleux. GRUYER, adj. one who has the right to tneln. forest wood (a feudal term). Of Germ, GRONDER, vn. to mutter, scold, grumble origin, O. Germ, griis, used for an orchard. from L. gnindare*, a hypothetical secondFor u = o see form of gmndire. Der. ^rwerie, ary annoncer. Der. groTidcuT, grondement, fGruydre, sm. Gruyere cheese; of hist, from Gruyere in Switzerorigin, see 33 gronderie. land, where this cheese is made, sm. a groom from Eng. groom. + GROS, adj. large, bulky from L. grossus. GUE, sm. a ford. Sp. vado, from L. vadum. For x = gu see game; for -atum = -e' see Der, ^rosseur, ^rossesse, grossier, grossii,

Other deriv. are grogner, grognement, grogttzTd, grognon, grognoimer.

Qroom,

degrossir, grossoyer, grosse, ^rossissement.

201;
waide.

for loss of

see aigu.

Der.

^Kf'able.

GROSEILLE,

sf.

a gooseberry.

Sp. grosella,

GUEDE, s/.
For

juger; for
seillxtx.

of Germ, origin (O. H, G. krausel, in the = ^0^ see adcompd. krausselbeere). For au = o see 106. Der. groadj.

wood. O.Fr. guaide; originally Of Germ, origin, Germ. waid.

see gdcher.
sf.

w = gu

GUENILLE,
known.

rag,

tatters.

Origin un-

GROSSIER,
grossih-ttQ.
-h

coarse.
adj.

See gros.

Der.
It.

GUENON,
unknown.

sf.

a pouched

monkey.

Origin

Grotesque,
grotesco.

grotesque;

from

GUEPE,
For
Hist.

sf.

nally wespe.

a wasp; formerly guespe, origiL. vespa. It. vespa, from

see

GROTTE,

Prov. cropta, from sf. a grotto. L. crypta, which became crupta by y = u, 101. Crupta, by c = g (see adjiiger)
:

v=gu
Gram.

gaine

p. 81.

Der. guepier.
but
little,
'

for

loss

of

see

GUERE,
O. Fr.
toute

becomes grupta, a form found in a Carolingian document Insuper eidem contuli gruptas eremitarum cum omnibus ad
'
.

adv. Prov. gaigre.

:

little,

not very.
'

The word means much

in

S'il eust gtitre vecu, il eust

conquis

dictas

gruptas

pertinentibus,'

tulary of a.d. 887. Grupta by u see annoncer, and

Charbecomes ^roe
is

in a

pt = tt,

see

168.

Grotte

is

a doublet of crypte, q. v.
stir,

GROUILLER,
known.

Der.

vn. to

move.

Origin un-

V Italic, says a I4th-cent. chronicle. Guere is of Germ, origin, answering to O. H. G. weigaro *, much. This contr. into For w=gu see weig'ro becomes guere. gacher for gr = r see aigrette the gr remains in old Prov. gaigre. Der. mguere,
;

GROUP,
known.

grouillement. sm. a bag of money.

a

q.v.

Origin un-

GUERET,

sm.

fallowland,

field.

garag, from L.
;

veractum *,

Low

Prov. Lat.

+ Groupe,

group from It. groppo. sf. Der. grouper, groupement. GRUAU, sm. oatmeal formerly gruel, from grutellxim, found in medieval Lat. Grutelltun is a dim. of grutum, in a Carolin-

form, representing L. vervactum *, fallow land, by the unique reduction of rv into v Veractum by in the middle of a word. ct = t (see 168) gives us Fr. gueret. For

v=gu
attrait

see

game;
affete.

for

actvun = '/ = /
table.

see

gian text.

Grutum

A. S. griit, groats. gruel by dropping medial t (see abbaye), then gruau by el au (see agneau). GRUE, sf. a crane; from L. grua, a fem. form of grus, found in the Salic Law, 7, 6 ' Si quis gallum aut gallinam furaverit, vel cygnum aut gruam domesticam.' The word has also the sense of a crane to lift weights so also Gr. yipavos and Engl. crane have both senses. GRUGER, va. to crunch. Origin unknown. GRUME, sf. bark (on forest trees). Origin
:
:

Germ, origin, Grutellum becomes

is

of

and

Gu6ridon,
unknown.

sm.

round
;

Origin
is

GUERIR, vn. to

heal

its

primitive sense

to

defend' in very old Fr. documents. Guerir, formerly g-war/V, originally warir, is of Germ, origin, Goth, warjan, to defend. For w=g"
see gacher.

Der. guerhon,
sf.

^we'rissable.

tGu6rite,
garita.

sentry box;
It.

from Sp.

GUERRE,
origin,

sf.

war.

guerra.

Of Germ,

For O. H. G. werra, a quarrel. w = gu see gdcher. Der. guerrkr, guerr-

unknown.

oyer, zguerrir.

G UET
GUET,

GYMNASTIQUE.

GUILLERET,
unknown.
adj.
brisk,
lively.

177
Origin

See guetter. sm. a watch, guard. Der. ^Me/-apens (formerly g-weZ-apense, compd. of guet, and adj. apense, which answers to a form appensatus*, hung up, prepared. GMe^apens means properly an ambuscade). GUETRE, sf. a gaiter. Origin unknown. GUETTER, va. to watch, look out; formerly gtiaiter. It. guatare. Of Germ, origin, see gacher. O. H.G. wahtan. For Der. guet (verbal subst.), gzietteur, nguets (verbal subst, of O. Fr. verb aguetter).

Guillocher,
of
hist,

va. to
see

'

guilloche,' engine-turn

origin

33.

Guillocher

is

from Guilloche, the name of the inventor

of
this

kind of ornament.
sf.

Guillotine,

guillotine;

of

hist,

origin,

see 33. Guillotine is from M. Guillotin, a Fr. physician, who invented this instru-

u.

w=gu

ment.

Der.

guillotiner.

GUIMAUVE, sf. (Bot.) mallow, marsh mallow;

formerly mauve, from L. bismalva, found (8th cent.) in the Capitulary de Villis. Bis-

GUEULE,

sf.

mouth; from L.
Gueule
is

gixla.

For

= eu

goiile,

Der. gueider.

see beugler.

a doublet of

malva

t-Gueules,
terms
;

&m. pi. gules (heraldry).

Of

is contr. from ibiscum-malva *, compd. of ibiscum, the mallow (in Pliny), and of malva, which means the same thing.

oriental origin

(31), as are many heraldic from Pers. ghul, a rose.

of Germ, origin, sf. other metallurgic terms; from
cast-iron
;

Forsc = s
s (see Hist.

see bois.

Bismalva

losing its

Gram.

p.

81) becomes vimauve

Gueuse,
like

by \>=v,

many

Germ, guss

GUEUX,
Its

( 20). sm. a beggar.

is

agneau. v = gti, see gaine.

by aX = au, see Vimauve becomes guimauve by

see avant, and
sf.

doublet

queux.

Der. gueuse, gueustx,

Origin unknown.

GUIMBARDE,
unknown.

a van, a jew's-harp.

Origin

gueusene.

GUIMPE,

sf.

wimple

formerly guimple.

O.Fr. guis and vis, visco, from L. viscum. For v=gu see gaine; for sc = s see bois; hence O.Fr. forms vis and guis, GUICHET, sm. a wicket the original sense being a gate, as in les guichets du Louvre, etc. In O. Fr. it signifies a little gate. Gtiichet, formerly vichet, is of Germ, origin vicJiet is dim. of O. Nors. vih, a lurkingplace. Vicket becomes guichet by v=gu, see game; and by c = ch see 126.
mistletoe.
It.
; ;

GUI, sm.

Of Germ,

origin,

O.H.G. wimpal.

Wim-

p{a)l contrd. into wimp'l becomes guimple. For wgu see gacher. GUINDER, va. to hoist oneself, strain; of

Germ,

origin,

O.H.G. windan. For wgu

sf.

see gacher.

+ Guin6e,
guinea.

guinea;

from

Engl.

GUINGUETTE,

Der. gidchet'iex. sm. a guide; introd. from It. guida. Der. gidder, gtddon. Guider, va. to guide. See guide. GUIGNE, sf. (Bot.) a kind of cherry formerly guine, originally gjusne. Of Germ, origin, O. H. G. wihsela, a sour cherry. 'Wihs{e)la, contr. to wihs'la becomes guisne.

a public house, villa. sf. Origin unknown. GUIPURE, sf. guipure (thread of silk lace) ; der. from O. Fr. verb guiper. Of Germ,
origin,

+ Guide,

see

Goth, veipan, to weave. gaine and gacher.

For

vg

garland; from It. ./. a Der. enguirlander. GUISE, sf. manner, way, wise; of Germ, see origin, O.H.G. wisa. For gacher. Der. degtdser. = , guisne t For see gacher; for / e, sf a guitar ; from Sp. guitarra. for gidsle, see quenouille. Der. guitarIts doublet is cithare, q. v. O. Fr. guisne
;

+ Guirlande,
ghirlanda

w=gu

wgu

Guitar

becomes successively gtdne (see Hist. Gram, iste. p. 81) and gtdgne (see cligner). Gustation,

sf.

taste;

from

L.

gusta-

GUIGNER,
unknown.
I

va. to

glance, peep at.

Origin

tionem.

Guignon,

t Gutta-percha,
sm.
SOT.
ill

sf.

gutta-percha; from

luck; from Sp.guinon.

places

GUILLEDOU,
i

pi.

of

ill

repute.

Engl, gutta-percha. Guttural, adj. guttural

Origin unknown.

ralis*;
inverted

der.

Guillemet,
hist,

sm. an

comma

of

Gymnase,
waste,

from L. guttufrom guttur. from L. a gymnasium sm.

;

name of
or

see 33. Guillemet is the the i6th-cent. printer (Guillaumet Guillemet), who first introduced this
origin,

gymnasium.

Der.
adj.

g-ymnasiarque,

gym-

Gymnastique,
gymnasticus.

gymnastic;

from L.

symbol.

178

GYMNIQUE
adj. (Anat.)

hAlER,
Gjntl^cee, 5m. a woman's workshop, quarter from L. gynaeceum. Gypse, sm. (Min.) gypsum. Der. gyps;

Gymnique,
gymnicus.

gymnic
a

from L.

Gyinnosophiste,

sm.

gymnosophist

from L. gymnosophista.

eux.

H.
Habile, adj. able; from L. habilis. Habilet6, sf. ability; from L. habilitatem.
For -atein = -e see 230. va. to qualify (legal) from L. habilitare, to qualify, in the Notae Ti;

Habiliter,
ronis.

Der.

T&habiliter.

Habiller,
deriv.
fit

for,

va. to dress; a very ill-formed from L. habilis, properly to make put into right state, thence dress.

fossato et haga.' Haga is of Germ, origin answering to O.H.G. haga. L. lia(g)a loses its medial g (see allier), and becomes haia, found (9th cent.) in the Capitularies of Charles the Bald, tit. xxxvi. Quicumque istis temporibus castella et firmitates et haias sine nostro verbo fecerint.' For a, = ai see Der. from a Lat. form 54. haga the adj. hagard (used of birds that
:

Habit,

Der. habillement, kabilleuT, deshabiller. sm. dress; from L. habitus (used

for dress

live in the hedges, wild).

HAILLON,

by

Virgil).

Habitacle,
taculum.

sm. an abode; from L. habisf.

sm. rag, tatters ; of Germ, origin, dim. of a hypothetical root haille, which answers to O. H. G. hadil, a rag, by contr. of had{i)l into had'l, and by dl = ll (see
168),

Habitation,
tationem.

habitation; from L.

habi-

and by a = m (see

54).

HAINE,
inhabit;
habitant.

Habiter,
tare.

Der. habitMe,
sf.

va. to

from L. habi- HAIR, va.

from L. ha-

5/ hatred. See Aa7r. Der. hainevLX. to hate; in lith cent, hadir (in the poem of St. Alexis), of Germ, origin,

Habitude,
Habituel,
ualis*;

habit,

use;

bitudinem.
from L. habitfrom habitus. Habituer, va. to habituate; from L. habituare*, from habitus. fH^bler, va. to boast, brag; from Sp. hablar ( 26, note 2). Der. habhwx, habladj. habitual
;

der.

A.S.hatian. For i=d see aider. O. Fr. hadir becomes hair by loss of d, see accabler. Der. haine (formerly hame, der. from hair, like saisine from saisir), Aatssable.

HAIRE,

sf.

hair-shirt

of Germ, origin,

O. Scand. hcera.

HALBRAN, sm.
hypothetical

erie.

HACHE,

sf.

hatchet

of

Germ,
see

origin,

(Ornith.) a young wild-duck ; of Germ, origin. Germ, halbente, through M.H.G. form Aa/&ere^ whence halbran.^Der. halebrene.

O. H. G. hacco.

Yox

cc

= ch

126.

Der. hach&itt, hachtxczu, hachtr, hachoir, hachure, hacMs. HACHURE, sf. hatching (engraving). See
hache.

HALE, adj. HALEINE,

h

sunburnt, swarthy. See haler. formerly aleine (for sf. breath; prefixed see envahir), verbal subst. of

HAGARD,
(13)

adj. haggard, wild.

We have
at first

seen

O. Fr. verb alener, to breathe, which is for aneler, from L. anhelare, by transposition of liquids n and I (see sangloter). For e =
ei

that this

word was

only ap-

before

n seefrein.

the faucon hagard was one which had not been caught till after more than one mewing,' in which case the bird is untameable. Faucon hagard means lit. a hedge-falcon, which has never moulted in a cage. For etymology see hate. Hagiographe, sm. a hagiographer from
plied to the falcon:
'

HALENER,

va. to scent the breath of, wind (hunting), formerly alener. See haleine. HALER, va. to haul, hale of Germ, origin,
;

Engl, to hale, O. Nors. hala Der. hahge. HALER, va. formerly to dry up, to sunburn. The sun burns (hale) the skin, i, e. dries
up. Hdler is of Germ, origin, der. from Flem. hael, dry. The adj. hale is found in O, Fr., meaning 'dried up.* The place where hemp is dried at a farm is still called the
it

Gr.dyioypdcpos.

Der. hagiographie.
.

HAIE,

sf. a hedge ; from L. haga *, found in very old medieval texts, as e. g. ' Quod
.

totam dictam plateam

includere possint

hdloir.

Der. hale

(verbal subst.).

HALETERHARENO.
HALETER,
It. alitare, from vn. to pant. L. halitare (used by Ennius). Hallali, an onomatopoetic word. See 45. HALLE, sf. a market of Germ, origin, Germ.
;

179

its special sense of a shoeing-shed, to every kind of shed for iniplements or carts. For addition of h see envahir in the 1 7th cent, it was still written angar. halle, a hall, covered market, which latter HANNETON, sm. a beetle, chafer, cockchafer; formerly haneton, dim. of a root is also the proper meaning of Fr. halle. hane*, of Germ, origin, answering to proDer, halhge. vincial Germ, hahn, in the compd. weiden f Hallebarde, sf. a halberd; introd. hahn, a cock-chafer, a word used in many from It. alabarda. Der. hallebardier. provinces in Germany. HALLIER, sm. a thicket der. from a form from O. H. G. hansa, halle *, which is from L. hasla *, branches, HANSE, ,/. the Hanse Origin unknown. an association. Der. Aanse'atiqne. in the Germanic Codes. HANTER, va. to haunt, frequent. Origin For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81.
;

from

Hallucination,
L.

sf.

a hallucination; from

unknown.

hallucinationem.
;

HAPPE,
sickle.

sf.
;

Halo,

sm. a halo from Gr. aAcws. HALTE, sf. a halt. O. Fr. halt ; of Germ.
origin.

iron, bill

the bed of an axletree, crampof Germ, origin, O. H. G. happa a

; of Germ. then to snap.

Germ.

halt.
pi.

HAPPER,
origin,

va. to snap, snatch at

bite,

Haltdres, sm.
aXrrjp^s.

weights used by jumpers to help them in making long leaps ; from Gr.
sm. a
sf.

Neth. happen, to
sf.

Haquenee,
Sp. hacanea.

a nag, hackney;

from

Hamac,
Sp.

hammock;

introd.

from

HAQUET,
screw.
in

sm.

dray,

a wretched horse,

hamaca.
a hamadryad
;

Hamadryade,
a/JLa5pvddes.

from Gr,

HAMEAU, sm. a {{or el = eau see

hamlet agneau).
;

dim. of ham *, which is A. S. ham, a dwelling. HAME^ON, sm. a fish-hook ; from L. hamicionem*, dim. of hamus. For cio = fo
see

formerly hamel O. Fr. hamel is of Germ, origin,

agneau

for i

=e

see mettre.

HAMPE,

for hampte*, staff, handle; sf. a hantbe^, of Germ, origin, O.H.G. hanthabe, properly that which the hand holds, a handle, by contr. ofhajtthabe into hant'be, and then, very irregularly hant'pe, hamt'pe. HANAP, sm. a goblet; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. hnap. HANCHE, sf. the hip, haunch; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. Oncha, the leg, then the haunch. For addition of h see envahir. Hanche is a doublet of anche. sf henbane; from Engl. henbane. HANGAR, sm. a shed, cart-shed; formerly angar, properly a shed to shelter implements and utensils. The Gr. ayyapos, an express, had, through the form dyyapia, produced the L. angaria, meaning the obligation to furnish to the Emperors the means of transport, then a station at which the imperial carriers changed horses hence deriv. angarium, a covered place, shed to ' shoe the carriers' horses in. Angarium

Panser un haquet was a phrase 15th cent. Haquet is a dim. of O. Fr. haque, a hack, which is of Germ, origin, Engl, hack, a horse. t Harangue.^s/". a harangue; formerly arengue, introd. from It. aringa, which is of Germ, origin. Germ, hring. Its doublets are rang, ranz, q. v. Der. harangaer. HARAS, sm. a stud formerly faras, a troop of horses of Oriental origin, Ar. faras, a For horse, whence the collective sense.

/=A

see

143.
va. to harass.

HARASSER,

HARCELER, va. to harass, torment

Origin unknown, formerly ; herceler, from herce, a form of O. Fr. herse. Herceler is to vex, as the herce (harrow) vexes the ground. In Engl, we also find the word harrow ' in both senses.
'

HARDE,
Germ,

sf.

a herd, flock

of Germ, origin,

herde.
sf.

HARDE,
hart.

a leash (for hunting dogs).

pi.

See

fHanebane,

HARDES,
HARDI,
verb

sf.

clothes;

formerly fardes.
see 143.
partic,

Origin unknown.

For f=h
;

adj. bold, daring

of O. Fr.

hardir, of Germ, origin, O. H. G. hartjan, to harden. For t d see 117.

Der.
+

hardiesse,

enhardir (from O, Fr,

See hardi. of Oriental origin,

verb hardir).

HARDIESSE,

sf.

boldness.

Harem, sm.

harem

HARENG,

est locus ubi

sufferuntur equi,' says a Low Lat. document. Angarium is extended

Ar. charam. sm. a herring; formerly harenc, of Germ, origin, O. H. G. harinc. Der.

haretighie.

i8o
HARGNEUX, adj.
Germ,
scold.
origin,

HARGNEUX

HA VRE-SA
HASE,
hase.
sf.

C.

surly, crabbed ; from O.Fr. verb hargner, to quarrel. Hargner is of

a doe-hare; of Germ, origin. Germ.

a staff;

O. H. G. harmjan, to quarrel,

Hast,

sm.

from L. hasta.

Der.

hastzire.

sm. (i) a bean, (2) a stew. Origin unknown. HARIDELLE, sf. a jade, hack. Origin un-

HARICOT,
known.

f Harmonica,
Germ, hannonika came from Germ,
present century.

sf.
:

a.

harmonica;

from

name and instrument

at the beginning of the

Harmonie,

monia. Der. Aannowieux, harmonv&tt. Harmoniexix, adj. harmonious. See harmonie.

sf.

harmony; from L,

har-

Harmonique,
harmonicus.

adj.

harmonic;

from L.

HARNACHER,
HARNAIS,

Der. enharnacher.

va. to harness.

See harnais.

sm. harness, trappings ; formerly the full fitting out of a knight and his horse. Originally harnais signified only the har, ness, armour, of a knight, which sense remains in the phrase blanchir sous le Harnais, formerly harnas, is of harnais. Celtic origin, Low Bret, harnez, Kymr, haiamez, implements of iron, and thence armour. Der. Aarnacher (formerly harnascher. Pro v. arnascar, from O. Fr. form harnasc *). HARO, sm. hue and cry. Origin unknown. HARPE, sf. a harp from L. harpa, found in Fortunatus (6th cent.) ' Romanusque lyra, Harpa is plaudet tibi Barbarus haxpa.' of Germ, origin, answering to Scand. harpa. Germ, harfe. Der. harpiste. HARPER, va. to seize with the nails ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. hqrfan, to seize. Der. harpon. Harpie, sf. a harpy; from L. harpyia. HARPON, sm. a harpoon. See harper. Der. harponner, harponneur. HART, sf, a rope (also harde). Origin un-

formerly hasl, of Germ. For loss of s see 81. Hist. Der. hater, Au/if. HATIER, sm. a spit-rest ; formerly hastier, from haste, a spear, spit, which is from L. hasta. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. HATIF, adj. forward, precocious. See hate. Der. hativet6. HAUBANS, sm. pi. (Naut.) shrouds; formerly hoben, of Germ, origin, as are most seafaring terms, Flem. hohent. HAUBERT, sm. a hauberk ; {oxractXy hanherc, originally halberc, in medieval Lat. halsberga; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. halsberc. Der. (from O. Fr. hauberc) haubergeon. HAUSSER, va. to lift up from L. altiare *, a deriv. of altus. For altiare = hausser see exhausser. Der. hausse-co\, haussement, hausse (verbal subst.), xthausser. HAUT, adj. high ; formerly halt, originally alt, from L. altus. For al = au see agneau; for addition of A see envahir Der. Aaw/ain, sf haste;
origin,

HATE,

Germ. Gram. p.

hast.

hautesse, hauteur.

HAUTAIN,

HAUT^BOIS, sm.

See haut. a hautbois ; compd. of bois and haut, q. v. A hautbois is properly a wooden instrument (bois) whose sound is
adj.
shrill

haughty.

(haut).
sf.

HAUTESSE,
Its

highness (a
q. v.

title).

See haut.

doublet

is altesse,

HAUTEUR,
haut.

./.

height,

haughtiness.

See

HAvE,
pale.

adj.

wan

Der.
. .

For
sm.

loss

of Germ, origin, A.S. hasva, of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81.

havir.

HAVRE,

haven,
Lat.
:

harbour;
*

formerly
et dimisi

havle, originally liable, from L.

habulum *,
in

a harbour, in
.

Low
juris

Laxavi

quidquid

habebam

portu

et

known.

HASARD, sm. chance,

game

hazard, risk ; originally of dice (in 1 2-cent. documents), then the chances of gambling, then chances of Hasard, O. Fr. asari, Prov. azar, Sp. life. azar, O. It. zaro, is of Oriental origin, from Ar. al-sar, the game of dice, whence, by omission of the article al comes It. zaro, and with the article the compd. forms of Sp. azar and O. Fr. asar, to which was afterwards

habulo,'says a lath-cent. act. Habulum is of Germ, origin, dim. of Germ, forms, Hdbulum, as A.S. h(Efen, Engl, haven. contrd. hab'lum (see 51), becomes successively hable, then havle (see avant), and
lastly
"f

Havre-sac, sm.
;
:

havre (see apotre). a knapsack,

Ht,

an oat-

suffixed a

(cp.

homard

for

initial h (see envahir). hasardeuK.

Der.

homar), and an
hasardei,

bag in 1 7th cent, habresac, thus defined by Menage, a.d. 1650, Havre-sac ou habresac Les Chartiers et les Fiacres appellent ainsi un sac de toile dans lequel ils donnent de I'avoine a leurs chevaux dans les rues. Les soldals fantassins se servent aussi . . de cetle sorte de sac quand ils vont en cam.

HEA UME

HERBA GE.
Hellenique,
VLKOS.

i8i
adj. hellenic
;

Thus we see that its true sense is pagne. an oat-bag. Havresac or habresac is from
Germ, hahersack.
formerly helm, of sm. a helm Germ, origin, O. H. G. helm. For el = eau see agneau. Hebdomadaire, adj. weekly ; from L. hebdomadarius *. Its doublet is hebdomadier. HEBERGER, va. to lodge; formerly her;

from Gr. IWt);

Helleniste, sm.
vi<Tr-f}s.

a hellenist

from Gr. kWrj-

HEAUMEj

Helv6tique,
veticus.

adj. helvetic;

from L. hel-

Hematite,
altiarirris.

sf.

(Min.) hematite; from Gr. sf (Surg.) hematocele

Hematocele,
Gr. alfxa and

from
aiyLa-

Ki]Kr}.

berger, from O. Fr. herberge, a place in which one lodges. Herberge is of Germ.
origin,

Hematose,
raxTis.

sf hematosis; from Gr,

Germ, herberge.
va.

Der. heberge,

H6maturie,

H6beter,
tare.

to stultify;
adj.

from L. hebefrom L. he-

sf (Med.) hematuria ; from Gr. aipLarovpia. H6micycle, sm. a hemicycle ; from L.

H6braiique,
bra icus.

Der.
sm.

Hebrew;

hemicyclium.

hebra'isant, hebrdisme.

H^miplegie,
he-

sf.

(Med.) hemiplegy; from

Hebreu,
braeus.

Hebrew

from L.

Hecatombe, sf. a hecatomb;

tomba.

from L. heca-

sm. a hectare (2 a. i r. 35 p.); formed from Gr. kKarov and are. See are. Hectique, adj. hectic; from L. hecticus.
Its

Hectare,

Gr. ^ixnrKrj^ia. H6m.iptre, sm. (Entom.) a hemiptere, bug from Gr, ^ixi- and nrfpov. H6misphdre, sm. hemisphere; from L. hemisphaerium. Der. hemisphdr'ique. H6misticlie, sm. a hemistich ; from L.

hemistichium.
;

doublet

is

Hectogramme, sm.
oz.

Troy)

H6moptysie, sf (Med.) hemoptysis from hectogramme (3'2i6 Gr. aifxa and irrvais. formed from Gr. kKarov and H^mtorragie, ./.(Med.) hemorrhage; from
etique, q. v.

gramme. See gramme. Gr, alfioppayia, Hectolitre, sm. a hectolitre (3 '531 7 cubic Hem.orrhoides,
feet)
;

sf.

formed from Gr. kKarov and

a hectometre

litre.

from Gr,

atfxoppoides.

Der. hemorrhoidal.
(Med.) hemostatic
hendecasyllabic

(Med,) hemorrhoids

See

litre.

Hem.ostatique,

adj.

Hectom.tre, sm.
feet)
;

(328*09167 formed from Gr. kKarov and metre.

interj.

from Gr, alyLoarariKos.

Hend^casyllabe,

adj.

See metre.

HELAS

O. Fr. he I las I compd. of interj. adj. las, from L. lassus, unhappy. In the 13th cent. people said Cette mere est \a.s&e de la mort de son Jils. He! las! qui je suisl i.e. The two words were unhappy that I am finally united into one in the 15th cent. At the same time las lost its primitive force, passing from sense of pain to that of weariness, as has also occurred with gene and ennui, which originally meant plague and
!

alas

Written he ! and

in

HENNIR,

from Gr. 'ivbtKa and avKXa^rj. vn. to neigh; from L. hinnire. For i = e see mettre. Der. /lewttissement.

Hepatique,
liverwort
;

adj. (Med.*) hepatic

sf.

(Bot.)

from Gr. rj-nariKos. H6patite, sf (Med.) hepatitis; from Gr.

i^wariTTjS.

Heptacorde,

Heptagone,
kirrdyojvos.

sm. (Mus.) a heptachord from Gr. knrdxopdos. sm. a heptagon; from Gr.
adj. heraldic
;

'

'

H6raldique,

from medieval

'

hatred,'

+ Heler,

va. to hail; of Engl, origin, like

many other sea terms, Engl, to hail. from Helianthe, sm. the sunflower
;

L.

helianthes, found

in Pliny.

H61ice,

sf.

a helix

from Gr.

eAt, a spiral.

H61iocentrique,

adj. heliocentric;

from

L. heraldicus, der. from herldus (see heraut), properly the art of a herald-atarms. HERAUT, sm. a herald formerly heralt, Sp. heraldo, from medieval L. lieraldus. For The exact origin of al = au see agneau. From L. lieheraldus is unknown.
;

Gr. ijXios and Kfvrpov. Helioscope, sm. a helioscope;

i]\ios

raldus, comes

adj.

heraldicus, whence
;

from Gr.
from L,

Fr. heraldique,

H61iotrope,

and (Tkottuv. sm. a heliotrope

Herbac6,
;

adj. herbaceous

from L. herba;

ceus.

heliotropium.

HERBAGE,

sm. herbage, pasture, grass

from

l82
L.

HERBEHE^R.
herbatieum *,
sf.

der.

from herba.

For

-atioum = -age

see age.

HERBE,

grass;

from L. herba.

Der.

closing

or alchemy, had also a way of absolutely flasks with a seal, whence comes
*

the phrase

hermetically sealed.
adj. hermetic.

Afr6ette, Aerfcoriser, Ar6oriste.

HERMETIQUE,
HERMINE,
fur of

HERBEUX,
For -osu8

adj. grassy

from L. herbosus.

Der. hermetiquemtnt.
Sp. armino,

See hermes.

see 229. sm. a herbal; from L. herFor -arium = -t>r see 198. Herbivore, adj. herbivorous from L. herba and vorare. Herboriser, vn. to herborise. See herbe.

= -eMX

HERBIER,
barium.

Der. herboriszixon, herboristwr.

sm. ermine; formerly ermine, from L. armenius*, properly Armenia, it having been imported thence into Rome. Armenius becomes ermine. For a = see 54 for e = i see 6o. Ermine becomes hermine by
;

prefixing h, see envahir.

Herboriste, sm. a herbalist. H^RE, sm. a fellow, wretch.

known.

See herbe. Origin un-

HERMITE,
Hernie,

sm. a hermit.

prefixed h see

Der. hermin^. See For envahir. Der. hermiUgt.

ermite.
;

H6rditaire,

sm. heroism. See heros. sm. a heron. See aigrette. Der. AeVowneau, heronmex, AeVonniere. aip(aLapxr}S. H6r6sie, sf. heresy from Gr. atpecis. H6ros, sm. a hero; from L. heros. Der. heroisms. Il6r6tique, sm. adj. heretic, heretical ; from HERSE, sf. a harrow, caltrop, portcullis; L, haereticus. HERISSER, va. to bristle, erect, to act like a formerly herce, It. erpice, from L. hirpiherisson just as in It. arricciare is a compd. cem (a harrow, in Varro). For regular contr, of riccio, in Sp. erizar is formed from erizo. of hirp(i)cem into hirp'cem, hir*cem, Herisser does not come straight from see 51; hence O, Fr. herce by \ = e, see herisson, but from the root heriss-, of mettre. For herce = herse see amitie. Der. which herisson is the diminutive. hersage, herser, herseur. HERISSON, sm. a hedgehog, urchin ; for- Hesitation, sf. hesitation; from L. haesimerly heriQon, originally erigon, from L. tationem. ericionem *, dim. of ericius. For cio = H^siter, vn. to hesitate; from L. hae si^o = sso see agencer; for addition of h see tare. envahir. Herisson is a doublet of oursin, H6t6roclite, adj. heteroclite; from L. heteroclitus (found in Priscian). HERITAGE, sm. 'an inheritance. See heri- H6t6rodoxe, adj. heterodox; from Gr. ter. kT(p68o^os. Der. heterodox'xe. HERITER, va. to inherit Prov. heretar, H6t6rogne, adj. heterogeneous from Gr. erepoyep'fjs. Der. heterogeneite. Sp. heredar, from L. hereditare (found in Arnobius). Hereditd,re becomes he- H^TRE, sm. a beech-tree; formerly hestre. Of Germ, origin, Low Germ, hester. For retare, see accointer; whence htriter by loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81, heritage, desDer. e = i, see 60. heriter. HEUR, sm. luck, good fortune ; formerly ei'ir, aiir, Prov. agur. It. augurio, from L. HERITIER, sm. an heir; from L. heredi;

adj. hereditary; from L. hereditarius. Its doublet is heritier, q. v. !E[6r6dit6, sf. inheritance; from L, hereditatem. For -atem = -e see 230. H6r6siarque, sm. a heresiarch from Gr.

Der.

sf.

(Med.) hernia

from L. hernia.
L. heroina. L. heroicus.

Aerwiaire.

H6roine, sf. a heroine; from Heroique, adj. heroic; from

Heroisme,

HERON,

tarius* For heredit- = herit- see heriter for -arius = -ier see 198. Heritier is a
doublet of hereditaire, q, v. Hermaphrodite, sm. a hermaphrodite; from L. hermaphroditus.

augurium., which
then good
or
ill

signified first a presage,

fortune.

Augurium

Herm6neutique,

adj. hermeneutic

from

Hermds,

Gr. kpiXTJVfVTlKOS. sm. Hermes from Gr. 'Epfirjs. Der. hermetique. The hermetic philosophy is that which occupied itself with the search after the Philosopher's stone, i. e. that of Hermes Trismegistus. The hermetic science.
;

became agurium, just as auscultare became ascultare in Roman times. Agurium drops the g (see allier), whence O. Fr. a-ur aiir softens a into e (see 51), whence eur, whence eur, whence the mcdern form heur, by prefixing h (see envahir). The philologists who have derived heur from hora have committed a grave blunder, for h o r a could only produce a monosyllabic form, heure, whose final and mute e answers to the

HE URE
final

HOMICIDE.
Hippopotame,
HIRONDELLE,
sm. a hippopotamus
;

183
from
L.

of

its

parent

whereas

eiir,

ailr,

cannot come from hora, being a dissyllable, ending also with a consonant. Hetir is a doublet of augtire, q. v, Der. honheur, radAhejir, henreux. HEURE, sf. hour from L. hora. For o = eu see 79Its doublet is or. HEUREUX, adj. happy. See heur. HEURTER, va. to strike, hit. Origin unknown. Der. heurl (verbal subst.), heurt-

Gr. tnnoTTOTaiios.

sf

swallow;

from

hirundo, and the dim.

suffix elle.

For
origin,

u=o

see annoncer.

HISSER, Germ,

va.

to

hoist.

Of Germ,

hissen.
sf.

HISTOIRE,

history;
i
;

from L. historia,
see chanoine.

by transposing the

Der.
story

hislor'i&x, historien, historiette, historisl.

oir.

HexaSdre,
and e^pa.

sm. a hexahedron

from Gr. c

HISTORIEN, sm. a historian. HISTORIETTE, sf a Httle

See histoire.

See histoire.
history,

sm. a hexagon; from L. hexin Columella. Hexamdtre, sm. a hexameter; from L,

Hexagone,

Historiographe,
historian
;

sm.

historiographer,

agon us, found

from Gr, iaropioypcKpos. Historique, fli//. historic from L. histo;

hexametrus.
sm. a hiatus; from L. hiatus. HIBOU, sm. an owl. Origin unknown. + Hidalgo, sm. 2L hidalgo (Sp. nobleman);

ricus.

Hiatus,

Histrion, sm. a stage-player; from L. histrionem. HIVER, sm. winter; formerly ivern, from L.
for winter in TertuUian For b=f see 114; for rn = r see aubour and 163. HIVERNAL, adj. wintry; from L. hibernalis. For h^v see 114. HIVERNER, vn. to winter, hibernate; from L. hibemare. For b = i/ see 114. Der. hivermge. HOBEREAU, sm. (Ornith.) a hobby; properly a small falcon. Hobereau is a dim. of O. Fr.

from Sp. hidalgo.

hibernus, used
and
Solinus.

HIDEUX,
hisdeiix,

adj.

hideous,

from L.

O. Fr. hispidosus, found in

frightful.
line
is still to be of Dubellay hi deux

Catullus.

The
the

original sense

seen

in

following
sont
les

Sur r autre
de ronces

7nurs vienx,

et d'hierre.

regularly into
tiede;

comes kisdeux by -pd d. Cp. tep'dus, male sap'dus, maussade; vap'dus, fade; extorp'dire, etotirdir. For hisdeiix hideux see Hist. Gram. p. 81. HIE, sf. a paviour's ram, beetle. Of Germ.
origin,

Hispidosus, contr. hisp'dosus (see 52), be-

hobe,

small

bird of prey.

Of Germ.

origin, Engl, hobby.

HOCHEQUEUE,
nuthatch.

Neth.
sf.

hei.

HIEBLE,
formerly
regular

(Hot.) dwarf elder,

ieble,

from

danewort; L. ebulum. For

HOCHER,

sm. (Ornith.) a wagtail, See hoche and queue. va. to shake, toss; formerly

hochier, hocier, hossier.

of ebiilum into eb'lum, see 51; htnct ieble hy e^ie, s.t&arriere; then hiehle for prefixed h see envahir. HIER, adv. yesterday; from L. heri. For e = ie see arriere.
contr.
:

Flem. hotsen. Der. hochet. HOCHET, sm. a rattle, child's coral.

hocher.

Of Germ,

origin,

See

HOIR,

e = oi see

Hierarchie,
archia.
KOS.

Der.

sf.

hierarchy; from L. hier-

HOLA
la!

sm. heir-at-law ; from L. heres. For Der. hoirie. 61. interj. holloa compd. of ho ! and

hierarch\(\Me.
;

Hieratique,

adj. hieratic

from Gr, Upan;

Holocauste,
6\vKavaTos.

sm. a holocaust;
sm.
adj.

from Gr.
from

Hieroglyphe,
Hilarit6,
s/.

sm. a hieroglyph from Gr. Upos and y\v(po}. Der. hieroglyphique.

Holographe,
Of Germ,

holograph;
;

hilarity

from L. hilaritatem.
230. veterinary

Gr. oKoypacpos. HOMARD, sm. a lobster

origin,

formerly homar.

For -atein = -e see

Dan. hommer.

Hippiatrique,
from Gr.

sf.

medicine;
;

fHombre,
from
q.v.

InniaTpiicrj.

Sp. hombre.

sm. ombre (in card-playing); Its doublet is homme,

from. Gr. ofJuXia.

Hippique,
Gr. InniKus.

adj. belonging to horses

from

Honi6lie,

sf.

a homily

Hippodrome,
;

sm. a hippodrome, racecourse from Gr. iTrrrodpofios. HippogrifiPe, sm. a hippogrifF; a hybrid word,compd. of Gr.fTTTros and L. gryphus.

Hom6opathie,
cidium.

sf homoeopathy ; Gr. ofxoLos and nddos. Homicide, sm. a homicide; from L.

from

homi-

1 84

HOMMA GE
sm. homage.

HOR TIC ULTURE,

HONTEUX,
hospital,

HOMMAGE,
from L.
texts.

Prov. homenatge,

adj.

ashamed, shameful.
;

See

honte. hominaticum *, in medieval Lat. Hominaticum, meaning feudal Hdpital,

in a will of a.d.

homage, occurs
ergo et
praedicti

1035

Volo

sm. hospital, almshouse formerly from L. hospitale (a place where

is

mando

ut

jam

dicta

ecclesia de

hospitality

exercised, in
q. v.

Low

Lat.).

Its

Molig teneat eam Bemardus per manum filii mei Berengarii, et per suum donum et habeat inde hominaticxim.'

doublet

is h/itel,

HOQUET,
See 34.

sm. a hiccough (onomatopoetic).

Homin&tictim, contr. regularly (see 52) into hom'naticum, becomes hommage. For -aticum = -a^c see 248; for inn = wzm see 168.

HOQUETON,

sm. a *hoqueton' (archery); formerly hauqiteton, auqueton, a cloak, also stuff, which is the etymol. sense. Originally alqueton, Sp. alcoton ; of Oriental origin,
Ar. al-qoton.
adj. horary, horal
;

HOMMASSE, dcf;. masculine (used of women).

HOMME,

See homme. sm. a

Horaire,
man
;

from L. hora-

contr. regularly (see

whence homme by

Homme

is

mOT, see 168. a doublet of on, hombre, q. v.

adj.

mn =

from L. h6minem, 51) into liom.'nem,

rius.

t Horde,
29.

sf.

a horde; of Slav, origin, see

Der. komma.sse.

HORION, sm. a Horizon, sm.

Homocentrique,
Gr. dfiSKevTpos.

homocentric; from

thump. Origin unknown. horizon; from L. horizon. Der, Aonzowtal. Horizontal, adj. horizontal. See hori-

Homogdne,
ofxoyfvijs.

Der. homogeneite.

adj.

homogeneous; from Gr,

homologous
;

zon.

HORLOGE,
from Gr. homolog;

sf.

clock;
52.

from L. horoof

Homologue,
6fjio\6yos.

Der.
adj.

adj.

logium.
16giTim
logerie.

For regular
see

homologyxtx,

Der.

loss

in

horo-

horlogtr, hor-

ation.

Homonyine,
dnwvvfios.

Der. homonyxmt.
adj. gelded.

homonymous

from Gr.
it is,

HORMIS,
i.e.

HONCHET.
Hongre,
see
sf.
;

Seejonchet, whose doublet

Of

hist,

origin,

33

properly Hungarian.
cent, the

Down

to

Hungarians were called Hongres by the French, and les chevaux hongres were horses imported from Hungary. Hongre is a doublet of Hongrie. HONNfiTE, adj. honest, virtuous; from L. honestus. For loss of s see Hist. Gram, for n= n see ennemi. Der. honp. 81
the
1 6th
;

adv. save, except. O. Fr. horsmis, In this phrase the partic. mis (L. missus) used to be variable thus in 13th cent, we find Cet homme a perdu In the tons ses enfants, hors mise sajille. 1 5th cent, the partic. became firmly attached to the particle hors, and the phrase hors mis became a prep. For etymology see hors

mis hors.

'

and mis.

Horoscope,
horoscopus.

sm.

horoscope;
;

from

L.

HORREUR,
For -oTera

sf.

horror

from L. horrorem.
L. horri-

neteratni, honneteie.

HONNEUR,
HONNIR,
honjan.

sm. honour; from L. honor. Horrible, For -oTexa. = -eur see 227; for n = n bilis,
see ennemi.

see 227. adj. horrible; from

horrific;

= -eur

Horrifique,
disgrace;
for-

arf/.

from L. horrifrom L.
;

va. to dishonour,

ficus.

merly honir.

Of Germ,

origin,

O. H. G.

Horripilation,

sf.

horripilation;

horripilationem.
adj. honourable;
for(of place and of time) out merly fors, from L, foras. For the very adj. honorary; fromL. honounusual change of f into h see haras and Der. Aormis. hordes and 143. sm. a fee, honorarium; from Horticole, adj. horticultural; from L. hor-

Honorable,
norabilis.

from L. ho-

HORS, prep,

Honoraire,
rarius.

Honoraire,
L.

honorarium.
va. to honour; from L.
adj. honorary

ticola, a gardener (in Isidore of Seville).

Honorer,
rare.

hono- Horticulteur, sm.

cultorem.

a horticulturist

fabricated out of the Lat. words

;

a word hortus and

;

Honorifique,

from L. ho-

HONTE,

norificus. sf. shame. It. onta; of Germ, origin, O. Sax. honda. Der. hontexix, 6hont6.

Horticulture,
and cultura.

sf.

horticulture;

fabricated out of the Lat. words

word hortus

HOSPICE HUI.
Hospice,
sm. a hospital, almshouse; from L. hospitium. Hospitaller, adj. hospitable; from L. hos-

185
tuft,

HOUPPE,
its

sf (Ornith.) a doublet hvppe.

sf.

topknot.

See

HOUPPELANDE,
word found unknown.

a kind of overcoat

pitalarius*.

early in the 14th cent.

a Origin
;

Hospitality,

s/. hospitality; from L. hospitalitatem. an offering, victim, consecrated Hostie, sf. wafer, host; from L. hostia. Hostile, adj. hostile; from L. hostilis. Hostilite, sf. hostility; from L. hostiliJ:atem.

HOURDER, va. to
to fortify with
origin.

pug

(walls, etc.), originally

trellises,

hurdles

of Germ,

Germ, hurde.
-el

HOUSEAU,
sel.

For

sm. a spatterdash ; formerly hou= -eau see agneau. Housel is

H5TE,

sm. a landlord, host, guest ; formerly hoste. Port, hospede, from L. hospitem, by regular contr. (see 51) of hospitem
into

a dim. of O. Fr. house, a boot, which from medieval L. hosa; of Germ, origin, 0.*H. G. hosa. For o = om see affouage. HOUSPILLER, va. to mob, worry. Origin
fora horse-cloth, housing merly houce, from medieval L. hiiltia *, der. from O. H. G. hulst, a covering. HulFor -tia = -ce see tia becomes houce. agencer for ul = 0/ = ou see agneau. For
; ;

unknown. hosp'tem, by pt = / (see acheter), whence hoste, lastly hote (see Hist. Gram. HOUSSE, sf.
^p.8i.)
sm. a mansion, hotel, palace; forfrom L, hospitale, a large house, palace, in medieval Lat. * Actum apud hospitale juxta Corbolium, anno Domini mccxuii ' is the date of an Ordinance of St. Louis. Hospitdle, regularly contr. (see 52) into hosp'tale, becorhes hostel by pt = ^ and a,- e, see acheter lastly hotel by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Hotel is a doublet oi hopital, Der. hotelier, hStellerie. q. V. HOTTE, sf. a basket (carried on the back) of Germ, origin, Swiss Germ, hotte. HOUBLON.sm. thehop ; dim. ofa root houble*, which is from medieval L. hupulus *, der. from hupa, the hop, in Low Lat. documents, ' Huparum hortus is a phrase found in a Chronicle. Hupa is of Germ, origin, Neth. hop. Hupiilus becomes houble * by

HOTEL,
merly

hostel, Sp. hostal,

hozice

= housse

see agencer.

'

See houx. sf a switch. HOUSSOIR, sm. a birch-broom. See houx. HOUX, sm. (Bot.) a holly-tree, holm; formerly hous, originally hols * ; of Germ, origin, O. H, G. hiiliz, a thorny shrub. Huliz, contrd. into hul'z, becomes hols by ul = ol, see annoricer ; hols becomes hous by ol = ou, see agneau; then houx by s x, see deux. Der. Ao;/ssine (properly a hollybranch), ^oMSsoir. . HOYAU, sm. a mattock, pickaxe. See houe. HUCHE, sf. a kneading-trough, hutch; from medieval L. hutica * : Quadam cista,

HOUSSINE,

'

regular contr. (see

51)

by p = 6, see HOUE, sf. a hoe

iii.
;

Der. hotiblonnierQ.
patois hotive
; ;

into

hup'lus, and
of

in

Namur

magniampla annonae plena.' See in Ducange. Origin unknown. Hutica, regularly contrd. (see 51) into hut'ca, becomes huche by tG = c, see 168, and by
vulgo
dicta,
.

hutica

quantitate

tudinis

Germ,

origin, Engl, hoe,

Fr.

M. H. G. houwe.

hoe comes dim. hoel, then hoyel, by a softening of the hiatus hoyel becomes hoyau by softening el into au, see agneau.

From O.

-ca, = -che, see 126, 54. HUCHER, vn. to whistle. Prov.

hucar, from Lat.

L.

huccus*,
:

a call-cry in medieval

texts

e. g.

runt,' in

Qui ad ipsos huccos cucurrea Formulary published by Sirmond,

'

HOUILLE,
known,

Der.

sf.

coal,

pit-coal.

Origin

un-

No. 30.

houillere.

from L. hue.

Huccus is an Huccus

exclamation der. produces a verb

oca,

HOULE,

sf. a billow, so used in i6th cent.; of Celt, origin, Bret, houl, Kymr. hoeval. Der. hoideux.

huccare

*,

see 126.

Der. huchet.
!
!

whence hucher, by

= che,

HUCHET,

sm. a hunting-horn.

See hucher.

HOULETTE,

from L. HUE, interj. hie gee (cry to horses). See agolum (used for a shepherd's crook in Der. huer. 34. Festus), through a dim. agoletta *, which, HUER, va. to hoot, hoot after. See hue. losing its medial g (see accointer) becomes HUGUENOT, sm. a huguenot. Origin una-olette, whence a-oulette by o = ou, see known. Der. huguenotisme. affouage aoulette becomes oulette, just as HUI, adv. this day; formerly hoi, Sp. hoy, aoncle, from avunclus*, becomes oncle. from L. hodid. For odi = oi = ui see apFor prefixed h see envahir. puyer for oi = ui see 84.
sf.

a crook, trowel;

i85
HUILE,
sf. oil
;

HUILE
formerly

HYDR OG^NE.
For -orem^-fx/rsee 227. humour. Der. humorsX. humid; from L. humidus. Humide, Humidity, sf humidity; from L. humiditatem*. For -atem = -e see 230. Humiliation, sf. humiliation from L.
L.
Its

uile, originally oile,

humorem.
doublet
is

For oleiim^ olium see abreger. Olivun becomes oile by transposing the i, see chanoine. For oile = uile see cuider for prefixed h see
Sp. olio, from L.

oleum.

adj.

envahir.
huileric.

Der.

kuiltx,

huileux,

huilier,

humiliationem.
;

formerly uis. It. uscio, Humilier, va. to humiliate, humble from HUIS, sm. a door L. humiliare. from L. ostium, by attraction of i (ostium Bs oistum *) and st = t, cp. dispos from Humility, sf humiUty; from L. humilitatem. dispostus, etc. For oi = tt/ see cuider;
;

sm. a humorist ; der. from L. with the ending -iste, see 217. from Engl. huts), huisserie. sm. humour; + humour. Der. A/monstique. HUIS CLOS, adj. private. See huts and clos. HUISSIER, sm. an usher, bailiff. See huis. + HumiUS, sm. soil; from L. humus. HUIT, adj. eight formerly uit, originally oil. HUNE, sf (^Naut.) top ; of Germ, origin, A. S. htin. For oct Der. Awwier. Port, oito, It. otto, from L. octo. oit see attrait ; for oit = uit see atlrait and HUPPE, sf (Ornith.) a crest, tuft, hoopoo. Prov. upa. It. upupa, by regular contr. adder ; for prefixed A see envahir. Der. /tMjVain, AwzVaine. (see 51) of upupa into uppa, whence Its HUITlfiME, sm. and a<^'. an eighth ; formerly hupe by prefixed h, see envahir. huitiesme, from L. octesimus*, by regular doublet is houppe. Der. huppk. (crested : a dialectical variety of huppe is houppe). For contr. (see 51) of oct6simu8 into u = ou see affbuage. octes'mius, whence huitiesme. For oct= huit- see huit for e = ie see arriere. HUPPE, adj. crested. See huppe. Huitiesme becomes huitieme by loss of s, see HURE, sf. head (of certain animals). Origin unknown. Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. huitiemement. HUITRE, sf. oyster ; formerly uistre, origin- HURLER, vn. to howl; formerly htdler, by originally uller, from L. ululare, ally oistre, from L. ostrea. For regular change of ostrea into ostria see abreger regular contr. (see f^i) of ululdre into hence oistre by attraction of 1, see chaul'lare, whence O. Fr. uller, whence huller noine', then uistre by oi = ui, see cuider; by prefixing h (see envahir), then hurler then huistre by prefixed h, see envahir. by / = r (see apotre). Der. hiirlemeni. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. HURLUBERLU, sm. a giddy goose, fool. Origin unknown. Der. huitrier, huitrihre. HULOTTE, sf. a howlet, owlet; dim. of of Hungarian sffz. a hussar; origin, see 29. root hide*, which is L. \ilula, by regular contr. (see 51) ofuliila into ul la, whence HUTTE, sf. a shed, hut ; of Germ, origin. Germ, hutte. Der. hutttr. ulle, then hulle by prefix of h, see envahir. SEumain, adj. human; from L. humanus. Hyacinthe, sf (Hot.) a hyacinth; from Its L. hyacinthus (so used in Pliny). For -anus = -am see 194. Der. humandoublet is jacinthe, q. v. iser, humaniste. Humanity, sf. humanity; from L. hu- Hyades, sf pi. the Hyades; from J
for prefixed

h see envahir.

(properly a porter,

who

Der. Awjisier keeps the gate,

'

Humoriste,
humor,

Humour,

tHussard,

manitatem.

hyades.
humble
;

HUMBLE,

adj.

from L. humilis.

For regular contr. (see 51) of into hum'lis, whence humble,

mbl, see absoudre.

Hybride, adj. hybrid; from L. hybrida. humilis Hydrate, sm. a hydrate from Gr. vSup. from L. by nil = Hydraulique, adj. hydraulic
; ;

hydraulicus

(so used in PHny).

Humectation,

Humecter,

moistening^ sf. wetting, from L. humectationem. va. to moisten; from L. hu-

Hydre, sf a hydra; Hydrocephale, sf

from L. hydra. (Med.) hydrocephalus! from Gr. v5poK4(pa\os.

mectare. Hydrodynamique, sf. hydrodynamics^ from Gr. vbwp and dvvafiis. HUMER, va. to inhale. Origin unknown. t Huni6rus, sm. (Med.) a humerus; from Hydrogdne, sm. hydrogen; a word fabt
L.

humerus.
sf.

Der. AwmeVal.

Humeur,

humour, mood, temper

from

cated, A. D. 1776, by Cavendish, from Gi vdwp and yivos.

HYDR OGRA PHE

Hydrographe,
Hydrologie,
and Koyos.
Gr. vbap and ypdipdv. hydrographique.
sf.

ICONOCLA STE.
Hsrpdthre,
dpos.
adj. hypaethral;
adj.

187
from Gr.
;

sm. a hydrographer ; from Der. hydrographie,

virai'

Hypnotique,
;

hydrology

from Gr. vScup

Gr. vTTVCOTiKos.

Der. hypnotisms.
sf.

(Med.) hypnotic

from

Hypocondre,

sm. hydromel, mead ; from L. (so used in Pliny), Hydrom^tre, sm. a hydrometer ; from Gr. Der. hydrometrie. vdaip and /xerpov. Hydrophobe, adj. hydrophobic; from L. hydrophobus (so used in Pliny). Der. hydrophobie. Hydropique, adj. dropsical ; from L.

Hydromel,

hydromeli

adj. hypochondriacal from L. hypochondria (so used in Priscian). Der. hypocondrie.

;

Hypocondrie,
hypocondre.

Der, hypocondrhqws.
sm.
sf.

hypochondria.
;

See

Hypocras,

hippocras
sc.

corruption

of

hippocraticum,

vinum.
hypoL.

Hypoerisie,

hypocrisy; from L,

hydropicus.

crisis (so used in St. Jerome). Hypocrite, sm. a hypocrite

from

Hydropisie,
pisis.

sf.

dropsy; from L.
a hydroscopist

hydrofrom Gr.

hypocrita
from Gr.
ique.

(so used in St. Jerome).

Hypogastre, sm.

Hydroscope, sm.
iSpooKOTTOs.

Der. hydroscopit.
s/".
;

(Med.) the hypogastrium vnoydaTpiov. Der, hypogastr-

Hydrostatique,
q.v.

hydrostatics;

compd.of B[ypog^6. sm. a hypogeum

from L. hyIsidore

hydro, answering to Gr. vdwp, and siatique,

pogeum
Seville).

(a

cive,

cellar,

in

of

Hydne, sf. a hyena from Gr. vaiva. Hygiene, sf. hygiene; from Gr. v-yieivus.
Der. hygienique.

Hypostase,
from
L,

sf (Med., Theol.) hypostasis

(substance, in
St.

hypostasis
sf.

Jerome).
;

Hygrom^tre,
vypos

and
stn.

sm. a hygrometer from Gr. Der. hygrometrie, fierpov.

Hypot6nu.se,

the hypothenuse
adj.

from
;

Gr. vTTOTtivovaa.

hygrotneirique.

Hypoth.6caire,
L.

on mortgage
mortgage;
;

from

Hymen,

Hymen; from

hymen.
;

L.

hypothecarius,

Hyinen6e,

sm. hymen, marriage

sm.

from L.

Hypoth^que,
hypotheca.

hymenaeus.

Der. hypothequtx.
sf.

sf.

from L.

Hym^noptdres,
bees
;

from Gr.

v/x'/jv

pi. hymenopteres, and rrrepov.

;

Hypothdse,
hypothesis.

hypothesis

from L.
;

Hyrane, smf a hymn from L. hymnus. Hypoth6tique, adj. hypothetical from L. hypotheticus (so used in Cassiodorus). Hyoide, sm. (Med.) the tongue bone from Gr. voeidis, a bone in the throat shaped like Hypotypose, sf (Rhet.) hypotyposis
;

the Greek letter

v.

from Gr. vnoTvnooais.

hypallage;

Hypallage,

sf.

(Rhet.)

from

L. hypallage.

Hyssope, sf (Bot.) hyssop sopum (so used in Pliny).

./,

from L. hys;

Hyperbole,
L.

Der. hyperbolique. the North Hyperboree, from hyperboreus, Der. hyperboreen.

hyperbola.
sf.
;

sf.

(Rhet,) hyperbole;

from Hyst6rie, hysteria

L.

(Med.)
adj.

hysteria

from L,
from
L,

*.

Hyst^rique,

hysterical;
in Martial).

hystericus (so used

I.

lambe, sm. lambique,

bicus. Ibis, sm. the

an iambus; from L. iambus. adj. iambic; from L, iamibis;

Ichthyologie,
ixOvoXoyia.
ologists.

Der.

sf.

ichthyology;

from Gr.

ichthyologique, ichthy-

from L, ibis.

Ichthyophage,

adj. fish-eating

from Gr.

ICEL, pron. this. See ce. ix6vo(pdyos. ICELUI, pron. this here. See ce. See ce. Der. ci. ICI, adv. here. Ichneumon, sm. an ichneumon; from L, Iconoclaste, sm. an iconoclast ichneumon. ilKOJv and K\daTT]s (from Adco).

from Or.

i88
loonographie,
iconographia.
graphique.
sf.

ICONOGRAPHIE

IMBROGLIO,
g
i

Der. iconographe, icono-

iconography;

from L. I116gitime, adj. illegitimate; from L, IIIct

t
i

mu .
s

See legitime.
adj. unlettered, illiterate

ILLETTRfe,
sm.

loonol&tre,
Idtrie.

an image from Gr. (Ikojv and XArprjs.

sf.

worshipper Der. icono;

L. illiteratus.
lettre.

from For literatus= /fi//rc see

;

Iconologie,

illicit; from L. illicitus. See limite. iconology (interpretation of lUimit^, adj. unlimited. ancient monuments) ; from Gr. tlKdjv and Illisible, adj. illegible. See lisible. \oyia. lUuminateur, sm. an illuminator; from L. illuminatorem. Id^al, adj. ideal; from L. idealis. Der,

Illicite, adj.

idealisme, idealists, idealiser.

Illumination, sf an
L.

illumination;

from

Id6e,

t Identique,

./. an idea; from L, idea. Idem, adv. ditto, the same; from L. idem.^

illuminationem.
illuminate; from L. doublet is enluminer, q.v. illuming (partic. subst.), illumine
va.

niuminer,

to

adj. identical

from Schol.

Lat.*

Der. identicus*, der. from idem. isme. Identity, sf. identity; from L. identiIllusion, sf. an illusion; from L. illusiotatem, der. from idem. See identique. nem, Der. illusionner. Id^ologie, sf. ideology from Gr. tSto and
^.6708.

illuminare.

Its

Der. ideologue, ideologique.

sm. an idiom, language;
idiot;

niusoire,
sorius
*.

adj.

illusory;

from
;

L.

illu-

Idiome,

from L.

idioma. Idiot, sm. an

Illustration, sf an
from L. idiota.
idiom,
peculiarity

illustration

from L.

illustrationem.
of

Idiotisme, sm. an

speech, idiocy; from L. idiotismus. trare. IdolS,tre, adj. idolatrous, sm. an idolater; from L. idolatra. Der. idoldtrex. niustrissime, adj. most illustrious; from L. illustrissimus. Idol&trie, sf. idolatry; from L. idola' ILOT, sm. an islet. See He. tria. Ilote, sm. a Helot; from L. ilotae. Der. Idole, sf an idol; from L. idolum. z7o/isme. Idylle, sf an idyl; from L. idyllium. from L, imaginem. IF, sm. (Bot.) yew. Sp. ivai of Germ, origin, IMAGE, sf. an image For loss of last two atonic syllables see O. H. G. iwa. For v=/see hoeuf. Ignare, adj. ignorant; from L. ignarus. 50 51' Der. imager, imagerie. Ign6, adj. igneous; from L. igneus. Der. Imaginable, adj. imaginable; from L.

lUustre, adj. illustrious; from L. illustris. lUustrer, vn. to illustrate; from L. illus-

i^'nicole.

magi nab il is *.

Der. inimaginable.
;

Ignition,

from L. igni- Imaginaire, adj. imaginary from L. imaginarius. tionem *, der. from Ignitus. Ignoble, adj. ignoble; from L. ignobilis. Imaginatif, adj. imaginative; from L. imaginativus *. Der. imaginative. Ignominie, sf. ignominy; from L. ignoImagination, sf. imagination; from L. minia. imaginationem. Ignominieux, adj. ignominious ; from L. For -OSMS = -eiix see Imaginer, va. to imagine from L. imagiignominiosus.
sf
ignition;

229.

nari.
sf ignorance;
adj.

Ignorance,
rantia.

from L. igno- Imbecile, adj. imbecile; from L. imbecillus.

frofn L.

Ignorant,
rant em.

Der,

ignorant;
ignorafit'm.

igno- Imb6cillit6, ^.
becillitatem.

imbecility;

from L. im-

Ignorer,

va. to ignore, be ignorant of;

Its

from
q. v.

Imbevhe,
bis.

adj. beardless;

from L. imberfrom
L.

L. ignorare. IL, pers.pron. m. he.

;

doublet

is le,

Imbiber,
bibere.
imbibition.

vn.
Its

to

imbibe;
is

formerly isle, Prov. isla, ILE, sf an island For regular contr. of from L, insula. insula into ins'la see 5 1 hence isle by ns = s (see dine), then He by loss of s (see
;

doublet

emboire.

Der.
;

im-

Imbrique,

adj. (Bot.) imbricated, fringed

Hist.

Gram.

p. 81).

Der. Hot.

from L, imbricatus.

+ Imbroglio,
broglio.

sm.

an

imbroglio,
It.

per-

Illegal, adj. illegal; Der. illegality.

from L. illegalis*.

plexity; introd. in i6th cent, from

im-

1MB U
Irabu,
adj.

IMPECCA BILITS,
Immodeste,
destus.
adj. indecent
;

189
from L.

imbued

from

I.

imbutus.

immo-

For -utus

Imitable,
bilis.

see 201. adj. imitable ;

= -M

from L. imita;

Immodestie,
modestia.

sf immodesty; from L. ims/".

Imitateur,
tatorem.

s??z.

an imitator
imitation;

from L. imi-

Immolation,

immolation

from L. imfrom L. im-

molationem.
sf.

Imitation,
tionem.

from L. imita-

Immoler,
molare.

va. to immolate;
adj. unclean;

Imiter,

Der.

t^a,

to imitate;

from L. imitari.

Immonde,
dus.

from L,
;

immunfrom L.

i7mta.ti(.

Immaeule,
maculatus.

adj.

immaculate; from L. imconstant; from

Immondice,
Immoral,
immorlel.

sf

dirt,

uncleanness

immunditia.
adj.

Immanent,
manentem.
ger.

L.

im-

adj.

immoraj.
va.

See moral.

Der.
See
L

zwmora/ite.
adj. uneatable. adj. unfailing.

Immangeable,

See manSee manSee im-

Imraortaliser,

to

immortalise.

Immanquable,
quer.

Immortality,

sf

immortality

from

immortalitatem.
sf.

Immateriality,
materiel.

immateriality.

Immortel,
mortalis.
elle.

f
adj. immaterial;

Der.
adj.

adj.

immortal;

immorlaliser,

from L. imimmort-

Im.materiel,
materialis.
iji,

from L. im;

Der. immaterial'xtL from im, matriculation Immatricule, for and matricide. Der. immatriculei,
sf.

Immuable,
mutabilis.
see muer.

immutable; fromL. imFor mutah His = muable

immatriculztlon.

Immunity,
nitatem.

sf immunity; from L.

immu-

Imm6diat,
mediatus*
moire.

adj.
.

Immemorial,

immediate; from L. imDer. immediatement See meadj. immemorial.

Immutabilite,

sf immutability; from L.

immutabilitatem.
;

Immense,
sus.

adj.

immense

from L.

Impair, adj. unequal, odd. See pair. immen- Impalpable, adj. impalpable from
impalpabilis*.

L.

Immensity,
Im.merger,

sf.

immensity; from L. im-

Impardonnable,
pardon?ier.

adj. unpardonable.

See

mensitatem.
va. to

immerse; from L. im- Imparfait, adj. imperfect; from L. immergere. perfectus. See parfait. Imm6rit6, adj. unmerited. See meriter. Imparfait, sm. the imperfect (tense) ; from Imijiersion, sf immersion; from L.imL. imperfectum. ^ee parfait. mersionem. Impartageable, adj. indivisible. See parIm.m.euble, sm. a landed estate ; from L. tager.
res

immobilis, used in this sense in the Digest, Impartial, adj. impartial. immobiles. For mohiVis = vieuble Der. impartial'xie.

See partial.

see meuble.

Imm.inence,
minentia.

Impasse, sf a lane, blind alley. See passe. sf imminence; from L. im- Impassibilit6, sf impassibility from L.
;

impassibilitatem.
adj.

Imminent,
minentem.

imminent; from L. ira- Impassible,

passibilis.

ac?/'

P^ssible

from L. im-

Immiscer,
miscere.

vpr. to

mix up; from L. im- Impatience, sf impatience; from L. impatientia.

Immixtion,
tionem.

sf blending; fromL.
adj.

immix- Impatient,
patientem.

Der.

adj. impatient;

from L.

im-

impatietttex.

Imm.obile,
mobilis
tion.

immoveable; fromL. im- Impatienter, va. to provoke.

immobihsex,
immobilisztient.

See impa-

Der.

Impatroniser,
sf immobility; from L. im;

vpr. to

become master (of a

See payer.
;

Immobility,

house).

See patron.
adj. invaluable.

mobilitatem. Inim.od6r6, adj. immoderate moderatus.

Impayable,
from L.
i

m- Impeccability,

sf impeccability

from L.

impeccabilitatem.

190
Impeccable,
adj.

IMPECCA BLE
impeccable
;

IMPOSTE,
Impitoyable,
able.

from

L.

adj.

unpitying.

See pitoy-

impeccabilis.

Iinp6n6trable,
L.
it6.

impenetrable; from impenetrabilis. Der. impinetrabiladj.

Implacable,
pl aca b i 1 i s.
ter.

Der.
sf.

adj. implacable

from L. imSee implan-

implacabilhe.
a planting.

Implantation
sf.

Imp6nitence,
Impenitent,

impenitence;

from L.

impoenitentia.
adj. impenitent;

Implanter,
from L. im;

va. to implant.

See planter.

Der. implantation.

Implexe, adj. intricate; from L. imimperative from L. implexus. perativus. (2)si. the imperative (mood); Implication, sf (Legal) contradiction from from L. imperativus, sc. modus. L. implicationem. Imp6ratrice, sf. an empress ; from L. im- Implicite, adj. implicit; from L. implicipoenitentem. Imp6ratif, {i)adj.
;

peratricem.

tus.
adj.

Imperceptible,
perceptible.

imperceptible.

See
See

Impliquer,
plicare.

Its

Imperdable,
perdre.

adj. that cannot be lost.

Implorer,
plorare.

from L. imdoublet is employer, q. v. va. to implore from L. i mva. to implicate

; ;

Imperfection, sf. imperfectionem

tine).

imperfection
(so used

by

St.

from L. Impoli, Augustus.

See
esse.

adj. unpolished

from L. impoliSee politSee

polit-

^
unpoliteness.
impolitic.
adj.

Impolitesse, sf
sf.

Imiperforation,
perforation.

imperforation.

Impolitique,
adj. imperial;

Imperial,
rialis,

from L. impefrom L. imsee 229.

ique.

Imponderable,
adj. imperious;

adj.

imponderable.

See

Imp6rieiix,
periosus.
perissable.

ponderable.

For -osus = -?/;

adj.

Impopulaire,
See
laire.

adj. unpopular.

See popti-

Imp^rissable,
Imp6ritie,
itia.
sf.

imperishable.

Impopularite,
incapacity
;

sf unpopularity. See popu-

from L. imperSee
See

larite.

Importance,
sf.

sf.

importance.

See importSee importer.

Impermabilit,
permeability.

impermeability.

ant.

Important,
adj. adj.

Impermeable,
permeable.

impermeable.
impersonal
;

Der. importance.
sf

adj. important.

Importation,
from L.
See importer.

importation.

See

im-

Im.personnel,
impersonalis.

Importer,
sf.

Impertinence,
pertinent.

impertinence.

from L.

importare.

(l) va. to import (merchandise) ; Der. importaiion.

Impertinent,

Der, impertinence. Imperturbable, imperturbable from L, imperturbabilis. Der. imperturbaimpertinentem.

adj.
;

adj. impertinent

from L.

(2) vn. to be of importance. ant.

Der. import-

Importun,
portunus.
portun.

Der. importunev.

adj. importunate;

from L. imSee im-

Importuner,

va. to importune.

bilite.

Impetrant,

sm. (Legal) a grantee, candidate

See impetrer. sf (Legal) impetration

(for a degree).

Importlinite, sf importunity importunitatem.

from L.

Imp6tration,
L.

from
from

impetrationem.
va. (Legal) to impetrate

Imposable, adj. taxable. Imposer, va. to impose.

impossible, imposznt.

See imposer. Der. See poser.

Imp6trer,
L.
subst.).

impetrare.

Der.
for

impetrant
;

(partic.

Imposition, sf an impositionem.

imposition

from L.

Imp6tue\ix,

impetuous from L. Impossibilite, sf impossibility; from L. impossibilitatem. -osms = -eux see 229. Impetuosite, sf impetuosity from L. im- Impossible, adj, impossible; from L. imadj.

impetuosus*;

petuositatem*.
;

possibilis.

Impie, at//, impious; from L. impius. t Imposte, Impi6t6, sf impiety from L. impietatem. It. imposta.

sf (Archit.) an impost; from Its doublet is impot, q. v.

IMPOSTEURINA CTION.
Imposteur, sm. an impostor; from L. impostorem (so used in Ulpian). Imposture, sf. imposture ; from L. impostura (so used in Ulpian). IMPOT, sm. an impost, tax formerly impose, from L. impositus* (so used in medieval Lat.), by regular contr. of inip6situs into impos'tus (see 51), whence impost; then impat by loss of s, see Hist.
;

191
unproved, disapproved

Improuv6,
of.

a^y./"./".

See projiver.

f
t

Impro vise r, fa. to improvise;

improvvisare.

from

It.

Improviste,
from
It.

adv. suddenly, unawares;

improvvisto.

Imprudence, sf.
prudentia.

imprudence
imprudent
;

from L. im-

Imprudent,
prudentem.

ac?;.

from L. im-

Gram.

p. 81.
sf.

Its

doublet

is
;

impost, q. v.

Impotence,
tentia.

impotence

from L. impofrom L. impoSee

Impubre,
puberty
;

adj.

(Legal) in a state of im-

from L.
sf.

impuberem.
impudence; from L. im-

Im.potent, tentem.
pratiquer.

adj. impotent;

Impudence,
pudentia.

Impracticable,

adj.

impracticable.

Impudent,
dentem.

adj.

impudent

from L. impuSee pudeur. See pudi-

Imprecation,

sf.

an imprecation
;

from L. from L.

Impudeur,
cite.

sf.

immodesty.
sf.

imprecationem.

Impudicit6,

unchastity.

Impregner,
Imprenable,
able.

va. to impregnate
adj. impregnable.

impraegnare*.
See pren(at

Im.pudique,
L.

adj. impure, unchaste

from

impudicus.
sf.

Impuissance,
sm.
a

powerlessness.

See im-

+ Impresario,
theatre)
;

manager

pinssa?it.

from

It.

impresario.
adj.

Impuissant,
Impulsif,
L.

Imprescriptible,
See prescriptible.

Impression,
pressionem.

Der. imprescriptibilhe. impression; from L. im Der. impressionner, impressf. sf.

imprescriptible.

Der. impuissance.
sf.

adj powerless.

See puissant.

adj. impulsive.

See impnilsion.

Impulsion,

impulsion,

impulsionem.

Der.
;

impetus

from

imptdsii.

stonable, fm/'ressfonnabilite.

Impuni,
See nitus.
See pre-

adj. unpunished;

from L. impu-

Impr6voyance,
prevoyant.

improvidence.

Impunite,
adj. improvident.

sf impunity

from L. impuni-

Impr6voyant,
voyant.

Impur, adj. impure; from L. impurus. Inipuret6, sf. impurity; from L. impuritatem. Im.prim.er,fa.to print from L.imprimere. Der. im- Im^putable, adj. imputable (to), chargeable Its doublet is empreindre, q. v.
Im.pr6vu,
^
adj. unforeseen.
;

Der. imprevoyance.
(partic. subst.),

tatem.

See prevu.

prim6
erie.

imprimear, imprim-

(on).

See imputer.
sf.

Imputation,
adj.

an imputation

from L.

Improbable,

improbable;

from L.

improbabilis.

imputationem. Imiputer, va. to impute; from

tare.

Improbateur,
from
bat'if.

sm. a disapprover, censor; L. improbatorem. Der. impro-

Der. /mpw/able.
adj.

L.

impuunapSee ac-

Inabordable,
proachable.
ceptable.

inaccessible,

Improbation,
bitatem.

sf disapprobation

from L.

See abordable. Inacceptable, adj. unacceptable.

adj.

improbationem.
Im.probit6, sf improbity; from
L.

impro- Inaccessible,
See pro-

inaccessible;

from L.
brought
See See

inaccessibilis (so used

adj. unproductive.

in Tertullian).

Improductif,
ductif.

Der. improductih\e.

Inaccordable,
into

adj. that cannot be

harmony.

Im.promptU,

sm. an impromptu from L. in and promptu, a thing- improvised, in such phrases as 'in promptu aliquid
;

Inaccostable,
accostable.

See accordable. adj. unapproachable.

adj.

Inaccoutum^,
accouttime.

unaccustomed.
See acheve.
actif.

habere,' to have something at

hand

'

dicere

Im.propre,
.

quae sunt in promptu,' to say what is ready in the mind, straight off. (//. improper from L. improprius Der. impropriete.

Inacliev,
Inactif,
activite.

adj. unfinished.

adj. inactive.

See

Der.

in-

Inaction,

sf.

inaction.

See action.

192
Inactivity,
s/.

INA CTIVITS-^INCOH^RENT.
inactivity.

a wanton insult, practical from Sp, encartada, der. from encarmissible. Der. inadmissibility. tarse, properly to draw a bad card, thence from Inadvertance, ./. inadvertence metaph. to make a fool of oneself. Schol. L. inadvertantia *, compd. of Incendiaire, adj. incendiary; from L. inadvertantia, der. from advertere. cendiarius. Inalienable, adj. inalienable. See aliener. Incendie, sf. a fire, conflagration ; from L.

Inadmissible,

adj.

inadmissible.

See inactif. See ad-

t Incartade,s/;
joke
;

Der.

inalienabilixd.

Inalliable,
alliable.

adj. that cannot be alloyed. adj.

See

Inalterable,
See alterer.

that cannot be altered.

incendium. Der. incendier. Incendier,' va. to burn up. See incendie. Incertain, adj. uncertain. See certain. Incertitude, sf uncertainty; from L. incertitudinem *.

Inamovible,
ible.

Der. inamovibil'itL

adj. irremovable.

See amov-

Inanim6,

adj. inanimate;

from L. inani-

Incessant, adj. incessant; from L. incessantem *. Inceste, (l) adj. incestuous; (2) sm. in-

matus. For -atus = -e' see 201. Der. incestueux. cest; from L. incestus. Inanite, sf. inanity; from L. inanitatem. Inchoatif, adj. inchoative; from L. inInanition, sf. inanition; from L. inanchoativus. itionem (so used in Isidore of Seville). Incident, adj. incidental; from L. inciInapp6tence, s/ (Med.) inappetency. See dentem. Der. incident (sm.), incidence.

appetence.

Incise, sf (Gram.) an involution

adj.

from L.

See applicable. Der. inopplica.tion, inapplique. Inappreciable, adj. inappreciable. See

Inapplicable,

inapplicable.

incisus.

Inciser,

va. to incise;

from L. incisare*,

a frequent., through supine

appreciable.

Inaptitude,
Inarticuie,
taquable.

sf.

inaptitude.

See aptitude.
See articule. See at-

adj. inarticulate.

cidere. Der. incis\f. Incisif, adj. incisive. See inciser. Incision, sf an incision; from L. incisio-

incisum, of in-

Inattaquable,

adj. unassailable.

nem.
Incitation, sf an incitement from L. incitationem. Inciter, va. to incite; from L. incitare.
;

See attendu. Inattentif, adj. inattentive. See attentif. Inattention, sf. inattention. See attenadj. unexpected.
tion.

Inattendu,

Incivil, viUs.
tatem.

adj. uncivil, brutal;

from L. inci-

Inauguration,
Inaugurer,
augurare.
culable.

sf.

inauguration

from L.

Incwilite, sf icwili

inaugurationem.

incivility; from L. inciviliFor -tatem = -/e see 230.

Der.

va. to inaugurate;
inaugura.\.

from L. inSee
;

Incivique, adj. unpatriotic. See civique. Incivisme, sm. incivism, want of patriotism.
See civisme.

Incalculable,

adj. incalculable.

cal^-

Inciemence,
.

sf inclemency; from L. ininclement

;

Incandescent, adj. incandescent from L. clementia. incandescentem Der. incandescetice. Inclement, adj. Incantation, sf. an incantation from L. clementem.

from L. in;

incantationem.

Incapable, adj. incapable. See capable. Incapacity, incapacity from L. in (pris/",

;

Inclinaison, sf inclinationem.
see fenaison.
q. v.

inclination, dip

from For -ationem = -ctfsc

doublet
is

Its

inclination

vative) and
carcerer.

capacitatem.
$f.

Incarceration,
Incarcerer,
incarcerare
documents,
carnato.
va.
*,
der.

imprisonment.
incarcerate
;

See in-

Inclination, sf clinationem.
q. V.

inclination
Its

from L. inis

doublet

inclinaison,

to

from L.

+ Incarnat,
Its

found in Lat. medieval from L. career. adj. incarnate; from It. m-

Incliner,

va. to incline;
;

Indus, p. p. inclosed from L. t Incognito, sm. incognito;

It.

from L. inclinare, inclusus.

introd. frou

doublet is incarne. Incarnation, sf. incarnation ; from L. in-

incognito.

Incoherence,
herent.

sf incoherence.
incoherent
;

See

inco

carnationem.

Incamer,

vpr. to

become incarnate

from

L. incarnare.

Incoherent, adj. cohaerentem.

Der. incoherence.

from L.

INCOLOREINCR^E.
Incolore,
lor.
adj.

193

Incomber,

V7i.

from L. inco- Inconsequence, A inconsequence; from L. inconsequentia. from L. Inconsequent, adj. inconsequent from L, to be incumbent
colourless;
; ;

incumbere.

inconsequentem.
adj. incombustible
;

Incombustible,

from Inconsideration, sf inconsideration

der.

from

in (negative) and combustibilis *,

L.

inconsiderationem.
adj. unconsidered;

from combustus.

Inconsidere,
adj.

from L.

Incomraensurable,
ble
;

incommensura-

from L. incommensurabilis.
inconvenient
;

Der,

inconsideratus.
201.

For

-atus

-e

see

incommensurahilil^.

Inconsistance,
from L.
;

sf.

inconsistency.

See con-

Incomraode, adj. incommodus.

sister.

Inconsolable,
incommode
from L.

adj. inconsolable;

from L.
L. inL. in

Incommoder,

va. to

inconsolabilis.

Inconstance, sf inconstance; from incommodare. constantia. Incoinmodit6, sf. inconvenience from L. incommoditatem. For -tatein = -/e see Inconstant, adj. inconstant; from
;

230.

and constantem.

Incommunicable,

adj. incommunicable Inconstitutionnel, adj. unconstitutional. See constituer. from L. incommunicabilis, so used by Incontestable, adj. incontestible. St. Jerome. See incommutability contester. Incommutabilit, sf. For Inconteste, adj. uncontested. from L. incommutabilitatem. See con-

-tatem = -/e see 230. Incommutable, adj. incommutable

L.

tester.

from
from
See See See

Incontinence,
Incontinent, Incontinent,

sf.

incontinence

from L.

incommutabilis.
adj. incomparable;

incontinentia.
adj,

Incomparable,

incontinent;

from L.

L. incomparabilis.

incontinentem.
incompatibility

Incompatibility,
compatible.

sf.

adv. forthwith; from L. in

adj. improper,

and continents
adj.

Incompatible,
compatible.

Der.

incompatible.

Inconvenant,
See convenir.

incompatibilite.
sf.

Der. inconvenance.

unbecoming.

Incompetence,
competer.

incompetence.

Inconvenient,

adj. used as a sm. incon-

Incomp6tent,
completus.

adj.

incompetent; from L.
L. in-

incompetentem. Incomplet, adj. incomplete; from

venience; from L. inconvenientem. Incorporation, sf incorporation from L. incorporationem *. Incorporel, adj. incorporal; from L. in;

corporalis.
adj. simple,

Der.
va.

incorporalite.
;

Incomplexe,

incomplex

from

Incorporer,

to incorporate

from L.

incorporare (so used in Solinus). L. incomplexus. Incompr61iensibilit6, sf. incomprehen- Incorrect, adj. incorrect; from L. incorfrom L. incomprehensibilisibility; rect us. Der. incorrect'ion. tatem *. For -tatem = -/e' see 230. Incorrigible, adj. incorrigible from L.

Incomprehensible,
sible;

adj.

incomprehenincompressible

incorri gib ills.

Der. incorrigibilhe.
incorruptibility;

from L. incomprehensibilis.
adj.

Incorruptibilite, s/.

Incompressible,
compd. of
pressibilis *,
der.

from L. comfrom compressusIncorruptible, adj. incorruptible; from inconceivable. Inconcevable, See L. incorruptibilis. concevoir. Incredibilite, sf. incredibility from L. Inconciliable, adj. irreconcileable. See incredibilitatem (incredulity, in Apuconcilier. leius). For -tatem^-^e see 230. Inconduite, sf. misconduct. See conduite. Incredule, adj. incredulous; from L. inIncongru, adj. incongruous; from L. incredulus. congruus. IncredTllite, sf incredulity; from L. inIncongruity, sf. incongruity from L. incredulitatem. congruitatem. For -tatem = -/e see Incree, adj. uncreated from L. increatus*, 230. a word used in Christian controversy.
compressible,
adj.
; ; ;

L. incorruptibilitatem. -te see 230.

from For -tatein =

194
Incriminer,
va.

INCRIMINER
to
der.

INDISCIPLINA BLE.
L

incriminate; from

incriminari *; mcr/mmation.

from crimen.

Der

destructible. indestructibility. Incroyable, adj. incredible. See croyahle. Incrustation, sf. an incrustation from L. Indetermination, sf. indetermination.
;

Der. independance. Indestructible, Der.

pendant.
adj.

Independant,

adj. independent.

See deSee

indestructible.

incrustationem.

See inditertnine.
encrust;

Inoruster,
crustare.

va.
Its

to

from L. inv.

Indetermine,
201.

adj.

Incubation,

doublet is encrouter, q. from L. sf. incubation;

indeterminatus.

in-

Der. indeterminztioa.

undetermined For -atu8

forefinger;
indicator.

from L.
-4

see

Index, sm. an index, cubationem. index. Inculpation, sf. inculpation; from L. inculpationem *. Indicateur, sm. an diquer. Inculper, va. to inculpate; from L. inculpare*.

from L.
See
in-

Der. inculpL
adj.

Indicatif,
from L. incativus.

adj. indicative;

from L. indi-

Inculquer,
culcare.

va. to inculcate;

Inculte,
cultus.

uncultivated;
a

from L.

in-

Indication, sf. an indication j from L. indicationem. Indice, sm. an indication; from L. indicium. Indicible,
adj. unutterable
; ;

Inclinable,

sf.

cradle;

from

L.

inin-

compd. of L. from dicere. curable. Indiction, sf. (Chron.) indiction, convocation (of synods, etc.); from L. indicIncurable, adj. incurable from L. incurabilis. Der. incurabilite. tionem (so used in the Theodosian Code.) Incurie, sf. carelessness; from L. incuria. incursion; from L. in- Indienne, sf. printed calico der. from Inde, Incursion, sf. an

cunabulum.

Incurability,

sf.

incurability.

See

dicibilis *

der.

cursionem. Inde, sm. indigo.

see 33;

properly a coloured cotton stuff

indifference;
indifferent;

Of

hist,

origin,

see

; a blue colour introduced from India. doublet is indique, indigo, q. v. Ind6cence, sf. indecency; from L. inde-

33

made in India. Indifference, sf.

first

from L.

Its

indifferentia.

centia.

Indifferent, adj. differentem.

sf.

from L. in-

Indecent,

adj. indecent;

centem. Ind6chifFrable,
dechiffrer.

from L. inde- Indigence, gentia.

See

indigence;

from L. indi;

adj. undecipherable.

Indigdne,

adj. indigenous, native

from L.

indigenai.
;

Ind^cis, arf/. undecided from L. indecisus. Indigent, adj. indigent; from L. indiIndecision, sf. indecision: from L. indegentem. cisionem*. Indigeste, adj. undigested; from L. indiIndeclinable, adj. indeclinable; from L. gestus. indeclinabilis Der. indeclinabilitL Indigestion, sf. indigestion; from L. inIndecomposable, adj. indecomposable. digestionem.
.

See decomposer.

Indignation,
indefinite;

sf

indignation;

from

L.

Indeiini,

adj.

finitus. For loss

from L. indeof t cp.aigu from acutus.

adj. indefinable.

indignationem.

Indefinissable,
definir.

See

Indigne, a Jj. unworthy; fromL. indignus. Indigner, va. to make indignant (S*), vpr.
;

to be indignant; from L.
adj. indelible;

indignari;

der.

Indeiebile,
lebilis.

from L. indeSee delicat.

Indeiicat,

adj. indelicate.

Der. indelicatesse. Indemne, adj. indemnified;

from indignus. Indignity, s/. an indignity; from L. indignitatem. For -tatein = -/e' see 230. t Indigo, sm. indigo; from Sp. indico.

from L. inSee in-

Der. indigotene, indigotier.

demnis.

Indeniniser, demne.

va. to indemnify.

Indiquer.va. to indicate; from L.indicare. Indirect, adj. indirect from L. indi;

Indemnite,

rectus. Its doublet is endroit, q. v. Indisciplinable, adj. indisciplinable. sf. an indemnity; from L. indemnitatem. For -tatem = -/e see 230. indiscipline.

See

INDISCIPLINE
indiscipline,
Indiscipline,

s/".

INEX PLICA BLE.

;

195

want of

L. indisciplina.

Der.

discipline

indisciplinahle.

adj. undisciplined;

from Indulgence, sf indulgence; from L. indulgentia. from L. Indulgent, aof/. indulgent from L. indul;

indisciplinatus.
201.
c?/.

For

-atus

-e

see

gentem. Industrie,

Indiscret,

indiscreet;

from L. indis-

sf.

industry
adj.

from L. industria.

Der. industriel.
industrious;

cretus *, found in documents.

this sense in 6th-cent.

Industrieux,
industriosus.

from L.

from L. In6branlable, adj. unshaken. See ebranIndiscretion, sf. indiscretion ler. indiscretionem *. See indiscret. Indispensable, adj. indispensable. See Inedit, adj. unedited; from L. ineditus. Ineffable, adj. ineffable; from L. ineffadispettser. bilis. Der. ineffabilite. Indisponible, adj. that cannot be disposed Ineffa9able, adj. ineffaceable. See effacer. of. See disponible. Indisposer, va, to indispose. See disposer. IneflB.cace, adj. inefficacious; from L. inSee efficacem. Der. inefficaclte. Indisposition, sf. an indisposition. In6gal, adj. unequal; from L. inaequalis. disposition. See egal. Indissolubility, sf. indissolubleness. See indissoluble. In6galit6, sf. inequality; from L. inaeindissoluble; from L. qualitatem. See egalite. Indissoluble, adj. Der. indissolubilite. Ineligible, adj. ineligible. See eligible. indissolubilis from L. Indistinct, adj. indistinct; from L. indis- Inenarrable, adj. unutterable
;

tinctus.

inenarrabilis.
adj. individual, indivisible
;

Individu,

from Inepte,

adj. foolish
sf.

L. individuus.

Ineptie,
va. to individualise.
individuality.

folly;

from L. ineptus. ; from L. ineptia.

inexhaustible.

Individualiser,
individtiel.

See

In6puisable,
epuiser.

adj.

See

Individuality,
viduel.

sf.

Individuel,
individu.
iser.

Der.

adj.

individual

individuality,

Inerte, adj. inert; from L. inertem. Inertie, sf. inertness; from L. inertia. Inesp6r6, adj. unhoped for. See esperer. individual- Inestimable, adj. inestimable; from L.
See indider,

from

estimabilis.
adj.

Indivis,
visus.

undivided;
sf.

from L. indi- Inevitable, adj. inevitable;

evitabilis.
See in-

from L. in-

Indivisibility,
divisible.

indivisibility.

Inexact,

adj. inexact.

See exact.

Der.

inexactitude.
adj.
.

Indivisible,
indivisibilis

Der.

indivisible

from
from

L.
L.

Inexactitude,
tude.

sf.

inexactness.

See exacti-

indivisibilite.

Indivision,

sf.

joint-tenancy;

Inexcusable,

adj, inexcusable; adj.

from L.
See

indivisionem *. excusabilis. Indocile, adj. indocile; from L. indocilis. Inex6cutable,

Der.

impracticable.

indocilite.
sf.

executer.

Indolence,
lentia.

indolence;
indolent;
adj.

from L. indo- Inex^CUtion,

tion.

sf.

inexecution.

See execu-

Indolent,
lentem.

adj.

from L. indo- Inexerce,

See
exacted.

adj. unpractised.

See exercer.

Inexigible,
indomitable.

adj. not

due, that cannot be

Indomptable,
dompter.

Inexorable,
adj. undaunted.

See exiger. adj. inexorable

sf.

from

L.

Indonipt6,

See dompter.

inexorabilis.

Indu, adj. undue. See du. Indubitable, adj. indubitable; from

indubitabilis.
1

Inexperience,
L.
rietice.

inexperience.
adj.

See expe-

Inexperimente,
experimenter.

unpractised.

See

Induction,
tionem. Induire, va.

sf.

induction; from L. induc-

Inexpiable, ac^',
piabilis.

inexpiable

from L. inex;

to induce; from L. inducere. See conduire. Its doublet is enduire, q. v. Der. induit.

Inexplicable,

adj. inexplicable

from L.

inexplicabilis.

19^
Inexprimable,
pressed.

INEXPRIMA BLE
adj. that cannot be exSee exprimer. adj. impregnable ; from

INF USIBLE,
adj.
infinitesimal.

Infinitesimal,
fini.

See in-

Inexpugnable,

Infini tif,
tivus.

adj.

infinitive;

from L. infini-

L. inexpugnabilis. Inextingiiible, adj. inextinguishable

L. inextinguibilis.

from Infirme, adj. infirm; from L. infirmus.

va. to invalidate; from L. infirinextricabilis. infirma.ti(. Infirmerie, sf. an infirmary. Infaillibilit6, sf. infallibility. See/aillir. See infirme. Infirmier, sm. an infirmary nurse. See inInfaillible, adj. infallible. See/aillir. Inf&me, adj. infamous; from L. infamis. firme. Der. infamznX. Infirmity, sf. infirmity; fromL. infirmitatem. For -tatem = -/6' see 230. Infamie, ^. infamy; from L. infamia. See + Infant, sm. infant; from Sp. infante. Inflammable, adj. inflammable. Its doublet is enfant, q. v. Jlamme. flnfanterie, sf. infantry; introd. in Inflammation, sf. inflammation from L. 1 6th cent, from It. infanteria. inflartimationem. Der. inflammatoixe. Infanticide, sm. child-murder; from L. Inflammatoire, adj. inflammatory. See
adj. inextricable
;

Inextricable,

from L.

In firmer,

Der. mare. Der.

infirmier, infirmerie.

infanticidium.

inflammation.
infanticide;

Infanticide, smf an
infanticida.

Infatigable,

adj. indefatigable;

from L. Inflcllir, va. to inflect; from L. inflecFor letter-changes seefleckir. tere. from L. Inflexibility, sf inflexibility ; deriv. of inflexible.

infatigabilis.

Infatuation, Infatuer, va.

See infatuer. Inflexible, adj. inflexible; from L. inflexito infatuate; from L. infabilis. tuare. Der. infatuzlion. Inflexion, sf. an inflexion from L. inflexionem. Infecond, adj. unfruitful; from L. infecundus. Infliger. va. to inflict; from L. infligere. Inf(COndit6, sf. unfruitfulness ; from L, i n- Influence, sf. influence; from L. influenDer. influencex. fecunditatem. For -tatera -/e see 330. tia. Infect, adj. corrupt, infected; from L. in- Influencer, va. to influence. See influence. fectus. Influent, adj. influential; from L. influDer. infectex. Infecter, va. to infect. See infect. entem. Infection, sf. infection; from L. infec- Influer, v. to influence; fromL. influere. tionem. fln-folio, sm. a. folio; from L. in and Inf(odation, sf. infeodation (feudal term). folio. See infeoder. Information, sf. information; from L. in-^ Inf6oder, va. to enfeoff; from medieval formationem. L. infeodare; der. from feodum*, for Informe, adj. unformed, shapeless ; from L.
sf.

infatuation.

which see fief.

Inf6rer,

va. to infer

Inf(rieur,
rior em.

Der.

adj.

informis. Informer, va. to inform from L. infer re. inferior; from L. infemare.
;

from L. infor;

'i

inferionXe.
;

Infortune,

sf.

a misfortune

from L.
;

n-*

Infernal, adj.
Infertile,

fortunium. fromL. infertilis. Infortun6, sm. an unhappy wretch Infester, va. to infest; from L. infestare. L. infortunatus. For -atus = Infid^le, adj. unfaithful, infidel from L. 201.
infernal

from L. i n fe r na 1 i s.

adj. infertile;

from
see

-e

infidelis.

Infidelity, s/. infidelity ; fromL. infidelitatem. For -tatem = -te see 2 30. Infiltrer, va. to filter in, infiltrate. See
filtre.

Infraction, sf. an infraction from Der. infractenx. fr actionem.

L. in-

Infructueux,

adj. fruitless;

from L. in 229.

Der.

infiltraXxon.

Der.
Infus,

fructuosus.

For -osus = -5//X see

infructueusexaent.

Infime,

adj. lowest;
infinite;

Infini, adj.

from L. infimus. from L. infinitus.

adj. infused;

from L. infusus.
See infus.

Der.
in-

infusex.

Infinite,
JFor

Der. t;?tesime*, whence infinitesimaX. sf. infinity; from L. infinitatem.

Infuser,
fusoixes.

va. to infuse.

Der.

-tatem =-;e

see 230.

Infusible,

a(/. infusible.

See fusible.

INF USION
Infusion, nem.
See
sf.

INOFFENSIF,
Inintelligible,
brose).
adj. unintelligible
;

T97
from L.
St.

an infusion; from L. infusiopi.

inintelligibilis

(so

used

by

Am-

Infusoires, sm.
ififuser.

(Entom.)

infusoria.

tlngambe,

brisk; from It. ingamba. Its doublet is enjambe, q. v. Ing6nier, va. to task one's ingenuity from L. ingeniari*. Its doublet is O. Fr. enadj. active,
;

Inique, adj. unjust; from L. iniquus. Iniquity, sf. iniquity; from L. iniquitatem.
Initial, adj.
initial;

from L, initialis.

Initiation, sf. initiation; from L. initiageigner. tionem. Ing6nieur, sm. an engineer; from L. in- Initier, va. to initiate; from L. initiare. Der. inieie, iniiiative. geniatorem, a military engineer in medieval documents: Erat etiam ibi ingenia- Injecter, va. to inject; from L. injectare. tor ... qui fecerat plurima ingenia,' see Du- Injection, sf. an injection; from L. injeccange. tionem. Ingeniator is from, ingenium, which (see engin) has the sense of a ma- Injonction, sf. an injunction; from L. in-

'

'

chine/ engine of war.' For -torem = -teur, see 228. Ing6nieux, adj. ingenious ; from L. ingeniosus. For -osvLS = -eux see 229. Ing^nu, adj. ingenuous, modest ; from L,
'

junctionem. Injure, sf. an

juria.

injury, abuse;

from L. inin-

Injurier,
juriari.

va. to revile, abuse; from L.

adj. injurious, abusive

ingenuus.

Injurieux,
sf.

from L.

Ing6nuit6,
itatem.

ingenuity; from L.

ingenu;

injuriosus.

Ing6rer

(S'), vpr. to

For -tateni = -/e see 230. meddle with from L.

Injuste,

a^^'. unjust; from L. Der. injustement.

injustus.

ingerere.

Injustice, sf

injustice;

fromL. injustitia.
from L.

Ingrat, adj. ungrateful; from L. ingratus. Ingratitude, sf. ingratitude; from L. ingratitudinem. Ingredient, sm. an ingredient from L, ingredientem. Ingu6rissable, adj. uncurable. See guerir. Inhabile, arf/. unskilful; from L. inhabi;

Innavigable,
Inn,

adj. unnavigable;

innavigabilis.
from L. innatus. For -atus = -e see 20 r. Innocence, sf innocence; from L. innocentia. Innocent, adj. innocent; from L. innocJ/. inborn
;

lis.

Der.

inhabilete, inhabilite.
adj. inhabitable;

centem.

Der. innocenter.

Inhabitable,

from L. in- Innocuite, sf innocuousness, harmlessness ; habitabilis. from L. innocuitatem, der. from innoInherence, sf. inherence. See inherent. cuus. Inherent, adj. inherent; from L. inhae- Innombrable, adj. innumerable ; from L.

rentem. Der. Inhospitalit6,

230.

inherence.
sf.

inhospitality

from L.

Innomm6,
ver.

innumerabilis. adj. unnamed.

inhospitalitatem.

Der.

For -tatein = -/e see

Innovateur,

See nommer. See inno sm. an innovator.

inhospitalier.

Inhumain,
manus.

ac?;'.

inhuman; from L. inhu- Innovation, sf an innovation; from L.

innovationem,
sf.

Inhumanite,

inhumanity; from L. in 230.

Innover,
vare.

i/.

to innovate; from L.

inno-

humanitatem. For -tatem. = -/e see

Inhumation,
inhiimer.

sf.

inhumation, burial.

See

Inoccup,

adj. unoccupied.

tin-oetavo,
va.

bury; from L. inhumare. Der. inhumation. Inimaginable, adj. unimaginable. See

Inhumer,

to

sm. an from L. in and octavo. Inoculateur, sm. an inoculator ; from L.

See occupS. octavo (volume);

inoculatorem.

imaginable.

Inoculation, sf
adj. inimitable;

inoculation

from L. ino;

Inimitable,
mitabilis.

from L. ini-

culationem.

Inimitie, sf

Inoculer, va. to inoculate, ingraft from L. from L. iniinoculare. micitatem* (deriv. from inimicus, like Inodore, adj. inodorous, scentless ; from L. amicitatem from amicus; see amide). inodorus. For -icitatem = -jV/e, see amitie. InofiFensif, adj. inoffensive. See offensif.
unfriendliness;

198
Inondation.

INONDA TION^-INSTABILITS.

inundation; from L. Inseparable, adj. inseparable; from L. sf. an inundationem. inseparabilis. Inondor.va. to inundate; fromL.inundare. Ins6rer, va. to insert from L. inserere. Inopin6, odf;. unexpected from L. inopi- Insertion, sf. insertion; from L. insernatus. For -atusn-J see 201. tionem. Inopportun, adj. inopportune from L, Insidieux, adj. insidious; from L. insidiinopportunus. For '08\xa = -eux see 229. osus. Inopportunit6, 5/ unseasonableness from Insigne, adj. distinguished; from L. inL. inopportunitatem*. For -tatem = -/c signis. see 230. Insigne, sm. a badge; from L. insigne.
;
;

Inorganique, adj. inorganic.

See organique.

Its

doublet

is

enseigne, q. v.

Inoui, adj. unheard-of. See ouir. See sigInsigniiiant, adj. insignificant. nijier. Der. insignifiancQ. t In-pace, adv. in peace; from L. in and pace, Insinuation, */". insinuation from L. insinuationem. fln-partibus, adv. in partibus, among from L. insinthe heathen; from L. partibus (infide- Insinuer, va. to insinuate

+
+

uare. In-pettO, adv. inwardly; from It. in Insipide, adj. insipid; from L. insipidus. petto, properly in the heart. Der. insipidM. In-quar to, sm. quarto ; from L. in and Insistance, sf insistence, persistence. See

lium).

quarto.

insister.

Inquiet,

adj. unquiet, restless;

from L. in- Insister, va.

quietus.

Der,
i

to insist;

from L. insistere.

insistance.

Inqui^ter,
quietare.

from L. in- Insociable, adj. unsociable; from L. insoc ab Der. insociabilite. s Inqui6tude, sf. uneasiness from L. in- Insolation, sf sunstroke, exposure to the quietudinem. sun; from L, insolationem. Inquisiteur, sm, an inquisitor; from L. Insolence,*/. insolence fromL.insoIentia. inquisitorem. Its doublet is ettqueteur, Insolent, arf/. insolent; fromL. insolent em. Der. inquisitoriil. Insolite, adj. unwonted; from L. insolitus. q. V. Inquisition, sf. inquisition; from L. in- Insolubility, sf insolubility; from L. inquisitionem. solubilitatem. For -tatem = -/tf see 230. Insaisissable, adj. indiscernable. See saisir. Insoluble, adj. insoluble; from L. insoluInsalubre, adj. unhealthful; from L. inbilis.

Der.

va. to

disquiet;

inquietint.

i 1 i

salubris.

Insolvable,
sf.

Insalubrity,

unhealthfulness

insalubritatem*. Insomnie, sf sleeplessness; from L. insomnia. 230. Insatiability, sf. insatiableness from L. Insouciant, adj. heedless. See soucier. insatiabilitatem. For -tatem = -/e' see Der. insouciance.
;

from L. For -tatem=-/e' see

;

Der.

adj. insolvent.

See solvable.

insolvabilit^.

230.

Insoumis,
adj. insatiable;

adj.

unsubdued.

See

sou-

Insatiable,
tiabilis.

from L. insa;

mettre.

Insoutenable,
sf.

adj. indefensible.

See sou-

Inscription,

an inscription

from L.

tenable.
;

inscriptionem. Inspecter, va. to inspect from L. in specInscrire, fa. to inscribe; from L. inscritare. = -ire, see ecrire. For -ibere be r e Inspecteur, sm. an inspector from L. inInsecte, sm. an insect; from L. insectum. spectorem. fln-seize, sm. l6mo. (book); from L. in Inspection, sf inspection from L. inand Fr. seize. spectionem.
.

Insens^,

foolish from L. Inspirateur, sm. an inspirer from L. inj For -atus = -e see 20r. spiratorem. Insensibility, sf. insensibility ; from L. Inspiration, sf inspiration; from L. in^ insensibilitatem*. For -tftteni = -/e see spirationem. Inspirer, va. to inspire; fromL. inspirarej 230. Insensible, adj. insensible; from L. in- Instability, sf instability; from L. instasensibilis. bilitatem. For -tatem = -/e see 230.

adj.

insensate,

insensatus.

INSTALLER
Installer,
va.

INTER CEPTER.
Insupportable,
supportable.
adj.

199
insupportable.

to instal.

See stalle.Der.
L. instantia.
pressing
;

See

installation.

Instance, sf. instance; from Instant, sm. an instant, adj.

L. instantem.

Insurger (S'), vpr. to revolt;

gere.

Der.

from

Der. insurg6 (weakpartic.subst.).

adj. insurmountable.
.

from L. insurSee

instantane.

Insurmontable,
surmonter.
L.
;

Instar (11') adv. like from L. instar. Instauration, sf. an instauration from
;

instaurationem. Instigateur, sm. an

instigatorem.

Insurrection, sf an insurrection from L. insurrectionem Der. insurrectionnel.

instigator

from L. Intact,

adj. intact;

from L. intactus.
See tarir.

Intarissable,
;

adj. unfailing.

Instigation, sf. instigation gationem. Instiguer, va. to instigate

gare.

from L. insti- Integral,

lis.

adj. integral;

from L. integraIts

from L. insti- Int^gre,

doublet

adj.
is

whole; from L. integer.

entier, q. v.

Instinct, sm.

Der.
tuere.

instinct;

from L. instinctus.
See
instinct.

instinchi.

Int6grer, va. (Math.) to re-establish, integrate; from L. integrare. Der. integr-

Instinctif,

adj. instinctive.

ation.

Instituer,

va. to institute; from L. instiinstitute

Institut, sm. an institution, L. institutum.

integrity; from L. integritatem. For -tatera = -/e see 230. from Intellect, sm. intellect; from L. intel-

Int6grit6, sf

lectus.
;

Instituteur, sm.
L. institutorem.

a teacher, master

from Intellectuel, adj.

intellectualis.

intellectual

from
i

L.
n-

Institution, tutionem.

sf. institution

from L. insti- Intelligence, sf

;

intelligence

from L.

Instructeur, sm. an
instructorem. Instructif, adj.
structivus*,

instructor

telligentia. from L. Intelligent, adj.

intelligent

fromL. intelfrom L. in;

instructive;

ligentem. from L. in- Intelligible,

telligibilis.

adj. intelligible;

der,
sf.

Instruction,

from instruere. instruction; from L. in-

Intemperance,

sf.

intemperance

from L.

structionem (so used in Arnobius). intemperantia. Instruire, va. to instruct; from L. in- Intemp6rant, adj. intemperate; from L.
struere.

intemperantem.
sm. an instrument ; from L. Der. instrumenta.\, in-

Instrument,
strumenttx.

instrumentum.

Intemp6r6,

adj. intemperate;

from L. insee 201.

temperatus. For -atus = -e

Intemperie,
sf.

sf.

inclemency (of weather)

Instrumentation,
See instrumenter.

instrumentation.
deeds, etc., to

from L. intemperies.

Intempestif,
va. to

adj. unseasonable, untimely

Instrumenter,
ment.

draw

from L. intempestivus.
sm. a superintendent, manager Its doublet is entendant, q. v. Der. intendance. Intense, adj. intense; from L. intensus.

compose instrumental music.

Der.

See instru-

Intendant,

instrumenta.tion.

from L. interidentem.

Insu {h V), adv. in ignorance. See savoir. Insubordination, sf insubordination. See subordination.
Insubordonn6,
subordonner.
adj.

Der.
suit;

intensite.

insubordinate.

See

Intenter,

va. to enter (an action), begin a

from L. intentare. Insuffisance, sf insufficiency; from L. in- Intention, s/". an intention; fromL. intensufficientia. tionem. Der. intentionne, intentionnel. Insuflisant, adj. insufficient; from L. in- Inter calaire, adj. intercalary from L. insufficientem. tercalaris. Insufllation, sf (Med.) insufflation from Intercalation, sf intercalation; from L. L. insufflationem. intercalationem. from L. inInsuflB.er, va. to inspire, breathe into from Intercaler, va. to intercalate
; ;
;

L. insufflare.

tercalare.
intercede; from L. into
intercept

Insulaire, adj. insular; fromL, insular is. Interceder, va. to Insulte, sf an insult; from L. insultus. tercedere. Insulter, va. to insult from L. insultare. Inter cepter, va.
;

from L.

200

INTER CEPTION-^INTER VENTION.

Interception,

interceptare , compd. of inter and Interne, adj. internal; from L. internus. ceptare, from captare. Der. interncT, internet. Intemonce, sm. an envoy from L. intersf. an interception ; from L. interceptionem. nuncius. Intercesseur, sm. an intercessor from L. Interpellation, sf a summons, call for intercessorem. a reply, question; from L. interpellatioIntercession, sf. an intercession from L. nem.

intercessionem.

Interpeller,
;

va. to

summon, put a

ques-

Intercurrent,

adj. intercurrent

from L.

tion

from L. interpellare. from L.

intercurrentem. Interpolation, sf interpolation; Interdiction, sf. an interdiction, prohibition interpolationem. from L. interdictionem. Interpoler, va. to interpolate Interdire, va. to interdict from L. interinterpolare. dicere. Interposer, va. to interpose Interdit, sm. an interdict; from L. interinter and poser. Its doublet dictum. For ct = / see i68. poser, q. v. Int6ressant, adj. interesting. See inter- Interposition, sf interposition esser. interpositionem. Int6resser, va. to interest; from L. inter- Interpr6tatif, adj. interpretative
; ;
; ;

from L. from L.
is

entre-

from L.

esse.

interpretativus,
interest
;

from

from L. interpretare.
;

Int6ret, sm.
Hist.

formerly

interest,

from

See interpreter.

(v. impers.). For loss of s see Interpretation, sf interpretation; from Gram. p. 8i. L. interpretationem. Int6rieur, adj. interior; from L. inter io- Interpr^te, sm. an interpreter; from L. rem. interpretem. Int6rini, sm. an interim from L. interim. Interpreter, va. to interpret from L. in-

L. interest

Der.

interim&ire.
;

terpretari.
;

Interjection, sf. an interjection from L. Interrdgne, sm. an interregnum from L. interjectionem. interregnum. Inteijeter, va. to interpose from L. inter' Interrogant, adj. asking questions from jectare*, compd. of inter and jectare L. interrogantem. which is der. from jectum. For ct = t see Interrogateur, sm. an interrogator from L. interrogatorem. i68. Interligne, sf. a space between lines, prin- Interrogatif, adj. interrogative; from L.
; ; ;

ter's

Interlocuteur, sm. an

leading; from L. inter and Fr. ligne. interlocutor; from

interrogativus.

Interrogation, sf an
L.

interrogation

from

L. interlocutorem *, from See interloquer.

interloqui.

interrogationem. Interrogatoire, sm. (Legal) an examination;

Interlocution,

sf.

interlocution; from L.

from L. interrogatorius.
va. to interrogate; va. to interrupt;

interlocutionem.

Interroger,
from

from L.

^Interlope,
Engl, interlope.

sm. an interloper;

interrogare.

Interloquer,

from L. award an interlocutory interrumpere. from L. inter- Interrupteur, sm. an interrupter ; from L. in, to nonplus, interrupt interruptorem. loqui. Intermdde, sm. an interlude; from L. in- Interruption, sf an interruption ; from L. interruptionem. termedins. Der. intermedizixt. See Intersection, sf an intersection from L. Interni6diaire, adj. intermediate. intersectionem. intermede. Interminable, adj. interminable from L. Interstice, sm. an interstice ; from L. nterstitium. interminabilis. Intermission, sf. intermission; from L. Intervalle, sm. an interval; from L. intervallum. intermissionem. Intermittence, sf intermission. See m- Intervenir, vn. to intervene; from L. intermittent. ter venire. Intermittent, adj. intermittent from L. Intervention, sf intervention; from L.
vn. to
;

Interrompre,

inter mittentem.

Der.

intermittence.

interventionem.

INTER VERSION
Interversion,
sf.

INVISIBILITY.
Intuition, sf an tionem*.

201

inversion; from L. in-

intuition; from L. intui-

terversionem.

Inter vertir,
vertere.

va. to invert;

Intestat, Intestin,
nus.

adj. intestate; adj.

from L. inter- Intumescence, sf a swelling, intumescence; from L. intumescentia*, der. from intumescere. fromL. intestatus. intestine; from L. intesti- Intussusception, sf (Physiol.) intus-sus;

ception; from L. intus and susceptionem. Intestin, sm. an intestine; from L. intes- Inusite, ac?/. unused from L. inusitatus. tinum. Der. intestinal. For -atus = -e' see 201. Intimation, sf. an intimation, notice from Inutile, ac?/'. useless from L. inutilis. L. intimationem. Inutility, s/. inutility from L. inutilitaIntime, adj. intimate; from L. intimus. tem. For -tatem = -/e see 230.

Der.

intimiiQ.

Invaincu,
from L. inti- Invalide, validus.
See
titnide.

adj. unconquered.
adj.

See vaincu.

Intimer,
mare.

va.

to intimate;

Der. invalidei,

weak, invalid; fromL. ininvalid'ite.

Intimider,
titulare.

va. to intimidate.

Invariability, sf
variable.

invariability.

See

in-

Intituler, i/a.

to entitle,

name; from
;

L. in-

Invariable,
arf/,

Intolerable,
tolerabilis.

intolerable

from L. in-

Der.

adj. invariable.

See variable.

invariabilite.

Invasion, sf an
sf.

invasion;
invective;

fromL. inva-

Intolerance,
tolerantia.

intolerance; from L. in-

sionem. Invective, sf an

Intolerant, adj. intolerant from L. invectiva, from invectivus. Der. invectolerant em. Der. intolerantisme. tiver. Intonation, sf. an intonation from L. in- Invendable, adj. unsaleable. See vendtonationem *, der. from intonare. able. Intraduisible, adj. untranslateable. See Invendu, adj. unsold. See vendu. traduire. Inventaire, sm. an inventory from L. inIntraitable, adj. intractable. See traiter. ventarium. Der. inventor'xtr. Intransitif, arf/. intransitive from L. in- Inventer, va. to invent; from L. inventransitivus. tare*, from inventum, supine of invenIntrepide, adj. intrepid; from L. intrepiire. Der. inventif. dus. Der. intrepidite. Inventeur, sm. an inventor; fromL. inventorem. t Intrigue, sf an intrigue; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. intrigo. Dex intrigant, Invention, sf invention from L. invenintriguer. tionem, Intrinsdque, adj. intrinsic; from L. in- Inventorier, va. to inventory. See in-

from L. in-

trinsecus.

ventaire.

Introducteur,
Introduction,
L.

sm. an introducer

from L. Inverse,
Its

adj.
is

inverse

from L. inversus.
;

introductorem.
sf an introduction; from
;

doublet

envers, q. v.

Inversion,
sionem.

sf an inversion

from L. inver-

introductionem. Introduire, va. to introduce

troducere. Introit, sm. an entrance,

from L. in- Invertebre,

;

adj. invertebrate. See vertebra.

Investigateur, sm. an
introit

investigator

from L.

L.

investigatorem.

from

introitus. Investigation, sf an investigation; from Intromission, sf intromission; from L. L. investigationem. intromissionem*, der. from intra- Investir, va. to invest; from L. invest ire.
missus.

Der.

mj/es/issement, investiture.

Introniser, va. to enthrone; from L. thronizare *. Der. m/ro/izsation.

in-

Inveterer

(S'), vpr. to
adj.

become

inveterate

from L. inveterare.
See

Introuvable,
tronver.

adj.

undiscoverable.

Invincible,
vincibilis.

invincible; from L.

in-

from Inviolable, adj. inviolable; from L. inL. intrusum.' Der. intrusion. V o 1 a b 1 is. Der. inviolabilite. Intuitif, adj. intuitive; from L. intuiti- Invisibilite, sf invisibility; from L. invus*, der, from intueri. visibilitatem. For -tatein = -/e see 230.
adj. intruded, sm.

Intrus,

an intruder

202
Invisible,
bilis.
adj. invisible;

INVISIBLE ISSU,
from L. invisi- Irrefragable, adj. irrefragable; from L. irrefragabilis*. an invitation; from L. in- Irregularity, sf irregularity. See rigularite.

Invitation,

5^.

vitationem. Invitatoire, adj.

vitatorius.

See regulier. fromL. irreFor -osus = -; see 229. ligiosus. Inviter, va. to invite from L. invitare. Invocation, sf. an invocation ; from L. in- Irreiigion, sf. irreligion; from L. irreliinvitatory;
adj. irregular.

from L. in- Irregulier,

Irreiigieux,

adj. irreligious;

from L. from L, Irremediable, adj. irremediable involuntarius. irremediabilis. irremissible from L. Involucre, sm. an envelope ; from L. in- Irremissible, adj. irremissibilis. volucrum. Involution, sf. involution; from L. in- Irreparable, adj. irreparable; from L. irreparabilis. volutionem. Invoquer, va. to invoke; from L. invocare. Irreprehensible, adj. irreprehensible from L. irreprehensibilis. Invraisemblable, adj. improbable. See
adj.

vocationem. Involontaire,

gionem.
involuntary
; ;

vraisemblable.

Irreprochable,
sf.

adj. irreproachable.

See
ir-

Invraisemblance,
vraisemblance.

improbability.

See

reprocher.

Irresistible,
adj. invulnerable;

adj. irresistible;

from L.

Invulnerable,
lode, sm. (Chem

from L.

resistibilis*.

invulnerabilis.
)

iodine

lonique,
Iota, sm.

adj. Ionic;
iota
;

from Gr. luiSrjs. from L. ionicus.

;

Irresolu, Irresolution,
tion.

adj. irresolute.
sf.

See rdsolu. See resoluirresolution.

See from Gr. Iwra. Irrespectueux, adj. disrespectful. respectueux. tlp6cacuana, sf. (Med.) ipecacuanha; of American origin, see 32. The root Irreverence, sf. irreverence; from L. irrewas introd. from Brazil into Europe towards verentia. the end of the 17th cent. Irreverent, adj. irreverent from L. irreIrascible, adj. irascible; from L. irasciverentem. bilis. Irrevocable, adj. irrevocable; from L. Der. irrevocabiliti. Ire, sf, anger, ire; from L. ira. irrevocabilis. Iris, sm. an iris; from L. iris, Goddess of Irrigation, s/. irrigation; from L. irrigathe rainbow, then, the rainbow itself. tionem. The word has other uses, as the iris of the eye, Irritabilite, sf irritability; fromL. irriso called because of the colours of that tabilitatem. For -tatem = -/e see 230. membrane the iris of botany, from the Irritable, adj. irritable; from L. irritabi;

blue colour of the plant. Der. irise. Ironie, sf. irony; from L. ironia.
ironique.

Der.

lis.

Irritation,

sf.

irritation;

from L. irrita-

tionem.

Irradiation, sf. irradiation. See irradier. Irriter, va. to irritate; from L. irritare. Irradier, va. to irradiate; from L. irra- Irruption, sf. an irruption; from L. irdiare. Der. irradia.tion. ruptionem. from for isoscele, IrraisonM,ble, adj. unreasonable. See Isoceie, adj. isosceles

Gr. iaoaK(\T}S, comp. of 'iaos and axiXos. from Gr. Irrationnel, adj. irrational; from L. irra- Isochrone, adj. isochronous Der. isocAronisme. tionalis. laoxpovos See i&oler. See Isolation, sf. isolation. Irr6conciliable, adj. irreconcilable. reconcilier. Isolement, sm. isolation, loneliness. See

raisonna^.

Irrecusable,
Irr6ductible,
dnire.

adj. unexceptionable
irreducible.

from
re-

isoler.

L. irrecusabilis.

+ Isoler,
See

va. to isolate, detach

It.

Der.

adj.

16th cent, from

isoZation, isoloir.

isolare.

Der. tso/ement,

introd. in

irreductibil'ite.

Irr6fl.echi,
thoughtless.

adj.

See reflechir.
sf.

Irr6fl.exion,
flexion.

unguarded, ISSU, sprung from p.p. of O. Fr. issir, which from L. exire. For x. = ss see aisselle; Der. issut (partic. for e = i see 59. thoughtlessness. See reunreflecting,

subst.).

ISSUE
ISSUE,

JALOUX.
for

203
o = oi,

Isthme,

by attraction of the /, see sf. 113; from L. isthmus. chanoifie. from L. italicus. IVRAIE, sf. (Bot.) tares, darnel; from L. Italique, adj. italic A word of historic origin ( 33), the typoebriaca, der. from ebrius by reason of
an issue. See sm. an isthmus
;

issu.
;

having been introduced at Venice by Aldus Manutius. + Item, adv. moreover ; from L. item. It6ratif, adj. iterative; from L. iteragraphical letters called
italics

the

drunkenness, or rather the torpor caused by it. For ebri- = ivre- see ivre ; for -aca = -a/e and for loss of c see ami; for a

=
IVRE,
e

see 54.
adj.
;

tivus.

Itin6raire, sm, an
erarius. IVOI RE, sm. ivory
ivoire.
;

itinerary;

from L. itin-

eboreus = eborius

For from L. eboreus. see abreger, whence

drunken from L. ebrius. For see 59; v .see 113. for b Der. jvresse, cnivrev, iVrogne. IVRESSE, sf. drunkenness. See ivre. IVROGNE, sm. a drunkard. See ivre, Der.

For e = e see

59

for

b=f

see

ivrogiieixQ.

J A. adv. already;
final

m,

sm. a jaguar; introd. from the colonies of South America, Sp. jaguar or jaguara. jamais. JAILLIR, vn. to gush out a form ojailler*, JABLE, sm. a cross groove. Origin unknown. from L. jaculare*, in Isidore of Seville. For Der. jabkr. regular contr. of jaciiMre into jac'lare see JABOT, sm. a shirt frill. Origin unknown. 52, hence jailler by c\=^il, see Hist. Der.^a^o^er. Gram. p. 71. Der. ^'az/Zissement, Tejaillir. JACASSER, vn. to chatter like a. Jacques (sou- JAIS, sm. jet, black amber a very ill-formed briquet of a magpie). Proper names of word, from L. gagates. Jais was in O. Fr. men are often applied to birds, as e. g. jayet, in Walloon gaiete. Gagates losing pierrot to the sparrow. its medial g (see allier) becomes gayet by formerly jaschiere, intercalating an euphonic y and by a = e J ACHfiRE, sf. fallow-land gaschiere, from L. gascaria, so used in (see 54); gayet becomes jayet hy g=j, medieval documents, as e. g. Unusquisque Up to this point the transsee jumeau. equus, qui laborat in terrae ejusdem villari, formation is regular how jayet was dein inscriptions as

from L. jara. For loss of already gone in popular Lat., see under the Empire such words

and dis. Ja is from L. jam, from L. dies.

q. v.

dis

is

+ Jaguar,

Corsica for Corsicam, virofor virum, urbe for urbem, etc. Der. de/d, ^adis,

'

id est in gascariis,' from a I2th-cent. text. Origin unknown. Gascaria becomes gas-

graded into jaye then jai or jais

is

not

known.
;

and by -aria Jalap, sm. (Bot.) jalap of hist, origin (see = -iere, see 198; then jachiere by loss of s, 33), from the Mexican town of Jalapa, see Hist. Gram. p. 81 and by e=j, see Sp. Xalapa, whence the plant was brought jumeazi. Der. jacherer. to Europe at the beginning of the 1 7th cent. JACINTHE, sf. a hyacinth; from L. hya- JALE, sf. a large bowl. Origin unknown. cinthus. For hy=7 see abreger. Its Der.^a/age. doublet is hyacinthe, q. v. JALON, sm. a stake, landmark. Origin unchiere see 1 26;

by o

= ch,

Jaconas,

sm. jaconet.
sf a coat.

Origin unknown.
;

known.

Der. jalonner, jalonneur.

va. to be jealous of.
;

JACQUE,

Seejaqueite.

JALOUSER,

Jactance, sf. boasting from L. jactantia. JALOUSIE, sf. jealousy. Jaculatoire, adj. ejaculatory; from L. JALOUX, adj. jealous
jaculatorius.

Seejaloux. Seejaloux.

JADE,

(Min.) jade. Origin unknown. JADIS, adv. of old, of yore; compd. of 7a

sf.

from L. zelosus. for o = ou see For e = a see amender for z = j cp. jujube from affouage
;
;

zizyphum.

Der. jalouser, jalousie.

204
JAMAIS,

JAMAISJET,
sf.

JAMBE,

adv. ever. See 705 and mats. a leg; ioxmcTly gambe,\X. gamha, from L. gamba, a thigh then a leg, in ' Vegetius, Art. Vet<!'rin. lib. i. 56 Post
; :

modern word, from Prov, gasar, a word of Germ, origin, Scand. gassi, a prattler. For

quod admonitus
_

injuria, tollit altius crura, et

g =j see jumeau. Der. j'oseur, jaserie. + Jasmin, svi. jessamine; from Sp. jasmin. Jaspe, sm. jasper from L. asp is (found in
Pliny).

in flexione geiiiculorum atque

gambarvun

Der. jasper, jaspuie.

moUiter vehit.' For g=7 see 167. Der. jambige, jambon, enjamber, jambihre, jambette,jamb6. JAMBON, sm. a ham. See jambe. Der. janibonntzu. t Janissaire, sm. a janissary of Oriental

JATTE,

origin, Tmkish jeni/cheri. Jans^niste, sm. a Jansenist (see

of

hist, origin

Ypres.

Der. jansenisme.
sf. felloe

33),

from

Jansenius,

bishop

of

JANTE,
The

(of wheels)
in
is

from L. cam-

item*, found
origin of

the Florentine Glosses.

camitem

unknown. Cdm.-

a bowl ; formerly gatte, Sp. sf. gabata, from L. gabata, by regular contr. (see 51) of gdbata to gab'ta, whence gatte, by bt = // ( 168), which ought regularly to have become d, see accouder. Gatte becomes jatte by g=j, see 167. Jatte is a doublet of joue, q. v. Der. jattee. JAUGER, va. to gauge. Origin doubtful, perhaps from L. qualificare. If so, its doublet is qualifier, q. v. Der. jauge (verbal suhsX.), jaugezgt. JAUNE, adj. yellow ; formerly jalne, from L. galbinus. For regular contr. of gdl-

item, regularly
and by

contr, into

cam'tem

(see

51), becomes^'an^e by m. = n, see changer,

binus into galb'nus see 51, whence galnus (see 113), whence y'a/we (for ^=7
see

c=g=j, cp. capella,_;nt/e//e. JANVIER, sm. January; from L. januarius.

167), lastly jaune (for al

agneau).

Der.

au

see

jajinktre, jaumr,jaunisse.

For -arius = -z>r see 198. Here u = v JAVART, sm. a quittor (veterinary). Origin (januarius); for this consonification cp. unknown. vidua., veuve; irXfvpd, pUvre and after a t Javeline, sf. a javelin; introd. in i6th cent, from It. giavelina. q, as sequere, suivre; aqua, eve*. This change is found even in Lucretius, who has JAVELLE, sf. a sheaf; formerly ^av//. It. genva for genua, tenvis for tenuis so gavella, a handful of shoots or ears, from also in Merov. Lat. of the 6th cent., L. capella*, a handful, from the same severe for sequere (seq'vere). root as capulus. Capella becomes gaJAPPER, vn. to yelp, yapp (of little dogs, velle by p = i/ (see lii), c=g (see foxes, etc.) and \zsX\y javelle (for g'^j see onomatopoetic. See 34. 114), Der.jappement. 'Der.javehr,javele\ir, enjaveler. 167).
:

Jaque,

sm. a jacket

of

hist,

origin

(see

JAVELOT,

sm. a javelin.

Origin unknown.

time of the Jacquerie; a JAYET, sm. pitch-coal. Seejais. garment much worn by the Jacques, or JE, pers.pron. I in nth cent.^'o, in 9th cent. revolted peasants of the 14th cent. io and eo, from L. ego. By regular loss of Der. jaqutWt. medial g (see allier) ego becomes eo, found in
33)> from the
;

JAQUEMART,
gin

sm. a clockhouse, jack.

Ori-

unknown.
;

cest

Jaquette, sf. a jacket. JARDIN, sm. a garden

See jaque. formerly gardin, of leonem becomes lion, eo becomes io (see Germ, origin. Germ, garten. For g=j see abreger) it is so found in the Oath of Karl the Bald, A. D. 842 Ne io ne nerds, lit. Nee Der. jardiner, 167 ; for t = fl? see 117. jardinieT, jardinage, jardinet. ego nee nec-uUus.' According to the rule (see abreger) io was consonified into jo, JARGON, sm. jargon, gibberish. Origin unknown. Der. jargonner. which, about the middle of the 1 2th cent., was weakened into je, just as the O. Fr. + Jarre, sf. a jar from Sp.jarra. JARRET, sm. ham, hamstring; formerly forms fo, la are softened into ce, le. garret, dim, of a lost radical garre *, found JEREMIADE, sf. a Jeremiad; of hist, origin, also in Prov. garra ; of Celtic origin, Bret. see 33. gar. For g=j see 167. Der. jarret- J6suite, sm. a Jesuit; originally Jesuiste, from iere. Jesus of hist, origin ( 33). For loss of s JARRETlfeRE, sf. a garter. Seejarret. Der.jesuitiq\ie,jesuitsee Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 isme. JARS, sm. a gander. Origin unknown. t Jaser, vn. to chatter, prattle, tattle; a JET, sm. a throw. Seejeier.
; : '

eccistum

9th cent. in the Strasburg Oaths: Eo salvarai meon fradre Karlo, sc. Ego salvabo meum fratrem Karolum.' Just as
'

JETER
JETER,

JOUIR.
merly
to strew
sion, to

205

va. to throw, cast. It. gettare, from L. jactare. For a = e see 54; for ct t see 168. Der. jet (verbal subst.),

with rushes, then, by extencover with verdure, flowers, etc.), jonchet (originally pegs made of rushes).

jet6&

(partic.

subst.),

dejeter, xejeter, sur-

JONCHER, JONCHET,
Its

jeter,jeton.

Der. ^oncAee
doublet
is

va. to strew, scatter.

(partic. subst.).

See jone. See jone.

JETON,
JEU, sm.

sm. a counter, token.

play, sport,

Seejeier.

sm. bones (a game).

honchet.

game.

Prov. joe, from

L. jocus. For of c see ami.

o = eu

see
It.

76;

for loss

Jonetion,
tion em.

sf a junction;

from L. junc-

JEUDI, sm. Thursday.

giovedi, from L.

JONGLER,
;

For letter-changes see accointer. vn. to juggle, originally to divert

;

Joves dies, found in the Inscriptions. Jovis becomes jeti by loss of v (see a'ieul) and by o = eu (see 76). We see that
this derivation
is

right

when we

find that

anyhow from L. joeulari. For regular contr. into joc'lari see 52 whence jongler by inserting n, see concombre, and by cl = gl see eglise. Der. jonglerie,

the Prov., reversing the order of the compounds, calls the day dijous (dies jovis). JEUN (A), adv. fasting; formerly jeun, from L. jejunus, by dropping the medial j, as is

jongleur.

JONGLERIE,

sf jugglery.
a juggler.
sf.

See jongler.

JONGLEUR, sm. fJonquille,

junquillo.

See jongler.

jonquil;

from

Sp.

from L. Jovis barba, found in Pliny. Jovis becomes jou by loss of v, see a'ieul, and by o = ou, see affouage. The Italians, reversing the parts of the compd. Jovis barba, call the plant barba di Giove. Der. jeimesse, rzjeumx. JOUE, sf. a cheek; formerly joe, originally jode, Ix.goia, Vrov. gauta,Siom L. gauta*, JEUNE, sm. fasting, a fast; iormerXy jeune, from L. jejunium. For letter-changes see a word found in medieval texts Habuit jeujt. partem capitis St.Bartholomaei,quae maxilla vn. to fast; formerly jeuner, from JECNER, seu faux, vel gauta vulgariter dicitur,' see L. jejunare. For letter-changes see jeun. Ducange. Gauta is contrd. from gavata, Der. dejeuner, jeuneuT. a form used by Ennodius, and this is a
; ;
:

done in jeune from je]uni\im,jeuner from jejunare. JEUNE, adj. young formerly jotie, from L. juvenis. For regular contr. of juvenis into juv'nis see 51, hence jone, by vn = n (see alleger), and by u = (see annoncer) jone becomes jeune by o = eu, see 76.
also

JOUBARBE,

sf (Bot.) sengreen, houseleek

'

JEUNESSE, sf. youth. See jeune. JOAILLIER, sm. a jeweller. See

Der. joailleiie.

joyau.

transformation of gabata, a porringer, in Martial. For the transition from the sense of porringer to that of cheek, see 14,

t Jockey,
jockey.
Its

sm. a doublet

jockey;
is

from

Engl.

jacquei.

Jocrisse,

sf.

a silly servant.

Origin

un-

known. JOIE, sf. joy from L. gaudia (from gau dium) by dropping medial d (see accabler), whence gau-ia, which becomes joie by au = (see 107), and s j (see
;

Joue is a doublet of jatte, q. v. Gabata became first gavata (see avant), then gav'ta (see 51), then gauta (see aurone),vfhencejoe by loss oft (see aigu), by au = o (see 107), and g=^j (see O. Ft. joe becomes joue by o=^ou, 167).
see affouage.

Der.70Mfflu (the

relation be-

tween

167).

word and the primitive gabata can hardly be made out).

this

JOINDRE,

va. to join from L. jungere. For -ungere = -oindre see oindre. JOINT, sm. a joint from L. junctus. For
;
;

JOUER,

va. to play, Prov, jogar, from L. jocari, by regular loss of medial c and

letter-changes see accointer. Its doublet juntre. Der. joiniie, jointoyer.

is

JOINTURE,

sf.

joint;

from L. junctura.

For unct = oint see accointer. JOLI, adj. pretty a word of Germ, origin, O. Scand. jul, properly a festival, then joy, whence the original sense of7o/i= joyous.
;

dim. of jeu, notice also the curious change of q. V. the diphthong from eu to ou. JOUFFLU, adj. chubby, fat-cheeked. See joue. JOUG, sm. a yoke; from L, jugum. For
;

ou, see affouage. JOUET, sm. a plaything, toy;

u = OM
JOUIR,

JONG, sm.

Der. joliet, enjoliver, jolivete. a rush ; from L. juncus. u = o see annoncer. Dei. jonchtx

For
(for-

formerly jotr. ; Prov. gaudir, from L. gaudere. For gaudere

see 90. vn. to play

= gaudire

see accomplir.

Gaudire

loses

206
its

youRyuiF.
medial d,
see

whence joir. oellus, regularly contrd. into juven*cellus see (found in a document of a.d. 1 150), be167; for au = comes jouvencel by u = ou, see 90 Joir becomes jouir by o=-ou, see 107. youir is a doublet of gaudir, then jouvenceau by */ = eau, see agneau. affouage. Der. _/oMissant (whence jouissance), t Jovial, adj. jovial from It. giovale. q. V.
accabler,

For

e=j

see

rSjouir.

JOYAU,

JOUR,

sm. a day ; formerly jor, originally jorn. It. giorno, from L. diurnus, properly diurnal, daily, then in Low Lat. the length of time called a day. Diiirnus con-

formerly joyel, joel, sm. a jewel from L. jocale *, found in Gregory of Tours. This word, derived from jocari, is common in sense of a jewel in medieval
;

Lat. documents

thus,

'

Reges

jocalia

and makes u = o (see annoncer)^ vfhence joruus, found for diurnus, in Carolingian documents, e. g.
sonifies

di

into_; (see abreger),

sanctae ecclesiae ornamentum contulerant,' says Ingulphus, p. 858. Jocale

plurima

in

having
joel,

lost its

medial c (see affouage), and

in a Chartulary of a.d.

896

'

Donamus
.
.

sub eo etiam mancipia his nominibus censu, ut masculi denarios 4. de capite annis
.

singulis,

simul

et

jornos
Jornus
(see

2.

nisi

reditus

el (see annuel), becomes thence joyel, by intercalating an, euphonic y, see 167. Joyel becomes joyau by el = au, see agneau. Der.^'oai/lier (from

changed al to

terrae

teneant.'

produces O. Fr.
aubotir),

O. Vx.joal,joel).

jorn,

whence jor modern form jour

(see affouage).

Der. (from O. Fr. a doublet oi diurtie, q.v. jorn), jor nee* (now joun\4:e, for o ou

whence Jour is

JOYEUX,
iosus.
(see

adj. joyful,

joyous

from L. gaudits

Gaudiosus
and

loses

medial

d
by

accabler),
(see

becomes joyeux
(see

g=j

167),

byau = o

see affouage), yourner, se/oz/nier.

and by -08us = -eux (see 229).

joyeuset6.

Der.
'

107),

JOURNAL,

sm.

journal;

formerly jornal

(properly that which takes place daily\ from

L. diurnale, written jornale in Merov. documents, by, change of diurn into jorn Similiter dono jornales de see jour.
; '

is found in an 8th-cent. Jornale gives O. Fr. jornal, which becomes journal by o = ou, see Journal is a doublet of diurnal, affouage. DeT.journalier, journaliste, journalq. V.

terra

arabili,'

Chartulary.

isms.

of hist, origin, see ; because of the Jube, domine, dicere,' which was formerly chanted in that part of the church. Jubilation, sf. jubilation; from L. jubilationem, found in St. Jerome. Jubil, sm. a jubilee from L. jubilaeus. JUCHER, vn. to roost, perch. Origin unknown. Der. jucho'iT, dejucher. Judaique, adj. Judaical, Jewish; from L.

Julb6, sm. a roodloft

33

so

called

JOURNALIER,
journal.

adj.

daily,

variable.

See

judaicus.

Judaiser,

vn. to judaise;

from L. judafrom L. juda-

JOURNALISME, sm. journalism. Ste journal. izare. JOURNALISTE, sm. a journalist. See jour- JudaiSlU,e,
nal.

sm. Judaism;

ismus.
sf.

JOURNEE,
See jour.

a day (from rising to rest).

Judas, sm. judas; of hist, origin, see 33. Judicature, sf. judicature; from L. judicatura
*.

JOUTE,
J

sf.

a joust.

Seejouter.
tilt,

OUTER, vn.

to joust,

tourney

formerly

Judiciaire,
arius.

adj. judicial;
adj. judicious;

from L. judicifrom L. judisee 229.

It.

jouster, originally juster,

Sp. justar,

from

L. juxtare *, to draw near, thence to fight hand to hand, in medieval Lat., from

JudicieUX,
ciosus
*.

For -osus= -eux

juxta.

Juxtare becomes _/ws/er by x = s, JUGE, sm.

m = ou,

a judge.

Prov. jutge,

giudice,

see 90, whence see ajouter ; by jouter by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Jouter is a doublet of jouxter. Der. joute

(verbal subst.),70M/eur.

JOUVENCE,
For

sf.

youth

from L. juventia*.
for

u = OM
It.

see

90;

-tia

= -ce

see

224.

JOUVENCEAU,
jouvencel.

nicellus;

sm. a young lad; formerly from L. juvedim. of juvenis. Juvenigiovincello,

from L. judicem, by regular contr. (see 51) of judicem into jud*cem, whence juge by dG = c=g, see adjuger. JUGEMENT, sm. judgment. Seejuger. JUGER, va. to judge; from L. judicare. For jndio&Te ^juger see adjuger. Der. jngement, adjuger, pT6juger. Jugulaire, ac?/. jugular from L. jugulum. JUIF, adj. Jewish, sm. a Jew from L. judaeus. Forae = esee 104, hence judeus;

'

'

J VILLET

KIOSQ^ UE.
JURON, sm. an t Jury, sm. a
jutexxx.

ZCJ
oath.

then judeus = judius (see abreger). thence juif by attraction of i (see buis), and DeT.jnivene. (seejief). JUILLP:T, sm. July dim. of L. Julius (July, at Rome), whence a dim. juliettus*,

See jurer.

d=/

jury;

from Engl.
;

7?/ry.

Its

doublet \sJ7iree. JUS, sm. juice, sauce

from L.

jus. Der.

whence juillet by

li = il,

see ail.
trans-

JUIN, sm. June

position of
i,

from L, Junius by

see buis.

JUJUBE,

sf.

phum.

(Bot.) jujube; from L. zizyFor regular change of y into u see

lOI, whence zizuphtini, whence jujube. For z =j see jaloux for i = see fumier. ph, or f, = 6 is a change against all rule.
;

sm. ebb of the tide; der. from^ws, an adv. which signifies downwards 'in O.Fr. O. Fr. jus is from L. jusum *, down, ' in St. Augustine Jusum facere Deum,' he says in his treatise on the First Epistle of St. John. JUSQUE, prep, as far as, until from L. de usque, conipd. of de and usque. De'

JUSANT,

DeT.jtijubier.

usque

regularly

became

diusque,

see

t Julep, JUMEAU,

sm. (Med.) julep; from Sp. julep. from L, adj. twin, twinborn ; geraellus. For -ellus = -eau see 204.
In this case initial g becomes 7, as in gaudFor e~eu = u cp. ere, jouir, see 130. buveur, bluet, puree, in O. Fr. beuveur,
hleuet,

59 ; whence jusque by consonification of di into 7", see abreger.

Jusquiame,
L.

sf (Bot.) hyoscyamus

from

jusquiamus (so used in Vegetius). Jussion, s/". a command; from L. jussionem.

peuree. The same changes are found in reussir from re-exire. Jumeau is a doublet of gemeaux. Der.^wmelles,

JUSTAUCORPS,
JUSTE,
adj.

sm. a close coat, compd. of

accurate^

juste, au, corps, q. v.

just,

apt;

from L.

JUMENT,
in late

sf.

mare

from L.

jumentum,

Justus.
sf. justice
;

a beast of burden in Class. Lat., a

mare JUSTESSE,
-itia

from L. justitia, by
245.
Its

and medieval Lat.

a petticoat
;

-esse,

see

doublet

is

JUPE,

sf.

word of Oriental

justice, q. v.

origin, Ar.jubbet,

JUPON, sm. a short petticoat. JURANDE, sf. a wardenship. JURER, vn. to swear; from
Juridiction,
sf.

an under-garment. Seejupe. Seejurer.

Justice, sf

justice;

from L. justitia.
2.
Its

For
is

-tia = -ce see 214, note

justesse, q. v.

doublet

"Dtx. justiciar, justiciable.

;

L. jxirare. Der. jurement, juron, jurande.

jurisdiction
;

Justification, sf
L.

from

justification from L. justificationem. Justifier, vfl. to justify; from L. justifi.

jurisdictionem. care Der. justifizhle. Juridique.ac?/. juridical; from L.juridicus. JUTEUX, aflj/. juicy. See^wsandf 229. Jurisconsulte, sm. a jurisconsult from Juvenile, ac^'. juvenile from L. juvenilis. L. jurisconsultus. Juxtaposer, vn. to juxtapose; from L. Jurisprudence, sf jurisprudence from juxta and poser, q. v. Der. juxtaposL. jurisprudentia, used by Ulpian. ition.
;
; ;

K.
t

Kan,
kkcln.

sm. a khan

of Oriental origin, Pers.

Kilo-, sm. a

'

kilo

'

(a thousand of)

from Gr.

Kangurou,

sm. a kangaroo
kaolin,

name and Kilogramme,

4'428
of Kilolitre,

animal imported from Australia.

t Kaolin, sm.

porcelain clay;

Chinese origin, Chinese kaoling.

fKermhs, sm. kermes

Ar. kermes, cochineal.

of Oriental origin,

fKermesse,

sf a kirk-mass, feast-day; from Flem. kerhnisse.

sm. a kilogram (2lb. 30Z. See znA. gramme. sm. kilolitre (I tun 10 galls. nearly). See Mlo and litre. Kilometre, sm. a kilometre (io93'6389 yards). See Mlo and metre. S que, sm. a kiosk; of Oriental origin, +
dr. avoirdupois).

Mo

Kio

Turk,

liieuchk.

208
t Kirsch-Tvasser, sm.
spirit

KIRSCH- WASSER
kirsch-wasser (a
;

LA

I.

bricated by means of the first two words of the Greek Litany, which contains a long whence the list of invocations of Saints; kirsch-wasser. word comes to mean a long enumeration o? sm. the knout; from Russian t string of things. knout. Kyrielle, sf. a litany, long list ; a word fa- Kyste, sm. (Med.) cyst ; from Gr. kvotis.

made of cherry

stones)

from Germ.

Knout,

LA,

La,

of the musical scale. Sp. ella, from L. iliac, by LA, adv. there. dropping the initial il, see le. For loss of c see ami. fliabarum, sm. the labarum; from L.

art. f. the. See le. interj. La, sixth note

(laxare) lascare = lascher, see Idche and acharner; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, Ldcher is a doublet of laisser, q. v. p. 81.

Der.
It.

LACHETE,

xddcher. sf. cowardice

see Idcher
;

laschita,

from L. laxitatem.
for

formerly laschete. For laxi-

labarum.

= Idche-,
;

-tatem = -te

see

Labeur, sm. labour For o = eu see 79,

Iiabial, adj. from labia.
labial;

from L. from L.

lab o rem.
labialis*,

230.

LACIS, sm. network.

See lacer.

Laconique,

adj. laconic;

from L. laconi;

cus (Laconian).

Labile, sf. (Bot.) labiate; from L. labium. Lacrymal, adj. (Med.) lachrymal from L. lacrymalis*. Der. /acrymatoire. Laboratoire, sm. a laboratory; from L. LACS, sm, a string, bowstring, lace (of boots). laboratorium*, from laborare.

Laborieux,
riosus.

adj. laborious; from L. laboFor -osns = -eux see 229. Labourer, va. to labour, till, plough (for

For

qu = c

Der. the restriction of meaning see 12). labour (verbal subst.), laboura.ge, labourable, laboureuT. Labyrinthe, sm. a labyrinth ; from L. la-

see 149. From the lac come lacer, lacet.

see car; for continuance of s

old objective case

Lactation, sf. lactation; from L. lactationem. Lacte, adj. lacteal; from L. lacteus.

Lacune,
cuna.

byrinthus.

LAC,

sm. a lake
va.

from L. lacus.
See lacs.

LACER,

to lace.
s/.

Der.

lacis,

enlacer, d6lacer, entrelacer.

Laceration,
rationem.

laceration;

from L. lace-

Lac6rer,

LACET, LACHE,

va. to lacerate; from L. lacerare. sm. a lace. See lacs. adj, cowardly. O. Fr. lasche, Prov. lasc. It. lasco, from L. lascus, which is a The comes laz-d-re, by ZT = zdr, see ancetre. transposition of lascus, e. g. laxus. For lasdere = ladre see Hist. Gram. p. 81. double consonant x = cs is thus transposed thus, Idcher, O. Fr. lasIt is confirmatory of this derivation that in a few words cher, lasquer in the Chanson de Roland, St. Lazare is called St. Ladre in all parts from lascare for lacsare (laxare) meche, of France north of the Loire. Ladre is a doublet of Lazare. Der. ladrerie. O. Fr. mesche, from mysca for mycsa from tasca t Lagune, sf a lagoon; from It. laguna. (myxa); tdche, O.Yt. tasche, For change of lascus for tacsa (taxa*). Its doublet is lacune, q. v. For into lache see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for c = LAI, adj. unlettered; from L. laicus. ch see 126. loss of c see ami. Its doublet is Idique, q. v. LACHER, va. to slacken, loosen; formerly LAI, sm. a plaint, lay ; of Celtic origin, Kymr. lascher. from L. laxare. For lacsare llais.
: ; ;

from L. lalagune, q. v. LADRE, sm. a leper ; adj. leprous ; from L. Lazarus, the poor man in the Gospel, covered with sores, whence by extension ( 12) applied to all lepers. St. Lazarus was invoked in the middle ages against leprosy, and lazarus in late Lat. documents signi' fies a leper De infirmis qui et leprosi, vulgo autem lazarii nominantur.' IidzSrus, regularly contr. (see 51) to laz'rus, besf.

a chasm, lacuna
is

Its

doublet

LAlCHE
LAfCHE,
;

LANCE.
;

209
;

formerly laische. It. lisca sf. sedge of Germ, origin, O, H. G. lisca. For i = ai see marraine and 74; for G = ch see Laiche is a doublet oileche. 126. LAID, adj. ugly. It. laide of Germ, origin, Der. laideion, O. H. G. /azrf, odious.

LAMBEAU, sm.
Its

a shred, scrap, rag formerly lambel, a form which remains in heraldry. For el = eau see agneau. Origin unknown.

laideuT, enlaidir,

LAIE, 5/. a sow. Origin unknown. LAIE, sf. a path from medieval L. leda, a terram, alwoodland track in Low Lat.
; : '

netum, paludem, quae jacent inter ledam et sclusam molendini,' from a charter
.
. .

of A.D. 1 136. Leda is of Germ, origin, Scand. leid. Leda becomes. /a/e by loss of d, see alouette ; and by e = oi ai, see
It. lana, from L. lana. For ana = c!ts see 194. Der. lainer, laimge, lainerie, lainier. LAINEUX, adj. woolly from L. lanosus. For a = ai see 54 for -osus = -eux see

61,63. LAINE, sf. wool.

229.

Laique,
doublet

adj. laic, lay

is

from L. laicus.

Its

O. Fr.

lat.

LAIS,

sfn.

a standard tree, in a a string, leash

wood.

See

laisser.

LAISSE,

sf.

from L. laxa*,

is the heraldic term lambel. sm. a dawdler of hist, origin, the diffuse Professor Lambin (see Der. lambinev. 33). LAMBOURDE, sf. a joist. Origin unknown. LAMBREQUIN, sm. (Archjt.) a scallop. Origin unknown. LAMBRIS, sm. panelling from O. Fr. lambre. Lambre is from L. lamina by regular contr. (see 51) of Mmina into lam'na, which irregularly changes into mr, see coffre whence comes mbr, see absoudre. Der. lambrisser, lambrissnge. LAMBRUCHE, sf. the wild vine; in i6th cent, lambrusche, from L. labrusca. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for addition of cp. turbo, trombe. LAME, sm. a plate (of metal), wire (of gold, etc.), blade, wave (of sea); from L. lamina, by regular contr, (see 51) of lamina into lam.'na, whence lame by = m, see allumer and 168. Der. lame, lamtWc, /amelleux, lamtWe. Lamentable, adj. lamentable; from L.

doublet

Lambin,
from

mn

mn

found in medieval documents. Laxa is from laxus, loose, i.e. a string loosely
held.

lamentabilis.

For

:gi='SS

see aisselle

for

Q,

= ai,

Lam-entation, sf. lamentationem.

Iiam.enter,
tari.

lamentation

from L.

see 54.

va. to lament;

fromL, lamen-

LAISSER,
see

va.

to
for

leave;
yi

(found in Gregory of Tours).

54;
is

= ss

doublet

lacker, q. v subst.), rdais, delaisser.

;

from L. lamia. see aisselle. Its Lam-iner, va. to flatten (metals) from L, Der, lais (verbal laminare,der. from lamina. Der. laminsf a lamia
;

from L. laxare For a, ai

Lamie,

age, lamino'iT.

LAIT, sm. milk

from L. lactem.

it

see

attrait.

Der.

For ct Ijam.padaire, sm. a lamp-post

from

lait^,

laiterie, lait-

ampadarius.

age, laitenx,

lait'ier, allaitter.

LAMPAS,

LAITANCE,

See laite. LAITE, sf (Ichth.) milt, soft roe; from L. lactes. For ct = it see attrait. Its doublet is lactee. Der. /aiVance. LAITON, sm. latten, brass. Origin unknown. LAITUE, sf. a lettuce from L. lactuca. For ct = it see attrait ; for uca = we see 237. LAIZE, sf. width ; formerly laise, from L. latia*, deriv. of latus. For see 54; for tia = soft s see agencer; for s = z see nez. a, sm. a 'Llama; of Tibetian origin, + Ii

sf (Ichth.) milt.

a lampas (veterinary).

(i) sm. lampas (a fabric); (2) sm. Origin unknown.

a

LAMPE, sf
LAMPER,
laper.

lamp; from L. lampas.

to

Der.
See

lampion, lampiste.

Der. lamp^e

va.

guzzle,

gulp down.

(partic. subst.).

am

signifying a priest of

Buddha.

tljania,

sm. (Zool.) the llama ; origin, as is also the animal. LAMANEUR, sm. a harbour pilot; from O. Fr. laman, a coast pilot. Laman is of

sm. a lamp. See lampe. sm. a lampmaker, lamplighter. See lampe. LAMPROIE, sf. a lamprey, Prov, lamprada. It. lampreda, from L. lampetra. Lampetra regularly changes tr into dr (see aider), whence lampedra, found in 7thcent documents, hence lampreda by transof Peruvian posing the r, see aprete. Lampreda becomes lamproie by losing medial d, see

LAMPION,

LAMPISTE,

a=m

accabler

and by e = oi, see

a lance.
It.

63.

LANCE,

Germ,

prigin,

Flem. lotman.

from L. lanoea, by regular transformation of ea

sf.

lancia,

210
into ia,

LANCER

LA TRINES.
;

see abreger whence lance, by Xiaps, sm. a lapse from L. lapsus. cia = ce, see agencer. Der. lancer (properly fljaquais, sm. a lackey, servant;

from

to throw the lance, then to cast a glance), lancetle, lander.

Sp, lacayo.

tLaque,
It.

LANCER,
lance.

va. to

dart,

throw,

shoot.

See

lacca.

Der.

sf.

gum-lac, lake (colour);

laquexix.

from

LARCIN,
shooting (of pain)
;

sm. larceny, theft.

O. Fr. larecin,

Iiancinant. adj. (Med.) from L. lancinantem.

LANDE,

sf.

waste land;

of Germ,

origin,

Germ, lande.

originally larrecin, Sp. ladrocinio, from L. latrocinium. For tr = rr = r see 168; for loss of o (larrocinium) see aider. LARD, sm. bacon from L. lardum. Der.
;

LANDIER,
unknown.

sm. a kitchen fire-dog.

Origin

larder, lardoire, lardon, entrelarder.

t Lares,
;

sm. Lares, household gods; from

LANGAGE, sm. language. LANGE, sf. swaddling band

See langue. from L. lanea*.

L. lares.

LARGE,

adj. plentiful, broad, large;

Xjanea becomes regularly lania (see aclargus. Its doublet is largue. Der. 6cointer), whence lanja by ia = ja (see largir, largenr. abreger), whence lange. LARGESSE, sf. largesse, bounty; from L. LANGOUREUX, adj. languishing, consumplargitia*. For -itia. = -esse see 245.

from L.

LANGOUSTE,

See longueur. sf. a lobster ; in O. Fr. both In a I3th-cent. a locust and a lobster. Psalter we read that God gave over the Lancrops of Egypt to the langoustes. gouste, Port, lagosta, is from L. locusta. liocusta becomes langouste by addition of , see concombre. For u = om see accouder ;
tive.

LARGEUR,
+
largo.

sf.

breadth.
large,

Largue,
sf.

Der. larguer.
a tear.
benir.

adj.

See large. flowing; from

It.

LARME,

lacryma, by

lacryma
oyer.

Sp. lagrima, from L. regular contr. (see 51) of into lacr'ma, whence larme.

For cr = r see

Der. larmier, larmSee larme.

for

o=a

see dame,
sf.

LARMOYER,
p. 48.

LANGUE,

tongue; formerly lengue, from L. lingua. For in en = an see

a

Der. /armozVment.
sf.

vn. to shed tears.

71, and Hist. langMtXXe.

Gram.

Der. langage,

LARRON, sm. a thief; from L. For tr = rr see arriere and

Zarronnesse, larronnezn.

latronem.
168.

Der.
from

LANGUEUR,
rem.

LANGUIR,

Larynx, sm. the throat, larynx from Gr. vn. to languish; from L. lan\6pvy^. Der. larynge, laryngien, laryngite. For e = i see 59. guere. LAS, adj. weary from L. lassus. LANIRE, sf. a thong ; in O. Fr. a woollen Lascif, adj. wanton; from L. lascivus. strap. We find the phrase itsser des lanieres Lascivet6, sf. wantonness; from L. lasciin 13th cent, in the Partonopeus. Laniere vitatem. For -t&%era = 'te see 230. is from L. lanaria, from lana. For -aria LASSER, va. to fatigue, tire from L. lassare.

For o gourevx.

sm. languor ; from L. languo= eu see 79. Der. lan-

Larve,

a mask, (Entom.) larva

L. larva.

see 198. Lanifdre, adj. laniferous;

= 'iere

Der.

delasser.
/".

't'liansqueuet,
cenary soldier

from L. lanifer. sm. a lansquenet, mer-

Lassitude, "tLast, sm.

last.

weariness;
last

(a weight);

fromL. lassitudo. from Germ.:

LANTERNE, sf. a

from Germ, landsknecht. ; lantern ; from L. laterna, See concombre. Der. lantermer. lantema. LAPER, va. to lap; of Germ, origin. Germ. lappen. Another form of laper is lamper. For addition of see lambrucke. LAPEREAU, sm. a young rabbit. See lapin. Xjapidaire, sm. a lapidary; from L. lapidarius. Xiapidation, sf. stoning (to death) ; from L. lapidationem. Lapider, va. to stone; from L. lapidare. LAPIN, LAPEREAU, sm. a rabbit ; from a common root lap. Origin unkiiown.

Latent, adj. latent; from L. latentem. Lateral, adj. lateral; from L. lateralis. Laticlave, sm. a laticlave (a part of

Roman consul's

dress)

from L. laticlavus.

Latin, adj. Latin; from L. latinus. Latiniser, va. to latinise; from L. latini-_
zare.

Der.

latinisme, latiniste.

Latinisme,

sm. Latinism. Latiniste, sm. a Latinist.

See latiniser. See latiniser. Latinit6, sf. Latinity; from L. latinitatem. Latitude, sf. latitude; from L. latitudi-

nem. Latrines,

s/./>/.

a privy; from L. latrina.

LA TTE LEGITIME.
LATTE,
sf.

!ZI1

lalte, latte.

Der.
afl?/.

a lath

of Germ, origin,
latttx, latds.

Germ.
un-

Laudanum,
known.

sm.

laudanum.

Origin

illuic by loss of h (see atelier), becomes illui, to be seen in an inscription in Imperial times (Mur. 2088, 6) 'ultimum illui spiritum.' Illui losing its initial syllable
:

Laudatif,
tivus.

laudatory; from L. lauda-

fLaudes, sf.pl. lauds (in the Liturgy

;

of the

Roman Catholic Church) from L. laudes. Laur^at, adj. laureate; from L. laureatus. LAURIER, sm. (Bot.) a laurel, bay-tree;
from L. laurarius *, der. from laurus. For -axivis = -ier see 198. *t*Ijavabo, sm. a wash-stand; from L. lavabo, fut. of lavare. tLavande, sf. (Bot.) lavender; from It.
lavando.

becomes lui. 4. Il-lorum, reduced to lorum, becomes leur by o = eu, see 79. Le is a doublet of il, q. v. LE, sm. breadth (of a textile fabric) ; from L. latus. For -atus = e see 201.

LECHE,
Its

sf.

a thin
is

slice.

doublet

laiche, q. v.

Der.
Prov.

Origin unknown.
lechehite.
lechar.
/ec^e.
It.

LECHER,
ck or cc

va.

to

lick.

leccare; of Germ, origin.

Germ.

For

= ch see acheter. sm. a lesson from L. lectionem. For ctio = fo see agencer. tLave, sf. lava ; from It. lava. Lecteur, sm. a reader; from L. lectorem. LAVER, va. to wash; from L. lavare. /avasse, Lecture, sf. a lecture, reading; from L. Der. Zaveur, lav'xs, /avoir, lavme, lectura*. lavement, /av andiere. Laxatif, adj. laxative; from L. laxativus. L6gal, adj. legal; from L. legalis. Its LAYER, va. to lay out paths in a wood. doublet is loyal, q. v. Der. legaliser, legalisation. See late. Der. layeur. LAYETTE, sf. baby linen, properly a box Lgalit6, sf. legality; from L. legal ita(still used for a drawer in the phrase layette tem*. Its doublet is loyaute, q. v. d'archives), then linen etc. in the box. L6gat, sm. a legate ; from L. legatus. Its doublet is legue. So similarly we have corbeille de marriage Lay- L6gataire, adj. legatory; from L. legatameaning the trousseau in the corbeille. ette is dim. of O. Fr. laye, of Germ, origin, rius. Germ. lade. ;For loss of d see alouette. Legation, sf. a legation ; from L. le gationem. Der. layetier. t Lazaret, sm. a lazaretto, lazar-house; t Ldge, adj. light (of ships) ; of Dutch origin, from It. lazaretto. with many other seafaring terms, Dutch leeg. i'Lazzi, sm.pl. pantomime, buffoonery; from It. lazzi. L6gendaire, adj. legendary. See legende. LE, pers. pron. m. the ; formerly lo, Sp. lo, L6gende, sf. a legend; pi. n. of the fut. from L. ilium. For the use of the pron. pass. part, legendus from legere. Der. ille as an article see Hist. Gram. p. 160. legend<iire. Il-lum becomes le just as il-la becomes LEGER, adj. light from L. leviarius*, der.
LEQON,
;

la, il-los les, il-luic lui,

For leviarius = levjarius hence O. Fr. legier by vj = g (see abreger), and -arius=-zVr see 198. Der. legeretL L6gion, sf a legion; from L. legionem. being contr. of en-ilhim, en-illam, by L6gionnaire, sm. a legionary; from L. whence dropping il, e n (il)lum, e n ( i 1 ) 1 a legionarius. en'lum, en'lam, whence ellum, ellam, L6gislateur, sm. a legislator; from L. leby assimilating nl into 11. Thus we see gi si at or em. Der. legislature. how ille, not being accented, lost its first L6gislatif, adj. legislative from L. legissyllable in Fr. lativus *. 1. Il-lum, thus reduced to lum, becomes Legislation, s/ legislation ; from L. legislu by losing (see ja), then lo by u = o lationem. (see annoncer). O. Fr. lo becomes le just L6giste, sm. a legist; from L. legista*, as Jo and fo become Je and ce. der. from legem. 2. Il-los, reduced to los, becomes les by Legitime, adj. legitimate; from L. legitithe same softening of o into e. mus. Der. illegitime, legitimtx, legiiim'

il-lorum

leur,

by

from levis.

the loss of the first syllable (which is short in the Lat. comedians). Ille, ilia, ilium are almost enclitic, as may be seen by the compds, ellum, ell am in Terence, these

see abreger

3. Illi-huic, contrd. to ill'huic,

whence

aire, legitimztion, legitimix.^.

212

LtG UER
va. to bequeath
;

LA ISON.
LETTRE,
5/ a
letter
;

from L. littera, by 51) of littSra into a For i = see 72. litt'ra, whence lettre. from L. leguLETTRE, adj. lettered, literary; from L. For regular contr. of littSrIiemme, sm. (Math.) a leninia; from L. litteratus. dtus into litt'ratus see 52, hence lemma, lettrS. For -atus = -e see ampoule ; for i = li^mures, sf. pi. lemures, spectres ; from L.

Der. vegetable; Ij^gfume, sm. men. Der. legumineux.

lemures.

Ij^guer,

from L. leg are.

legs (verbal subst.).

regular contr. (see

e see 72.

Der.

Ulettre.
;

sm. the fr>llowing day; for- Xieude, sm. a leud, great vassal from Merov. L. leudes, a king's comrade ; of Germ, merly Vendemain, compd. of en (q. v.) and origin. Germ, leute. demain (q. v.). For the agglutination of See le. the article and the subst. from Vendemain to LEUR, adj. their. LEURRE, sm. a lure, decoy of Germ, origin, lendemain, see lierre. M. G. luoder, which, contrd. into luod'r, li^nitif, adj.iM.tdi.) lenitive; from L. lebecomes leurre. For dr = rr see 168; nitivus*, der. from lenitus. for uo = o see 97; for o = eu see 76. LENT, adj. slow; from L. lentus. Der.
;

LENDEMAIN,

tzlentxx, zlentix.

LENTE,

sf.

a nit

from L. lendem.

For

d LEVAIN,
men.

Der. leurrtx. sm. leaven, yeast

= / see

121.
sf.

from L. levaFor -Bxaen.- -ain see 226.

;

Lenteur,

slowness; from L.
arf^.

lentorem.

LEVANT,

Lenticulaire,
ticularis.

Der.
sf.

lenticular

from L. lenfrom L.

lenticul^.
lentil,

sm. the East, Levant. See lever. Der. levantin, levantine. LEVER, va. to raise ; from L. levare. Der.

LENTILLE,
lenticula.
tree;

freckle;

Iev6e (partic. subst.), levnxe, leviex, levant,

For Clever, pielever. 257. sm. (Bot.) a lentiscus, mastic- LEVIS, adj. {ox drawing up (in pont-levis). Prov. levadis. Port, levadico, from L. levafrom L. lentiscus. ticius*, lit. that which one lifts, der. from Xi^onin, adj. leonine; from L. leoninus. levare) -aticius = -adis, a-Vs, e'is, is, Xi^opard, 5m. a leopard; from L. leoparform a succession of changes noticed under dus. coidis. Ldpre, sf. leprosy from L. lepra. L^preux, a^'. leprous ; from L. leprosus. Ii6vite, sm. a Levite; from L. levites. Der. U- LEVRAUT, sm. a leveret. For -osus = -jf see 229. See lievre.Dex.

-icula = -i7/e see

Lentisque,

^roserie. LEROT, sm. a garden dormouse. See loir. LES, pers. pron. pi. the. See le. Iidse-, adj. treasonable, leze ; from L. laesus. find this word in this sense in such phrases as 'laesa majestas,' in the Roman jurisconsults. Der. Zeser. Ii^ser, va. to injure. See Tese.

levraudex.

LEVRE,

sf.

a lip;

from L. labmin.

For a
See

=e

see

54;

LEVRETTE,
lievre.

for b = i/ see 113. sm. a harrier, greyhound.

We

LEVRIER, sm. a greyhound. See LEVORE, 5/ yeast. See lever.

Iiexique, sm. a

lievre.

t Lysine,

sf.

meanness; from

It.

lesina.

Der.

lexicon

from Gr. \4^ikov.

/e^jzcographie,
lexi-

Z^xtcographe,

cographique. In Low Ii6siner, vn. to be mean, stingy. See lesine. LI)Z, adv. near ; from L. latus. Lat. latus was used for juxta, near. PlexiDer. lesineric. tium latus Turonem,' i.e. Plessis-lhzlesion, injury; from L. Ii^sion, sf (Med.) Tours, i. e. Plessis-near-Tours : so Passylaesionem. The \hz-Paris, Champigny-lhz-Langres. LESSIVE, sf. a lye, wash ; from L. lixiva Fori = see mettre; O. Fr. lez was a sm. Thus le rot est sur (so. cinis, in Pliny). Der. lessivev. son trone, et sonfils a son lez, i. e. at his for x=ss see aisselk.

Der. lesinex.

tLest,
LESTE,

sm. ballast;

from Germ.
It.

last.

side.

Latus becomes
;

lez

by -atus = -s,
see nez.

Der. //er.
adj. brisk, light.
va. to ballast.
lesto, Sp. listo

see

ampoule

then

es

= ez,

LEZARD,

of Germ, origin, Germ,

listig.

Lester,

See
;

lest.

Der.

lest-

eur /cs/age.

Der. lezarde
into

sm. a lizard; from L. lacertus. For & = e see 54; for c = z see amitie; = a see amender; fox t = d see II7for e
(properly a crack in a wall

Ij6thargie, /.
gia.

Der.

a lethargy

from L. lethar-

/e/Aflr^ique.

which a lizard can creep), lezardex. LIAISON, sf. a junction, connection; from L.

LIANE- -LIWRE.
ligationem, by
loss

213
Lie
is

from L. laeta. For ae e = i see accomplir for loss of medial t see aigu tLiane, sf. (Bot.) a liane. Its doublet is lien, q. v. LifiGE, sm. cork from L. levium, der. from LIARD, sm. a very small coin worth ith of a levis. For consonification of vi into vj see penny. Origin unknown. abreger hence liege, by vj =g, see abreger, LIASSE, sf. a bundle (of papers). See Her. and e = ie, see 56. Libation, sf. a libation; from L, liba- LIEN, sm. a band, bond; formerly /zWn, Prov. tionem. Ham, Port, ligame, from L. ligamen. For for Libelle, sm. a libel; from L. libellus. loss of medial g see allier, hence liain
of medial

g and by

(see chere).

-ationem = -ao,

see 232.

=c

see

104;

for

Der.

libeller, libelliste.

-amen = -am

Liberal, adj. liberal; frOm L. liberal is. Lib6ralit6, sf liberality; from L. liberdoublet of liane, q. v. alitatem. For -tatem = -/e see 230. LIER, va. to bind from L. ligare. Iiiberateur, sm. liberator from L. liber aligare = /e^ see allier. Its doublet torem. gner, q. v. = Der. lieur.
;

en see ancien see 226, Lien is a cp. chien which is for chiain.
:

For
is

li-

Liberation, sf liberation; from L. li- LIERRE, sm. ivy. O. Fr. ierre, hierre, in the berationem. Its doublet is livraison, q. v. loth cent, edre, from L. hedera. Hedera, Lib6rer, va. to liberate; fromL. liberare. following the law of the Lat. accent (see
Its

doublet

is

livrer, q. v.

Liberty, sf liberty; from L. libertatem. Libertin, adj. libertine, licentious sm. a

;

libertine,

lit.

a freedman,

hence one free

from the
1

duties
;

7th cent.

disorderly.
libertindLgQ.

of religion, common in then one who keeps no rule, From L. libertinus. Der.

For e = /e see 56; for dr = rr see 168. Hierre next becomes ierre by dropping In the middle ages initial h, see atelier. people properly said I'ierre, and it was not till towards the 15th cent, that the article

51),

is

contrd. into

hedra, whence

hierre.

Libidineux,
dinosus.

adj. lustful;

from L. libifrom L. libra-

Libraire, sm.
rius.

a bookseller; a library;

became absolutely joined to the subst., so This noun is in its turn as to form lierre. preceded by another article, le lierre. This was not decisively settled for a long time Ronsard writes I'hierre, not le lierre and Dubellay says sometimes, Le chef environne
;

Librairie, sf

from L. libraria,

der. from liber. LICE, sf the weft, woof from L. licium. LICE, sf a tiltyard, lists. Origin unknown. LICE, sf a hound bitch formerly lisse, from L. lycisce. For loss of medial c (lycisce) see affouage, hence ly-isce, whence Prov.
; ;

sometimes Les vieux de verdoyant lierre This murs, hideux de ronces et d'hierre. corruption is found in several other words
; ;

thus

we

find
:

le

lendemain,

le

loriot, la

luette, lors

whilst in O. Fr.

men

said

more
I'ors
;

correctly Vendemain, I'oriot,

see those words.

I'uette,

Uissa, Fr.

Licence,

lisse, then lice. sf. Hcence; from L. licentia. Der. licencier, licencie. .

LIESSE,
ledce.

sf.

jollity

formerly

leesse, originally

It.

letizia,

ae = e

Lieencieux,
tiosus.

adj. licentious;

from L. licen-

see 104. t (see abbaye) and changes -itia into -esse

from L^ laetitia. For Letitia loses its medial

Lichen,

(see 245), whence leesse, whence Hesse. from Gr. Xeixvv. For e = i see accomplir. Licitation, sf sale by auction (of property LIE\J, sm. a place; formerly liu, from L. belonging to co-proprietors); from L. licilocus. For loss of c see ami for o = eu

sm. a lichen

tationem.
;

see

accueillir;

for

eu = m

see

abreger;

Licite, adj. Hcit, lawful from L. licitus. whence the form liu, whence lieu, hyu eu, Liciter, va. to sell by auction (joint-prosee beugler. perty) from L. licitari. LIEUE, sf. a league from L, leuca. For loss fLicorne, s/". an unicorn. It. licorno. of medial c see ami for eu = ieu see lieu.
. ;

sm. a halter ; formerly licol, for liecol see Her and cow. Licteur, sm. alictor; fromL. Hctorem. LIE, sf. lye (of wine), dregs. Origin unknown. LIE, ao?/. gay, merry, in the phrase faire chere lie, i.e. give glad welcome, lit. = wsa^e_/o>'eM^
;

LICOU,

LIEUTENANT,
and
L.
lieu.

Der.

sm. a lieutenant.
lieutenance.
;

See tenant

LiFVRE, sm.

a hare

originally levre,

from

leporem. For regular contr. of l^porem into lep'rem see 51, whence lebre, by changing p into b (see III), then

ai4
levre, in the

LIGAMENT

LINTEA

U.
5/:

Chanson de Roland, by 6 = v III), then lievre by le (see Der. /;raut, levrctte. Levrier 56). represents L. leporarius *, properly a dog which courses the hare, in medieval writers.
(see

Iiimitation, tationem.

limitation; from L. limilimit,

Xjimite, sf. a limitem.

boundary;

from L.

Si quis per
'

canes leporaxios feram fugain a I'Zth-cent. act.

Ijiiniter, va. to limit; from L. limitare. Der. Wlimiti, Hmiiatif, limits.

;

For contr, Ijiinitrophe, adj. bordering, neighbouring of lepdrarius into lep'rarius see 5 2 from L. limitrophus. for p = v see 111 ; for -arius -ier see LIMON, sm. slime, clay from a root Hm *, which is found in L. limus. Der. limon 198. Ijigament, sm. a ligament; from L. ligaeux. mentum. Der. ligamenteux. + Ijiinon, sm. a lemon; from It. Hmone. Iiigature, sf. a ligature; from L. ligatura. Der. limonicr, litnom.de.
verit
is
;

found

Its

doublet

is

liure.

LIGE, adj. liege; a word of Germ, Germ, ledig. Its doublet is lege.

origin,

LIGNAGE,

Prov. lignatge, from L. lineaticum *, der. from linea. For linea = ligne see ligne ; for -aticum -age Der. lignager. see 248, LIGNE, sf. a line from L. linea. For linea slinia see abreger, whence lig7ie for nia =gne see cigogne. Der. ligjiee, a/Zg-wer, en-

sm. lineage.

sm. shaft, thill (of a cart). Origin Der. limoniere, limonier. Xiimonade, sf. lemonade. See limon 2. Der. HmonadicT. LIMONEUX, adj. slimy, oozy. See limon i. Xjimpide, adj. limpid; from L. limpidus. Limpidity, ^. Hmpidity; from L. limpiditatem *. For -tateni = -/e see 2,^0. LIN, sm. flax ; from L. linum. Der.

LIMON,

unknown.

Zmon.

ligner.

LINCEUL,
from L. from linea. For linea for -dbxDX = -eul see
;

LIGNEE, sf. lineage. See ligne. LIGNEUL, sm. shoemaker's thread

lineolum
*, der.

sm. a shroud. Prov. linsol, from L. linteolum. For regular change of linsee agencer.

teolum into lintiolum see a&reg-er, whence

linciolum,
in 7th cent,
'

ligne
aieul.

We

find

see ligne;
adj.

in the Glosses of

linciolo Reichenau

Xiigneux,
lignosus.

woody, ligneous; from L. For -o8Via = -eux see 229.

;

Sindones linciolos.' Ijinciolo becomes linceul ; for ci = c see agencer ; for o = eu

see 79.
;

liigue, sf. a league. See ligtcer. Ijiguer, va. to league, band together
L. ligare

Iiin^aire, adj. linear from L. linearis. from Iiin6al, adj. lineal; from L. linealis.
li-

Der. ligue (verbal subst.),

guem.

Ligueur,

sm. a leaguer.

See liguer.
It. lilac.

fljilas, sm.

(Bot.) a lilac; from

Iiin^ament, sm. a trace, rudiment, lineament; from L. lineamentum. LINGE, sm. linen originally linen cloth, linge being an adj. in O. Fr. The O. Fr. phrase
;

Ijiliac6, adj. (Bot.) liliaceous; from L. liliwas un drap linge = a linen cloth. Littge aceus, found in Palladius. is der. regularly from adj. linetim. For LIMACE, sf. a slug, screw (mechanical) lineum = linium and for iu = ju (linfrom. L. limacem. Der. lima^on. jum), whence Huge, see abreger. Der. LIMACON, sm. a snail. See limace. linger, linghre, lingerie. LIMAILLE, sf. filings. See limer. LINGOT, sm. an ingot. Origin unknown. LIMANDE, sf. a mudfish, dab. See lime. Der. lingotiere. liimbe, sm. a border; from L. limb us.' Xiingual, adj. lingual; from L. lingua lis*, Xiimbes, sm. pi. (Theol.) limbo ; from L, der. from lingua. limbo. Iiinguiste, sm. a Hnguist ; der. from lingua. Xiime, sf. a file; from L. lima. Der. linguistiqae. Limer, t/a. to file; from L-limare. Der. Linguistique, adj. linguistic. See lin-

/zmaille,

limme.

guiste.

LIMIER,

sm. a bloodhound, limehound ; formerly liemier, from O. Fr, Hem, a leash, from L. ligamen, so meaning properly a dog held in leash. Prov. liamier is also der. from Ham. Ligamen becomes O. Fr. Hem by dropping medial g, see allier, and

Xjiniment, sm.

a liniment; from L. lini-

mentum. LINON, sm. lawn. See lin. LINOT, LINOTTE, sm. a

from feeding
chiefly

linnet

so called

on

flax.

LINTEAU,
door)
;

by a = e

see 54.

sm. a formerly

lintel,

lintel,

headpiece (of a from L. limi-

LION
tellus *, der. from limitein.
contr. of

LIVRA ISON.
See
liste.

215
ZzVeau (for listeau
;

For regular

Der.
;

for loss

of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81). limitellus into lim'tellus see 52; hence lintel by ra. n, see changer, LISTON, sm. a scroll (heraldry). See liste. LIT, sm. a bed from L. lectum. For ect hence linteau by el eau, see agneau. = it see attrait. Der. liteiie, aliter, litean, LION, sm. a lion; from L. leonem. For

litee. eo = io see abreger. from Gr. \iTa' LIPPE, sf. a pouting lip; of Germ, origin, Litanies, sf. pi. litanies Vila. Germ, lippe. Der. lippie, lippn. LITEAU, sm. a blue stripe. See liste. LIPPEE, sf. a mouthful, meal. See lippe. LIPPU, adj. thick-lipped. See lippe. Litharge, sf. (Min.) litharge; from L.

Liquation,

sf.

(Chem.) liquation
sf.

from L. from L.

lithar gyrus.

Der.
sf.

litharge, lithargyre.

liquationem.

Lithographie,
liquefaction
;

Liquefaction,

liquefactionem Liqu6fier, 2/a. to

ficare*.

*.

liquefy;

from L. lique-

lithography; from Gr. \i9os and ypdcpciv. Der. lithographier, lithographique. Lithographier, va. to lithograph. See

lithographie.

Der.

lithographe

(verbal

Liqueur,

sm. a liquor; from L. liquorem.

adj. liquid;

subst.).

Der. liquor&uyi, liquoriste.

Lithotomie,
Gr. \i6orofj.ia.

Liquide,

from L. liquidus.
See liquide.

Der. lithotome,
lilhotriteMT.

sf (Surg.) lithotomy;
(Surg.) lithotrity;

from

lithotomiste.

Der. liquidex,

Liquider,
Liquidity,
leius.

va. to liquidate.
liquidity;

Lithotritie,
terere.

sf.

formed
p. p.

from Gr. \i9os and L. tritus,

Der. liquiddXxon, liquidnteur.

s/".

Der.
is

of

tatem, used

for purity, clearness,

from L. liquidi- LITIERE, sf. a litter; from L. lectaria*, by ApuIta pro una in medieval Lat. documents.
'

lectaria'
va.

phrase

found in a docu-

LIRE,

from L. legere. For ment of A. D. 1333. Lectaria is from legere into leg're see For -aria = -tere see 198; for lectus. = r see acect = it see attrait. 51, whence lire; for gr cueillir for e = i see 60. Der. /isant, Litige, sm. Htigation; from L. litigium. Zfseur, Zisable. Litigieux, adj. litigious; from L. litigiLIRON, sm. a garden dormouse. See loir. For -osvis = -eux see 229. osus. LIS, sm. (Bot.) a lily from L. lilius, from Litote, sf. (Rhet.) litotes, extenuation ; from liliura, by regular contr. of lilius into Gr. \it6tijs. Ill's (see 51). For the continuance of LITRE, sf. a band of black cloth (with the
to read;
regular contr. of
;

the s see 149.

of the word is lys. Der. Z/seron. LISERE, sm. a piping, narrow bordering (of
ribbon)
;

An

orthographic variety

armorial bearings of a person deceased) formerly listre for loss of s see Hist. Gram.
:

p. 8 p.

Listre,

from
liste.

Low

L. listra,

is

der.

partic. subst.

of O. Fr. verb

liserer,

from

liste.
sf.

See

which

is

from

lisiere.

Litre,

a litre (measure of capacity, 1*760

LISERON,
LISIBLE, LISIrE,

sm. (Bot.) bindweed. See lis. pint); from Gr. Xirpa. Der. hectolitre, See lire. decalitre. See Litt6raire, adj. literary; from L. littersf. binding (of cloths), edge. liste. Der. lisere, q. v. arius. fLisse, sf. a hand-railing; introd. in l6th Litt6ral, adj. literal; from L. litteralis. cent, from It. liscio. Der. lisser, lissoir. Der. litter alite. LISSE, sf. warp (of tapestry); from L. licium. Litterateur, sm. a man of letters ; from L. For ci = ss see agencer. litteratorem. LISTE, sf. a list, properly a strip on which is Litt6rature, sf. literature; from L. litterwritten a row of names originally a band, atura. strip (so the word list is used in Engl, and Littoral, adj. littoral; from L. littoralis. liste in Fr. for a white band across a horse's Liturgie, sf. a liturgy; from Gr. \eiTOvpyia. forehead). Liste, meaning a band, is of Der. liturgiqvLG, litzirgiste. Germ, origin, O. H. G. lista. Der. /isiere Livide, adj. livid; from L. lividus. Der.
adj. legible.

>

(a
s^

little liste.

Lisiere

= ss = s

see

is from listiere for 168 and angoisse), listezu,

;

lividite.

Livraison,
For regular

sf.

delivery (of goods),

number,

ZzVeau, liston, listel.

part (of a serial); from L.

contr. of

liberationem.

LISTEAU,

sm. a blue strip (in table linen).

lib S ratio

nam

to

2l5
lib'rationem For b = V see
see
1
1

LIVRE
3 ; for Livraison

LONG.
sent, in

which sense we find laudare used in For au = o see 106. see 232. is a doublet of tLof sm. (Naut.) luff; from Engl. luff. liberation. Logarithme, sm. a logarithm; from Gr. LIVRE, sm. a book; from L. librum. For \6yos and dpi6n6s. Der. logarithmiqae.
52, hence livraison. -ationem -aison

the middle ages.

b=v
LIVRE,

see 113.
sf.

Der.

livret.

LOGE,
For

sf.

a lodge,

cell,

kennel.

It.

loggia,

a pound;
livery.

from L. libra.
Sec livrer.

b =v

see 113.
to deliver,

LIVREE, sf. a LIVRER, va.

:

from L. laubia*, a lodge, in medieval documents. Thus we find in an Act of A. D. 904, In palatio quod est funlobia,
'

Lomb.

abandon

from L.

datum juxta

basilica

beatissimi
.

principis

liberare, found in this sense in Carol, documents thus we read Vel pro dona liberanda secum aliquantis diebus manere praecepit,' in the Capitularies of Charles the Bald. For letter-changes see delivrer. Livrer is a doablet of liberer. q. v.
Der.
Iivr6e
(partic.

apostolorum, in laubia Also in the Polyptych of

ipsius palatii.'
: '

St. Remi mansum dominicatum, casam cum

Habet

cellario,

laubia, horrea 2.' jjaubia is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. laubja, a hut of Ipaves.

Laubia,

consonified

regularly

(see

abre-

ger) into laubja, becomes loge. For au = o see 106; for bj=g' see abreger. or, as the phrase de Der. livree, were clothes distributed by the king loger, logis, logement, logette, logeahle. yearly to the officers of the household), LOGER, va. to lodge. See loge. Der, log'
subst.
;

originally

livree,

ran,

habits

diUivrer.

IiObe, sm.

a lobe

from Gr. \60os.

from L.

lobi, lobnle.

XjOcaL

odj. local;

Der. localis. Der.

eur, d6loger.

Logique,
logicien.

s/.

logic

from L. logica.

Der.

LOGIS, sm,

a habitation, house.

See loger.

localiser.

Logogriphe,
sf.

sm. a riddle

from Gr. \6yos

XiOCalit^,

tatem.

Locataire, sm.

and ypi(l>os. Logomachie, sf. a logomachy, war of from L. locawords from Gr. \oyofMixia. tarius, which, however, means one who LOI, sf law; from L. legem: cp, regem, hires himself out, not one who rents from roi. For e = oi see 62 for loss of g
a locality;

from L. locali-

a tenant;

another.

see allier.

Der.

zloi.

from L. LOIN, adv. far; originally loing, from L. Der, longg. For o = oi see 87. Location, sf. a letting, hiring; from L. eloigner (from O. Fr. loing, cp. poignet locationem. from poing, soigner from soin, temoigner XiOCatis, sm. a sorry hack. See locatif. from temoin). a ship's log; from Engl^/og*. LOINTAIN, adj. distant. It. lontano, from 'MiOCh, sm. LOCHE, sf. (Ichth.) a loach. Origin unFor L. longitanus*, der. from longe.
XjOcatif, adj. locative, tenantable locativus *. Der, locatis.

known.

regular contr, of
va. to

longitdnus
;

into long'-

LOCHER,
etc.);

be loose (of horseshoes, of Germ, origin, M. H. G. lucke. For

tanus
-anus

see

ck{ = cc)
i"

52, whence -ain see 194

lointain.

For
oin

for

ong =

=ch

of Germ, Neth. lootsman. Locomotion, sf. locomotion; from L. loco and motionem. Der. locomoteur. tLocomotive, sf. a locomotive (pro;

Locman,
origin,

see 126. sm. a harbour pilot

see loin,

LOIR, sm.

Prov. glire, from L. reduction of gl to / is against the rule given. Hist. Gram. p. 71. For i = oi see 68. Der. liron, lerot. LOISIR, sm. leisure (an infinitive used for a
a dormouse.

glirem.

The

perly

adj.);

from Engl, locomotive, pro;

sm,,
loisir,

cp.

diner,

sonper,

etc).

The
;

verb

have permission not to work, is for Locution, sf a form of speech from L. from L. licere. For i = oi see 68 locutionem. c = s see amitie; for e = i see accomplir, Lods, sm. pi. a lord's dues on sales from L. Der, /oisible. laudes*, so used in Low Lat. 'Si quis Lombes, sm.pl. loins; from L, lumbus, emerit terram tenentur de tertio decimo Der, /om6aire. denario, et non plus de laudibus,' occurs LONG, adj. long; from L, longus. Der, in a Chartulary of a. d. 1274. The origilongd&MX, longe, longer, Monger, longnal meaning doubtless was a promise, contemps, longuet.
perly locomotive engine.
;

= to

LONGA mUlTt
IiOnganiniit,
ance; from L.
sf.

LOVRD.
sm. loto; from
sf.
It. loto.

%\y
Origin unknown.

longanimity,

forbear-

+ Loto,

longanimitatem.

LOTTE,

(Ichth.) lote.

LONGE, sf. a tether. See long. f Lotus, sm. (Bot.) lotus; from L. lotus. LONGE, sf. a loin; from L. lumbea, der. from LOUABLE, adj. praiseworthy. See louer 2. = lumbia and LOUAGE, sm. letting, hiring. See louer i. For lumbea lumbus. for lunibia = luinbja see ahreger, whence LOUANGE, sf praise; formerly lounge, from L. laudemia*, a form der. from laudein. longe. For u = o see annoncer for ra. n For loss of medial d, and for au = o = o?/ for bj =^ see abreger. see changer see 106; for -emia = -enija see abreLONGER, va. to go along. See long.
;
;

Loilg6vit6, vitatem.

sf.

longevity

from L. longae-

ger; for

= see changer, whence -enja, whence -ange, see 205. Der. louangex,

[i

louangevx. LOUCHE, sm. ambiguity, equivocation ; formerly lousche, Prov. lose, from L. luscus, long and temps. prim, of lusciosus. Luscus is properly LONGUEUR, sf. length. See long. one-eyed. For u = om see accouder; for LOPIN, sm. a piece, bit. Origin unknown. o ch see 126; for loss of s see Hist, Gram. p. 81. Der. loucher. Loquace, adj. loquacious; from L. loquacem. LOUCHET, sm. a grafting-tool. Origin unknown. Loquacity, sf. loquacity; from L. loquacitatem. LOUER, va. to let, hire, rent; from L. LOQUE, sf. a rag of Germ, origin, O. H. G. locare. For loss of medial c and for o = ok loc, something hanging, as, e.g. a ' lock ' of see affouage. Der. lounge, loueur. hair, thence a rag. LOUER, va. to praise; from L. laudare. LOQUET, sm. a latch ; dim. of O. Fr. loc of For loss of medial d see accabler ; for Germ, origin, A. S. locan, to lock. au o = OM see 106. Der. Zowange (q.v.), LORGNER, va. to ogle, glance at in Norm, lou&hle. patois loriner: of Germ, origin, Swiss Lougre, sm. a lugger ; from Engl, lugger. Germ, loren. Der. lorgnon, lorgnette, Louis, sm. a louis (an old Fr. coin, value lorgneuT. 19 shillings) ; of hist, origin (see 33), LORIOT, sm. (Ornith.) an oriole, goldfinch. from Louis XIII, who first issued this coin, O. Fr. loriol, originally oriol in 1 2th-cent. A. D. 1640. The proper name Louis, O. Fr. documents, Prov. auriol, from L. aureLois, originally Loois, is from L. Ludoolus, i. e. a yellow or gilded bird similarly vicus, of Germ, origin, from Hluodowig, the Germans call this bird gold-amsel. which is compd. of hluodo (illustrious) and Aureolus becomes auriolus (see ahrewig (a battle). For suffix -icus=-i see ger), whence oriol, by au = o, see 106. 212. Ludovicus then loses medial d (see By the agglutination of the article (see accabler), and medial v (see a'ieul), then lierre) Voriol became loriol, towards the end u = (see annoncer), whence O. Fr. Loots, of the 13th cent. The change of final / to afterwards contrd. to Lo'is (cp. rond from t is peculiar. Loriot is a doublet of aureole, O, Fr. roond). Lo'is becomes Louis by q.v. softening to ou, see 81. LORS, adv. then; formerly lores, originally LOUP, sm. a wolf; from L. lupus. For I'ores from L. hora. For the agglutinau = OM see accouder. Der. louve (from L. tion of the article see lierre for etymology lupa for u = ou see 90 for p = v see see le and or. Der. /orsque, a/ors. III), louvcLt, louvet, Zowt/eteau, louvetier, LOS, sm. praise ; from L. laus. For au = louvetene ; loupe (a tumour, cp. Germ. see 106. wolfgeschwulst, lit. a wolfs tumour). LOSANGE, sf. a lozenge. Origin unknown. LOUP-CERVIER, sm. a lynx; from L. LOT, sm. a lot, portion ; of Germ, origin, lupus-cervarius, in Pliny. For letterEngl, and Flem. lot. Its doublet is loto, for -arius = -ier see changes see loup Der. lot'xx, loterie. q. V. I9. LOTERIE, sf. a lottery. See lot. LOUPE, sf. a magnifying glass. See loup. Lotion, sf. a lotion; from L. lotionem. LOUP-GAROU, sm. a were-wolf. See garou. Der. lotionner. LOURD, adj. heavy. It. lordo (dirty), from LOTIR, va. to lot, portion. See lot. Der. L. luridus, first dirty, then lazy, heavy

Longitude,

longitude; from L. longitudinem. Der. longitudina.\. LONGTEMPS, adv. long, a lon^ time. See

sf.

loti,

lotissement.

original

sense,

yellowish).

Luridus,

ai8
contrd.
regularly
(see
;

LOURE

LUTH.
the uvula ; in eariiest Fr. Vuette. dim. of root ve*, which answers to L. uva. For loss of v see a'ieul for diminutive suffix see 281 ; for agglutination of article {luette for Vuette) see lierre. LUEUR, sf a glimmer, light, gleam. Prov. lugor, from L, lucorem *, a hypothetical deriv. from lucem. For loss of medial e see affouage for o = eu see 79. Lugubre, adj. lugubrious; from L. lugubris. LUI, pers. pron. mf. sing. him. See le.
Uette
is
;

51),
for

becomes
see

LUETTE, sf.

lur'dus, whence lourd

90.

Der.
sf.

u = om

lourdeuT,

lourdiud, lourdOrigin

erie, zlonrdir.

LOURE,

(Mus.) a loure (dance).

;

unknown.

LOUTRE, sf. an otter from L. lutra. u = o see 90. LOUVE, sf. a she-wolf. See loup.

For
Der.

louvet, /owveteau, /owfeterie, louvetier.

LOUVOYER,

formerly lovoyer, der. from Iqf. For relation of lof to lovoyer For see achever; for o = om see 81. etymology of lof see that word. LOYAL, adj. loyal. It. leale, from L. legalis, sc. conformable to law, whence loyal = conformable to the laws of honour. Legalis in this sense is very common in medieval
vtt.
;

to tack

LUIRE,

from L. lucere. By vn. to shine displacement of Lat. accent from lucere to liicere (see Hist. Gram. p. 133), and by loss of the then atonic ( 51), we have luc're, whence luire by CT = ir, see benir. Der. luisant, xduire.
;

L.

documents, as e. g. legaliter custodire in an Act of a.d. 1355; so also we read in

'
'

tliUmbagO,
lumbago.
sf.

sm. (Med.) lumbago;

from

St.

Bernard's Epistles,
ilth-cent.
act

'

Neque enim
manere
has
'

et per-

LUMIERE,
L.
contrd.

light.

Prov. lumneira, from

jurus esse, et legalis simul

poterit.'

luminaria.
(see

Luminaria,

regularly

An

also

Ad

quos

missi sunt quatuor

legales homines qui

52) into lum'naria, becomes lumiere. For -aria = -iere see 198
see allumer.

ex ore ipsorum

audierunt.'

Legalis be-

comes loyal by and by e = oi

see
q. V.

losing medial
(see
is

Der.

191.

Loyal
deloyal.

For alis = aZ 61). a doublet of legal,

(see oilier),

for ran = m LUMIGNON,

sm. snufF of a candle

*,

luminionem
ni = ^

der.

from L. from lumen. For

;

see cigogne.

Luminaire,
;

sm.

luminary

from

L.

LOYAUTE, sf. loyalty

nosus. legal'tatem, becomes loyalte by legal = liUnatique, adj. lunatic; from L. lunaticus. loyal. For -tateni = -/e' see 230. Loyalte becomes loyaute by al = au, see agneau. LUNDI, sm. Monday. It. lunedi, from L. Loyaute is a doublet of legalite, q. v. lunae dies, found in this sense in the Inscriptions. LOYER, sm. hire (of rooms, etc.) from L. For loss of medial c see LUNE, sf. the moon from L. lima. Der. locarium.
; ;

formerly loyalte, from L. legalitatem, deriv, of legalis. Legalitfiitem, regularly contrd. (see 52) to

luminare.

IiUmineux,

adj. luminous;

from L. lumi-

affouage ; of euphony.

the

is

intercalated for the sake

Zwwaire,

/wwaison, /wette (so called from]

a
telescope,
eyeglass,

the round glasses), /wwule.

IjUbie,

sf.

capriciousness

of

will,

whim,

LUNETTE,
tacles.

sf.

crochet; from L. lubere.

IiUbrifier, va. to lubricate; from L. lubri- Lupin, lupinus. ficare*; der. from lubricus. For loss of LURON, sm. a C see affouage. Lustral, adj. Lubrique, adj. lewd; from L. lubricus.
Der. lubrich^.

See lune. Der. lunettier. sm. (Bot.) a lupine; from

jolly fellow.
lustral;
sf.

spec-^

L.

Lustration,
Lustre, sm.

Origin unknown.] from L. lustralis. lustration from L.1

;
'

IiUCanie, sf
lucarna
*,

a dormer-window ; from L. found for lucerna in some late Lat. documents. Lucerna is properly a

lustrationem.
lustrum^ (space of five years). See lustrer. Lustrer, va. to give gloss 'to, glaze;
lustre, splendour, also a

lamp, then in Fr. a light, window-light. adj. lucid; from L. lucidus. Lucidity, sf lucidity; from L. lucid-

XjUCide,

clean, then to brighten;

from L. lustrar< Der. histre (verbal subst.), lustr'mt.

sm.

itatem, liUCratif,
ivus.

Lut,
adj. lucrative;
lucre, gain;

from L. lucrat-

lutum.

Der.

(Chem.)

lute,

luting;

from
It. liuto.-

luter.

fLuth,
from L. lucrum.

ljUCre, sm.

sm. a lute; introd. from Der. luthxtx.

LUTIN
LUTIN,

MAgON,
Luxurieux,
uriosus.
adj.

219
lewd For
-osvjlS =^

Der.
L.
for

sm. a goblin,
lutinei.

elf.

Origin unknown.

LUTRIN,
a

sm. a lectern
der.

lectrinum;
pulpit
in

Isidore
for
;

= t see LUTTE, sf. a

ct

168;

struggle

formerly lelrin, from from lectrum, used of Seville. For e = M see jwneau. from L. lucta. For

letter-changes see lutter.

LUTTER,
luctari.
lutteViX.

vn. to wrestle, struggle

from L.

For ct = // see
sf.

168.

Der.
Der.

; from L. lux-eux see -229. LUZERNE, sf. (Bot.) lucern. Origin unknown. Der. luzermhxe. Lycanthropie, sf. lycanthropy from Gr. \vKav6pojnia. Der. lycanthrope. Lycee, sm. a lyceum from Gr. KvKdov (the Lyceum at Athens). Lycopode, sm. (Bot.) lycopodium; from Gr. \vKos and irovs. Lymphatique, adj. lymphatic; from L.

Luxation,

(Surg.) luxation, dislocation

lymphaticus.

from L. luxationem. XiUxe, sm. luxury; from

luxuevLX.

Lymphe,
Ljmx,

L. luxus.

Luxer, va. to dislocate; from L. luxare. Luxure, sf. lewdness; from L. luxuria.

sf lymph, sap; from L. lympha. sm. a lynx ; from L. lynx. Lyre, sf. a lyre; from L. lyra. Lyrique, adj. lyrical; from L. lyricus. LYS, sm. a lily. See lis.

M.
MA,

Macadam,

See mon. Mdcher is a doublet of mastiquer, p. 81 macadam of hist, origin Der. mdcAeur, machoixe, mhchonner. q. V. (from Mr. Macadam, who introduced this Machiavelisme, sm. Machiavelism from
poss.

pron.f my.
sm.

method of laying
macadamxset.

roads), see 33.

Der.
;

Machiavelli, the Florentine historian.

this

historic

word

see

+ Macaque,
baboon
;

33.

Der.

For

ma-

sm. a macauco, dog-faced from Port, macaco. {"Macaron, sw. a macaroon, cake from It. maccarone. Its doublet is maccheroni,
q.v.

chiaveliqae, machiaveliste.

Machicoulis,
unknown.

sm. machicolation.

Origin

Machinal,
chinalis.

adj.

mechanical
sm.
sf.

from L. mafrom L.
;

fMacaroni,

sm. macaroni; from It. maccheroni (pi. of maccarone). adj. macaronic; from It. macckeronico. Macedoine, sf. a medley. Origin un-

Machinateur,
Machination,

plotter;

machinatorem.
a machination

tMacaronique,
known.

from L.

machinationem.

Machine, s/. a machine from L. machina. Machiner, va. to plot from L, ma;

Maceration,

sf.

maceration

from

L.

chinari.

Der.
sf.

machiniste.

macerationem.

MACHOIRE,
macecher.

Macrer,
rare.

va. to macerate; from L.

MACHONNER,
churer,

See mdcher. See va. to mumble.

a.

jaw.

md-

MACHE, sf. a MACHEFER,

unknown.

mash.
sm.
sf.

scales

Origin unknown. of iron. Origin

jaw-tooth,
grinder;

MACHURER, va.

MACHELIERE,
Idche
;

from L. maxiUarius.
for i

= ^ see

72

For x. = ch see for -arius = -iere

;

see 198.

MACHER,

formerly mascher, Prov. masgar. It. masticare, from L. mastieare. For regular contr. of mastiva. to masticate

cdre to mast'care see mas'care, see Hist. Gram.

52

whence
;

hence p. 81 mascher. For ca. = che see 126 and 54; hence mdcher by loss of s, see Hist. Gram.

formerly masOf Germ, mascurer. For origin, O.H.G. masca, a blot, spot. loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81; for c = cA see 126. Macis, sm. mace (a spice) from L. macis. Made, sf. (Bot.) caltrop, (Min.) made. Origin unknown. MA^ON, sm. a mason ; from L. macionem, another form is main Isidore of Seville ehionem. ch is softened to c in Latin For -eionem- = po see 231. tiroes. Der. ma^onner, mafonnzge, mafonniqne,
to blacken
;

originally

franc-wza^o/i,

maf onnerie.

220
MACREUSE,

MA CRE USE

MA TLLET.
Der. magnetise. Magn6tiser, See magDer. magndliseur, magnMsme.
neticus.
tnagnetiser.

(Omith.) s/. the black diver. Origin unknown. Maoule, sf. a spot; from L. macula. Its doublet is maille, q. v. Macular, va. to spot, blemish; from L. maculare. Der. mac?//ation, macuhtmt. MADAME, sf. Madam, Mistress. See ma and daine. Its doublet is madone, q, v. MADEMOISELLE, sf. Mademoiselle, Miss. See tna and demoiselle. a Madonna; from It. t sf.

magnet magnesia having been by the magnet. Magn6tique, adj. magnetic from L. maga

magnes,

assimilated

va. to

nelique.

Magnificence,

sf magnificence; from L. magnificent;

magnificentia.

Magniiique,
magnificus,

sf

from
;

L.

Madone,
madona.

Magnolier,

sm. (Bot.) a magnolia

33), from Magnol,
a Barbary ape.
of)

Madras,
MADRfi,
bois
sly.

sm. a

Madras handkerchief; of
33
;

origin (see A.D. 1715.

who

of hist, died

hist, origin, see

a fabric

made

origi-

MAGOT,
known.

sm.

Origin un-

nally at Madras.
adj. spotted, speckled (as in phrases

MAI, sm. May (month

a form for
*

madre, porcelaine madree), cunning, Madre is derived from O. Fr. madre,

;

xaaius found
1

from L. madius, in medieval Lat.

florebat
in

Tunc etiam mensis xaadius

2th-cent,
'

of Germ, origin, Germ, maser, spotted wood. Maser, contrd. to mas'r, becomes O.Fr. masdre, mazdre. For sr sdr see anckre ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, From the sense of spotted, varied p. 81. in colour or shade, the word takes the sense of ready in ruse and resources, sly.
"t

mazdre

poem. Again in Expeditionem an iith-cent document, movet comes mense madio.' For -adius
herbis,' says a

= -ai,
MAIE,

see bai.

sf a kind of dish ; from L. magida (found in Varro). For loss of medial g

see allier,

Madr6pore,
madrepora.
sm. a

sm. madrepore; from

;

It.

MAIGRE,

and of d (maida) see accahler. adj. thin, lean ; from L. macrum. For a = az see 54; for QT=gr see ad-

juger. Der. maigrelet, maigret, maigrir. joist from L. materiafrom materia. For regular MAIGREUR, sm. leanness from L. macrocontr. of matSriarius to mat'riarius For & = ai see 54; for CT=gr rein. see 52, hence madrier. For tr = (/r see see adjuger for o = eu see 79. aider; for -ariu8 = -i^ see 198. MAIGRIR, sm. to grow lean. See maigre. + Madrigal, sm. a madrigal from It. ma- MAIL, sm. a mall, hammer; from L. maldrigale. leum which became mallium. For eu = tMagasin, sm. a warehouse, shop, magaiu see abreger, hence mail for alliiun. =

MADRIER,
rius*,

der.

zine; formerly

ma^azm. Of Oriental
stores

origin,

ail see ail.

Der. maiRet.
a

Ar. machdzin, properly chandise, then a shop.

of

mer-

MAILLE,

from L. magus. Magie, sf magic; from L. magia. Der. ma^ique, m,agici.n. + Magister, sm. a schoolmaster, pedant; from L. magister. Its doublet is maitre,
sm. a magian
;

Mage,

from L. macula. For sf. regular contr. of mdcula to m.ac'la For cl = 7 see see 51, whence maille. abeille. Maille is a doublet of macule.

mesh

q. V.

MagistSre, sm.

a Grandmastership

from L.
;

Der. maillot, mailUx. MAILLE, sf. a small coin, maille (worth 083 of a farthing), found in the phrase n' avoir ni sou ni maille ; formerly meaille, O. Port, mealha, answering to L. m.etallea,

magisterium. Magistral, adj. magistral, magisterial from

L. magistralis.

which became successively metallia

abreger), and

(see

medallia
in sense
'

(see aider).

Me-

dallia

is

found
:

of money in medieval

Magistrat,

sm. a magistrate; from L. gistratus. Der. magistratarc.

ma-

documents

Thesaurus
;

cum

medaleis
is

aureis inventus fuerit in horto'

found in

Magnanime,

adj.

magnanimous; from L.
magnanimity; from L.

magnanimus.

Magnanimity,

sf.

magnanimitatem.

Magnat,

Magn^sie,

sm. a magnate; from L. magnatus (in this sense in St. Jerome). sf (Chem.) magnesia ; from L.

an Act of a. d. 1 274 also in a Lat. glossary Obolus quod est medalia,' whence, by loss of medial d (see accahler), comes O. Fr. meaille, whence maaille (see amender), whence maille. For aa = a cp. age for aage.
'

MAILLET,
mailloche.

sm. a mallet.

See mail.

Der.

MA ILLOTMALFA ITEUR.
MAILLOT,
maille (l).

2,21

sm.
a

swaddling

clothes.

See

MAL,

MAIN,

sf.

hand

from L.

-anus

-am

see

194.

manus.
Der.

For main-

adj. bad ; from L. malus. This sense remains in the compd. substantives malgre, malheur, malaise, malencontre, malemort,

malfa^ofi.

d'oeuvre (see de and ceiivre).

Malachite,
Malacie,
fiaXafcid.
sf.

sf malachite

from Gr.
;

fjio\o-

MAINT, adj. many. Origin unknown. MAINTENANT, adv. now. See maintenir. MAINTENIR, va. to maintain. See main and tenir. Der. matntien (verbal subst.), tnaintenue, maintenant. MAINTIEN, sm. maintenance. See maintenir.

XiTT/s (sc. KiOos).

(Med.) malacia

from Gp.

MALADE,

MAIRE,
found

sm. a mayor;
in this sense in

from L.

majorem,

ill; in the loth cent. malapte, from L, maleaptus, compd. of male and aptus, properly ill-disposed, then indisposed, then

adj. sick,

malabde, Prov.

medieval documents The late properly the chief man of a city. accent from majorem Lat. misplaced the majorem; then mdjorem, regularly to

sick,

ill.

For

p=6

see:

1 1

for t

= c?

see aider.

Malabde becomes malade by

contrd. (see 51) into maj'rem. becomes Maire is a / see aider. For j maire.

Der. maine. doublet of major, majeur. MAIS, co?tj. but ; from L. magis. The original sense ' more is still seen in the phrase
'

n'en pouvoir mais.

Magis
p.

(see Hist.

Gram,

loses its medial 82) and so becomes

mats, mais,

of b, just as dub'tare becomes douter. Der. maladie, malad'iL MALADRESSE, sf unskilfulness. See adresse. MALADROIT, adj. maladroit, clumsy. See adroit. Der. maladroitement. MALAISE, sm. uneasiness, adj. uneasy. See aise. Der. malaise. t Malandrin, sm. a highwayman; from It. malandrino. MALART, sm. a mallard, wild drake. Origin

loss

unknown. t Mais, sm. maize; introd. from Sp. mahis. MAISON, sf. a house from L. mansionem. MAL AVISER,T/a. to judge unwisely. Setaviser. For ns = s see atne; for attraction of i, Malaxer, t/a..(Eharm.) to work up; from
;

which changes a to
Twa/sownette.

ai,

see aigle.

Der.

L,

malaxare.

MALE,
;

MAITRE,

sm. a master

from For cl = / cp, musclus, ad Probum. For loss of medial g see Hist. Gram. p. 82, whence moule; marc'linus*, merlin: for loss of whence maistre, then maistre s see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1. maitre by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8r. Maitre is a doublet of magister, q. v. Der. Malediction, sf. a malediction, curse ; from
originally maistre,
;

formerly maistre, L. magistrum.

sm. male; formerly masle, in 12th from L. m,asclus, a form of m.asculus, which is found in the Appendix
cent, mascle,

maiiresse, maitrise, maitrisQi, maitre-nute].

L.

malediction em

MAITRISER,
maitre.

Der. maitrise (verbal

sf.

va. to master,

domineer.
subst.).

See

MALEFAIM,
and faim.

(so used in St. Jerome). See mal (3) sf cruel hunger.

Majest6,

majesty; from L. Der. majestueux. te m. MAJEUR, adj. greater, important majorem. For o = eu see

maj esta- Mal6fice, sm.

cium.
;

Der.

witchcraft; from L. malefi;

malefc'ie.

from L. Mal^fique,
79.
Its

adj. malevolent;

fromL. maleSee mal

See encon-

ficus.

Major, sffi.

maire, q. v. a major ; from L. majorem. Its doublet is maire, q. v. Majorat, sm. a majorat, a property which deis

doublet

MALEMORT,
(3) and mort.
tre

sf.

a tragic death. a mishap.

MALENCONTRE,
and mal (3).

Der. malencontreux.
sm.
a
entendre.

sf.

scends with a

title

from L. majoratum*.
L.

MALENTENDU,
See
(3)

misunderstanding.

Majordorae, sm. a major-domo; from major and domus.

Majority,
tatem.
j

mal (3) and

and
peste.

MALEPESTE,
Mal6vole,
volus.

interj.

plague on!

See

mal

sf.

majority;

from L. majori;

adj.

malevolent; from L. malea trick, bad piece of work.

Majuscule,

adj. capital (of letters)

from

L. majusculus. MAL, sm. evil, harm ; from L. malum. MAL, adv. amiss, ill, badly ; from L. male. Der. ma/propre, wo/veillant, wo/adroit,

MALFACON,

sf.

See mal (3) and /afo.

MALE AIRE,
and/azVe,

Der.

vn. to

do

evil.

See

mal (2)
from L.

malfaisdioi, malfaisunce.
;

mala.de.

MALFAITEUR,

sm. a malefactor

%22
znalefactorem.
for

MALFA Mt
For ot = jV
see attrait;

MA NA NT.
MALS6ANT,
and
seant.

adj.

unbecoming.

See mal (2)

o eit

MALFAME,
and fame.

see 79. adj. ill-famed.

See

mal (2)

MALSONNANT,

adj. ill-sounding, offensive.

See mal and sonner. MALGRACIEUX, adj. rude. See mal (2) i'Malt, sm. malt; of Germ, origin, Engl. malt.^ and grqcieux. MALGKE, prep, in spite of; originally asm., MALTOTE, sf. an exaction, impost ; formerly Fr. adj. mal (3) and gre maltolte, compd. of mal, see mal (3), and a compd. of O. tolte, which is from medieval L. tolta, (q. v.). ' NuUam a tax. toltam faciet eis in merMALHABILE, adj. unskilful. See mal (3) cato suo, nisi monachi concesserint ' is found and habile. in a Chartulary of a.d. 1085. Tollta is MALHEUR, sm. misfortune. See mal (3) contrd. from strong p. p. tollita, meaning and heiir. Der. malheureux. properly that which is carried off. For MALHONNfiTE, adj. dishonest, uncivil. See this strong p. p. see 188. From tolta mal (2) and honnete. and the adj. mala comes the compd. lualaMALHONNETETE, sf. incivility. See mal tolta, found in medieval documents. ' Mer(3) and honnetete. catores malice ; from L. malitia. For sine toltis mails,' . . vcndebant MALICE, sf. says Matthew Paris. In a Chartulary of a.d. tia = ce see agencer. 1 2 24 we find ' de malatolta quam Joannes MALICIEUX, adj. malicious ; from L. maliFor -oawB -eux see 229. rex Angliae et sui imposuerunt, sic erit.' tiosus. Der. maliotier. Malignity, sf. malignity; from L. malig-

=
;

nitatem.

and 131. Mechlin lace ; of hist, origin Malines, where this kind (see 33), from of lace was first made. MALINGRE, adj. ailing comp. of mal and of O. Fr. adj. hingre, heingre*, which from L. aegrum. Aegrum, reduced regularly to egrum (see 104), intercalates an n (see For e = concombre), whence eingre. before a nasal see 61 ; for addition of h
see assener

MALIN, adj. For gn =

For -tateni = -/e see 230. malignant from L. malignus.

MALTRAITER,
and mal
(2).

va. to maltreat.

See trailer

Malvac6e, adj.

sf.

(Bot.) malvaceous plant

iBIalines,

sf.

from L. malvaceus.

MALVEILLANT,
veillant.

Der.

adj. malevolent.

See bien-

malveillanct.

MALVERSER,v. to

be guilty of evil practices. See mal (2) znAverser. Der. malversation. MAMAN, sf. mama (onomatopoetic). See

34.

MAMELLE,
milla. melon.

sf.

For

a teat, breast ; from L. Der. i e see 52.

mama-

see envahir.

Malintentionn^,

adj.

evil-intentioned.

MAMELON,
millaris.

sm. a
adj.

teat.

See mal (2) and intentionne. ; of Germ, origin, O. H.G. malha. Der. malle-posie, malliet. Malleable, adj. malleable; from L. malle-

Mamillaire,

See mamelle. mamillary; from L,

maL.

MALLE, sf. a trunk

abilis Der.
*.
sf.

Mammaire, mamma.
Mammifdre,

adj.

mammary;

from

malleability.

Mall^ole,

(Anat.) malleolus;
va. to maltreat.

from L.

mamma
known.

from L. sf. mammiferous; and ferre.

sm. a

malleolus.

Mammouth.,
See mal (2) person
malestru,

mammoth.

Origin un-

MALMENER,
and mener.

MANANT,
sm. a rude,
malostru,
ill-bred

MALOTRU,
formerly

originally

meaning unhappy. Prov. malastruc, opposed to benastruc, is from L, astrutus *, which signifies ' under the influence of a star,' good for a = o or bad (for utTis = tt see 2or see dommage), from astruin, used in
;

Malpropre,

Petronius for chance, fortune. adj. dirty. See mal (2) and Der. malpropret6. propre. MALSAIN, adj. unhealthy. See mal (2) and

sm. a peasant, clown; a term of feudal law, signifying inhabitant of a burgh or village, as in the phrase Les manantse^ habitants d'une paroisse. From this sense of villager comes later the sense of coarseness, clownishness. Manant is from L. m.anentem, cp. tenant from tenentem. Manentem (which properly means one who remains, is attached to the soil) means a peasant in medieval documents thus we have ' Tradidit casam cum territorio suo
:

et

manentes xv cum

colonis,' in a

Dona-

tion of A.D. 1080.

MANCHEMA NUFA CTURE.

MANCHE,
from L. manica, by 51) of radnica to man'ca, whence manche. For ca che see and 54. Dei.manchette, manchon. 126 MANCHE, sm. a handle, neck (of a fiddle, etc.) from L. manica. For letter-changes Der. see above. Its doublet is mantque. emmancher, demancher. MANCHOT, sm. a one-handed person adj. one-armed dim. of O. Fr. mane: cp. bachot from bac. The O. Fr. mane is from L.
sf.

223
sf manifestation
;

a sleeve

Manifestation,
Manifesto,

from L.

regular contr. (see

manifestationem.
adj. manifest, sm. a manifesto;

from L. manifestus.

Manifester,

va. to manifest; from L. manifestare, der. from manifestus. Der.

manifeste (verbal subst.). Manigance, sf a manceuvre

+
i*

mancus.

Mandarin, S7W. a

Mandarin

from Port.

from manus, through some unknown intermediary form. Der. maniganeex. Manille, sf manille (a term used in the game of ombre) from Sp. malilla. Manioc, sm. tapioca; introd. from Sp.
;

Tnandarin, a name given by the_ Portuguese to the upper officials of the Chinese Empire; a word not used by the Chinese themselves.

American

colonies.

Manipule,
tion.

manipulus.

sm. a handful, maniple ; from L. Der. manipulex, manipula-

Mandat,
datum.
rfa/aire.

sm. a mandate; from L. manIts doublet is mande Der. man-

MANIVELLE,
unknown.

sf.

a crank,

winch.

Origin

Mandement,
shop's).

Mander,

sm. a mandate, charge (biSee mander. to send (by message, etc); from L. man da re. Der. mandement, demander, contremander. Mandibule, sf. a mandible, jaw ; from L.
va.

MANNE, MANNE,
origin,

sf.
sf.

manna
a
(?)

from L. manna. hamper; of Germ, origin.

;

Germ, manne

+ Mannequin,

sm. a mannikin
little

of Germ,
properly
letter-

Du. maneken, a
sf.
;

man.

MANCEUVRE,

manoeuvre,

mandibula.

work of the hand from medieval L. manus/.

+ Mandoline,
mandolino.

a mandoline; from

It.

opera, contrd.

to

manopera.

f Mandore,
It.

sf.

mandura

(lute);

from

mandora.
sf.

Mandragore,
L.

(Bot.)

mandrake; from

mandragora.

changes see oeuvre. Der. mancBuvrex, manouvriex, manceuvnex. MANOIR, sm. a manor; from L, manerium*, in medieval texts, = a residence, from manere, to reside. For e = oi see
; from L. mancare*, properly to mutilate, from adj. mancus Der. manque (verbal subst.), manquement,

For

MANDRIN, sf. a mandrel. Origin unknown. 62. Manducation, sf. manducation, eating MANQUER, vn. to miss
from L. manducationem.

+ Manage,
It.

sm. training (of horses); from

maneggio.

immanquahle.

Manes, sm.pl. manes, shade;

+ Manganese,
Germ, mangan.

from L. manes. sm. manganese; from

;

Mansarde,

sf.

a garret

hist, origin (see 33),

window, garret of from Mansard, who

;

invented this kind of window.

MANGER,
by
contr.

va. to eat
(see

from L. manducare,

Mansu6tude,

sf.

gentleness;

from

L.

52) of

manducdre

to

mansuetudinem.

mand'care, whence manger. For dc = c = g see adjuger. Der. mangeoire, mangeaille, demanger, mangeable, mangexxx, mang-

MANTE,
el

from L. mantum, a sf. a mantle Der. short cloak, in Isidore of Seville. O. Fr. mantel *, softened into manteau (for
;

eure.

= eau

see agneau),

which

has,

however,

Maniaque,
iManie,

adj. maniacal, sm. a

maniac

survived in demanteler (q. v.) and in

telet.

man-

from L. maniacus. sf. a mania; from L. mania. MANIER, va. to touch, handle; from L. manicare, from manus. For loss of medial c see affouage. Der. maniement,

MANTEAU, MANTELET,
tilla.

sm. a cloak.
s/".

See mante. See mante. sm. a short cloak.

a mantilla;

t Mantille,

from Sp. man-

rtmanier, manidhXe.

MANIERE,

sf manner ; from Schol. L. maneria, found in Abelard = genere, kind, der. from L. manus. For e = ie see Der. maniere. 56.

Manuel, adj. manual; from L. manualis. Manufacture, sf. manufacture; a word

formed from two Lat. words factura and manus, lit. a making by the hand. Der.

manufacturex, manufacturiex.

224
Manuscrit,
sm.
a

MANUSCRITMARE.
manuscript
;

from L.
Before

MARC, sm. a
etc.).

manu scriptus. "Man utention, sf.

nistration,

residuum, dregs (of pressed Origin unknown,

fruits,

maintenance.

MARCASSIN,
unknown,

sm. a young wild boar.

Origin

being thus restricted the word meant admioriginally action of managing. Manutention is from two Lat. words manus

fMarcassite,

and tenere.

Mappemonde, sf. a map of the world;

L.

from

mappa mundi, lit.

a cloth of the world.

MAQUEREAU,
known,

sm. a mackerel.
s/;

Origin un-

(Min.) marcassite; sf. from Ar, marcazat. MARCHAND, sm. a shopkeeper, dealer formerly marck^and, marchedant. It. mercadante, from L, mercatantem, pres, partic, of medieval Lat. mercatare, to sell as in 'Volunt dum vobis placeat pacifice et
; ;

t Maquette,
from
It.

a sculptor's rough a horse dealer

model

quiete

cum
cent.

vestri

meroatando
from
an
is

et negoti-

tnacchietta.

ando

conversari,'

Act
loses

of

the

MAQUIGNON, sm.

origin, Flem. macken, to traffic. quignonnzge. MARAICHER, sm. a kitchen gardener. See marais. MARAIS, sm. a marsh, bog, kitchen garden (environs of Paris) formerly marois and maresc, from medieval L. mariscus. Mariscus is of Germ, origin, O. Flem. maerasch. Mariscus becomes marais by sc
;

of Germ, Der. ma-

nth

Mercatare

a frequent, of

mercari.

Mercatantem

medial
(see

t (see abbaye), changes ca,

= che

126 and 54), whence O.Fr. marcheant. For e = a see amender. Der. marchandex,

marchandlse.

MARCHE,

sf the march (military frontier) of Germ, origin, O, H. G. marcha. Its doublet is marque.

= c,

see

bois

and by

= oi,

see

boire.

MARCHE, sf. march, walk, gait. See marcher. MARCHE, sm. a market. Prov. mercat. It.
mercato, from L,
see

For oi = ai see 62. Ffom O. Fr. maresc comes O. Fr. marescage, now marecage (for loss of s see Hist, Gram. p. 81), O.Fr. maraischer now maraicher. For letter-changes
see frats znd/raiche. Marasme, sm. consumption
pafffiSs,
;

mercatum.

amender;

from Gr.
from

fia-

t Mar as quin, sw. maraschino;

It.

marasca, a cherry, whence the liqueur is made. MARATRE, sf. a step-mother, a cruel mother; formerly marrastre, from L. matraster * (for restriction of meaning see 13).

Matraster,

contrd. regularly to

matrast'r

(see becomes marrastre, then 50), marastre by tr = rr = r (see 168), then mardtre (see Hist, Gram. p. 81). MARAUD, sm. a knave, rascal. Origin unknown. Der. marauder. MARAUDER, va. to go marauding, ravage. See maraud. Der. maraude (verbal subst.),

sm. a step (stair), footboard. See marcher and pied. vn. to walk, lit. to stamp about with one's feet, to beat down (so in brickmaking the phrase les briquetiers marchent I'argile is used) ; from L. marcare *, der. from marcus, a hammer, properly to tread down. A Lat.-Fr. glossary of the 13th cent, has ' c a 1 c a r e = marcher.' For ca = che see 126 and 54. Der. marche (verbal subst,), marchem, demarche. MARCOTTE, sf. (Bot,) a layer; formerly margotte, der,, with dim. suffix otte, from L. mergus. For e = a see amender. Der.

-ai;tuin = -e MARCHEPIED,

c = cA see see 201,

for

For e = a 126; for

MARCHER,

marcotter.

MARDI,

maraudem.

fMarav6dis,
from

sm. a maravedi (Sp. coin)

;

Sp. maravedi.

MARBRE, sm. marble

from L.

marmorem,

sm. Tuesday ; formerly marsdi. It. martedi, from L. Martis dies, found in the Inscriptions ; properly Mars' day. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. MARE, sf. a pond, pool; from L. mara*, ' found in medieval Lat. texts. Maras potare lutosas,' says Guillaume the Breton
in his Philippide. Mara is a corruption of mare, taken from water generally from the 7th cent, mare signiiies sweet as well * Mare as salt water. est aquarum generalis collectio. Omnis enim congregatio
:

by regular contr. (see 51) of m6rm6rem to marm'rem, whence marbre. For mi = mbr see absoudre, and Hist. Gram.
p.

73

Der.

for loss of see Hist, Gram. p. 81. marbrier, marbrtr, marbmxe, mar-

irerie, marfcrifere.

aquarum
;

MARC,

sm. a mark (weight, 8 oz.) origin, O. H. G. marc.

of Germ,

sive salsae sint, sive dulces sint, abusive majria nuncupantui',' says Isidore

of Seville.

MA RMCA GE
MARECAGE,
sm. a marsh.
See
marais.
takes

MA RMO
MARI,

T.

225
;

Der. juarecagtux.

sm. a husband from L, maritus. For -itus = -z see 201.

It.
5/. marriage. Prov. maridatge. maritagio, from L. m.aritatiCTim,

MARECHAL,
farrier

care of horses

medieval Lat, texts, as e. g. a.d. Chartulary of Marmoutier Cum de medietate ipsius terrae movisset calumniam quidam Constantinus asserens eam suae conjugi in maritaticum datam.' from Merov. L. raariscalcus (an officer in Si marisMaritaticum becomes mariage by loss of charge of the king's horses). medial t, see abbaye and 117; and by calcus, qui super 12 caballos est, occidisays the Lex -aticum = -a^e, see age and 248. tur, II. solid, componatur,' Alamanorum 7, 9. Mariscalcus is of MARIER, va. to marry, Prov, maridar, It, maritare, from L. m.aritare. Germ, origin, O. H. G. marahscalc. MaFor loss of medial t see abbaye. Der, manable, maririscalcus becomes mareschal by i = e, see = ch, see 126; and loss of c, eur, xemarier, demarier. 72; G For later loss of s see Hist. MARIN, adj. marine from L. marinus, see bois. Der, marinxex, mariner, marine, marina.de. Gram. p. 81. Der. marechalerie. MARECHAUSSEE, sf. properly a troop com- MARINGOUIN, sm. (Entom.) a mosquito. Origin unknown, manded by a 'marshal.' Marechaussee is from medieval Lat. marescalciata, der. Marionnette, sf. a puppet ; of hist, origin, see 33, Mariojtnelte is for mariolette mariscalcus, see marechal. Marfrom (for ln see marne) mariolette is dim. of escalciata becomes mareschaussee by -ata = -ee, see 201; by i = e, see 72 by mariole, found in medieval Fr. documents in sense of puppet, doll, originally little figures c = ch, see [ 126; by al=aM, see agneau; of the Virgin Mary, whence dim. mariole. by ci = c = s, see agencer. For later loss Marital, adj. marital; from L. maritalis. of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. maritalement. MAREE, sf. tide; from L, mare, der. by adding suffix ee (= ata, see 201). Maritalement, arfz/, matrimonially. See marital. Maree from mare answers to ondee from Maritime, adj. maritime ; from L. marionde. MARELLE, sf. hopscotch. See merelle. timus, MARGE, sf. margin ; from L, marginem. Maritorne, sf. a masculine woman of hist, For loss of l^t two atonic syllables see origin (see 33), from the name of the inn-servant in Don Quixote, Maritorna. 5? 51- Der, marg'inal, emargex, margelle! Marivauder, va. to refine excessively of MARGELLE, sf. kerb-stone (of a well). See hist, origin (see 33), from Marivaux, an l8th-cent. writer. marge. Der. marivaudnge. Marginal, adj. marginal. See marginer. MARJOLAINE, sf. (Bot.) sweet marjoram. va. to margin ; from L. m.arOrigin unknown, Marginer, ginare, Der, margi?i2i\. MARJOLET, sm. a little coxcomb. Origin
in

sm. properly one who ; thus marechal ferrarit is the shoes them. The marechal de France^ and originally the marechal, was an officer set over the horses and stables of the Marechal, formerly mareschal, is king.

MARIAGE,
found 1062,

who

in the

'

Marguerite,
L,

*/.

(Bot,) a daisy, pearl; from

unknown,

margarita,

MARMAILLE,
brats
;

sf.

a troop of

little

ones,

little

MARGUILLIER,

sm. a churchwarden ; formerly marreglier, from L, matricularius, found in medieval documents for the officer who keeps the church registers. La maOfficium matricutricxile de I'eglise larii est illuminare et extinguere omnia lumina,' says an eccles. regulation, Matricularius, regularly contrd. (see 52) to m^atric'larius, becomes O. Fr. marreglier. For tr = rr see 168; for i e see 72 for c\ = gl see aigle for -arius = -ier see 198, Marreglier later becomes mareglier, whence mar'glier and marguillier. Marguillier is a doublet of matricidaire, q, v.
' : ; ;

marmaglia. See marmot. tMarmelade, */", marmalade; from Sp. mermelada.

It.

from

MARMENTEAU,
Origin unknown,

adj. reserved (of timber).

MARMITE,
known.
marmiton.

Der, marmiteux
sm. a

sf.

a pot, saucepan.

Origin un'

(properly

poor

'),

MARMITON,
known,

MARMONNER,

See marmite. va. to mutter. Origin unscullion.

MARMOT, sm. a marmoset, a child;

der. with marmaille from a common root marm-, seen also in It. marmotto.

226

MA RMOTTEMA SSE.
5/:

fMarmotte,
from
It,

marmot, a

little

girl;

t +

Marron,
rone.

marmotta.
va. to mutter.

Der.

sm. a chestnut; mrronier.

from

It.

mar-

MARMOTTER,
known.

Origin un-

Marron,

Marmouset, sm. a queer figure, 'little monkey.' Origin unknown. MARNAGE, sm. marling, claying (of ground). See tnarne.

Marrube,

smf. a maroon (free West Indian negro) from Sp. cimarron. sm. (Bot.) bugle weed ; from L.
;

marrubjum.

MARS, sm. Mars, March; from L. Mars. MARSOUIN, sm. (Ichth.) a porpoise;
Germ,
origin,

of

MARNE,
L.

sf.

(Agric.) marl, clay and chalk.

still used in Normandy (from znarga, in Pliny),
;

O. H. G. meri-suin, a mere-

O. Fr. marie,

from

swine, sea-hog.

margula

Mdx- MARTEAU,
(for -el

sm. a

tellus*, a L, martus, found in late Lat. texts. Its doublet is martel. Der, marteler, martelet. phte (O. Fr, pesne, pesle); poster'la, poterne; colucla*, quenouille (the form co- MARTELER, va. to hammer, torment unbearably. See marteau. Der. martehgc, nucla for colucla is to be met with in marteleuT. Merov. documents). Der. marmhct, marnMartial, adj. martial from L. martial is. er, marnzge, marne\ix.

mar'la (see 51), becomes O. Fr. marie, whence marne by = , for which cp. libella,mWaM; pess'la, /
giila, contrd. regularly to

= -eau

formerly martel from L, marform of martulus, dim. of

;

hammer

see agneau),

Maroquin,
see

sm, morocco

of

hist,
it

origin,
first

MARTINET,

33

from Morocco, where

;

was

made.

sm. a tilt-hammer, flat-candlestick ; dim. of marteau. MARTINET, sm. (Ornith.) a martin; der.

Marotique,
see

of hist, origin, adj. Marotic 33; from Marot, the well-known Fr. poet of the i6th cent.
pro;

from Martin

cp. pierrot

sansonnet from Sanson. Der. (from proper name Martin) martin-picheur.

from Pierre, and

the

MAROTTE, sf. a fool's-cap, hobby-horse,

perly a puppet
nette.

Martingale,

sf.

a martingale, strap; of hist,

from Marie, see marionlining-paste.

origin (see 33), from Martigues in Provence ; the Martigaux, or Martingaux,

MAROUFLE,
known.

sf.

Origin

un-

having

been the
sf.

first

to wear
a martin.
*,
is

stockings
It.

a
sf. a mark, sign, token; of Germ, Germ. mark. Its doublet is
'

la martingale.

MARQUE,
origin,

MARTRE,
tora,

(Mamm,)

mar-

marche,

q. v.

Marquer,

va. to

frequent, of becomes martre by 1 = r, see apotre. marquer. Cp, tacheter from tacher, voleter Martjrr, sm. a martyr; from L. martyr. from voler, etc. Der, marquetene. Der. martyriser, martyre. MARQUIS, sm. a marquis formerly marchis, Martyrologe, sm. martyrology from Gr. from medieval L, marcliensis, properly fidprvs and \6yos. a governor set over the marches or empire- + Mascarade, sf. a masquerade; from It. frontiers from the time of Charlemagne. mascherata. marcha Marcliensis is from see f Mascaron, sm. a mask; from It, mascherone. marche. Marcliensis, with ns = s (see aine) and e = / (see 59), becomes marchis, Masculin, adj. masculine; from L. masculinus. then marquis (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Der. marquise, marquisat. t Masque, sm. a mask, visor; introd. in 16th cent, from It, maschera. MARRAINE, sf. a godmother, Prov. maiDer. masquer, d^masquer. rina. It. madrina, from L. matrina *, der. from mater. For tr = rr see 168; for MASSACRER, va. to massacre; of Germ, origin. Low Germ, matsken. Der. maS' digno, i = af cp. patrinus*, parrain; sacre (verbal subst,), massacrcnr. daigne; glitea, glaise; dominum, domaine; pullinus,/>OM/az, Also see a/>am, MASSAGE, sm. shampooing. Origin unknown. MARRI, adj. or p.p. sad p.p. of O. Fr. verb marrir, to sadden of Germ, origin, Germ. MASSE, sf. a mass; from L, massa. Der, massii, masstx, z-masstx, massicot. marrjan.
;

MARQUETER,

doublet is q. v. Temarquer, demarquer. va. to chequer

Der. marqutx, marqua.nt. mark. See marque. marcher, Der. marquem,

from L, martalus

found in some

late Lat. texts,

Martalus

from martes,

Its

in this ^ense (Ep. x. 37), the reading is correct. Martalus, regularly contrd. to mart'lus (see 51),
if

found in Martial

MASSE
MASSE,
sf.

MA UDIRE.
;

227

lost primitive

mace; from L. matea*, the Materiality, sf. materiality; der. from 7nateriel. of mateola, a staff. Matea becomes matia (see abreger), whence Materiaux, sm. pi. materials, pi. of a form Der. material^ from materialis, from mamasse, by -tia = -ise, see agencer.
a

mass'ier.

teria, building-wood.

tMassepain,
sard marcepain,

MASSUE,

in Ron- Materiel, adj. material; from L. materimarzapane. Der. materiality. alis. from L. maxuca*, Maternel, adj. maternal; from L. matersf. nalis, from maternus. found in medieval documents, as in Quidam enormis staturae ferens ingentem Maternity, sf maternity; from L. maternitatem. from maternus. maxucam. super caput ejus (^Ordericus Vitalis). Maxuca is a deriv. of massa, Math^matique, sf mathematics from L. mathematica (so found in Cicero). Der. Maxuca becomes masstie. see masse. mnthematicien. for -u,ca = -tie see For X = ss see aisselle Mati^re, sf matter; from L. materia. 212. For e = ie see 56. Mastic, sm. mastic; from L. mastiche. MATIN, sm. morning; from L. raatutinum. Der. mastiquei. from L. For regular contr. of matutmum into Mastication, sf. mastication mat'tinum see 52; whence It. tnalmasticationem. tino, and Fr. matin. Der. matinee, matinul, Mastodonte, sm. a mastodon from Gr. matineux, matines, matiniex. obovs, oduVTOs, and fiaaros. MASURE, sf. a hovel, ruin from L. man- MATIN, sm. a great cur, mastiff, properly a watch dog. Matin, O. Fr. mastin. It. massura*, properly a residence, from mantino, from L. mansatinus * (properly a ere Anno vero sequenti dedit illis in dog which stays in the house), der. from puram et perpetuam eleemosynam suum mansum, found in medieval texts. Mandominium Marbodii et suam raansuram,'

sm. marchpane;
It.

from

'

a club;

'

'

'

says a Charter of a.d. 1120.

Mansuxa

sum
to

is

the

partic.

subst.

of

manere.

becomes masure by ns = s, see aine. Mat, sm. mate (in chess). See echec.
maler.

Der.

Mansatinus,

regularly contrd. (see 52) mans'tinus, gives mastin (for ns s

fMat,
he.

adj. heavy, dull; from Germ, mail, Der. math, matweary, weak, then dull.

MAT,
Hist.

sm. a mast

origin,

formerly mast; of Germ, For loss of s see Germ. mast. Gram. p. 81. Der. mdtei, demdter,
;

of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 Der. matinex, mdtineiu. MATINES, sf.pl. matins. See matin. MATIR, vn. to deaden (metals). See mat. Origin unMATOIS, adj. cunning, sly. known. Der. matoisexie. MATOU, sm. a tom-cat, ugly person. Origin
see atne), thence matin,
.

by

loss

+ Matador,

mature, wa/ereau. sm. a matador; from matador, properly a slayer. from sm. a bully; matamoros, properly a killer of Moors. matachin, one i'Matassin, sm. a dances the Sp. matachin. MATELAS, sm. a mattress formerly

unknown.
Sp.
Sp.

Matras,

sm. a mattress.

Origin

unknown.

tMatamore,

Matrice, sf the matrix, womb; from L. matricem. Matricule, sf matriculation; from L. matricula.
is

who

IDer.matricuhixe (whose doublet

marguillier, q.v.).

Prov. almatrac, Sp. almadraque; of from Ar. al Oriental origin, see 31 matrak. The O. Fr. materas. It. materasso, reproduce the Arabic subst. without the
teras,
;

ma- Matrimonial, adj. matrimonial; from L. matrimonialis. Matrone, sf a matron; from L. matrona.

t Matte, sf
Germ, matte.

(Met.) matt, a mass;

s/,

from

article al

found

Prov. almatrac.
siere.

Der.

in the Sp.

almadraque and

Maturation,
rationem.

ripening; from L.

matuSee

matelassex, matelas-

MATURE,
sailor.

sf.

masts,

wood

for masts.

MATELOT,

sm. a Der. matelote.

Origin unknown.

mat.

Maturity,
tatem.
der.

sf maturity;

from L. maturifrom L. matu-

See mat. va. to checkmate. |Mat6rialiser, va. to materialise ;

MATER,

from materiel.
rialiste.

Der.

Matutinal,
tinalis.

adj. matutinal;

materialisms, mate-

MAUDIRE,

va. to curse

formerly maldire,

Q2

328
from

MA UDISSON

M^DECINE.
M^cdne,
origin,

L. maledicere (so used in St. Jerome). For mal = mau see agtieau for -dioere = -dire see dire. Der. tnajddit. MAUDISSON, sm. a curse; formerly mal-

sm. a Maecenas, patron

see

of hist,

minister and
literature.

33 ; alluding to Maecenas, friend of Augustus, patron of

disson,

from L. maledictiouem.

-ctio

= -sso

agneau^

MAUGREER,
one's see malgr^.

For M6cliancet6, sf wickedness. See mechant. formerly messee frisson for al = au see MEG H ANT, adj. wicked chant, originally mescheant, meaning in ^ vn. to rage, show one's ill-will, O. Fr. unhappy, that which has bad chance,
;

mal gre,

as the

medieval phrase ran,

pres.

partic.
is

of mescheoir, to be unlucky.

Malgre becomes inaugre by al = au, see agneau whence maugreer. Mausol6e, sm. a mausoleum from L.
; ;

mausoleum (found in Pliny). MAUSSADE, adj. unpleasant, sour, awkward

;

formerly malsade, of a bad taste a compd. of mal (see mal 2) and O. Fr. adj. sade, pleasant-tasting. Sade is from L. sapidus by regular contr. (see 51) of sdpidus to sap'dus, whence sade by pd = c?, see hideux. Malsade becomes maussade by al = au, see agneau. Der. maussaderie. MAUVAIS, adj. bad. Origin unknown.

from L. minus cadere, lit. For meaning see chance. For minus = mes = me see mes-; for co,dere = cheoir see choir. Der. mechancete (der. from O. Fr. mtchance, representing L. minuscadentia *. For letter-changes see ms- and chance). MfiCHE, sf wick (of a candle) formerly mesche, from L, myxa, fem, form of
Mesch'oir
to
fall

amiss.

myxus
mycsa,

(for

x = cs
mysca.

see

lacher),

whence
see

thence

For

ca,

= che

MAUVE,
malva.

sf.

(Bot.) a mallow; from For al = a?/ see agneau.

L.

MAUVIETTE,
MAUVIS,

See mauvis. sf. a lark. sm. a mavis, thrush, redwing formerly malvis, from L. malvitius *, found in medieval Lat. texts. Malvitius is a
;

compd. of malixm and vitis, the thrush being very destructive to the vine. The Germans call the same bird iveingartsvogel; in several parts of France the bird is called grive de vendange, thus confirming the etymology given (see 15). Malvitius becomes mauvis by al-ati, see agneau and ti = s see agencer. Der. mau;

126, 54; for i = see 72; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. mecher. MECHEF, sm. mischief, misfortune, harm formerly meschef Prov. mescap, Sp. menoscabo, lit. a misadventure. As may be seen from the form of words in other Romance languages meschef is compd. of mes- and chef {(\. v.). MECOMPTE, sm. a miscalculation. See me;

comptex.

MECOMPTER,
wrong (of

vn. to count wrong, strike

;

clocks)

For etymology see mes- and compter.

formerly mescompter. Der.

mecompte (verbal

subst.).

MECONNAITRE,
nieconnaissahle.

va. to

fail

to recognise,

viette.

disown, deny ; formerly mesconnaitre. See mes- and connaitre. Der. meconnaissunce,

Maxillaire,
illaris.

Maxime,
solute).

from L. axmachelier, q. v. from Schol. L. sf. a maxim ; maxima (sc. sententiarum, a greater proposition, one which is general and abadj. maxillary;
Its

doublet

is

MECONTENT,
mescontent.

adj. discontented; formerly

See mes- and content. mecontenter, mecontentemeht.

Der.

MECREANT,
who
believes

sm. unbeliever, miscreant, one in some other religion, not

Maximum,
L.

sm.

maximum;

from

maximtun.
sf a sorry beast (horse), feeble Origin unknown. pron. (accus.) me ; from L.

MAZETTE,
person.

ME, pers. me.

of
hist,

Idl^andre, sm. a meander, winding course

origin,

properly one who believes Mecreant, formerly mescreant. It. miscredente, is a compd. of mes- (q. v.) and creant, from L. credentem. For loss of medial d see accabler. MECROIRE, vn. to disbelieve formerly mescroire. See mes- and croire.
the
Christian,

amiss.

see

33

from the
;

river

t M^daille,

Meander

in Phrygia.

M^at,

sm.

(Anat.)
(i) sf

meatus

from

L.

meatus.

M^ecin,

sf a medal ; from It. meDer. daglia. Its doublet is maille, q. v. medaillon, medailler, medailliste. sm. a physician from L. medi-

M^canique,
mechanic a.

Der, mecanicien, mecanisme.

mechanics;

from L.

cinus.
cina.

For i=
sf.

see 72.

M^decine,
For

medicine;
see 72.

from L. medi-

(3) adj. mechanical.

i=e

M^DIA N
Median,
adj.

MEMENTO.
L.

329

(Anat.)
Its

median

from
;

M6lancolique,

medianus.

Medianoche,
medianoche.

doublet is moyen, q. v. sm. a meat supper from Sp.

adj. melancholy, dismal from L. melancholicus.

sot,

MELANGE,
melaza.

mixture.

See meler.

Der, melanger.

Mediastin,
L.

sm. (Anat.) mediastine

from t

M6lasse,
mesclar,

sf.

molasses, treacle; from Sp,

mediastinus.

'M.^diat, adj. mediate; from L. mediatus. Der. mediatiser, \mmediat. M^diateur, sm. a mediator; from L. me-

MELER,

va. to

mix
L.

formerly mesler. Port.

'

diatorem

*.
sf.

misculare, found in medieval Lat. documents: as Per plurimorum ora vulgatur, vos dicere, quoniam
de
istis rapinis atque depredationibus nihil vos debeatis misculare, unusquisque sua defendat ut potest,' from a letter by Hinc-

from

Mediation,
tionem.

mediation

from L. media-

Medical,
der.

adj. medical;

from L. medicalis*,
medicament,

from medicus.
sm.
a

Medicament,
cine;

from L. medicamentum. Der. medicamenter, medic ament&nx. ler (for cl = / see male for i = ^ see 72), thence meler (for loss of s see Hist. Gram, Medicinal, adj. medicinal; from L, medicinalis. Der. melee (partic. subst.), me'/ange, p. 81). gele-mt/^, emmeler, demeler. Mediocre, adj. middling, mediocre; from L. mediocrem. MELEZE, SOT. a larch. Origin unknown. M^diocritCj s/. mediocrity from L. medio- M6lisse, ./. balm mint from Gr. fiiXtatxa, critatem. For -tateni= -te see 230. because the bee delights in this plant, MEDIRE, vn. to speak ill (of); formerly Mellifdre, adj. meUiferous; from L. elviesdire. See mes- and dire. lifer. Der, medisant, medisa.nce. M61odie, sf melody ; from Gr. jxe\oj8ia. Meditatif, adj. meditative ; from L. mediDer. melodienx. tativus. M61odrame, sm. a melodrama, properly acting with songs; from Gr. /ztAos and Spd/ixa. Meditation,.?/, meditation; from L. meditationem. M61omanie, sf. music-madness from Gr. Mediter,z/fl.to meditate; from L.meditare. fXiKos and fiavia. Der, melomane. Mediterran, adj. mediterranean ; from L. Melon, sm. a melon; from L, melonem,
;

medi-

mar, a.d. 859. Misculare is a frequent, of raiscere. Misculare, regularly contrd. (see 52) to misc'lare, becomes mes-

Medium,

mediterraneus. Der. OTe/oniere. sw. a medium; from L. medium. M61op6e, sf. melopoeia, laws of musical
adj.

M6dullaire,
dullaris.

medullary; from L.

me-

composition

from Gr, fXfKoTToda.

sf.

Membrane,
vn. to do

MEFAIRE,
faire.

See

mes-

formerly mesand /aire. Der. me/ait

;

harm

(partic. subst.).

Der, membraneux. Membre, member from membrum, Der. membre, membru,

membrana.
sot.

membrane;

from L.
L,
de-

limb,

MEFAIT, sm. a MEFIANCE, sf.

misdeed.

See mefaire.

membrer.

MEFIER
mesjier.

mistrust. See mefier. (SE), vpr. to mistrust; formerly See mes- and Jier. Der, me/?ant,

MfiME,

wtj/?ance,

formerly mesme, meesme, medisnie. Prov, metessme, It, medesimo, from L, metipsimus, contrd. from raetipsissimus, found
adj.
;

same

earlier

me'isme,

originally

MEGARDE,

verbal subst. sf. inadvertence ; of O. Fr. verb megarder, originally mesgarder, see mes- and garder. M6gdre, sf. a fury, vixen; from L. Me^aera, one of the Furies.

in classical

documents

in

the form ipsis-

simusmet = altogether

the same.

Me;

tipsimus, contrd. to metips'mus, becomes O. Fr. medisme. For ps = s see caisse for This form is found in t = d see aider.
ilth cent, in the

MEGISSIER,
O.
Fr.

from megis, a compd. of ashes and alum

sm.
a
leather-dressgr
;

Poem
first

of

St. Alexis.

Me-

used in leather-dressing. Der. megisserie.

better
:
;

Origin unknown.

MEILLEUR, adj.
For
li

from L. meliorem.

= //

see ail
sf.

for

o = eu

see 88,

Melancolie,
lancholia.

melancholy; from L,

me- t

Memento,
memento.

of medial d (see accabler), then meesme, by (see mettre), then mesme, by ee = e, i e lastly meme, by loss of s (see Hist. Gram, Der. OTtOTement. p. 81). sot. a memento; from L.
me'isme,
loss

disme becomes

by

230
MEMOIRE,
sf.

MSMOIRE
memory; from
i

MER CREDI.
sf.

L.

memoria. MENOTTE,
of main,

little

hand, handcufF; dim.

See mentir.Der.
irregularly

For attraction of

see chanoine.
;

q. v.

Memorable,

from L. nie((/. memorable morabilis. For -abilia = a6/fi see affable. Memorial, sm. a memorial; from L. memorial is. Der. immemorial. MENACE, sf. a menace, threat from L. minacia. Plautus uses pi. minaciae. For

MENSONGE,
mensongex.
der.

sm. a

lie.

Mensuel, adj. mensual, monthly

;

MANAGE,

-oia = -ce see agencer for i = Der. menacer, menagAtit. sm. housekeeping, household
;

from L, mensis. Mental, adj. mental from L, mental is. Menthe, sf. (Bot), mint; from L. mentha. see mettre. Mention, sf. mention; from L. mentio-

nem.
;

Der. mentionnex.

vn. to lie; from L. mentiri. Der, menteux, mentexie, demendr, men>>onge L. mansionaticiun *, expenses of a house(the exact relation between this word and hold, in Carol, documents. Nemo in villis mentir is unknown). is nostris mansionaticum accipiat a MENTON, sm. the chin; from L, mentophrase in the Capitulary De Villis. Mannem *, from mentum. Der. mentonxuhxe. sionaticum is der. from mansionem, see Mentor, sm. a mentor of hist, origin, see maison. Mansion6.ticum, contrd. (see 33 ; allusion to Mentor the adviser of Telemachus. 52) to nians'naticum, reduces ns to from L. minus (see atne\ whence masnaticum, whence MENU, adj. slender, small maisnage by a = i (see 54), and by tus. For i = e see 72 ; for -utus = -7/ aticum = -a^c (see age). Maisnage besee 201. Menu is a doublet of minute,
for-

MENTIR,

merly mesnage, originally maisnage, from

'

'

comes mesnage by ai = e

(see 103, 104), thence menage (see Hist, Gram. p. 81). Der. menagex, menaghre, menagement, de-

q. V.

Der,

menuet, menitisex

(i, e,

to cut

small, then to carpenter), menuisiex,

iserie.

menu-

menagex, emmenager, menagerie (properly a place where the animals of a household are kept, then by extension a place in which are kept rare and foreign animals).

MENUET,

sm. a minuet.

See menu.

MENUISIER, sm. a carpenter. See menu. Mephitique, adj. mephitic; from L. mephiticus.

Der, mephitisme.

iM^nagenient,
See menage.

sm.

consideration,

regard.

MEPLAT,
mesplat.

Mendiciti, sf. mendicity, L. mendicitatem *.

begging;

from

MENDIER,
For
loss

va. to beg

from L. mendicare.

of medial c see affouage.

vn.

Der.

mendidint.

MENER,
used
mettre.

drive from L. minare, or flocks. For i e see Der. doublet is miner, q. v. menee (partic. subst.), meneur, zmener, ramener, dC'mener, emmener, promener. MENESTREL, sm. a minstrel from L. ministrale, in medieval Lat, properly a servant. 'Una cum ministrale nostro Johanne et infantes suos is found in a charter of

to

of

cattle

Its

flat part, adj. flat; formerly See mes- and plat. MEPRENDRE, vpr. to be mistaken; formerly mesprendre. See mcs- and prendre. Der. meprise (partic. subst, see absoute). MEPRIS, sm. contempt. See mepriser. MEPRISE, sf. mistake. See meprendre. MEPRISER, va. to despise formerly mespriser. See mes- and priser. Der. mepris (verbal subst.), meprisant, me/>r/sable.

s?n.

MER,

sf.

the sea; from L.

mare.

For & =
from

see 54.

+ Mercantile,
mercantile.

adj. mercantile;

It.

Mercenaire,

adj.

mercenary

from L.
See

'

mercenarius.

MENETRIER,

For i^e see 59. sm. a fiddler; formerly menestrier, from L. ministerarius *, der. from minister. Ministerdrius, regularly contrd. (see 52) to minist'rarius, becomes menestrier. For i = e see 72; for -arius = -ier see 198 for loss of s see
A.D. 805.
;

MERCERIE,
7nercier.

sf.

mercery, haberdashery.
sm.
loss

MERCI, sf. mercy, mercedem. For

for

thanks
of

from L.

Hist.

Gram,
sf.

p, 81,

Meninge,
from Gr.
vioKos.

(Med.)

/J-^viy^.

M^nisque,

Der. meningite. sm. a meniscus from Gr.

;

e = / see 59. Der, xemerciex (compd. of O. Fr, mercier). MERCIER, sm. a mercer from L, mercerius * in Low Lat, documents mercerius coat of the brain; Fore = see 56. is from mercem.
;
:

see alouette;

/xt]-

MERCREDI,

Der, mercexie. sm. Wednesday ; from L. cnrii dies, so used in inscriptions

Mer;

pro-

MERCURE
perly Mercury's day).

MESQUIN.
for li

231

Mercurii becomes Mercre by regular loss of u, see 51. Mercure, sm. mercury; from L. mercuDer. mercur\t\ (whose doublet is rius
merciiriale).

from L. mirabilia, properly marvels. Mirabilia, contrd. (see 52) to mir'biFor i = e see 7 2 lia, becomes merveille.
;

= f/

see ail;

for

h=v

see 113.
s,

Der. merveilltux, emerveiller.

It.

MERE,
Mere,
L,

mother; originally medre, sf. madre, from L. matrem. For tr = r for a = e see 54. 168
;

see

MES-, prefix (me- by dropping Gram. p. 81) gives a bad sense

:

see

Hist.

to the

words

adj. as

pure,

finest (of

wool), in such
;

phrases

mere

goutte,

mere laine
;

from

merus.

MERELLE,

from L. mahopscotch sf. trella *, der. from matara, a game which takes its name from the tile,, etc., with which it is played. For tr = r see 168
;

with which it is compd. priser and mepriser, dire and medire, fait and mi-fait, etc. Mt-, originally mes-, Prov. mens-, Sp. menos-, corresponds to L. minus. To show how minus becomes me, let us take as an example L. minusfacere, properly to do amiss (to,).

Minusfacere, contrd. to min'sfacere (see 52), has ns = s (see ai?ie) and becomes
misfacere, found in Carol, documents In hoc si frater mens meis fidelibus, qui contra ilium nihil misfecerunt, et me, quando mihi opus fuit, adjuverunt is found in a document of a.d. 825. Misfacere becomes mesfaire. For mis = mes see for facere=/ai>e see /aire. Mes 72; faire becomes mefaire by dropping s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8 Thus we see how minus is reduced to min's, mis, mes, me-. This is
'

for

a=e

M6ridien,

see 54. adj. meridian, sm. the meridian

from L. meridianus.

Der. meridienne.

Meridional,

adj.

meridional,

southern;

'

from L. meridionalis.

Meringue,
known.
from Sp.

sf.

meringue.
a

Origin un-

t Merinos,
pasturage.

merino sheep; introd. sf. merino, a flock which changes its

a wild cherry.

1 .

MERISE,
Mrite,

Der. merisitr.
sm.

sf.

Origin unknown.

sm. merit; from L. Der. mtriter, meritohe.

meritum.
Origin

MERLAN,
unknown.

(Ichth.) a whiting.

MERLE,
to

sm. (Ornith.) a blackbird merula. For regular contr. of

from L.

found in mechant, mechef, mecompte, meconnaitre, mecontent, mecreant, mecroire, medire, medisance, mefaire, mtfait, mefier, megarde, meplat, meprendre, meprise, mepriser, mepris, mesallier, mesavenir, mesaventure, mesuser, etc. MES, poss. adj. my; from L. meos. For
also

merula

meos = mos
see je.

see

52;

for

mos = mes
aise.

mer'la

+ Merlin,
line.

see 51. sm. a marline;

from Eng. mar-

MESAISE,

sf.

uneasiness.

See mes- and

MESAILLIER,
;

va. to

MERLIN,

sm. a hammer from L. marculinus*, from marculus by regular contr. (see 52) of marculinus to marc'linus, whence merlin. For cl = / see male;
B,

mes- and

allier.
sf.

Der. mesalliance.
happen
happen
ill.

make

a misalliance. See

MESANGE,

(Ornith.)
:

merly 7nasenge mase.

a titmouse; forof Germ, origin, A. S.

= e see for MERLUCHE,

54. sm. (Ichth.) hake; formerly merluce, Sp. merluza. Compd. of hice and mer { = luce de mer) ; hice is from L. lucius, properly a pike. For ciu = ce see agencer; for o = ck see 126. MERRAIN, sm. a clapboard, properly wood for building, etc. ; from L. materiamen, * found in Merov. texts Si quis Ripu
:

MESARRIVER,
and arriver.

vn. to

See mesSee mes-

MESAVENIR,
and avenir.

vn. to

ill.

See sf. a misadventure. mes- and aventure. M6sentre, sm. (Anat.) mesentery; from
Gr. fjieaevTfpiov.

MESA VENTURE,

MESESTIMER,
and estimer.

va. to undervalue.

Der. mesenterique. See mes-

arius in silva

communi materiamen
says
is

vel

ligna

fissa

abstulerit,'

the Ripuarian

Msintelligence,

sf.

misunderstanding.
See mes- and

Code, 76.
ria.
52)

Materiamen

from m.ate-

Materidmen, regularly contrd. (see to mat'riamen becomes merrain. For -amen = -am see 226; for tr = rr
see 16S
;

See mes- and intelligence. MESOFFRIR, va. to underbid.

ofrir.

tMesquin,

adj.

mean, shabby (properly

for

a=e

see 54.
It.

MERVEILLE,

sf.

a wonder.

maraviglia.

poor); from Sp, mezquino (properly a slave). Der. mesquineiit.

232
MESSAGE, sm. a message from oum*, in Carol, documents,
;

MESSA GE
L. missatias
'

MJSriS.
M^taplasme,
fxfTairKaafxos.
;

sm. a metaplasme

from Gr.

Si

quis

missum dominicum occiderit, quando in M6ta8tase, sf (Med.) metastasis from Gr. xnissatioum directus fuerit,' in a CapitufKraaraais. lary of A. D, 813. Missaticuiu tulit ipsi Metatarse, sm. (Anat.) metatarsus from summo pontifici ;* from another medieval Gr. niTOL and rapaos. document. Missatioum becomes message Metathdse, sf metathesis from Gr. fitrAOfais. by i f, see 72; by -aticum = -a^, see Der. tnessager, messagcrie. METAYER, sm. a metayer,' farmer (who 248.
'

sf.

'

MESSE,

the mass

from L. missa (used

Its

by Christian

writers of the 5th cent).

MESSEANT,
MESSEOIR,
and
seoir.

doublets are mels, mis. adj. indecorous.

Der.

vn. to be unbecoming.

See messeoir. See mes-

messeznt.

Meesie, sm. the Messiah; fromL. Messias. MESSIER, sm. keeper of a standing crop
;

pays the lord half the produce of his farm); from L. medietarius*, found in medieval Lat. documents, from medietatem. Medietarius becomes metayer by loss of medial t, see abbaye ; by -arius = -ier, see 198; by d = /, which usually only occurs with final d, see 120, 121. Der. metairie.

from L. messarius*, deriv. of messis. For -arius = -/er see 198. MESSIEURS, sm. pi. gentlemen. See mes and sieur. MESSIRE, sm. ' messire,' master compd. of O. Fr. mes (my) and sire, q. v. Mes is from
;

METEIL,
formerly

sm. meslin (mixed wheat and rye)

mesteil, from L. mixtellum*, from mixtura. Forx = s see amitie for i = e see 72 for loss of s see Hist. Gram,
;

p. 81.

M6tempsycose,
Gr.

sf metempsychosis
;

from

L.

mens.
adj.

fj,fTffji.\(/vxo^(Tis.

MESURABLE,
-abilis

measurable;

from
;

L.
for

M6t6ore,

mensurabilis.

For

iis

=s

see aine

Der. meteorique.
sf.

sm. a meteor

from Gr. ixfrewpos.

= -a6Z^

see affable.

M6t6orologie,

meteorology; from Gr.

;

fifTfcopos and A.o70s.'= Der. meteorologique. MESURE, sf. measure; from L. mensura. M6th.ode, sf. method from Gr. fiidobos. For ns = s see aine. Der. methodique, methodisme, methodiste. MESURER, va. to measure from L. men;

we- M6ticuleilX, adj. fastidious; from L. meticulosus. For -08VLa = -e7iX see 229. MESUSER, vn. to misuse. See mes- and user. METIER, sm. trade formerly mestier, in loth cent, mistier, in the poem of St. Legei M6tacarpe, sm. (Anat.) metacarpus from from L. ministerium, an office, then Gr. fxcTaKapiriov. metairie (land held on condiemployment, lastly, daily occupation, trade METAIRIE, sf. so used in Carol, documents. We find in the tion that the lord receives the half of the Capitularies amittere ministerium,' for produce) formerly metayerie. See metayer. to lose one's employment' the Capitularies M^tal, sm. metah, from L. met a Hum.

surare.

For ns = s see aine.

Der.
;

swreur, mesursige, demesure.

'

'

Der. metalWiex.

of Charles the Bald,

(Rhet.) metalepsis
;

il. 15, use

'

minissci-

M6talepse,
lieraX-qipis.

sf.

from Gr.

terium
erint

for

'

trade

'

Ipsi

monetarii jurent

quod ipsum ministerium, quantum

adj. metallic;

M6tallique,

from L. metalSee metal.

et potuerint, fideliter faciant.'

The
are

licus. !B/E6talliser, va. to metallise.

heads
called

of
in

trades

{chefs

des

metiers)

medieval documents the capita

Der.

me'/aZ/zsation.
sf.

M6tallurgie,

Der. me/aZ/wr^ique. Metamorphose, sf metamorphosis from Der. metamorpho&ex. Gr. metaphor; from Gr. M6taphore, Der. metaphor'ique.
/jLcraWovpyia.
;

metallurgy

from

Gr.

ministeriorum. Ministerium, contrd. (see 52) to min'sterium, reduces ns to s (see aine), whence misterium, whence
earliest

O. Fr. mistier

fiTafxupipQjais.
sf.

(see 72), whence metier s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81).

;

=e

whence mestier by by loss of

formerly mestis,

fiiTaipopd.

METIS, sm. and adj. mongrel

M6taph.ysique,
was considered
system.

sf.

metaphysics

properly

science of intellectual things, whose study to follow after {h^toL) that

{to, (pvoiKo) in Aristotle's

of physical things

from L. mixtitius*, der. from mixtus. Mixtitius becomes mestis by i = e, see by X = 5, see amitie by -itius = -is, 72 see 214. Mestis becomes metis by loss of
; ;

s,

see Hist.

Gram.

p. 81.

'

Mt: TONYMIE

MIE.
occiderit,' in
is

^33
a Capitulary of a.d.

M^tonymie,
Metope,
ftfTunrj.
sf.

sf.

(Rhet.)

metonymy; from
from Gr.

mordro

Gr. ixiTOJVVfJua.
(Archit.)

metope;

813. Mordrum maitrthr; for au

;

Mdtre,

from Gr. fA.fTpov. sm. a metre Der. metrex, tnetreuT. from Gr. fxeM6trique, adj. metrical
;

of Germ, origin, Goth. see 106. Mordrum becomes meurtre. For o eu see for dr = tr, an altogether irregular 79 change, see 171. V>tx.meurtr\Gt,meurtr\x,

=o

meurtrieve.

rpiKus.

MEURTRIR, va. to

bruise, kill.

See meurtre.
originally a

Metropole,
fxriTpoTToXis.

Der.
:

sf.

metropolis

from

Gr.

Der. meurtrhsxixe.

metropoli\a.m.
;

MEUTE,
der.

sf.

pack of hounds
;

METS,
It.

sw. viand, dish of food formerly mes. messo, from L. missum*, lit. what is
cp.

sent in to table

ferculum,
72.1

from
entre-

troop generally e. g. we find in the Chanson d'Antioche, a French poem, 13th cent., that Pierre VHermite vit perir toute la

ferre.
mets.

For

=e

see

Der.
to

meute mota*,

METTRE,
mittere,

va. to put, place, lay;

lit.
:

from L.
place, in

croises. Meute is from L. properly a troop raised for an expedition, in medieval texts. Mota is

des

to send, then
'

partic. subst.

of

movere.

medieval Lat.
old
Rii.uale.

Ut per omnia
is

altaria lumi-

naria mittantur

a passage

from a very

Mittere, contrd. regularly

(see 51) to mitt're, becomes mettre by e, see 72. Der. mettahle, mettt\xr, eni

Xrtmettre, demet/re, soumetire, admetlre.

MEUBLE,
able
;

sf. a piece of furniture, adj. movefrom L. mobilis, moveable, then subst. for furniture. Mobilis, contrd. regularly (see 51) to mob'lis, becomes meiMe by o eu, see 79. Meuble is

a doublet of mobile, q. v.

Der.
(for

meiibltr,

meubhnt,
amenblir.

ameublement
vn.
*,

ameubler),

meute by o = eu, see 79. Der. ameutex (to collect, form into a troop, then excite. From this use meute came, in O. Fr., to = emeute, a revolt, a sense which survives in the deriv. meudn, now mutin. For eu u see puree). MI-, prefix or suffix to words, =:Engl. mid-', from L.medius. For loss ofd see aloteette for e = i see 59. Mi is a doublet of medium. Der. mmuit, wzpartie, xnijambe, mi-caxeme, midi, milieu, parm/. Miasma, sm. a miasma from Gr. fiiacTfia. MIAULER, vn. to mew, onomatopoetic see

Mota

becomes

.^4.

Der.

miaulexnexit.

MEUGLER,

from L. fMica, sm. (Min.) mica; from L. mica, der. from micare. Mugiildre, Its doublet is mie, q. v, contrd, (see 52 ) to mug'lare, becomes MICHE, /: a loaf; of Germ, origin, Flem. micke, wheaten bread. meugler by u = eu; see bengler. For c = ch see
to

low,

bellow;

mugtilare

from mugire.

MEULE,
MEULE,
a
'

sf.

a millstone.

It.

mola. For o = eu
sf.

see 79.

Der.

viola,

from L.

126.

meid'xhxe..

MICMAC,

a rick, stack (of hay);

meulle, from L.
rick,

metula*,

formerly dim. of raeta,

;

sm. an intrigue; of Germ, Germ, mischmasch.

sf (Bot.) nettle-tree.

origin.

Micocoulier,
unknown.

Origin

in

Carolingian
says

documents

e. g.

acceptisque clavibus
elidit,'

metas

annonae, quae
(Hist.

Mierocosme,
HLKpOKOOflOS.
fxiKpos

sm. a microcosm; from Gr.

sf.

aderant,
4, 41).

Gregory of Tours

Meta

is

regularly
see 168,

contrd.

properly a cone. (see 51) to

Metula, Micrographie,
met'la,

and ypdcpeiv.
and
fjierpov.

becomes meulle, then meule, by

tl = // = /; Micrometre,
fxiKpos

Der. micrographiqae. sm. micrometer from Gr, Der. micrometrique.

a
;

micrography

from Gr.

MEUNIER,

sm. a microscope; from Gr. Prov. molinier, from L. molinarius, by fjiiKpos and aKoirfiv. Der. microscopique. regular contr. (see 52) of molinarius MIDI, sm. noon, south compd. of mi (meto mol'narius ; whence Tneulnier by -arius dius) and di (diem.) Ipsum meridiem, = -ier (see 198), and o = eu (see 79), cur non raedidiem? Credo, quod erat then meunier by dropping /. Der. meuninsuavius,' says Cicero in the De Oratore. erie. MIE, sf. a crumb; from L. mica. So PeMEURTRE, sm. murder; from L. mortronius has ' mica panis for a crumb of drum * found in Carolingian documents, bread, and a 7th-cent. formulary opposes ' e. g. Si mordruin totum quis fecerit,' m.ica to crusta A foris turpis est crusta, Lex Saxonum, 2, 6; 'Si quis hominem in ab intus miga nimis est fusca,' For loss of
sm. a miller
;

formerly menlnier,

Microscope,

'

'

'

234
medial o see affnuage. Mie tmca, q.v. Der. mitnc.

MIE

MINIME.
L.

is

a doublet of

millia,

pi.

of mille.

Der.

milliard,

million.

MiE, adv. not

from L. mioa. Je tCen at Mill6naire, adj. millenary; from L. millemie properly =i^> n'en at pas une parcelle, narius. ' I have not a scrap.' The Lat. used mioa Millesime, sm. date (of coins, books, etc.) similarly, as in Martial's nullaque mica from L. millesimus. Its doublets are salis.' For loss of c see affouage. millieme, millime.
;
; '

a darling, love; abbreviation of MILLET, sm. (Bot.) millet. See mil. sf. amie. Milliaire, adj. milliary ; sm. a milestone ; MIEL, sm. honey; from L. mel. For e = ie from L. milliarius. see 56. MILLIEME, adj. and sm. thousandth; forDer. mtWleux. MIEN, pron. adj. mine ; formerly men, softmerly milliesme, from L. millesimus. For

MIE,

ened form of mon,

see je\
find le
for

q. v.

For mon men

see
56. several llth-

-esimus = -ieme
is

see huitieme.

Its

doublet

men = mien
;

We

millesime.

mon for le mien in MILLIER, sm. thousand (of); from L. mildocuments this confirms the origin liarium. For Qxi\xxa = -ier see 198. given. MILLION, sm. a million. See mille. Dex. For the etymology see mon. millionnaixe, millioniexne. MIETTE, sf. a little crumb. See mz>.Der. ^miettct. t Milord, sm. a lord, rich man; from
cent.

MIEUX,
by

nally miels

adv. better; formerly mieus, origiand mels, from L. m,elius,

(see

Engl,

my

lord.

Mime,

sm.

mime,

mimic

from

L.

regular contr.
;

51) of melius
;

mimus.

to mel's

cessively

whence O. Fr. mels, whence suc- Mimique, adj. mimic; from L. mimicus. miels, see 56 mieus, see agtieau + Minaret, sm. a minaret; of Oriental
;

origin, Ar. minaret. Origin un- MINAUDER, vn. to be lackadaisical. Der. known. Der. mievrtx'iQ, mievrete. minaudexie, minaudiex. MINCE, adj. slender, slight. MIGNARD, adj. delicate. See mignon. Origin unknown. Der. amincer. Der. mignarder, mignardhe. MIGNON, MIGNARD, sm. a favourite, t Mine, 5/. air, countenace; from It. mina. darling, minion ; from a common root mign-, Der. mmois, wzmaud, mzwauder. Der. Mine, sf. a mine. of Germ origin, O.H.G. minnia. See viiner. Der. minenx. MINE, sf. a mine (a measure =78 litres), lit. mignonette, mignoter. the half of a setier Migraine, sf. headache; from L. hemifrom L. hemina, half a sextarius. For loss of he see migraine. cranium, found in Marcellus Empiricus. For loss of first syllable see briller; for Mine, s/". a mina (100 drachms); from L. see adjuger. mina. Migration, sf. migration; from L. migra- Miner, va. to mine, lead a gallery underground; from L. mina re. Its doublet is tion e mener, q. v. Der. mine (verbal subst.), MIJAUREE, 5/. an affected lady. Origin

and mieux, see deux.

MIEVRE,

adj.

arch,

roguish.

c=^

unknown.

minexal, minerai.
va.
to

MIJOTER,
known.

nurse

up.

Origin

un-

Mineral,

MIL, sm.

(Bot.) millet ; from L. milivun. Der. millet, mz71eraie. MIL, adj. thousand from L. m.ille.
;

See miner. Der. mineralisex, mineralisation, mineraU isateur, mineralogie (from mineral and Ka-

sm. mineral, ore.

yos).

Min6ralogie,

t Milan,
milano.

sm. (Omith.) a kite

from
i

Sp.

Miliaire, adj. miliary; from L. miliar us, from milium, millet. MILICE, sf. militia from L. militia. For
;

-tia,

= -ce

see agencer.

Der. miliden.

MILIEU, sm.

middle.

Militaire, adj. Militer, vn. to

military

Der.

See mi and lieu. ; from L. militaris. militate; from L. militare.

militant.

See mineral. sf. mineralogy. Der. miner alogisXe, mineralogique. MINET, sm. a cat, puss. Origin unknown. MINEUR, adj. under age, minor, sm. a minor from L. minorem. For -orem = -eMr see Its doublet is moindre, q. v. 227. Miniature, sf a miniature; from L. miniatura, properly painting done with mi cium, the initials of MSS. being usualU drawn with vermillion. Der. miniaturistej Mini me, adj. very small; from L. mini

MILLE,

adj. thousand; sm. a thousand;

from

mus.

MINIMUM MODALITY.
Minimum,
nimum.
MinistSre, sm. a ministry; from L. niinisterium. Its doublet is metier, q. v. Der. mi?iisttrlel (whose doublet is mtnestral,
sm. a

^35

minimum

from L.

m i-

Mission, sf a mission; from L. missionem. Der. missionna.ire. Missive, sf a missive; from L. missiva, from missum, p. p. of mittere. t Mistral, sm. the mistral (north-west

q.v.).

Ministre, sm.
nister.

minister;

from L. mi;

Minium,

sm. minium, red lead

pretty face.
a minority;

from L.

minium. MINOIS, sm. a Minorite, sf.

See mine. from L. mino-

ritatem*, from minor.

from Prov. mistral, formerly maestral. It. maestrale, is the L. magistralis, i. e. the masterful wind. For loss of g see allier. Mistral is a doublet of magistral. MITAINE, MITON, sf. a mitten, properly a half glove from a root mit, of Germ, origin, O. H. G. mittamo, half.
; ;

wind of Provence)

MINUIT, nn. Minuscule,

midnight.

See 7ni and miit.

;

MITE,
A.

sf.

a mite, tick;

of Germ,

origin,

adj. small (of letters)

from L.

S. mite.

minusculus.

Minute,

sf.

minute; from L. minuta,

properly a small thing, whence a small space of time. Its doublet is m,e7iue, q. v. Der. minuttx.

Mitigation, gationem. Mitiger, va.

gare.

sf mitigation; from L. mitito mitigate; from L.

miti-

MITON,
known.

sm. a mitten.

Minutie,

sf.

a trifle;

from L. minutia.

MITONNER,
MITOYEN,
dieval L.
see

va. to coddle up.

See viitaine. Origin un-

Der. 77iinu(ieux.

tMirabelle,s/. a
Sp. mirabel.

mirabelle (plum)

from

adj. medial, middle;

from me-

Miracle, culum.

sm. a miracle;

from L. mira;

= -ac/e, see 254. miraculous from L. miraculosus (so used in St. Augustine). MIRAGE, sm. a mirage. See mirer. MIRE, sf. aim, sight. See mirer. MIRER, va. to aim, aim at, properly to admire, look at. Origin unknown. Der. mire (verbal subst,), mirok, mirzge. MIRLIFLORE, sw. a coxcomb. Origin unFor -aculum
adj.

Miraculeux,

loss of t abbaye; for e = i see 59; for -anus = -en see 194 for e = oi see accroire and for the unusual passage back from 61
; ;

medietanus

For

known.

MIRLITON,
known.

sm. a reed-pipe.
a mirror.

Origin un-

MIROIR,

sm.

See mirer.

Der.

miroiter, miroititr,

Der. mitoyennet^. sf old iron, small shot; forfor addition of r see chanvre. Mitaille is dim. of O. Fr. mite, a mite, small copper coin, whence it means morsels of copper, the sense it had as late as the 17th cent. Mite is of Germ, origin, Flem. mijte. Der. mitrailler, mitrailhde. Mitre, sf a mitre; from L. mitra. Der. mitre, mitron. MITRON, sm. a baker's man, properly one who wears a paper mitre. See mitre.

d to / see MITRAILLE,
merly

121.

mitaille;

MIROITERIE,
miroir.
i*

sf looking-glass making. See

Mixte, adj. mixed; from L, mixtus. Mixtion, sf. mixtion, gold size from
mixtionem.

Misaine, s/. a foresail

IMiaavOpcuiria.

Misanthropic,
thropique.

Der.

from It. mezzana. from Gr. sf misanthropy

;

Der. mixtiotmer.
adj.

L.

Mixture,

sf a mixture; from L.
(sc.

jnisanthrope,

misan;

Mn6monique,
fiVTj/jLoviKTj

mixtura. mnemonic; from Gr.

the art of helping

rix^rj,

Miscellanees,
L.

sf pi.

a miscellany

from

the memory).

miscellanea. MISE, sf. a putting, laying,

Its

Mn6niotechnie,
{jLvqixocv

doublet

is

Miserable,
rabilis.

setting. See mettre. messe, q. v. adj. miserable; from L. mise-

Mobile,

sf mnemonics from Gr. and rix^ladj. mobile, moveable from L. mobilis. Its doublet is meuble, q.v.
; ;

Der. mobU'uLke, mobiher, mobiHser,

immo-

Mis^re, sf misery; from L. miser ia. bile. Misericorde, sf pity; from L. miseri- Mobiliser, vfl.
cordia.
the

Der. misericordieux
a missal,
for
i.

See mobile.

Der.

to liberate, mobilise (soldiers).

mobilissitlon, \mmobilisex.

Missel, sm.
masses

e.

special

book containing Mobilite, sf mobility; from L. mobilidays der. from tatem. For -tatera = -/e' see 230.
;

missa.

For -alia = -el see 191.

Modality,

s/.

modality; from L.

modal i-

2^6
tatem*, from modalis,
dus.
der.

MODE
from

MOLLET.
noine and Hist. Gram. p. 77, Monius* has produced a deriv. monialis. found in a document, a. d. 649. Der. womerie. MOINEAU, sm. a sparrow formerly moinel, moisnel, contr. of moissonel, dim. of O. Fr. moisson, from L. muscionem*, a little bird, from musca, i. e. properly a flycatcher. Muscionem becomes moisson.

mo-

Mode,
+

$/.

manner; from L. modus.

Der.

modiste.

sm. a model ; from It. modello. tr, modelnge. Mod^rateur, sm. a moderator; from L.

Module,

Der. model

moderatorem.

Moderation,
derationem.

sf.

moderation; from L.

mo-

For

u = oi

see

100
(see

for

agencer.

Moissonel, dim.
(see

scio = sso see of moisson, is

Moderer,
rari.

va. to
adj.

moderate; from L.

mode-

regularly contr.

whence moinel
modern; from L. moderlastly

52) to mois'nel, Hist. Gram. p. 81),

Modeme,
nus

moineau
adv.

(see ngneati).

(in Priscian).

MOINS,
L.
see
boire.

less,

lacking, too little; from

Modeste, adj. modest; from L. modestus. Modestie, sf. modesty; from L. modestia.
Modification, sf. modification modificationem. Modifier, va. to modify; from
ficare.
L.
;

minus. For

contr. of

minus
for

to
i

min's
see

51, whence moins;

= o/

from L.
L.

+ Moire,
modifabric
;

sm. a waved or watered textile

Der.

moofyJcatif.

Modique,

adj.

moderate

(in

from Engl, mohair. Der. moirer. MOIS, sm. a month from L. mensis. For value); from ns = s see aine; for e = oi see 62.
;

modicus.
;

MOISE,

sf.

a couple, brace.

Modicite, sf. smallness, moderateness L, modicitatem.

from MOISIR, va. to make mouldy muisir, from L. mucere. For

;

Origin unknown. formerly ;

?/

Module,
q.v.

from L. modulus.

sm. a measure, diameter (of coins) Its doublet is moule,

va. to modulate;

buis

for ui

amitii',

for

u = see = oi see angoisse for c = s see e = see 59. Der. moz'sis;

sure, moisi (partic. subst.).

Modular,
dulari

Der. moduhX.\on.

from L.

mo- MOISSON,
(found

MOELLE,

Prov. meolla, Sp. sf. marrow. meollo, from L. medulla, by loss of d (see accabler), whence meolle by u o (see

from L. messionem For e = oi see 62. Der. moi^sonntT, moissonnenr

sf.

harvest

in Varro).

MOITE,

annoncer), whence moelle by. transposition of the vowels Der. moelleux. sm. ashlar. Origin unknown. MCEUF, sm. mood (of verbs) so found as Gram. p. 81). Der. moiteur. late as Rollin, from L. modus. For o = MOITlfi, sf. half; from L. medietatem. For loss of medial d see accabler for e ceu see accueillir; for d=/see 122. MCEURS, sm. pi. manners, morals from L. oi see 62 for -atem = -fe see amitit. mores, by regular contr. (see 51) of MOL, adj. soft ; from L. mollis. Its doublet mou, q. v. Der. 7o/lasse, wo/lement, is m.6res into mor's, whence moeurs. For mo/let, moZeton. o = eu see accueillir. MOI, pers.pron. (objective case), me, to me Molaire, adj. molar; from L. molaris.j Its doublet is meuliere. from L. rai, contr. of mihi. For i = o/ see boire. M61e, sm. a mole, pierhead ; from L. moles.] MOIGNON, sm. a stump (of an amputated Molecule, sf a molecule, particle; from' Schol. Lat. molecula, dim. of moles. limb). Origin unknown. ^1 Der. moUctddHxt. MOINDRE, adj. (comp. and superl. oi petit), less, least; ioxmeAy mendre, from L. minor, Molester, va. to molest; from L. molestare. by regular contr. (see 51) of minor to min'r, whence O. Fr. mendre. For nr = MOLETTE, sf. a painter's grindstone, rowelj dim. of mola. for i = e see 72. ndr see absoudre Mendre becomes moindre by e = oi, see MOLASSE, adj. flabby. See mol. doublet of mineur, MOLLESSE, sf softness ; from L. molitia *, Moindre is a 72.

MOELLON,

formerly moiste, adj. damp, moist from L.musteus*, der. from mustum. Musteus becomes regularly mustius (see abreger), whence moiste, by u==oi (see 100), lastly moite by loss of s (see Hist.
;

q. V.

Der. amoindrk,
a
;

der.

from mollis.

For

-itio. =^ -esse

see

MOINE, sm.
from Gr.

monk from

a type

monius*,
i,

245.
calf (of the leg).

fiovos,

by transposing

see cha-

MOLLET, sm.

See mol.

MOLLIR
MOLLIR,
L.
va. to soften
;

MONTA GNE.
L.

237

MoUusque,

from L, moUire. sm. a mollusc, shellfish from

;

moUusca,
sm. a

Monition, sf. an admonition; from L. monitionem. Monitoire, adj. and sm. a monitory from
monitorium.
sf.
;

Moment,
tum.

moment; from
adj.

L,

momen-

Der. mowzVorial.
money
;

MONNAIE,
;

coin,

formerly mo?i-

Momentan^,
MOMEllIE,
O.
Fr.
s/".

momentary from L, momentaneus (so used by St. Jerome).

mummery, masquerade
of Germ,
origin,

from

from L. moneta. For loss of t see aigu for n = nn see ennemi for e = of = at see Der. monnayer, tnonnayage, 62
noie
; ;

motner;
./.

Germ.

monnayem.

from It. mummia. MON, poss. adj. my, mine from L. meum. see 102 (cp. sam = For becomes mon suam in Ennius). = (see changer). by u = o (see 93) and Monacal, adj. monacal, monkish from L.
a
; ;

mvmmen. + Momie,

Monochrome,

adj.

monochromatic
;

from

mummy

Gr.

/JLovoxpoofxos.

Monocorde,
^lov6xop5os.

sm. a monochord
sf.

from Gr.

meum^mum

Mum

Monocotyledone,
ledon
fiovos
;

from Gr.
and
o'lKia.

Monoecie,

monocotyand KorvXijddiv. from Gr. sf (Bot.) monoecia

(Bot.) a
fiovos
;

monachalis.

Monachisme,
monachismus.

sm.

monkery

from

L.

Monogram m e,
Monographie,
fxavoypacpia.

sm. a

monogram;
;

from

Gr. fiovoypafifiuv.

Monade,

sf.

monad; from L, monadem,

Seville.
sf.

sf a monograph

from Gr.

found in Isidore of

Monadelphie,

(Bot.)

monadelphy; from
monandria
; ;

Gr. iiovos and d5eA<^o$. Monandrie, sf. (Bot.) Gr. fiovos and dv-qp.

adj. (Bot.) androgynous; from and oIkos. from Monolithe, sm. a monolith; from Gr.

Monoique,
Gr.
fjLovos

fiovSKidos.

Monarchie,
xia.

Der. wzowarcAique, monarchiste.

adj.

sf.

monarchy

from Gr.

fjLovap-

Monologue,
fxovo\oyia.

sm. a monologue

from Gr,

Monarchique,
tnonarchie.

monarchical.

See Gr.

Monomanie,
fxovos

sf a

Monarque,
ixovapxv^-

sm.
sm.

a a
Its

monarch;
monastery;
doublet
is

from

Mondme,
Gr,

and manie, q. sm. (Algebra)

adj.

monomania: from Gr. v. Der. monomane.

monome; from

fjLovoQ}.

Monastdre,

monasterium.

from L. moutier, q.v.

Monopetale,
from Gr.
/xovos

Monastique,
monasticus
*.

adj.

monastic
;

from

L.

Monophylle,

(Bot.) monopetalous and iriraXov. adj. (Bot.) monophyllous

from Gr. fxovocpvWos.

;

Monaut, adj. one-eared from Gr. fiSvcoTos. Monopole, sm. a monopoly; from Gr. MONCEAU, sm. a heap formerly moncel. IxovoirooXia. Der. monopoleur, monopoliser. For -el = -eau see agnean. Moncel is from Monosyllabe, sm. a monosyllabe; from

L. monticelluni, a hill-shaped heap, der. from raontem by regular contr. (see

52) of

Gr. fxovoavWa^os.

Monotone, adj. monotonous,

from Gr. fxovoTOvos. For to = c see adjuger. Der. (from O. Fr. MONS, sm. abbreviation of monsieur, q. v. moncel) amonceler. MONSEIGNEUR, sm. my lord, your lordship. MONDAIN, adj. mundane, worldly from L. See mon and seigneur. Der. monseigneuriser. mundanus. For u = o see 93; for -anus = -am see 194. Der. motidamte. MONSIEUR, sm. sir. See mon and sieur. MONDE, sm. the world ; from L. mundus. Monstre, sm. a monster; from L. monFor u=o see 93. strum. MONDE, adj. clean (of animals) from L. Monstrueux, adj. monstrous; from L. mundus. For u = o see 93. Der. imFor -osus = -eux see monstruosus. monde. Der, mos/rosite. 229. MONDER, va. to clean ; from L. mundare. MONT, sm. a mountain, hill from L. monFor u = o see 93, tem. Der. monter, amont. Mon^taire, adj. monetary from L. mone- MONTAGNE, sf. a mountain ; from L. montarius, properly a money-dealer. tanea *, der. from montem. For -anea Moniteur, sm. a monitor from L. moni= -agne see aragne. Der. montagna.xd, torem. montagneux.

monticellum

to

mont'cellum.

Der. monosyllabique. monotony Der. monotonie.

sf.

238

MONTER
va. to ascend.

MOR TA
For
p.

ISE,
va. to bite
;

MONTER,
monUgt,

Der. See mont. motitie (partic. subst.), wo/ant,

MORDRE,

from L. mordere.

montnxt, d^monter, remonfer, smmonter. Monticule, sm. a hillock from L. monticulus. MONTRE, sf. a sample, a watch. See monmo/eiir, mo/oir,
;

mordere = mordSre see Hist. Gram. MordSre becomes mordre b)' 133.

dropping 6, see 51. Der. demordre, remordre. MORE, sm. a Moor, blackamoor from L. Maurus. For au = o see 107. Der. trer. 7noresque, woreau (formerly morel, for el MONTRER, va. to show, point out; foreau see agneau), morelle, morillon, moricaud. merly monstrer; from L. monstrare. MORFIL, sm. a wire edge (of razors, etc.). Seejil and mort. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81, Der. tnontre (verbal subst., the dial-plate which MORFONDRE, va. to chill, properly a veterishows the hours, thence by extension a nary term, meaning to strike a chill, with watch), nasal catarrh in a horse. Morfondre is compd. of morve (a horse's disorder) and Montueux, adj. hilly; from L. montuFor -OB\xs = -eux see 229. osus. fondre. Monument, sm. a monument ; from L. MORGELINE, sf. (Bot.) chickweed. It. mordigallina, a plant much liked by monumentum. Der. monumenUX. (SE), vpr. to mock. Origin unpoultry, as is shown by its derivation from known. Der. moquerie, moquexir. morsus gallinae, whence morsgeline, then MOQIJETTE, sf. a Wilton carpet. Origin For loss of s see Hist. Gram. morgeline. unknown. for gallina=g"e7/ see geline. p. 81
:

MOQUER

MORAILLES, sf.
Moral,
Morale,
adj.

horse-twitchers (in farriery).

Origin unknown.
Der. moraliser.
sf.

Der. moraillon.
;

MORGUE,
morgutx.

{i)

sf.

gravity, cold

pride. Der.

moral;

from L. moralis.

{2) sf. a room at the entrance of a prison (used as a sort of depot), morgue.

Origin unknown.

ethics

from L. moralis (used

Moribond,
L.

adj.

in

dying state

from

as a subst. in Ennodius).

vn, to moralise. See moral. Der. moralisewT, moraliste, dimoraliser. Morality, sf. morality; from L. moralitatem. For -tatein = -/e see 230. Morbide, adj. morbid ; from L. morbidus. t Morbidesse, sf. morbidity; from It. morbidezza. MORCEAU, sm. a morsel ; formerly morcel, originally morsel, It. morsello, from L. znorsellum *, found in late Lat. documents; properly a thing bitten, mouthful, morsellum being a dim. of tnorsum, p.p. of mordere. Cp. Germ, bissen from beiszen. Morsellum becomes successively O. Fr. morsel, then morcel (see cercueil for s = c), lastly morceau (by el=eau, see agneau). Morceau is a doublet of museau, q. v. Der. (from O. Fr. morcel) morcehx. MORCELER, vn. to parcel out. See morceau. Der. morce/lement. Mordicant, adj. corrosive ; from L. mor-

Moraliser,

moribundus.

Morig6ner,

See more. sm. a blackamoor. va. to form the morals of, reprimand; from L. morigerari. MORILLE, sf. (Bot.) a morel; of Germ. origin, O. H. G. morhila. t Morion, sm. a morion, helmet ; from It. morione. MORNE, adj. dull, downcast; of Germ.
origin,

MORICAUD,

O. H. G. mornen, to mourn. a mountain introd. from the Antilles, Sp. morron. Morose, adj. morose; from L. morosus. Morosit6, sf. morosity; from L. morositatem. Morph^e, sm. Morpheus from Gr. Mop-

fMorne, sm.

<pcvs.

Der. morphine.
sf.

Morphine,
Morphee.

(Med.)

morphine.

See

MORS,

sm. a bit

(of a bridle);
a bite,

from L.

morsus.

sting; from L. from L. morsus. fMordicus, adv. tenaciously, stoutly; MORT, sf death from L. mortem. from L. mordicus. MORT, adj. (or p.p.) dead; from L. morMORDILLER, vn. to nibble. See mordre. tuus. For mortuus = mortus see 51.

MORSURE,

sm.

dicantem,

der.

from mordere.

morsura *,

der.
;

MORDORE,

formerly + Mortadelle, sf. an Italian sausage; sm. reddish brown from It. mortadella. more dore, compd. of dore (q. v.) and more, which is from L. maurus, a Moor. For Mortaise, sf. a mortise (carpentry). Origin unknown. au = o see 107.
;

MOR TA LlTl^MO ULIN.

Mortality, tatem.
s/.

239

mortality; from L. mortali-

moucher by co
OK, see 97.

MORTEL,
For -alis

adj.

mortal

from L. mortalis.

Der. mouchoir, mouchettes, moucheuv, motichnre.

= ch,

see acheter, and

u=
See

= -eZ

MORTIER,
tarium.

see 191. sm. a mortar; from L. morFor -ariuTn = -zVr see 198.

MOUCHETER,
movche.

Der. monchcture.
va. to

va.

to spot, speckle.

Mortification, sf. mortification; from L, mortificationem. Mortifier, va. to mortify; from L. mortificare.

Der.

morlijiant.

Mortuaire,
tuarius.

adj.

mortuary; from L. morOrigin unknown.

MORUE, sf. MORVE, sf.

morbus,
just

codfish.

glanders, nasal

mucous; from

L.

properly a disease, those of ani-

formerly moldre, originally 7nolre, from L. molere, by regular contr. (see 51) of molere to mol're, whence O. Fr. moire, whence moldre (for Ir ldr see absoudre), then moudre (for ol = ou see agneau). MOUE, sf. a pouting face; of Germ, origin, Neth. mowe. MOUETTE, ./. a gull, seamew ; dim. of O. Fr. moue ; of Germ, origin. Germ.
grind
;

MOUDRE,

mals being usually very vaguely designated as we talk of dogs having the distemper, without specifying which distemper. Thus la morve, the special disorder of horfes,
is

m,owe.

MOUFLE,
m.uffula

sf.

muffler,
in

glove;
Carol,

*,

found

from L. documents

from the generic Lat. morbus. Der. morveux. 'I'Mosaique, sf. mosaic; from It. musimilarly derived

thus a Capitulary of A. D. 8 1 7 says ' Ut muffulae vervecinae monachis dentur.'

And

again a

little

further on,
in

'Wantos

in

aestate,

m.uffulas
(see

hieme vervecinas.'

saico.

Mosaique,
L.

adj.

Mosaic (of Moses)

a

from

Muffula is By loss of u

of Germ, origin, Neth. moffel.

51) miiffula becomes

moufle.
a

mosaicus.
sf.

tMosqu6e,
:

of Oriental origin, Ar. mesgid, through It. moschea. MOT, sni. a word. It. motto, from L. m.utNon audet dicere muttum.,' says tum. Lucilius. Cornutus says, on the first Satire of Persius, ' Proverbialiter dicimus, mut'

mosque;

mufPla, whence 97.

For

u = om

see

MOUFLE,
(2)

(i)

s/.

system
muffle.

sm.

(Chem.) a
sm.

of pulleys. Origin unOrigin

known.

MOUFLON,
unknown.

(Mamm.)

a mufflon.

tum nullum emiseris, id est verbum.' For MOUILLER, va. to wet, steep in water from L. molliare*, der. from mollis. Cp. the u = o see 97. same metaphor in Germ, eitiweicheti, from + Motet, sm. a motet; from It. motetlo. Moteur, sm. a mover, motive power from weich. For lli = ill see ail for o = ou see
;

L.

motorem.

86.

Der. mouilhge,
sf.

mouilloir, mouilluTe,

Motif, sm.
der,

a motive; from L. motivus *, from motum, lit. 'that which moves' to the doing of anything. Der.

mouilhtte.

MOULE,

muscle

formerly

mousle,

motiver.

Motion,
em.

sf a motion;
sf a clod.

from L. motion-

MOTTE,
Motus,

Origin unknown. Origin unknown. MOU, adj. soft from mol, whose doublet it is. See agneau. Der. mou (sm.). MOUCHARD, sm. a poHce-spy. See mouche. MOUCHE, sfz fly formerly mousche, from L. musca. For u = ow see 97; for ca che see 126, 54; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. moucheron, mouchard, moucheter, moucheroWe, emouchet. MOUCHER, i/a. to wipe the nose; from L.
interj.

Languedoc muscle, from L. m^usculus, by regular contr. (see 51) of m.usculus to musc'lus, whence mousle (for cl = / see male), lastly moule (for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Moule is a doublet of muscle,
q.v.

mum

MOULE,
ginally

muccare, from m.ucus.

excusserit ut
[

Muccare
:

is

found in the Germanic Codes

Ripuarian Code,

'

Si

nasum

formerly molle, oriL. modulus, by regular contr. (see 51) of modulus to mod'lus whence O. Fr. modle, which becomes molle by dl = ll, see 168; lastly moule (for ol = ou see agneau). Moule is a Der. mauler, doublet of module, q. v. moulure, moulem, mouhge. MOULER, va. to mould. See above, MOULIN, sm. a mill from L. molinus *, in medieval Lat. documents : ' Si quis inSOT.

mould

modle,

from

muccare non possit,' in the v. 2. Muccare becomes

genuus
est

in

molino

alieno furaverit, ei cujus

Salica, p. xxiv. I.

molinus.' Lex

The

240
classical

MOULT
form
is

MUER.
MOUTON,

fern,

xuolina.

Molinus
86.

gives viQulin

by o = o, see

Der.

Der.
nier.

sm. a sheep. Origin unknown. moutonner, mouionatux, mouton-

motilinet, mouliner, moulinnge, moulinein.

MOULT,

adv. very ; from L. multum. For oou see 86. MOULURE, sf. a moulding. See moule. MOURIR, vn. to die; from L. moriri!(an archaic form of luori, used by Plautus). Der. moMrant. sm. (Bot.) the pimpernel. Origin

MOUTURE,
merly

forgrinding (of corn, etc ) from L. molitura, by regular contr. (see 52) of molitura to
!f.
;

moltMr,e,

moltura, whence molture, whence

For
ol

motiture.

= ou

see agneau.
s/.

MOU VANCE,

(feudal) tenure. Sttmouvoir.

MOURON,
morra.

MOUVEMENT,
MOUVER,
va. to

unknown.

+ Mourre,

sf.

morra (a game)

from

It.

movimentum. i = e see 72.

etc.).

sm. a movement; from L. For o = ow see 86; for

stir

(the ground in gardens,

it is.

fMousquet,
tnoschetto.

sm. a musket; from It. Der. mousquelAiTe, mousquet-

See mouvoir, whose doublet

MOU VOIR, va. to

For o = 0M
see
is

ade, mousquet^x'xt.

f Mousqueton,
It.

sm. a musketoon

from

Its

doublet

from L. movere. 86; for e = oi see 61. Der. mowvant, mouver.

move

moschettone.

MOUSSE,
.

mots.

Der. emowsser.

adj. blunt

of Germ, origin, Neth.

mouvunce, ^mouvoir. form of mouvoir.

Mouver
;

is

another

fMoxa,
origin,

t Mousse,

sm. a cabin boy; from It. mozzo, properly a lad. MOUSSE, sf. (Bot.) moss; of Germ, origin, O.H. G. mos. For o = ou see 86. Der. mousse (foam, from its likeness to the

of Chinese sm. (Surg.) moxa the thing having been introduced

from China.

MOYEN,

plant), moiisser.

sm. a mean, means. See below. Der. moyenner. MOYEN, adj. middle, mean from L. medianus. For loss of medial d see accabler ;
;

Mousseline,

sf muslin
originally

of

hist, origin, see

for

33

it

was

made

at Mossoul.

MOUSSER,
mousse.

vn. to froth.

motissoir, moussu,

MOUSSERON,
+ M0USSOII,
mousdo.

See mousse. mousseux. sm. mushroom. a

Der.
See

Der. moyenne.
pres. partic. of

61.

-anus=-e Moyen is

see 194; for e = o/ see a doublet oi median, q. v.

MOYENNANT, prep,

sf a monsoon;

from Port.
It.

Moustache,
mo<itaccio.

sf a moustache; from

in consideration of (lit. moyenner). MOYENNER, va. to mediate. See moyen. Der. moyennant. MOYEU, sm. a nave-box, centre. Prov. moiol; from L. modiolus (for loss of medial d see accabler), hence O. Fr. mo'leul

fMoustique,

sm. (Entom.) a mosquito; For transposition of from Sp. mosquito. mosquite to moustique see Hist. Gram. p. 77. Der. moustiquihe. MOOT, sm. must (unfermented wine) formerly moust, from L. mustum. For u = 0M see 97; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. moutarde (mustard, brewed with must or vinegar). MOUTARDE, sf. mustard. See mout. Der. moutardiei. MOUTIER, sm. a monastery ; formerly moustier, earlier mostier, originally monstier (in a loth-cent. poem), from L. monasterium, by contr. (see 52) of mouast^rium to mon'sterium; whence O. Fr. Monstier monstier. For e = ie see 56. becomes mostier by ns = s, see aine ; then moustier by o = om, see 86 ; lastly moutier by dropping s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 . Moutier is a doublet of monasiere, q. v.

(for -o\vL.8

= -eul
final

by dropping

see 253), whence /, see garou.

;

moyeu

MO,
for

p.p. of

mouvoir, moved

from L. motus.

For

loss
;

formerly meu, of t see aigu ;

eu

see

79

for

eu

see

curee.

MUABLE,
For
loss

adj. mutable; from L. mutabilis. of medial t see abbaye ; for -abilia

see affable.
sf.

-able

Mucilage,
Mucosit6,
cosus.

mucus. Der. mucilag'meux.

s/.

mucilage;
;

der.

from

L.

mucosity

der.

from L. mu-

MUE, MUE,

sm. mucus; from L. mucus. sf a coop, mew. See muer. adj. in the phrase rage mue, speechless Mue is from L. muta, by loss oi anger. medial t, see aigu. MUER, vn. to moult, mew from L. mu;

Mucus,

tare.

For the

restriction in

13.

Mutare

meaning see becomes WMcr by dropping

MUETMUSCADE.
the medial
subst.),
t,

241
sf.

see abbaye.

Der. mue (verbal

Multiplicite,

multiplicity

from

L,

multiplicitatem*, from multiplicus. MUET, adj. dumb, mute dim. in ei of O. Fr. Multiplier, va. to multiply from L. mulFor loss of c see /)/iVr. tiplicare. mu. Mu is from L. mutus. For -utus = -M see 201. Multitude, sf. a multitude; from L, multitudinem. MUETTE, sf. a mew, hunting lodge; properly We have seen under accueillir that Multivalve, adj. (Conch.) multivalve metite. compd. of L. multus and Fr. valve (q. v.) meute is found in O. Fr. in the form muete. This archaic form remains in muette; for Municipal, adj. municipal; from L, municipalis. Der. municipalitQ. the etymology Sice meute and accueillir. In the l8th cent, muette was proncd. meute, Municipe, sm. a municipal government from L. municipium. may be seen from a letter of Marshal as from L. Richelieu, who speaks of a visit au bois de Munificence, sf munificence ; munificentia. For -tia = -ce see agencer. Boulogne au chdteau de la Meute, which Munir, vn. to ripen from L. muni re. chateau is now called La Muette. MUFLE, sm. a muzzle, snout. Origin un- Munition, sf ammunition, provisions from L. munitionem from munire. Der. known. Der. muflltx. munitionner, munitionnzire. Muge, sm. (Ichth.) a mullet from L. muMuqueux, adj. mucous from L. mucosus. For -osvi8 = -eux see 229. Mugir, vn. to bellow, low; from L. muDer. mw^'issant, mwg-issement. MUR, sm. a wall from L. mvirus. Der. gire. murQT, mwraille, emmwrer. MUGUET, sm. (Bot.) lily of the valley formerly musguet, from L. musquettiis*, MUR, adj. ripe formerly meiir, Prov. madur. For q = ^ see at/dim. of muscus, musk. It. mature, from L. maturus by loss of medial t, see abbaye whence meur (for a = juger; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81.
mwance, lemuer.
;

then meur (for synseresis of Der. muguet (a fop who scents himeu = eu see Hist. Gram. p. 38), lastly miir q. V. = u, see curee. Der. murk. by eu self with musk), muguettx. MUID, sm. a muid,' hogshead ; from L. mo- MURAILLE, sm. a wall, rampart. See mur. For Q = ui by attraction of i see Mural, etc?/, mural ; from L. mur alls. dius. appuyer. MURE, sf. a mulberry ; formerly meure, from For L. mora, fern, form of L. morum.. t MulS,tre, adj. a mulatto ; corruption of Hispano-American mutate, which from Sp. o = eu see accueillir, hence meur; then eu = mulato. u see curee, whence mure. Der. murieT. MUREMENT, adv. maturely. See mur. t Mule, sf. a slipper from It. mula. MULE, sf. a she-mule. It. mula, from L. Murine, sf a sea-eel, muraena; from L.

Mvguet

is

a doublet of muscade, muscat.

e see

54),

'

mula.

muraena.
sm. a he-mule
;

dim. of O. Fr. mul, MURER, va. to wall (up). See mur. Der. muletier. Murex, stn. murex, purple ; from L. mur ex. Mulet, sm. (Ichth.) a mullet ; dim. of O. Fr, Muriate, snz. (Chem.) a muriate from L. 7nulle which is from L. mulla. muria (salt, properly brine, muriate of MULOT, sm. a fieldmouse of Germ, origin, Der. soda being an extract of sea salt). being a deriv. of a root mul, answering to muriatiqxxe. Neth. mol, a mole. MORIER, sm. a mulberry-tree. See miire. Multiflore, adj. (Bot.) many-flowered; MijRlR,<vn. to ripen. See tnur. from L. multiflorus, found in Isidore of Murmure, sm. a murmur; from L. mur-

MULET,
which

is

from L. mulus.

Seville.

mur.
adj.

Multiforme,
multiformis.

multiform;

from

L.

Murmurer,
L.

vn. to

murmur, grumble

from

murmurare.
sf a shrewmouse; from'L. For -a,Ta,ne\is = -araigne

Multiple,
plex.

adj. multiple;

from L. multi-

Musaraigne,
musaraneus.
see araignee.

Multiplieande, sm. (Math.) a multiplicand

from L. multiplicandus. Multiplicateur, sm. (Math.) a multiplier; from L. multiplicatorem.

Multiplication, sf. (Math.) multiplication; from L. multiplicationem. t

sm. a trifler, loiterer; adj. loiterSee muser. Muse, sm. musk ; from L. museum, in St. Jerome. Der. musqutx.
ing.

MUSARD,

Muscade,

sf

nutmeg;

from Prov.

342

MUSCA DIN^-MYTHOLOGIE.

muscada, which from L. muscata^ der. MUSSER (SE), vpr. to hide, conceal onesell from xnusoum. Its doublet is musquee. Origin unknown. Der. mmcaditT, muscadin (a musk-lozenge, Mutability, sf. mutability from L. muta thence a fop). bilitatem. For -tatem = /tJ see 230. Muscadin, sm. a musk-lozenge, a dandy. Mutation, sf. mutation ; from L. muta See mufcade. tionem. t Muscat, sm. muscat (grapes); from Mutilation, sf. mutilation ; from L. muti Prov. muscat, which is from L. musoatus* lationem. der. from L. museum. Its doublet is mu- Mutiler, va. to mutilate; from L. muti

guet, q. V.

lare.

sm. a muscle; from L. musculus. Its For musculus =mttsc/ws see 51. doublet is moule, q. v. Musculaire, adj. muscular; from L. muscularis. Musculeux, adj. muscular; from L. musculosus. For -o8Via = -eux see 229. Muse, sf. a muse; from L. musa. MUSEAU, sm. a muzzle ; formerly musel, Musel is dim. of muse, Prov. mursel. a mouth, in O.Fr. Muse answers to It. muso, from a Lat. musus*, a muzzle, in
8th-cent. documents
tes canis
: '

Muscle,

MUTIN,
tus.

Der. mutiner,
sm.
adj. der.

adj. obstinate, mutinous.

See meute

mutincxie.

Mutisme,
Mutuel,

dumbness
;

from L.

mu

mutual
sf.

from L. mutual is *
;

from mutuus.

Myog^aphie,
Myologie,
A 070s.
sf.

myography
;

from Gi

Hvs and ypd<p(iv.

myology

from Gr. ^vs

an(

Myope,
and

Der. myopie.
sf
TOfi-q.
sf.

adj. shortsighted;

from Gr.
;

ixiaxf

Insuper et oblatran-

Myotomie,
M3rriade.
fivpioi

myotomy
;

from Gr.

fid

musibus

sanctam ecclesiam ....

and fitrpov. See metre. dorsum, dos. O.Fr. muse gives a dim. Myriapode, sm. (Entom.) a millepod fron Gr. fxvpiot and irovs, iro86s. musel, whence museler, afterwards museau for el = eati see agneau. This etymology Msrrobolan, sm. (Bot.) myrobolan froir L. myrobolannm. is confirmed by Prov. which has kept the r and says mursel, derived straight from M3rrrhe, sf myrrh; from L. myrrha. morsellum*. Museau is a doublet of Msrrte, sf, a myrtle; from L. myrtus. Der. myrliWt. morceau, q. v. Mus^e, sm. a museum; from L. museum. Mystdre, sm. a mystery from L. mysteMUSELER, va. to muzzle. See museau. rium. Der. mysterieux. Der. muselihre, emmuseler. Mysticit6, sf mysticism from L. mysticitatem *, der. from mysticus. Muser, vn. to loiter, dawdle. Origin unknown. Der. muszrd, amuser. Mystiiier, va. to mystify, hoax from L mystificare *, a word fabricated from the MUSETTE, sf. a bagpipe, drone; dim. of root of Lat. mysteriam. O.Fr. muse, verbal subst. of L. musare*, Mystificare is properly to deceive secretly. Der. mysti' der. from musa, a song, _;fcation, mys/i/fcatenr. sm. d museum; from L. mu+ Mystique, adj. mystic ; from L. mysticus. seum.
;

Musus o = u, see curee, and by rs = s, see cMne

valient expugnari' (Epist. Adriani, a.d. 784). is a transformation of morsus, by

cp.

a myriad

Myriamdtre,

from Gr. /xvptoi. sm. a myriameter from Gr

;
;

Museum,

Musical, adj. musical. See Musicien, smf. a musician.

musi^ue.

Der. mysticlsme.

Musique,

sf.

See musique. music; from L. musica.

to

Mythe, sm.
IxvOo^.o-^ia.
iste,

a myth, fable

Mythologie,

Der. mwsiVal, mwstcien.

Musquer,
*the

musk. Der. musqu^, doublet of which is muscade.

va.

Der, mytholog\<\MQ, mythology mythologue.

sf

from Gr. fxvOos, mythology; from Gr.

;

NA BA B

NA R G UER

243

N,
tlTabab,
Nabot,
rado.

sm. a nabob; of Oriental origin

Naiade,
NAIF,

sf.

a naiad; from L.
;

naiadem.

Ar. ndbab, a lieutenant.

tWacarat,
NACELLE,
whence

Origin unknown. smf. a dwarf. sm. nacarat; from Sp. naca-

from L. nasf, a wherry, boat vicella*, dim. ofnavis, by regular contr, (see 52) of navicella to nav*cella,
;

nacelle
sf.

for

vc = c

see alleger.

t Wacre,
t

mother-of-pearl.

Oriental origin, Pers. nakar.

Der. nacrL

Sp. nakar, of

Nadir,

sm. (Astron.) nadir;

orange-flower
;
;

from Ar.

nathir, placed over against.

ingenuous from L. nativus, native, whence in feudal law the sense of a man born on the lord's lands ' Et si quis hominum nativorum suorum, aliquod delictum fecerit,' is found in an I ith-cent. document. O.Fr. na'if originally meant native.* Le beau pays de Troie dont il fut naif is in the Roman de la Rose. From the sense of servile, peasantlike, nativus takes that of coarse, stupid, senseless. Nativus becomes naif by dropping t (see abbaye) and by v=/ (see bceuf). Der.
adj. simple,
'

from It. nan/a. na'ivtte. NAGER, vn. to swim from L. navigare NAIN, sm. a dwarf; from L. nanus. For (used by Ovid for 'to swim*), by regular -anus = -a/ see 194. contr. (see 52) of navigare to nav'- NAISSANCE, sf. birth from L. nascentia, der. from nascentem. gare, whence nager for vg=g see alleger. For a. = ai see for so = ss see cresson; for e = a see Nager is a doublet of navigeur, q. v. Der. 54; andouille for -tia = -ce see agencer. nageoxxQ, nage (verbal subst.), nagem, NAITRE, vn. to be born, grow formerly nag4e. naistre, from L. nascere *. For the longer NAGUERE, adv. lately in O. Fr. written n'a active form nascere instead of nasci see gueres, a compd. of avoir and gueres, which originally meant much je Vai vu n'a etre. Nascere, regularly contrd. (see 51) to nasc're, becomes nas're by sc = s (see gueres, i. e. I have seen him, not long ago.' In O. Fr. the verb was naturally variable bois), then naistre by sr = s^r (see ancetre) and B. = ai (see 51). For naistre = naitre in the 1 2th cent, the phrase ran La ville
s/.
; ;

flTaffe,

'

'

'

etait assiegee, n'avait gueres,

quand

elle se
it

see Hist.

Gram.
sf.

p. 81.

rendit,

it surrendered. not a Notice that O. Fr. has na guere, n'avait guere where modern Fr. has n'y a guere, n'y avait guere that is to say, O. Fr. did not say il y a, but // a (illud habet), which
:

town was long while, when

i.

e.

the

besieged,

was

See naif. sm. sweetmeats, an onomatopoetic word. See 34. Nankin, sm. nankeen of hist, origin, see
naivete, artlessness.

NAIVETE,

NANAN,
33-

NANTIR,
seize
;

va. to give a pledge to, properly to

was

by the character of the object-case which followed, see Hist. Gram. Bk. II. i. I, I thus O. Fr. said il a un roi
necessitated
;
. . .

(illud habet regem) or il n'avait aucuns arbres dans ce pays (illud non habebat aliquasarbores). Roi, arbres are here in the object-case ; in the subject-case O. Fr. would have said rois, rex, etc. From the 13th cent, the adv. y appears in this phrase, but still the older form il a is found
qui
as late as the 17th cent., in

Der.
NAPPE,
For

from O. Fr. nam, a pledge, a word of Germ, origin, Scand. nam, a prize, seizure. For namlir = nantir see changer.
raan^issement.

Naphte, sm.

sf a table-cloth = n see changer.

naphtha; from L. naphta. from L. mappa. ;

Der, napperon.
;

Narcisse,
cal

(i) sm. Narcissus, (2) sm. (Bot.) a narcissus; from L. Narcissus, the mythi-

son of Cephisus.

what
:

is

com- Narcotique,
TiKos.

Marotic style Entre Leclerc et son ami Coras, N'a pas longtemps, s'emurent grands debats,' says Racine. For the etymology see ne, avoir, and gueres.
called the

monly

Der.

adj. narcotic

from Gr. vapKoj-

arco/ine, arco/isme.
;

Nard, sm.

NARGUER,

from L, nardus. from L. naricare * (properly to wrinkle up the nose,

nard, ointment

va. to set at defiance

244
as a sign of contempt),
der.

NARINE

NA VRER.
Der.
iste.

from L. naricus*, from naris. Naric&re, contrd. regularly (see 5 2) to nar'care, becomes narguer by 0=^ hard, see adjuger. Der. nargue

naturaliser,

naturalisme, natural-

Naufrage,
fragium.

Der. naufrager.

sm. a shipwreck; from L. nau-

(verbal subst.), norquois (for narguois).

Naulage,

NARINE,
L.
! = ,

sf.

a nostril; formerly nanZ/e,

*,

from
(for

naricula

der.

from

naris

-ioula = -/// see 257); then narine by

see quenouille.

sm. freight; from O. Fr. naule, from L, naulum. Naumachie, sf a naumachia (representation of an ancient sea-fight) ; from L. nau-

machia.
;

NARQUOIS,
Narration,
rationem.

sm. a banterer.
sf.

a narration

See narguer. from L. nar-

NaUB^abond,
Naus6e,

adj.

nauseous

from

L,

nauseabundus, from nausea.

Warratif,
vus
*,

adj. narrative

from L. narrati-

from narratus.
a narrator; from L. narra-

Narrateur, sm.
torem.

Narrer, va. to narrate Nasal, adj. nasal; from

;

nasus.
nasus.
nasel,

Der.
sf.

from L. narrare. L. nasalis *, from

;

nasal'xt^.
fillip

Nasarde,
NASEAU,

Der. nasardtx.

(on the nose)

;

from L.
formerly

sm. a nostril (of horses)

from L. nasellus, dim, of nasus. For el = eau see agneau and 282.
vn. to snuffle, talk nasally

sf nausea; from L. nausea. Its doublet is noise, q. v. Nautile, sm. a nautilus; from L. nautilus, Nautique, adj. nautical; from L. nauticus. Nautonier, sw. a mariner ; formerly notoiiiVr, der. from O.Fr, noton,z dim. of L.nauta. For au = o see alouette and 106. 0,Fr. said, more correctly, notonnier, for the an group of vowels never held its ground in Fr., see alouette. In the l6th cent, the learned transformed notonnier into nautonier, *in order to bring it nearer to its primitive Lat.

nauta.
;

Nasiller,

from L. nasus.
nasillonnei.

Der.
;

der.

nasilhrd, nasillexxr,

Naval, adj. naval; from L. naval is. NAVEE, sf. a boat-load from L. navata * in Low Lat. documents, from navis. For
-ata = -eV

NASSE, Natal,

from L. nassa. sf. adj. natal; from L. natalis.

a weir
is

Its

doublet

noel, q. v.
sf.

Natation,
tionem.

swimming;
natatory
;

from L. natafrom L. natatoIts

see 201. sm. a turnip ; from L.nappettus*, dim. of napus. For p = 6 = 1; see iii, Der. navette. NAVETTE, sf. (Bot.) rape. See navet.

NAVET,

Natatoire,
rius.

ac^'.

NAVETTE,
navetta
*,

sf.

an

incense-boat

from L.
weaver's
its
;

dim. of navis.

The
from

Natif,

adj. native;
is

from L. nativus.

shuttle

is

also called navette,

shape,

doublet

naif, q. v.

Nation,

Der,

sf.

a nation; from L.

nationem.
L.

being like that of the church-vessel similarly in other European languages we have the
shuttle called, in

nationzX, nation^XiXi, nation&Wstx

sf.

Germ,

schiff, in It. navicella,

Nativity,
tatem.

nativity;

from

nativi-

For -tatem = -/e' see

230.

Natron,
nathroun.
written
:

sm. (Min.) natron;

from Ar,

NATTE, sf.

a mat. It. matta, from L. matta, natta in Gregory of Tours (7th navigatorem. * Nullum cent,) habens stratum foeni, Navigation, sf. navigation palleaeque molHmen, nisi tantum illud, quod gationem.
intertextis junci virgulis, fieri
solet
;

adj. (Anat.) navicular ; from L. navicularis, der. from navicula. Navigable, adj. navigable; from L. navigabilis. Navigateur, sm. a navigator; from L.

Navieulaire,

from L. navi-

quas
see

Naviguer,
gare.

vulgo nattas vocant,' For changer. Der. natter, nattier.

in =

NAVIRE,
See naturel.
See naturel. See naturel.
state
der.

Naturaliser,

va. to naturalise. Der. naturalisation.

va. to navigate ; from L. navidoublet is nager, q. v. sm. a ship ; from L, navirium * a word found in medieval Lat. documents,
Its

from navis.

Naturalisme,

Naturaliste, Naturalit6, sf.

sm. naturalism. sm. a naturalist.

naturalisation,

NAVRER,

of a

naturalitatem. Nature, sf. nature from L. natura, Naturel, adj. natural; from L. naturalis.
;

native; from L,

va. to wound, in medieval Fr. documents ; then to break, distress. For this weakening of sense see ennui and 13. Navrer, formerly nafrer, is of Germ, origin. Scand. nafar, a cutting implement, contrd

to nafr.

NENEUF.
NE,
Tiegation, not ; formerly nen, softer form For iion ew of non, which is L. non. see je for loss of n see ja. Ne is a doublet oi non, q. V.

245
a negociator;

IsT^gociateur, sm.

from L.
from L.

negotiatorem.
!N"6gociation,
sf.

a negociation

negociationem.
tiari.

NE,

/)./>.

born

from L. natus.
adv.
nevertheless

For -atus Negocier, va. to negociate; from L. nego-

j=-e see

201.
;

Der.

negoci-Ant, negocishle.

NEANMOINS,
inoins (q. v.).

formerly

fWdgre,

neantmoins, compd.

of neant

(q. v.)

and

NEANT,

adv. nought, properly non-being from Schol. L. necentem*, compd. of negation nee, and entem*, partic. pres. of sum, by dropping c (see affouage) and by en = an (see andouille). Der. fnineant (formerly

sm. a negro; from Sp. negro. Its doublet is noir, q. v. Der. negresse, negriev, negriWon. NEIGE, sf. snow, properly snowy; from L. nivea. For nivea = nivia see abreger; hence nivja by ia=ja, see abreger; hence

neige.

For

see abreger.

Der.
;

= ei

see 74; for neigei, neigeux.

vj=^

fait neant), ineant'ir, we'awmoins;

NENNI,

Nebuleux,
losus.

adj.

nebulous; from L. nebunecessary

;

non

Necessaire,
sarius.

ac^".

from L. neces-

adv. no formerly nennil, from L. illud, lit. not that. For non = nen seeje; for illud = // see out; iox nennil nenni see garou.

tW^nufar,
;
;

sm. a waterlily; in i6th cent.

N^cessit^, sf. necessity from L. necessineufar of Oriental origin, Pers. noufer. tate m. Der. necessittr. Neographe, sm. a neographer; from Gr. vfos and ypa<piiv. Necessiter, va. to compel. See necessite. Der. neographisme.

Der.

necessiteux, necessitznt.

Neologie,
and A070S.
neologae.

!N"6crologe, sm. an obituary; from Gr. veKpos and \6yos. Der. necrologie, necro-

sf.

neology; from Gr. vios Der. neologisme, neologiqae,

logique.

N^om^nie,

.f.

neomenia,
vcofjirjvia.
*.

time
;

of

new
Gr.

ISTecromaiicie,
VKpoixavTeia.

Der.

sf.

necromancy; from Gr.

necromancien, necro-

moon

from Gr.
sf

Neophyte,
V(6(pVT0S.

neophyte

from

mant.

Necrose,
veKpwais.

sf.

(Med.) necrosis;
;

from Gr.

N^phr^tique,
ve(ppiTiK6s.

adj.

nephretic;

from Gr.
vfcppiTis,

Nectaire, sm. (Bot.) a nectary from L. n e c- Nephrite, sf

tarea (found
in Pliny).

nephritis

from Gr.

For

a,

= ai see
;

54.

sc.

voaos.

ITectar, sm. nectar; from L. nectar. ]Sr6potisnie, sm. nepotism; from L. neNEF, sf. a ship, a nave (of churches) from L. potem, navem. For a = see 54; for v=/ N^r^ide, sf. a nereid; from L. nereidem. see bceiif. NERF, sm. a nerve from L. nervus. For N"6faste, adj. inauspicious (on which no v=/ see bceuf Der. nervex. business should be done); from L. nefastus. NERPRUN, sm. buckthorn in some patois noirprun compd. of ner from L. nigrum, iNEFLE, sf. (Bot.) a medlar; from L. mespilum, by regular contr. (see 51) of and prun from L. prunum. For i = e m^spilum to mesplum, whence nesfle. see 72 for gr = r see 168.
tf

For

m=

ra

see

changer

for

p =/ see

for nesfle

nefle
adj.

see Hist.

Gram.

chef; p. 81.

NERVER,

va.

to

nerve.

See

nerf.

Der.

nervxxxe, ^nerver.

Der. neflxtx.

NERVEUX,
negative;
negative.

adj. nervous,

sinewy

from L.

M"6gatif,
tivus.

Der.
.

from L.

nega-

nervosus.

For-osus = -eM;csee
(Archit.) a nerve.
;

NERVURE,
NET,
For
loss

sf.

229. See nerver.

1^

['

a negation; from L. negaDer. denegation. ISr^gligence, sf negligence; from L. neglige n t i a For -tia = -c^* see agencer. W6gliger, va. to neglect; from L, nesf.
'

Negation,
tionem.

adj. clean, clear, neat

from L. nitidus.

of
;

last

two

atonic syllables
see 72.

50. 51

for i

=e

Der.

see
net-

toyer, ertete.

glige re.
i*

Der.

neglige

(partic.

subst,),

NETTETE, sf. cleanness. See net. NETTOYER, va. to clean; der.

q. V.
;

from

negligent.

cp.

rudoyer

from

rude.

Der.
For

net,

N"6gOce, sm. trade; from L. negotium.

For tiu = ce
see agencer.

nettoyzge, nettoiement.

NEUF,
See negocier.

sm. nine;
see

from L.
for

N'^gociant, sm.

a merchant.

o = <

76;

novem. v=/see bceuf.

24^
NEUF,
;

NE UF

NOBLESSE,
For t

adj. new; from L. novus. o =ew see 76 for v=/ see botuf. Ifexime, sm. the modulation of the

Nickel,
nickel.

sm. (Min.) nickel; from Swed,

sf.
;

voice;

Nicotiane,

(Bot.)

nicotian;

of

hist,

from L. pneuma, found

Ecclcs. Lat.
in
Fr.,
is

in this sense in

Initial

reduced
tisane.

to ;

pn, a sound unknown cp. pt to / in

origin, see 33 from J. Nicot, ambassador of France at Lisbon, who first sent the

tobacco-plant to Catherine dei Medici

A.D. 1560.

in

ptisana,

Neutraliser,
neutral is.

Der.
sf.

va.

to neutralise;
neutralisz\\ovi.

from L. Nip, sm. a nest

from L. nidus.
;

NIECE,
in

Neutrality,

neutrality;
der.

from L. neu-

sf a niece from L. neptia, found medieval Lat. documents, e. g. ' In

tralitatem *;

from neutralis.

809. Neptia is der. from neptis. Neptia becomes niece by pt = /, see acheter and by tia = ce, see agencer and e = ie, see 56. NIELLE, (i) sf. (Bot.) the campion rose, a e = a see 61. NEUVlfeME, adj. ninth formerly neuviesme, plant the seed of which is black; (2) sf from L. novesimus * ; der. from novem. smut: from L. nigella. For loss of For o = eu see 76; for -esimus = -/em^ medial g see allier. and details of letter-changes see huitieme. NIELLE, sm. dark enamel work ; from L. NEVEU, sm. a nephew, pi. descendants from nigellum. For loss of medial g see allier. L. nepotem. For loss of t see aigu; Der. nieller. for p = v see arrive)- and ill; foro = eM NIER, va. to deny; from L. negare. For see 76. loss of medial g see allier, and for e = i W6vralgie, sf. (Med.) neuralgia ; from Gr. see 58. vevpov and aXyos. NIGAUD, sf. a booby. Origin unknown. NEZ, sm. nose; from L. nasus. For a = e Der. nigaudene. see 54. For final s^z cp. casa, cAez; Nimbe, sm. a nimbus; from L. nimbus. adsatis, assez; rasus, rez; latus, lez, NIPPE, sf. apparel, clothes; of Germ, origin, NI, conj. neither from L. nee. For loss of Icel. hneppe. Der. nipper. c see ami; for e = i see 58. NIQUE, sf. a mocking gesture of Germ. NIABLE, adj. deniable. See nier. origin, Swed. nyck. Another form of nique NIAIS, adj. eyas, simple originally a huntingis niche. term, meaning caught in the nest.* So a NITOUCHE, sm. a demure-looking person, faucon mais('falconemnidaceni*')was one hypocrite. It is the phrase ny louche, see caught in the nest, before learning to fly those words. whence the metaph. sense of fool, simple, Nitre, sm. nitre; from Gr. vhpov. Der. inexperienced. For this extension of meannitrnte, nitreux, nitnhre, nitnque. ing, see 13. Niais is from L. nida- NIVEAU, sm. level formerly liveau, from L. cem*, der. from nidus. For loss of libella. For initial 1 = see quenouille; medial d see accabler; for a = a/ see 54 for h=v see 113; for el = eau see for c = s see amitie. Der. niaisex, niaisagneau. Der. (from O. Fr. nivel) niveler. erie. NIVELER, va. to level. See niveau.DGr.
;
;

Neutre, adj. neuter; from L. neutrum. NEUVAINE, sf. a neuvaine, a term used of Church usages from L. novena *, der. from novem. For o=eu see 76; for
;

quo et neptiam suam Christi famulam Erudrudam constituit,' in an act of a.d.

'

NICE,

adj. ignorant.

Prov. nesci.

It.

nescio,

niveleur, nivellement.

from L. nescius. For loss of s see Hist. Nivose, adj. snowy; from L. nivosus. Gram. p. 81; for e = see 58; for Nobiliaire, adj. noble, belonging to ciu = ce see agencer. nobility; from L. nobiliaris*, from + Niche, sf. a niche; from It. nicchia. nobilis. NICHE, sf. a trick, prank. See nique^ whose Nobilissime, adj. most noble; from L. doublet it is. nobilissimus. NICHER, vn. to nestle from L. nidicare, NOBLE, adj. noble; from L. nobilis, by der. from nidieus (found in Varro), by regular contr. (see 51) of n6bilis to regular contr. (see 52) of nidicdre nob*lis. Der. ao6/ir, eno6/ir. to nid'eare, whence nicher. For dc = c NOBLESSE, sf nobility from L. nobilitia *, see adjuger; for c = ch see 126. der. from nobilis, by regular contr. (see Der. nicMe (partic. subst.), nichet, nicholx, 52) of nobilitia to nob'litia, whence denicher. noblesse. For -itia = -esse see 245.
;

NOCE
NOCE,
pt = /
tiae
./.

NONOBSTA NT,
For
;

HI
for

marriage

from L. nuptiae.

mbr

see absoudre;

-osus

-eux see

see acheier; for

see agencer.

uo

see

97

for

229.

= ce

NOMBRIL,
ombelico,

i'N'ocher,

Nocturne,
turnus.

sm. a pilot; from It. nocchiere. adj. nocturnal; from L. nocknottiness

;

Prov. umbril, It. *, dim. of umbilicus, "by regular contr. of um-

sm. the navel.

from L. umbiliculus

Nodosity,
tatem.

5;^.

from L. nodosi-

Christmas. Prov. nadal. It. For loss of L. natalis. for a = see taon medial t see abbaye Noel is a doublet for alis = eZ see 191. This deriv. of natalis from noel of natal. is confirmed by the fact that a deriv. form Sancta Natalia has also become St. Noele. NCEUD, sm. a knot ; from L. nodus. For

NOEL,

sm.

natale,

from

biliculus to umb'liculus, see 52. TJmbliculus, by u = o (see 97), and -iculus = -z7 (cp. peril from periculum, see abeille and 257) gives omblil, whence ombril, by dissimilation, l = r, see 169. Ombril becomes nombril (found in 12th cent.) by prefixing n, a thing difficult to explain. Nombril is a doublet of ombelic,
q.v.

Womenclateur,
L. L.

sm. a nomenclator

from from

nomenclatorem.
sf nomenclature;

Nomenclature,

o = ceti

NOIR,
Its

see 79. adj. black;

nomenclatura.
adj.

gr = r

see

is

from L. nigrum. 168; for. i = oi see

For
boire.

Nominal,
nalis.
L.

nominal;

from L. nomi;

doublet

negre, q. v.

Der,

noiratre,

Nominatif,

sm. and adj. nominative

from

noirnud, noirck, noirceuv.

NOIRCIR,

va. to blacken.

See noir.

Der.

nominativus, from nominare.

sf a nomination;

Nomination,

from L.
It.

o?>cissure.

nominationem.
;

NOISE, sf. a quarrel an O. Fr. word, from L. nausea, properly disgust, thence annoyance,
see i, see
regularly
quarrel. Nausea becomes nausia, see abreger then nosia, thence noise by attraction of 106

NOMMER,
contr.

va. to

name.
52)
of

Prov. nomnar.

nominare, from L.
(see

nominare, by

regular
to

then

nom'nare, whence nommer by mn = mm, see 168. Der. lenommer (whence re-

nominare

chanoine.

Noise

is

doublet

of

nausee, q.v.

nom, verbal snrnommer.

subst.,

renommee,

partic. subst.),

NOISETTE,
o/se/ier.

sf.

a hazel-nut.

See o/;c.Der.

NON,

NOIX,
For
i|

sf.

a nut, walnut;

from L.

-ucem = -oix

see croix.

Der.

nucem. Nonag6naire, adj.

woisette.

Its adv. no, not; from L. non. doublet is ne, q, v. of ninety (years) from
;

L.

nonagenarius.
adj.

sm. freight; a word used in MeSee noliser. fNoliser, va. to charter (a ship); from It. noleggiare. Der. nolis (verbal subst.). NOM, S7n. a name; from L. nomen.
diterranean ports.

fWolis,

Nonagsime,

nonagesimal

from L.

nonagesimus.

NONANTE,
ginta.
quante.

adj.

ninety;

from L. nona-

For

-aginta

-ante

see

cin-

Womade,
dem.

adj.

nomad;
number
;

from L.

noma- f Nonce,
cool.

NONCHALANT,

NOMBRE, sm. a

from L. numerus, by regular contr. (see 51) of ntimerus f to num'rus, whence nombre. For u = o
see annoncer; for

sm. a nuncio; from It. nunzio. adj. nonchalant, careless, Der. rionchalance. Nonciature, sf a nunciature; from It. nunziatura.
See chaloir.

Nombre
rare,

is

Tav=^mbr see absoudre. a doublet of numero, q. v.

va. to
to

None,
the

if.

ninth

none (in Roman Catholic liturgy), hour of the day; from L.

NOMBRER,

number

from L.
(see

nume-

nona.

sf pi. the Nones, eighth day before the Ides; from L. nonae. NONNE, sf a nun from L. nonna, found Der. nonnnin, nonnette. in St. Jerome. Nonobstant, prep, notwithstanding ; forNOMBREUX, arf/. numerous from L. numemerly non obstant, from L. non obstante, rosus, by regular contr. (see 52) of of obstare, properly without pres. p. numerdsus to num'rosus, whence nom having regard to the thing, notwithstandbreux. For u = o see 97; for mr = 52) of numerfire num'rare, whence nombrer. For u = see annoncer ; for mr = mbr see absoudre. Der. nombricr (whose doublet is numeraine, q. v.).
contr.

by regular

Nones,

248
NORD,
Germ,
sm.
the north
;

NORDNOFER.
of Germ,
origin.

NOURRAIN,

sm. small

fry.

Prov. tioirim,

ttord.

Normal,
;

adj.

normal; from L, normalis.

NORMAND,
Ifosologie,
and \6yos.

sm. a

Norman;

man of Germ, origin, NOS, poss. pron. pi. we.

sf.

formerly NorEngl. Northman.

from L. nutrimen, properly nourishment, the act of bringing up young, then small fry. Nutrimen becomes nonrrain by u = OM, see 97; tr =:rr, see 168; and

See notre. nosology; from Gr. vSffos

-imen = -flm, see 226. NOURRICE, sf. a nurse from L. nutrioem. For u = o?/see 97; for tr =rr see 168.
;

homesickness; from Gr. sf. v6(TTOs and aXyos. tNTota, va. imper. observe; the L. nota,
imper. of notare. Notable, adj. notable; sm. a notable, deputy from L. notabilis. For-abilis
;

Nostalgie,

Der.

nourricieT.
;

NOURRIR, va. to nourish For u = 07/ see 97; for

from L. nutrire.
tr

Der.

= rr

see 168.

nottrrissant, wowrrisseur, oj/rrissage.

NOURRISSON,

sm.

nursling;
passes

nutritionem, which

from L. from sense of

nourishment to that of the thing nourished similarly runs the phrzse faire une education used for a scribe in (orfaire un eleve. Nutritionem becomes Der. notarht, noiarier. nourrisson. For u = om see 97; for tr = rrsee 168; for ti = ss see agencer. Notation, sf. notation; from L. notationem. Nourrisson is a. doublet of nutrition, q. v. Note, sf. a note; from L. nota. NOURRITURE, sf food, nourishment from Noter, va. to note, notice; from L. notare. L. nutritura. For u = om see 97; for I>er. noteuT, denoter. tr = rr see 168. Notice, sf. a notice; from L. notitia. NOUS, pers. pron. pi. we, us, to us from L. For -tia = -ce, see agencer. nos. For o = o see 81. Notification, sf. a notification; from L. NOUVEAU, adj. new formerly nouvel, from notificationem. L. novellus. For o = ou see 81; for Notifier, va. to notify from L. notificare. -ellus = -el = -eau see agneau. Der. (from Notion, sf a notion; from L. notionem. O.Fr. nouvel) renouvelev. Notoire, adj. notorious; from L, notorius. NOUVEAUTE, sf. a novelty; formerly ;; Der. wo/ori^te. novelte, from L. novellitatem, by regular NOTRE, poss. pron. our; formerly nostre, contr. (see 52) of novellitatem to from L. nostrum. For loss of s see Hist. novel'tatem, whence novelte (for -tatem Gram. p. 81. Another form of nostre is = -te see 230) then nouvelte by = ou, see nos, which is for nost; cp. propositum, 81; lastly nouveaute by el = eau, see propos; dispositum, dispos, which are for agneau. propost and dispost. NOUVELLE, sf. news; from L. novella*, NOUE, sf. pasture-land, marshy plain. Origin properly a new thing. = 07/ see. For unknown. Its doublet is novelle. Der. nou 81. NOUE, sf a gutter-lead; from L. noca* vellhte. a conduit in Low Lat. documents. Noca Novateur, sm. an innovator; from L. is of Germ, origin, O.H.G. noch. For loss novatorem. of medial c see ami; for o = ou see Novation, sf a substitution; from L.

Notaire,

-able see 250. sm. a notary;

from h. notarius, the Theodosian Code.

81.

novationem.
va.

NOUER,

knot, tie up; from L. nodare. For loss of medial d see accabler; for o o see 81. Der. d&touer, renouer, nouure, nouet. NOUEUX, adj. knotty ; from L. nodosus. For loss of medial d see accabler for o = ou see 81; for -os\xa = -eux see 229. sm. an almond cake; from Sp. +
to

Novembre,
vember.

sm.

November; from L. no-

Novice,

sm. a novice; from L. novicius,

Der.
Prov.

found

in Juvenal.

For ciu
;

= ce

see agencer.

noviciit.

NOYAU,

sm. a fruitstone
nogal, from

formerly noial.

Nougat,
nogado.
nudel,

NOUILLE,
nouille.

noules ' ; from Germ. sf pastry, by contr. of nudel to nud'l, whence

'

For an almond. 81 ; then noial by u = oi, see then noyau by al = au, see agneau.

L. nucalis, properly loss of medial c see

91;

NOYER,

sm. a walnut-tree.

Prov. noguier,

see angoisse,

For dl = ll see 168; for = oi and 01 = out see 81.

from L. nucarius *, der. from nucem. Nucarius becomes noyer by dropping the

NOFER
medial o, see affotiage ; and by u = o, see annoncer; and -arius = -/er see 198. NOYER, va. to drown formerly noier, Prov. negar. It. negare, from L, necare, profor perly to put to death, then to drown Nethis restriction of sense see 12. care is so used in Lat. writers of the decadence, as in Postremo Eliae jussu profani sacerdotes comprehensi, deductique ad torrentem necati sunt,' says Sulpicius Sevcfus (Hist, i.); and Gregory of Tours Matrem ejus lapide ad collum ligato har
; ; ' '

OBIT.
NUIT,
sf.

349
night
;

formerly

noil,

from L.

noctem.

For oct = ok = uit see huit

;

Der. nuitamment, nut tee.

NUL,

adj. no, null

from L. nullus.

Der.

nullite,

nullement.

NtJMENT, adv. nakedly. See nu. Numeraire, sm. specie, cash;

numerarius.
Its

doublet

Numeral,
ralis.

adj.

numeral;

from L. nombrier. from L. numeis

Num^rateur,
Numeration,

sm. a numerator; from L.

sf.

numeratorem.
numeration;
;

f'ly

n'jcare jussisti.' Necare becomes negare c = g (see adjuger) in Carolingian docue.g.

'

from L.

numerationem.

/ments,

Der. woyade. naked from L. nudus. For Der. nt^ment (properly of d wMcment). Der. nuageux. NUAGE, sm. See NUAISON,s/'. time of steady See NUANCE, See Der. nuancev. USTubile, marriageable; from L. nub Der.
NU,
61. adj.
;

nega- !N"lira6rique, adj. numerical from L. numericus *, from numerus. verit vel famulus vel infans,' in the Lex Alamannorum. Negare loses medial g, t Num^ro, sm. a number introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. numero. Its see allier, whence noyer; for e = oi see doublet is
Si

quis alicujus piecus

nombre,
der.

q. v.

Der, numeroter, numerotage.

sm.
a

loss

Numismafe,
from Gr.
Gr.

numismatologist

see alouette.

vofiicfjia.

Numismatique,
vofjLiafj.aTiK6s.

adj.

numismatic; from

a cloud.

nue.

breeze.

nue.

Nummulaire,
(Geol.)
larius.

sf.

(Bot.)

moneywort;
L.

sf.

a shade.

nue.

nummulite;

from

nummu-

adj.

ills.

nubilite.

!N"udit6,s/. nakedness; from L. nuditatem. NUE, sf. a cloud; from L. nubem. For

NUIRE,

tionem. nocere to nocere (see Hist. Gram. p. 133) Wutritif, adj. nutritive; from L. nutrithen came the regular contr. of nocere to tivus *, der. from nutritus. hence nuire by ocre Nutrition, sf. nutrition noc're, see 51 from L. nutri= uir, for which see cuire. tion em. Its doublet is nourrisson, q.v. NUISIBLE, adj. injurious; from L. noci- Nyctalope, smf. a nyctalops from Gr.
; ;

of medial b see taon. nuznce, mizge, wwaison, Mee. vn. to injure ; from L. nocere. The accent on the Lat. verb was shifted from
loss

ISTuncupatif, adj. nuncupative; from L. nuncupativus*, der. from nuncupatus. Nuptial, adj. nuptial; from L. nuptialis. Der. nuer, NUQUE, sf. nape (of neck) of Germ, origin,
;

Neth. nocke.

Wutation,

sf.

nutation;

from L.

nuta-

bilis,

by regular contr. (see nocibilis to nocib'lis, whence For o = ui see cuider and 84
;

51)
for

of

vvKraXoixp.

Der.

nyctalopit.
;

nuisible.

Nymphe,

sf a

nymph from
a

L.

nymph a.

see amitie.

= s Nyniph6e, sf. (Archit.) from L. nymph eum.

nymphaeum

O.
oasis; from Gr. oaais. sf. obedience; from L. obediFor -tia = -ce see agencer. OBEIR, va. to obey from L. obedire. For

Oasis, sf an
entia.

Ob6rer,

va. to

involve in debt; from L.

Obedience,

obaerare.

Ob6r6,

p.p.
sf.

loss

of medial

see accabler.

Der.

obaeratus.

obe-

Ob6sit6,

issant, o6eissance, disoieVr,

sitatem.
See obeir.
;

indebted; from L. For -atus = -e see 201. obesity, fatness; from L. obeFor -tateni = -/6 see 230.
involved,
liturgy)

OBEISSANCE, sf Pb61isque, sm.

TdoKos.

obedience.

OBIER, sm.

(Bot.) a guelder rose. See aubier.

an obelisk

from Gr. b^t- Obit, sm. an obit (Roman Catholic from L. obitus. Der. o6Vuaire.

2S0
Objeoter,
t;a.

OBJECTER
to object
;

OCCURRENT.
;

from L. objectare. Obsidional, adj. belonging to a siege from L. objecfrom L. obsidionalis. tivus *, from objectus. Obstacle, sm. an obstacle from L. obsta-' Objection, sf. an objection from L. obculum. -aculuin=-ac/e is the learned form. jectionem. Obstination, sf. obstinacy; from L. ob*. Objet, sm. an object; from L. objectus. stinationem. For ot = /see 168. Obstin^, adj. obstinate; from L. obstiObjurgation, sf. objurgation, chiding from natus. For -atus = -^ see 201. L. ohjurgationera. Obstiner, va. to make obstinate from L. Oblation, sf. oblation, offering; from L. obstinare. oblationem. Obstructif, adj. obstructive from L. obObligation, sf. an obligation from L. structivus *, der. from obstructus. obligationem. Obstruction, sf. obstruction from L. Obligatoire, adj. obligatory from L. obobstructionem. ligatorius. Obstruer, va. to obstruct; from L. ob-

Objectif,

odj.

objective;

Obllgeance, Obliger, va.

obligare.
obliger.

sf.

obligingness.

Der.

to oblige, compel

See ohliger. ; from L.

struere.

Der.

Aisobstruer.

Obtenip6rer,
temperare.

vn. to obey; from L.

ob-

obligeant, obligeince, des-

Obtenir, va. to obtain from L. obtinere. from L. obliquus. For i = e see 72 for e = see 59. Obliquity, sf. obliquity; from L. obliqui- Obtention, sf obtaining; from L. obtentatem. tionem, der. from obtentum, supine of Oblit6ration, sf. obliteration from L. obtinere. obliterationem. Obturateur, sm,(Anat.) an obturator; from Oblit6rer, va. to obliterate; from L. obliL. obturatorem *, der. from obturare. terare. Obtus, adj. obtuse; from L. obtusus. Oblong, adj. oblong; from L. oblongus. t Obus, sm. a shell (artillery); from Sp^ Obole, sf. an obolus from Gr. b^oXos. obuz. 'Der. o6sier. Obombrer, va. to overshadow; firom L. Obvier, vn. to obviate; from L. obviare. obumbrare. Occase, adj. occasive; from L. occasus. Obscene, adj. obscene; from L. obscenus. Occasion, sf. an opportunity, occasion from Obsc6nit6, -/. obscenity; from L. obscenL. occasionem. Der. occasionner, occaitatem. s/onnel. Obscur, adj. obscure; from L. obscurus. Occident, sm. the west; from L. occi;

Oblique,

adj. oblique;

Der.

obscurcix, oftscwrcissement.
sf.

dentem.
obscu- Occidental,
adj.

Obscurity,
ritatem.

obscurity; from L.

western

from L. occi-

For -tatem = -/e see 230. dentalis. from L. Occipital, Obsecration, sf. obsecration
;

occipital; from L. occipifrom occiput. Obs6der, va. to beset from L. obsidere. t Occiput, sw. the occiput; from L. ocObsdques, sf.pl. obsequies; from L. obciput. sequiae (found in the Inscriptions). OCCIRE, va. to kill from L. occidere, by reobsequious; from L. gular contr. (see 51) of occid5re to occiObs6quieux, adj. obsequiosus. For -osus = -ew;x see 229. d're; whence occire, by dr = r, see 168. Der. obs^uioiit^. Occision, sf. slaughter; from L. occiObservance, sf. observance; from L. obsionem (found in St. Jerome). servantia. For -tia = -c see agencer. Occultation, s/. occultation; from L. ocObservateur, sm. an observer; from L. cultationem. observator. Occillte, adj. ocfult from L. occultus. Observation, sf. observation from L. Occupation, sf. occupation; from L. oc
flf^".

obsecrationem.

talis, der.

observationem.

cupationem.
;

Observatoire,

sm. an observatory from L. observatus. Observer, va. to observe; from L. obser-

Occuper,
pare.

Der. occupznt.
sf.

va.

to occupy; from

L. occu-

Occurrence,
occurrentia

an occurrence

from L.

vare.

*.

Obsession,
sionem.

sf.

besetting; from L. obses-

Occurrent,
rentem.

adj. occurring;

from L. occuri

OC^ANOFFRIR.
sm. an ocean; from L. oceanus. Der. oceant. Ocre, sf. ochre; from Gr.wxP"- Der. ocreux. Oetaddre, sm. an octahedron; from Gr.

351

Oc6an,

OKTaihpOS.

Octant, sm. (Astron.) an octant; from L. octantem. Octante, ac//". eighty; from L. octaginta,
a

form

der.

Vitruvius)

from octuaginta (and found in by reduction of ua to a. For

-aginta = -ante see cinquante.

ieme.

Der.
;

octant-

lus, by regular contr. (see 51) of6culus to oc'lus, found in popular Lat., as may be seen from the Appendix ad Probum, *oc\ilus non oclus.' Oclus produced O. Fr. oil (for cl = il see abeille) oil became ceuil then ceil (for o = ceu see The pi. yetix, is formed thus: 79). O. Fr. euil became ieuil (for eu = ieu see lieu), whence ieul by dissimilation (see ieul being in pi. ieuls became 170) ieus, also ieus by losing / (cp. illos, eux) written yens, became yeux by s = x (see
;
; ;

deux). Der. ce/Zlere, cezVlade, astVlet. Octave, sf. an octave; from L. octavus, Oetobre, sm. October; from L. October. CEILLET, sm. an eyelet. See te//. Der. from L. ceilleton. adj. octogenariaii Octogenaire, CEILLETTE, sf. oil (of poppy); in the 1 6th octogenarius. cent., oliette, der. from L. olium, a Low Octogone, adj. octagon; from Gr. 6kt6j Lat. form of oleum. For eu = iu see 84. and yuivos. OCTROI, sm. grant, concession, town-due. CEnologie, s/. the art of wine-making; from

Gr. oTvos and \6yos. from L. aucto- CEjSOphage, sm. oesophagus, gullet from Gr. jolao(pdyos. ricare, der. from auctorare, to procure, contr. (see 53) of GEJstre, sm. (Entom.) a gad-fly; from Gr. then to grant, by otarpos. auctoricare to auct'ricare. By loss of For o medial c (see affouage) and by i=oi (see CEUF, sm. an egg from L. ovum. = oeu see 79 for v =/ see boeuf. Its boire) auctricare becomes auctroyer (cp. plicare, ployer). Atictroyer becomes ocdoublet is ove. Der. ceuv6. from L. opera, pi. of troyer by au = o (see 106); lastly, by CEUVRE, sf. work ct = t ( 168), otroyer, the O. Fr. form. opus, by regular contr. (see 51) of Der. octroi (what one grants, a gift, and 6pera to op'ra, whence ceuvre. For o = then a subsidy granted by the people to ceu see 79; for p = 6 = v see ill. the sovereign). CEuvre is a doublet of opera, q. v. Der. Octuple, adj. octuple, from L. octuplum. desceuvre (partic. of O. Fr. desoeuvrer, Der. octuplev. compd. of O. Fr. ceuvrer, der. from ceuvre). Oculaire, adj. ocular; from L. ocularius. Offenser, va. to offend from L. of fens a re. Oculiste, sm. an oculist der. from oculus. Der offense (verbal subst.), offensa.nt, anodalisk; of Oriental qffensewT, offensif, offensive. i*}- Odalisque, s/". origin, Turk, odalik. OFFERTOIRE, sm. an offertory. See o^ir. from L. Ode, sf. an ode from Gr. a/Sly. OflB.ce, sm. an office, duty, worship Odeur, sf an odour; from L. odorem. officium. Der. q^cier(vn.),q^cier(sm.). odious from L. odiosus. OflBcial, sm. an official from L. official is. Odieux, adj. For -oswa = -eux see 229. Der. official'ixL Its doublet is offdel, q. v. Odontalgie, sf toothache from Gr. bhov- OflRciel, adj. official; from L. officialis, Ta\yi^I^^r. odontalg'ique. der. from officium. Odontologie, sf odontology from Gr. OflBcier, vn. to officiate. See office. odovs and \6yos, See office. OflB-Cier, sm. an officer. Odorant, adj. odorous; from L. odoran- Oflftcine, s/. a laboratory; from L. officina. See octroyer.

OCTROYER,

va. to grant

tem.

L.

Der. officinzL
sf.

Odorat. sm. a Odoriferant,

smell; from L. odoratus. adj. odoriferous; compd. of

OFFRANDE,

an offering, present; from

offerenda,

by

regular

contr.

(see

odorem and ferentem. 52) of offerenda to ofiF'renda, whence Odyss6e, s/. the Odyssey; fromGr.'OSuortrfta. offrande; for en = an see andouille. (Ecum^nique, adj. oecumenical from Gr. OFFRE, sf. an offer. See offrir. o'lKov/jLeviKos. Der, oecumenicite. OFFRIR, va. to offer; from L. offerere*,

jCEddme,

sm. (Med.) oedema, a tumour from Gr. o'ldTjfia. fElL, sm. an eye formerly oil, from L. 6cu-

For this lengthened der. from ofPerre. termination in re see etre. Oflferlre, regularly

contrd.

(see

52)

to

off'rere.

2S2
becomes

OFFUSQUER

OMISSION,
OISEUX,
adj. idle.

offrir; for 6 = 1 sec 59. Der. offre (verbal subst.); offerte (strong
partic. subst,, see nbsoute), qffertolre.

Prov. ocios, Sp. ocioso,

Oflf\isquer, va. to obscure; from L. offuscare. by attraction of i, see chanoine. OGIVE, sf. a pointed arch (also written augive OISIF, adj. idle der. from a root oise *, which in the 17th cent.) from L. augplva*, der. answers to L. otium. For ti = s see from augere, because the ogive goes on inagencer for o = ot see 84. Der. o/sivete.
;
;

from L, otiosus. For t = c see agencer. Ociosus becomes oiseux for -osus -eux see 229 for o = s see amitii ; for o = a(,
:

'y

creasing, while at the

same time the arch

so

formed increases the strength of the

vault.

And

besides,

we

find the phrase arc ogif,

correct.

OISILLON, sm. a little bird. See oiseau. OISON, sm. a gosHng der. directly from L. aucionem (der. from auca, see oie), a
;

which answers to L. arcus augivus, a

decisive proof that this view
is

word found (7th

agencer.

cent.) in the Cassel Glosses,

alouette, aboyer,

Au-

For letter-changes see

and

givus becomes
107;
for
stn.

ogif; for
boeuf.
in

v^=fsec
an ogre,

au = o

see 106, Der. ogival.

016agineux,

adj. oleaginous, oily

*, der,

OGRE,
(It,

medieval mythology a

oleaginosus

from L, from oleagina, pro;

monster

who

feeds on

human

flesh.

Ogre

perly an olive-tree,

orco) is from

infernal regions).

dprete.

L.orcus (Orcus,God of the Olfactif, adj. olfactory; from L, olfactiFor orcus = ocrus see vus. Ocrus becomes ogre, cp. acris, Oligarchie, sf. an oligarchy from Gr,

aigre

for

e=^ see

OIE,

It. oca,, from sf. a goose. L. auca, a goose, in very ancient medieval * Accipiter qui find the phrase Lat. texts. aucaiu mordet,' in the Lex Alamannorum and in the Formulae of Marculfus, ' Aucas

adjuger. Prov. auca,

Der.

o^resse.

oKiyapxia.

Der. oligarchiqne.
sf.
;

t Olinde,
hist,

a sword blade (of Olinda)

of

We

origin (see Olinda in Brazil.

sf.

33), from the

town of

OLIVE,

an olive

from L. oliva,

Der,

olivktTe, olivier, o/ivaire.

tantas, fasianos tantos.'

Auca

is

contrd.

Olographe,

see kolographe.

from avica.,

der.

from avis.

For avica=:

Olympe,

auca

navifragium = naufragium, Der. olympien. navita = nauta. Auca, losing its medial Olympiade, sf. an Olympiad;
cp.

sm. Olympus; from L.

Olympus,
from L.

c (see affouage), becomes oie;

see 108.

Der,

for

au = oz

olympiadem.

o/son.

Olympique,
picus.

adj.

Olympic; from L, olymumbellar;

OIGNON, sm.

an onion ; from L. unionem, found in Columella. For ni =gn see cigogne; for u = 02 see 91. Its doublet is mo, q.v. + Oille, s/". an olio ; from Sp. olla. OINDRE, va. to anoint from L. ungere, by regular contr. (see 51) of Txngere to
;

Ombelle,
umbella.

adj.

(Bot.)

from L.

L. umbilicus. Its doublet is nombril, q, v, Der, ombilicAl. OMBRAGE, sm. shade, umbrage; from L.

Ombilic, sm. the navel; from

ung're, whence un're 168), whence oindre

;

(for

gr = r

see
see

umbraticum *,
for
er,

For

u=

(for

nx = ndr

absoudre; for u = oi see 91). OING, sm. cart-grease from L,

-aticum = -age see age. Der. ombragombrageux (a horse which shies at its
;

see annoncer

unguem.

shadow).

OMBRE, sf. a shadow OINT, sm. the anointed (one) from L, uucFor u = o see annoncer. tum. Forct = /see 168; foru = o/ see 91. OMBRE, sm. a char (fish).
For

u=oi

see 91.

from L.

umbra.

Origin unknown,

OISEAU,
aucel,

formerly oisel, Prov, *, properly a little bird ; for the extension of meaning see 13. Aucellus is a masc, form of aucella, found in Apicius aucella is contrd, from avicella, cp. nauta from navita, naubird
;

sm. a

from L, aucellus

t Ombrelle.s/.aparasol; fromIt.om6re//n. OMBRER, va. to tint; from L. umbrare.

For u = see annoncer. OMBREUX, adj. shady, from L. umbrosus. For -osus = -eux see 229 for u = o see
.

annoncer.

cellus 108

from navifragium, etc. Aubecomes oisel: for au = oi see = s see amitie. Oisel becomes oiseau by el = eau, see agneau. Der, (from O. Fr. oisel) oiselem, oiselitx, oisellon (now

fragium
;

OMELETTE,
known.

sf.

an

omelette.

Origin un-

for c

OMETTRE, va. to omit For rmttere = mettre

Omission,
sionem.
sf.

from L, omittere.

see 72,

omission;

from L.

omis-

oisillon; for e

see 59).

OMNIB US
f

OPPORTUN.
u=o
see annoncer.

^53

Omnibus, si.
nibus.

an omnibus; from L. omomnipotence; from L.

Der.

Omnipotence,
omnipotentia.

sf.

Onguent,

ongle (whose doublet is sm. an unguent

ongl6e, onglet, ongule, q. v.).

;

from L. un;

Omniscience, sf. omniscience; from L. adj. unguiculate from L. unomnis and scientia. guiculus. Omoplate, sf. (Anat.) a scapula; from Ongul6, adj. hoofed; from L. ungulatus.
ON,
Gr, d)fiOTr\dTT]. pron. smf. one, pi. people ; formerly om, horn Ce sait h o bien que, says the Chanson de Roland, i.e. 'On sait bien cela que.^ Horn is from L. hoxao, used in the sense of one, they, men, in
:

guentum. Onguicul6,

Its

doublet

is

ongle, q. v.

Onomatopee,

sf an onomatopoeia

from

as Ut inter tabulas adspicere non posset,' in Gregory of Tours. Homo becomes first horn, then om (for loss of h see atelier), then on (for m, = see changer). On is a doublet of homme,
late

Lat.,

'

homo

Gr. ovo/MTOTTOua. Ontologie, sf ontology ; from Gr. aiv ovtos, and Xoyos. Der. ontologiqne. sm. (Min.) onyx from Gr. ovv^. f ONZE, adj. eleven from L. undecim, by regular contr. (see 51) of undecim to

Onyx,

q.v,

onze. For dc = c see adjuger ; for c = z see amitie ; for u = see annoncer. Der. ozieme. Oolithe, sm. (Min.) oolite ; from Gr. uoy and

und'cim, whence

Onagre,
ONC,

sm. an onager, wild ass

It.

from L.

\i0os.

onagrus.
adv. ever.

unque,

from L.
for

Opacity, sf opacity; from L. opacitatem. un- Opale, sf (Min.) an opal; from L. opalus.

quanii^.

For

u=o
;

see annoncer;

see car.
sf.

qu Opaque, adj. + Op6ra, sf

Its

opaque; from L. opacus. the opera; from It. opera.

;

ONCE, u=o

an ounce from L. iincia. For see annoncer; for -cia, = -ce see
sf.

doublet

is oeuvre, q. v.

Op6rateur,
ratorem.

sm. an operator
sf.

from L. ope-

agencer.

+ Once,
Oncial,

an ounce (jaguar)

of Oriental

Operation,
rationem.

an operation; from L. opea

*

origin, Pers. youz.

adj. uncial;

from L. uncialis.
Prov. avoncle, from

Opercule,

sm.

coverlet,

lid

from L.

ONCLE,
L.

sm. an uncle.

operculum.

loss

avunculus, by regular contr. (see Op6rer, vn. to operate; from L. operari. Its doublet is ouvrer, q. v. avTinculus to aAomc'lus, by of medial v see a'ieul. Avunclus Ophicl6id.e, sm. an ophicleide; from Gr. becomes aunclus, whence oncle; for au = 6<pis and KXeis (i. e. a keyed serpent).
51) of see 107.

Ophthalmie,
unctionem.
6(p6a\^ia.

Onction,

For u = Onctueux,
osite.

unction; from L. o see annoncer.

sf.

Der. ophthalmiqne.

sf

ophthalmia;

from Gr.
;

Opiace,
opium,

adj. containing
q. v.

opium

der.

from

unctuous; from L. onctuosus*, der. from L. unctus. Der. onctuadj.

Opiat, adj. Opiler, va.

ONDE,
For
cp.

sf.

water,

wave

u=o

see annoncer,

Der. onde, ondee,

;

from L. unda.

(der, from onde larmoyer from larme, guerroyer from guerre, cotoyer from cote, nettoyer from net, coudoyer from coude).

ondin, ondine, ondoyer

opiate ; der. from omov. to remove the hairs from; from L. oppilare. Der. desopiler. Opimes, adj. rich (properly of spoils taken by a commander from the body of the hostile general); from L. opimus. Opiner, vn. to speak, opine; from L. opi-

ONDOYER,
Ondul6,
tus.

vn. to undulate. Der. ondoyant, ondoiement.

adj. undulating;

See

onde.

nari.

Der.
is

qpmant, o/)miatre*
to

(i.

who

obstinately attached

e. one what he

opines).

Der. onduUtion, onduhtoke. Onduler, undulate from L. undulare Der. onduleux.

vn. to
;

from L. undula-

See opiner. adj. obstinate. Der. opiniatrtr, opinidtrete. Opinion, sf an opinion; from L. opinio-

Opiniatre,

*.

nem.
L.

Onereux, adj. onerous from L. onerosus. Opium, sm. opium; from ONGLE, sf a nail (of hand, etc.) from L. found in Pliny). ungula, by regular contr. (see 51) of Opportun, adj. opportune
;

opium

(so

from L. op-

ungula

to ung'la,

whence angle.

For

portunus.

^54
Opportunity,
OPPOSER,
sf.

OPPOR TUNITS
opportunity
;

OREILLE.

erie,

thought to find the sense of golden (or) in the word it adopted. Der. oranger, orangorangezt, orangeade, orange. opposint. Orang-outang, sm. an ourang-outang; t Opposite, adj. opposite; from L. opposia Malay word. tus. Orateur, SOT. an orator; from L. oratorem. Opposition, sf. opposition from L. oppo- Oratoire, sm. an oratory from L. orato-

from L.

opportunitatem.

va. to oppose.

See poser. Dej.

sitionem.

rium.
va. to oppress.

Der. ora/orien.
sm.

OPPRESSER,

See presser.

Oratoire, adj. oratorical from L.oratorius.

;

Der. oppressxi.

t Oratorio,
sm. an oppressor
sf.
;

an oratorio;

from

It.

Oppresseur,
Oppression,
pressionem.

from L.

oratorio.

oppressorem.
oppression
;

from L. or bis. ; from L. op- Orbiculaire, adj. orbicular ; from L. orbicularis.

Orbe,

sm. an orb

oppri- Orbite, sf an orbit; from L. orbita. Der. or6iVaire (whose doublet is orttiere, q. v.). mere. Opprobre, sm. an opprobrium, shame; from Orcandte, sf. (Bot.) orchanete. Origin L. opprobrium. unknown. Optatif, adj. optative; from L. optativus. Orchestre, sm. an orchestra; from Gr. Opter, vn. to choose; from L. optare. dpxr}(TTpa. Optimisme, sm. optimism der. from op- Orchis, sm. (Bot.) an orchis ; from Gr. timus. Der. optim\s\Q. Der. orchid^e. opxis. Option, sf. an option from L. opt ion em. Ordalie, sf an ordeal; from L. o%daliuni *, Optique, adj. optical, sf. optics from Gr. a Low Lat. word of Germ, origin, A.S. OTTTiKos. Der. opticien. ordal, judgment of God. Opulence, sf. opulence; from L. opulen- Ordinaire, adj. ordinary; from L. orditia. narius. Opulent, adj. opulent; from L. opulen- Ordinal, adj, ordinal; from L. ordinalis. tus. Ordination, sf ordination from L. ordiOpuscule, sm. a tract; from L. opuscunationem. lum. Ordonnancer, va. to order payment (in OR, sm. gold from L. aurtim, which was writing). Der. ordonnanceSee ordonner. ment. orum in popular Lat., as we see from Festus Aurum, quod rustici orum dice- Ordonnateur, sm. an ordainer; from L. bant.' For au = o see 107. ordinatorem. For i = o see ordonner. OR, conj. now formerly ore (properly at this ORDONNER, va. to ordain from L. ordihour), from L. hora. For loss of initial h nare. For i = o see frotter; for n = nn
va. to oppress; from L.

Opprimer,

'

see atelier. Its doublet is heure, q. v. Der. d^sormais, dor^navant, encore, lors, alors (see those words).

see an.

Der. d^sordonner, ordonnznce.

sm. an order
;

ORDRE,

from L. ordinem,

Oracle, sm. an

OR AGE,
L.

oracle; from L. oraclum, a contrd. form of oraculum in Virgil. sm. a storm: Prov. auratge, from

contr. (see 51) of ordinem = r see to ord'nem, whence ordre. For

by regular

coffre.

Der. d^sordre,
sf. filth,

sous-ordre.

ORDURE,

ordure, dirt; der. from

deriv. of aura. For au 107; for -a,ticma= -age see Der. ora^eux. age ORAISON, sf prayer, oration from L. ora-

auraticum *,
see

tionem, used for prayer in Tertullian. For -ationem = -aison seefenaison. ordurier. Oral, adj. oral; from L. oralis. Der. OREE, sf oralement. Grata*,

O. Fr. adj. ord, dirty, used as late as the 1 8th cent. Ord is from L. horridus (repulsive, then filthy) by regular contr. (see 51) of horridus to liorr'dus, whence Der. ord. For loss of initial h see atelier.

skirt,

der.

from era.
;

edge (of a wood) from L. For -ata = -c'e

;

+ Orange,

orange. Sp. naranja, of sf. Oriental origin, Ar. naranj. The Fr. word

see 201.

OREILLE, sf an
der.

ought to be narange, but has taken the form orange from a confusion with the word or ; in Lat. the orange was called aureum malum, and the Fr. consequently

ear from L. auricula, from auris, which was oricula in popular Lat., as we learn from Festus. For au = o see 107. Oricula, contrd. regularly to oric'la (see 51), becomes

ORSM us
oreille.

ORPHELIN.
Orienter,
orient.

^55
See
d^sorienter.

For

-icil&

= -etlle

see aheille.

Der.

oreillon, oreillette, oreilhx

is

(whose doublet

Der. onV^ation,
orifice
;

va. to set towards the east.

auriculaire, q. v.), oreilhrd, orillon.

Orifice, sm. an
see 107.

t Or6niUS, sw. aprayer; from L.oremus, Oriflamme,

imperative of L. orare. ORFEVRE, sm. a goldsmith ; from L. aurilit.

sf.

from L. orificium. an oriflamme. For au=o

fabrum

(lit,

workman who works

in

Origan, sm. origanum.

(Bot.)

marjoram;
;

from L.

'

gold), by contr. of aiirifabrum to atir'fa- Originaire, adj. native (of) from L. originarius. For au = o see brura, whence or/evre. 107; for a = e see 54; forb = vsee Original, adj. original; from L. original is. Der. originalite. Der. orfevrene, orfevrier. 113. ORFRAIE, s/. an osprey from L. ossifraga Origine, s/. origin; from L, originem. Der. origine]. (found in Lucretius), by regular contr. (see Os- t Orignal, sm. an elk; {ormerly orignac 52) of ossifraga to os'fraga. (prenac, the Canadian elk), from Basque fraga losing its medial g(seeallier) becomes orenac, a name given by the Basque emiFor a = m see 54; for s = r cp. otfraie. Marseille from Mass Ilia, and varlet, grants in Canada to the North American elk. which is a transformation of vaslet (see valet). Orfraie is a doublet of ossifrage, q. v. ORIPEAU, sm. Dutch gold, tinsel ; from L. ORFROI, sm. orphrays (embroidered cloth of auri pellem, used in Low Lat., gold leaf. gold) For au = o see 107; for e\ = eau see from L. aurura phrygiiun *. Ovid uses phrygiae vestes for stuffs agneau. broidered with gold. For auruin = or see ORLE, sm. an orle (heraldic) from L. orula, dim. of ora, an edge, by regular contr. (see or. Phrygium becomes /ro/ by dropping g (see allier), and by plir=/r (see coffre), 51) of orula to or'la. and i = Qi (see boire). ORME, sm. an elm. Prov. olm. It. olmo, ORGANDI, sm. book-muslin. Origin unfrom L. ulmus. For u = o see annoncer; known. for l = r see apotre. Der. ormeau (formerly ormel; for el = eau see agneau), Organe, sm. an organ ; from L. organum.

'

'

Its

doublet

is

orgue, q. v.

Der. org^aniser,

organisms, org"aique.

Organiser,

See organe Der. or^awisation, or^aw/sateur, desorganiser, Teorganiser.

va. to organise.

ormaie, ormoxe, orTOille. ORNE, sm. an ash ; from L. ornus. Ornement, sm. an ornament from L. ornamentum. Der. ornemanthte (ornement-

iste).
;

'

Organiste, sm. an organist. See orgue. Orner, va. to adorn from L. ornare. Organsin, sm. organzine. Origin unknown. ORNlilRE, sf. a beaten track, old road

Der. organsintr, organstnage.

in

Picard patois ordiere, from L. orbitaria *,

der.

ORGE, sf. barley. Prov. ordi, from L. hordeum, by regular change of en = ixi=ju
by consonification, see abreger. Hordjum becomes orge by loss of initial h, see atelier. For dj =g see abreger. Der. orgeat (originally a decoction of barley, though there

from orbita.

contr. (see
ordiere.

52)

to

Orbitaria, regularly orb'taria, became

;

for For ht = d see accouder -aria = -/ere see 198. Orrfeere was afterIts doublet is wards changed to orniere.
orbitaire, q. v.

nothing in the drink now but an emulsion of almonds), orge\et. [Orgie, sf. an orgy from Gr. op-^ia. ORGUE, sm. an organ {orgues, pi. sf.). It. organo, from L. organum, an hydraulic organ in Suetonius ; a wind organ in St. Augustine and Cassiodorus. For loss of
is
I

Ornithogale,

sm. (Bot.) star of Bethlehem

sf.

from Gr. opviOSyaKov.

Ornithologie,
opvis, opviOos,
iste,

and ^070$.

ornithology; from Gr. Der. ornitholog-

ornithologue.
sf.

ORONGE,

(Bot.) the orange-agaric

cor-

two

final

atonic syllables see 50, 51.

ruption of orange, q. v. ORPAILLEUR, sm. a gold-finder, one

who

Der. org-aniste (der. from L. organum). Orgue is a doublet of organe, q. v. ORGUEIL, sm. pride. It. orgoglio, of Germ,
origin, from Germ, orgel. Der. org-M71eux. iOrient, sm. the East; from L. Orientem.

looks for pailles cTor.

For etymology see

ORPHELIN,

Der.

or and paille. sm. an orphan ; formerly orphenin, originally orphanin, from L. orphaninus, deriv. of orphanus. For a = e see

orientQT, orienta.1, orienta]iste.

54

forn = /

see aller.

256
ORPIMENT,
;

ORPIMENTOU.
sm. (Min.) orpiment, used in

OSSEMENTS,
pi.

painting from L. auri pigmentum, i. e. a colour to paint gold with. For au = o

see 107
;

for

OrseiQe,
known.

sf.

gin = m (Bot.) an

see 168.

orchal.

Origin un-

ORTEIL,
Prov.

sm. a big toe; formerly arteil, from L. turtiovilus. Articulus becomes arteil by -iculus = = o see taon. Orteil -eil, see 157. For a
arteil, It. artiglio,
is

sm.pl. bones (of the dead);] of ossement*, from L. ossamentum *,] from ossa, bones, OSSEUX, adj. bony from L. ossuosus. For uo = o see 102, whence osseux; for -OBUB = -eau see 229. Ossiiier, va. to ossify; from L. ossifiDer. ossy?cacare*, der. from os.
der.
;

'

tion.

Ossuaire, sm. an
rium.

ossuary; from L. ossua-

a doublet of articule, q. v.

Orthodoxe,
do^os.

Der. orthodoxie.
adj.

adj.

orthodox

from Gr. opOo;

Ostensible,
ostendere.

adj. ostensible:

from L. ostensupine of

sibilis*. der. from

ostensum,

Orthogonal,
opOoywvos.

orthogonal

from Gr.
;

Orthographe,
dp6oypa<pia.

Der.
sf.

sf.

orthography

from Gr.
ortho-

Ostensoir, sm. a monstrance; from L. ostensorium *, der. from ostensum, supine,

of ostendere.

orthographier,

graphiqae.

Ostentation,
orthography, (Archit.)
;

sf ostentation; from L. os;

Orthographie,
elevation
;

tentationem.

from Gr. 6p9oypa(pia. Ost6ologie, sf. osteology from Gr. dffTtoXoyia. Orthop6die, ff. orthopedy from Gr. dpOSs and iraidda. Der. orlhopediqxxe. Ostrac, adj. ostraceous, belonging to the oyster from Gr. barpcutios. ORTIE, sf. (Bot.) a nettle. Sp. ortiga, It. ortica, from L. urtica. For u=o see Ostracisme, sm. ostiacism; from Gr. baannoncer ; for -ica = -ie see 21 2. rpaKi(Tfji6s. Ortive, adj. (Astron.) ortive; from L. or- OTAGE, sm. a hostage; formerly ostage, tivus. Prov. ostatge, from L. obsidaticum *, der. from obsidatus, the act of being t Ortolan, sm. an ortolan; from Prov. Obsiortolan. It. ortolano, from L. h.orttilanus, made a hostage, also a pledge.

properly of the garden, as the ortolan usually nests in garden-hedges, Orvi6tan, sm. orvietan; from It. orvieiatio, der. from Orviete, the name of a quack of Orvieto who introduced this electuary into France, a. d. 1647.
sf.

to

daticum, contr. ob'sdaticum,

regularly
gives,

(see

52)

Oryctographie,
Oryctologie,

oryctography
'yp6,<peiv.

(fossil)

change of d = t, found for a hostage in medieval Lat. Et de hoc dederunt centum documents. Saracenos de melioribus obstaticos in potestate Januensium is found in a loth '

by the unusual the form obstaticum,

from Gr. cpvKTos and

cent.

oryctology; from Gr. sf. opvKTos and \6yos. OS, sm. a bone from L. os. Der. desosser, osselet (dim. of ossel). Oscillation, sf. oscillation; from L. oscil;

(see sujet) obstaticum becomes ostaticum, found in Raymundus a.d. 1070 a charter of
text.
:

By bs = s

'

miserunt in ostaticum.' Ostaticiim became ostage (for -aticum -age see age), lastly otage by loss of s, see
et

Arnaldus

Hist. Gram. p. 81. from Gr. ova, wtos, from L. oscil- Otalgie, sf. ear-ache Der. osa'Watoire. lare. and 0X70*. OSEILLE, sf (Bot.) sorrel from L. oxalia, OTER, va. to remove formerly oster, from der. from oxalis. For x = s see ajouter; L. haustare, frequent, of haurire, whence for li = i7 see ail; for a. = e see 54. comes the sense of Ster. We find in Festus OSER, vn. to dare. Prov. ausar. It. ausare, the compd. exbaustare for to take away from L. ausare*, der. from ausum, supine exhaustant = eiferunt.' Haustare beof audere. comes osier by losing initial h, see atelier. Ausare becomes oser by au =0, see 107. For au = o see 107; for loss of s see OSERAIE, sf an osier-ground. See osier. Hist. Gram. p. 81. OSIER, sm. an osier der. from Gr. oTaos. Ottomane, sf. an ottoman (sofa) of hist, Osmazdme, sf. (Chem.) osmazome ; from origin, see 33, from ottoman, a Turkish Gr. oafiTj and (wfios. sofa. OSSELET, sm. an ossicle. See os. OU, conj. or. It. 0, from L. aut. For loss

lationem. Osciller, vn. to

oscillate;

'

Otl^OUVRIER.
of t see abhe and aig7i
U, adv.
;

^57
a

for

au = o = ou
It,

see

Sp.

huracan,

term

brought
;

originally

from the

Antilles.

where; formerly

u.

ove,

from
be-

OURDIR,

L. ubi.

By

losing

(see taon)

ubi

comes O. Fr. u, u = ou see 90. UAILLE, s/ a sheep, flock

lasted
till

which becomes ou.

For

va. to warp, plot from L. ordiri, found in Pliny, For o = ou see 81. Der. owrrfissage, ourrfisseur, owrrfissoir.
to
;

OURLER, va.
(the sense of sheep
contrd.
ourler.

hem

from L. orulare,

der.

from orula *

see orle. Oriil^re, regularly

uses the

word

the time of Mme, de Sevign^, who in that sense) ; in Christian

faithful.

symbolism used for the

formerly
ateul,
oueille,

Ouaille,

to or'lare (see 52), becomes For o = om see 81. Der. ourlet. OURS, sm. a bear; from L. ursus. Foru =

originally

ovelha, from L. ovicula.

For

whence O.

Fr.

oeille

Prov, of v see (for -icula =

oeille,

ou see

loss

OURSIN,

-eille see

257), thence oueille by

o = ou,

Der. ourse (L. ursa), owrson. 90. sm. (i) a hedgehog, (2) an echinus, sea-urchin, a corruption of herisson, q. v., as may be seen by the Port, ownpo, Walloon

see 81.

urefon, Engl, urchin.

)UATE,

sf.

wadding.

Origin

unknown. OUTARDE,

Der. ouater.

)UBLIE, sf. a cake. O. Fr. oublee, from L. oblata*, in middle ages an offering cake, host, from L. oblatus. Oblata in this
sense
is
:

frequent in medieval
'

Lat. docuofferuntur

ments

Ut de oblatis quae

a populo et consecration! supersunt,' says a letter of Hincmar, a.d. 852. Oblata becomes O, Fr. oublee (for o = ou see

86;

for

-ata=ee
Oublie
is

see

201),

hence

later
q. V.

oublie.

Der. oblieur.

a doublet of oblat,

)UBLIER,
der.

va. to forget from L. oblitare *, from oblitus, p. p. of oblivisci. Oblitare becomes oublier: for loss of medial t see abbaye; for o = ou see 81.
;

OUTRANGE, sf. excess. See outrer. OUTRE, sf. a leather bottle from L. utrem. For u = 0M see 90. >UEST, sm. west. O. Fr. west of Germ, OUTRE, adv. beyond formerly oltre, Prov. origin, Germ. west. oltra, from L. ultra. >UI, adv. yes formerly o'il, from L. hoc For u = o see 97, whence oltre, then outre; for ol = ou see illud. From L. hoc comes O. Fr. form o agneau. Der. outrer, ow/re-passer. (for loss of initial h see atelier, and of final OUTRECUIDANT, adj. overweening. See C see ami) in the 1 3th cent ne dire ni outre and cuider. Der. outrecuidznce. ni nan was = ne dire ni oui ni non. Just OUTRER, va. to exaggerate. See outre. as hoc became 0, so the compd. hoc illud
oubli
(verbal
subst.),

Der.

formerly oustarde, sf. a bustard Prov. austarde, from L. avistarda, found in Pliny. For contr. of avistarda to av'starda see autruche, whence austarda. Austarda becomes oustarde (for au = ou see 107), thence outarde (for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Der, outarde&w. OUTIL, sm. a tool, implement formerly oustil, originally ustil, from L. usitellum* (any instrument used by workpeople), der. from L. usitare, by regular contr. (see 52) of usitellum to ustellum, whence oustel* (for u = o see 90), then oustil cp. oisillon from oiseillon, Der. outiller, outill&ge. q. V. OUTRAGE, sm. an outrage. See outrer. Der. outrager, outrageux. outrageznt.
;

oublienx,

oubliette.

(it is

that

same thing) became

oil,

by

loss

of medial c (see affouage) and by dropping

h (see atelier). This form oil (hoc illud) had answering to it the form nennil
initial

Der. a Vojitnnce, outrage. OUVERTURE, sf. opening. See ouvrir. OUVRAGE, sm. work. See ouvrer. Der. owiro^er.

(non

illud)

and
:

just as nennil lost

/,

and

OUVRER,
from

became nenni in modern Fr., so oil became 01, whence oui for o = om see 8 1
'UIE,
sf.

hearing.
;

See

ou'ir.

Der.
oir.

oules.
It.

UIR,

va, to hear

formerly

udire,

of medial d see accabler; for au = o in O. Fr., then o = ou in modem Fr see 107. Der. ome

from L. audire.

For

loss

formerly ovrer, of operari to op'rari, whence ovrer (for = t' see III), then ouvrer (for o = o p see 81). Its doublet is operer, q. v. Der. OMi/rable, owzrage, ouvrolr, ouvreQ. OUVREUR, sm. an opener, boxkeeper. See
van.
to
;

work

L.

operari, by regular contr.

ouvrir.

(verbal subst.)

OUVRIER,
sm. a hurricane; in the 17th

Ouragan,

cent. houraga?i, originally a sea-term,

from

sm. a workman, mechanic formerly ovrier, Prov. obrier, from L. operarius, by regular contr. of oper4rius to
;

458

OUVRIR

FAILLE.
Oxalique,
adj. oxalic;

op'rariuB, whence ovrier (for p = i/ see III ; for -arius = -tVr see 198); lastly ouvrier (for o = ou see 81). OUVRIR, va. to open; formerly ovrir and eevrir, Sp. abrir. It. aprire, from L. aperire, by regular contr. of apSrlre to ap'rire, whence O. Fr. avrir (for p = v see 1 1 1 ), whence ovrir (for the unusual change a = o Ovrir later became ouvrir (for see taon). Der. Ottvert (from L. o = OM see 81). for p = v see iii), owverture, apertus

from Gr. ^a\it.

from
Gr.
v^v-

Der. oxo/ate.

Oxycrat,
Kparov.

sm.

oxycrate;
a

Oxyde,
o^iyrfer.

sm. an oxide

word invented by
d^vs.

Lavoisier, a.d.

1787; from Gr.

Der.
See

Oxyder,
oxyde.

Der. oxyd6,

va.

(Chem.)

to

oxydate.

oxyrfation, oxydzhle.
;

Oxygne,
covered

sm. (Chem.) oxygen

a gas dis-

owvrant, owireur. Ovaire, sm. (Anat.) an ovary;

in A.D. 1774 by Priestley, and named oxygene by Lavoisier, a.d. 1778;

der.

from

ovum. Ovale, adj. oval; from L. Ovation, sf. an ovation,

L.

ovalis. a lesser

Roman
ovum.

triumph; from L. ovationem. Ove.sm. (Archit.) an ovolo der. from

Its

doublet

is

oeuf, q. v.

Ovipare,
parus.

adj.

Der. ovoide. oviparous; from L. oviSee ove.

from Gr. u^vs and yivos. Der. oxygcner. va. (Chem.) to oxygenate. See oxygene. Der. oxygemtion. Oxymel, sm. oxymel from Gr. d^vfieKi a mixture of vinegar and honey. OYANT, adj. hearing (a legal term) from

Oxyg6ner,

L.

audientem,

see oulr.

Audientem

Ovoide,

adj. ovoid.

becomes oyanl by loss of medial d, see accabler. For au = o see 107; for en = a see amande.

PACAGE,

sm. pasture-land

iormtrly pascage,

loss
."^o,

of two
51.

final

atonic

vowels see

from L. pascuaticum *, found in medieval Lat. documents, der. from pascuum by pascuaticum = pascaticuin, whence pascage (for -aticum = -a^e see age), then pacage by dropping s, see Hist. Gram,
p. 81.

PAGE,

sm. a

page (servant).
;

Origin un*,

known.

Paginer,
der.

va. to page from pagina.

Its

from L. paginare

sw. cotton drawers; from Sp. doublet is pan, q.v. sf. apagoda; of Oriental origin. Pachyderme, adj. pachydermatous; from Pars, buthhoda, a house of idols. Gr. Traxvs and Sipfia. PAIEN, adj. and sm. pagan, heathen. Prov. Pacificateur, sm. a peacemaker ; from L. pagan. It. pagano, from L. paganus, pacificatorem. found in this sense in Tertullian and Pacifieation, sf. a pacification ; from L. Jerome. For loss of medial g sec allier ;

fPagne,
pano.

t Pacha,

Der.

sm. a Pasha; from Turk, pacha.

pachaVi^i.

fPagode,

pacificationem. Pacifier, va. to pacify;

ficare.

for

-anus = -c

see

198: the

is

inter-

from L. from
L.

pacipaci-

calated for euphony.

PAILLASSE,
cdj.
pacific;
paille.

Pacifique
ficus.

Der.

sf.

straw mattress, palliasse.

See

paillasson.

PACOTILLE,
Pacte, sm.
pactxsex.

sf.

quantity, stock (of goods).

a pact;

a venture (in See paquet.

PAILLASSE, commerce), PAILLE, sf.

from L. pactum.
;

Der.

See paille. sm. a clown. For straw; from L. palea. ea = ia see abreger, whence paille; for Der. empailler, depailkr, li = j7 see ail.

paillasse (a
also

paganism from L. paganismus*, der. from paganus. PAGE, ^. a page; from L. paginem. For

Paganisme, sm.

meaning ticking this word becomes a sm. signifying a tumbler, juggler, one dressed in toile h paillasse),
sf.
;

paillette, paillon, paillet.

PAINPALME.
I*AIN, sm. bread;
a,

259
'

from L.

panem.

For

= ai

PAIR,
par.

'Dtx. pantx. see 54. Sp. par, adj. similar, even.

For a = aj

see

(a pair,

two things which

Der. paire 54. are alike and go

from L.

together).

PAIR, sm.
Peers are
lord,

a peer, equal, fellow (see above).

properly the chief vassals of a

Der paires&e, pairie. PAISIBLE, adj. peaceable. See paix. PAISSON, sf. pasturage (in forests) from L, For stio = sso see agencer pastionem. and angoisse for a = ai see 54.
;

having equal rights one with another,

52) to parav'redus, found in Carodocuments thus Aut paravreda dare nolunt' is found in one of the Capitularies of Charlemagne. Paravredus becomes parafredus (for v = f see 140), Germanic laws Parafredos found in the Paradonent,' Lex Bajuwariorum, I. 5. fredus, by r = 1 by dissimilation (see 169), gives palafredus, found in a Lat. docuPalafredus bement, end of loth cent.

lingian

'

come
for

palefroi

for loss of

Der.

oi

see

61;

for

Q,

d see alouette = e see 54.

;
;

palefreniex

(for

palefredier

cp.

omiere

for ordiere, q.v.)

sf.

PAITRE,
pahtre,

vn.

to

graze,

pasture;
*,

formerly
der.

Pal6ographie,
Pal6ontologie,
Trakaios,

palaeography

from Gr.
;

from

L.

pascere

from

waXaios and ypdcpeiv.

sf.

For this lengthened form in re, pasci. and for -ascere = -aitre, see naitre. formerly pais, from L. PAIX, sf. peace pacem. For a = ai see 54 (ox c=s = x Der. paisihle, apaisex. see amide. Pal, sm. a pale (punishment) ; from L. pal us. Its doublet is pieu, q.v. Der. empalex. t Paladin, sm. a paladine; from It. paladino.lts doublet is palatin, q.v. PALAIS,' sm. a palace ; from L. palatium. For t = e see agencer, hence palais for a = ai by attraction of i see 54 for c = s see amide. PALAIS, sm. (Anat.) the palate ; from L.
;

palaeontology

from Gr.
See

ovra and \6yos.

sm.
the
shoulder

PALERON,
pale.

bone.

Palestre, s/

a palaestra; from L. palestra.

Der. palestriqae.

PALET, sm. a t Paletot,

paletoc
;

Der. paletoquet.
sf.

quoit. See pale. Der. paletex. sm. a great coat; formerly of Germ, origin, Dutch pahrock.

PALETTE,
unknown.

Pal6tuvier,

a battledore, pallet. See palle. sm. (Bot.) a mangrove. Origin

pallor, paleness

PALEUR,
lorem.

sf.

from L. pal;

palatum.

As -atum regularly = -e (see ampoule), the French word ought to have become pale: palais, the existing form,
arises

For-orem = -er

see 227.

PALIER,

sm. a landing-place (on staircases) formerly paillier, der. from paille, because

from a confusion with palais above. f Pal an, sm. tackling; in 16th cent. palanc, from It. palanco. Der. palam^on.

of the straw-mat (paillasson) placed there. Palimpseste, sm. a palimpsest from. Gr.
;

iraXifiil/TjaTOS.

t Palanquin, sm.
origin, Pali
;

a palanquin; of

Hindu

Paling6n6sie,
iraKiyyfvfaia,

sf.

palingenesia
palinode,

from Gr.

palangka, a litter. Palatal, adj. palatal from L. palatum. Palatin, adj. palatine; from L. palatinus,
officer
\

Palinodie,
PALIS, sm. a

sf

recantation;

from Gr. iraXiuuSia.

of the Palace.
sf.

Palatine,
origin,

fur

tippet

of

hist.

palicium

33, alluding to the Princess Palatine, sister-in-law to Louis XIV, who

see

from L. found in medieval Lat. docuFor c = a stake. ments, der. from palus, s see amitie. Der. palissex.
pale, paled enclosure
;

*,

'

brought 1676.

this

kind of dress into use a.d.

tPalissade,
palizzata.

sf.

palisade;

from
Origin

it.

Pale,
Its

sf. blade of an oar; from L. pala. doublet is pelle, q. v. Der. paleron,

Palissandre,
known.
'j'

sm.

rosewood.

un-

palee, palette, palet.

Palladium,

sm. a palladium; from L.

PALE,
loss

adj. pale; from L. pallidus. For of last two atonic syllables see 50, Der. pdlix, palot.

palladium. Pallier, va. to

PALEFRENIER, PALEFROI, sm.

from
L.

sm. a groom.
a
palfrey.

See palefroi. Prov. palafrei,

posthorse,
in

+ Pallium,
pallium.

palliate; from L. palliare. Der. palliation, palliztM. sm. a pall, mantle; from L.

paraveredus,

Palme,
Its

Cassiodorus and in the Theodosian Code. Paraveredus is regularly contrd. (see

from L. palma. sf. a palm-branch Der, palmdoublet is patime, q. v. ette, palmiex, palmiste, palmite.
;

S 2

a6o
Palme,
mus,
sm. palm (measure)
a length measure.
;

PA LME

PA NTELER
Pandour,
(see

from L. pal-

sm.
a

pandour

33),

name

given

of hist, origin to irregular

;

See palme. sf. a palm-leaf. sm. a palm-tree from L. palFor -arius = -r see 198. Falmipdde, sm. a fin-footed bird ; from L.

PALMETTE,
marius.

PALMIER,

Pan6gyrique,
nayrj-^vpiKos

Hungarian troops. sm. a panegyric

(i. e.

from Gr.
from Gr.
bread

Pan6gyTiste,
vavrjyvpKTT'qs.

\6yos). sm. a panegyrist;

palniipedem.

Palombe,
lumba.

sf.

ring-dove a

from L.

pa-

PANER,
crumbs.

va.

to

See pain.

crumb, cover with Der. pane.

PALONNIER,
unknown.

sm.

swing-bar.

Origin

PANETIER,
of bread)
;

Palpable,
Palper,

adj. palpable;

from L. palpa-

sm. a panller (officer in charge from O. Fr. paneter, which is formed from pain. Der. panetiere, panet-

bilis, found in St. Jerome.

erie.

from L. pal- Panicule, sf. (Bot.) a panicle; from L. pare. Der. pcdpe (verbal subst.). panicula. Der. panicule. Palpiter, vn. to palpitate, throb from L. PANIER, sm. a basket from L. panarium (a bread-basket, in Suetonius). For -arium palpi tare. Der. palpiUnt, palpitation. = -iersee 1 98. T>ex. panerit. PAMER, vn. to swoon formerly pasmer, O. Sp. espasmar. It. spasmare, from L. Panifier, va. to panify; from L. panifiDer. panificztxon. care *, from panem. spasmare (der. from spasma) by unusual aphaeresis of initial s, see Hist. Gram, Panique, adj. panic; from Gr. rraviKor (i. e. beif-ia). p. 80, and loss of second s, see Hist. Gram, PANNE, sf. plush velvet from L. panna *, Der. pamoison. p. 81 found in medieval Lat. documents. PanPamphlet, sm. a pamphlet; from Engl. t pamphlet. Der. pamphUtzne. na is from penna for transition of sense PAMPRE, sm. a vine-branch from L. pam13) from a feather to plush, cp. ( M.H.G. federe, which bears both senses also. pinus, by regular contr. (see 51) of For e = a see amender. Its doublets are pdmpmus to pamp'nus, whence pampre. For ii = r see coffre. pan, pagne, q. v. PAN, sm. a skirt from L. pannus. For PANNE, sf. fat. Origin unknown. im = see an. Its doublets are panne, PANNE, sf. bit of stuff (a sea-term), as in pagne, q. v. phrase guipon de panne, a mop made of stuff; der. from pan, q. v. Panac6e, sf. a panacea from L. panacea.

va. to feel about;

+ Panache,
from
It.

Origin unknown. PANNEAU, sm. a panel, properly a little achure, empanacher. pan, piece (of a wall) see pan. from Panneau sf. a panade (culinary); It. panata. is used for a piece of textile stuff in Its doublet is panee. PANADER (SE), vpr. to strut. Origin unseveral medieval Fr. documents. known. PANNETON, sm. bit (of keys). Origin ununknown. PANAGE, sm. pannage formerly pasnage, from L. pastinaticum * (right of pastur- PANONCEAU, sm. a scutcheon. See pennon. age, der. from pastionem, q. v.). Pas- Panorama, sm. a panorama; from Gr.

sm. a pennacchio.

Der. panacher, pan-

plume

of

feathers;

PANNE,

sf.

a paling, rafter (in carpentering).

fPanade,

jrav and opapia. tindticum, contrd. regularly (see 52) pas'naticum, becomes pasnage (for PANSE, sf. a paunch; from L. panticem, by regular contr, (see 51) of p^nticem -aticum = -a^e see dge), lastly pasnage, to pant'cem, whence panse. by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. For tc-c see adjuger; PANAIS, sm. (Bot.) a parsnip from L. pafor c = s see amitie. Der. pansu. nacem. For a = a/ see 54; for c = s see amitie. PANSER, va. to dress wounds (of horses) ; formerly penser, Sp. pensar, from L. pensare, Panaris, sm. (Med.) a whitlow; from L.

to

panaricium Pancarte, sf.

iray

(found in Apuleius). from medieval a placard L. pancharta, a hybrid compd. of Gr.

;

to think about, examine, then take care of,

dress,

groom.

Der. pansage, pansement.

sm. trousers; from
It.

fPantalon,
talon.

panSee

and L. charta.

Pancreas,
irayKpfos.

Der. /amreatique.

sm. the sweetbread

from Gr.

PANTELER,
pantois.

Der.

vn. to gasp for breath.

pantela.nt.

PA NTHEISME
Pantheisme,
nav and
sm. pantheism
;

PA RA DE.
Papyrus,
rus.
;

261

sm. papyrus; from L. papyDer. papyrace. Easter formerly /asyt/^, a Pantheon, Prov. pasca, from L. pascha. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Panthdre, sf. a panther; from L, pansm. a packet, despatch-boat ; thera. from Engl, packet-boat. PANTIERE, sf. a draw-net; from L. panthera, fem. form of L. pantlierura, a PAQUERETTE, sf. the Easter daisy; formerly pasquerette, from O.Fr. pasquier For e = ie see 56. net. (i. e. the pasturage flower). Pasquier is Pantin, sm. a dancing puppet. Origin under. from L. pascuum. For loss of s known. see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Pantographe, sm. a pantograph; from PAQUET, sm. a packet, parcel formerly Gr. TTOLv and ypacpciv. pacquet, derived (together with pacotille) PANTOIS, adj. out of breath PANTELER, from a common root pac, which is L. pacvn. to gasp for breath, der. from a root pant, of Cehic origin, Kymr, pant. cus *, found in a medieval Lat. charter ' Non tamen licebit praefatis mercatoribus Pantomdtre, sm. a pantometer ; from Gr. pannos suos scindere . . nee aliter nisi per trdv and fxerpov. vendere.' Pantomime, sm. a pantomime ; from Lp pacctun vel integrum pannum pantomimus. Paccus is of Celtic origin, answering to Gael. pac, a pack. Der. paqueter, empaqueter. Pantoufle, sf. a slipper; from It. panf FAR, prep, hy, from L. per. Fore asee tofola. PAON, sm. a pea-fowl. Sp. pavon, from L. amender and parachever. pavonem, in form of paonem in the Par (de), prep, from originally de part in 7th cent, in the Glosses of Cassel. nth and 12th cent, documents. It. da For loss of medial v see dieul. parte, Sp. de parte, from L. de parte. De Der. paotrnt, paonneau. par le roi was in 12th cent, de part le rot PAPA, sm^ papa onomatopoetic. L. pappa. (in the St. Thomas the Martyr) and signiPAPAUTE, sf. the papacy from L. pappafies properly from the king's part or ' side.' litatera, der. from pappa, by regular Parabole, sf (Math.) a parabola ; from contr. (see 52) of pappalitdtem to Gr. irapafioKT}. Der. /ara6o/ique. pappal'tatem, whence papaute. For pp Parabole, sf a parable, allegory from L. Der. /)ara6o/ique. parabola =p see chape; for al au see agneau; for
6^6$.

from Gr. t
Gr.

sm.

pantheon;

from

PAQUE, sf. passover,

fPaquebot,

'

'

-tatem = -/e see 230. PAPE, sm. a pope (father,

tive bishops).
papa.],

PARACHEVER,
title

For

pp p

given to primisee chape. Der.

paplsme, papiste. fPapegai, sm. a popinjay. Sp. papagayo, of Oriental origin, Ar. balbaga, a
parrot.

va. to finish; compd. of achever (q. v.) and par. Par is from L. per (see par), and is found in such Lat. compds. as parfait (perfectus), parvenir

(pervenire), parmi (permedio), etg. and in such Fr. compds. as parfumer, parThe particle per was used in Lat. donner.
to
in

PAPELARD,
known.

sm. a hypocrite.
waste paper.
paperassier.

Origin un-

mark

the highest degree of intensity, as

perhorridus,
etc.

pergratus,
in

pergra-

PAPERASSE, sf

PAPETIER,
papier.

Der. paperasser, sm. Der.

from papyrus.

See papier.

cilis,

Similarly

Fr. parachever,

parfaire, etc.

a stationer, paper-maker. See

able in

papeterie.

This particle par was separO.Fr.; thus O.Fr. parsage was divided thus, tant par est sage, a phrase
1

Papier,

sm. paper; from L. papyrius *, Its doublet is papyrus. Der. papetiei (a very irregularly formed word), papernsse.
illa.

found in the
sage.
in the

relic

2th cent, for tant il est parof this construction survives

fort, a phrase

phrase par trop, as in c'est par trop which answers to c'est trop sm. a parachute.
See parer,

Papille,

Der.
Its

sf.

(Anat.) papilla; from L.

papilhire.

pap-

parfort.

PARACHUTE,
;

Papillon, sm.

onem.

a butterfly from L. papilidoublet is pavilion, q. v, Der.

a,

and chute.
s/".

f Parade,

parade; originally a riding-

papillonntx, papillote.

PapiUote,

sf a curl-paper.

See papillon.

figures in the Carrousel. Its doublet

q. V.

school term, from Sp. parada, one of the is paree,

Der. papillotei, papillotnge.

Der. paradox.

262
Faradigme,
Paradis,
Its

PA RA DIGME
&m. a

PA RENCHYME.
Parasite, sw. a parasite; from L. parasitus. f Parasol, sm. a parasol from It. parasole.
;

paradigm; from Gr.

sm. paradise; from L. paradisus.

is

PARATONNERRE,
ductor.

doublet

parvis, q. v,
;

Faradoxe,
napAbo^os.

Der. paradoxal.
Greek y

sm. and adj. paradox

from Gr.

sm. a lightning-conSee parer, a, and totmerre. PARAVENT, sm. a screen. See parer, 4,

and

vent.

PARAFE,
mark

sm. a flourish; from L. paragraphiis (found in Isidore of Seville, for a

like a

PARC,

to distinguish the dif-

ferent subjects of a book).

Pardgraphus,
51) to paragr'(for
;

regularly

contrd.

(see

phus, become parar/e*

accueillir, for

gr = r

see

sm. a park, enclosed pen (for cattle) from L. parous * (so used in the Germanic Laws Qui gregem equarum in parco furatus fuerit,* says the Lex Bajuwariorum). Parous is properly a closed space in which animals are kept, reserved; from L.paroere,
: '

ph =/ see
quarter

coffre)

pararfe *

to keep, reserve.

Der.

parquet, parquet,

becomes /arq^ by dissimilation, see 169, Parafe is a doublet oi paragraphs q. v.

parage.

PARCELLE,

PARAGE,

sf.

(sea

shore).

Origin

unknown.

sf a small part, particle ; from L. partioella *, dim. of partem, by regular contr. (see 52) of partic611a to

PARAGE,

5/.

extraction, birth
der.

raticum *,

from par.

from L. paFor -aticum

;

age

see 6ge.

part'cella, whence parcelle. For to = c see adjuger. Der. parcelhixe. PARCEQUE, conj. because. See par, ce, and

Paragoge,
va payouyq.

-Der. />ara^og"ique.

sf.

(Gram.) paragoge

from Gr.

que.

PARCHEMIN,

Paragraphe,

sm. a paragraph; from Gr. irapaypacprj. Its doublet is parafe, q. v. + Paragaunte, sf an acknowledgment (of a service) from Sp. paragaunte. PARAITRE, vn. to appear; formerly paraistre, from L. parescere, a popular Lat.
;

originally sm. parchment parcamin, Prov. pergamen, from L. pergameua (found in St. Jerome, and written pergamina in Isidore of Seville). For
;

e=t

see 59. Pergamina, or rather pergaminum, becomes parchemin by e = a, see amender by g = c (whence O. Fr.
;

form

for

parere.

see apparaitre.

Der, comparaitre.
;

For

escere = -at/r^

parcamin)

lastly

see acharner

parchemin by ca = che, Der. parcheminier, parche-

mmerie, parchemin^. ka^is. Der. parallactique. Parcimonie, sf parsimony; from L. parParallMe, sm. a parallel from Gr. irapd\Der. parcimonieux ci onia \tj\os. Der. parallelisme. PARCOURIR, va. to go over, run through ; Parall61ogramine, sm. a parallelogram; from L. perourrere. For letter-changes from Gr. TTapaWrjKoypapiixa. see par and courir. Paralogisme, sm. a paralogism (fallacy) PARCOURS, sm. a line (of road, etc.) from from Gr. irapaXoyiafiSs. L. percursus *, compd. of per and curParalysie, sf paralysis; from Gr. irapdsus. For letter-changes see par and cours. Kvffis. PARDONNER, va. to pardon from L. perParalytique, adj. paralytic; from Gr. donare*, found in Carolingian documents, TrapakvTiKos, as 'Et pro illius gratia totum perdono quod contra me misfecerunt,' in the Capif Parangon, sm. a paragon; from Sp. paragon. Der. paratigonnev. For sense tularies of Charles the Bald, 26. of per in perdonare see parachever. For + Parapet, sm. a parapet; from It. parapetto. Der. letter-changes see par and donner. Paraphernal, adj. paraphernal from Gr. pardon (verbal subst.), pardonn^ihlQ. rd. irapd<pepva (irapd and (pfpvq). PAREIL, adj. alike; from L. parictiltis *, Pariculus is found in Paraphrase, sf. a paraphrase; from Gr. der. from par. irapdfpaais. very ancient medieval Lat. documents Der. paraphrastt, paraphraseuT. Hoc sunt pariciilas cosas,' says the Lex Pariculus becomes pareil: for Salica. Paraphraser, va. to paraphrase. See paraphrase. -iculus = -7 see 257. Der. appareilleT,

Parallaxe, sf

parallax; from Gr. napaX-

PARAPLUIE,
a,

sm. an umbrella.
sf.

See parer,

zppareil, depareiller.

and

pluie.

Paras6l6ne,
and GiXiivq.

paraselene

from Gr. -napd

PAREMENT, sm. an Parenchyme, sm.

irapiyxvjJLa.

ornament.

See parer.
;

parenchyma

from Gf.

PARENTPARRICIDE.
PARENT,
tem.

253

smf. a parent; from L. Der. parentage, parente.

sf.

paren-

Parenthdse,
vapipOeffts.

a parenthesis;

from Gr.

107), then paroler is contrd. to parier Der. parl&m, parlement, (see 51). parlementuT, pari emcntzire, parhge, parier (sm.), parlerie, parloii, pourparler, re-

PARER,
also
it

va. to adorn, deck

to parry,
in

vn.

from L. parare; which sense also

;

parler.

PARMI,
dium.

comes from parare = to get ready to avoid a blow. Der. parement, parure, par-

prep, amongst ; from L. per meFor letter-changes see par and mi.

Parnasse,
nassus.

sm. Parnassus; from

L.

Par-

ade, Teparer.

PARESSE,
gritia.
for

sf.

idleness

ginally perece,

formerly parece, ori~ Sp. pereza, from L. pi;

Parodie,

For -itia = -tee = -esse see gr = r see 168 for i = e see

;

245

a parody ; from Gr. irapaibia. Der. parodier, parodiste. PAROI, sf. a partition wall; from L. pa-

sf.

70.

rietem..
see boire.

For
sf.

loss

of t see aigu

for i

= oi
in

Der. paressei, paresseux. PARFAIRE, va. to complete. parachever. Der. parfait.

See /aire and

PAROISSE,
(a

a parish
St.

from L, paroecia
a parish

diocese

in

Augustine,

PARFAIT, adj. perfect. PARFILER, va. to pick

textile

fabric).

See parfaire. out threads (of a See par and Jiler. Der.

Sidonius Apollinarius).
larly

Paroecia is regureduced to parecia (see 105), and

For e = oi see

becomes paroisse.
for

parJildigQ.

ci

= ss

see

agencer.

Der.

61:

paroissitn,

PARFOIS,

adv. sometimes.
va. to fuse.

PARFONDRE,
and fondre.

See par and /ois. See parachever

paroissxzX.

PAROLE,

va. to perfume. See futner parachever. Der. parfum (verbal parfumtMx. Parh61ie, sm. a parhelion from Gr. Trapi}-

PARFUMER,
and
subst.),

sf a word, speech. Prov. paraula, from parabola, properly a recital. Parabola =/'aro/e is found in CaroHngian documents, as Non dicam illas parabolas, quas vos dixeritis ad me, et mandaveritis mihi, ut celem eas,' in a document of the
'

kios.

loth cent.
sm. a pariah, outcast; of Hindu
(see 51) to For bl v/

Parabola,

regularly contrd.
*.

fParia,
origin.

parab'la, becomes paraula

= ul

see

aurone.

Paraula *

Parier,
lit.

va. to

wager; from L. pariare,

sums.

to balance an account, then to pledge,

wager,

equal

Der.

pari

(verbal

becomes parole: for au = o see 107. Parole is a doublet oi parabole, q. v. Paronyme, adj. paronymous from Gr.
;

subst.), parieuT.

irap6jvvfios.

Parietaire,
Parietal,

sf.

parietaria (so used

adj.

gland; from L. Parotide, sf. (Anat.) from Gr. Trapanis. (Anat.) parietal; from L. Paroxysme, sm. a paroxysm; from Gr.
(Bot.) parietary;

the parotid

in Apuleius).

parietalis.

irapoj^vanos.

Parity, /.

parity; from L.

PARJURE, PARJURE,
For e

sm. perjury; For e a see par.

adj. perjured

PARPAING, sm. paritatem. from L. perjurium. Origin unknown.

Parque,
;

bonder (in building).

from L, perjurus.

=a

see par.

PARQUER, PARQUET,
wooden
er,

PARJURER,
jurare.

parquettm, parquettne, parqueta.ge. jurer. PARRAIN, sm. a godfather formerly parPARLER, vn. to speak. O. Fr. paroler, from L. rein (so written in the 17th cent.), Sp. parabolare *, properly to relate. Parapadrino, from L. patrinus*, found in bolare is used for 'to speak,' in CaroHiigian CaroHngian documents, as in Sanctissimus documents we read Nostri seniores, sicut vir patrinus videlicet seu spiritualis pater audistis, parabolaverunt simul, et conPanoster,' from a Charter a.d. 752. sideraverunt cum communibus illorum fidetrinus is from L. pater. Patrinus belibus in a Capitulary of Charles the Bald. parrain for tr = rr see 1 68 comes lastly Parabolare, regularly contrd. (see 52) for in = ein (whence O. Fr. parrein) to parab'lare, becomes paraulare * (for ein = ain, see 69 note 2. hi = vl = ul see aurone). Paraulare be- Parricide, sm. a parricide (murderer of comes O. Fr. paroler (for au = parent); from L. parricida. see
;
'
:

va. to perjure; from L. perFor letter-changes see par and

sf a fate ; from L. parca. See pare. va. to pen (cattle). sw.the bar (of a court of justice), pare. Der. parquetflooring. See

'

'

264
Parricide, sm.
from L. parricidium.
;

PARR ICIDE
parricide (act of

PA SSER
vus
tiri.
*, der.

murder)

from partitum, supine of par-

PARSEMER. va. to strew. See semer. Partition, sf. partition; from L. partitic PART, s/. a share, part from L. partem. nem. PART, sm. birth, child from L. paxtus. PARTOUT, adv. everywhere. See par aih PARTAGE, sm. partition, der. from partir tout. (in the sense of L. partiri, to divide). PARURE, sf attire, finery. See parer. Der. partager, partagezhlc, partageznt. PARVENIR, vn. to attain, reach; from L.
;

PART ANT,
tantum.
tant.

adv. consequently

Der. partance.
terre.

from L. perFor letter-changes see par and

;

tPartenaire,
Engl, partner.

sm/.

partner;

from

For letter -change see par. Der. parvenu. PARVIS, sm. a porch, properly the space I" fore a church porch parvis, formerly par^
;

pervenire.

vis,

originally pare'is

and
:

para'is,

is

frci

PARTERRE,
and
d'or
(i. e.

sm. a flower-garden.

See par

L.

paradisus (used

in this sense in

nn
beai:

dieval and cedes. Lat.

Petri,

'Hie atrium
dicitur, estque

PARTI,
et

adj. divided, in such phrases as parti

;

quod paradisus
the the
(see

awu

de gueule aigle d'or au chef parti two-headed). Parti is p.p. of O. Fr.

ecclesiam, magnis marmoribus struxit,' says

Anastasius

Librarian.

va. partir, to divide (see partir),

which

re-

of the
larly

8th

cent. Paul

avoir maille a partir (i. e. to have a penny to share with one). PARTI, panic, sm. a party ; from partir, Parti properly signifies a division. q. v.

mains

in the phrase

uses

word

At the end the Deacon simiEcclesiae locum

qui

paradisus

losing
para'is,

Partiaire,
Partial,
der.
q. v.

adj. that pays part of produce as

partial

rent; from L. partiarius.

arf/.
;

54. calated (see corvee) to obviate the hiatus

{pare-is,

Paradisus by becomes O. Fr. whence pareis for a = e see Pareis had an euphonic v interdicitur.'

accabler)
;

from L. partialis*,
Its
is

pare-v-is),

then
51.

from partem.

doublet Der. partiality, impartial.

partiel,

became parvis,
PAS, sm. a
see ais.

see

dropped e and Parvis is a

Participe, sm.
cipium.

a participle; from L. parti-

doublet of paradis, q. v. step ; from L. passiis.

For ss

=s

Participer,
L.
cipztion.

vn. to participate (in);

participare.

Der.

from

PAS, adv. not, no.

participant, parti-

It is the same word as the sm., and in its original use kept part at least of its proper sense, as in such phrases

Particulariser,

va. to particularise; der. as Je ne marche pas, etc. from L. particularis. Pascal, adj. paschal; from L. pascalis. Particiilarit6, sf. particular ; from L. par- Pasigraphie, sf pasigraphy (imaginary uniticularitatem. versal language) ; from Gr. irds and ypi<pfii>. Particule, sf. a particle; from L. particula. fPasquin, sm. pasquin; from It. pas'

Particulier, sm.

a particular person, indi-

quino.

vidual; from L. particularis.

Pasquinade,
It.

sf.

a pasquinade; from

PARTIE,

See partir. Partiel, arf/. partial; from L. partialis*, der. from partem. Its doublet is partial,

^. a part.

pasquinata.

PASSABLE, PASSAGE,

fPassade,
passagex.

q.v.

See passer. sf a passage; from It. />assa/a. sm. a passage. See passer. Der.
adj. passable.

PARTIR, dun

vn. to depart,

lit.

to divide

from

L. partiri.
lieu

In the middle ages se partir

PASSAVANT,
avant.

sm. a permit.

See passer and

a place,

meant to separate oneself from go away, hence to depart. The

departir
partic.

PASSEMENT,
passer.

compd.
departir,

se

d'un

lieu,

to travel,

produced the

subst.

depart.
(partic.

Der.
subst.,

Der.

sm. lace (of gold, etc.) Sec passemetUer, passementier, sm.

a passport.

passementerie.

x&partir,

partie

PASSE-PORT,
and port.

See passer

properly a division, portion), parti (partic. subst., the side one takes, thence resolution, opinion).
"t

Partisan,
tigiano.

sm. a partisan

from

It.

PASSER, va. to pass; from L. passare*, from passum, supine of pandere to open. Panpardere viam,' in Livy, = to make a way, a pas,

'

Partitif,

adj. partitive;

from L. partiti-

Der. pas (verbal subst., remaining in such phrases as pas de vis, pas de parte.
sage.

PASSEREA UPA TRIMOINE.

pas de Calais), passe, passable, pass6. passant, passage, passeur, passohe, passereWe,
passement, passe-passe, pass3.tioa, compasser,

265
from L. patent em.

Patent,
Patdre,

adj. patent;

Der. patents. sf. a patera, a pin, peg; from L.

depasser,

outrepasser,

xtpasser,

sax-

patera.

passer, tiepasser.

PASSEREA U,

sm. a sparrow serellus (dim. of passer).

-eau see 204.
adj. liable;

from L. For -ellus

Paterne, adj. paternal; from L. paternus. pas- Paternel, adj. paternal; from L. paterna-

lis*, der. from paternus.

Passible,
Passif,

from L. passibilis.

Der. passibilite, impassible.

adj. passive;

Paternity, sf. paternity; from L. paternitatem. Path6tique, adj. pathetic from Gr. ira^i;;

TIKOS. from L. passivus. Passion, sf. passion; from L. passionem. Pathologie, sf. pathology from Gr. rrd^os and A.070S. Der. pathologique. Der. passionncT. t Pastel, sm. a pastel, crayon; from It. t Pathos, sm. pathos; from Gr. TrdOos.

pastello.

Its

doublet
sf.

is

pastille, q. v.

fPastdque,
Port, pateca.

water-melon;

from

Patibulaire, adj. of the from L. patibulum. Patience, sf patience; from

For
-cia,

gallows;

der.

L. patientia.
a cor-

PASTEUR,
doublet
It.
is

pastorem.

sm. a pastor, shepherd ; from L. Its For o = eu see 79.

;

= -ce

see 244.

Patience, sf
ruption of

(Bot.) herb-patience
patich.

patre, q. v. Pastiche, sm. imitation, pasticcio

pasticcio.
;

Low Germ,
;

from Patient,

Der.

adj. patient

from L. patientem.

patientex, impatient.

Pastille, sf. a pastille from L. pa still a, PATIN, sm. a high-heeled shoe, skate. See patte. Der. patinex, patineux. fem. form of pastillus. Pastoral, adj. pastoral; from L. pastoralis. Patine, sf patina (fine rust on coins). Origin

Der. pastorale
-ellus

(adj.

used substantively).

unknown.
suffer;
cp.

PASTOUREAU,

sm. a shepherd boy ;' for- P&tir, vn. to from pati; merly pastourel, from L. pastorellus *, mourir. dim. of pastor. For o = om see 81 for

from L. patiri*,

der.

moriri from mori,

see

= -eau

see 204.

Der.

(from O.Fr.

PATIS, sm.
pastis,

pasture

common

formerly
in

pastourel), pastoureWe (pastoral poetry).

from L. pasticium, found

supine of

medie-

i'Patach.e,

sf.

a 'patache' (kind of public

little

val Lat. documents.

coach), originally a
taigne and Sully.
*

vessel,

in
'

Mon-

pastum,

Pasticium is from pascere. Pasticium

becomes pastis by c = s, see amitie, then patis by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. it passed to that of carriage,' just as some public vehicles are called gondolas. Patache fP^tissier, smf a pastry cook; in l6th cent, pastissier, from It. pasticciere. Der. is a Spanish word. patissex, patissexxe. t Pat ate, sf. a Spanish potato ; from Sp. patata. Patois, S7n. a patois. Origin unknown. PATAU D, sm. properly a young dog with big Patraque, sm. a glmcrack, trumpery. Origin unknown. paws. See patte. PAT AUGER, vn. to dabble, splash. See patte. PATRE, sm. a herdsman formerly pastre, PATE, sf. paste formerly paste, from L. from L. pastor, by regular contr. (see pasta (in Marcellus Empiricus). For loss 50) of past6r (for pastor) to past*r of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. whence pastre, whence pdtre for loss of s Der. pate, patee, pdteux, paton, empdter. see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Pdtre is a doublet of pasteur (q. v.). While /)as/cwr is regularly Patelin, sm. a wheedler ; of hist, origin (see 33), the name of a celebrated chaderived from the objective case pastorem, racter in a I5th-cent. comedy. pdtre comes from the subjective case, with its Der. patelinex, patelinage, patelineax. final vowel shortened, see Hist. Gram. p. 95. Patelle, sf. (Conch.) a limpet from L. Patriarche, sot. a patriarch; from Gr.

From the

sense of vessel

patella.

TTarpiapxns.

Der.

patriarcaX, patriarcaX.

Pat^ne,
prayer
;

sf.

a paten
sf.

from L. patena.
a
paternoster,

Patrice,

PATENOTRE,
ternostre,

Lord's

Der.

SOT.

apatrician; from L. patricius.

patricizi, patricien.

formerly patenostre, originally pa- Patrie,s/.one'snativecountry;fromL.patria. from L. pater noster. For Patrimoine, sm. a patrimony; from L.

letter-changes see notre.

patrimonium.

266
Patriote, sm
Ti/s.

PATRIOTE
a patriot
;

PEC.
;

from Gr. mrpidj-

= Der.

palriotique, patriofismc.
;

Patron,
trom\.

patronus. Dcr. pcUromgt, patronnc, patronntx, pasf.

sm. a patron

from L.

tPatrouille,
touille
is

a patrol; altered from

patouille, the form used in i6th cent.

Pa-

PATTE,

from It. pathiglia. a paw. Origin unknown. Paliud, paUuger, pat'in.

sf.

Der.

PATURE,

animals), pasture sf. food (of formerly pasture, from L. pastura. Der. pdturex, /xl/wrage, paturon (der. from O. Fr. patvre, a cord to tether animals pasturing; hence comes the sense of the pastern, the part of the horse's leg to which the cord is fastened). PATURON, sm. a pastern. See pature. PAUME, sf, a palm ; formerly palme, from L. paliua. For al = au see agneau. Paume is a doublet of palme, q. v. Der. paume (jeu de), tennis, hand-fives; so called because the ball is hit by the palm of the hand.

sm. a poppy formerly paot, pao *, from L. papaver, by irregular loss of final r, whence papave, whence pao * by unusual loss of medial p. For B,v = au see aurone for au = o see 107; cp, clavus, which gives us O. Fr. do, whence clou. Pao, afterwards written paot, becomes very irregularly pavot by intercalating an euphonic v, see corvee. PAYER, va. to pay. Prov. pcigar. It. pagare, from L. pacare (properly to appease,
;

PAVOT,

to pay,

thence to pay). Pacare, signifying is found in several medieval Lat. documents, as ' Et si non pacaveirint, non tenentur plus commodare,' in the Leges Burgorum of Scotland, and in another passage of the same Scottish Ordinances 'Pacabit mercatori a quo praedicta mercimosatisfy,
:

nia emit,

secundum forum

prius statutum.*
;

PAUME (JEU
PAUPIERE, s/.

DE),

sf.

tennis.

See above.

Der. paumxer.

an eyelid; fromL.palpebra. For br = r see i68 ; for e = ie see 56; for al = au see agneau. Pause, sf a pause; from L. pausa. Its doublet is .pose, q. v. PAUVRE, adj. poor. Prov. pauhre. It. povero, from L. pauperus, an archaic form of pauper, by regular contr. (see 51) of paupSrus to paup'rus, whence pauvre; for p = i' see ill. Der. pauvrcsse, appauvrir, pauvret, pauvrette. PAUVRETE, sf. poverty from L. paupertatem. For -tatem = -te see abbe for p = v see III for transposition of r see

of medial c, see affouage for a = ai see 51. Der. paye (verbal subst.) ; payemtnt, payem, payable, impaynhle. PAYS, sm. a country. It. paese, from L. pagensis * (in the phrase ' ager pagensis,' der. from pagus, a district, canton, properly the territory of a canton). For extension of meaning see 12. Pagensis, regularly reduced (see aine and 163, 206) to pagesis, becomes pais, then pays. For loss of medial g see allier; for e = t see lyer, paysan, paysage, depayser. 59. PAYSAGE, sm. a landscape. See pays. Der. paysagiste. PEAGE, sm. a toll, Prov, pezatge, Ix.pedaggio, from L. pedaticum *, found in meIn pedadieval Lat. documents as in tico quod per aquam accipitur, duae partes monachorum,' from erunt meae tertia a Charter of a.d. 1164, Pedaticum is

For

loss

'

dprete.

fPavane,s/.pavan,a solemn
in

dance; brought

Pedaticum becomes der, from pedem, for -aticum = -age see age for peage loss of medial d see accabler. Der. peag:

from Spain in from Sp. pavana.

PAVE,

Der, pavantr. sm^ a paving-stone, pavement.

va. to pave;

6th cent.

Pavane

is

er.

See

paver.

PAVER,

from

L.

pavare*,
Sp,

from pavire.

PAVILLON,
lon,

sm. a pavilion, tent,

pabeU

from L. papilionem, found in Pliny, For p=v see TertuUian and Vegetius. Pavilion is a III; for li = z7 see ceil.
It,

sm. skin formerly pel, from L. pelFor el = eau see agneau. Der. (from O. Fr. pel, to peel) peler. PEAUSSIER, sm. a skinner, Prov. pelicier. It. pelliciere, from L. pelliciarus *, der, from adi, pellicius, found in the Digest. Pellicidrius, contrd, regularly (see
;

PEAU,

lem..

for

doublet of papillon, q. v. fPavois, sw. a shield; from

52) to pell'ciarius, becomes peaussier: for ci = ss see el = eau see agneau Der. agencer for -arius = -ler see 198,
; ;

pavesse.

peausstt'ie.

Origin unknown,
to set

Dtr pavoisti (originally up emblazoned shields, whence later

.

\ "Pec,
reng

adj.

newly

salted (in the phrase ha-

pec);

introd.

from

Neth.

pehl,

to unfurl a flag).

pickled.

PECCA BLE
I

PELERIN,
dante.
iser.

267

Peccable,
bills.

adj.

peccable; from L.
sf.

peccaIt.

Der. pedandsme, pedanlei, pedant'

/. pedantry; from It.peac^'.

t Peccadille,
peccadiglio.

a peccadillo; from

Pedanterie,
danteria.

PECHE, PECHE,

See pecker. formerly pesche. sf. (Bot.) a peach It. persica, from L. persicum (found in Pliny and Columella), by regular contr. (see 51) of pirsicum to pers'cum, whence pesche. For rs = s see dos for c = ch see acharner; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Peche is a doublet oi pers/.

fishing.

t P6dantes que,
pedantesco.

pedantic; from

It.

Pedestre,
tris.

adj. pedestrian

from L. pedes;

P6diculaire, sf

(Bot.) lousewort from L. pedicularius, from pediculus. PMicule, sm. (Bot.) a stipe; from L. pe-

sique, q.v,

Der. pSchev.
;

Pedicure,
For

PECHER,

vn. to sin

from L, peccare.

cc = c/f see acharner; for a = e see 54. Der. peche (partic. subst., L. peccatum).

diculus, dim. of pedem. Der. pedicule. sm. a comcutter a word formed from the two Lat. words cur a and pedis. Pedoncule, sm. (Bot.) a stalk from L.
;

pedunculus.

PfiCHER, sm.

from L. pectinem, by regular contr. (see 51) of p6ctinem to pect'nem, whence peine*. For ct = ?V see attrait. Peine* later htcomes peigne for n =gn see cligner. PEIGNER, va. to comb. Sp. peinar. It. (verbal subst.). pettinare, fr6m L. pectinare, by regular PECHERESSE, sf. a sinner (female): Prov. contr. (see 52) of pectinare to pect'peccairitz, It. peccatrice, from L. peccatricem (found in St. Jerome). For cca = nare, whence peiner*. For ct it =i see for tr = r attrait. Peiner * later becomes peigner; che see acharner and 54 for n=gn see cligner. Der. peignoir, see 168; for i = e see 71; for c = peigneuT, peignier, peignure. js see amide. formerly pe- PEINDRE, va. to paint PECHEUR, sm. a sinner from L. pingere. For -ingere = -eindre see ceindre. ch'eur, originally pecheor, Sp. peccador. It. For PEINE, sf. peccatore, from L. peccatorera. punishment, pain, trouble; For from L. poena. For oe = ^ see 105; coo, = che see acharner and 54. letter-changes of -atorem = -^r see emfor e = ei see 59. "Dex. peiner, pen\h\e. PEINTRE, sm. a painter from L. pictor, pereur. PfeCHEUR, sm. a fisherman ; formerly pesthrough pinctor* in rustic Lat., which cheiir, originally pescheor, Sp. pescador, It. intercalates n under influence of the p.p. pescatore, from L. piscatorem. For i = f pinctus, see concombre. Pinctor, contrd. For regularly (see pdtre) to pinct'r, becomes see 71; for c = cA see acharner. details of -atorera = -ir see etnpereur. peintre. For ct = ^ see 168 for i = e see
; ;

See peche. PECHER, va. to fish formerly pescher, Sp. pescar, from L. piscare. For i = e see for loss 71; for ca = che see acharner Der. peche of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81.
a peach-tree.

PEIGNE,

Der. pedoncule. sm. a comb. Sp. peine.

It.

petdtie,

Der. pecherie.

t P6core,
1

sf 6th cent, from

an animal
It.

introd. in the

PEINTURE,
PELAGE,

pecora.

ei, see 59. sf painting; from L. pictura, which becomes pinctura, see psintre. For

71

whence

Pectoral,
ralis.

adj. pectoral;

from L. pecto-

P6culat, sw.
tus.

peculation; from L, pecula-

P6cule, sm. peculium.

a stock

of

money; from

L.

pinct- =peint- see peintre. sm. colour of the hair, coat (of animals) from L. pilaticum *, der. from pilus. Pilatictim becomes pelage. For -aticum = -age see age for i = ^ see 7 1
;

Pleune,

sf cash

from L. pecunia.

Der.

PELE-MfiLE,

pecuma.\Te.

adv. pell-mell ; formerly pesle^ mesle, properly to move (meler) with a shovel (pelle). For etymology see pelle
va.

PedagOgie,

sf pedagogism ; from Gr. iraiSaycoyia. Der. pedagogique. Pedagogue, sm. a pedagogue; from L.

and meler.

PELER,

to hair, scald (pigs)

i

pilare.

For

see 71.

paedagogus. Pedale, sf a pedal from L. pedalis, from pedem. t Pedant, sm. a pedant; from It.
;

der.

PELER, va. to PELERIN, sm.

skin.

Der. pehde. See peau. Der.

from L.
pelure.

pe-

Prov. pelegrin. It. pellegrino, Sp. peregrino, from L. peregrinus *, a pilgrim in medieval Lat. docua pilgrim.

26S

PJ^LERINE-^PENTA METRE.
PENDELOCiUE,
sf.

pendre and loque. PENDRE, va. to hang from L. pendere, by contr. (see 51) of pendSre to pen'dire. Der. pente (strong partic. subst., see absoute), pendint, pendente, penddoqae, pendiWer, pendMe, pendznx, pendzhon. Pendule, sm. a pendulum; from L. penpelerinzge, pelerine. dulus*. Der. pendule (sf. a clock, proPELERINE, sf. a pilgrim's mantle. perly a clock with a pendulum). See pelerin. PfeNE, sm. a bolt (locksmiths') formerly pesne, originally pesle, from L. pessulum Pelican, sm. a pelican; from L. pellicanus. (found in Plautus). FessMum, regularly PELISSE, sf. a pelisse; formerly pelice, It. contrd. (see 51) to pes'lum, becomes pellicia, from L. pellicia. For -cia = -ce pesle (a form used by Villon) pesle be=^sse see 273. comes pesne (for / = see quenouille) pesne PELLE, sf. a shovel. It. pala, from L. pala. lastly becomes pene, by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. For a = see 54. Its doublet is pale, Der. pellet, pellet^t (from O. Fr. verb P6n6trable, adj. penetrable; from L. peq. V. pelleter), pellet 6e. netrabilis. Der. penetrabilite, impenePELLETIER, sm. a furrier der. from O. Fr. trable. for whose origin see peau. pel, Der. pel- P6n6tration, sf penetration; from L. pe;

ments; properly a traveller. For change of meaning see 12. Feregrinus (by gr = r, see 168) becomes ptlerin, for pererin, by dissimilation (see 169) and by r = /, see autel. This origin is confirmed by the fact that Sanctus Feregrinus (Bishop of Auxerre, died A.D. 304) was called in Fr, Saint Pelerin. Der.

a pendant,

drop.

See

lettx'xt.

netrationem.
sf.

Pellicule,

a pellicle;

from L. pellicula. P6n6trer, va. to penetrate; from L. pene^trare.

pELOTE,
lotta,

/. a ball ; formerly pilote. It. pilfrom L. pila^ through a dim. pilotta. Pilotellus is found (7th cent.)
der.

Der.

penetrant, penelratif, penetre.

in Isidore of Seville.

see 71. Der. pelottx, peloton, peloionner.

i

For

PENIBLE, adj. painful. See peine. t P 611 i che, sf. a pinnace; from Engl,
nace.

pin-

PELOTONNER,
thread,
etc.).

va. to

wind into

(meaning a group together, a knot).

See pelote. of persons

Der.

balls (of

P6nicill, adj. (Bot). pencil-shaped; from L. penicillum. peloton P6llinsule, sf. a peninsula; from L. peninsula.

gathered

Penitence,
tentia.

s/.

penitence; from L. poeni-

fPelouse,
thick-set,

s/.

lawn; from Prov. pelos,

being close
turf.

close, pelouse

see 244. penitencier, penitenceiie, impenitence.

For -tia = -ce

adj.

Der.

Pelos

is

from L. pilosus.
Prov. pelut, Sp. peludo,

PELU,

adj. hairy.

P6nitent, tentem.

Der.

penitent; from L. poenipenitentizire, impenitent.

;

from L. pilutvi3 *, der. from pilum. For -utu8 = - see 201 for i = see 71. PELUCHE, sf. plush. It. peluccio, from L. piluccius*, der. from piltun. For i = e
;

Penne, sf
pennzgt.

a feather

from L. penna.

Der.

PENNON,
which

steadies

see 71.

Der. pelucher, ^pluchcr.

sm.pl.
penates,

P^nombre,
Its

sm. a pennon (properly the feather an arrow) ; from L. penna. sf. a penumbra; from L. paene

PELURE,
P6nal,

adj.

sf peel, paring. See peler. penal; from L, poenalis.

and umbra. Penser, vn. to

doublet
is

think;

from L. pensare.

Der. penality.

pauser, q. v.

Der. pens&xr,

tP6nates,

household

pensee (verbal

subst.), pensif.

gods; from L. penates.

PENAUD, adj. sheepish, abashed. See peine. PENCHER, va. to stoop, incline; from L.
pendicare
from pendere, by re(see 52) of pendicare For dc to pend'care, whence pencher. = c see adjuger for ca = che see acharner.
*, der.

Pension, s/. nem. Der.

a pension;

from L. pensio-

pensionnzire, pensionnzt, pen-

sionntx.

tPenSum,

sm. a task (school);

from L.

gular contr.

pensum. Its doublet is poids, q. v. Pentacorde, sm. (Mus.) a pentachord;

Der.
:

pench3.nt.

Pentagone,

from Gr. irevraxopSos. sm. a pentagon;

nevrdyajvos.

from Gr.
;

PENDANT,
(prep.

sm. a pendant, counterpart. See pendre.

pendant l' affaire

= pendente re
'

Der.

affair

hanging,

pendant
').

Pentamdtre,
jrtvTafierpos,

i.

sm. a pentameter e. arixos.

from Gr.

PENTANDRIE
Pentandrie,

PSRIPA T^TICIEN.
regular contr.

26g
perdere
perte

from sf. (Bot.) pentandria ; Gr. ttcVtc and dvrip. it Pentapole, sf. a pentapolis ; from Gr. irevraiToXis.

perd're.

Der.

(see 51) of

to

perdzhle,

(strong

partic. subst., see absoute).

PERDRIX,
dicem.

Pentateuque,

sm. the Pentateuch; from Gr. TTCvTOTeuxos (sc. ^i^Kos). PENTE, sf. a slope, descent. See pendre. Pentecdte, sf. Pentecost, Whitsuntide; from
Gr. TTevTTjKoaTTi
(sc. Tjfxepa).

from L. persf. a partridge; For c = see amiiie; for addi-

tion of r see chanvre.

Der. perdrtzn.
=r
see
;

P6RE,
B.

sm. a father
see

from L. patrem.
for tr

For

=e

54;

168.

Der. compere.
;

P6nultidine,
penultimus.

adj.

penultimate

from Gr. Prgrination,

sf.

peregrination

from L.

peregrinationem.

Pnurie,
from
It.
sf.

tP6otte,
PEPIE,
pepida.

sf penury; from L. penuria. sf. a peotta, Adriatic gondola;

Peremption, sf.
limitation;

(Legal) the being barred by

peotta.

from L. peremptionem. P6reniptoire, adj. peremptory; from L.

perfectible; from L. perfectibilis, der. from perfectus. pituita (found in Columella and Pliny). For consonification ofu see ^anwVr, whence Perfection, sf perfection from L. perfectionem. Der. perfectionntr. pitvita, whence pivita; for tv = v see Hist. Gram. p. 8i. Pivita becomes pepie Perfide, adj. perfidious; from L. perfidus. by dropping medial t, see aigu the change Pepie is a doublet Perfidie, sf. perfidy; from L. perfidia. of V into p is unusual. oi pituite, q. v. Perforer, va. to perforate; from L, perDer. perford^lxon. PEPIN, sm. a pip, kernel. Origin unknown. forare. Der. pepimere, pepinieriste. P6riantlie, sm. (Bot.) perianthium from *) P^plum, sm. a peplum, Greek robe; Gr. vpiav6r)s. from L. peplum. P6ricarde, sm. (Anat.) the pericardium; PERCALE, sf a cambric muslin. Origin from Gr. Trfpiicap^iov. unknown, Der. percal'me. P6ricarpe, sm. (Bot.) a pericarp from L.
It.

Prov. the pip (disease of birds). pipita. Port, pevide, from L.

peremptorius. Perfectible, adj.

Percepteur,
etc.);

sm.

collector

(of taxes,

pericarpum.
;

from L. perceptorem. P6ricliter, vn. to be in danger from L. adj. perceptible from L. periclitari. perceptibilis *, der. from perceptum, P6ri6ciens, sm.pl. perioeci; from Gr.rrfptDer. perceptibillte. supine of percipere. OIKOS. Perception, sf perception; from L. per- P6rig6e, sm. (Astron.) perigee ; from Gr.

Perceptible,

ceptionem.

TTfpiyeios.

PERCER,

(Astron.) a perihelion ; from and ijKios. PERIL, sm. a peril, danger from L. periculum. For -iculum = -z7 see 257. PERCEVOIR, va. to collect (taxes, etc.); PERILLEUX, adj. perilous; from L. perifrom L. percipere. For letter-changes culosus, by regular contr. (see 52) see apercevoir. of periculosus to peric'losus, whence for -osus PERCHE, sf. a pole, perch from L. pertica, perilleux. For cl = il see abeille = -eux see 229. by regular contr. (see 51) of p6rtica to pert'ca, whence per'ca (see adjuger), Perimer, vn. (Legal) to be barred by limithen perche (see acharner). Der. perchtr, tation from L. perimere. perchoir. P6rimdtre, sm. (Geom.) perimeter; from PERCHE, sf. (Ichth.) a perch from L. perca. Gr. irepifieTpos (sc. ypa/i/xri). For ca = che see acharner and 54. P6riode, sf a. period; from L. perioPerclus, adj. impotent; from L. perdus. clusus. P6riodique, adj. periodical; from L. periPercussion, sf. percussion: from L. perod icus. Der. periodicite. cussionem. P6rioste, sm. (Anat.) periostium from Gr. Perdition, sf perdition; from L, perdivepioaTfov. tionem (found in St. Jerome). P6ripat6ticien, sm. a Peripatetician from PERDRE, va. to lose from L. perdere, by Der. pt'ripateiismG. Gr. TiepnraTqriKos.
va. to pierce.

Origin unknown. Der. percee (partic. subst.), perce (verbal subst.), percement, perce-ho\s, perce-feuxWe, perce-neige, perce-oreille, pergok, tTznspercer.

P^rihelie, sm.
Gr.
TTfpi

270
P6rip6tie,
from Gr.
sf.

pSripStieperspica ce.
a
;

revolution, catastrophe; Perp6tuit6, sf. a perpetuity from L. perpetuitatem. (Geom.) periphery; from Perplexe, adj. perplexed; from L. persf. Gr. vfptipipfia. plexus. P6riphrase, sf. a periphrasis; from Gr. Perplexit6, sf. a perplexity; from L. perir(pi(ppa<xis. Der. periphraser. plexitatem. P6riple, sm. a periplus, circumnavigation Perquisition, sf. a perquisition from L. from Gr. irf piirXoos. perquisitionem. P6ripneuinonie, sf. (Med.) peripneu- PERRON, sm. a flight of stone steps. See monia from Gr. vfpiwfvfiovia. pterre. P6riptdre, sm. (Archit.) a periptery ; from tPerroquet, sm. aperroquet; from It.
irfpiirirfia.

P6riph6rie,

Gr. TTfpilTTfpOV.

P^RIR,

vn. to

perish;

from L. perire.

perrochelto.

Der. perruche.
chintz
;

t Per ruche, sf

Der. perisszxiX, /icWssable. P6risciens, sm. pi. periscians;

ttfpiaKioi.

tPerruque,
from Gr.
;

parruca.
(see

Der. perriiqmer, perruqjAere.

Persian
a

See perroquet. a parrot. sf a wig, peruke; from It.

of
hist,

Perse, sf
(Archit.) a peristyle

origin
in

Peristyle, sm.

from

33),

fabric

originally

made

from Pers6cuter, va. to persecute; from L. persecutari *. Der. /w'secw/ant, perseaiteur, persecution. FERLE, sf. a pearl. Port, perola, from L. pirula, der. from pinim, from the form of Persv6rer, vn. to persevere; from L. certain pear-shaped pearls. For i = e see perse ver are. Der. persevdrznt, perseverance. 71, whence penUa, found (7th cent.) in Isidore of Seville. Perula, regularly Persicaire, sf. (Bot.) persicaria from L. contrd. (see 51) to per'la, becomes persicaria*, der. from persica, q. v. Der. perhx, perU. perle. Persienne, sf. a window-blind, properly Permanent, adj. permanent from L. persane; of hist, origin (see 33), a fashion introduced from Persia. permanentem. Der. permanence. In the 1 7th cent, the form was persien, not person. Permeable, adj. permeable; from L. perDer. permeabilhe, imperme- Persifler, va. to quiz. meabilis. See siffler and para;

Gr. vfpioTvKov. P6ritoine, sm. (Anat.) a peritoneum Gr. TTfpiTcvaios (sc. v/xrjv).

Persia.

able.

chever for the prefix per.

va. to permit
;

Der.
;

persij^zge,

Permettre,
mittere.

from L. per-

persifieuT.

PERSIL, sm. (Bot.) parsley from L. petroTitr.permxs (partic. subst.). selinum. The Greek accent (ireTpoae\i 71. Permission, sf. permission; from L. pervov) has in this word supplanted the Latin missionem. (petroselmum). Petros61inum is reguFor

mittere

mettre

see

Permutation,

sf.

permutation

from

L.

permutationem.

larly contrd. (see 52") to petr'selinum, whence persil. For loss of last two atonic

Permuter,
mutare.

Der. permutznt.
adj.
;

va. to permute; from L. per-

vowels see 50, 51; for tr = r see arriere; for e = i see 59. Der. /erszTlade,
persill4.

Pernicieux,
perniciosus.
229.

pernicious;

from
see

L.

For -08Via = -eux

Persique,
persicus.

adj.

(Archit.) Persian;

from L.

P6ron6, sm. a fibula, clasp from Gr. rrfpovT]. Persister, vn. to persist; from L. persisP6roraison, sf. a peroration from L. tere. Der. persistant, persistence. perorationem. For letter-changes see Per Sonne, sf a person from L. persona.
;

oraison.

Der. personn&ge,
cation.

persoftniHeT, personnifi-

P6rorer,
rare.

va. to perorate;
adj.

from L. pero-

Personnel,

adj. personal:

from L.

per-

Perpendiculaire,
dicularii4i.

from L. perpendicularis.

Der. perpen;

perpendicular

sonalis.
iser.

Der.

personnalite, personnal-

Perspectif,
va. to perpetrate
va.
.

adj. perspective;
der.

Perptrer,
petrare.

from L. perfrom
L.

spectivus *,

from

from L. perperspectus.
;

Der. perspective.

Perp6tuer,
perpetuare

Der.

to

perpetuate;

Perspicace,

adj.

perspicacious

from L.

perpeiuntion, perpetud.

perspicacem.

Der. perspicacite.

PERSPIC UITS
Perspicuity,
sf.

PHA LA NGE.
Petiole,

271
from L. petiolus.
Der.

perspicuity; from L. per-

spicuitatem.

Der.
nem.

adj. petiolate;
petiole.

Persuader,
suadere.

vn. to persuade

from L. per- PETIT,

adj. small.

Origin unknown.
ra/>e/isser.

petitement, petitesse, upetisser,

sf.

Persuasion,
suasionem.

persuasion; from L. per-

Petition,

Der. persuasif. PERTE, sf. loss. See perdre and absoute. Pertinent, adj. pertinent; from L. pertinentem.~Der. periinencc. PERTUIS, sm. an opening, hole, strait ; from
L.

Der.

sf.

a petition; from L. petitiopetitionner, petitionnzire.

little foot.

PETON,
P6tree,

sm. a

See pied.
a scallop
;

P6toncle, sm. (Conch.)

pectunculus.
adj. stony;

from L.

from L. petraeus.

pertusus.
It.

For
sf.

u = ui

see buis.

PETREL,

fPertuisane,
from

a partisan (halberd);

Perturbateur,
Perturbation,

partigiana. sm. a disturber;

perturbation;

Origin unknown. P6trifier, va. to petrify; from L. pet rificare *, der. from petra. Der. petrificz-

sm. a petrel.

from L.
from L.

^tion.

perturbatorem.
sf.

PETRIN,
pestrin,

sm. a kneading-trough

formerly
i

from L, pistrinum.
for loss of s see Hist.

For

e see

perturbationem.

^ 71

Gram.

p. 81.

PERVENCHE,
L.
for

sf (Bot.)

pervinca. ca = che see acharner and

adj.

periwinkle; from For in = e see 71

;

PETRI R,

54.
'

Pervers,
sus.

perverse;

from L. perverfrom L. per-

Perversion,

sf.

a perversion;

formerly /les/n'r, from L. pisturire *, der. from pistura, act of kneading corn for bread. Pisturire is contrd. (see 52) to pist'rire, whence For i = e see 72 ; for loss of pestrir. s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. petrissva. to

knead

v^ionem.
Perversity,
sf.

age.

perversity;

versitatem.

Pervertir,
vertere.

va. to pervert;

from L. per- P6trole, sm. petroleum, properly rock-oil; from L. petra and oleum. from L. per- Petulance, sf petulance; from L. petu-

For e

PESANT,
$antt\\x.

adj.

heavy.

see 59. See peser.

Der.

lantia.
pe-

P6tulant,
tem.

adj. petulant;

from L. petulan-

PESER, vn. to weigh^ press hard; from L. PEU, adv. little. Vrov. pauc, It. poco, from L. pensare. For ns = s see a^e. Its doublet paucus. For loss of e see ami; for au = o
is

panser, penser, q.

v.

Der, peset

(partic.

see

106

subst.), pesQMX, peson, pese-liquem, pese-\a.it,

etc.

PEUPLADE,
See peupler. PEUPLE, sm.

then for o = eu see 79. sm. a people, colony, horde.

a
people,

Pessimiste,
simus.

sf a pessimist; from L. pes-

nation

from L.

populus, by
plague, pest; from L. pestis.
adj. pestiferous;

Peste,

sf.

populus
o = eu

regular contr. (see 51) of to pop'lus, whence peuple. For

Der. pester.

Pestif^re,
ferus.

Der. pesHfere.

from L. pestifrom L, pesti-

Der. peupltr, peuphde, see 79. d^peupler, repeupler. PEUPLIER, sm. a poplar-tree; from O. Fr.
peuple.

Pestilence, sf
lentia.

pestilence;

Peuple

is

from L. populus, by

Pestilent, adj. pestilent; from L. pestipop'lus, whence peuple. For o = eu see lentem. Der. pesiilentitX. 79PET, sm. explosion, breaking wind from L. PEUR, sf fear formerly peiir, earlier peor, peditus, by regular contr. (see 51) of originally poor, Sp. pavor, from L. pavop^ditus to ped'tus, then by dt = /, see rem (for loss of medial v see a'ieul), hence O. Fr. paor, whence peor (for a = e see 168 and cp. /fr^^(perd'ta for perdita), = u see curee), lastly see also absoute. Der. pet&r, petzrd, petznd, 54), next peiir (for o /x^/audiere, petiWev. for peiir =peur see Hist. Gram. p. 53. Petale, sm. (Bot.) a petal from Gr, iripeureux. Der. rakov. Its doublet is poele, q. v. PEUT-feTRE, adv. perhaps. See etre and
;

regular contr. (see 51) of

populus

to

PETARD,
tardier.

sm. a petard.

See pet.Dtx. peSee pet.

potivoir.

PETILLER,

vn. to crackle, sparkle. Der. petilhnt, petiUement.

Pha6ton, stn. a Phalange, sf.

langem.

phaeton from L. phaeton. a phalanx; from L. pha;

%"]%

PHA RISIEN
a Pharisee
adj.
;

PISDESTAL.
Gr.
ique.

Pharisien, sm.
saeus.

from L. pharipharmaceutical;
;

<pvaioyvo}ixovia.

Der.

physiognomoti'

Pharmaceutique,
from Gr.
fiaxda.

Physiologie, sf
(pvortoXoyia.
logiste.

(papfw.KfVTiie6s.
sf.

Der.
sf.

physiology;

from Gr.
physio-

physiologiqae,

Pharmacie,

Der. pharmacien.
sf.

pharmacy

from Gr.
;

<pap-

Physionomie,
from
;

Pharinacop6,

pharmacopoeia

(pvcioyvojfxia for (pvaioyvoipLovia

Pharynx,
Phase, sf. Ph6bus,

Gr. (papfxaKOiToita. sm. (Anat.) the pharynx Gr. (papvy^.

a phase
;

siognomonie.

from

Physique,
(sc.

Der. physiognomiste. physics; from Gr. Der, physicien. T(x^v)./.

;

physiognomy; from Gr. see phy;

(pvatte^,

from Gr.

<p6.(fis.

Ph3rtolithe, sm. (Min.)

Gr. (pvTov and Xidos.

a phytolite

from

sm.

Phoebus, fustian,

bombast;
;

Ph6nicopt6re,
ipOlVlKOTTTtpOS.

from L. phoebus. sm. a flamingo

Phytologie, sf phytology
from Gr.
and Xoyos.

from Gr. (pvrdv from L. piacushow.

Piaculaire,
phoenix ; from Gr. <poivi^. sm. a phenomena ; from Gr.
laris.

adj. expiatory;

Ph6nix. sm. a Ph6noin6ne,

(paivofjiivov.

PIAFFER,
PIAILLER,
See 34.
"t

vn. to

Origin unknown.

Der.

make

ostentatious
piaffexxr.

Philanthrope,
lanthropique.

sm. a philanthropist ; from Gr. (piXavdpQjitos. Der. philanthropic, phi-

Der.

vn.

to

squall;

onomatopoetic.

piaillerie, piailleur.

Philharmonique,
Philhelldne,
<pi\\\rjv.

adj. philharmonic;

from

Gr. <pi\05 and dpfiovia.

smf. a philhellene
;

from Gr.

Philippique,

from Gr. a philippic; sf. ^iXiimiKos (sc. \6yos), from the speeches of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon. Philologie, sf. philology from Gr. (piXo\oyia. Der. philologue, philologiqne. Philomathique, adj. philomathic; from

Gr.

(piXof^adrjs.

See piano. sm. a piano; from It. piano. In sense of a keyed instrument piano is an abbreviation of the older name piano-forte, so called because the player can play loud or soft at pleasure. Piano is a doublet of plain, q. v. Der. pianiste. + Piastre, sf a piastre; from It. piastra. PIAULER, vn. to pule, whine; onomatopoetic. See ,:?4. Pic, sm. a woodpecker; from L. picus. It. picoDer. pic-vert (then piverl;
a pianist.

Pianiste, smf

Piano,

Philosophie,

from Gr. /. philosophy; <pi\o(To<pia. Der. philosophy, philosopher, philosoph\que, philosophisme, philosophal.

verde).

Philotechnique,
Gr. <Pi\6txvos.

adj.

philotechnic

from from

PIC, sm. a pike, pick-axe, thence a peak, properly a point of Celtic origin, Gael. pic. Der. picot. tPicor6e, s/; marauding; from Sp. picorea.

Philtre, sm. a
Gr. <piKTpov.

philter,

love-potion;

Der.
erie.

picorer, picoreur.

PICOTER,
phlebotomy; from Gr. Der. phlebotome, phlebotomsf.
;

Phl6botoniie,
<p\^0T0fiia.
iser.

piquer.

Der.

va. to pick,
picotin,

irritate,

tease. See picotement, picot-

PICOTIN,
;

sm. a peck (of oats).

See pic-

oter. Phonique, adj. phonic from Gr. (p<uvri. Phoque, sm. a seal from Gr. <p6}icrj. Pie, adj. Phosphore, sm. phosphorus; from Gr. PIE, sf a

(pooacpopos.

Der.

phosphor'] que,

phosphite, phosphoreux, phosophorescent, phosphor<j>pd<Tis.

escence.

sf a phrase; from Gr. Der. phraser, phrasier. Phras6ologie, sf. phraseology;

(ppafTfoXoyia.

Phrase,

pious; from L. pi a. magpie, pie from L. pica (found in Pliny). For loss of medial c see ami. Der. chewz\-pie, pigeon-pie, piette. Fl^CE, sf. a piece from L. petium (used of a piece of land in a document of a.d. 768). Origin unknown. Petium becomes piece
;

from Gr.
<p9'iai$.

for

= ie

agenfer.
;

Der.

see 56; for -tium depecer, rzpiecer.

= -ce

see

Phthisie,

Der. phthisiqae.

sf consumption

from Gr.

PIED, sm. a foot; from L. pedem. e = ie see 56. Der. contre-pied,

For
piedIt.

PhylactSre, sm.
(pvXaKTTjpiov

a phylactery;

from Gr.

a-terre, pieter.

fPi^destal,
sf physiognomy; from
piedestallo.

sm. a pedestal;

from

Physiognomonie,

PISdOUCHE

PINCEA
Der.
PIGEON,

U.
Pifre
is

273
from
It.

I Pi^douche,
from
It.

SW2.

(Archit.) a piedouche

puffed-out cheeks.
s'empiffrer.

piffero

peduccio.
a
snare.
It.

PIEGE,

L. sf. pedica, by regular contr. (see 51) of pediea to ped'ca, whence piege. For

pedica, from

dc=^

see adjnger; for

sf.

PIE-GRIECHE,
grieche.

e = ie see 56. See (Ornith.) a shrike.

pia mater,

sm. a pigeon ; from L. pipionem, by regular consonnification of io into jo (see abreger), whence pip'jonem, whence For pj=j pigeon, see Hist. Gram. p. 65. and ige see abreger. Der, pigeonnier,

pigeo?ine^n.

Pie-mdre, sf. (Anat.) the PIERRE, sf. a stone. Prov.

It.

fPignon,
It.

sm.

a kernel,

a gable;

from

peira, Cat. pedra,

pignone.

from L. petra. For tr = rr see t Der. pierrex, 168; for e = ie see 56.
pietra,

Pilastre,
It.

sm. (Archit.) a pilaster; from

a pillau (of rice);

pilastro.

pierreue, pierrier, tmpierrtr, perron, perriere, perre.

t Pilau, sm.
origin ( 31),

of Oriental

Turk, pilau.
;

PIERREUX,
For -osus

adj. stony

= -?/
lit,

see

from L. from L.. petrosus. Pile, sf. a pile, pier (of bridge) Der. empiltx, pilier, pilot (whence pi la. 229; for petr- =

pierr- see pierre.

pilotis, pilotex).

Pierrot, sm. (i)

a 'little Peter,' a peasant,

;

then a clown dressed like a peasant (2) a sparrow. For this application of a man's
It is a to that of birds see jacasser. dim. of Pierre. Piete, sf. piety; from L. pietatem. For -tatein = -/e see 230. Its doublet is pitie, q. V.

PILE, PILE,
pile

sf. sf.

mortar
'

from L. pila,
tails.'

Der. pilon.
the phrase Origin un-

reverse (of coins),

in

ou face,
to

heads or

name

known. FILER, va.

Der.
1

pound small
pilenx.

from L. pilars.

pilo'xx,

PILIER, sm.

a pillar.

See

pile.

Der. pietiste.
va.

+ Pilier,
See

va. to pillage, ransack; introd. in

PIETER,
pied.

to dispose to resistance.

6th cent., with

It.

many

from

pigliare.

Der.

other military terms, pilUge, pilhxd,

PIETINER,
ment.

va. to tread underfoot; der. from Der. pietineO. Fr. pieein, dim. of pied.

pillerie.

PILON,

sm. a pestle.
a pillory.

PILORI, sm.
;

See piler. Origin unknown.

PIETON, sm. a pedestrian from L. pedi- fPilote, sm. a pilot; from It. pilota. Der. pilotex, pilotage, pilot'm. tonem*, der. from peditare, 'to go afoot,' in 6th-cent. Lat. documents. Peditonem, PILOTIS, sm. pile-work. See pile (l).
contrd. (see 52) to ped'to- Pilule, sf. a pill; from L. pilula. becomes pieton. For e = ie see PIMBfiCHE, sf. an impertinent girl. unknown. 56; for dt = / cp. perdita, perd'ta, perte; vendita, vend'ta, vew^e; rendita*, PIMENT, sm. pimento, capsicum
regularly

nem,

Origin

PITRE,

rend'ta, rente. adj. poor, sorry ; from L. pedestris, properly that goes afoot,' hence humble, poor; lastly, wretched. Pedestris, losing medial d (see accahler), becomes For e = i see 59; for loss of s fietre. see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. pietrement,

in the ; middle ages a spiced aromatic drink, then

later spice, specially pepper.
earlier sense
is

Piment

in the

from L,

pigmentum,

juice

of plants, drug, in Caelius Aurelianus, For gni = m see 168. Piment is a doublet of pigment. PIMPANT, adj. smart, sparkling. Origin un-

pieirerie.

known,
(Ornith.) a weasel-coot.
;

PIETTE, sf
I

PIEU, sm.
It.

from It. pimpinella. For a = e see PIN, sm. a pine from L. pinus. For e = ie tPinacle, sm. a pinnacle; introd. in l6th 54; hence pel, whence piel. see 56. For / = Piel becomes pieu. cent, from It. pinacolo. see agneati. Its doublet is pal, q.v. fPinasse, sf. a pinnace; from It. pin'
a stake
in 1 6th cent, pimpenelle,
;

See pie. formerly pel, Prov. pal,

Pimprenelle, sf

(Bot.) the pimpernel

palo, from

L. palus.

PIEUX,
plus,
for

adj. pious

from L. plus. For

see

s=

deux.

formerly pieus, originally u= eu see beugler;

Y)er.pieuse,pietisement.
as l6th-cent. Fr.

accia.

PINCEAU,

PIFFRE, sm.
cheeked
;

a fat person, properly fat, full-

the same

word
;

pifre, a flute-player, fifer

hence a

man

with

sm. a painter's brush, pencil formerly pincel, from L. penicillum, by regular contr. (see 52) of penieillum to pen'oillum, whence pincel. For for 1 = see "72 ; for 6 = I see 59
;

274
el

PINCER
see

PITEUX,
stn.

= eau

agneau.

Der.

(from

O. Fr. Piquet,

piquet (cards). Origin

a

unknown

pincel) pincehtx.

Pirate, sm.
pizzare, of
intercalated

pirate;

from L. pirata.
superl.)

PINCER, va. to pinch. Venet. Germ origin, Neth. /)//stf. For

n
(J>icer*,

Der. piratex, piratexxe.

Der. pince
subst.),

(verbal

then pincer) see subst.), pitted (partic.

concombre.

PIRE, from

adj.

(conip.

and

worse

L.

pejor,

by

regular

contr.

(se(

pinf on.

50) of pej6r to pej'r, whence pire by assimilating j (see aider) and by e =

(see 59). tweezers, tongs ; dim. of Der. empirex. sf. See pincer. t Pirogue, sf a pirogue (boat) from Sp piroga. sm. a penguin; from Engl. penguin. PIROUETTE, sf a pirouette. Origin un known. Der. pirouettex. Pinnule, sf. a pinule; from L. pinnula. PINSON, sf. (Ornith.) a finch ; formerly pin- PIS, adv. (comp. and superl.) worse from L. pejus, by regular contr. (se( fon, dim. of a root pine, of Celtic origin,
pince.
;

PINCETTE,

tPingOuin,

Kymri

pine.
sf.

tPintade,
PINTE,
pint.
sf.

pintado,

guinea-fowl;

50) of pejus to pej's, whence pis bj e = i (see 59), and by assimilation of;

from Sp. pintada.

a pint
;

(see aider).

For the etymology of this word see above. PIOCHE,* sf. a pickaxe; der. from pic Piscine, sf a piscina; from L. piscina. whence picoehe, Pis6, sm. (Archit.) pise; partic. subst. ol (q. v.), by the suffix -oche whence pioehe. For loss of c see affouage. piser, which is from L. pisare. PISSER, vn. to make water. Der. piocher. Origin un^ PION, sm. a pawn, lit. a foot-soldier. Pion, known. Der. pissoix, pissotex, pissotihxe
PIS, sm. worst.

of Germ, origin, Engl.

Germ,

pinte.

used as late as the 17th cent, for a footsoldier, is in Sp. peon. It. pedone, from L. pedonem * (a foot-passenger, in late Lat.

pissenlit.

Pistache, sf

from L. pistus. Pistil, sm. (Bot.) a pistil from L. pistillus Pion Pistole, sf a pistole. Origin unknown, see aecabler for e i see 59. is a doublet of pedon, peon, q. v. Der. t Pistolet, sm. a pistol from It. pistola. pionner, pionmtx. Piston, sm. a piston; from L. pistonem *, PIONNIER, sm. a pioneer. See pion. der. from L. pistare. PIPE, sf. a pipe reed-pipe, then PITANCE, sf. pittance ; properly the portion properly a a metal-pipe, whence the sense of a liquid given to a monk at each meal. Still used In its measure, then a barrel of wine. in this sense in the language of the monoriginal sense of a tube, nozzle, (which is astery. Pitance, It. pietanza, is from L. the sense of pipe in the oldest Fr. documents, pietantia, a monk's meal, in medieval and has remained in the deriv. pipeau, a Lat. documents as in 'Nos frater Johannes shepherd's pipe,) it is the verbal subst. of the Abbas pietantiae modus et ordo sic verb piper, which is from L. pipare. Der. conscripti observentur. In primis videpipesiU. licet quod pietantiarius qui pro tempore PIPEAU, sm. a rural pipe, bird-call. See fuerit tenebitur ministrare,' from a 13thpipe. cent. charter. Watts, in his glossary on PIPER, va. properly to whistle, then to imiMatthew Paris, has 'Pietantiam alii tate birds in order to catch them, then to scribunt nam dapes suas ad pietatem deceive, to cheat. For etymology see pipe. ducebant.' Pietantia is from pietatem, Der.pipee (partic. subst.), pipeur, piperie. and signifies the product of the piety of the faithful. Similarly in the middle ages mis+ Pique-nique, sm. a picnic; introd. from Engl, picnic. ericordia was used for certain monastic PIQUER, vn. to prick; der. from pic, q. v. meals. We read in Matthew Paris, Ut Der. pique (verbal subst.), piquunt, piqudetestabiles ingurgitationes misericordiaier, piquette, piqueur, piqme, picoter (frerum in quibus profecto non erat miseriquent, of piquer cp. trembloter of tremcordia, prohiberentur.' Pietantia bebler), piquet (whence the sense of a troop comes pitance, as pietatem becomes pitie
a foot-soldier.)
;
:

documents, whence neiu becomes pion

;

tacium. Der. Pedo- Piste, sf. a trace

a pistachio nut
pistachiex.

from L.

pis-

for loss of medial d,

'

'

'

of cavalry, whose horses are fastened to the

sa

for tia

= ce

see agencer.

me

stake, piquet).

PITEUX,

adj. piteous.

Prov. pitos, Sp. pia-

TiTit
doso,
ful,
It.

PLAISIR.
Plagiat, sm.
atus*,
der.

275
plagiarism; from L. from plagium.

pietoso,
is

from L. pietosus
'

*,

piti-

plagi-

which

the original sense of the Fr.

word, afterwards worthy of pity', Pietosus, der. from pietas, is found in several medieval Lat. documents as in one of the 13th cent, we have 'Et certe nunquam visum fuit in aliqua civitate tarn enorme nee pietosum infortunium' Pietosus he:

PLAID, sm.

a plea, court-sitting, originally a

feudal assembly in

which

cases

were

tried,

then the
is

counsel's speech.
lingian

of a tribunal, then a Plaid, for a court of law, from L. placitiim * (so used in Carohearing

documents
'

plaeitum
for

is

the

last

comes piieux
for

{or -osvL8

= -eux

see
;

229;
pieIt.

word of the proclamation

ie

i,

cp.

pietantia, pitance

tat em, piete.

PITIE,
pieta,

sf.

pity,

compassion.

Sp. piedad.

from L.
;

sense in Suetonius).
see pileux

pietatem (found in this For pietatem =/>zV/e

-osus = -eiix see
q, v.

for

Pitie

is

a doublet of piete,
screw-ring.
adj. piteous.

Der.

2 29.

pi'oyer *,

whence

pitoyable, apitoyer.

PITON, sm. a PITOYABLE,

impitoyahle.

Origin unknown. See pitie. Der.

of these courts, quia tale est eitum.' Plaeitum, regularly contrd. (see 51) to plac'tum, becomes O. Fr. plait. For ct = it see attrait for plait = plaid see 117. Plaid is a doublet oi placite,q.v. Der. plaider (whence O. Fr. plaidoyer, from plaider a.s flamboyer from flamher, totirnoyer from tourner, etc. Plaidoyer has disappeared as a verb, but remains as an infinitive used substantively we have un
;

convocation nostrum pla-

+ Pittoresque,a^". picturesque; from It.

pittoresco.

Pituite,
ita.

sf.

phlegm, mucus; from L. pitudoublet

is

Its

pepie,

q. v.

Der.
See

pituitzite, pitutteux.

PIVERT,
pic.

sm. the green woodpecker.

a bullfinch
;

plaidoyer like un diner, un dejeuner, etc.). PLAIDEUR, sm. a litigant, suitor; from plaider. See plaid. PLAIDOIRIE, sf. a pleading. See plaidoyer. PLAIDOYER, sm. a barrister's speech. See plaider. Der. plaidoir'xe {for plaidoiere). PLAIE, sf. a wound from L. plaga. For loss of medial g see allier ; for a = ai see

PIVOINE, sm.

from L. paeonia.

formerly pioine, For ae = e see 104, whence peonia, whence pioine; for e i

54-

PLAIN,
is

adj.

even, level

from L. planus.
194.
Its

For -anus = -am see

piano, q. v.
va.

of see 59; for by Pioine becomes pivoine i see chanoine. by intercalating an euphonic v, see corvee. PIVOT, sm. a pivot. Origin unknown. Der.
attraction

o = oi

Der.

doublet

plaine, plain-chznt,

plain-pied.

PLAINDRE,

to pity,

grudge; from L.
contr.

pivoter,

PLACAGE,
plaquer.

sm. a plating (of metals). sm. a placard.

a place
;

See

PLACARD,
PLACE,
gular
sf.

See plaquer.

Der. placarder.

change

from L. platea, by reof platea to platia (see

place.

(see 51) of pl^ngere to plang're, whence plan're. Plan're becomes plaindre for nr = ndr Der. see absoudre; for a, = ai see 54. plainte (strong partic. subst. ; L. plancta. For -ancta = -am/g see affete). PLAINE, sf. a plain. See plain. Its doublet
:

plangere, by regular

is

abreger),

agencer.
placet.

Der.

whence

For -tia = -ce see

PLAINTE,
PLAIRE,
for

plane, q. v. sf. a complaint.

See plaindre

placer, placement, placiex,

put.

Der. plaintif.
vn. to please ; from L. placere, by displacement of the Lat. accent (placere

PLACER,

va. to place,

See place.

Der. emplacer * (whence emplacement and

remplacer).

+ Placet,
t

jPlacide,
I
i

sm. a petition; from L. placet. doublet is plait. adj. placid; from L. placidus. Der. placidite.
Its

placere), see Hist. Gram. p. 133. Pldcre, regularly contrd. to plac're (see 51), becomes plaire. For cr = r see benir, for the weakening of a into ai, see 54.
Plaire
is

a doublet of plaisir, q. v.
adj. pleasant.

Der.

plaisznt, plaisznce.

PLAFOND,

For etymology see plat and fond.

plafonner, plafonna.ge, plafonxieur.
;

sm. a ceiling; properly fond plat. Der.

PLAISANT,

See plaire. Der.

plaisanter, plaisanterie.

PLAISIR, sm.
employed

Plage, sf. sea-coast, coast from L. plaga. Plagiaire, sm. a plagiary; from L. plagiarius (found in Martial).
I

an infinitive O. Fr. verb For plaisir. Plaisir is from L. placere. a = ai see 54; for c = s see amitie; for
pleasure, delight,

substantively

of

276
e / see plaire, q. v.

PLAN
59.
flat,

PLIE.
platel.

Plaisir

is

doublet

of

der.

For el = eau see agtieau. Platel from plat, q. v.

sf
a plate.
sf.

Plan,
Its

adj. even,

plain; from L.

planus.
q. v.

PLATINE,
platino.

See plat.
platina;

Der. plan

doublets are plain, plane, piano,

(sm.), iplanir, planer.
a

tPlatine,
PLATRE,
L.

(Met.)
;

from Sp

from L. planca. 126 and 54. Der. planchex, plancMxex, planchette. PLANE, sm. a plane-tree from L. platanus.
plank;
see

PLANCHE, sf. For ca. = che

PldtSnus,
(see

sm. plaster

formerly piastre, fron

in

plastrum, found

Low

Lat.

docu

Plastrum is the same word a emplastrum, by losing the em. Foi

ments.
of
loss
s see Hist.

regularly contrd. to

plat'nus

Gram.

p. 81.

Ver.pl^tras

51), becomes plane; for tn

cp.

pldtrex, xeplatrer, pldtr'xhxe,

pldtnge, pldtr

ret'na rene, abrot'num ajirone. responding reduction is found of tm

A cor= m in
of

eux, pldtrier.

Plausible,
bilis.

<(;.

plausible

from L. plausi

rhythma,

rime.

Plane

is

doublet

Planer,
nare.

platane, q. v. vn. to hover (of birds).

PLANER,
doublet

Der.
is

va. to plane, trim

See plan. from L. pla-

Pldbe, sf. the L. plebem.

people, common folk ; fron Der. plebeien (from plebeia nus*, extended form of plebeius).

plane

(verbal

subst.,

Plandte,

plaine, q. v.), planem, planme. sf. a planet; from L. planeta.

whose Plebiscite, sf. a plebiscite, popular vote; from L. plebiscitum.

Pleiades, sf
lation)
;

pi. the

Pleiades (the constel

:

Der. planeiAke.

Planisphere,

sm. (Geogr.) a planisphere.

;

from Gr, TrXeiddts hence the wore pleiade is used for a meeting of seven persons.
sf. a pledge. Der. pleiger.

PLANTAIN,
of

See plan and sphere. sm. (Bot.) a plantain

from L. PLEIGE,

Origin

unknown.

plantaginem, by

plant%inem
For
see 54.

regular contr. (see 51) to plantag'nem, whence

see

PLEIN,
der.

plantain.

gn =
a

assener;

for

PLENIER, adj. plenary

iq8.

a = at

from L. plenus. from L. plenarius*. from plenus. For -arius == -zer set
adj. full
; ;

Plantation, ^.
plantationem.

plantation

from

L.

Plenipotentiaire,
;
;

adj.

plenipotentiary

from L. plenus and potentia. PLANTE, sf. a plant from L. planta. PLANTER, va. to plant from L. plantare. Plenitude, sf. plenitude; from
plant (verbal subst.), planta.ge, planteuT, planton, plantzrd, plan(;on, planton, d^planter, transplanter, replanter, implanter.

Der.

L. pleni-

tudinem, der. from plenus. P16onasnie, sm. a pleonasm

nK^ovaaiios.

from Gr,

P16th.ore, sf. a plethora, superabundance; from Gr. vXrjOdjpr}. Der. plethorique. plenture, which represents a fictitious Lat. PLEURER, va. to mourn, weep (for) from Der. L. plorare. For o = eu see 79. plenitura, der. from plenus, by regular pleur (verbal subst.), pleurard, pleureux, contr. (see 52) of plenitura to plen*pleurnicher, pleurnicheur. tura. For en. = an see andouille. PLAQUE, sm. a plate (of metal); of Germ, Pleur^sie, sf. (Med.) pleurisy; from Gr.

PLANTUREUX,

arf/ fertile

der.

from O.Fr.

origin, Flem. plache, Scottish plack. Der. plaquer, plaque, plaquette, plaqueur, plac-

TTkfvpiris, i.e. voaos.

age, plac3.Td.

PLEUTRE, sm. a coward. PL EU VOIR, vn. to rain

For

Plastique,

adj. plastic;

from Gr. nKacTifrom

It.

u = eM
;

see

Origin unknown. from L. pluere. beugler; for ere = oir see

;

Kus from n\d(T<Tiv,

accroire

for displacement of the Lat. accent for

t Plastron,
piastrone.

Der.
flat;

sm. a breastplate;
plastronner.

(pluere

pMere) see

Hist.

Gram.

p. 133,

PLAT,
platt.

Der.

adj.

of Germ,
(sm.),

origin,

Germ.
aplat'ir,

plat

platee,

platitude,

plat-hord,

plate-forme,

plate-

Pleuoir becomes pleuvoir by regularly intercalating an euphonic v, see corvee. Thus also the Lat. has pluvia, not pluia. Pldvre, sf (Anat.) pleura ; from Gr. vKfvp6v.

bande, plafond (for plat-fond). Platane, sm. a plane-tree; from L. platanus. Its doublet is plane, q. v. Der. platamste. PLATEAU, sm. a plateau, tray ; formerly

For
sf.

M^v see Janvier.

;

PLIE,

a plaice formerly plaie, Pla'is is from corruption of O.Fr, plais. L. platessa, found in Ausonius. Platessa,
(Ichth.)
losing
its

medial t (see abbaye), becomes

PLIERPOIDS.
pla'is.

277

For e
va. to

= /'see
;

59.

Plie

is

a doublet

the bird only reaches France in the rainy

season.

of plate.

PLIER,
loss
is

For bend from L. plicare. Its doublet of medial o see affouage.

q.v.

PLUVIEUX,
Pluviose,

adj. rainy

from L. pluviosus.
198.

ployer,

Der.

For -osus = -w see

pli

(verbal

subst.),

plieuT, pliable, plia.nt, pliok, plia.ge, rtplier,

deplter.

Plinthe,
found
der.

sf.

a plinth;

from L. plinthus,
from L. plietiare *, For ct = / see 168;

sm. Pluviose (5th month in the Republican Calendar, 20 Jan. to 18 or 19 Feb.); from L. pluviosus. Pneumatique, adj. pneumatic ; from Gr.
-nviViJixniKos.

in Vitruvius.

PLISSER,
for

vn. to plait
see

Pneumonie,
Gr.

sf.

from plicare.
tia=^sse

agencer.

Der.

TTvev/jLOPia.

Der. pneumonique.
;

(Med.) pneumonia
from Gr.
ttvv^..

from

plissuie,

FnyK., sm.

the

Pnyx

plissement.

PLOC,

sm.

(Naut.)

sheathing-hair.

Origin

unknown,
L. plumbum. Der. plomber, plotnba.ge, plombitr, plombeiie, plombem, zplomh. Plombagine, sf. (Min.) plumbago; from

PLOMB, sm. lead; from For u = o see annoncer.

of Germ, origin, A.S. pocca. For cc = ch see acheter. Der. empocher, pochtr, pocha.de, pochette, pocheter. Podagre, sf. the gout; from L. podagra.
sf.

POCHE,

a pocket

Its

doublet

is

pojiacre, q. v.

fPodestat,
podesta.

sm.

podestat

from

It.

POELE,

L.

plumbaginem.
va.
;

sm. a canopy, pall; from L. petalum.*, Ht. the golden plate which covered
the Pope's head, whence
it

PLONGER,
L.

to plunge, immerse from *, der. from plumbum meaning properly to fall like plum.bicare Plum.bicare, regularly contrd. (see lead. 52) to plum.b'care, becomes plonger. For be = c see stijet for e = ^ see adjuger

comes

to

mean

plumbicare

the veil held over the heads of a bride and bridegroom at their marriage, during the
nuptial

benediction in Roman churches. The sense of a dais

Catholic
is

later.

Der. plongeon, for u = o see annoncer. plongeuT, xtplonger. PLOYER, va. to bend, bow; from L. plieare. For loss of medial c see affouage; for i = oi see boire. Its doublet is plier, q.v. Der. deployer, veployer. PLUCHE, contr. of peluche, q.v. PLUIE, sf. rain from L. pluvia. For loss of medial v see a'leul. PLUME, sf. a feather from L. pluma. Der. plutner, plumage, plu7nea.u, plumtt, plumasscT, plumnssier, phimasseau, plumasserie, plumeux, remplumcr, plumttis (of which plumitif is the corrupted form). PLUPART, sf. the most part. See plus and

Petalum,, losing medial t (see abbaye), becomes poele. For e=oi = oe see 62,
63
;

for

a=c

see
;

54
formerly poesle, origi-

POELE,

sm. a stove
'

nally poisle,

from L. pensile, signifying

properly
'

suspended.' In Pliny we find balneae pensiles,' for bath-rooms built

on vaults, and warmed from below, hence pensile came to mean a stove. Pensile,
contrd. regularly (see

51) to

pens'le,

poisle.

whence For e oi see 62. Poisle, also written poesle, becomes poele by loss of s,
has
see aine; v/hence pesle, see Hist.

ns = *,

Gram.
a

p. 81.

Der.
;

poelier.

POELE,

sf.

frying-pan

formerly paelle

part.

Plurality, sf tatem.

plurality;

from L. plurali;

and paele. It, padella, from L, patella. Patella, dropping regularly its medial t (see abbaye), becomes O, Fr, paele, whence Poele is a For a = o see taon, poele.

formerly plural, adj. sm. plural Der, poelon. doublet of petale, q. v. from L. pluralis. For a = e see 54; Poeme, sm. a poem; from L. poema. then for e = ie see 56. Poesie, sf. poetry; from L. poesis. PLUS, adv. (comp. and superl.) more, most Poete, sm. a poet; from L. poeta Der. from L. plus. poetereau, poetesse, poetiser. PLUSIEURS, adj. pi. several; from L. Po6tique, adj. poetic; from L. poeticus, pluriores *, der. from plures. For r = s POIDS, sm. a weight formerly pois, from L.
;

PLURIEL,

see arroser; for

o = eu
;

see 79.

pensum
plustot.

PLUTOT,
Pluvial,

adv. rather See plus and tot.

adj. pluvial;

formerly

pesum,
62.

by ns = s, see aider; whence whence pois. For e = oi see

the

In

16th

cent,

the

Latinists,

PLUVIER,

from L. pluvialis. sm. a plover from L. pluvia, as

;

who d to

derived poids from

pondus, added
it

the Fr. word, to assimilate

more

278
closely to

POIGNA NTPOLVGA MIE.

POISSON, sm.
It.

its supposed original. Poids is a doublet o^ pemum, q. v. POIGNANT, adj. poignant, keen. See poindre. POIGNARD, sm. a dagger, poniard. See poing.^ Der. poignardti. POIGNEE, sf. a handful. See potng. POIGNET, sm. a wrist. See poing. POIL, sm. hair (not of the head, but of the beard, coat of animals, etc.) from L. pilus. For i = oi see boire. Der. poiln. POIN9ON, sm. an awl; from L. pimctionem, properly act of piercing, then

a fish; in

8th cent, pescion;

pescione,

piscis. see cresson

from L. piscionem, der, from For i = oi see boire; for BO ss

;

poissonneux, /o/ssonaille, em/>o/ssonner. POITRAIL, sm. the chest, breast (of horses), a breastplate (of harness) from L. pecto/)0J5sonier, /)o/ssonnerie,
;

Der.

for

cionem = -sso

see 232.

raciilum*,

der,

from pectorale,

Pec

tSrdculum,

contrd. regularly (see

52)

to pect'racoilum,

-aculiim = -arZ
see attrait.

becomes poitratl. For see 255; for ect = oit

instrument for piercing.

see affele; for

For -unct = -oin

see

-tionem = -f on
doublet

Poin^on

is

of ponction.

232. Der.

POITRINE,

pectorina*,

poin^-onntx.

POIN9ON, sm. a puncheon. Origin unknown. POINDRE, va. to sting, prick vn. to appear,
;

from L. from pectoris, by regular contr. (see 52) of pectorina to pect'rina, whence /'o//rm. For ect = o//
sf.

the breast, chest;

der.

see attrait.

Der. poitrinzke.

For -ungere POIVRE, sm. pepper. Prov. pebre, from L. piperem, by regular contr. (see 51) of (from L. puncta, strong partic. subst. ; for piperem to pip'rem, whence poivre. For letter-changes see affete.) i = oi see boire; for 'p = v (through b) see POING, sm. the fist from L. pugnus. For Der, p0ivr2.de (from Vvov. pevra III. da its doublets are puree, poivree, q. v.), gn = ng see etang for u = oi see angoisse.

dawn; from L. pungere.

-oindre see oindre. Der. poignznt, points

;

POINT,

Der. poignee, poignet, empoigner. sm. a point; from L. punctTim. For -iuict = -om/ see oint. Der. pointer, vppoint&r (whence appoint, verbal subst.),

poivrer, poivrier, poivrihre.

POIX,

sf.

pitch

see boire ; for

from L, picem. For i = oi c = s see amitie. Der. /)otsser,

^oi'ssard, tmpoisitx, txnpois, em/)eser.

desappo/w/er.

POINTE,

Der,

sf.

a point, sharp end.

va.

See poindre.

pointu. to
point.
v.

Pdle, SOT, the pole; from L. polus. Der. pohne, pohrite, pohriser, /10/arisation. Pol6inique, adj. polemical from Gr. ttoK;

POINTER,

doublet is ponctuer, q. pointement, poifitenr.

Its See point. Der. pointnge,

fpUKOS.

Police,

sf.

police;

organisation,
see agencer.

fPointiller,
from
pointille,

vn.

to cavil, dot, stipple;

Der.

fromL. politia (political For cia = ce government).

policer.

POINTU, adj. pointed. POINTURE, sf. a point

It. puntiglio. Der. pointing (partic. subst.), pointilhux, pointilkrie. See pointe. from L, punctura. ;

introd. in

i6th cent, from

t Police,
from
It,

sf.

a policy (of assurance, etc)

It.

polizza.
sf.

fPolichinelle,
POLIR,

Punch;

introd, from

polecenella (Neapol. form of pjtlcinella).

;

For -unct = -oint, see oint. POIRE, sf. a pear; from L. pirum.
i

va. to polish from L, polire. Der. poliment, poli, polisscui, polissoh, polissurc,
d6polir, repolir.

= 01

see boire.

Der.

For

poirier, poir6.

FOlKEAU,seeporreau.

POLISSON, SOT. a blackguard. Origin unknown Der. polissonner, polissonnerie.

POIREE,

(Bot.) a white beet, (Hort.) sf. perry; from L, porrus. Poiree meant formerly a drink made of leeks. For o = oi see chanoine. POIS, sm. a pea ; from L. pisiim. For i
oi see boire.

tPolitesse,
tezza.

sf.

politeness;

from

It.

poli-

Politique,
cus.

Der,

adj. political;

from L. politi-

politique, politiqutr, \mpolitique.

;

Pollen, SOT. pollen from L. pollen. + Poltron, SOT, a coward, poltroon

It,

from

POISON,

from L. potionem sm. poison (used for a poisoned drink by Cicero). For O = oi see chanoine for -tionem = -son see 232. Poison is a doublet of potion, q. v. Der. empoisonner, empoisonneur. POISSARD, adj. low, vulgar. See poix. POISSER, va. to pitch. See poix.
; ;

poltrone.

Der, poltronnene.
sf.

Polyadelphie,

(Bot.)

polyadelphia

from Gr, iroXvs and d5(\((>6s. Polyddre, sot. (Geom.) a polyhedron

Gr, TToKvcdpos.

from

Polygamie,
ya/xia.

Der. polygame.

sf.

polygamy

from

Gr, ttoAv-

POLYGLOTTE
Polyglotte,
yKooTTos.
sf.

PORCHE.

279

a polyglot

from Gr. noXvsm. (Geom.) a

Polygene,
polygon
:

adj. polygonal

from Gr. iroXvyojvos. Polygraphe, sm. a polygraph; from Gr.

Tro\v'ypdcf>os.

tualis*, der. from punctum, properly one who does his duty at the point of time. Der. ponctuaRte. Ponctuer, va. to punctuate; from L. punctuare*. Its doublet is ^oz/er, q. v. Der.

ponctu2.X\on.
;

Polynome,
pus.

sm. (Algeb.) a polynome

vofir}.

from

Ponderation,
L.

sf.

poising, balancing

from

Gr. TToKvs and

Its

ponderationem.
va. to poise, balance
;

Polype, sm.(Med.) a polypus; from

polyp'\tx,

L. poly-

doublet polypeux.

is

poulpe, q. v.

Der.
;

Ponderer,

ponderare.

Der. ponderMe.
; '

from L.

PONDRE,
from
'

va. to lay eggs

Polyp6tale,

adj. (Bot.) polypetalous

Ponere

ova

is

found in Pliny.
see
1

from L. ponere. For the

2.

Gr. TToKvs and TreraKov.

restriction in

meaning
;

Pdnere,

Polysyllabe,

adj.

polysyllabic;
adj.

from Gr.
from

contrd. regularly (see 51) to pon're, be-

iToXvav\\a0os.

comes pondre
polytechnic;

Polyteehnique,
Gr. TToXvs and

Der.
PONT,

for

nr = ndr

see absoiidre.
subst.,

ponte

(strong

partic.

see

T6xi'ttf<5s.

absoute), pondeu&e.

Polyth^isme,
voXvs and devs.

tPommade,
mata. madtt.
Its

Der.
sf.
is

sm. polytheism;
polyihelste.
;

from Gr.
It.

sm. a bridge Der. ponte, pontet.

from L. pontem.

pomatum

from

doublet

pommee.

Der. pom

po-

+ Ponte,

sm. a punter (gambling term);

a laying (eggs).

from Sp. punto.

PONTE,
./.

sf.

See pondre.

POMME,

an apple; from L. pomum. For restriction of meaning, see 12. Der. pommier, pommehr, pommelle, pommea.u,
See pomme.

Pontife, sm. a pontiff; from L. pontifex. Pontifical, adj. pontifical; from L. pontificalis.

pommette, pommer. POMMIER, sm. an apple-tree.

Pontificat,

Der. pommemie.
sf.

sm. a pontificate pontificatus.

sm. a draw-bridge.
a

from L.
See levis.

Pompe,
ment.)

from L. pompa. Der. pompeux, pompon (which up to the end of the 1 8 th cent, signified any toilette orna;

pomp

PONT-LEVIS,

PONTON, sm. nem. Der. PONTUSEAU,

known.

from L. pontopontonnier, pontonzgt. sm. a bridge. Origin un-

pontoon

POMPE,

sf.

pump.
a

Origin unknown.

Populace,
populazzo.
laris.

Der. pompier, pomptr.

Der.
sf.

sf.

the populace;

from

It.

populacier.
;

POMPON,
pompe.

sm.

trifling

ornament.

See

Der.

Populaire,

adj. popular

PONCE, sf. pumicem, by

pom.potmtx. It. pumice, pumice.

Der. impopulaire,

from L. popupopularhtx.

from L,

Popularity,
laritatem.

popularity; from L.

popu-

pumicem For u =
changer.
L.

regular contr. (see 51) of to pum'cem, whence ponce.

Der. ponctr,

see

annoncer

for

m=
;

Populariser,
pulaire, q. V.

va. to popularise

from po-

see

poncis, ponc'\i.
little

Population,
from

sf.

population; from L. po-

PONCEAU,

sm. a culvert,

bridge

pulationem.
from L. popuFor -osxis -eux see 198. losus. PORC, sm. a pig from L. porous.
adj. populous;
;

ponticellus* (dim. of pontem), by regular contr. (see 52) of pontic611ura to pont'cellum, whence poncel. For tc
agneau. PONCEAU, adj. poppy-coloured; from L. punicellus (from puniceus), by regular
see

Populeux,

=c

168

for el=^eau see

tPorcelaine,
cellana.

sf.

porcelain; from

It. /)or-

PORC-EPIC, sm.
espic, comjifl.

of punicellus to pun'cellus, whence poncel (for u o see annoncer) ; thence ponceau by el = eau (see
contr.

(see

52)

a porcupine ; formerly /'orcof pore (q. v.) and espic, which L. spicus (we find L. spicatus is from meaning prickly in Minucius Felix). For

agneau.

spicus = espic
sm. a great lemon; from Sp.
a puncture
p.

see esperer

and Hist. Gram,

fPoncire,
poncidre,

PORCHE,
sf.
;

Ponction,
tionem.

from L.
;

punc-

Ponctuel,

adj. punctual

from L. punc-

Gram. p. 81. sm. a porch; from L. porticus, properly a portico, then a church porch in Merov. documents ' Sed Leudastes ... in' fra sanctum porticum deprehensus est
78
;

for loss of s see Hist.

28o
(Gregory of Tours,

POR CHER

POSTILION.
POSE,
q. v.
sf.

P6rt5ous is 5, 49). regularly contrd. (see 51) to port'cus, whence /)orc/i^. For to c see 168 ; then

Its

POSER,
L. of

subst. of poser pause, q. v. va. to place. Prov. pausar, from

;

posture

verbal

doublet

is

lor o = ch see ia6. Porche is a doublet of porlique, q. v. PORCHER, sm. a swine-herd ; from L. poroarius. For o = ch see 126; for & = e

pausare, ponere.
see

from

pausus,

partic,

Pausare
106.
possige,

by au = o,
subst.),

Der.

becomes poser

pose (verbal

postwT,

pose,

upposer,

see 54.

sm. a pore ; from L. porus. Der. poser, juxtaposer, opposer, proposer, proposer, xeposer, superposer, sxipposer, transporeux, porositi. poser. Porphyre, sm. (Min.) porphyry ; from L, Der. porphynser. Positif, adj. positive; from L. positiporphyrites Fr. porrel, from PORREAU, sm. a leek. O. vus. For el Position, sf position; from L. positionL. porrellus *, dim. of porrus. = eau see agneau. Another form of porem. reau is poireau for = oi see chanoine. Poss6der, va. to possess; from L. possiPORT, sm. a harbour ; from L. portus. dere. For i = c see 72. PORT, sm. postage (of letters), carriage. See Possesseur, sm. a possessor; from L. pos.

Pore,

composer, ddposer, disposer, imposer,

inter-

porter.

sessorem.
sm. a portal
;

PORTAIL,

lum *,

from porta.

from L. portacu- Possessif, adj. possessive; For -aculum = -ail sessivus.

from L. pos-

Possession, sf possession; from L. posportable; from L. portatisessionem. vus*, from portatum, supine of portare. Possessoire, adj. (Legal) possessory from L. possessorius. PORTE, sf. a gate, door ; from. L. porta. Der. portxhxQ. Possibility, sf possibility; from L. posPORTEFAIX, sm. a porter. See porter and sibilitatem. Possible, adj. possible; from L. possifaix.
Portatif,
see 255. adj.
;

PORTEFEUILLE,
and
feuille.
t/a.

sf.

a portfolio.

See porter

bilis.

Postdater,
to carry
;

PORTER,

from L. portare.

portdt (partic. subst.), portige, portMe, porteui (whose doublet is porteux). PORTIER, sm. a door-porter ; from L. portarius. For -arius = -ier see 198. Der.

Der. port (verbal

subst.),

POSTE,

va. to afterdate ; compd. of dater (q. v.) and L. post. a post, properly relays of horses, sf a station where horses are kept ; from L.

^orriere.

posita*, properly 'put in a depot.' For restriction of meaning see 12. Posita becomes poste by regular loss of the penult, atonic vowel 1, see 51. Der.

PORTIERE,

sf.

a curtain.

See parte.

postal.

Portion, sf a portion; from L.portionem. t Poste, sm. a introd. in i6th Portioncule, sf a small portion from L.
;

post, cent,

guardhouse,
It.

from

portiuncula.

poster.

Portique,
cus.
Its

sm. a portico; from L. portidoublet is porche, q. v. PORTRAIRE, va. to pourtray, depict ; from
L. protrahere, to draw, in medieval Lat. documents, as in ' Propter quasdam picturas devotas de passione Salvatoris in illam

Poster,
a-poster.

va.

to place.

See

Der. above. Der.

posto.

berth;

adj. posterior; from L. posteriorem. Der. posteriority. Post6rit6, sf posterity; from L. posteritatem.

Post6rieur,

a document Postface, sf an address to a reader at the Protraliere becomes end of a book, answering to preface; a = traire see protraire For trahere word made up of the root face (cp. preface) traire. and of L. post. Protraire becomes portraire by from L. metathesis of r, see Hist. Gram. p. 77. Posthume, adj. posthumous

tabulam
of the

protractas,* from

2th cent.
*.

Der. portrait (partic, subst.). PORTRAIT, sm. a portrait. See portraire. Der. portraiture, portraitiste. t Portulan, sm. a list of ports; from It. portolano.

posthumus.

tPostiehe,
etc.)
;

adj.

artificial,

false

(teeth,

from

It.

posticcio.

t Postilion,
1

sm. a postillion;
It.

introd. in

6th cent, from

postiglione.

POST'SCRIPTUM
fPost-SCriptum,
Postulation,
tulationem.
sf.

POULAIN.

281

sm.

postscript;

from L. postscriptum.
a postulate;

from L. pos-

Postuler,
lare.

Der. postuhnt.
sf. a

va. to postulate

from L. postu-

POSTURE,
by regular
to

posture

contr. (see

from L. positura, 52) of positura,

(i) sm. pinchbeck ; (1) gossip. Origin unknown. Potion, s/. a potion; from L. potionem. Its doublet is poison, q. v. POTIRON, sm. a pumpkin. Origin unknown. POU, stn. a louse formerly pouil, originally peouil, Prov. pezolh. It, pidocchio, from L. peduculus, secondary form of pediculus.
;

POTIN,

pos'tura. POT, sm. a pot from L. potus, found in 6th cent, in Fortunatus, Vita S. Radegund, Missorium, cochlearia, cultellos, can19
; : '

Peduculus,
to

regularly contrd. (see 51)

peduc'lus, becomes peouil. For -uclus = -ouil see 258; for loss of medial d
accabler.
Fr.

nas,

potum et

calices.'

see
(see

Peouil

is

contrd.
:

later

Der./>o/ier, potzgt,

potQt, pot\c\\.e, empoter.

Potable,
For
-ilis

adj. potable;

from

L,.

potabilis.

cp. 52) to pouil, whence pou O. forms verrouil and genouil reduced to verrou and genou. Der. (from O. Fr.

POTAGE,
poiaghre.

see 250, sm. soup. See pot.

= -/e

Der. potagex,
potash;

pouil) pouillerle, pouiller, pouilles.

POUACRE,
from L.

sf.

gout
for

also written

pouagre,

podagrum.
;

tPotasse,
Germ,

sf.

pottasche.

Der. potassmm.
Origin
;

(Chem.)

from

see accabler
is

For loss of medial d o = ou see 8 1 Pouacre

.

a doublet of podagre, q. v.

POTE,

Der.

adj. lame-handed.
pottle.
sm,. a

unknown. POUCE,
pollice,

sm. a

thumb
L,

formerly polce.

It.

from

pollicam,

by

regular

POTEAU,

sole, sm. paduasoy (a silk from Engl, paduasoy. POTELE, adj. plump. See pote. t Poudingue, sm. a pudding from Engl. pudding. Potence, sf. a gibbet, properly a crutch, in which sense it comes from L. potentia*. POUDRE, smf. powder; formerly poldre, originally puldre, from L. pulverem, by Per sex annos non poterat ire sine duabus regular contr. (see 51) of pulverem, potentiis/ says a medieval Lat. document. to pulvrem, whence pul'reni, the v Potentia is the Class. Lat. potentia, power, whence a support. being semi -vocal, and so disappearing. For -cia = -ce see agencer. Pul'rem becomes O. Ft. puldre: for lr = Potentat, sm. a potentate; from L. potenIdr see absoudre. Puldre becomes poldre (for u o see annoncer), then poudre (for tatus*, Low Lat. word for a sovereign, = ou see agneau). Dev. pojjdrihre, poufrom L. potentem. ol dreux, poudrtr, poudriei, sa.upoudreT. Potentiel, adj. potential; from L. potentialis. POUF, sm. a puff; an onomatopoetic word. t
stuff)
; ; '

formerly posteau, originally /)os/e/, from L. postellus*, dim. of postern. Postel becomes posteau (for el = eau see agneau), whence poteau by losing s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Der. (from O. Fr. potel) potelet.
post

51) of poUicem to poU'ceni, whence O, Fr. polce, whence pouce. For ol = ou see agneau. Der. pouccttes,

contr, (see

poucier.

Pou de

POTERIE,
originally

sf.

pottery.

POTERNE,

sf.

a postern
It.

See potier. formerly posterne, ;

postierla,

See 34.

Dei. pouffer.
va.

POUILLER,
pouille,

to abuse.
is

See pou.

Der.

posterle,

from L.
in

whose doublet
sf
pi. abuse.

polyptique, q. v.

postenila*, a private passage

; '

Ammi- POUILLES,

It. pidocchioso, from L. peduculosus *, see pou. Peducuder. from peduculus losus, regularly contrd. (see 52) to parvissimae, proditione vastabitur (Cassian, pedixc'losus, becomes O. Fr. peouilleux. lib. 5; De Institutione Coenob. cap. 11). For loss of medial d see accabler for ucl = ouil see pou for -osus = -eux see Posterula, contrd. regularly (see 51) to poster'la, becomes O.Fr./)os/er/e, whence for the later contr. of peouil 198 posterne. For Z = see qtienoidlle. Posleux to pouilleux, see pou. terne becomes poterne by dropping s, see POULAILLER, sm. a poultry house; from

anus Marcellinus, a secret opening in medieval Lat. Quantalibet urbs sublimie. g.

tate

POUILLEUX,

adj.

lousy.

See pou. Prov. pezolhos.

murorum

et

tate muniatur,

posterulae

clausarum portarum firmiunius, quamvis

'

Hist.

Gram.

p. 81.

POTIER,

sm. a potter. See pot.

Der.

poulaille,
poterie.

POULAIN,

which from poule, q. v. sm. a colt from L. pullanus

;

*,

282

PO ULA INEPOURS UIVRE.

;

found in medieval Lat. documents e. g. Expensae pro custodia puUanorum doniini regis,' in a
is

o = o

see 81

for -ellus

-rf = -eaw

see

agneau.
va.

I3th-cent. account.

FuUanus POURCHASSER,

to

pursue
(q. v.).

eagerly

FuUanus

oi fendre (q. v.) and />or, which in form answers to L. pro (see pour), but in sense Foulaine, sf. a figure-head. Origin unto L. per. It is an example of a confusion known. which exists between these two words. POULE, sf. a hen; from L. pulla. in St. Der. pourfendtMX. Augustine Apud nos pullae appellantur POURPARLER, sm. a parley; an infinitive gallinae cujuslibet aetatis,' For u 07i see of O. Fr. verb pourparler used substanDer. /)ow/arde, poulet, poulette, tively (compd. oi pour and parler, q. v.). 97. pouliiWe, pouh\\\eT. POURPIER, sm. (Bot.) purslane; originally POULICHE, !f. a colt ; from a root poul-, pourpied, from L. pullipedem, lit. chickwhich is from L. pullus. en's foot, which is the common Fr. name POULIE, sf. a pully ; of Germ, origin, A. S. of the plant. Pullipedem. contrd. (see pullian. For u = ou see 97. 52) to pull'pedem, becomes poulpied: POULIOT, sm. (Bot.) penny-royal, mint; for pedem =pied see pied ; for u = ou see dim. of a root poulie, It. poleggio, answerfor / = r 97. Poulpied becomes pourpied ing to L. pulegium. Pulegium, becomes see apotre. poulie : for loss of g see allier ; for u = o POURPOINT, sm. a doublet. Prov. persee 97 ; for e = i see 59. poing, Sp. perpunte, partic subst. of O. Fr. POULPE, sm. a poulp, polypus; from L. pourpoindre. Pourpoindre is compd. of polypus, by regular contr. (see 51) of poindre (see poitidre), and pour which is in polypus to pol'pus, whence poulpe. For form from L. pro (see pour), and in sense = ow see 81. Poulpe is a doublet of from L. per. polype, pieuvre, q. v. POURPRE, sf. purple ; formerly porpre. It. POULS, sm. pulse; from L, pulsus (found porpora, from L purpura, by regular contr. in Pliny). For u = ow see 97. (see 51) of purpura to purp'ra, whence POUMON, sm. a lung ; formerly polmon, O. Fr. porpre (for u = o see annoncer), originally pulmon, in the Chanson de Rolastly pourpre (for o = om see 81). Der. land ; from L. pulmonera (for pourprd, empourpreT. see annoncer), whence polmon, which becomes POURPRIS, sm. an enclosure, partic. subst. poiimon by softening ol to ou, see agneau. (see absoute), of O. Fr. pourprendre. PourDer. s'6poumonneT. prendre (to take in a thing's circumference) POUPE, sf. stern (of a ship) ; from L. pupis compd. of prendre (q. v.) and pottr, in pis.^ For u = OM see 97. form from L. pro (see pour), in sense from POUPEE, sf. a doll, puppet from L. pupaL. per. The Proven9al says rightly perta *, der. from pupa (found in Varro). For prendre. XL = 07i see 97; for -ata = -ee see 201. POURQUOI, adv. why. See pour and quoi. POUPON, POUPIN, POUPARD, sm. a baby POURRIR, vn. to rot formerly porrir, oridim. of root poup-, which is L. pupa. For ginally /)wmr, Sp. podrir, from L. putrere. u = ou see accouder. For u = o see annoncer; for o = om see POUR, prep, for ; formerly por, in 9th cent. Der. 81; for tT=^dr = rr see 168. pro in the Straszburg Oaths ftom L. pro by pourriture, pourrissAge, pourrissoir. transposing r (see Hist. Gram. p. 78), whence POURRISSAGE, sm. rotting. See pourrir. por, whence pour. For o = ou see 81. POURSUITE, sf. pursuit. See poursuivre. Pour (like L. pro. in progredi, propug- POURSUIVRE, va. to pursue ; formerly pornare, procurrere, etc.) is used as a presuivre, originally pnrsivre, from L. prosefix in Fr. in pourchasser, pourparler, pourquere, for prosequi. We have already lecher, pourpris, poursuivre, pourvoir, pourshown that in Fr. all Lat. deponents have tour, etc. been replaced by active verbs. Prosequere, POURBOIRE, sm. a gratuity, beer-money. by consonnifying u into v (see Janvier) beSee pour and boire. comes proseqvere whence prosevere POURCEAU, sm. a pig; formerly pourcel, Prosefor qv = v (aq'va, eve) see eau. originally porcel, from L. porcellus. For vere is not an imaginary form; it is found in
poulittcT, poulin'xhTe.
: '

from pullus (so used in Virgil). becomes poulain by u = ow, see by -anus a -am, see 194. Der. 97;
der,

compd. oi pour and chasser

POURFENDRE, va. to cleave in twain

compd.

u=

POUR TANT
the Formul. Andegav. (ed. Mabillon): 'Quia habeo quid apud acta prosevere debiam,'

PRALINE.
hst]y poussin (by c
poussinihre.

283
ss, see
agencer).

Der.

Pros^vere contrd. (see 51) to prosev're gives O. Fr. porsivre (found in Villepour for e=i see 59. O. Fr. porsivre becomes For poT=pour see pour; i poursuivre. also by an unusual change becomes ui.
hardouin).
see
;

POUTRE,

For pro =por

it

sm. a beam (of a house). This word properly means a mare {De toutes parts les poutres hennissantes, says Ronsard, 1 6th cent.), then later came to designate a piece of wood which supports the joists of a
floor, by application of the common metaphor which gives to pieces of wood which uphold a weight the nameof beasts of burden: cp. chevalet from cheval and equuleus (a piece of wood) from equulea (a mare). Poutre is in O, Fr. pollre. It. poledro, from L.

Der. poursuite (strong

ahsoute).

partic.

subst.

see

POURTANT,

adv. nevertheless;

before

meant malgre cela it meant pour See for etymology pour and tant.

tout cela.

POURTOUR,
and
t07ir.

sm. a circumference.

See pour

puUetrum*,
'

POURVOI,
It.

sm. an application.
vn. to provide,

POUR VOIR,
pvo=pour

See pourvoir. Prov, provezir.

a colt, in the Germanic laws: pvilletrum anniculum vel binum furaverit' (Lex Salica, tit. 40). PuUetrum is from Class. Lat puUus. PuUeSi quis

prowidere, from L. providers. For see pour; for videre = voir see voir. Der. pourvoyeur, pourvu, d6pour-

trum,

contrd. to

puU'trum
ol

(see

51), be;

comes pollre (for u = o tre becomes poutre (for

see annoncer)

pol-

vu, pourvoi.

Der. poutreWe.
POUVOIR,
potere,
acts,

= ou

see agneau).

POUR VOYEUR,
voir.

Der.
sf.

stn.

a purveyor.

See pour-

vn. to be able

formerly povoir,

pourvoir'xe.
conj. provided that;

earlier pooir, originally podir, Sp. podir, It.

POURVU QUE,
POUSSE,

compd,

oi pourvu (see pourvoir) and que (q. v.). POUSSE, sf. (Bot.) a sprout. See pousser.

asthma, broken-windedness (of See pousser. Der. poussif. POUSSE, sf. dust (in commercial language) formerly polce, Prov. pols, from L. pulvis, by regular contr. (see 50) of pulvis to
horses).

from L. potere *, found in Merov. and the Germanic codes for its formation see etre. Potere, by regular change of t into d (see 117), becomes podere, found in Merov. documents; e. g. Idio ipsa
:

'

aucturetate
subscribere,'
A.D.

mano

propria

non podebat
III,

from a Charter of Clotaire

657.

Podere, which remains

in Sp.

pulv's,
167.

For vs = s see Puis * becomes O. Fr. polce for

whence

pul's.
for
:

poder, by e = i (see 59) becomes podir, the oldest Fr. form of the word In
:

=c

see cercueil

u=

see annoncer.
;

Polce becomes pousse (or el = ou see agneau for c = ss see agencer. Der. poussier, pouss-

ifere.

POUSSER, i;a. to

push, sprout; formerly /)o/ser,

from L. pulsare (for u = see annoncer), whence O. Fr. polser, whence pousser (for ol = ou see agneau). Der. pousse (act of

quant Deus savir et podir me dunat^ in the Oaths of a.d. 842. Regularly losing its medial d (see accabler), it becomes O. Fr. pooir (for i = oi see boire). By the intercalation of an euphonic V (see corvee), pooir later becomes povoir, transformed to pouvoir (for o = ou see 81). Der. pouvoir

(sm.).

sprouting,verbal subst.), ^oz^sse (horse-cough, verbal subst. of pousser in its sense of to

'

Pragmatique,
pragmaticus

adj.
(in

pragmatic

from L.

the Theodosian
').

Code

in

cough,' a sense which also belonged to L.

the phrase 'pragmatica sanctio

pulsare), poussee

(partic. subst.), xepousser.

POUSSIER, sm.
Der. poussxexe.

coal-dross.

See pousse.

PRAIRIE,

sf.

meadow
It.

formerly praerie,

Prov. pradaria.

prateria, from L.

pra-

taria*, found
dust.

in

Carolingian documents,

POUSSlfiRE, sf. POUSSIF, sm.

Seepoussier.

a puffy, pursy man. See pousse (2). Its doublet is pidsatif, q. v. POUSSIN, sm. a young chicken formerly poucin, edjlier polcin. ongm^Wy pidcin, from L. pullicenus Pullicenus, regular contrd.
;
.

De prataria in insula arpennos duos,' from a Charter of a.d. 832. Prataria is from L. pratum. Prataria loses medial t (see abbaye) and changes a to e (see 54), whence O. Fr. praerie, whence later
e. g.

prairie.

Der.
33)
;

prairia.].
;

(see

cin

52) to ptill'cenus, becomes pul(for Q i see 59); pulcin becomes

Praline, sf
(see

successively polcin
cer),

Xhen poucin

(by u = o, see annon(by o\ = u, see agneau)

;

Praslin,

almond of hist, origin from the name of Marshal whose cook invented this sweeta burnt cent.

meat in the 17th

Der. pralinex.

284
tPraine,
prame.
sf.

FRAME

PRlEXISTER.
Precipitation,
sf.

(Naut.) a prame; from Engl.

precipitation,

haste;

Pratique,
see

adj. practical;

ticus (found in Der. pratique (sf,), pratiqutx, it6 (partic. subst.). 168. praticMe, pratic'ien, Pr6ciput, sm. (Legal) benefit given to one PRE, sm. a meadow formerly pred, Prov. of several coheirs by will; from L. praeprat. It. prato, from L. pratum. For cipuum. -atuin = -e see ampoule. Pr6cis, adj. precise; from L, praecisus.

from L, praecipitationem, from L. prac- Pr6cipiter, va. to precipitate; from L. Fulgentius). Der. precipitant, precipFor ot = / praecipitare.

Pr6alable,

adj.

previously necessary;

for

Der. precistr, precis (sm.).

pr callable, compd. of pre from L. prae, Precision, sf. precision; from L. praeand allable from aller, q. v. cisionem. Pr6ain.bule, sm. a preamble; from L. Precite, adj. aforesaid from L. prae and
;

praeambulus.

cit(^\

See

citer.

PREAU,

sm. a little meadow, convent enclosure ; formerly pra'el, Prov. pradel. It. pratello, from L. pratellum*, dim. of L. pratum. For details of changes of

Precoce, adj. precocious; from cocem. Der. precoc'iie. Preconiser, va. to extol; from

L. prae-

L. prae-

see 13. Pratellum, by reDer. />reco/sation. gularly dropping medial t (see abbaye), Precurseur, sm. a precursor from L. becomes O. Fr. prael by el = au (see praecursorem. agneau) becomes praau*, which is imme- Pr6d6cesseur, sm. a predecessor from L. diately softened to preau by dissimilation praedecessorem. of the vowels, see 169. For a = e see Predestination, sf. predestination; from
; ; ;

meaning

conisare

(in writers of the latest Lat. age).

54sf.

L.

praedestinationem.
va. to predestine;

Pr6bend.e,

praebenda*

a prebendary ship ; from L. (found in medieval Lat.

Predestiner,

from L.

praedestinare.

documents), der. from praebere. Its doublet is provende, q. v. Der. prebend^,

Predicant,
dicantem.

sm. a preacher; from L. praesm.

a
Its

prebendiei.

Predicateur,
adj.

Pr6caire,
carius.

precarious;
is

from L, pre;

praedicatorem.
q.v.

preacher ; from L. doublet is precheur,

Its

doublet
.

priere, q. v.

Precaution, sf. a precaution from L. Predication, sf preaching; from L. praepraecautionem Der. precautionner. dicationem. Precedent, adj. precedent, sm. a precedent Prediction, sf prediction; from L, prae-

from L. praecedentem. Pr6c6der, va. to precede; from

L. prae-

dictionem. Predilection,
from L. prae.

sf.

predilection

compd.

of

cedere.

dilecdon from L.

dilectionem, and pre

from L.
see dire.

Precepte, ceptum. Pr6cepteur,

orat.

sm. a precept;

from L. prae-

Predire,
sm.
preceptor; from L. Der. preceptora], precepta

va. to

foretell;

prae-

dicere.

For dicere

= rfirc

pr acceptor em,

Predisposer,
ition.

va. to predispose ; from disDer. predisposposer (q. V.) and L. prae.

Precession,
cessionem,

sf.

precession

from L. prae-

vn. to predominate (over); from dominer (q.v.) and L. prae. Der. PRfiCHER, va. to preach. It. predicare, from predominance. L. praedicare, by regular contr. (see Preeminence, sf pre-eminence; from L. of praedicdre to praed'care, praeeminentia. Yor-ti&^-ce see agencer. 52) whence precher. For dc = c see adjtiger Preeminent, adj. pre-eminent; from L. for c = ch see 1 26; for ae e see praeeminentem. from Der. preche (verbal subst.), prech- Preetablir, va. to pre-establish 103. eur (whose doublet is predicateur, q, v.). etablir (q.v.) and L. prae. Pr^cieux, adj. precious; from L. preti- Preexistence, sf. pre-existence from exDer. precioshe, precieuse. istence (q.v.) and L. prae. osus. Precipice, sm. a precipice; from L. prae- Preexister, va. to pre-exist from exister cipitium. For ti = ce see agencer. (q. V.) and L. prae.
der.

from praecessum, supine

Predominer,

of praecedere.

PRSFA CE
Preface,
For -tio
sf.

PRSseANCE.
prendere
to

285
prend're

a preface; a

from L. praefatio.
;

Der.

appre?idre,

= -ce

see agencer.
*/".

Prefecture,
praefectura.

prefecture

from

L.

comprendre, reprendre, surprendre, dprendre, entr epre?idre, mepj'eftdre, preneur, prenMe. Pr^nom, sm. a Christian name from L.
;

Pr6f6rer,
ferre.

Der. /Titrable, preference.

a prefect;

va.

to

prefer;

from L. prae-

praenomen. Pr6notion, sf
notionem.

a prenotion;

from L. prae;

Pr6fet, sm.
For ct

from L. praefectus.
from L, praefixus.

=/

see 168.

Preoccupation,
L,

sf preoccupation
;

from

Prefix,

Der.

adj. prefixed;

preoccupationem.
va. to preoccupy

prefixe.
sf.

Preoccuper,
a seizing, taking captive
Its

from L,
first

Prehension,
prison, q.v.

praeoccupare,

from L, prehensionem.

doublet

is

Preopiner,

sm. to give one's opinion

;

Prejudice, sm,

injury, prejudice

praejudicium. Der. prejudic'iMe. from Prejudiciel, adj. prejudicial

;

from opiner (q.v.) and L. prae. from L. Preparation, sf. preparation

L.

from
;

L,

praeparationem. Pr6paratoire, adj. preparatory

praeparatorius.

from L.

praejudicialis.

Pr6jug6, sm. a Prejuger, va.

subst.).

See prejuger. prejudge from juger (q.v.) and L. prae. Der. prejuge (partic,
prejudice.

to

Der. preparatif. preponderant; from Preponderant, L. preponderantem, Der. preponderparare.

adj.

Preparer,

va. to prepare;

from L. prae-

Prelasser
Pr61at, sm.
one

(Se), vpr. to
in front, in

strut.

See prelat.

ance.

a prelate; from L. praelatus,

Preposer, va.
and L. prae.

to set over

from poser
;

(q. v.)

who

is

command, whence

the sense of a dignitary in eccles. Lat. Der. prelature.

Prepositif,

adj.

prepositional

from
;

L. L.

praepositivus.

Prelation,

sf.

preference; from L. prae-

hairgrass, horsetail forfrom L. prerogative; merly prelle, originally as/Tc//^, It. asperella, praerogativa, from L. asperella* dim. of asper, rough. PRES, prep, near. It. presso,{rom L, pressus, Prelever, va. to deduct (from) from lever properly pressed close, hence near. Der. (q.v.) and L. prae. Der. prelevement. zpres, presque. Preliminaire, adj. preliminary from L. Presage, sm. a presage; from L, praeprae and liminaris. sagium. Der. preszger. Pr61uder, va. to prelude; from L. prae- Presbyte, adj. (Optics) presbyopical from Gr. vpfcr^vTTjs. ludere. Der. prelude (verbal subst.). Prematura, adj. premature from L. prae- Presbytre, sm. a parsonage; from Gr. maturatus *, der, from praematurus. TTpialivTpiov. Der. preshyteraX, preshy' Der. prematurhe. ter'ien. Premeditation, sf. premeditation from Prescience, sf prescience; from L. praeL. praemeditationem, For -tia = ce see agencer. scientia. from Pr6niditer, va. to premeditate; from L. Prescriptible, adj. prescriptible
; ;
;

lationem. Prele, sf. (Bot.)

Pr6position, sf a praepositionem. Prerogative, sf.

preposition

from

praemeditari.

prescription, q. v.

Der.

imprescriptible.

Pr6mices,
tiae.

sf

firstfruits;

from L, primi- Prescription,

sf.

prescription;

from L.

For -tiae

= -ce
;

PREMIER,
72.
Its

adj. first

praescriptionem, from L. primarius. Prescrire, va. to prescribe

see agencer.

from L, prae-

For -arius = -z>r see

doublet
is

198; for

=e
;

see

scribere.
ecrire.

For

scribere
;

scrire

see

Premisses,
L.

primaire, q.v. sf pi. (Logic) premisses

to forewarn
;

from

PRESEANCE,

praemissa.
from L. prae-

Premunir, va.
munire.

PRENABLE,
tible

adj. that can be taken, corrup-

(by bribes).

Der, \mprenable.
It.

PRENDRE, va.

to take.

prendere, from L.

from L. praesf. precedence sidentia*, der. from L, praesidere, to have the precedence, in Suetonius. Praesidentia becomes preseance. For loss of medial d see accabler for ae = e see 103; for i e see 72; for &n = an see amender for -tia = -ce see agencer. Pre;

prendere, by

regular contr. (see 51) of

seance

is

a doublet of /residence.

286
PRESENCE,
sentia.

PRESENCE
s/. presence; from L. praeFor -tia = -ce see agencer. adj. present; from L. prae-

PRiTRE,
t Presto,
presto.

adv.
stn,

(Mus.)

presto;

from

It.

PRESENT,
sentem.
senter.

Der. prtsentex, present (sm.).

Prestolet, known.

a hedge-priest.

Origin un-

PRESENT,

sm.

present,

gift.

See preSee present.

Pr6sunier,
sumere.

Der. presumMt.
va. to

va. to presume;

from L. praefrom
;

PRESENTER,

Der. present
s

va. to present.

Pr6supposer,

presuppose;

(verbal subst.), prhentiiXxon,

presentzteuTy presentable, prcsentement, reprdsenter.

supposer (q.v.) and L. prae. Pr6supposition, sf a presupposition

supposition (q.v.) and L. prae.

from

Pr6server,
erVare
.

Der

va. to preserve; from L.

.

prae-

f Pr6BUre, sf

preservntevn, preservntif.

PRET,

adj. ready

rennet; from It. presura. formerly prest. It. presto,

;

from L. ; praesidentem, Der. presidency (whose doublet \s preseance, q.v.), president'\e\. Pr6sider, va. to preside; from L. praesm.

Pr6sident,

president

from L. praestus*, ready, in several inscriptions under the Empire. Praestus* is frequent in this sense in the Germanic Laws, as in Quando cum petitore causam finire
'

sidere.

+ Pr6 sides,
Pr6sidial, sm.
sidial
;

s/.

presides;

from Sp. pre-

sidios (Sp. military

and penal colonies).

a court of judicature, pre-

praestus (Wisigothic Law ix. 2). Praestus becomes prest (for ae=^c see prest becomes pret by dropping s 103) (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Pret is a doublet
sit
'
;

Pr6somptif,

from L. praesidialis. adj. presumptive

of preste,
;

q. v.

from L.
from L.

praesumptivus.

PRET, sm. a loan. Pretantaine, sf

Origin

See preter. in the phrase courir la

Pr6soinption, sf. praesumptionem.

presumption;

pretantaine, to run about uselessly, gadabout.

unknown.
va. to claim, vn. to pretend;

Pr6soniptueux,
L.
see 229.

presumptuous; from praesumptuosus. For -oaMS = -eux

adj.

Pr6tendre,
tendre

from L. praetendere.
see tendre.

Der.

For tendere = pretendmt, preSee pre-

PRESQUE,
and He.

adv. almost.
sf.

PRESQU'ILE,
PRESSE,
pressier.

a peninsula.

See pres and que. See presque

tendw.

Pr^tentieux,
tention.

adj.

pretentious.

sf a

press.

See presser.DeT.

Pretention, sf. a pretention from L. praetentionem*, der. from praetentum,

;

Pressentir,

va.

to have a presentiment

supine of

praetendere.
;

from L. praesentire.

Der. pressentiment.
;

PRTER,
L.

va. to lend

Der. pretentitxw. formerly prester, from

to
furnish
;

PRESSER,

Der.

va.

to press

from L. pressare.
pressio-

praestare,
signifies
'

properly
' '

the
ut

presse (verbal subst.), pressis.

word

to lend

as early as the
nisi

Theo-

Pression, sf. nem. PRESSOIR, sm.

pressure; from L.
a press

dosian
latus.'

Code

Cum
a

peculiariter

pecuniam praestet,
;

from L. pressoriiim.

domino Praestare becomes

fuerit postu-

prester

(for

For transposition of

i see chanoine.

ae
pres-

Pressure,
sura.

Der. pressurer.

sf.

a pressure;

from L,

see 103), lastly preter, by dropping s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Der. preteur,

=e

pret (verbal subst.).

Pressurer,

va. to press (out).

See pressure.

Der. pressura.ge, pressureur. imposing deportment sf. an from L. praestantia. Prestation, sf. the taking (an oath) ; from L. praestationem.

Prestance,

Pr6trit, sm. the preterite; from L. praeteritum. Pr6t6rition, sf. pretermission; from L. praeteritionem.

Prteur, sm. a Pr6texte, sm.

textus.

lender

tPreste,
doublet
is

adj. agile;

from

It.

presto.

Its

Der. pretexter.

a pretext;

from L. praetor. from L. prae-

pret, q. v.

+ Prestesse,
Prestige,
tigia.

sf agility; from It. presleza. sm. prestige; from L. praesadj.

Pretintaille, sf Origin unknown.

i

a trimming (of a dress).

Prestigieux,
229-

enchanting;

from L.
-eux
see

praestigiosus.

For

-osus

Pr6toire, sm. a praetorium; from L, praetor u For o = oi see chanoine. "PT^torieXi, adj. praetorian; from L. praetorianus. PRTRE, sm. a priest; formerly prestre.

PRSTURE
from L. presbyter, found

PRINTEMPS.
medieval Lat. documents. Precaria
is

287
from
priere by loss

for a priest in

Prudentius and Jerome. Presbyter, contrd. regularly (see 51) to presb'ter, then to

precor.

Precaria becomes
for

of medial c, see affouage.

For e = i see
Priere
is

pres'ter (see poudre), becomes prestre, by dropping final e (see 50), then pretre, by
dropping
s

f9;

a=

(?

see

54.

(see Hist.

Gram.

p. 81).

Der.

doublet oi precaire,

q. v.
;

PRIEUR,
For o
rius.

&m. a prior

pretresse, prttr'ist, pretr^WXe.

= eu
Its

Preture,
tura.

sf.

the prajtorship; from L. praea proof.

It.

Primaire,

see 79Der. prieure, prieure. adj. primary; from L. prima-

from L. priorem.

doublet

is

/>r^/m>r, q. V.

Primat, sm. a primate; from L. primafrom probare. tem. Der. primalia}, primaiie. Proba becomes pretive. For \> = v see PRIMAUTfi, sf. a primacy from L. primalitatem *, from primus. For -alitatem 113; for o = 'M see 79. = -aute see communaute. PREUX, adj. gallant formerly preus, originally pros. It. pro. Origin unknown. Der. Prime, adj. first; from L. primus. Der.
ff.

PREUVE,
from

prova. Cat. proha,

L.

proba,

der.

(from O. Fr. pro) proesse * (now prouesse for o = ou see 81). Pr6valoir, vn. to prevail; from L. praevalere. For valere= valoir see valcir. Pr6varicateur, sm. a prevaricator from
.

/>rzwe-abord.

Prime,
hora).

sf.

prime;

from

L.

prima

(so.

Prime,
+

sf a pebble prisme, from L. prisma.

see Hist.

(jewellery)

formerly ; For loss of s

L.

praevaricatorem.
sf,

Gram.

p.

81.

Prevarication,

prevarication

from L.

Prime, s/. premium;

praevaricationem.

Primer,
;

Pr6variquer,

vn. to prevaricate
prepossessing.

from L,
See pre-

Der.

vn. to lead (in play). See

from Engl. premium. prime ( i).

prims.ge.

praevaricari.

PRIME-SAUT,

Pr6venant,
venir.

Prevenir,
v en ire.

Der. precede; Der. prevenant.

prevena.nce, va. to

adj.

adv. suddenly, all at once. See saut and prime (l). D ex. prime- saut\er. Primeur, sf the first part (of the season,
for fruit, etc.).

from L, prae-

See pri/ne (i).

a primrose;

Prim.evre, sf
spring.

from

It.

pri-

Pr^ventif,

adj. preventive.

Prevention,
ventionem,
praevenire.

See prevention. sf. prevention; from L. praefrom praeventum, supine of

partic.

mavera, used of flowers which come

in early

Primicier, sm.
tary)
;

a primicerius (church digni-

Pr6venu,

sm. a prisoner
sf.

subst.

from L. primicerius. of Primitif, adj. primitive from L. primi;

prevenir, q. v.

tivus.
prevision; from vision (q.v.)
to

Provision,
Prvoir,
videre.

Primo, flcfv.
of

firstly;

from L. primo,
sf.

abl.

and L. prae.
va.

primum.
primogeniture;
It.

foresee;

from L. prae- t
voir.

Der. pr^voyant, prevoyznce.

PREVOT,
L.

For videre = vozr see

Primogeniture,
from

Primordial,
mordialis.

primogenitura. adj. primordial; from L. pri-

sm. a provost; formerly prevost, properly one put over by the king, from

PRINCE,

sm. a prince.

It,

principe,

from

Praepositus, contrd. L. principem, by dropping the last two regularly (see 51) to praepos'tus, heDer. princatonic syllables, see 50, 51. comes prevost. For ae = e see 103; for esse, princier. = t/see III. Prevost becomes prevot + Prineeps, arf/. first-printed (of editions); p by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. from L. princeps. prev'ital, prevote, Principal, adj. principal from L. principraepositus.

PREVOYANT,
prier.

Der. prevoyance.
va. to pray
;

adj. provident.

See prevoir.

palis.

Principaute,
See dieu and
the
territory.

PRIE-DIEU, sm.

a faldstool.

princip alitatem,

sf a principality; from L. first the dignity, then

For -alitatem = -aw/e see

principle;

PRIER,
loss

of medial c see
a prayer.

from L. precare. For communaute. affouage ; for e = i see Principe, sm. a

from L. princi-

pium.

PRIERE,

Pro v. preguiera. Cat. sf. pregaria, from L. precaria*, a prayer, in

PRINTANIER, PRINTEMPS,

adj. vernal.

sm.

See printemps. spring-time; from L.

288
primum tempus *,

PRIOR I^PR ODIGA LITS.

Probation,
tionem.
sf probation; from L. proba-

i. e. the first season of the year, beginning at Easter. tempus, contrd. to prim'tempus, becomes /rj/fm/)s ; form. = M see changer. Der. prinlanier.

Primum

Probe,
bus.

adj. honest, upright;

from L. pro-

Probit6, sf
tem.

probity;

from L. probita-

Priori
priori,

(a), adv. a priori

priority;

from L. a and

Probl6matique,
sf.

Priorit6,

from L. priorita;

tem
sus,
(for

*,

from prior.

Probldme,
from L. pren-

adj. problematical ; from Gr. npoP\T)tiariK6s. sm. a problem ; from Gr. 3rp6-

PRIS, p.p. o{ prendre, taken

Prensus,

regularly reducing

ns

to s

Proboscide, sm.

a proboscis

from L. p ro-

(see aine),

becomes presus, whence pris

subst.),

e = t see 59). whence />r/ser.

Der.^/me

(verbal

PRISER,
priseuT.

va. to take snuff.

See pris.

Der.

boscidem. Proe6d.er, vn. to proceed; from L. procede re. Der. procede (partic. subst.), pro-

cedure.

Procedure,
;

sf a procedure.

See proceder.

PRISER,

va. to prize from L. pretiare, found in Cassiodorus. The word is common thus, in the Germanic Codes Si quis alicui caballum involaverit et pretiet eum dominus ejus cum sacramento usque ad 6
:

Procds, sm. a suit, lit. a process, onward movement; from L. processus. Der.

'

proces%\L

solidos,' in the

Lex Alamannorum,

71.

Procession, sf a procession; from cessionem Der. processionm\. Pre- Proc^S-verbal, sm. proceedings
.

L.

proas-

(of

For e tiare becomes priser. for -tiare = -ser see 264.

59 Der. com;

see

semblies).

missaire-/)r/seur, pris6e, mepriser.

Prisme, sm. a prism Der. /nswatique.

PRISON,
first,

from Gr.

irpiafia.

PROCHAIN, PROCHE, adj. near;

procher.

Ste proces and verbal. adj. near. See proche.

from L. propius. compd.

of prope. For piu = cA see abreger. Der. prochsiin, ap^rocAer, npprochcT, re-

sf. a prison ; from L. prensionem, the act of seizing, thence prison, by passage from abstract to concrete. Prensionem, regularly reducing ns to s (see

Prochronisme,
Gr. irpoxpovos.

sm. a prochronism
sf a proclamation
to

from
from

Proclamation,
L.

atne),

becomes presionem, whence /rtsow.

proclamationem.
va.

For e

see

59
is

for

sio

so

see

Proclamer,
proclamare.

proclaim

from L.

agencer.
sion, q. V.

Der.
sf.

Prison

a doublet of prehen-

prisonnier.

Proconsul,
consul.

sm. a proconsul; from L. proadj. proconsular

Privatif,
tivus.

adj. privative;

from L. priva;

Proconsulaire,
a privation

from L.

Privation,
tionem.^

from L. priva-

proconsularis.

Proconsulat, sm. proconsulate; from L. extreme familiarity; forproconsulatus. merly privalte, from L. privalitatem *, Procreation, sf procreation from L. from privalis, der. from privus. For procreationem. -alitatem. = -ante see communaute. Procr6er, i;a. to procreate; from L. proPRIVE, adj. private from L. privatus. creare. PRIVER, va. to deprive ; from L. privare. Procurateur, sm. a procurator, proctor; Der. priver. from L. procuratorem. Its doublet is Privilege, sm. a privilege; from L. priviprocureur. q. v. legium. Der. privilegier, privilegie. Procuration, sf a procuration, proxy; from L. procurationem. PRIX, sm. ,a price formerly pris, from L. pretium. For e = i see 59; for ti\i = s = Procurer, va. to procure; from L. prosee agencer. curare. from Probability, sf probability; from L. pro- Procureur, sm. a proxy, agent L. procuratorem. For -atorem = -fwr babilitatem. see empereur. Its doublet is procjirateur, Probable, ao?/. probable from L. proba-

PRIVAUTE,

sf.

;)(;

bilis.

Its

doublet

Probant,
bantem.

adj.

prouvable, q. v. probatory; from L. prois

q.v.

Prodigality,

sf prodigality

from L. pro-

digalitatem.

PR ODIGEPR OMISSION.
I

289

Prodige,
gium.

swi.

a prodigy;
adj.

from L. prodi;

Prodigieux,
prodigiosus,

prodigious

from

genitura *, from p rogenitum, supine of progignere. L. Programme, sm. a programme from Gr.
;

TTpoypafifxa.

Prodigue,
gus.

adj. prodigal;

from L. prodi- Progrds, sm. progress; from L. progressus.

;

Der. prodiguei.

Der.

progress.tr, progressif.
sf.

Prodrome,
irpodpo/xos.
i

sm. an introduction sm. a producer

from Gr. Progression,

progression;

from

L.

progressionem.
;

Producteur,

from L. p ro-

Prohiber,

va. to prohibit

from L. pro-

'

hibere. ductorem, from productum, supine of Prohibitif, adj. prohibitive; from L. proproducere. hibitivus*, from prohibitum, supine of Productif, arf;. productive from L. productivus *, from productum, supine of prohibere. Prohibition, s/. prohibition; fromL. proproducere. hibitionem. Production, sf. production; from L, proof PROIE, sf. prey, booty. It. preda, from L. ductionem, from productum,' supine praeda. For loss of d see alouette; for producere. Produire, va. to produce from L. produae=e see 104; and e = oi see 62. Projectile, adj. sm. projectile; from L. cere. Forducere = duire see conduire. projectilis*, from projectum, supine of Produit, sm. a product from L. produc; ;

tus.
\

For ct

= it

see attrait.
;

Pro^minent, adj. prominent

eminentem. Profanateur,
Profanation,
sm,
sf.

Ij

Der. /roewfwence.
a profaner;

projicere. from L. p r o- Projection,

sf.

a projection

from L. pro;

jectionem.
from L. Projecture, sf. (Archit.) a projecture from L. projectura. from L. Projet, sm. a project; from L. proj actus.

profanatorem.
a profanation
;

profanationem.
;

Der.

projeter.

Profane, adj. profane; from L. profanus. Projeter, va. to project. See projet. Profaner, i/a. to profane from L. profa- Prol6gomdnes, sm./*/. prolegomena; from
nare.
;

Gr. ira) irpoKfyoficva.

Proferer, va. to utter from L. proferre. Prolepse, sf. (Rhet.) prolepsis; from Gr TTp6\T]\plS. Profds, Profegge, smf. and adj. professed from L. pro (of religious orders); from L. professus. Proltaire, adj. proletarian

Der. professer.

letarius.

Professer, va. to profess. See profes. Prolifique, adj. prolific; from L. prolifi cus. Professeur, sm. a professor; from L. professorem. Prolixe, adj. prolix; from L. prolixus. Profession, sf. a profession; from L. pro- Prolixity, sf. prolixity from L. p rolixita
;

fessionem.

tern.

fProfesso (ex), at/v. professedly;

ex and professus. Professoral, adj.
Professorat, sm.
;

fromL. Prologue, sm.

\oyos.

a prologue;

from Gr.

irpS

professorial from L. professoralis*, from professor. professorship; from L. professoratus *, from professor. tProfil, sm. a profile; from It. proffilo.

Prolonger,
longare.

Der.

va. to prolong;

from L. prO' prolonge (verbal subst.)

/>ro/on^ation, /iro/ora^ement.

PROMENER,

Der. profiler.

va. to lead out for a walk from L. pronoinare (to lead, in Apuleius) For i = e see 72. Der. promenade, pro^

PROFIT,

sm.

profit;

Der.
I

(so used in Ovid).

from L. profectus For ect = ii see attrait.

from L. profundus.

PROMESSE,
missa.
mettere,

meneur, promenoir. s/. a promise;

from L. proIt.

profiler, />ro/?/able.

For

=e
va.

deep ; Der. profondeur, a.pprofond'ir. !Profus6nient, adv. profusely; from profus, which is from L. profusus. Profusion, sf. profusion ; from L. profuadj.

Profond,

PROMETTRE,
see 72.

see 72. to promise.

proi

from L. promittere.
sf.

For
;

=e

Promiscuity,
L.

promiscuousness

from

sionem.

Prog6niture,

sf.

promiscuitatem*, from promiscuus. Promission, sf. promise; from L. proprogeny; from L. promissionem.

2^0
Promontoire,
promontorium.

PR OMONTOIRE
sm. a promontory
;

PR OSOPOPSE.
+ Propolis,
sf.

from L. Propice, adj. propitious ; from L.propitius. For tiu = ce see agencer.
propolis

Promoteur,
promovere.

sm. a promoter

from L. prosupine of

(substance with
;

motorem*, from promotum,

which bees stop holes L. propolis.

in their hives)

from

Promotion,
motionem.

sf.

promotion
va.

from L. p ro;

Proportion,
port ionem.
portion.

sf.

proportion from L. p reDer. proportionner, dispro;

Promouvoir,
promovere.
see mouvoir.

to

promote

from L.
tnouvoir

Der, promu.
*.

For

movere=

Proportionnalit6,

sf.

proportionateness

from L. proportionalitatem.

Prompt,

adj.

Promptitude,

prompt; from L. promptus. Proportionnel, adj. proportional; L. proportionalis. from L. sf. promptitude;

from

promptitudinem Prom.ulgation, sf. promulgation promulgationem.

PROPOS,
;

from L. from L.
;

Promulguer,
promulgare.

va. to promulgate

sm. a thing said in conversation, talk, purpose ; from L. propositum. For -osituin = -OS see 50, 51. Proposer, va. to propose. See poser.

sm. a sermon (before or after mass) from L. praeoonixun. For ae = e see 103, hence preconium, whence prSne for loss of medial c, and for contr, of preone to pr6ne see 102. ^Der. prontr, proneuT. Pronom, sw. a pronoun ; from L. pro no;

PRONE.

Proposition, sf. propositionem.

proposition;

from

L.

PROPRE,
prt\L

adj. proper ; from L. proprius. Der. impropre, ap/>ro/>rier, proprct, pro-

Propr6teur,

sm.

propraetor;

from L.

men.

Pronominal,
Prononcer,
see annoncer.

adj.

pronominal;

an ovraer; from'L. proprietarius (found in Ulpian). from L. Propri6t6, sf. propriety; from L. pro-

propraetorem. Propri6taire, sm.

p ronominalis.
va.

prietatem.
to

pronuntiare.

pronounce ; from L. For mintiax e = noncer

pronunciation
;

Propyles,
npo-nvXaios.

sm.pl. propylaeum;

from Gr.

f Prorata,
sf.

sm. proportion; from L. pro

Prononciation,
L.

from
Gr.

and rata

(sc.

parte).
;

pronuntiationem. Pronostic, sm. a prognostic; from

vpoyvcocTTiKSv.

Der.

pronostiqutr.

from L, Prorogation, sf. prorogation prorogationem. Proroger, va. to prorogue; from L. pro-

Pronostiquer,
pronostic.

va, to prognosticate.

See

rogare.

Prosaique,
saic u s
.

Propagande, sf.
Propaganda,
at

the Propaganda ; of hist. origin (see 33), 'from the Collegium de Fide

Der. />rosaisme.

adj.

prosaic;

from L. pro-

Rome.
sm. a propagator; from L.
sf.

Prosateur, sm. Proscripteur,

Proscription,

a prose-writer. See prose. sm. a proscriber; from L,

Propagateur,
Propagation,

proscriptorem.
sf a proscription
;

propagatorem.
propagation;

from

L,

from L.

propagationem.

proscriptionem. Proscrire, va. to proscribe; from

se r i b e r e ,

L. pro-

Propager,
pagare.^

va. to propagate; from L.

pro-

For -ibere = -ire see

ecrire.

Proscrit, sm. an outlaw; from L. prosf.

Propension,
pensionem.

a propensity; from L. pro-

scriptus.

Forpt = ^see
prose;

168.

Prose,

sf.

from L. prosa,

Der.

Prophdte,
pheta.

sm. a prophet; from L. prosf.

/rosateur.

Prosecteur,
a

sm. (Anat.) a preparator

from

Proph6tesse,
prophetissa.

prophetess;
72.

from L.

L. prosector.

Fori=see

Pros61yte,
lytisme.

sm. a proselyte
St.

from L. prose-

Proph6tie,
tia.

sf.

prophecy; fromL. propheadj. va.

lytus (found in

Jerome).
;

Der.

prose-

Proph6tlqne,
propheticus.

prophetic;

from

L.

Prosodie,

Der. prosodiqae.
sf.

sf.

prosody

from Gr. irpomlia.

from Gr.

Proph6tlser,
prophetizare

to

(in St.

prophesy; from L. Jerome).

Prosopop6e,
irpo<rwnoiroua*

prosopopoeia;

PROSPECTUS
Prospectus,
prospectus.
sm.
a

PR URIGINE UX.
PROVENDE,
benda.
sf.

291
;

prospectus;

from L.

Prosp6rer,
sperare.

vn. to prosper;

from L. profrom L. pro-

from L. praeprovende for b = 2/ see 113 for ae = e see 104; for e = o see rognon. Provende is a doublet of
provisions

Praebenda
;

gives

Prosp6rit,

sf.

prosperity;

prebende, q. v.

speritatem.

Prosterner

(Se), vpr. to prostrate oneself; from L. prosternere. Dei. prostermtion, prosternement. Prostituer, va. to prostitute ; from L, prostituere. Prostitution, sf. prostitution; from L.

Provenir, va. to proceed (from) from L. proven ire. Der. provenzni, provenance. Pr over be, sm. a proverb; from L. pro;

verbium. Proverbial,
verbialis.

adj. proverbial;

from L. pro-

Providence,
vide nt i a
.

prostitutionem.

from L. prosf. providence For -tia = -ce see agencer. Its

;

Prostration,

sf.

prostration

from

L.

doublet

is

pourvoyance,

q. v.

prostrationem.
;

PROVIGNER,

Der. provignemevA. Prote, sm. an overseer from Gr. vpaiTos. Protecteur, sm. a protector; from L. pro- PROVIN, sm. a layer (of vines); formerly provain, Prov. probaina. It. proppagine, Der. proteclorsit. tect or em. Propdginem, from L. propaginem. Protection, sf protection; from L. pro-

vn. to increase.

See provin.

from L. Proteus. Prot6ger va. to protect from L.protegere. Protestation, sf a protest from L. pro; ,
;

tectionem. Prot6e, sm. Proteus

contrd. regularly (see

51) to propag';

nem, becomes provain. For p = v see for a = ai III; for gn = see assener
see 54.'

Der. provigner, provignement.

sf a province;
adj. provincial;
Its

testationem. Protester, va.

testari.
the
tested,

Province,
to protest;

from L. pro-

Der
an

from L. pro-

vincia.

protesia.nt (of historic origin;

.

Provincial,
vincialis.

name given
A.D.

to the Lutherans

who

pro-

doublet
a

is

from L. proproven^al, q. v.

1529, at the Diet of Spires,

edict of the Diet of

Proviseur,
Provision,
n em. Der.

sm.
s/".

head-master, principal;

against

Worms),
For
is

from L. provisorem.
provision
;

/)ro/es/antisme.

from L.provisiozpprovisionner.

Protdt, sm.
loss

a protest

from
p.

protest.

provisionaer,
adj. provisory;

of

see Hist.

Gram.
;

81.

Protet

Provisoire,
visorius
*.

from L. pro-

verbal subst. of protester, q. v. Protocole, sm. a protocol from Gr. irpurd-

Provocateur,
Provocation,

sm.

a provoker;

from L.
from
L.

book. Protonotaire, sm. a protonotary; from Gr. TTpwTOS and from L. uotarius. from Gr. Prototype, sm. a prototype
lit.

KoWov,

the

first

leaf of a

provocatorem.
sf provocation;

provocationem.

Provoquer,
vocare.

va. to provoke; from L.

pro-

VpOJTOTVTTOS.

Protoxyde,

Protuberance,
i

sm. (Chem.) a protoxyde ; from Gr. ttpojTos and b^vs. sf a protuberance; from L. protuberantia*, from protuber-

Proximity,
mitatem.

sf proximity; from L. proxiprudish

is

PRUDE,
Its

adj.

from L, pnidens.

doublet

prudent, q. v.

Der.

prud'-

of protuberare. Protuteur, sm. a guardian of a minor's property; from L. protutorem. PROU, adv. much. It. pro, from L. probe. For loss of medial b see aboyer ; for o = ou
partic.

antem,

homme, prudene, prud'homie.

Prudence,
tia.

sf prudence; from L. pruden-

Prudent,
tem.
Its

adj. prudent;

from L. pruden-

doublet

is

^rwc?*, q.v.

sf. a plum ; from L. prunum. Der. prunier, prune&v (from O. Fr. prunel, dim. oi prune; for el = eau see agneau), pruneWier, pruneWe (whence sense of pupil fouage. of the eye, likened to a little black plum). PROUESSE, sf. prowess. See preux. PRUNELLE, (1) sf a sloe.Der, prunelhex. PROUVER, va. to prove from L. probare. See prune. (2) an eyeball. For o = ou see affouage; for b = v see Prurigineux, adj. lustful; from L. pruri-

see affouage.

PRUNE,

tProue,

i6th cent, proe, sf. a prow; in a word comparatively new in the language, from Sp. proa. For proe=proue see af-

113.

Der. eprouver, i^prouver.

ginosus.

U2

292
Prurit, sm.
because
blue.
it

PR URIT-^P UNIQUE,
prurience; from L. pruritus. adj. Prussic (acid) ; so called was first extracted from Prussian

Prussique,

Pu^ril, adj. puerile; from L. puerilis. Pu6rilit6, sf puerility; from L. puerilitatem. Pugilat, sm. pugilism; from L. pugilatus.

Prytan6e,
npvTaviiov,

sm. a prytaneum

from

Gr.

PUINE, adj. younger L. postnatus *.

; '

formerly puisne, from Est consuetude in qui-

Psalmiste, sm.
mista

a psalmist; from L. psal-

(so used in St. Jerome).

Psalmodie,

mod

a.

Der. psalmoditx.
Its

sf.

psalmody; from L. psala psaltery;

is

Psalt^rion, sm.
terium.

from L. psal-

busdam partibus, quod postnatus praefertur primogenito,* says a medieval document. Postnatus is compd. of natus and post. For post-natus =puis-ne see puis and tie; for puisne=puin4 see Hist. Gram,
p. 81.

doublet

/)saw^i>r, q. v.

PSAUME,

sm, a psalm; from L. psalmus. For al = aM see agneau. The initial sound ps being strange to the Fr. language, O.Fr.
rightly said

PUIS, adv. afterwards

loss
',

from L. post.

For

of t see notre for Der. puisqne, depuis.

o = ui

see cuider.
well).

saume

for

psaume, sautier for PUISER, va. to

piits.
;

psautier.

Der. puisage,

dip,

draw (from a
epuiser.

See

PSAUTIER,
',

sm. a psalter

formerly sautier,

For Q\=ati see from L. psalterium. agneau for e = fi see 56. For explanation of O.Fr. form sautier see psaume.
Its

PUIS QUE, conj. since. See puis and que. PUISSANCE, /. power. See puissant. PUISSANT, adj. powerful from L. possen;

doublet

is

psalterion, q. v.
adj.

tem *, a barbarous o = ui see cuider,

sant.
;

Der. puissance,
see
this
buis,

part. pr. of

posse. For
impuis-

Pseudonym e,
Psych6,
psyche.

pseudonymous;

from

Gr. xpevSuvvfios. sf. Psyche

sf.

from Gr. ipvxv.'DcT.

;

PUITS, sm. a well formerly puis, from L. puteus. For GU = iw see abreger, hence
puis for agencer.
;

u = wi
From

Peychologie,

Gr. Der. /'sycAo/o^ique, psyil/vx'h and \6yos. chologiste, psychologue. PUANTEUR, sf. a stench. See puer. Pubdre, adj. pubescent; from L. pub e rem. Pubert6, */. puberty from L. pubertatem. Public, adj. public; from L. pub lie us. Der. publiciste, publicite. Publicain, sm. a publican ; from L. publi-

psychology

from

and ti = s see O. Fr. puis come

is

puiser, piiisard.

The

spelling puits

the

work of
/,

i6th-cent. pedants,

who

inserted a

thinking that they should thus bring the word nearer its Lat. original, not knowing that the Fr. s of puis already represented the Lat. te. Pulluler, vn, to multiply; from L. puUuFr.

lare.

canus.

Pulmonaire,
sf.

adj.

pulmonary;

from

L,

Publication,

publication;

from L,

pulmonarius.

publicationem. Pulpe, sf pulp; from L. pulp a. Publiciste, sm. a publicist. See public. Pulpeux, adj. pulpy; from L. pulposus. Publicity, sf. publicity. See ptiblic. Pulsation, sf. pulsation from L. pulsajPublier, va. to publish; from L. publitionem.
;

PUCE,

of medial c see affouage. formerly pulce. It. pulce, from L. pulicem, by regular contr. (see 5O of ptilicem to pul'cem, whence O. Fr. pdce. Der. pucevon, epucev.

care.

For

loss

tPulv^rin,
It.

sm. a priming-horn;
;

from

sf.

a flea

polverino.

Pulveriser,
Verisare
.

Der.

va. to pulverise
adj.

from L. pulfrom

pulveris&tion.

Pulverulent,
PUNAIS,

pulverable;

L.

Pudeur,

sf shame;

from L. pudorem.
;

pulverulentus.

Der. impudeur.

Pudibond,

adj. modest, bashful

from L.

pudibundus. Pudicit, sf. modesty; from tem.

;

L. pudicita-

Prov. putnais, from adj. fetid. O. Fr. put, by means of a suffix nais, from O. Fr. inais, which is from L. -inaceus. put is from L. putidus. For loss of last two
atonic syllables see 50, 51,
;

Der.punaise.

Pudique, adj. modest from L. pudicus. PUNAISE, sf (Entom.) a bug. See punais. PUER, vn. to stink. O. Fr. puir, Prov. pudir. t Punch, sm. a punch from Engl, punch. It. pudire, from L. putere. For loss of Punction, sf a pointer; from L. punctimedial t see Hist. Gram.
see 59.

p.

82;

for

e=i

onem.

Its

doublet

is
;

Der./>ttant, /ttanteur, em/>anter.

Punique,

adj. punic

poinf on, q. v. from L. punicus.

PUNIR
Punir,

QUADRI-.
Purulent,
lentus.
adj.

293
purulent;

Punition, onem.
laris.

va. to punish; from L. punire. Der, ^wwissable, ^wwisseur. sf. punishment; from L, punitiadj. pupillary;

from L. puru-

Pus, sm. (Med.) pus from L. pus, Pusillanime, adj. pusillanimous, cowardly
;

Pupillaire,

from L. pupil-

from L. pusillanimis.

Pusillanimity,
sf.

sf.

cowardice

from L.

Pupille,
pilla.

a pupil,

ward; from L, pu;

pusillanimitatem.

Pustule,
from L. ptdpitum.
sangloter)

sf.

a pustule; from L. pustula.

PUPITRE, sm. a desk By transposing 1 (see

1

pulpitum

becomes pupitlum, whence pupitre.

= r see

apdtre.
;

Pur,
iste,

adj. pure

from L. pur us.

;

/jwrisme.
if.

a^/- pustulous; from L, pustu-^ For -os\is = -eux see 229. For Putatif, adj. putative, supposed; from L. putativus. Der. pur- PUTOIS, sm. a polecat; properly = bete puante. Putois is from O. Fr. put, see

PustuleUX,
losus.

PUREE,

soup

formerly peuree,, originally

punais.
;

pevreejiom L.piperata* (properly peppered Putrefaction, sf. putrefaction from L. putrefactionem. meat), by regular contr. (see 52) of piperata to pip'rata, whence pevree. For p v Putr6fier, vn. to putrefy; from L.putrificare *, from putris. see III; for -ata = -e'e see 201. Pevree becomes peuree by vocalising v to u, Putride, adj. putrid; from L. putridus. Der. putridite. see aurone peuree later becomes puree by eu = u, see curee cp. bu, mil, miire, mutin, Pygra6e, sm. a pigmy from Gr. itvyjmios. from Gr. itvXwv. bluet, etc., which were formerly beu, meu, Pyldne, sm. a portal Purie is a Pylore, sm. (Anat.) pylorus meure, meutin, bleuet, etc. from Gr.
;
: ;

doublet of poivree, poivrade, q. v. Puret6, sf. purity; from L. puritatem.

I

see 72. Purgatif, adj. purgative;

i

For

=e

from L. purga;

tirus.
!

Der. pyloriqae. Pyramide, pyramid; from L. pyramidem. Der. pyramidal, pyramidex. Pyrique, pyrotechnic from Gr. Pjrrite, from Gr.
TTvXcopvs.
sf.

adj.

ttvp.

sf.

a pyrite;

vvpiTijs.

Purgation,
gationem.

sf.

a purgation

from L. purfrom L. pur-

Der. pyriteux.

Pyroligneux,
TTvp

adj. pyroligneous

from Gr. from Gr.

Purgatoire,
i

sm. purgatory;

gatorius.

Purger,

va. to purge; from L.

purgare.

and ligneux, q. v. Pyromdtre, sm. a pyrometer; TTvp and fXTpov.

Der, purge (verbal subst.), expurger.

Pyrotechnie,

adj. pyrotechnics

TTvp and rexvq. Der. pyrotechniqat. Purification, sf. purification; from L. Pyrrhique, adj. pyrrhic; from Gr. purificationem. Purifier, va. to purify; from L. purip'^XV-

from Gr.
itvp-

ficare.

Pyrrhonisme, Pyrrhonien,
rhonism
;

sm. purism. See pur. Puriste, sm. a purist. See pur. i-Puritain, sm. a puritan; from Engl. puritan. Der. puritanisme. Purpurin, adj. purplish; from L. pur-

Purisme,

sm. Pyrof hist, origin (see 33), from the Greek philosopher Pyrrho.
adj.

Pythagoricien,

Pythagorean;

from

Gr. TTvOayopiKds, a disciple of Pythagoras. Pythie, adj. Pythic from Gr. irvOia.
;

purinus.

P3rthonisse, sf
sf.

Pythoness;

from Gr.

Purulence,
lentia.

purulence; from L. puru-

vvQajVKTCa.

QQuadrag6naire,
adj.

of forty years

of

Quadrangle,

age; from L. quadragenarius.

;

quadrangulus

Quadrag6sim.e, sf. quadragesima from Quadrature, L. quadragesima (sc. dies}. Its doublet quadratura. Its doublet is carrure, is carime, q. v. Quadri-, a prefix; from L. quadri-.

sm. a quadrangle ; from L. Der. quadranguhke. from L. sf quadrature;

q. v.

294
Quadrige,
riga.

QUADRIGE^ QUESTEUR.
sm. a quadriga; from L. quadsm.
5/.

Quadrilatdre,
t

quadrilateral;
quadrille;

from
It.

from L. quatuordedm, by regular contr. (see 51) of quatu6rdcim to quatuord'oim, whence quatorze. For quatuor-

L. quadrilaterus.

= quatora

see quatre

Quadrille,
quadriglia.

from

and adjuger.

Der. quatorzxhmc.
;

for

dc = z

see amitie

QUATRE,
adj.

sm. four

from L. quatuor, by
into

Quadrumane,
L.

quadrumanous ; from
from L.

regular change of

uo

(see

102),

quadrumanus.
sm. a quadruped;

Quadnipdde,
Quadruple,
ruplus.
j"

quadrupedem.

Der. quadruphx.
;

adj. quadruple;

from L. quad-

QUAI, 5m. a quay

of Celtic origin, Breton hae. sm. a quaker; from Engl.,ga^er. Qualificatif, arf/. qualifying from L. qua-

form cator an inscription of the Empire. Quator becomes quatre by dropping final vowel, see Quatre is a doublet of quattor, 50. Der. quatrihme, quatnin. q. V. Quatuor, sm. (Mus.) aquartett; from
find the
in

whence quator.

We

Quaker,
qualifier.

L.

quatuor.
;

Its

doublet
;

is

quatre, q. v.

lificativus

*,

from

qualificare.
;

See

QUE, pron. whom, that from L. quem. QUE, conj. that from L. quod. For loss of d see alouette. Also from L. quam, in the
connection plus
.
.
.

Qualification, sf. a qualification from L. qualificationem *, from qualificare.

See qualifier.

que,

which

is

L.

quam. For loss of QUEL, adj. what; from

m
L.

plus
For

see ja.

Qualifier,

va. to qualify;

from L. qualiIts

ficare *, from jauger, q. v.

qualis.

doublet

is

= -el see QUELCONQUE,

-a.li8
;

191.
adj.

qualis.

Der. ywe/que.

Quality,

sf.

quality;

QUAND, QUANT,

conj.

though

QUANT, adv. respecting from L. quantum. unknown. Der. quemand&ix. QUANTIEME, adj. what number. See QUENOTTE, sf. a tooth (of a child)
;

Der.
quant.

adj.

how many

from L. qualitatem. from L. quando. from L. quantus.

;

whatever; from L. For quale = quel see quel for cunque = conque see annoncer. QUELQUE, adj. some. See quel and que.

quale cunque.

Der. quelqu'un, quelquelois.

quant'ihme.

QU6MANDER, vn.
O.
Fr.

to beg secretly.

Origin

quenne

of Germ, origin,
sf a
distaff.

Icel.

dim. of kenna.

Quantity,
tatem.

/".

a quantity;
adj. forty

from L. quanti-

QUENOUILLE,

It.

conocchia,

QUARANTE,
ginta.

For dr = r

see

= -anle

see cinquante.

Der.

from L. quadra168; for-aginta

ywaran^aine,

quarantihm^.

from L. coluoula, dim. of colus. For whence conucula, found l = n see marne in Carol, documents e. g. Si ingenua Ripuaria servum Ripuarium secuta fuerit, et parentes ejus hoc contradicere voluerint,
; ' ;

QUARDERONNER, a.
quart de rond.

to round off; from

offeratur

ei

a rege spatha

et

conucula.
interfi-

See quart, de and rond. QUART, adj. fourth; from L. quartus. Der. quart (sm.), yar/ant, quart&mt. sm. a quarter (of a pound).

Quod
ciat;

si si

spatham acceperit, servum autem conuctdam, in

servitio

QUARTERON,
See quart.
sf.

perseveret.' Lex Ripuaria, 59. 18. Oondciila, regularly contr. (see 51) to conFor o ue see uc'la, becomes quenouille.

QUARTE,

QU

a quart ; from L. quarta. ARTIER, sm. a quarter from L. quartfourth of a sextarius. For -arliis arius, = -ier see 198. Der. quarteron.
;

accueillir;
for

for -\icl&

= -ouiUe

see

258;

Gq

see queue.

QUERELLE,

P-

/. a quarrel; from L. Der. quereller, querelleur.

va. to fetch
;

querela.

QUARTIER-MAiTRE,

sm. a quarter-master.

QUERIR,
133
;

from L. quaerere.
see Hist.

See maitre and quartier. + Quartz, sm. quartz; from Germ, quarz. Der. quartzexix. + Quasi, adv. almost; from L. quasi. Quaternaire, adj. quaternary ; from L.

For quaerere

= quaerere
:

Gram.

whence querir

for

e=i

quaternarius.

Quaterne,
ternus.
q. V.

from L. quadoublets are cahier, caserne, Der, quaternzke.

sm. quaternary;
Its

Querir is a doublet of querre. (formerly queste, from L. quaesita, strong For loss of i by partic. subst., see asboute. displacement of accent from quaesita to for loss of see Hist. ; quaesita see 51

see 59. Der. quite

Gram.

p. 81).

Questeur,
tor em.

QUATORZE,

adj. fourteen.

It.

quattordici,

Its

sm. a quaestor; from L. quaesdoublet is queteur.

Q UESTION
Question,
tionem.

QUITTE,
Quinine, Quinola,

295

Der.
sf.

sf.

a question;

from L. quaes-

questiotmer, questionniLiie,

qiiestionneur.

Questure,
tura.

quaestorship
search.

from L. quaes-

QUETE,
QUEUE,

sf.

See querir.
is

Der.

See quina. sf. quinine. sm. the knave of hearts (cards). Origin unknown. Quinquag6naire, adj. of fifty years of age; from L. quinquagenarius. Quinquennal, adj. quinquennial ; from L.

queieT, qutteuT
q. v.), gwe^euse.
sf.

(whose doublet
;

quesieur,

quinquennalis.

q,

cp.
;

sm, a lamp ; of hist, origin, see 33. from L. cauda. c here colucla*, quenouille; cotem, + Quinquina, sm. cinchona, bark-tree,
a
tail

Quinquet,

queux

puscus,'^, paqueretle;

mancare*,
apotheca,

manquer ;
boutique.
for
a,\x.

coquus,
For
:

queux;

loss

= ue = eu

(which

of medial d see alouette ; is the same sound)

/>;

set accuetllir

cp.

paucum,

Aucum,

Eu.

QUEUE,
Origin

sf.

a cask (holding a

l^ hogsheads).

unknown.
sm.

QUEUX,

hone. It. cote, from L. of t see aigu ; for c = g see queue for o = eu see accueillir. QUEUX, sm. a cook, in O. Fr. It. cwoco, from L, coquus. Coquus, by reducing uu to u (see 102), becomes cocus, found in Lat.

cotem.

For

loss

formerly quinaquina ; of Peruv. kinakina. An abbreviation of quinquina is quina, q. v. QUINT, sm. a fifth ; from L. quintus." QUINTAINE, sf. a quintain; from L. quintana (a little place, thence a place set aside for military exercises, then the exercises themselves). Quintaine is a doublet oi cantine, q. v. For a = ai see 54. QUINTAL, sm. a hundredweight ; der. from
;

Peruvian bark

American

origin,

quint, q.v.

tQuinte,
quinta.

sf.

musical fifth;

from

It.

Quinte,
quinta,

sf.
lit.

writers.

Coous becomes queux:

;

for

=
is

fit of coughing; from L. Der. coughing five times.

eu see accueillir
for final

for initial

=^

see queue;

quinteux.

o = s = x see

amitie.

Queux

Quintessence,
quinte essence,
lit.

sf a quintessence

formerly

doublet of coq, a cook. rel. pron. who ; from L. qui. QUICONQUE, pron. whosoever;

from L. quinta essentia;

QUI,

the

fifth

essence, i.e. that substance in

quicumque.
for

For
5/,

in=
certain

see

from L. changer;

alchemists' language

the four elements.

Der.
It.

which

is

superior to

quintessenc'iex.

u=

see annoncer.
a

Quinteux,
person

adj. whimsical.

See quinte.

Quidam,
;

(name Quintuple,

unknown) Quiet, ac?/.

from L. qviidain.

quiet; from L. quietus.

Der.

tuplex.

Der.

adj. quintuple;

from L. quin-

quintupltr.
quindici,

QUINZE,
of

adj. fifteen.

from L.

quieAsme, quietiste. Quietude, s/. quietude; from L. quietudi-

quindecim, by
quinze.

nem,

tQuille,
QUILLE,

sf.

a keel;
skittle

from Sp.
;

quilla.

quindecim For dc = c

regular contr. (see 51) to quind'cim, whence

see adjuger
;

see amitie.

Der.

for

c=z

quinz^va, ywmzaine, quinz-

Der. quitlige.

ieme.

of Germ, origin, O. H. G. kegil, by contr. of kegil to keg'l, and assimilation of gl to il, see caille, QUINA, sm. bark, quinine. See quinquina, Der. quinine. QUINAUD, adj. abashed. Origin unknown.
sf.

t Quiproquo,

sm. a quidproquo, in i6th cent; from L. qui pro quod, lit. to take a quid for a quod. QUITTANCE, sf. a receipt. It. quitanza, * Qua praefatae from L, quietantia*.

QUINCAILLE,

ironmongery (originally every kind of hardware) formerly clincaille* or cliquaille in Marot, from cliquer (q. v.), signifying rightly that which clinks. Cliquaille becomes clinquaille by nasalisation, see concombre ; then quincaille by
sf.
;

dissimilation

of
sm.

cl

to

c,

see able.

Der.

camerae solvere quomodo libet obligati erant, generalem qiiietantiam fecerit decernens eos ad illorum solutionem non Quieteneri,* says a medieval document. tantia is from quietus, meaning quitte, see quitte. Quietantia becomes quittance, For letter-changes cp. pietantia,/'/Vace.
.
. .

see pitance.

Der.

quittance!.

quincaillier, quincaillene.

QUITTE,
;

sf

free, discharged, clear

Quinconce,
quincunx.

quincunx

from

L.

quietus.

Qviietus

is

from L. ; used in this sense

:

Quine,

sm. five winning numbers (lottery) from L. qui ni.

' Et si documents de una judiciaria fuerit ad dies XII, ante-

in several Carolingian

ag6

QUITTER^RA CLER.
originally a scholastic thesis,
exercise students'

quam eat ad exercitum sit quietus* (Lex For ie = i see Loneobardorum, 2. 14). piti^ Quitte is a doublet of cot, q, v. Der. quitter (lit. to hold quit, then to yield,
leave), zcquitter.

proposed

to

minds

to L.

mean

theses

discussed

whence it conies for amusement,

quibbles, as opposed to serious ones; from

quod

libet.
sf.

QUITTER,
QUI-VIVE,

See quitte. sm. a challenge (military).

va. to quit.

Quote-part,
See
part,

a quota, share

compd. of

and L. quota.
adj. daily;

QUOI,

qui and vivre. pron. which, that,

Quotidien,
what;
;

from L. quotidi;

from L.
for i

anus.

quid.

For

see boire.

Der. quoique.

loss

of

see alouette

fQuolibet,

sm. a quibble,

trivial

= oi Quotient, sm. a quotient from L. quotiens. pun; Quotit^, sf. quota, share; from L. quotus.

R.
RABACHER,
eur.

vn. to repeat over and over. Origin unknown. Der. rabdchage, rabdch-

RACCOMMODER,
eur,

va.

See re- and accommoder.

to

mend,

repair.

Der. raccommod-

raccommodement.

RABAIS, sm. diminution

rabaisser.

(of

price).

See

RACCORDER,
and accorder.

Der. raccord

va.

to join, unite.

See re-

(verbal subst.),

RABAISSER,

RABAT,

va. to lower, underrate. See reand abaisser. Der. rabais (verbal subst.). sm. a band (for the neck). See

raccordemtnX..

RACCOURCIR,
and
accourcir. subst).

Der.

va.

to

shorten.

See

re-

raccourci

(partic.

rabattre.

RABATTRE,
abattre.

Der. rabat (verbal

va. to beat

down.

See re- and

RACCOUTRJER,
and accoutrer.

va. to dress out.

See re-

subst.), rabat-

joie, rfl6a//ement.

RACCOUTUMER

sm. a rabbi; of Heb. origin, Heb. rabbi. Der. ra66mique. RABLE, sm. back (of hares). Origin un-

+ Rabbin,
known.

(SE), vpr. to accustom. See re- and accoutumer. RACCROCHER, va. to hook on again. See re- and acerocher.-~-DeT. raccroc (verbal
subst.).

RABLE,

sm. a rake, poker (used by bakers) formerly roable, from L. rutabulum (a

(see 51) of rutdbulum to rutab'lum, roable. For loss of medial t see

baker's poker in Festus), by regular contr.

+ Bace, sf. a RACHAT, sm. RACHETER,

race; from It. razza. repurchase. See racketer. va. to repurchase, ransom;

whence

abbaye; for

u=o

see annoncer.

RABOT, sm. a plane. See raboter. RABOTER, va. to plane properly

;

to strike,

formerly rachater. See re- and acheter. Der. rachat (verbal subst.). Rachitique, adj. rickety; from Gr. ^&x'^s. Der. rachitisTcit. RACINE, sf. a root. Prov. racina, from L.

knotty, rough.

which survives in raboteux, Raboter is another form of rabouter. For etymology see re- and Raboter is a doublet of rebouter, bouter.
in

O.

Fr., a sense

radicina*, from
contr. (see

radicem,

by

regular

52) of

radicma

to rad*-

q. v.

Der.

juger.

For dc = c see adcina, whence racine. Der. d^racmer, enracmer, racing,

rabot (verbal subst.), ra6o/eux.

vn. to be stunted.
va. to
scout,

raciner.

RABOUGRIR,
unknown.

Origin
Origin

RACLER,

va. to sgrape off; formerly rascler,

RABROUER,
unknown.

snub.

RACAILLE,

sf. rabble, mob ; dim. of a root rac *, which is of Germ, origin, Engl. rack. Racaille is formed like canaille, which comes indirectly from L. canis.

It. raschiare, from L. rasiculare *, der. from rasioare *, frequent, of Rasicdre, contrd. regularly to radere. ras'care (see 52), gives the deriv. Rasculire, regularly droprasculare. ping u (see 52), becomes ras'clare, whence rascler, whence, by loss of s (see

Cat. rasclar.

RACOLER
Hist.

RAIE.
RADOUCIR,
adoucir.

397
va.
to
soften.

Gram.

p. 81), racier.

Der.

raclem,

racloir, racoire, racluve.

RACOLER,
See
col.

Der. racoleur, racohge,

va. to
relate;

va. to pick up, crimp (soldiers).

RACONTER,

from re- and

aconter*, compd. of a and conter, q. v. Der. raconteuT.

racfowcissement. Origin unknown. a squall. RAFFERMIR, va. to harden. See re- and Der. ra^rmissement. affermir. RAFFINER, va. to refine. See re- and Der. rqffimgt, raffinemtnt, raffinaffinir.

Der.

See re- and

Rafale,

sf.

RACORNIR
req. V.

(SE), va. to
*,

and acornir

Der. racorissement.
acquitter.
sf.

make homy; from compd. of a and come,

See

erie,

raffinem.
vn.
to
dote.

RAFFOLER,
affoler.

See

re-

and

RACQUITTER
re-

(SE), vpr. to win back.

RAFLER,
Dan.

va. to carry off; of

and

rafle.

Der.

Germ,

origin,

rafle (verbal subst.),

fRade,
It.

rada.

Der.

a road, roadstead (naval);

from

RAFRAlCHIR,

va. to cool, refresh.

See re-

rader.
raft
;

formerly radel (for from L. radellus *. medieval Lat. documents) is a transformation of ratellus *. For t = rf see aider, Katellus* is a dim. of ratis. B-ader, va. to strike (a measure) ; from L.
el

RADEAU,

sm. a

eau

see agneau),
in

Radellus (found

Der. rafraichi%sznt, rafraichxssQmtnt. RAGAILLARDIR, va. to enliven, cheer up. See re- and agaillardir, compd. of a and

and afraichir*, compd. of a and /ra/s, q.v.

RAGE,

gaillard, q. v. sf. rage.

Sp. rahia,
;

For bi = bj
sujet;

see abrSger
for

ad ere.

Der. radtm.

lastly

j=^

from L. rabies. then for bj =j see see abreger and

Origin un-

genievre.Dtx. enrager.

Kadial,

Radiant,
antem.
I

adj. radial from L. radialis, der. from radius. adj. radiant; from L. radi-

RAGOT,
known.

adj. thickset,

dumpy.

RAGOUT, sm. a stew. RAGOOTER, va. to

of a and gouter, q. subst.), ragoHtznt.
v.

See ragoilter. restore the appetite,

Der. ragoilt (verbal

Radiation,

sf.

radiation;

from L. radi-

stimulate; from re and agoilter*, compd.

ationem. Radical, adj. radical der. from radicem.

from L. radical is*,

RAGRANDIR,
from L.
root;

va. to enlarge again.

See re-

Radicant,
Radicule,

adj.

(Bot.) radicant;

and agrandir.

radicantem.
sf.

RAGREER,
(Bot.) a radicle,
little

va. to finish, restore.

a

See re-

and agreer.

from Turk, raia, properly ' a flock,' then ' dog of a Christian,' Radi, adj. (Bot.) radiate; from L. radian insulting name given by the Mussulmans For -atus = -e see 201. atus. Its to the Christian inhabitants of Turkey. doublet is raye, q. v. Origin RAIDE, adj. stiff, rigid formerly roide, from Radier, sm. an inverted arch. L. rigidus, by regular contr. (see 51) of unknown. rigidus to rig'dus, a contr. already made Radieux, arf/. radiant; from L. radiosus. = -ew! see 229. For -osus in popular Lat. we find rigdus in the Appendix ad Probum. Rigdus becomes 'I'Radis, sm. a turnip, radish; from Prov. raditz, which from L. radioem. roide'. for gd = c? see amande; for i = oi Roide J)ecomes raide by oi = ai, ^Radius, sm. (Anat.) a radius; so used in see boire.
from L, radicula.
sm.
raiah;
; :

tRaia,

Celsus.

see 63.

Der.

raider, raideur.

dote; formerly redoter, compd. of re- and the root doter*, of Germ, origin, Engl, dote, Flem. doten. Der. radoieuT, radotiige, radotene. RADOUB, sm. a refitting, repair. See ravn. to

RADOTER,

RAIDEUR,
RAIE,
sf.

sf stiffness.

a stroke, line;

fem. form of radius.

see alouette.

See above. from L. radia*, For loss of medial d

RAIE, sf
Lat.

furrow;
*,

douber.

rega, from L. riga

va. (Naut.) to refit
;

formerly roie, Prov. a furrow in medieval

'

RADOUBER,
redouber,

formerly
a

documents

e. g.

Nee unam rigam

compd.

of

re-

and

theme

dauber
terms,
strike,

*,
is

which, like many other seaof Germ, origin, A. S. dubban, to

sense

de terra, nee ullum habebat mancipium proprium,' from an llth-cent. text; and in a somewhat earlier document, Coepit ter'

ing.

Der. radoub

whence

of preparing, repair-

ram

fodere et in
is

modum sulci rigam facere.'

Biga

(verbal subst,).

Biga

verbal subst. of rigare.

^a
becomes
allier),

RATE^RAMENBR
Origin unknown. ralement.

RAIE,

roie by loss of medial g (see then raie by oi = ai (see 63). (Ichth.) a ray from L. raia. sf. RAIFORT, stn. (Bot.) a radish; formerly
;

Der. rdle
;

(verbal subst.),

RALINGUE,

sf.

a bolt-rope

of Germ, origin.

raisfort,

Germ, raleik. For intercalated n see concompd. of adj. fort (q. v.) and comhre. Der. ralingutx. O. Fr. rai, rats, which is from L. radicem. RALLIER, va. to rally. See allier.Dtx. ralliement. Badioem becomes rais by regular contr.

(see

51)

of

rddicem

(for

radicem)
;

to
for

RALLONGER, va. to

rad'oem.

For do = c see adjuger

Der.
ment.

lengthen. See allonger. rallonge (verbal subst.), rallongeva. to rekindle.

c = s see amitie. fRail, sm. a rail;

d^rai7/er.

from Engl.
rally,

rail.

Der.

RALLUMER,
madan.

t Ramadan, sm.
va. to
der.
;

Ramadan

See allumer. from Ar. ra-

RAILLER,

jest at; from L, from radere cp. Germ. scherzen similarly der. from scheren. Hadiculdre, regularly contrd. (see 52) to radio'lare, becomes railler: for loss of

radiculare*,

RAMAGE,
matge,

sm. flowers, branches.

L.

Prov. ra-

ramaticvuu, deriv. of ramus. For -aticum = -age see 6ge. Ramage still means branching in hunting,
from
' '

medial
abeille.

Der.
sf.

see

accabler;
It.

for

cl

= z7

see

raillerie, raillenr.

and is also used for. a kind of textile fabric on which are represented leaves and flowers.

RAINE,

a frog.

For a,=ai see 54.

Der. ramette.

rana, from L. rana.

RAMAGE,

See va. to make lean again. amaigrir. Origin unknown. RAMAS, sm. a collection, lot, heap. See ramasser. + B.aiponce, s/". a rampion; from Sp.raiponce. RAMASSER, va. to amass, collect. See aRAIS, sm. spoke (of a wheel), ray (of light) ; Der, ramas (verbal subst.), ramasser. from L. radius. For adiu = at see amass6, ramasseui, ramassis. louette and bale ; for persistence of s see Rambour, sm. a kind of apple; formerly Der. from the obj. case rai comes rambor, originally rambure of hist, origin 149. the deriv. rayon and compd. enrayer. (see 33), from Rambure, a village near RAISIN, sm. a grape, raisin, plum. Prov. Amiens. razim, Sp. racimo. It. racemo, from L. RAME, sf. a stick, branch, twig; from L. Der. ramtx, racemus. For a = ai see 54 for o = s ram^a, fem. form of ramus. see amitie; for e = i see 59; forni=n ramier (a wild pigeon which roosts in the see changer. Der. raisine. branches), ra/neux, ramilles, ramnxt, ramoxi RAISON, sf. reason; from L. rationem. (a broom of twigs). = -aiso see fenaison. Its For -ationem sf. an oar; introd. from Prov. doublet is ration, q. v. Der. raisonntx. rem, which is from L. remus. Jal (ArcheoRAISONNABLE, adj. reasonable; from L. logie Nautique) says "that rame was introFor ration- = ra/son- see rationabilis. duced into France by the sailors of Proraison; for -abilis = -a6/e see affable. vence and Languedoc. Der. ramer, romeur. Der. deraisonnable. + sf. a ream ; formerly rayme, Sp. RAISONNER, va. to reason. See raison. resma. It. risma of Oriental origin, Ar. Der. raisonn^, raisontiemtnt, raisonneur, rizma. For / = ai = a see balance ; for loss
sf.

RAINETTE, RAINETTE,
pippin.

sf.

a tree-frog.

See raine.

sm. warbling (of birds) ; formerly chant ramage, i.e. song of birds in the branches. For origin of ramage see above,

a reinette, or rennet, apple,

RAMAIGRIR,

See reine. RAINURE, sf. a grove.

fRame,

Rame,
of

deraisonner.

s see Hist.

Gram.
a

p.

81.

RAJEUNIR,
jeune.

Der. ra;ewissement.
va. to readjust.
rail

va.

to

restore

to youth.

See

RAMEAU,
RAMEE,

sm.

twig,

branch;

formerly

RAJUSTER,
RALE,

See ajusler.
(so called

ramel, from L.ramellus*, dim. of ramus. For -eU.via = -el = -eau see 282.

per. rajustement.
sm. (Ornith.) a
See rdler.
rattle.

sf branches with green leaves.

der.

Sp.

from

its cry).

ramada, from. L. ramata*, ramTOB.

from

RALE, sm. (Med.) a RALENTIR, va. to

ra/e^issement.

retard.

See rdler. See /e^ Der.

RAMENDER,
visions).

va. to lower the price (of proSee re- and amender. RAMENER, va. to recall, bring back. See
re-

RALER,

vn. to have a rattling in the throat.

and amener.

RA MENTE VOIR
RAMENTEVOIR, va. to
compd. of
rerecall, call to

RAPPRENDRE.
q. v.

399

mind

Der.

rawf owner, rangofineur, ran'

rancour, ill-will;

and O. Fr. ame?itevoir. Aamentavoir. It. a mente avere, is compd. of the three words a ment avoir (ad mentem habere, to have in For etymology see a and avoir. mind).
mentevoir,
also

fownement.

RANCUNE,
form of

RAMER,
raweur.

va. to row.

See

rame

(2).

Der.

an altered which is from medieval Lat. rancura *, der. from the same root as the Class. Lat. rancor, and found in St.
sf.

ranctire,

RANG,
sm. a ringdove.
vn. to ramify;
der.

RAMIER,

See rame (l).

Der. rnmereau.

Eamifier,
ficare*,
suifix

ficare.

Der. ramyf

from L. ramifrom ramus and the verbal

cation.

Jerome. Der. rancunier. sm. a row, rank ; formerly reng of Germ, origin, O. H. G. hring, a ring. For in = en = an see andouille. Rang is a doublet of ranz, harangue, q. v. Der. ranger, ranges (partic. subst.), deraw^er, nrranger.
;

Ranimer,

RAMILLES, sf. pi. twigs, sprays. RAMOITIR, va. to make damp.

See rame. See moite.

RAMOLLIR,

va. to soften.

See amollir.
twigs).

RAMON,
rame

Der. rawzo/Zissant. sm. a broom

(i).

ramoner (to sweep with In O. Fr. ramoner signiiied * to a ramon. sweep generally in modern Fr. to sweep
'
;
:

Der.

(of

See

va. to restore to life, reanimate. See animer, sm. ranz (des vaches) ; of Swiss origin, Germ.-Swiss ranz. Rapace, adj. rapacious; from L. rapacem. Rapacite, sf. rapacity; from L. rapaci-

tRanz,

tatem.

RAPATELLE,
sieves).

horse-hair sf. Origin unknown.

cloth

(for

chimneys only

for such restricted significa-

RAPATRIER.vn.to reconcile; compd.

and patrie.

tions see 12),

Der.

aire, a,

rapatriage, rapatriement.
stalk

RAMONER,
ramon.

Der. ramowage, ramoneui.

sf.

va. to sweep (chimneys).

See

RAPE,

sf.

a rasp, giater.
sf.

fR&pe,
RAPER,

stem,

RAMPEj

a flight of stairs.
vn.
to

RAM PER,
another.

creep,

meaning to climb
Prov.

by

rapar, Low Germ, rapen. For intercalated see lambruche. Der. rampe (verbal subst. the sense of climbing, proper to the O. Fr. word, seen in this word, as also in the is still heraldic rampant), rampant, rampement. RAMURE, sf. branching, hunting attire. See

See ramper. crawl; formerly catching hold of of Germ, origin,

Germ, rappe.

Der. rape.

See rdper. of grapes;

from

formerly rasper, vn. to rasp, grate of Germ, origin, O. H. G. raspon. Der. rape (verbal subst.).
;

m
:

Rapetasser,

va. to patch, piece

from
,

re-

and apetasser *, compd. of petas* ment, piece. See piece.

a frag-

RAPETISSER, va. to lessen. See petit. Rapide, adj. rapid; from L. rapidus. Rapidity, sf. rapidity; from L. rapiditatem.

rame

(l).

from L. raneidus. of the last two atonic vowels see 50, 51. Der. ranch. RANCHER, sm. a rack-ladder ; from ranche. Ranche (a wooden pin) is from L. ramicem, by regular contr. (see 51) of ramicem to ram.'cem, whence rauche. For va. = n see changer; for o = ch see 126. Eancidit6, sf. rancidity; from L. ranciadj.

RANGE,

rancid;
loss

RAPIECER,

va. to piece.

See piece. Der.

For regular

rapiecettx, rapiecetage.

RAPIECETAGE,
See rapiecer.

sm.

patching,

patchwork.

RAPIERE, sf a rapier. Origin unknown. Rapine, sf. rapine from L. rapina. Der.
;

rapiner.

RAPPAREILLER,
appareiller.

va. to match.

See re- and

ditatem.

RANCIR,

vn. to

become rank.
;

See ranee.

RAPPARIER,
from
re-

va. to match, get the pair to;

q. v.

and apparier,

Der. racissure.

RANCON,

sm. a ransom
It.

formerly raen^on,

RAPPEL, sm. recall. RAPPELER, va. to

peler.

Prov. reemsos,

redenzione, from L. reregular loss of medial

Der. rappel

See rappeler. recall. See re- and ap(verbal subst.).

demption^m., by (see Hist. Gram. p.

;

d RAPPORT,

81),

whence re-empti;

.ouexa whence raen^on. For e = a see amender for m. = see changer for pt = / see 168; for -tionem. = -^o see agencer. For contraction of raenpon to ranQon see 103. Ranfon is a donhltt of redemption,

sm. bearing, produce, revenue, report, relation. See rapporter. RAPPORTER, va. to bring again. See reand apporter. Der. rapport (verbal subst.),

rapportahlQ, rapporttwx.

RAPPRENDRE,
apprendre.

va. to relearn.

See re- and

300
RAPPROCHER,
re-

RAPPROCHER
va. to place near again.

RA VELIN.

the cellular tissue of the spleen to a honeycomb Der. Tate\^e, rate\enx. Rapsode, sm. a rhapsodist from Gr, paipo)- RATEAU, sm. 3l rake; formerly ra/e/, originally rastel, from L. rastelluiu (found in Der. rapsodie. bds. Suetonius, whence rastel, then ratel (by loss H>apt, sm. abduction from L. raptus. of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81), then rateax RApURE, s/. raspings. See rdper. (for el = eau see agneau). RAQUETTE, sf. a racket, batUedore. Origin Der. (from O.Fr.

and approcher.

Der. rapprochement.
; ;

See

unknown.

Rare,

adj.

rare;

from L.

rarus.

Der.

ratel) rateler, ratel4e (partic. subst.), rdtel-

eur, rdteliei.

rar^ment.

RATER,
va. to rarify;

vn. to miss

fire.

See rat.
;

Bar6fier,

from L. rarefi- Ratification, sf. ratification from L. rat ficationem *. care *, compd. of rarus and of suffix -ficare, which becomes ;;ffr by regular loss Ratifier, va. to ratify ; from L. rati ficare
of medial
c, see affouage.

i-

Der.

rare/fant.

der.

from ratum.

Raret^,
tatem.

sf. rarity,

scarceness; from L. rari-

For

Rarissime,
RAS,

see 72. adj. superl. most rare

i

from L.
Its

rarissimus.
adj. close
is

Origin unknown. sf. a ratteen. Der. ratinex. Ration, sf. a ration; from L. rationem. Its doublet is raison, q. v.

RATINE,

shaven

doublet

rez, q. v.

Der.

from L. rasus.
raser, rasibus.

Rational,

+ Ras,
from

sm. the bore, race (of tide); a someFr. word, introd.

sm. a breastplate (Jewish) ; from L, rationale (found in St. Jerome). Rationnel, adj. rational; from L. rationalis.

what modem

by

sailors

Low Bret, raz, a swift current, race. RATISSER, vn. to scrape off. See rature. Der. ratissnge, ratissohe, ratissuTC. Its RASADE, sf. a bumper. See raser. -I
doublet
is

racee, q. v.

RASER,

va. to shave.

Seeras.

Der. ras

ant,

RATON, sm. a racoon. RATTACHER, va. to

attacker.

See rat.
fasten

again.

See

rascment, rasoir, rasade.

RASSASIER,

va. to satiate compd. of reand O. Fr. verb assasier. Assasier represents a L. adsatiare *, compd. of ad and For ds = ss see 168 for ti = s satiare.
;
;

RATTEINDRE,
atteindre.

va. to overtake again. va.

See
See

RATTRAPER,
attraper.

to

catch

again.

see agencer.

Der. rassasiant, rassasiement.

va. to reassemble.

RATURE,

RASSEMBLER,
and assembler

RASSEOIR,
seoir.

See reDer. rassemblement. va. to reseat. See re- and asva.

to

verb rater.

sf an erasure der. from O. Fr. Origin unknown. This verb

;

rater gives another

derivation

ratisser.

'

Der. raturex.

Raucit, make
clear, render

s/.

hoarseness

from L. raucita-

RASSERENER,
serene
;

tem.

compd. of re- and asserener, der. from serein, q. v. RASSIS, sm. an old horse-shoe put on again. See re- and assis. RASSOTER, va. to infatuate ; compd. of reand assoter *. See sot.

Rauque, RAVAGE,

adj. hoarse;
sf.

from L. raucus.
See ravir,

ravage.
to

Der.

rfl-

vagex, ravageux.

RAVALER,

va.

lower,

swallow

again;

compd. of re- and O. Fr. verb avaler. For etymology see aval. Der. ravalement.

RASSURER,

va.

to strengthen, tranquillise.

See re- and assurer. Der. rassur&nt. RAT, sm. a rat ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. rato. Der. rate, ra/ier, ro/iere, raton, rater (there was an old phrase prendre un rat, i.e. to take a fancy, as in ce pistolet a pris un rat, of a pistol missing fire, in l8th-cent.

RAVAUDER,
and
a

va. to

mend

(old clothes), pro;

perly to strengthen, fortify

writers).

compd. of reform avauder*, which is from L. advalidare *, compd. of Class. Lat. validare. Advaliddxe, contrd. regularly (see 52) to adval'dare, becomes avauder*. For dv = v see 168; for al = aw see agneau. Der. ravaudzge, ravaudeux, ra-

RATAFIA,
unknown.

sm. ratafia.

RATATINER
RATE,
sf.

Origin unknown. (SE), vpr. to shrivel up. Origin

spleen

vaudexie.

RAVE,

sf.

a long radish.

Sp. raba,

It.

from L. rapa.
milt,
;

For

p=v

see

rapa, 11 1.

of Germ,

origin,

Der, ravitx, raviexe.

in

Neth. rate, properly honeycomb, whence f Ravelin, s?. a ravelin; introd. cent, from It. rivellino. sense of spleen, from supposed likeness of

i6th

RA VIGOTER
RAVIGOTER
strength
;

REBOUTONNER.
R6alit6,
sf.

301
from L. realitatem
reappearance.
*,

(SE), vpr. to recover corruption of O. Fr. verb

one's
ravi-

reality;
*.
sf.

gorer, der. from L.

vigorem.

Der.

from realis

raviavilir.

R6apparition,
^and apparition.

See re-

gote (verbal subst.),

RAVILIR, vn. to debase. See re- and RAVIN, sm. a ravine, hollow road.
ravine.

REAEPPLER,
again.

See

va. to call over the names See re- and appeler. Der. reappel

(verbal subst.).

properly a torrent rushing REAPPOSER, va. to reafBx. See re- and sf., down, then ravine. Pro v. rabina, from L. apposer. Der. rea/'/>osition. rapina, act of carrying off, thence sense of R6assigner, va. to reassign. See re- and a swift torrent which digs out a deep bed. assigner. Der, reassignation. For -p v see lil Der. ravin. REATTELER, va. to harness again. See reRAVIR, va. to ravish. It. rapire, from L. and atteler. rapere. For change of quantity, rapre REBAISSER, va. to lower again. See re= rapere, see Hist. Gram. p. 133. Eapere and baisser. becomes ravir for p = i/ see 1 1 1 for e REBANDER, va. to bind again. See re- and = i see 59 -^Der. rav/ssant, ravissement, bander. ravisseuT, ravage (der. from ravir, cp. Rebaptiser, va. to rebaptize; from L. reremplage from remplir). baptizare (found in St. Augustine and

RAVINE,

RAVISER
re-

(SE), vpr. to alter one's mind.

aviser.

See

St.

Jerome).
adj.
stern,

and
and

REBARBATIF,
va. to revictual
;

dogged,

cross;

RAVITAILLER,
re-

compd. of

avitailler.

RAVIVER,

va. to revive (a fire), See re- and aviver. RAVOIR, va. to get back. See re- and avoir. RAYER. va. to scratch, erase. Prov. raiar, Sp. rtidiar. It. radiare, from L. radiare.

compd. of re- and barbe, q. v. See re- and hatir. va. to rebuild. rouse up. REBATTRE, va. to beat again. See re- and
*,

from rebarbe

REbATIR,

+ Rebec,
'Rehelle,

battre. Der. rebatta. sm. a rebeck; from

adj. rebellious;

It.

ribeca.

from L. rebellis. Rebeller (Se), vpr. to rebel, revolt from For loss of medial d see accabler. Der. L. rebellare. ra_yure, R6bellion, sf. a rebellion; from L. rebelRAYON, sm. a ray. See rais. Der. rayonlion e m ner. REBENIR, va. to bless again. See re- and

RAYONNER,
rayon.

Der. rayonnunt,

vn. to radiate, irradiate.

See rayonne, rayonne-

benir.

REBEQUER
re-

ment. RE-, prefixed

(SE), vpr. See re- and bee.

va.

to

be impertinent.
again.

particle, denoting repetition, renewal, reciprocity, increase from L. re-. Before words beginning with a vowel re;

REBLANCHIR,

to whiten

See

and blanchir.

REBONDIR,
bondir.

usually loses the e {r-attacher, r-endormir,

etc.,

Der. rebondi, rebondissement.

va. to border again.

vn. to rebound.

See re- and

See re-

for
s

re-attacher,
reis

re-endormir,

etc.).

REBORDER,

Before

assimilated to res- (ressem-

bler, ressusciter for

resembler
;

restisciter, etc.).

REBOUCHER,
and
bouillir.

E,6aetif, adj. reacting from L. reactivus from re-agere. See reagir.

*,

and border. Der. rebord (verbal subst.). See va. to stop up again. re- and boucher.
vn. to boil again.

REBOUILLIR,

See re-

Reaction,

sf.

a reaction. See re- and action.

va. to censure

Reaggraver,
Beagir,

vation (canon law).

by a reaggraSee re- and aggraver.

;

REBOURS,

sm. the wrong

:

way

vn, to react from L. For letter-changes see agir.

reagere.
See re-

from L. rebuxrus *, rough, documents we find, in the

Isidore,
'

(of a stuff) ; in late Lat. Glosses of

reburrus = hispidus.'

Ilebur-

REAJOURNER,
+
and ajourner. R6al, sm. a
real,
lit.

Der. reajournement.
real (Spanish coin)
Its
;

va.

to readjourn.

from Sp. from

Sp.

royal.

doublet

is

royal, q. v.

t Realgar,
rejalgar.

sm. (Min.) realgar;

rus, contrd. regularly (see 50) to reburr's, becomes rebours. For u = om see Der. rebours (adj.). 97. REBOUTEUR, sm. a bone-setter from reIts doublet is bouter. See re- and bouter.

raboter, q. v.

R6aliser,

Der.

va. to realise

from L. realis

*.

REBOUTONNER,
and boutonner.

va. to rebutton.

See re-

realisation, realisme, realiste.

50
REBRIDER,
brider.

REDRIDERRECL URE.
va. to bridle again.

See re- and See rt- and

pere.
voir.

Der.

For -cipere

= -c/ojV

see

aperce-

recevibXe, recevtMX.

REBROCHER,
brocher.

va. to restitch.

Recez,

REBRODER,
broder.
(one's steps)

va. to reimbroider.

See re- and

sm. a recess ; from L. recessus. RECHANGE, sm. an exchange ; verbal subst. of rechanger * see changer.
;

RECHAPPER,
va. to turn back, to retrace

vn. to
va.

escape.

See re- and

REBROUSSER,
;

^chopper.

formerly rebrosser.
;

For ety-

RECHARGER,
charger.
chasser.

mology
It.

see brosse

t Rebuffade,
rabbuffo.

s/.

see 86. a repulse, rebuff; from

for

o = ou

Der. rechargem^nt.
to drive back.

to reload.

See re- and

See re- and
verbal subst.

RECHASSER, va.

t B,6bus, sm. a
;

rebus,

pun

formerly rebus

RECHAUD,
See chaud.

sm. a chafing-dish

de Picardie of hist, origin (see 33). The basoche-clerks of Picardy used yearly to compose a Latin satiric poem on the topics of the day de rebus quae geruntur.'

of r^chauder*, comp. of re- and echauder.

RfeCHAUFFER,
Chauffer.

Der. rechauffement.
;

va. to

rewarm.

See re- and

REBUTER,

See re- and buter. va. to repel. rebut (verbal subst.), rebuUnt. RECACHETER, va. to reseal. See re- and

Der.

RECHAUSSER,
stockings).

cacheter.

!R6calcitrant, adj. recalcitrantem. !R6calcitrer, va. to

recalcitrare.

recalcitrant;
recalcitrate;

from L. from L.
;

va. to put on again (shoes, See re- and chausser. RECHE, adj. rough (to the senses), then resformerly resche, from Germ. tive, indocile resche. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. rechm, rechigntr. RECHERCHER, va. to seek again. See reand chercher. Der. recherche (verbal

R6capituler,
recapitulz\.\on.

va. to recapitulate

from L.

recapitulare (found

in Tertullian).

Der.

subst.), recherche.

RECHIGNER,
reche.

vn. to look cross, surly.

See

RECARDER,
carder.

va. to card again.

See re- and

RECHOIR,

Der.

vn. to relapse.

See re- and choir.

rechute (see re- and chute.)

a relapse.

RECASSER,
casser.

va. to break again.

See re- and

Rec6der, va.
Receler,

to recede

Der. recount from L. recensere. Der. from L. recentem. Recent, Der. rhemmcnt. down (wood). See RECEPER, Der. and
recele, receltwr, recelemcnt.

va. to conceal.

from L. recedere. See re- and celer.

;

See rechoir. sf. R6cidive, sf. (Legal) a second offence from L. recidivus. Der. recidivtr.

RECHUTE,

fR^cif,
recipe.

sm. a reef; from Port, recife. fR^cipe, sm. a prescription; from

L.

Recenser,

va. to

resencexatnt.
;

R6cipiendaire,
to be
rius.

sm. a

new member

(about

adj. recent

received):

from L.

recipiendafrom L. re-

va. to cut

re-

cep.

recepee (partic. subst.), re-

ce/>age.

Recipient, sm. cipientem. Reciprocity, sf.

procitatem.

a recipient;

reciprocity; from L. reci-

tll6c6piss6,
recepisse.

sm.

receipt;

from

L.

R6ciproque, adj. reciprocal

;

from L. reci-

procus. Receptacle, sm. a receptacle from L. reR6cit, sm. a recital. See reciter. ceptaculum. Reception, sf. reception; from L. recep- R6citateur, sm. a reciter; from

L. recita-

tionem..

RECERCLER,
mind cercler.

va. to

hook

again.

See reIt.

RECETTE,
ricetta,

sf.

a receipt.

Prov, recepta.

torem. Recitation, sf. recitation; from L. recitationem. Reciter, va. to recite; from L. recitare.
Der.
recitztif, recitznt, recit (verbal
sf.

from L. recepta*, a receipt in medieval Lat. texts, as in a I3th-cent. Compotum et rationem legitimam charter de receptis et misiis ob hoc factis semel Recepta bein anno reddere teneantur.* comes recette. For pt = W see 168. RECEVOIR, va. to receive; from L, reci:

subst.).

Reclamation,

demand, opposition;

'

from L. reclamationem.

Redamer,
mare.

va. to

demand; from L. rec la-

Der. reclame (verbal subst.). RECLOUER, va. to renail. See re- and clouer. RECLURE, va. to sequester, shut up ; from

RECLUS
L. recludere.
exclure.

RECRUE.
RECOQUILLER,

3^3

For -cludere = -dure see

;

RECLUS,

sm. a recluse
to

from L. reclusus.
in again.

Der. reclusion.

va. to curl up, cockle up. See re- and coquille. Der. recoquillement. va. to remember ; from L. reRecorder, cordari. Der. recors (formerly records,

RECOGNER, va.
and cogner.

knock

See re-

R6cognitlf,
nitus.

adj. (Legal) ratifying a liability;

der.

from L. recognitivus *,

from recogSee re-

one who remembers, then a witness; in which sense it is found as a legal term in O. Fr. it later came to mean an assistant, then an armed agent).
:

Recors,
va. to redress (hair).

sm. a bailiffs follower. See recorder.

va.

RECOIFFER,
and
coiffer.

RECOUCHER,
again to bed.

to lay flat again, put See re- and concher.

RECOIN,

sm. a nook. B.6coler, va. to read evidence to (a witness), verify; fromL, recolere. Der. reco/ement.
See re-

and coin.

RECOUDRE,
coudre.

va. to

sew again.

See re- and

See re- and
subst.),

RECOUPER,
couper.
couptxxt.

RECOLLER, va.
coller.

to paste again.

See re- and

Der.

va. to cut again.

recoupe (verbal
va. to

re-

Recollet, sm. Recollet

from L.
l68.
Its

(a religious order)

RECOURBER,
and courbe.

bend round.

See re-

recollectus.
doublet
sf.
is

For
;

ct = /
It.

see

recueille, q. v.

RECOURIR,
;

+ B.6colte,

a harvest
va. to

from

raccolta.

Der. recolttx.

RECOMMANDER,
re-

and commander.

recommend. See Der. recommand^hlt,

See

vn, to run again, to have recourse to from L. rec\irrere. For change of accent see Hist. Gram. p. 133; for u = ow see 97 for rr=r see 168 ; for -6re = ir see 59. Der. recours (see cours).
;

recommanda.tion.

RECOUVRER,
va. to begin anew.
It.

va. to recover.

Sp. recobrar,

RECOMMENCER,
re-

and commencer.

E^compenser,
and compenser.
subst.).

Der.

va. to recompense.

See rerecompense (verbal See re-

recuperare, by regular contr. (see 52) of recuperfire to recup'rare, whence recouvrer. For u = ou see 97; for p = v see 1 11. ReL.
couvrer is a doublet of recuperer, q. v. Der. recouvrzhlc, recouvra.nce, recouvrement. RECOUVRIR, va. to cover again. See re-

recuperare, from

RECOMPOSER,
and composer.

Der.

va. to recompose.

recomposiiion.

RECOMPTER,
,

va. to recount.

See re- and

and couvrir.

compter.
;

RECRACHER,

va. to

spit

out again.

See

re- and cracker. ileconciliateur, sm. a reconciler from L. R6cr6er, va. to recreate, create anew from reconciliatorem. L. recreare. Der. recreation, recre&tif. B.6conciliation, sf. reconciliation from L. RECREER, va. to recreate, amuse. See rereconciliationem. and creer. R6concilier, va. to reconcile from L. re;

conciliare.
ciliahle.

Der.

reconciliablt,

irr^con-

RECONDUIRE,
and conduire.
See

va. to reconduct.
va.

va. to rough-coat, patch up. See re- and crepir. See re- RECRIER, va. to cry out again. See re-

RECREPIR,

and
to
conforter.

eerier.

RfiCONFORTER,
re-

and

comfort, revive. Der. reconfort

R6criniiner,
re

va.

to recriminate;

and

criminari.

Der.

from L.

recrimination,

(verbal subst.), re'con/or^ation.

recriminztoire.

RECONNAITRE,

See reand connattre. Der. reconnaisszhXt, reconissant, recowwaissance. RECONQUERIR, va. to reconquer. See re-

va. to recognise.

RECRIRE, va. RECROITRE,

and
up.
croitre.

to rewrite.

See re- and ecrire.

vn. to spring again.

recrue.

See re-

Der.

RECROQyEVILLER
RECRU,

(SE), vpr. to shrivel

and conquerir.

Reconstitution,
re-

sf.

reconstitution.

See See

and

constittition.
sf.

Reconstruction,
re-

reconstruction.

and construction.
va. to reconstruct.

Reconstniire,
and construire.

See re-

Recopier, va.

to recopy.

See re- and copier.

Origin unknown. adj. tired out; p.p. of O. Fr. recroire, from L. recredere se * (sc. to entrust oneself to the conqueror, give oneself For up, avow oneself to be helpless). letter- changes see accroire. RECRUE, sf recruiting. See recroitre. Der. recrut&x (from O. Fr. masc. recrut).

304
RECRUTER,
t Recta,
recta.
va. to recruit. Der, recruttUT, recrutemtnt.

RECR UTER^RtDUIRE.
See recrue.^
right
;

REdSfAIRE,
and defaire.

va.

to

undo again.

See

re-

adv. punctually,
s/n. a

from L.

REDEMANDER,
and demander.

va. to ask again.

See re-

sm. a redeemer; from L. angulus, found in a 7th-cent. author. redemptorem (found in St. Jerome). Der. rectanguhixt. Redemption, sf redemption from L. reRecteur, sm. a rector; from L. rectorem. demptionem (found in Prudentius). Its Der. rectorzl, rector&t. doublet is ronton, q. v. Rectifier, va. to rectify; from L. rectifi- REDESCENDRE, vn. to descend again. See re- and descendre. care. Der. rec/j/fcation. Rectiligne, adj. rectilinear; from L. recti- REDEVABLE, adj. indebted. See redevoir. REDEVANCE, sf. a rent, service. See redevoir, For letter-changes see ligne. lineus. Rectitude, sf. rectitude; from L. recti- REDEVENIR, vn. to become again. See re;

Rectangle,

rectangle; from L. rect-

R6dempteur,

tudinem.
sm. the right-hand page (in a book) ; from L. recto, ctum, sm. (Anat.) the rectum; from t L. rectum. RE^U, sm. a receipt ; weak p.p. of recevoir
"t*

and devenir.

Recto,

REDEVOIR,
ance.

va.

to remain in

See re- and devoir.

Re

Der.

one's

debt.

redevMe, redev-

Redhibition,
tionem.

aside a contract of sale;

sf (Legal) an action to set from L. redhibi-

(q. v.).

from L. Redhibitoire, adj. setting aside a contract of sale; from L. redhibitorius. For letter-changes see accueillir. Der. recueil (verbal subst.), re- Rediger, i/a. to draw out; from L. rediateillement. gere. RECUIRE, va. to reheat, anneal. See re- and Redimer (Se), vpr. to redeem oneself; from
va. to gather, cull;

RECUEILLIR,

recolligere.

cuire.

RECULER,

va. to repeat. See re and dire. Der. redite (partic. subst.). R6cup6rer, va. to recover ; from L. recu- REDITE, sf. a repetition. See redire. Redondance, sf. redundancy ; from L. rese rare. Its doublet is recouvrer, q. v. RECURER, va. to scour. See re- and ecurer. dundantia. For -tia = -ce see agencer ; for u = o'sce 97. Recusable, adj. liable to challenge; from For -al)ilis= -able see Redonder, vn. to be redundant ; from L. L. recusabilis.

See cul. Der. recul (verbal subst.), recul^e (partic. subst.), reculade, reculement, recule, a

va. to

move

back.

L.

redimere.
sf.

f Redingote,
riding-coat.

a frock-coat

from Engl.

REDIRE,

reculons.

affable.

redundare.
sf.

Recusation,

a challenge

from L. re-

REDONNER,
donner.

va. to give back.

See re- and

cusationem.

R^cuser,
sare.

va. to challenge

from L. recu;

Its

doublet

is

ruser, q. v.

REDORER, va. to regild. REDOUBLER, va. to

and doubler.
cent,

See re- and dorer.

redouble.

R6dacteur,
redigere.

sm. a writer, editor

from L.
supine of

Der. redoubleratnt.
s/.

Sec

re-

redactorem*, from redactum,

fRedoute,
from
duit, q. v.

a redoubt;
Its

introd. in

l6th
re-

See rediger. the drawing up (of deeds, etc.); from L. redactionem *, from redactum, supine of redigere. See rediger. REDAN, sm. (Archit.) a skew-back, redan; in 17th cent, reden and redent, properly a toothed-work, as is clearly shown by the old

It.

ridotto.

doublet

is

Redaction,

sf.

REDOUTER,
douter.
dresser.-

Der. redoutzhXt.
adj.
der.

va.

to

dread.

See

re-

and

REDRESSER,
Reductible,

va. to straighten.

See re- and

Der. redressemtnt, redressem.

reducible
;

spelling redent

for the later

change from

ductibilis*,
reduire.

from

from L. rereductus, see

For the reden to redan see andouille. etymology of redent, see re- and dent. Rdarguer, va. to reprove; from L. re-

Reductif,
tivus*,

a^/. reductive;

der.

darguere.

Reduction,
sf a giving in (of accounts)

from L. reducfrom reductus. sf a reduction; from L. reto

Reddition,

ductionem.

from L. redditionem.

REDUIRE,

va.

reduce;

from

L.

re-

REDUPLICA TIF
*'

REFUSER.
sm. a reflux.

3^S
tc^j^

ducere.
duire.

Der. reduit

For

ducere = cfw/re
;

see

con-

Reflux,
fondre.

(partic. subst.).

REFONDRE,
absoute).

Reduplicatif,
tus.

adj. reduplicative
*,

reduplicativus

der.

from L. from reduplica;

Der.

va.

See re- zndflux. recast. See re- and

(partic.
subst.,

refonte
a

see

Reduplication,

sf.

reduplication

from L.

R6forniateur, sm. reformatorem.

reformer; from L.

reduplicationem. R^edification, sf. rebuilding.

edification.

Reformation,
See re- and

sf.

reformation;

from L.

reformationem.

Reformer,
mare.
;

R6ediiier, va. to rebuild. See re- and edifier. Reel, adj. real from L. realis *, from rem.

Der.

va.

to reform; from L. reforreformahle, reforms (verbal

subst.).

Der. rtiV/lement.
sf.

Reformer,
See re- and

va. to form anew.

va. to drive back. adj. refractory

See re- and See re- and

Reelection,
election.

re-election.

former.

REFOULER,
fractarius.
See re- and

See re- and elire. Der. fouler. REELIRE, va. to re-elect. Reexportation, &f. re-exportation. See re- Refractaire,

refoulement, refouloir.
;

from L. re-

and exportation.

Reexporter,
exporter.

va. to re-exf ort.

Refracter,
tare
*,

va. to refract;
adj. refractive;

from L. refrac-

from refractum.

REFAIRE,

Der.

va. to

remake.

See re- and /aire.

again.

Refractif,
tivus.

from L. refrac;

refait (partic. subst.)

REFAUCHER,
I

va. to

mow

See re-

Refraction,
tionem.

sf refraction

from L. refr ac-

zndfaucher.

Refection, sf. a refection; from L. refec- REFRAIN, sm. burden, refrain (of a song); verbal subst. of O. Fr. refraindre (to break, tionem. as the refrain breaks a song into equal Refectoire, sm. a refectory; from eccles. parts). L. refectorium *, properly a place in Refraindre is from L. refrangere, which one refreshes oneself. Refrdngere loses its atonic e (see 51) REFENDRE, va. to cleave again. See rethen loses g between two consonants (see Hist. Gram. p. 81) Der. re/end (verbal subst.). then an Andfendre. euphonic d is inserted (see Hist. Gram, Refere, sm. an application to a judge in

See re/erer. R6ferendaire, sm. a referendary

chambers.

p. (officer

73);

lastly

a = af,

Refrangible,
frangibilis
refrangibilite.

see 54. adj. refrangible ;

connected with the darius.

seals)

from L. referen-

*,

from

from L. rerefrangere. Der.

Ref6rer,

va. to refer;
va.

from L. referre.
See re- and
See re- and
It.

REFRAPPER,
and frapper.

va. to strike again.

See re-

Der. refere (partic. subst.).

REFERMER,
fermer.

to

restrict.

Refrener, va. to bridle from L.refrenare. Refrigerant, adj. refrigerant from L. re; ;

REFERRER,
ferrer.

va. to shoe again. vn.

to
reflect.

frigerantem.

Refrigeration,
riflettere,

sf.

refrigeration;

from L.

REFLECHIR,

refrigerationem.

from L. reflectere. lecher; for e = i see

59. reflechxssement, itreflechi.

For ot = ch see alDer. rejlechi,

Refringent,
fringentem.

adj. refracting

from L. re-

REFROGNER
from L. reetc.)
;

Reflecteur, sm.
flectorem. Refleter, va. to

a reflector;
reflect

(light,

in

14th cent, reflecter, from L. For loss of c see affete. Der.

reflectere.
reflet (verbal

subst.)

REFLEURIR,
fleurir.

vn. to reflourish.
a reflexion;

See re- and

Reflexion, sf. ionem. Its

iRefluer,
fluere.
vn.

from L. reflex-

doublet to flow

is

reflection.

(SE), vpr. to frown ; compd. offrogner and a form the origin of which is unknown. Der. renfrogner (the same word as refrogner ; for intercalated n see concomhre). REFROIDIR, va. to chill, cool. See re- and Der. re/rozc?issement. froid. Refuge, sm. a refuge, shelter from L. r efugium. Der. (se) refug'iex. Refugier (Se), vpr. to take shelter. See Der. refugw (partic. subst.). refuge.

back; from L. re-

REFUSER,
tiare
*,

va.

to

refuse;

from L. refu(to push

from

refutare

back,

3o6
whence to refuseV

rSfuta tionrSimpression.
For
ti

Der.

= s see

agencer.

REGITRE,
L.

sm. a register, also registre; fron

:

refus (verbaj|iubst.).
sf.

Refutation,
futationem.

a refutation;

from L. re-

B^futer,
gagner.

va. to refute;

REGAGNER,
REGAIN,
gagner.

Der. regain

va. to

regain.

from L. refutare. See re- and

See re-

registrum* (found in Papias) 'Re gistrum liber qui rerum gestarum me^ moriam continet.' Registrum or regestrum is an altered form of regestum, i
journal,

(verbal subst.)

sm. return (of health).

der. from regestus. Regisbecomes registre, then regitre b) loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. REGLE, sf a rule; from L. regtila.' Foi

trum

compd. of re- and jegulai loss of u see 51. sm. aftermath O. Fr. gain, originally ga'ln, and wa'in (grass REGLEMENT, sm. a regulation. See regler. which grows in meadows that have been Der. rdglementcT, reglementzire. mown) It. guaime, of Germ, origin, from REGLER, va. to regulate from L. regulare, by regular contr. (see accointer) ol a form weidima *, der. from O. H. G. weida *, grass, pasture, and the Lat. suffix regiUare to reglare. Der. r^'^/nent, reglet, reglette, regleur (its doublet is ime. Weidime, losing its medial d (see For wei=ga see regulateur, q. v.), ii6regl6. accabler), becomes gain. gagner for ime = in see airain. + R6glisse, sf. licorice; from Sp. regaliz. B^gal, sm. a banquet, entertainment. See R^gne, 5m. a reign from L. r eg num. regaler. R6gner, va. to reign; from L. regnare. Regale, sf. the regale (right of the crown to Regnicole, smf a native; from L. regnirevenues of vacant benefices) from cola. receive REGONFLER, va. to swell again, inflate L. regalis. Its doublet is royal, q.v. See re- and gonfler. Der. regalien. Der. regonjlement. fR^g&ler, va. to regale; from Sp, re^a- REGORGER, va. to gorge again. See reand gorge. Der. regorgement. Der. regal (verbal subst.), regahnt, lar.
;

REGAIN,

regala.de, regalement.

REGRATTER,
bargain.

va. to scratch again, regrate,

REGARDER,
den

See re^ and garDer. regard (verbal subst.), regardva, to look.

va. to refurnish.
a regatta;

ant.

Der. regrat, (verbal subst.), regrattier, regrattene. REGRETTER, va. to regret; formerly re-

See re- and gratter.

REGARNIR,
garnir.

See re- and

t B,6gate,
regatta.

sf.

from Venetian

greter (meaning to pity), compd. of reand the form greter * ; of Germ, origin, Goth, gretan, to greet. Der. regret (verbal

subst), regrettable.

!R6g6n6rateur, sm. a regenerator; fromL. R6gulariser, va. to set in order; from L, Der. regularisSee regulier. regeneratorem *. regu ar s ation. !R6g6n6ration, sf. regeneration; from L. R6gularit6, sf. regularity; from L. reguregenerationem. laritatem *, der. from regularis. Il6g6n6rer, va. to regenerate from L. re1 i
.

generare.

Regulateur,
;

sm. a regulator; from L. reguder.

Regent,

Der. regence,

sm. a regent

from L. regentem.

latorem
doublet
is

*,

from

regulare.

Its

regentex.

sm. a regicide; from L. regi- Regulier, ^ida. For termination cide, see parricide. R61iabiliter, va. to rehabilitate. See reand hahiliter. Der. rehabilitation. REGIE, sf. a responsible administration, exR6h.abituer, va. to habituate again. Sec cise-office. See regir. re- and habituer. REGIMBER, vn. to kick. Origin unknown. Regime, sm. regimen, diet, government, REHAUSSER, va. to raise higher. See reand hausser. Der. rehaussement. system; from L. regimen. Regiment, sm. a regiment from L. regi- RMmporter, va. to re-import. See re- and importer. regimentahe. men tum. Der. Region, sf a region; from L. regionem. R6iinposer, va. to re-impose. See re- anc imposer. REGIR, va. to govern ; from L. re g ere. For e = i see 59. Der. regie (partic. subst.), R6iinposition, sf a re-imposition. See re-

R6gicide,

regleur, q. v. arf/. regular; from L. regularis,

regnsgeur.

and imposition.
sm.

REGISSEUR, REGISTRE.

manager. See regir. See regitre. Der. ewegistrer.

a

R6iinpression,
and impression.

sf re-imprcssion.

See

re-

RSIMPRIMER
Reimprimer,
REIN,

REMARQUER.
Goth, latan.
a

3^7
whence layer
for
a,

See re- and va. to reprint. imprimer. from L. ren. For sm. kidney, loins e = ei see/rein and 6l. Der. emwter. REINE, sf. a queen formerly reine, from L. regina. For loss of medial g see accabler. Der, reinette. REINETTE, sf. a pippin (apple). See reine. R6mstaller, va. to reinstall. See re- and Der. reVs^a//ation. installer. Il6int6gration, sf. reinstatement ; from L.
;

This word has given birth to

;

Low

Lat. type latare *,

(cp. dilatare, delayer)

for loss of medial

t see abbaye, hence layer;

54.

Der,

= ai

see
in

relai (verbal subst. of relayer,

rest.
is

to stop, properly a halt,

Relais,

the phrase lais et relais de mer,

subst. of relaisser, see laisser).

the verbal

Rel6guer,
gare.

Der.

va. to

banish;

from L. rele-

re'Ze^ation.

reintegrationem.

Reintegrer,
integrare.

va. to reinstate;

from L. re-

E.6it6ration, sf. reiteration; from L. reiterationem. Il6it6rer, va. to reiterate; from L. reiterare.

fE-eitre,
cent,

sm. a horseman; introd. in i6th

reiter.

from Germ,

REJAILLIR,
jaillir.

Der.

vn, to gush out.

re/azV/issement.

See re- and

from L, redo* lentem, by regular contr, (see 52) of redolentem to red'I^ntem., whence relent. For dl = / see 168. RELEVER, va. to raise anew from L. relevare. Der. relief (verbal subst., from L. relevium, found in many medieval Lat. texts Et ibi omnes barones concesserunt sibi relevium,' from an iith-cent. document. Relevium becomes very regularly relief; for e = ie see 56; for v=/ see
sm.

RELENT,

mouldiness;

'

REJETER,

va. to reject
see
affete.

For ct = ^

Der.
rejoin.

from L. rejectare.
rejet

bceuf), relevaiWes, relevement, releve (partic, subst.), relev^t (partic. subst. fern.), releveuT.

(verbal
re-

subst.), rejetaXAh, rejeton.

REJOINDRE,
joindre.

va.

to

See

RELIEF, sm. a foil, set-ofF. See relever. and RELIEF, sm. relief (in art). See relever.

REJOINTOYER,
joint.

va. to rejoint.

See re- and

REJOUER,
jouer.

va. to play again.

See re- and See re-

REJOUIR,
&ndjouir.

Der,
is

va. to delight, rejoice.

va. to slacken, relax

re/owissant, re/'owissance.
;

Der. hzs-relief (sculpture raised on a level ground, lit. low relief, opposite to round, high relief). RELIEFS, sm. remains (from table), scraps. See relever. RELIER, va. to bind; from L. religare. Der. relifar, For letter-changes see Her

RELACHER,
relaxare.
Its

from L.
relache

reliuve, reli&ge.

For letter-changes see lacker. Religieux, adj. rehgious; from L. religirelaxer,

q. v.

doublet

Der.

osus.

(verbal subst,), relachsint, reldchement.

Religion,

RELAIS, sm.

RELANCER,
Relaps,
elargir.

See relayex. va. to start anew (hunting term).

a relay.

Der. religionmixe,

sf.

rehgion; from L.

religionem.

coreligionnn'ne.

See re- and lancer.

adj. relapsed;

Reliquaire, sm. a reliquary. See relique. Reliquat, sm. balance (of an account);

RELARGIR,
Relater,
der.

va.

to

widen.

from L. reliquatum. Der. reliqualniie. from L. relapsus. See re- and Relique, sf. a relic; from L. reliquiae.
Der. reliquahe. RELIRE, va. to read
lire.

va. to relate; from L. relatare*, from relatum, supine of referre. Relatif, adj. relative; from L, relativus. Relation, sf. a relation; from L. rela-

again.

See re- and

See re- and

Relouer,
louer.

va. to

let,

hire, again.

tionem.

RELUIRE,
See re- and
sant,

vn. to shine

from L. relucere.
luire.

RELAVER,
laver.

va. to wash again.

For letter-changes see

Der.

relui-

Relaxation,
Relaxer,
Its

sf.

relaxation;

from L. re-

REMANIER,
and manier.

laxationem.
va. to release
is
;

Der,

va. to handle again.

remaniemeyx\..

See re-

from L, relaxare.

REMARIER,
marier.

va. to remarry. va. to remark.

See re- and See re- and

subst.),

doublet

RELAYER,
compd. of
tinue,

va.

reldcher, q, v. to relieve (take place of)

REMARQUER,

re-

stop.

and O. Fr. layer, to disconLayer is of Germ, origin,

marquer. Der, remarque (verbal remarqunhle.

3o8
REMBALLER,
and emballer.
va. to

remballerrMmunSra toire.
pack again.
See reSee rere-

REMBARQUER,
and embarquer.

Der. renibarquemtnt.
;

va, to re-embark.

monter. Der. remonte (verbal subsi.), remontage. REMONTRER, va. to remonstrate. See reand montrer. Der. remontrAnt, remon-

REMBARRER,
and embarrer

va. to repel
*.

compd. of

/rance.

See barrer.

tR6mora,
(verbal

REMBLAYER,
and emblayer.
of deblayer,
subst.).

va. to
q. v.

embank; compd. of reEmblayer is the opposite

drance, remora

Der. remblai
to
stuff

REMORDRE, mo rdere.
REMORDS,

sm. (Ichth.) an obstacle, hinfrom L. remora. ; va. to bite again; from L. re-

Der, remords (verbal subst.).

sm. remorse.
sf.

For letter-changes see mordre.

REMBOITER,
emboiter.

Der. r^m6o?/cment.
va.

va.

to clamp.

See re- and

out.

REMORQUE,
See

REMBOURRER,
bourre.
re-

Der. r^mfeowrrement.

See remordre. formerly remolque, from L. remulcum. For u = o see annoncer ; for 1 = r see apotre. Der. remor-

towing

REMBOURSER,

va. to reimburse;

compd. of
is

qutx, remorqueur.

and embourser.

Embourser

posite of debotirser. See bourse.

the opDer. rem-

REMOUDRE,

botirsement, remboursahle.

See re(formerly remols, verbal subst. of remoldre, primitive

and motidre.

Der.

va. to grind again.

remotis
ol

REMBRUNIR,

Der. r^mfenmissement,

va. to

make

darker, sadden.

form of moudre; for remouhde, remouleur.

= ou

see agneau),

Bem^de,

sm. a remedy;

from L. reme-

REMOULEUR, sm.
with straw).

a grinder.

See remoudre.

dium. Rein6d.ier, va. remediare.

to remedy, cure;

from L.

REMOUS, sm. an eddy. See remoudre. REMPAILLER, va. to new-bottom (a chair

See paille.
(SE), vpr. to Tortify oneself (for

REMfiLER,
meler.

va. to

mix
./.

again.

See re- and

REMPARER

REMEMBRANCE,
O. Fr.
.

remembrance; from verb remembrer, which from L. re-

memorare *.
larly contrd.

Rememordre

*,

regu-

defence) ; compd. of re- and emparer. Der. rempart (formerly rempar, a more correct form, rempar being a verbal subst. of remparer).

52) to remem'rare, For nor = m6r see becomes remembrer.

(see

REMPART, sm. a rampart. See remparer. REMPLACER, va. to replace. See re- and
emplacer.

absoudre.

Der. remplafa.nt, remplacement.

sm.
filling
;

Rem^morer,
REMERCIER,

memorari. Der. rememoraiii.

va. to thank.
va. to remit, put

va. to remind;

from L. re-

REMPLAGE,
REMPLIR,
plir.

See merci.

from remplir,

q. v.

cp.

Der. remercivatnt.

REMETTRE,

back

For i = e see 72. Der. L. remittere. remise (partic. subst.). REMEUBLER, va. to refurnish. See re- and meubler. B^minisoence, /. a reminiscence; from
L. reminiscentia. agencer.

from

REMPLOYER,
plume.

Der. remplissage. employ again. See va. and employer. Der. remploi (verbal
to
va.

va. to

fill

up.

up (casks); der. ravage from ravir. See re- and emre-

subst.).

REMPLUMER,
REMPOCHER,
again.

to

feather

again.

See

For

-tia = -ce

see

REMISE,

sf.

delivery, surrender, job-carriage.

See remettre.

Der. remisev.
adj.
sf.

Remissible,
remissibilis.

pardonable:

from

L.

H6niission, sionem.

pardon;

from L. remisfrom L. remitSee re- and See

va. to put into one's pocket See re- and empocher. REMPORTER, va. to carry back. See reand emporier. REMPOTER, va. (Hortic.) to pot again. See pot. Der. rempotzge. REMUE-MENAGE, sm. a rummage. See menage arid remuer. REMUER, va. to move, stir. See re- and

muer.
adj. remittant;

Der, rewzwant, remuzge, remuement,

Remittent,
tentem.

remue-memge.

R6miin6rateur,
va. to lead back.

sm. a rewarder; from L.

;

REMMENER,
emmener.
remoudre.

remuneratorem.

REMOLADE, sm.

a charge (in farriery).

R6m.un6ration, sf. remuneration L. remunerationem.

from

R6muneratoire,
va. to remount.

adj.

remunerative; der.

REMONTER,

See re- and

from remunerer,

q. v.

REMUNERER
Remunerer,
RENACLER,
known.
va. to remunerate;

RENTRER.
RENFERMER,
enfermer.
va. to shut up.

309
See re- and

from L.

remunerare.
vn. to snort, snuff;

renaquer, originally renasquer.

formerly Origin unrevive;

RENFLER,

Der.
eyes).

vn. to swell.

See re- and enfler.

renflevacnt.

RENFONCER,
vn. to be born again,

RENAITRE,
see
naitre.

va. to pull down (over one's See re- and enfoncer. Der. renfonce-

from L. renascere*.

For letter-changes Der. rewaissant (whence re-

ment.

RENFORCER,

va. to reinforce.
subst.),

See/orce.

rew/orcement. Renal, adj. (Anat.) renal ; from L. renal is. RENGAGER, va. to re-engage. See re- and engager. RENARD, sm. a fox formerly regnard, of Der. rengagem.tx\t. hist, origin, see 33. We have seen under RENGAINER, va. to sheathe. See re- and goupillon that in O. Fr. the fox was called engainer. goupil, which name was supplanted by that (SE), vpr. to bridle up, carry the head high. of Regnard. Maistre Regnard is the surSee re- and engorger.
Mflissance).
;

Der. renfort (verbal

RENGORGER
re-

name of
a

the fox in the

Roman

de Renard,
unrivalled

RENGRAISSER,

va.

to fatten

again.

See

and engraisser. popularity in the middle ages. Maitre Reg- RENTER, va. to deny again. See re- and nard properly = Maitre Ruse. Regnard nier. Der. rem'able, renitur, renienient. is of Germ, origin, Germ, reginhari. For RENIFLER, vn. to sniff at compd. of reregnard = renard see assener; for details of and O. Fr. nijier of Germ, origin, Low changes of sense see baudet. Der. renarde, Germ, nif, the nose. renarde^u, renardVere. f Renne, sm. the reindeer from Swed. ren.
satirical

work which had an

RENCAISSER,
box
again.

va.

(Hortic.) to put into a

RENOMMER,

renom (verbal subst.), rencahszgQ. renommee (partic. subst.), renomme. RENCHERIR, van. to outbid again, make RENONCER, va. to renounce from L. redearer, make nice. nixntiare. For -nuntiare = -woncer see See re- and encherir.
See re- and encaisser

Der.

and nommer.

Der.

va. to

name

again.

See re-

Der. rencheri (partic. subst.), rencherisse-

ment.

RENCHERISSEMENT,
again.

sm.

rise

of

prices

See rencherir.
va. to

RENCONTRER,
and O. Fr.

meet

compd. of

encotitrer (see encontre).

Der.

re-

rencontre (verbal subst.).

annoncer. Der. renonce (verbal subst.), renoncement. sf. renunciation; from L. renuntiationem. For u. = osee annoncer', for ti = ci see agencer. RenonCTlle, s/. a ranunculus ; from L. ranunculus (found in Pliny). Its doublet is

Renonciation,

RENDEZ-VOUS,
vous.

RENDORMIR,

sm. an appointment, rendezSee rendre and vous. va. to lull to sleep again. See re- and endormir. RENDOUBLER, va. to turn in, make a tuck (in clothes). See doubler.

grenouille, q.v.

RENOUEE, sf. (Bot.) polygonium, knot-berry.

See renouer.
va. to tie anew. See re- and nouer Der. renouQe. (partic. subst.) renoueur, renouement. RENOUVEAU, sm. spring-time. See re- and nouveau, RENOUVELER, va. to renew from L. renovellare (found in Columella). Der. renouvellement. Renovation, sf. renovation ; from L. re;

RENOUER,

RENDRE,
ments.

va. to return, restore.

*,
is

It.

rendere,

from L. rendere

in Carolingiad

docu-

Rendere
:

nasalised form of

reddere

for intercalated

n see concombre.

Der. rewte (from L, rendita *, rent, in medieval Lat. documents, strong partic. subst. of

rendere,

see absoute^, renda.nt,rendem.ent. va. to harden again.

novationem.

RENDURCIR,
and endurcir.

See re-

RENSEIGNER,
enseigner.

Der.

va. to inform.
retiseignevatnt.

See re- and

R^NE,
sf.

See rendre. sf. income, revenue. Der. renter, rente, rentier. RENTOILER, va. to put fresh linen to. See contrd. regularly (see 51) to ret'na, Der. rentoihge. toile. becomes rene for tn = see 168. RENTRAIRE, va. to fine-draw. See iraire. i'Renegat, sm. a renegade; from It. rinDer. rentraiture, renirayeur, Its doublet is renie. RENTRER, va. to return, re-enter. See resf.

a rein.

It.

redina, from L. retina*,

RENTE,

of retinere, properly a leather strap used to stop, hold in, a horse, etc. Retina,
:

310
and
entrer.

RENVERSER

REPLET,
REPASSER,

Der. rentnnt,
va. to reverse
;

rentr6t (partic.

subst.).

Der.

va. to repass. See re- und passer.

repasszge, repasseu^e.

RENVERSER,
and O. Fr.
q. V.

Der.
;

ettverser,

which

is

compd. of refrom envers,

REPAVER, va. to repave. See re- and paver. REPECHER, va. to fish up again. See reand ptcher.

renvers6, renversement, renverse

(verbal subst.).

REPEINDRE,
sum on the
peindre.
penser.

RENVIER,
game
in

va. to place a farther

Der.

va.

to repaint.

See re- and

repeint (partic. subst.).

compd. of O.Fr. envier (a term used gambling), from L. invitare, whence verbal sm. envi, a challenge, whence the phrase a Venvi. RENVOYER, va. to send again. See re- and envoyer. Der. renvoi (verbal subst.). R6ordination, sf. reordination. See re-

Repenser,

vn. to think again.

See re- and

REPENTANCE,
REPENTIR,
poenitare

sf repentance. See repentir. vn. to repent ; comp. of re- and O. Fr. pentir. This old word represents L.

(for oe = e see 105), whence penitere, whence pentir, by regular contr.

and ordination.

R6ordoimer,
ordonner.

va. to reordain.

See re- and

e=t

(see 52) of penitere to pen'tere : for see 59 Der. repentir (subst.), re-

R^organiser,

pentant (whence repentance). See re- REPERCER,i/a, to repierce. See re- and percer. and organiser. Der. re'org'amsation. Repercussion, sm. reverberation ; from L. repercussionem. B.6ouverture, sf. reopening. See re- and ouverture. B,6percuter, va. to reverberate; from L. REPAIRS, sm. a den, lair, originally dwelling repercutere. (of any kind). For restriction of meaning REPERDRE, va. to lose 'again. See re- and

va. to reorganise.

Fr. see 13. Repaire is verbal O. Fr. repairer, to return home. Repairer is from L. repatriare, found in Isidore of Seville. Repatriarie becomes repairer by attraction of i, whence a = ai, see 54; for tr = r see 168.

in

modern

perdre.

subst. of

Repdre,

sm. a bench-mark ; verbal subst. of L. reperire. Repertoire, sm. a repertory ; from L. re-

pertorium.

R6p6ter,

REPAITRE,
p.p.

va. to feed.

See re- and paitre.

Der.

va. to repeit; from L.

repetere.

repetaiWer.

Der. repw. {Paitre also in O.Fr. had a pu, which remains in the language of unfaucon qui a pu.) REP ANDRE, va. to pour out. See re- and epandre.
falconry,

R6p6titeur, sm.
tutor;

(Naut.) a repeating ship, a

from L. repetitorem, der. from repetere. Repetition, sf a repetition; from L. re-

petitionem.

E.parable,
abilis.^

acj?".

reparable

from L, reparSee re- and

REPEUPLER,
J>eupler.

Der. repeuplemeat.
respite; formerly

va. to repeople.

See re- and

respit,
It.

REPARAITRE,
paraitre.

vn. to reappear.

REPIT,

sm. a

rispetto,

Il6parateur, sm. paratorem. B.6paration, sf. reparationem.

a repairer; from L. rea

reparation;

from L.

R6parer,

va. to repair;

REPARLER,
and parler.

vn.

to

from L. reparare. speak again. See re'

from L. respectus, consideration, whence indulgence, whence delay, in which sense the word is found in Carol, Et si comes infra supradictarum texts noctium ntimerum mallum suum non habuerit, ipsum spatium usque ad mallum comi:

'

REPARTIR,

vn. to depart again, reply.

re- 3ind partir.

Der. reparde
to
divide,

See

(partic. subst.).

tis extendatur, et deinde detur ei spatium ad respeettim ad septem noctes,' from a Respectus beCapitulary of a.d. 819. comes respit (for act = it see attrait), then

REPARTIR,
partir.

Der. reparthtur,

vn.

dispense.

See
*

repit,

by
is

loss of s (see Hist.

Gram.

p. 81),

repartition.

Repit

a doublet of respect, q. v.

REP AS,

sm. a repast ; from L. repastus (found in Merov. documents) ' Nullum ibi:

REPLACER, va. to replace. See re- and placer. REPLANTER, va. to replant. See re- and
planter.

dem praesumant exercere doniinatum.non ad mensionaticos aut repastos exigendo,' from a 7th-cent. formula. Repastus is an intensive compd. of pastus. Repastus becomes repas by st = s, found in post, puis, etc.

REPLATRER,
pldtre.

Der.

va. to replaster.

See re- and

repldtrage.

Replet,

adj. replete;

from L. repletus.

Der. repletion.

REPLIER
REPLIER,
plier.
q, V.
Its

REQUETE.
Reprobation,
probationem.

311
sf reprobation; from L. re-

va.

to

fold

again.

See re- and

Der.

doublets are reployer, repliqtier,

repli (verbal subst.).

REPROCHER,
rep Il-

Rpliquer,

vn. to reply; from L.

Its doublets are replier, reployer. ea re. Der. replique (verbal subst.). REPLONGER, va. to replunge. See re- and

va. to reproach. Prov. repropchar, from L. repropiare *, der. from prope, near; cp. L. ob-jicere, which is both to place before ' and ' to reproach'
'

plo7iger.

Repolir,

va. to repolish.

REPONDRE,
spondere

va.
(Hist.

to

reply;

See re- and polir. formerly re-

vor-riicken, which is both to approach' and to reproach.' Repropiare lay before one's is ' to bring near the eyes,'
also
'
'

Germ,

'

eyes,'

'to blame.'

Repropiare becomes

reprocher: for pia = c/te see ahreger. respondere, whence reDer. reproche (verbal subst.), reprochnhle, Gram. p. 135), whence irreprochMe. by regular contr. (see 51) respond're, whence repondre, by loss of s (see Hist. Reproducteur, sm. a reproducer. See reand prodticteur. Gram. p. 81). Der. repond^nt, repons (forspondre, from L.

merly respons, strong

partic.

subst.

of L.

Reproductible,
re-

adj.

responsus), reponse (fem. oi repons, L. responsa), repondnnt.

REPONS,
^ofidre.

sm. a

liturgical response.

See re-

Der. reproductibilite. and productible. Reproduction, sf reproduction. , See reand production.

reproducible.

See

REPRODUIRE,
See repondre.
;

va.

to reproduce.

See reSee re-

REPONSE, sf. an answer. Reporter, va. to report

tare.

and produire.

Der. report
Der.
va.

from L. reporSee re- and

REPROUVER,
and prouver.

va. to prove anew. va. to reprove

(verbal subst.).

REPOSER,
poser.
repose.

vn. to rest, repose.

REPROUVER,
probare.
sm.

from L. re-

repos (verbal subst.), reposoh,

to thrust

Der. reprouve
Reps,
'

For letter-changes see prouver.

(partic. subst.).
'

REPOUSSER,
and pousser.

Der.

back.

See re-

reps

(a textile fabric).

Origin

repoussant,

repoussoir,

repoiissement.

unknown. Reptile, sm.

Reprehensible,

adj.

reprehensible

from

Republique,

L. reprehensibilis.

Reprehension,
hensionem.

sf.

blame; from L. repreback.

See re-

from L. reptilis. sf a republic; formerly resptiblique, from L. respublica. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. republica.m,
a reptile;

republicanisme.
va.

REPRENDRE,
and prendre.
ripresaglia.

to take

Repudiation,
pudiationem.

sf repudiation
to

from L. re-

t Repr6sailles,

sf.pl. reprisals;

from
;

It.

Repudier,
pudiare.

va.

repudiate; from L. re-

Reprsentatif,
L.

adj.

representative
*,

repraesentativus
sf.

from

from reprae-

Repugner,
L.

vn. to be repugnant (to)

from

repugnare. Der.

repugna.nt (whence

sentatus.

repugnance).
a representation ; from

Representation,
L.

Repulsif,

adj. repulsive;

from L. repulsi-

repraesentationem.
va.

vus * from repulsus.

from L.

Representer,
Repressif,

repraesentare.
adj.

Der.

to represent;

Repulsion,
sionem.

sf repulsion; from L.

repul-

represenUxiX.
;

repressive from L. refrom repressus. Repression, sf. repression from L. re-

Reputation,
tationem.

sf reputation

from L. repu;

pressivus

*,

Reputer,

va. to

repute, esteem

from L.
;

pressionem

*.

reputare.
sf
a reprimand
;

Reprimande,
reprimenda.

Der. reprimandtr.

from L.

REQUERIR,
e=i

va. to request,

summon
see

from
for

L. requirere.

For

=e

72;

Reprimer,

me re. Der.
prise.

va. to repress;

from L. re pri-

reprimMe.

see 59. Der. requis (from L. requisitus, regularly contrd., after change of

REPRIS, sm. a person retaken. See re- and pris. REPRISE, sf. retaking, recovery. See reand

accent
see

from requisitus to requisitus,

R6probateur,
probatorem.

sm. a reprover

from L. re-

REQUETE,
It.

51, to requis'tus, s see repas). for st

sf.

whence requis:

a petition

formerly reqveste.

richiesia,

from L. requisita, properly

3U
a thing required, asked for,

REQUIEM

RESSA UTER.
;
;

from L. resin a. sf. rosin R6sineux,oc?/'. resinous; from L. resinosus. cent.) we find requistam fccerunt for R^sipiscence, sf. repentance from L. * they made a request.' Requisita (see resipiscentia. under requerir) regularly coutrd. (see 51) Resistance, sf resistance. See rdsisler. to requis'ta becomes reqneste by i = (see R^sister, vn. to resist; from L. resistere.
petition, request.

whence sense of R^sine,

'

In a Lat. charter (loth

72), then requete Gram. p. 81),

f-

by
a

loss

of

(see Hist.

Der.

rests/ant, resistance.

R^solu,
requiem;
from
L.

adj. resolute;

Requiem,
reqmem..

sm.

See resoudre. Der. iirdsolu.

from L. resolutus. For -utus = -w see 201.

;

Requin,
self.

sm. a shark.

REQUINQyER
REQUIS,

(SE), vpr. to spruce

Origin unknown. up one-

Resoluble,
bilis.

adj. resoluble

from L, resolu-

Origin unknown. See requirir. p.p. sm. a demand. !R6quisition, s/. a requisition; from L.

Resolution, sf lutionem (so

irresolution.

resolution; from L. reso-

used

in

Ulpian).

Der.

requisitionem.

B^quisitoire, sm.
;

public

prosecutor's

from L. requisitorium*, address, speech der. from requirere. Hescinder, va. to rescind ; from L. rescindere. Hescision, sf. annulment (of deeds, etc.) from L. rescisionem. RESCOUSSE, sf. a leap back (in fencing).
See escousse.

adj. (Legal) subsequent ; from L. resolutorius. Resolvant, adj. resolvent; from L. resol-

Resolutoire,

ventem.

Resonnance,
sonantia.

sf resonance;
;

from L. refrom L. reso-

RESONNER,
nare.
For

vn. to resound

n = nn

see ennemi.

Der.
;

re-

sonnznt, resonnemtnl.

Rescription,

sf.

an order, cheque

from

Resorption, sorptionem

L. rescriptionem. Rescrit, sm. a rescript; from L. rescripJum. For pt = / see ecrit.

RESOUDRE,
soudre.

from L. resf resorption *. from resorbere. va. to solve, resolve from L.

;

resolvere. For -solvere

Der.
from

= -soudre

see abcp,

resous

(from resoudre,

RESEAU,

sm. network, wirework; formerly resel. It. reticello, from L. reticellum *, dim. of rete. Betic611um, regularly contrd. (see 52) to ret'cellum, becomes resel. For tc = c see adjuger ; for c = s see amide ; for el = eau see agneau. Reseau is a doublet of resille. 'j'R6s6da, sm. (Bot.) reseda, mignonette; from L. reseda.

absous

absoudre.

The Academy

uses this word still in the phrase brouillard resous en pluie). Respect, sm. respect; from L. res pectus. Its doublet is repit, q. v. Der. respecter,

respectable.

Respectif,

adj. respective

from L. respec-

tivus, from respectus.

Respectueux,
respectuosus
irrespectueux.

adj.
*,

respectful;

from L.

RESERVER,
vare.

Der. reserve (verbal

a resident
;

va. to reserve

from L. resersubst.), reserv-

from

respectus
;

Der.

oir, reserve.

Respiration,
from L. residenresidence.

sf.

respiration

from

L.

Resident, sm.
tem.

Der.

respirationem.

Respirer,
rare.

R6sider,
dere.

vn. to reside (at); from L. resi-

R6sidu, sm. a residuum from L. residuum. Resignation, sf. a resignation; from L.

;

Der. respirMe, Resplendir, resp lend Der.

L. ere. splendissement.
adj.
*,

va. to respire;

from L. respi;

respir a.toirQ.

vn. to shine brilliantly

from

resplendissznt, re-

resignationem
resigner.

*,

from resignatus. See

Responsable,
responsabilis

responsible; from L.

from responsa.
Origin unknown.

Rsigner,

va. to resign, lay

RESSAISIR, va. to seize again. See re- and from L. re sign a re, Der. resignznX.. saisir. RESILLE, sf. small net-work; either ahered form of O. Fr. resel, reseau, or a corrup- RESSASSER, va. to sift again, examine closely, See re- and sasser. tion of O. Fr. reseiul, which answers to L.

down

(office)

Ressac,

sm. surf

retiolum

(a

little net, in
;

Apuleius).

R^silier, va. to cancel

from L. resilire.

RESSAUTER, vn.

to leap again, (Archit.) to

Der. resiliement, resilintion.

See re- and sauter. Der. ressaut (verbal subst.).

stand out of line.

RESSEMBLER RETONDRE.
RESSEMBLER,
See
re-

3^3
;

vn.

to

and

semhler.
va. to

Der.

be

alike,

resemble.

R6sulter,

ressembUnt
See

Der. resulut, resuhznte.

resurrectionem.

v?i.

to result

from L. resultare.
resu-

(whence
re-

ressemblaiice).

RESSEMBLER,
RESSEMER,
semer.

and semelle.

Der. ressemehge.
sow again.

new

sole (boots).

R^SUmer, va. to resume; from L. me re. Der. resume (partic. subst.).

Resurrection,
sf a resurrection
;

from L.
a contrd.

va. to

See re- and

RETABLE, sm.
sm. a slight attack, touch, See ressentir. See re- and sentir. va. to feel.
va. to tie again, tighten.

(Archit.) a reredos

RESSENTIMENT,
RESSENTIR,

Jorm of
etablir.

riere-tahle, see table

and

arriere.

attack, resentment.

RETABLIR,

Der. ressentimtnt.
and
serrer.

RETAILLER,
See
res-

RESSERRER,
re-

RESSORT,
sortir.

Der. resserremQut. See sm. a spring, elasticity.

vn. to go out again.

See resubst.).

Der. re7a6/issement. cut anew, mend and Der. (verbal

va. to

va. to re-establish.

See re- and

(pens).

tailler.

retaille

RETAPER,
way.

va. to comb (hair) See re- and taper.

the

wrong

ARESSORTIR
(of)
;

See reRESSORTIR, 3-ad sortir. Der. ressort (verbal subst., properly that which goes out again, rebounds).

RETARD, sm. delay. RETARDER, va. to

tardare.

See retarder.
L.

Der.

delay; from retard (verbal

re-

subst.),

(A), vn. to be in the jurisdiction formerly resortir, from L. resortiri, which in medieval Lat. signified to be in the jurisdiction of.' Der. ressort (judicial), res'

re/arJataire, retard2.X\on.

RETEINDRE^x/a.
teindre.

to dye anew.

See re- and

RETENDRE,
re-

va. to stretch out again.

See

sor^issant.

and tendre.
va. to retain see

; from L. retinere. 72; for e = / see 59.

RESSOUDER,
souder.

va. to resolder.
a resource. to

See re-

and

RETENIR, For i = e

RESSOURCE,
re-

sf.

See source.

Der.
of
re-

ri'tenwe.

(verbal subst.).

RESSOUVENIR (SE), vpr.

and souvenir.
subst.).

Der. ressouvenir (verbal

See reagain
to
life
;

remember.

See

Retention,
tionem.

Der.

sf retention; from L. retenrete7itionndi\re.

;

RETENTIR,

vn. to resound, re-echo

compd.

RESSUER,
and
suer.

Der. resswage.

vn. to sweat (of metals). va. to bring

Ressusciter,

from L. resuscitare.

and O. Fr. tentir, which from L. tinnitire * for tinnitare. Tinnitire, regularly contrd. (see 52) to tinn*O.Fr. tentir. tire, becomes For in = c
see

RESSUYER,
ess7iyer.

va. to dry again.

See re- and

;

72.

Der.

retentissant,

retentisse-

ment.
sf.

Restauration,
Restaurer,
ateur.

restoration

from L.
;

RETENUE,
tenir.

sf.

reserve, prudence.

See re-

restaurationem.
va. to restore, re-establish

L. restaur are.

Der.
;

from R6tiaire, sm. a

L. retiarius.

retiarius

(gladiator)

from
reti-

res/awrant, restaur-

RESTER,
subst.).

VTi.

to remain

from L. restare.

Reticence, sf
centia.

reticence

from L.
;

Der. r^s^nt (partic. subst.),

Restituer,
tuere.

Der.

va. to restore
restituzhlQ.
5/.

Restitution, tutionem.

restitution

from L. reste (verbal R6ticule, sm. a reticule, little net reticulum. Der. reticuhire, reticule. from L. resti- RETIF, adj. restive formerly restif, properly a horse which refuses to stir, which rests from L. restiquiet. Restif It restivo, is from L. restivus *, deriv. of restare. For loss of s

RESTREINDRE,
restringere.
see astreindre.

va.

to

restrict

from L.

see Hist.

Gram.

p.

81
;

for

v=/see

bcejif
*, der.

For -stringere
restrictive
;

= -streindre R6tine, sf
See
re-

the retina

from L. retina

Restrictif,
strictivus
streindre.

adj.
*,

from L. re-

from
sf.

restrictus.

is properly a netfrom rete, a net. like membrane; cp. Germ, netz-haut. RETIRER, va. to withdraw, remove. See Der. retire, retirement. re- and tirer.

Retine

Restriction,
strictionem.

restriction;

from L. re;

RETOMBER,
tomber.

Der. retombee
va.

vn. to

fall

again.

See re- and

clean
off;

(partic. subst).

Restringent,

adj.

restringent

from L.

RETONDRE,

(Archit.)

to

restringentem.

from L. retundere.

3H
RETORDRE,
tordrg.

RETORDRE
va.

RiVER,
RETROUSSER,
re-

to retwist.

See re- and

va. to tie up, tuck up.

and

trousser.

Der.
;

See

retroussement, reagain.

R^torquer,
quere.

t/a.

to retort; from L. retor-

trouss'is.

RETROUVER,
adj.
in

va. to find

See re-

RETORS,
(found of s see

twisted

Martial).

from L. retortus and trouver. For the continuance RETS, sm. a net, snare

142 and

149.

Retorte,

from L. retorta, sf. a retort; properly a vessel of distorted form.

from L. retls. For the continuance of s see 142 and 149. Reunion, sf a reunion. See re- and union.

See re- and unir. compd. of and of O. Fr. ussir, which from L. exire. Exire, changing x to s (see tourner. Der. retourne (verbal subst.). aisselle) and e to i (see 59), becomes RETRACER, va. to retrace. See re- and O. Fr. isdr, whence ussir by i=u (see tracer. fumier and also jumeau). B^tractation, sf. a retractation from L. fReussite, sf success; from It. riuscila.
toucher.

RETOUCHER,

Der.

va. to retouch.

See re- and retouche (verbal subst.).

Reunir,

va. to reunite.

REUSSIR,

vn. to succeed, thrive

RETOUR, sm. a winding, return. See lour. RETOURNER, vn. to return. See re- and

rS- (q.v.)

retractationem.

REVALOIR,
retract;
is

va. to return (good, evil).

See
See

B^tracter,
tractare.

va.
Its

to

from L. reder.

re-

and valoir.
sf retaliation,

doublet

retraiter.

REVANCHE,
revancher.

revenge.

B6tractile,
tractus.

adj. retractile;

from re;

REVANCHER,
sf.

va. to defend (from attack);

re-

Retraction,

(Med.) retraction
to

from L.

compd.
regular
to
for

of

and

L.

vindicare, by
see adjuger;
see

retractionem.

contr.
see

(see

52) of vindicare

RETRAIRE,
traire

retrahere.

withdraw; from L. trahere = traire see Der. retrait (from L. retractus

va.

vind'care.

For

o=ch

dimanche.

Der. revanche
rage,
q. v.

For 126;

dc=c
for

in = cm = an

(verbal subst.).

for ct
tiring,

= it

see attrait), retraite (act of re-

REVASSER,
^

from L. retracta).

Der.

vn. to muse, dream.

See rtve.
Its

revasseur, revctsserie.

sm. shrinkage, contraction (of metals). See retraire. RETRAITE, sf retreat. See retraire. Der.
retraite.

RETRAIT,

REVE,

sm. a dream.
is

Origin unknown.

doublet

+ Re V e C h e,
merly
doublet
eveiller.
is

arf;.

sharp, harsh, cross; for-

revesche,

from

It.

revescio.

Its

RETRANCHER,
re-

vn.

See re- and trancher.

Der. retranchement.
work
again.

to

cut

off,

retrench.

revers, q. v.

REVEILLER,
veiHon.

RETRAVAILLER,
and travailler.
va.

va. to

See
See

Der.

va. to arouse.
reveil

See re- and

subst.),

(verbal

re-

RETRECIR,
re-

and

trecir.

Der.
va.
to

to narrow,

straiten.

Revelateur,
latorem.

sm. a revealer

from L. reve;

re/re'cissement.

RETREMPER,
R6tribuer,
tribuere.

to temper See re- and tremper.

va.

(iron)

anew. Revelation,

sf

revelation

from

L.

revelationem.
from L. re- Reveler, va. to reveal; from L. revelare.

reward;
;

REVENANT,
sf.

sm. a ghost, apparition.

sm. a
retailer.

See

Retribution,

retribution

from L. re-

revenir.

tributionem. Retroactif, adj.

and

REVENDEUR,
retroactive; from L. retro

See re- and

Fr. actif, q.v.

Der.

vendeur.

retroactivAe.

Revendication,
re- and

sf a claiming; from L.
reclaim,

Retroaction,

sf retroaction; L. retro and action (q.v.). R6troceder, va. to reassign

compd. of
;

vindicationem.
va. to to

Revendiquer,
from
;

demand;,!
re-

retrocedere
L.

Der,

L.

from L. re- and vindicare.

retrocession.

REVENDRE,
from
vendre.

|
See

va.

resell.

and

Retrogradation,

sf retrogression
;

retrogradationem.
adj. retrograde

REVENIR,
from L. refrom L.
J-

Retrograde,
trogradem.

Der. revenu
vn.

vn. to return.

See re- and venir.

(partic. subst.

masc), revenxit
reve.

partic. subst. fern.),

rment.
See

Retrograder,
retrogradare.

vn. to retrograde;

REVER,

to

dream.

Der,

rei/eur, reverie.

RS VER BER E
B^verb^re,
berer.

RICIN.
adj. repellent.

Z^5

sm. a street-lamp.

See rever-

Rverbrer,

vn. to reverberate;

reverberare.

Der.

from

L.

reverbere

(verbal

subst.), reverberation.

REVERDIR,
re-

vn. to

grow green
;

again.

See

and verdir.

R6v6rence,
rent! a.
re n d

R6v6rend,
s
.

Der. u Der.
Its

sf.

reverence

from L. revefrom L. reve-

reverencieWe, reverencieux.
;

adj. reverend

reverendissime.

R6verer, va. REVERS, sm.

(of coins).

to revere; from L. revereri.

back, a back-stroke, reverse doublet is reveche, q. v. REVERSER, va. to decant, pour off. See re- and verser. Der. reversement, revers-

See revulsion. Revulsion, sf. a revulsion; from L. revulsionem. Der. revulsif. REZ, prep, on a level with, sm. level from L. rasus. Rez in the phrases rez pied, rez terre, rez de chaussee, signifies that part of a house which is on a level with the chaussee, the road. For rasus = rez see nez. Rez is a doublet of ras, q. v. REZ-DE-CHAUSSEE, sm. a ground-floor. See rez. RHABILLER, va. to dre?s again. See reand habiller. Der. rhabtllage. Rheteur, sm. a rhetorician ; from L. rheto-

R6vulsif,

rem.

Rhetorique,
rica.

ible.

Der.

sf.

rhetoric; from L. rhetoa

rhetoricien.

i'Reversi, sm.
from
It.

reversis (a

game of

cards)

Rhinoceros,
rhinoceros.

sm.

rhinoceros;
a

from L.

rovescino.

REVERSIBLE, adj. reversible. See reverser. t Rhododendron, s?ra. from L. rhododendron. Reversion, sf. reversion; from L. reversionem.

rhododendron;

Rhombe,
sm.
facing,

sm. a rhombus, diamond; from

REV^TEMENT,
buildings).

coating

(of

L.

rhombus.

See revetir.
See re- and vetir. See re- and
L. revisere.

Rhomboide,
rhomboides.
tack.

REVETIR,
REVIRER,
virer.

vowel (see 51), becomes rheubarb'rum, rkubarbe by dissimilation (see For eu = ste puree. Revision, sf. revision; from L, revisi 169). onem. + Rhuni, sm. rum; from Engl, rum. from L. Revivifier, va. to revive, restore from L. Rhumatisme, sm. rheumatism rheumatismus (found in Pliny). Der. revivificare. rhumatismal. REVIVRE, vn. to rise from the dead from from L. rheuma. For L. revivere, by loss of the atonic e, see RHUME, sm. cold eu = M see puree. 51. Revocable, adj. revocable; from L. re- Rhythme, sm. rhythm from L. rhythmus. Its doublet is rime, q. v. vocabilis. Revocation, sf. revocation; from L. re- Rh3rthmique, adj. rhythmical; from L.
va. to revise
;

Der. (Naut.) to Der. reviremQnt. Reviser, from Der. reWseur.

reie/ement, vn.

va. to clothe.

Der.

sm.

rhomboid
;

from L.

rhombo'idal.

RHUBARBE, sf. rhubarb from barum (found in Isidore).

barum,
whence

L.

rheubar-

Rheubdr-

losing regularly the penult, atonic

vocationem. R6vocatoire, adj.

L. revocatorius.

rhythmicus.
(Leg.) revocatory
;

from

RIANT,
by an
loss

adj. smiling;

from L. ridentem, of medial d, see accabler ; for en =

sf.

REVOIR,
dere.

from L. reviva. to see again For letter-changes see voir. Der.

;

cp. andouille.

Ribambelle,

string,

host,

number.

revue (partic. subst.).

+ R6volte,

sf.

a revolt

from

It.

rivoUa.

Der. revolttr, revolta.nt.

RVOlu,

adj. revolved, accomplished

from

L. revolutus.

For -utus
sf.

= -M

see 201.

Revolution,

revolutionem.

Der. revohidonn^iie.

revolution;

from L.

Revomir,
mere.

va. to revomit; from L. revo-

R6voquer,
revocare.

va. to revoke, recall; from L.

Origin unknown. RIBOTE, sf. debauch, drunkenness. Origin unknown. Der. ribottx, ribofeur. RICANER, vn. to sneer. Origin unknown. Der. ricanerie, ricaneur, ricanement. RICHARD, sm. a married man. See riche. RICHE, adj. rich of Germ, origin, Germ. reich, Engl. rich. Der. richesse, rich&rd, richement, enrichii. RICHESSE, sf riches. See riche. Ricin, sm. the castor-oil plant; from L. ri-

REVUE,

sf.

a review.

See revoir.

cinus.

3i6
Bicocher,
RIDE,
sf.

RTCOCHER
vn. to ricochet. Origin
subst.).

R2SS0LER.
now
the verses thus formed was added what call rhyme, i. e. the agreement in soi. of the last two accented syllables at the cm of the verses and so rhythmus, whicl
;

Der. ricochet (verbal

a wrinkle.

unknown.

RIDEAU,
ridel.

sm.

a
el

curtain,

See rider. screen;

formerly

see agneau. Ridel is dim. of ride (see rider), and rightly means

For

= eau

first

signified

a
to

manner

of

versification
thi

was

restricted

rhyme, one only of

a plaited

stuff.
sf.

conditions of this poetical system.

Rhyth
in Isidore

RIDELLE,
unknown

the staff-side (of cards).

Origin

mus,
by
loss

or

rather

rhythma, becomes rime

find

of

of Seville), RIDER, va. to wrinkle; of Germ, origin, by tin = m, see Rime is a doublet of rhythme, q. v. M. H. G. riden. Der. ride (verbal subst.). rimer. Hidicule, sm. a little bag; from L. reticuRIMER, vn. to rhyme. See rime. lum (in Horace).

(we and

rjrthmus

plane.

Der

Der,

IRidicule, sm. ridicule; from L. ridiculum. B.idicule, adj. ridiculous; from L. ridiculus.

n'meur, rimziWer.

Der. ridiculher,
subst.
in

RINCEAU,

ridicul\\.6.

RIEN, adv. nothing; from L. rem. For e = tV see 56; for in = n see changer.
Rien was a
thing.'
belle.

O.

Fr.,

meaning

formerly rainceat (used in sense of a bough, foliage, in medi' eval documents), from L. ramicellus dim. of ramus. Ramicellus, contrd.' (see 52) to ram.'cellus, becomes rain',
sm.
foliage
;

La
Une

riens (res) qtiej'ai vue est fort

tres-belle riens (res).
it

eel

for

m=

see

changer

for

When

joined with a negative

no thing RINCER, va. to rinse formerly rinser, rein(nihil), just as ne . . personne = xvtmo. ser of Germ, origin, O. Scaiid. hreinsa, to This use of rien is very proper, and it did rinse, clean out. For s = c see cercueil. not lose its natural meaning of thing to
'

meant

Raincel becomes rainceau 54. eau, see agneau.

;

a = ai seei by -e/ =

'

'

take that

of nothing

'

(as e. g. in the phrase

till

Der. rinpxtt.

On ma donne cela pour rien) became accustomed to take this

subst.

people with

RIOTER,

vn. to titter.

Origin unknown.

Der. r/o/eur.

ne so as to form a negative expression. By Ripaille, sf. feasting, good cheer. Origin unknown. this account of the sense of rien we may from Germ. explain the passage of Molifere, in which it RIPER, va. to drag, scrape rippefi, a popular form of rlben, answering is at once negative and positive to O. H. G. riban. Der. ripe (verbal Dans le siecle ou nous sommes subst.). On ne donne rien pour rien. Ecole des Femmes, ii. 2. Ripop6e, sf. slop (mixed liquors). Origin unknown. RIEUR, sm. a laugher. See rire. Rigide, adj. rigid; from L. rigidus. Its t Riposte, sf. a repartee; from It. riposta. doublet is roide, q. v. Der. riposttx. Rigidity, sf. rigidity; from L. rigiditatem. RIRE, vn. to laugh from L. ridere. For misplacement of accent, ridere for ridere, Rigodon, sm. a rigadoon an onomatosee Hist. Gram. p. 133; hence rid're, by poetic word. See 34.
;
:

t Rigole, sf. a trench from It. Rigorisme, sm. austerity; from

;

rigoro.

Der.
rosus.

L. rigor.

regular contr. (see 51), whence rire: for dr=r see 168. Der. neur, r/sible.

rzg-onste.

RIS, sm.

laugh

from L. risus.
;

Der.

Rigoureux,

from L. rigoree. For o = ou see 81; for -osus RIS, sm. a sweetbread
adj. rigorous;

corruption of rides de
ris.

= -eux

see 229.

veau.

Rigueur, sm. rigour; from For o eu see 79. RIMAILLER, vn. to rhyme.
Der. rimailleuT.

L.

rigorem. RISEE, sf. Risible,

laughter.
adj.

See See

See rimer.

risible;

from L. risibilis,
rire.

der.

from ridere.
sm.
reef,

t Risque,
from
properly
risguer.

risk;

from Sp.
risk.

RIME,

L. rhythmus. sf. Khythmus signified in the middle ages versification, based not on length of syllables as in classical metres, but on the number of syllables a method of versification which

rhyme;

then

peril,

Der.

risco,

RISSOLER,

va. to roast

brown; dim. of

form risser*; of Germ, origin, Dan. riste, For st = ss seeangoisse. Der. rissole (verbal

characterises the

Romance

languages.

To

subst.).

RITROGNE.
Rit, sm.
refrain

3-^1

a rite;

tllitournelle,
;

from L. ritus. sm. (Mus.) a

ritornello.
;

Prov. rauba, Fr. robe.

ritornello,

The

It.

roba keeps

from

It.

from L. a ritual, prayer-book ritualis (sc. liber, a book of rites). RIVAGE, sm. a bank, shore, beach ; from L. ripaticum*, der. from ripa, Bipativendidit super fluvium cum quoddam

Rituel, sm.

the full sense of late Lat. rauba, and has three meanings, dress, merchandise, goods. Der. robin (sm., a ' man of the robe,' lawyer).

ROBINET,

'

grew the tree in Europe from seed received from America, A. d. i6oi. Rivalit, sf. rivalry; from L. rivalitateni. Robuste, adj. robust; from L. robustus. RIVE, sf. bank (of stream). Prov. riba, ROC, sm. a rock from L. rupicus, der. from rupes, by contr. (see 51) of ruIt. ripa, from L. ripa. For p = v see III. picus, to rup'cus, whence roc. For u = o see annoficer; for pc = c see 1 68. RIVER, va. to rivet, clinch of Germ, origin, Der. rocaille, rocailleux. Dan. rive, properly to flatten down any projection. ROCHE, sf. a rock from L. rupea *, der. Der. nVet, ni/ure, rivoir. RIVERAIN, adj. situated on the river's from rupes. Rupea, by ea = ia (see bank. abreger), becomes rupia See riviere. by ia = ja (see RIVIERE, sf. a river. Sp. ribera, from L. Hist. Gram. p. 65), becomes rupja whence rocke. Foru = osee annoncer; for -pja = Lat. documents riparia*, found in medieval
rivaliser.
;

ad faciendum molendinum,' says a Carol, text. Ripaticum, changing p successively to b and v (see iii) becomes ribaticum (found in a charter of a. d. 891), then rivaticum (in a text of a.d. 897), whence rivage by -aticum = -age, see age. Rival, adj. rival; from L, rivalis. Der.

sm. a tap, cock, dim. of Robin of hist, origin, see 33. In the mythology of the middle ages Robin was the name of the sheep and as the first taps were made in the form of a sheep's head, they got the name of Robinet.
;
;

Robinier,
of
hist,

sm. robinia, acacia, locust-tree

origin
(see

33),

from Jean

Robin, gardener to Henry IV,

who

first

'

Nee

villae,

nee

homo

distringatur facere

-che see abreger.

Der.

rocher, rocheux.

ment.

pontes ad riparias,' says a I2th-cent. docuRiparia is der. from ripa, used

for a river in

ROCHET,
a lock)
;

sm. a rocket (surplice), ratchet (of dim. of a form roc *. Rochet is

is

medieval Lat.

comes

riviere: for -axia.

i;

for p = see Rixdale,

III.
sf.

Der.

= -ih-e

Riparia besee 198;

from Germ.

from
sac.

rivera.\n.

from coq, sachet from from L. roccus*, an under garment, in Carol, documents Roccus
roc, like cochet

Roc

'

a rix-dollar;

matrinus

'

reichsthaler.

Rixe,

sf.

tRiz,
+ + Rob,

'.

Rob,

a scuffle from L. rixa. sm. rice; from It. rise. Der. rjzi^re. sm. a rubber (of whist) from Engl.
;

Capitulary of Charlemagne, a. d. 808. Also in the Chron. of the Monk of St. Gall (ii. 27) we read Carolus habebat pellicium bombycinum,nou
et

utrinus,' says a

'

multum
ille S.

amplioris pretii,

quam

erat
is

roccus

rubber.

Martini,' etc.

Roccus
;

of Germ,

sm. (Pharm.) rob; of Oriental origin,

origin, cp.

Germ.

rock.

Ar. robb, purified syrup of boiled fruit.

R6der,
Prov.
q.v.

ROBE,
ments

sf.

dress.

We

find in Lat. docu-

after the 6th cent, a verb

:

raubare,

from Prov. radar. radar answers to It. rotare, from L. rotare. Roder is a doublet of rauer,
vn. to ramble
;

alterum adsalierit et Salica Pact). This verb is of Germ, origin, Germ, rauben, to rob, which gives O. Fr. rober (for au = o see 107), whose compd. derober is in use. This verb raubare had a verbal subst. rauba, the spoil of robbery whence, later,
to rob
'

Si quis in via
'

eum raubaverit (Lex

sm. rhodomontade from rodomante Der. rodamantude. Rogation, sf (Eccles.) rogation from L,
It.
;

fRodomont,
rogationem.

the sense of clothes

'

adj. belonging to an examinafrom L. rogatorius *, from rogare. Origin unQuidquid super eum Rogaton, sm. broken meat.
;

Rogatoire,
tion
;

vel arma tulit, omnia sicut furcomponat' (Lex Alemann, tit. 49). Rauba, from its general sense, became specialised e. g. Apparatu raubarum Persicarum deposito, vilem habitum sumsit (Acta S. Yvonis). Rauba becomes
tiva
; '
.
.

cum rauba

known.

ROGNE,
L.
to

formerly roigne, from then scab, itch, by regular contr. (see 51) of robiginem
sf the itch
;

robiginem,

rust,

robig'nem, whence

'

medial

see aboyer.

Der. rogntMX.

roigne.

For

loss

of

3i8
ROGNER,

R OGNER

R ONGER

va. to cut (off ends), pare, clip;

formerly roogner, to cut hair all round, in nth-cent, documents. Prov. redonhar, from O. Fr. roond, primitive form of rotid (q. v.). Roond gives roonner*, cp. plafond, Roonner becomes roogner, for plafonner. n = gn see cligner; roogner gives rogner, for 00 see rond. Der. ro^neur, ro^wure. ROGNON, sm. a kidney; from L. renionem*, dim. of ren. For nio=^o see cigogne; for e = o, cp. elephantem, olifant; petalum, poele ; vester, votre. find voster for vester in the Inscriptions of the Empire. Der. rognonner. Rogue, adj. proud ; of Germ, origin, Norse

regularly (see 51) to roman'ce. gives boti the subject-case romance and the object-cas'

romant. See Hist. Gram. pp. 89-96. Ro mance and romant meant properly the vulga tongue, as distinguished from the Lat. these words are applied to compositions ii the former, thence came to designate certain classes of literary composition.

Roman

afterwards became roman, whence romaiv esgue. For the nominative form romance, ii the sense of a novel, comes romancier, lit a writer

who

uses the vulgar tongue.

Ro^

We

mance and roman, which both originall] meant any kind of composition in the vulgai tongue, survive in modern Fr. in two

hrokr.

ferent senses.
;

Roman

is

a doublet

oiromm

ROI, sm.

a king from L. regem. For -egeiu = -oi see lot. Der. rottelet (dim. of O. Fr. roietel, a wren ; roietel is from roiet*, compd. of rot and dim. suffix et. For the change of sense from kinglet to wren see 15.
adj.
stiff,
is

and romance.

ROMANCE, sf. a ballad. See roman. ROMANCIER, sm. a novelist. See roman, ROMANESQUE, sm. romantic. See roman.\ tB-omantique, sm. romantic; introd
1

ROIDE, ROIDEUR,
raide, raideur.

rigid.

See

Der.

Its

doublet

rigide, q. v.

roza?illon, roid'n.

from Engl, romantic. Der. roma/isme. sm. rosemary; from L. rosma' rinus. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ROMPRE, va. to break from L. rumperej

ROMARIN,
by regular
to

See roide. ROITELET, sm. a wren. See rot. ROLE, sm. a roll. Prov. rode. It. rololo, from L. rotulus, by regular contr. (see 51) of rotillus to rot'lus, whence rule. For tl = 11 = I see 168. Role is a doublet of rotule, q. v. Der. enrtJ/er, coiArole ^(\. v.), r6hx, roht. ROLET, sm. a character, part. See role.
va. to stiffen.

ROIDIR,

contr. (see

51) of rtimpdx
:

rump're, whence rompre

sm.
a

annoncer.

Der, rompn, romptmtnt.

blackberry-bush,

for

u=

s<

RONCE,

bramble;

from L. rumioem, lit. a sting, prickle, whence sense of a thorn-bush. Bumicem becomes ronce by -umicem = -oce. For
letter-changes see ponce.

ROND,

adj.

round; formerly roond.

It.

ro-

ROMAIN,
is

adj.

Roman

from L. romanus.

For -anus = -a/tt see 194. Its doublet roman, q. v. Der. romaint. SrOniail, sm. a romance, novel adj. romantic,

tondo, from L. rotundus. Botundus, by losing medial t (see abhaye), by u = o (see annoncer), becomes O.Fr, roond, which Der. rondt, rond" later is contrd. to rond.

phrase 'lingua romana* in Carolingian times meant the growing Fr. language, the ' rustic Latin,' as opposed to the 'lingua latina,' which was the name for the Class. Lat. read in the Life of St. Adalbert, Abbot of Corbie (a.d. 750), that he preached in the vulgar tongue with a sweet abundance' (' Quern si vulgo audisses, dulcifluus emanabat'); and his biographer distinguishes still more plainly between the learned Lat. and the Romance or vulgar tongue ' Qui si vulLat.

Romance.

The

eau, rondeWt, rondkleX, rowJache, ronrfin,

rondtVLX, zrrondit.

RONDACHE, RONDE, sf. a

is

sf.

a buckler, target. See rond.

round.

See rond.

Its

doublet

We

rotonde, q. v.

RONDEAU,
verses).

'

sm. a rondeau (poem of thirteen See rond. RONDELET, adj. plump. See rond. RONDELLE, sf. a round, washer, roundshield.

RONDEUR,
RONDIN,

gari, id

est

romana

lingua,

loqueretur,
;

omnium

aliarum putaretur inscius

;

si

vero

See rond. sm. a round piece of wood, cudgel. See rond. Der. rondiner. ROND-POINT, sm. (Archit.) an apse. See

See rond. sf. roundness.

teutonica, enitebat perfectius si latina, in nulla omnino absolutius' (Acta Sanctorum,

rond and

point.

RONFLER,

From this form romana Januar. i. 416). comes the adv. romanice*, in the phrase

Der.

vn. to snore.

Origin unknown.

RONGER,

ronflant, ronfltMX, ronjlement. va. to gnaw, nibble. Prov, romiar,

'romanice

loqui.'

Romanice,

contrd.

Sp. rumiar,

from L. rumigare, found

for

RONGE UR
'

ROTURIER.
lossigfwl
:

319

which survived in the O. Fr. word, which had sense of ruminating as well as of gnawing: the
'

to niminate

in Apuleius, a sense

niolus *, masc. form of lusciniola (found in Plautus). Lu^ciniolus becomes O. Fr.

for

u=
;

see annoncer

for

sc

former sense remains in the hunting phrase

le

= ss
169).
(see

see cresson

for

ni = gn

see cigogne.

cerffait le range. Kumigdre, regularly contrd, (see 52) to ruin'gare, becomes

:

Lossignol,

ranger
eur,

for

m = n see changer. Der. rang;

becomes

Der. rossignohx.

rossignol,

by changing / to r (see apotre), by dissimilation (see

sm. Rosinante
;

Rossinante,
Don

of

hist, origin

sm. a rodent. See ranger. Roquefort, sm. a Roquefort cheese of hist, origin (see 33), from Raquefort, a village in the Department of Aveyron,

RONGEUR,

33), from

Sp. rocinante,

name of

Quixote's horse fRossolis, sm. sun-dew;

from L. ros

and solis.

where these cheeses are made. Rostral, adj. rostral; from L. rostralis. sm. a pug-dog of hist, origin (see Rostres, sm.pl. rostra; from L. rostra. properly a dog of St. Roch, allud- ROT, sm. roast. See rotir. 33)' ing to the legend which represents St. Roch ROT, sm. belching. It. rtitto, from L. ructus. accompanied by his dog St. Roquet. For u = o see annoncer; for ct = / see 168. tRoquette, sf. (Bot.) rocket; from It. Rotateur, sm. a rotator; from L. rotato-

ROQUET,

rucchetta.

rem.
a sprinkler; from L. rotifer.
;

Rorif^re, sm.

Rosace,

sf.

a rose (window, etc.)

from L.

rosaceus.

Rotation, sf nem. f Rote, sf the

It.

rotation; from L. rotatiorota (a

Roman
is

court)

from

Rosac6e, sf. a rose-tree; from Rosaire, sm. a rosar)"^; from

L. rosacea. L. rosarius, properly a garland of roses (see chapelet) to crown the image of the Virgin, then a garland or necklace of threaded beads, serving to

rota.

Its

doublet
:

roue, q. v.

ROTER, vn. to belch VL = o see annoncer;

Rotin,

from L. ructare. For

for

sm. a rattan.
va.
origin,

ROTIR,
Germ,
of
s,

ct^t see 168. Origin unknown. to roast; formerly rostir, of

O, H. G. rostjan.

mark
1

off prayers.

Its

doublet

is

rosier, q. v.

+ Rosat,
rose, q. v.

adj.

of roses,
It.

rose;
Its

introd,

in
is

6th cent, from

rosato.

doublet

rot (verbal subst,), roti, ro/ie, ro/isserie, ro/is$p.

see

Hist.

Gram.

8i.

Der.

For

loss

eur, ro/issoire.

+ Rosbif,
beef

sm. roast beef; from Engl, roast

;

ROTISSEUR,
See
rijtir.

sm.

master of a
;

cookshop.
It.

ROSE, ROSE, ROSE,

sf.

a rose

from L. rosa.

Der. rose
doublet
is

(adj.), rose, rosiere, rosette.

adj. rose-coloured, rosy.

adj. roseate.

See rose.
Its

sf a rotunda from da. Its doublet is ronde, q. v, Rodondit6, s/. rotundity ; from L.

fRotonde,
tatem.

roton-

rotundi-

See rose.

rosat, q. v.

Rotule,
:

sf.

ROSEAU,

-el = -eau

sm. a reed ; formerly rosel for see agneau. Rosel, Prov. rauzel, is the dim. of a root ros, of Germ, origin, Goth, raus, a reed. Goth, raus gives Prov. raus, Fr. ros*: for au = o see 107.
sf

la.

Its

(Anat.) a patella from L. rotudoublet isrole, q.v.

;

ROTURE,

ROSEE,

dew

partic. subst. (see absoute)

of O. Fr, roser *, which is from L, rorare. E-orare becomes roser, as adrorare becomes arroser. For r = s see arroser.

sf. commonalty; from L, ruptura, properly act of breaking (clods), whence of cultivating fields, found in medieval Lat. Decimas et primitias de e, g, novis rupturiis, quae facta sunt in alodio S. Felicis,' in an iith-cent. charter. From
;

'

this sense the

word
'

passes to that of the

ROSETTE,

sf.

a rosette.

ROSIER, sm. a rose-bush; from For -arium = -2er see 198.

rosaire, q. v,

Der,

See rose. L. rosarium. Its doublet is

land of a noble.

'

villein

subject to rent, land not

Ruptura becomes

rotura

for

roseraie.
;

see 168; for see annoncer. is a doublet of rupture, q. v. ROTURIER, sm. a plebeian, lit. peasant who

pt = /

u=

Roture

+ Rosse,
ross.

sf.

a poor horse, jade

from Germ.

ROSSER,

va. to thrash; formerly roissier. Origin unknown. ROSSIGNOL, sm. a nightingale; formerly
lossignol,
It.

rossignuolo,

from L. lusci-

from L. rupturaa ruptura, We find in an iith-cent. see roture). charter Concedimus quoque eidem decern sextarias terrae, si a rupturariis dono vel emptione ilias acquisierint.' Ruptviraholds a roture (q. v.)
;

rius * (one who

'

cultivates

320

ROUAGE
;

ROFAL.
contrd.
(see

rius becomes roturier: for -ftrius =-/see 198; for pt = / %ee 168 for u = o
see annoncer.

52)

to

comes row/eoM

for tl

= //

rot'lellum, besee 168; for

ROUAGE,
roue.

sm. wheelwork, machinery.

See

ol = OM see 81, 157; for -ellum = -fi/ = 'eau see 282. ROULER, va. to roll, wheel formerly roller,
;

t
.

Rouan, sm.
from
It.

a roan horse; formerly roa, a

roano.
sf.

Rouanne,
known.

Der. rouanner, rouannette.

brand-iron.

Origin un-

sm. a carter. See rouler. sm. (Naut.) a rolling. See rouler. s/l a rupee. Origin unknown. ROUSSEUR, sf redness. See roux. rowet. ROUE, sm. a roue, lit. one broken on the ROUSSIN, sm. a cob, thickset stallion ; from O. Fr. rous, ros, of Germ, origin (M. H. G. See rouer. wheel. ross). Foio = ou see 81. ROUELLE, sf. a slice, round (of beeQ. For ROUSSIR, vn. to redden. See roux. Der. letter-changes see roue. roussi (partic. subst.). Rouennerie, sf. common printed cotton ; of hist, origin, see 33, first fabricated + Rout, sm. a rout, great party; from Engl.
;

sm. a rouble (Russian coin), a Russian word. ROUCOULER, va. to warble plaintively ; an See 34. Der. onomatopoetic word. roucoulement. ROUE, sf. a wheel ; from L. rota. For loss for o = ou see 81. of medial t see aig7i Der. rower, rowage, Its doublet is rofe, q. v.

t Rouble,

Prov. rotlar. It. rotolare, from L. rotulare* (found in medieval Lat. texts), der. from rotulus, Botul^re, regularly contrd. (see 52) to rot'lare, becomes O.Fr. roller by tl = // (see 168), whence rouler by ol ou, see 81, 157. Der.
row/age, row/ade, row/ier, row/is, rou/ement, row/eur, row/euse, row/etle, row/oir, derow/er, Gnrouler.

ROULIER,
ROULIS,

tRoupie,

at

Rouen.
va. to break
is

rout.

ROUER,
Its

doublet

roder.

Der. rou^,

on the wheel.

See rou.

ROUTE,

rouerie.

ROUERIE, sf. action of a roue. See rouer. ROUET, sm. a spinning-wheel. See roue. ROUGE, adj. red formerly rage, It. robbio,
;

from L. rubeus (found

in Isidore

of Seville).

formerly rote, from L. sf. a road rupta*(sc. a cross-road, via). Bupta means a road in medieval Lat. texts De quibus cimaliis forestae de Gadabone, necnon de ruptis ejusdem forestae,' in a 1 2th-cent. document. Cp. the phrase aller
;
:

Rubeus,

regularly transformed (see abre-

S7ir

les

bris^es
rote:
for

de

quelqu'un.
see

Hupta

ger) to rubius, consonnifies iu to

abreger), whence rubjus,

ju
;

(see

becomes

pt = /

whence O. Fr. rage: for 'bj=j see Hist. Gram. p. 81 for see annoncer. Roge later becomes rouge for o = ou see 81. Der. rougekUe, roK^^aud, rougeoXt, rouget, rougtxxr, rougir. ROUILLE, sf. mildew formerly roille, Prov. ro'ilh, from L. rubigula*, dim. of ru-

u=
for

see annoncer.

168; for Rote becomes route ;

o = 0M
(act

see

u= o

ine

of

Der. row/ier, rout 81. following the route marked

out).

ROUTIER, ROUTINE,
routinitx.

sm. a stager.
sf.

routine.

See route. See route. Der.

bigo. Rubigula, regularly contrd. (see 51) to rubig'la becomes ro-ille: for
loss

ROUVIEUX,
Rouffe
is

adj.

mangy;

from

rouffe.

of medial
;

b
:

see

aboyer

for

u=o
en-

see annoncer for gl = // see cailler. Roille becomes rouille for o = ou see 81.

Der.

rouiller,

rouillure,

d^rouilhr,

routlleT.

of Germ, origin, Dutch rofe. ROUVRE, sm. English oak. O.Fr. rovre, Prov. robre, from L. robur, by regular contr. (see 50) of robur to rob'r, whence rovre (for b = v see 113), then rouvre (for o = ow see 81).

ROUIR,
roien.

va. to ret

of Germ, origin, Dutch

ROUVRIR,
vrir.

va. to re-open.

See re- and ouIt.

for

For loss of medial t see abbaye; Der. rowissage, o = o see 81.

ROUX,
for ss

adj. red, russet.

;

Prov. ros,

rosso,

rottissoir.

ROULADE,

See /. a roll, collar (of meat). rouler. Its doublet is roulee. ROULAGE, sm. a rolling, wagon-ofEce, wagon. See rouler. ROULEAU, sm. a roll; from L. rotulellum*, dim. of rotulus. Botulinum, regularly

97; = s see ais, whence O. Fr. rows, afterwards roux for s = x see deux. Der. (from O. Fr. rows) rowsse, rowssatre, rowsseau,
;

from L. russus

for

u = om

see

roKsselet, rowsseur, rowssette, rowssir.

ROYAL,

adj. royal

from L. regalis.

For

letter-changes of -egalis

= -qya/,

see loyal.

ROYAUMERUT.
Its

321
to rush;

doublets are real and rtgale, q, v. Der. royalt, royalisme, royaliste, royalt-

Ruer,
Rugir,

va.

from L, ruere.
;

Der,

rwade, r?/eur.

ment.

ROYAUME,

roughness; from L. rugosiRugOsit6, tatem. For -tatem = -<e see 230. Rugueux, adj. wrinkled from L. rugosus. men For -osus = -/* see 229. whence O. Fr. royalme ; for regal- 5= royalRoyalme becomes royaume by Ruine, sf. a ruin; from L. ruina. Der. see royal. ruintr, ruineux. al = au, see agneau. ROYAUTE, sf. royalty; formerly roialte, Ruinure, sf. bearing (carpentry). Origin unknown. from L. regalitatem *, from regalis, by regular contr. (see 52) of regalitd,- RUISSEAU, sm. a stream ; formerly ruissel, from L. rivicellus *, dim. of rivus (for to regal'tatem, whence royalte. For tem Rivicellus, reguregal- = royal- see royal for -tatem = -te e\ = eau see agneau). larly contrd. (see 52) to riv'cellus, see 230. becomes ruissel. For v = m see aurone for RU, sm. a channel. O. Fr. rui, from L. rivus, or rather from rius, the popular c ss see amine. Der. (from O. Fr. ruissel) form of rivus, for the Appendix ad Probum ruisseler, ruisselet. blames that form, and says 'rivus non RUISSELANT, adj. streaming. See ruisseler. RUISSELET, sm. a streamlet. See ruisseau. rius.' For loss of medial v see a:ieul. RUISSELER, vn. to gush. See ruisseau. RUBAN, sm. a ribbon. Origin unknown. Der. ruisselnnt. Der. riibantnt, rubanier, Rub6fier, va. to redden; from L. rubefi- fRumb.s/K. (Naut.) a rhumb ; from Engl. rhu7nb. care*, der. from rubeus. See rouge. Der. rubefiant. Rumeur, sm. a rumour from L. rumorem. Rubiacee, sf. (Bot.) madder-plant ; from Rumination, sf. rumination ; from L. rus/,
;

formerly sm. a kingdom, realm royalme. Pro v. reialme, Sp. realme, from L. regalimen *, der. from regalis. Regaliis contrd, (see 51) to regal'men,
;

v7i.

to roar, bellow

from L. rugire.

Der. n/^issant, rw^issement.

L.

rub ace a
i

*, der.

Rubicond,
cundus.

adj. rubicund; a ruby

from rubeus. from L. rubi;

minationem.

Ruminer,
nare.

Rub is, sm.

sf.

Der.
sf.

vn. to ruminate

from L. rumi-

ruminant.
a rupture
;

introd.

Rubrique,
rubrica.

red chalk, a rubric

from Sp. rubi. from L. ;

Rupture,
Its

from L. ruptura.

doublet

is

roture, q. v.
;

sf. a hive ; formerly rusche, Prov. For of Celtic origin, Breton rusken. for loss of s see Hist. c = ck see acharner Gram. p. 81. Der. rucher, ruchee. Rude, adj. rude ; from L. rudis. Der. rudesse, rudoytr. Rudiment, sm. a rudiment; from L. rudi-

RUCHE,
rusca
;

Rural, RUSER,
a hare,

adj. rural

from L. rural is.

;

va. to use artifice

formerly reuser,

originally a hunting
etc.,

term

for the doubles

of

to escape the dogs,

by throwing

mentum.

them off the scent. For the later extension of meaning see 13. Reuser, Prov. reusar, from L. recusare, by loss of medial c, whence reuser, whence reuser (see Hist. Gram. p. 38), whence ruser. For eu = M
see puree.
q. V.

RUDOYER,
RUE,
L.
./.

va. to treat rudely.

Sp. ruda.
loss
It.

See rude.
ruta,

(Bot.) rue.

from
see

Der.

Ruser

is

a doublet of recuser,

ruse (verbal subst.), ruse. a rustic.

rusticity
;

ruta.

For
;

of

medial

RUSTAUD,
Rustique,
Its

SOT.

See rustre.

aigu.

RUE,

in O. It. sf. a street ruga, properly a furrow,

street,

Rusticity, sf ruga, from L. tem.

from L. rusticitafrom L. rusticus.

in

find

in

then a path, medieval Lat. documents. We a charter of a.d. hi I, 'Quorum

expertus,
ecclesiam,

adj.

rustic;

rex

operta

rugam,

plateam et mensuras concessit'; and in a text of A.D. 1 165, 'Usque ad locum qui vocatur Tudella, in ruga ejusdem S. German!.' Buga becomes rue by dropping g,
see allier.

doublet is rustre, q. v. RUSTRE, sm. a boor; formerly ruste, from L. rusticus. Rusticus losini^ its last two atonic vowels (see 50, 51 ) becomes O. Fr. ruste, whence ruslre by addition of r, see Its doublet is rustique. chanvre. Der.

Der.

(from O. Fr. ruste) rusta.ud.

ruelle.

RUELLE,

sf.

a lane.

See rue.

Der.

RUT,
rueller.

SOT.

rut

originally ruit,

from L. ru-

gitus.

For

loss of

see Hist.

Gram,

p, 82.

3aa

SA

SAGE.

s.
SA, poss.pron./em. her
in

Eiinius).
for
its

Sam
loss

suam;

from L. sam (found an archaic form of relation to it see mon and

;

Sacerdoce,
dotium.

sm. priesthood
adj. sacerdotal

from L.
;

sacv-.,.

is

of see 70. Sabbat, sm. Sabbath, Jewish day of rest from L. s abb a turn. Der. sabbatiqae. SABBATIQUE, adj. sabbatical. See sabbat.
02.

For

Sacerdotal,
dotalis.

from L. saceri
;

Sacoche, s/.
cocia.

a saddle-bag
adj.

from
;

It.

sac

Sacramentel,

sacramental

from

Sabine, $/. SABLE, sm.

-aibhlxua

(Bot.) savin;

sand

from L. sab'ina. from L. sabulum. For

see
able.

= -able

Der.

sabler,

sacramentalis *, from sacramentum. Sacre, sm. consecration from L. sacrum. Sacr6, adj. consecrated, devoted, damned
;

sablitT, sablihre.

f Sable,
sobal.

in sm. sable (heraldic), black; O. Fr. the sable martin, whose fur is black in winter. Sable is of Sclar. origin, Polish

from L. sacratns. ampoule and 20 r.

Der. consacr^.
;

For -atus =

-e'

set

Sacrement,

SABLE R, va. to SABLEUX, adj.

sand.

Der.
;

from L sm. a sacrament sacramentum. Its doublet is serment, q. v Sacrer, va. to consecrate from L. sacrare

ensabler.

Der. consacr^r.

sandy from L. sabulosus, by regular contr. (see 52) of sabiildsus to sab'losus, whence sableux. For -osus = -cwa; see 229.
sf.

Sacrificateur, sm.

SABLlfiRE,

a sand-pit.

See sable.
(carpenter's

sacrificatorem. Der. sacrtficature. Sacrifice, sm. a sacrifice; from L. sacrifi cium. from L Sacrifier, va. to sacrifice
;

a sacrificer

from

SABLIHRE,
tool).

sf.

raising-piece

sacrificare.

SABLON,

Origin unknown. sm. sand, lit. large sand ; from L. sabulonem, by regular contr. (see 52) of sabulonem to sab'ionem. Der. sablonner, sablonneuK, sablonnier,

Sacrildge, sm. gium. Sacrildge, adj.

legus.

sacrilege;

from L. sacrile
from L. sacri
;

sacrilegious;

sablonniere.

SABORD,

sm. (Naut.) a port-hole.

a

Origin

+ Sacripant, sm. rhodomontadc from It Sacripante{si name in the Orlando Furioso) Sacristain, sm. a sacristan; from L. sacri 5
tanus*, from sacrista, a sacrist, in chargt of the sacred objects for divine worshij (found in an 8tb-cent. text), from sacrum
Sacristie, sf a sacristy from sacristia*, from sacrista. See t Safran, SOT. saffron; from It.
;

unknown.

SABOT, sm.

wooden
va.

shoe.

Origin unknown.
about.

Der. saboter,

sabot'icr, sabotVeie.

SABOULER,
unknown,

to

push

Origin

eccles.

sacristain

t Sabre,
l=r,

sm. a sabre; from Germ, sdbel, by

contr. of sabel to sdb'l,

see apotre).

Der.
sf.

whence sabre (by

from

Der.

zaff'erano

safranex.

sabrer, sabrem.

Safre,

adj. gluttonous.

Origin unknown.
cobalt.

+ Sabretache,
Germ, SAC, sm.
sdbeltasche.

a sabretache;

SAFRE,

sf

zafFer,

oxyde of
;

Origii

unknown.
For cq

a sack

Sagacity, sf. sagacity from L. sagacita from coq). tem. For -tatem = -/c' see 230. SAC, sm. sack, plunder verbal subst. of O. Fr. SAGE, adj. wise. Sp. sabio, from L. sapiui (found in Petronius, who uses the compd sacquer. Sac is from sacquer, as trac from traquer. Origin of sacquer unknown. ne-sapius for senseless). Sapius become successively sabius * (for p = b see 1 1 1) f-Saccade, sf. a jerk, shake; introd. in
see bee.

Der,

from L. saccus.
sachee,

= c Sagace,

adj. sagacious

from L. sagacem

sachet

(cp. cochet

6th cent, from

It.

staccato,

from

staccare.
It.

whence
see

tSaccager,
saccheggiare.

Der. saccage

va. to sack, pillage; from

(verbal subst.),

saccag enxtnt.

Sp. sabio; then savius (for \i=^ For vi = vj 113), whence sage. whence savjus, see abreger for vj =g whence sage, see alleger. Der. sa^esse.

SA GETTE
Sagette,
For
i
sf.

SALSIFIS,
definite part of the year during

3^3
which plantFor -ationem =
It.

an arrow; from L. sagitta.

;

=e

Sagittaire,

see 72. sf. Sagittarius, an archer

ing and sowing go on.

from

L. Sagittarius.

t
origin,

-aison see 232. Salade, sf a salad

from

salala (the
Its

of Indian sm. sago; through Engl. sago. Sagouin, sm. a sagoin (animal).

Sago 11,

modern
is

salee.

Der. saladier.
is

It.

word

is

in-salata).

doublet

Origin

unknown. SAIE, sf. a sagum (Roman over-cloak)

L.

t Salade, sf a helmet from It. celata. Salaire, sm. a salary; from L. salarium.
;

from

Its

doublet
sal.

saliere.

Der. salarier.
a

saga

*,

from sagum.

see allier.

Der. sayon.
. . .

For

loss

of medial

SAL AISON, s/.

from
232.

salting; from L.salationem,*, For -ationem = -azso see

SAIGNER,
nare
'

*,

vn. to bleed; from L. sanguiDe found in the Germanic Laws

:

'

Salamalec,
introd.
alaik.

sm.

low bow;

phrase

tumor si sanguinat (Lex Saxonum). For loss of atonic ui see 52; for a,-ai see 54. Der.
ictus nobiiis

livor et

by Eastern
sf a
to

travellers.

Ar. salam

Salamandre,
Salarier,
salaire.

salamander
in Pliny).

from L.
See

saignee (partic. subst.), saignement, saigneMV, saigneux. See SAILLANT, adj. prominent, salient.
!-aign2t.\\\.,

salamaadra (found

Der.

va.

salary,

pay wages.
origin,

salari^.

saillir.

SALE,
sf.

adj. dirty; of

Germ,

SAILLIE, SAILLIR,
For
a.li

a projection.

See

saillir.

salo, dull,

thence

dirty.:

Der.

O.H.G.

sa/ete, salir,

vn.

to project;
see ail.

= aill
lard.

Der.
fat, in

from L. salire.
saillk (partic.

sahud, sa/igaud.

f Salep,
vellers,

sm. Salop; introd. by Eastern tra-

subst.), sailhnt, zssaillir, Utssaillir.

SAIN, sm.
from L.
texts
;

It.

saime, Prov. sain, sagin,

*,

Saler,
sal.

sagimen
'

medieval Lat.

Der.

va. to salt;
sa/ant,

from L. salare*, from

sa/eur.
saZiere,

saloir,

lardum prius ahquantulum cum oleribus coctum, et sagimen faciunt,' from a I2th-cent. document. Sagim.en becomes sain for loss of medial g see allier; for -im.en = -m see 226. Der.
e. g.

Qiii

salure, saleron, salnge.

SALETE,

sf dirtiness.
saline
;

See

sale.

Salin, adj. Saline, sf SALIR, va.

salt provisions

from L. salinus. from L. salinae.

;

to dirty.

See

sale.

Der.
L.

sa/is-

sain-doux.

sant, saZissure.
;

from L. sanus. For SAIN, adj. sound -anus = -am see 194. Der. ai-foin.

Salivaire,
varius.

adj.

salivary;

from

sali-

SAINDOUX,
SAINFOIN,
foin.

sm. lard. See sain. See sain and sm. (Bot.) sainfoin.
L.

Salivation, sf salivation; from L. salivationem. Salive, sf saUva; from L. saliva. Der.

SAINT, adj. sainted, holy; from For anct = aiftt see affete.

sanctus.

saliver,

SALLE,
for

SAINTETE,
tem.

sf.

sanctity

from L. sanctita

For

=e

see

72;

anct =

O. Fr. sale, It. sala, from L. sala*, a dwelling in Merov. documents Si quis super aliquem focum in nocte e. g.
sf. a hall.
'

aint see affete; for

-tatem = -/e'

see 230.

miserit, ut

domum

ejus incendat aut

salam

SAISIE, sf. an execution (in law). See saisir. SAISIR, va. to seize; from L. sacire, in medieval Lat. documents. Alterius rem ad proprietatem sacire,' is found in a Merov. formula. Sacire is of Germ, origin, O.H.G. sazjan, to place, whence to occupy, take in
'

suam,' in the Lex Alamannorum, tit. 5. Sala is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. sal, a house, hall. Der. salon. Salmigondis, sm. a salmagundi, hotch-

potch.

Salmis,
known.

Origin unknown. sm. a salmi, ragout.

sf.

Origin un-

possession, seize.

Sacire becomes

saisir.

For a = az see

54; for c = s see amide. Der. saisxe (partic. subst.), saisine, satssiss-

SALOPERIE,

able. sa/sissant, sa/sissement.

SAISISSABLE,
insaisissable.
.

adj. seizable.

See

saisir.

Der.

from a form which is unknown. Salpetre, sm. saltpetre from L. sal petrae.
slovenliness
;

salope, the origin of

Der.
from

salpetrer, salpetr'itx, salpefriere.

t Salsepareille,
a
season.
Sp. sazon,

sf (Bot.) sarsaparilla

SAISON,

sf

from L.

It.

salsapariglia.
(Bot.) salsify, goatsbeard;
sassefrica.

sationem, properly the sowing-time. 'Vere f Salsifis, sm. fabis satio/ says Virgil, whence sense of a corruption of It.

324

SALTA TION

SANTALINE.
because he lives alone. Similarly in: Gr. fiovios is used for a boar. Senglier is originally, in the phrase pore senglier, a simple adj. signifying solitary; later, ihe epithet ejected the subst., and sanglier remained in the sense of the L. aper. Besides, the adj. singularis is seen toi have already taken the sense of a boar ' in medieval Lat. texts e. g. ' Ecce immanissimus singularis de sylva egressus (Vita St. Odonis, lib. 2). SinguMris, contrd.
taire,
' ; '

Saltation, sf. dancing; from L. saltationem. t Saltimbanque, sm. a mountebank;

from
It.

saltimbanco.
adj. healthful;
s/.

Salubre,

Salubrit6, tatem.

salubrity;

from L. saluber. from L. salubriSp.

SALUER,
salutare,

va.

to

salute.

saludar.

It.

from L. salutare.

For

loss

of

medial t see ahhaye.

Salut, sm. safety, tem. Salutaire, adj.

taris.

salutation; from L. salu-

regularly

(see

52) to sing'laris, gives

;

salutary;

from L.

salu-

O. Fr. senglier.
for

in = en see

For -aris- -ier see 198; whence later an, s 72

is

Salutation,
tationem.
i*

sf.

salutation; from L. salu-

dimanche.
gulier, q. v.

Sanglier

a doublet of sin-

Salve, sf. a salute, salvo; from It. salva. SANGLOTER, vn. to sob from L. SAMEDI, sm. Saturday; from L. sabbati tare. For u = o see annoncer;
;

singul-i for the

dies, properly the Sabbath day. The word should be regularly sahedi not samedi, but the existence of the archaic Lat. form dubenus by the side of dominus, proves the correctness of this origin : moreover the It. says sdbato, Wallachian sembete ; and Prov., reversing the words, says dissapte (dies

metathesis of ol to lo see pupi're for in an see dimanche. Der. sanglot (verbal

subst.).

SANGSUE,

sf. a leech; from L. sanguisuga, by contr. (see 52) of sanguisuga to sang'suga, whence sangsue. For loss of

medial

see allier.
adj. sanguine;

sabb'ti

*).
sf.

Sanguin,
sanctification
;

Sanctification,

from L.

neus.

Der. sanguine.

from L. sangui;

sanctificationem. Sanguinaire, adj. sanguinary Sanctifier, va. to sanctify; from L. sancsanguinarius.

from
;

L.i

tificare. Der. sanctifiznt. Sanguinolent, adj. sanguineous from L. Sanction, sf. sanction; from L. sanctiosanguinolentus. nem. Der. sanctionntx. Sanie, sf. sanies; from L. saniem. Der. Sanctuaire, sm. a sanctuary; from L. saraieux.

sanctuarium.

tSanitaire,
from L. sandaEngl, sanitary.

adj. sanitary; introd.

from

Sandale,
lium.

sm.

a sandal;

SANS,

phrase sens dessus dessous, sens is not the original word, but a corruption of e'en in the middle ages the phrase was not sens dessus dessous, but e'en dessus dessous, i. e. that which is above is put below. sang'lentus, whence sanglant. For en = an see dimanche. Der. ensanglanter. SANSONNET, sm. a starling of hist, origin SANGLE, sf. a strap, band, girth; formerly (see 33), dim. of Sanson, common form = n see changer. of Samson for sengle and cengle. It. cinghia, from L. know how often birds have been designated cingula, by regular contr. (see 51) of by the names of men, as for the sparrow cingiila to cing'la, whence cengle (for pierrot (dim. of Pierre), for the parroquet in = en see 72), whence sengle (for c = s see amttie), whence sangle (for en an Jacquot (dim. oi Jacques), etc. ( 14). SANTE, sf health ; from L. sanitatem, by see dimanche and Hist. Gram. p. 48). regular contr. (see 52) of sanitatem Der. sangler (its doublet is cingler, q. v.), sanghdQ. to san'tatem. For -tatem -te see SANGLIER, sf. a boar. O. Fr. senglier, ori 230. ginally pore senglier, from L. singularis t line, s/". (Chem.) santaline; dim. of santal, a Malay kind of wood, Malay (sc. porcus), properly a solitary or wild pig. The five-year-old boar is called in Fr. solitsendana.
; ; :

sf sandarach (rosin); from L. sandaraca (found in Pliny). SANG, sm. blood from L. sanguis. SANGLANT, adj. bloody from L. sanguiIfntus (found in Scribonius Largus), by contr. (see 52) of sanguil^ntus to

Sandaraque,

prep, without; formerly sens, from L. sind. For in = an see dimanche; for addition of s see Hist. Gram. p. 80 in the
:

We

Santa

SANVE SA TURA TION.

SANVE, sf. the charlock; from L. sinapi. + Sarigue, sm. origin. Brazilian The Gr. accent (aivani) has here supplanted
the Lat. accent (sindpi). This then contrd. (see 5 1 ) to sin'pi,
I
I

3^5
an opossum;
farigi^eia.
;

of American

word is whence
1 1
;

SARMENT,
L.

sm. a vine shoot

from L. sar;

O.

Fr. senve.

For

p=v
;

see

for

mentum, Sarmenteux,
229.^

adj. (Bot.) sarmentous

'

in = en = a?i see dimanche whence sanve. f Sapajou, stn. a monkey; of American

origin, see 32.

sarmentosus.

from For -o&yxa = -eux see

;

SAFE,

sf.

pick, in

chape.

Der.

from L. sappa, a Isidore of Seville. For pp p see

sap (military)
;

Sarrasin, sm. buckwheat Africa, whence its name of

originally
'

from

Saracen,'

SARRAU,
known.

sm.

smock-frock.
(Bot.)

Origin un-

saptx, sapeur.

SAPEUR, Saphir,
Sapide,

Der. saphir'me,
msipide.
sf.

stn. a

sm. a sapper. See sape. sapphire; from L. saphirus.

SARRIETTE,

sf

savory;

dim.

of

sarrie*. For dim. in ette see ablette. Sarrie*,

Der.
For

adj. sapid, tasty;

from L. sapidus.

Prov. sadreia. It. santoreggia, is from L. Satiireia, regularly contrd, satvireia.

(see

Sapience,
SAPIN,
&V1.

sapience,

wisdom

from L.

sapientia.

For -tia
fir;

= -ce

see agencer.

For tr = rr see SAS, sm. a sieve.

a spruce

Saponaire,
is

Der. sapiniere. sf (Bot.) soapwort; from L. saponarius*, from saponem. Its doublet
see chape.

pp =p

from L. sappinus.

savomiiere, q. v.

tSarabande,
\

sf

saraband

(dance);

from Sp. zarabaiida.

168; for e = 2 see 59. O. Fr. saas, originally seas, Sp. sedaza, Neapolitan setaccio, from L. setaQeum, der. from seta. Setaceum, by eu = iu (see abreger), becomes setacium (found in a medieval Lat. glossary Setacius instrumentum purgandi farinam, Setaciare farinam purgare*), thence sedacium for t = (f see aider and aigu. Se
: ' :

52.)

to sat'reia, becomes

sarrie.

Sarbacane,
from
It.

sf a pea-shooter, air-cane;

dacium

is

found (9th cent.) in the Glosses

sarbacane.

of Schlestadt.

Sedacium, by

losing

its

I'
1

Sarcasme,
casmus
castique.

sm. a sarcasm; from L. sar(so used in Quintilian). Der, sar~

medial d (see accabler) and by a=s (see agencer) becomes O. Fr. seas, whence later
saas, afterwards contrd. to sas:

Sarcastique,
KaOTlKOS.

adj. sarcastic

from. Gr. aapsercelle, ori-

= a see age. Der. t Sassafras, sm.

Port, sassafraz.

for ea

= aa
from

sasser, resasser.

(Bot.) sassafras;

SARCELLE,
i
:

sf.

a teal

formerly

ginally

from L. querquedula. SASSE, sf. a scoop, shoveL Origin unknown. For qu = c see car, whence cercedula *. SASSER, va. to bolt, sift. See sas. Der. recercele,

'

sasser. 51) to cerced'la, becomes cercelle (for dl=:// Satan, sm. Satan; from L. Satanus. Der. see t68), then sercelle (for c = s see sa^anique. amitie), then sarcelle (for e = a seeamender). Satellite, sm. a satellite from L. satelliSarcelle is a doublet of cercelle, q. v. tem. SARCLER, va. to weed from L. sarcu- Sati6t6, sf satiety; from L. satietatem. By regular loss of u (see 52) Satin, sm. satin; from barbarous L. setinus*, lare. sarculd,re becomes sarc'lare, whence der. from seta. For e = a see amender. Der. sarc/age, sarcltwx, sarcloir, sarcler. Der. satinet, satina.ge. sarclwxt. Satire, sf a satire; from L. satira. Sarcologie, sf sarcology; from Gr. oap^ Satirique, adj. satirical; from L. satiriand Kofos. cus. Sarcophage, sm. a sarcophagus from Gr. Satisfaction, sf. satisfaction; from L. satis

Cercedula,

regularly contrd. (see

aapKOfpcuyus.

Its

doublet

is

cerceuil, q. v.

SARDINE,
sardina

sf.

a sardine,

pilchard; from L.

factionem. Satisfaire, va. to

fa c e r e
.

(in Columella).

For persistence

satisfy; from L. satisFor fa c e r e =faire stefaire.

of the Gr. accent (aapdivrj) see sanve. sarsf. a sardonyx; from L. donyx. For o = oi see chanoine. Sardonique, adj. sardonic from Gr. oaptavios (sc. yeXas), a convulsive laugh caused,

Satisfaisant,

adj. satisfying

pres. partic.

SARDOINE,

of satisfaire. Satrape, sm. a satrap; from L. satrapa. Satrapie, sf satrapy; from L. satrap ia.

as the Greeks held,

by a Sardinian weed.

Saturation, rationem

sf.

saturation; from L. satu-

325
Saturer,
rare.
va.

SA TURER
to saturate
sf.
;

SA VANE.
salinarius. by regular contr. (fee accoinfer) of salinarius to sal'narius, whence saunter. For -arius = -ier see dnier. Der.

from L. satu;

Saturnales,

from L. honour of Saturn. Batume, sm. Saturn; from L. saturnus. Satyre. sm. a satyr; from L. satyrus. Satyrique, qdj. satiric from L. satyr icus. SAUCE, ./. sauce. It. saha, from L. salsa *, a seasoning of salt and spices, in medieval
pi.

saturnalia

saturnalia,

feasts in

sauniere, saunerit.

sm. a pungent sauce; from O. Fr. verb savpiquer, Sp. salpicar, compd. for a,l = au sec of sou (which from L. sal agneau) and of piquer, q. v. SAUPOUDRER, va. to salt, powder with Sau-poudrer is Lat, texts salt; lit. poudrer de sel. Salvia, serpillum, piper, allia, sal, petrcsillum. His bona fit salsa, vel sit compd. of sau (which from L. sal for al = au see agneau) and of poudrer, q. v. sententia falsa,' from an old Lat. poem. Salsa is Class. Lat. adj. salsa, so called SAUR, adj. dried, brownish red ; as in hareng Saur is of Germ, origin, Neth. saur, etc. from the salt which, with spice, is the base soor. Der. sawrer, sawret. Salsa becomes sauce of the seasoning. = c see cer- Saurien, adj. saurian from Gr. cavpos. for s for al = aw see agneau SAUSSAIE, .<f. a willow-ground cueil. from L. Der. sawcer, saticihre. SAUCISSE, sf. a sausage. It. salciccia, from salicetum *, by regular contr. (see acSalcointer) of salicetum to sal'<jetura, L. salsitia *, in medieval Lat texts. whence saussaie. For loss of medial t see Salsa intestina sitia is from Salsus aigu; for al = au see agneau; for c vs hirci,' is found in Acronius, one of the for e = oi = at see accroire. see amide Scholiasts of Horace. Salsitia, found in from L. saltus. For al several very ancient glossaries, changes s to SAUT, sm. a leap = au see agneau. becomes salcitia, see cercueil: C, and Lucanica, genus cibi, ut dicunt salcitia,' SAUTER, vn. to leap. It. salfare, from L. says' a medieval Lat author. For al = aw see agneau. Der. Salcitia saltare. becomes saucisse for al = au see agneau saute (partic. subst.), 5a7//eur, sautoir, saiit;
;
:

SAUPIQUET,

'

'

for -tia

= -sse
;

see agencer.
for

Der.

saucisson.

iller,

rtssauter, sautertWc.
sf.

SAUF,

adj. safe

from L. salvus.
;

For al =

ail see

agneau
sf.

v =/

see boeuf.
salvia,

Der.

SAUTERELLE,
Its

a grasshopper. See sauter.

doublet

is

saltarelle, q. v.

sa/-conduit, sawi/garde (see garde).

SAUTILLER,

vn. to hop, skip.

See sauter.

SAUGE,

(Bot.) sage.

It.

from L.

Der. sautillznt, sautillement.

adj. wild.

For al = aM see agneau; for -via salvia. Its doublet is ^Ivia, -ge see abreger. q.v.

SAUVAGE,
salvatge,

O. Fr. salvage, Prov.

SAUGRENU,
salgrenu
*,

adj. ridiculous

compd. of
salt.

large-grained

SAULE,

sf.

See willow;

nau (8th cent.) gives us Aper salvaticus S ATRE, adj. briny formerly saumastre. porcus.' Salvaticus becomes salvage (for It. salmastro, from L. salmastrxim *, der. -aticum = -age see dge), then sauvage (for from sal. For loss of s see Hist. Gram, al = au see agneau). Der. sauvagerie, for al = aw see agneau. sauvageoD, sauvagin, sauvag'me. p. 8i SAUMON, sm. a salmon. It, salamone, from SAUVEGARDE, sf. safeguard. See sauf and L. salmonem For al = aM see agneau. garde. Der. saumone, saumontzn. SAUVER, va. to save. It. salvare, from L. SAUMURE, sf. brine. Sp. salmuera, compd. salvare. For al = aM see agneau. Der. of L. sal and muria. Sal-muria becomes sauveter (whence sauvet&ge). saumure for al = au see agneau. SAUVETAGE, sm. salvage. See sauver. | SAUNER, vn. to make salt from L. sali- SAUVETEUR, sm. a salvOr. See sauver. *J Port. nare, der. from salinum. by regular contr. SAUVEUR, sm. a saviour, deliverer. (see accointer) of salinare to sal'nare, Salvador, lt.salvadore,iTom L. salvatorem. whence sauner. For Ql = au see agneau. For -atorem = -eur ste empereur for al = Der. saunzgQ. au see agneau. SAUNIER, sm. a Salter, saltmaker: from L. t S a vane, sf. a savannah. Sp. savana.
'

O. H. G. sala au see gaule.

*,

from a form and grenu, lit. and grenu. of Germ, origin, contr. of salaha. For a =
;

sal
sel

from L. silVaticus (found iu Pliny). For i = a see balance, whence salvaticus, found in 7th cent, in Merov. documents: we see in the Lex Bajuwariorum, De his quidem avibus, quae de tit. XX. 6, salvaticis per documenta humana domes'

ticantur industria.'

The

Glosses of Reiche-

AUM

SA
...VANT,
adj,

VANT
partic.

SCIEMMENT,
of

3^1

savoir, q. v.

learned;

pres.

Scandale,
da lum.

Der. savania.ise.

Its

sm. a scandal; from L. scandoublet is esclandre, q. v,

va.

Sa VatG,
ciavatta.

Der.
sf.

s/.

an old shoe

from

It.

ciabatta,

Scandaliser,
scandalizare

to

scandalise

from L,

savat\tx, savafer, savatene.

(in TertuUian),

SAVEUR,

1 1 1
;

a savour, relish.

Sp. sabor. It.

Scander,
cTKCLcpT]

va. to scan; from L.

sapore, from L.
for

saporem.
see 79,

For

o = eM

Der. savourei,
It.

p=v

see

Scaphandre,
and

sm. a
S7n.

scandere. cork-jacket from Gr.

;

dv:qp, avSpos.

savoureux.

Seapulaire,
know.
Sp. saber.

scapulary

(cloak over

SAVOIR,
sapere

vn. to

sapere,

the

shoulders);

from

L.

found in Low. Lat., der. from L. sapere. For change of quantity, to sapere, see Hist. Gram. p. 133. Scarab^e, sm. a beetle; Sapere becomes sapire (found in Carol, baeus. texts); for e = i see 59. Sapire be- Scare, sm. (Ichth,) a scar; from L. scarus. comes savire; forp = vsee iii. The Scarification, sf. scarification; from L. subst. savirum is found in a Capitulary of scarificationem. Charles the Bald, a,d. 851: 'Ego illi Scarifier, va. to scarify, cilp from L. Karolo Hludowici et Judith filio, ab ista die scarificare. inante fidelis ero secundum meiim savi- fScarlatine, sf. scarlatina; from It. rum.' Savire becomes savoir for i = oi scarlattina, dim. of scarlatto, scarlet. A see boire. The subj. sapiam becomes Neapolitan physician (a. d. 1553) first gave
; ;

scapularis*, from scapulus. from L, scara-

sache;
for

for

pres. partic.

this name to The sapientem becomes sachant SCEAU, sm. a

pia = cAe

see

abreger.

the disease. seal formerly

;

seel. It, sigillo,

en = an

abreger.

see

amender

for

pi = che

see

from L, sigillum.

"Dtx.

savoir (verbal subst.), savoir-

faire, saiozr-vivre,

SAVON, p=
i;

savant (q. v.). sm. soap from L. saponem. For see iii. Der. savonvitx, lavon;

Sigillum, losing its medial g (see allier), and by i = e (see 72), becomes O. Fr. seel, which afterwards became seel by adding a c, whence
for el = eau see agtieau. Der. (from O. Fr. seel). Sc616rat, sm^ a profligate; from L. scelesceati
;

nette.

SAVONNER,
sai/ownage,

va. to soap.

See savon.
savonnier,

Der,
savonSee

sceller

savonnene,
va.

ratus.
scellc

Der.

sceleratesse.

neux.

SCELLER,

va.

to

seal.

See

sceau.

Der,

SAVOURER,
saveur.

Der. savouremenx.,
adj. savoury.
sf.

to

savour,

relish.

(partic.

subst.),

scellemtnt, scelleuT,

desceller.

SAVOUREUX,
Saxatile,

See saveur. adj. saxatile (belonging to rocks)

saxifrage;

from L. saxatilis.

Scne, sf. a scene; from L. scena. Sc^nique, adj. scenic; from L. scenicus. Sceptique, adj. sceptical; from L. scepticus (found in Quintilian).
isme-.

Saxifrage,
fraga.

from L.

saxi-

Der.

scepfic-

SAYON, sm. a great coat. See sale. + Sbire, sm. a sbirro, officer of justice
It.

from

sbirro.
;

Scabieuse,

from L, sf. (Bot.) the scabious scabiosa, der, from scabies, lit, that which cures the scab, as was believed. For
-etise

fSchako.
shilling.

sm. a sceptre; from L. sceptrum. sf shabrack (cavalry officer's horse-clothing). See chabraque. See shako. fSchall. Stt chale. fSchelling, sm. a shilling; from Engl.

Sceptre,

tSchabraque,

-osa=
osus.

see 229.

Scabieux,

adj. scabious;

from L. scabi- Scliisniatique, adj. schismatic

see 229.
;

For -oa}is
adj.

= -eux

ScabreUX,
scabrosus.

rugged, rough
scalene

from L.
Gr.

Schisme,

Scaldne,
\t]vus.

adj.

from
scalpel
;

ana-

from L. in St. Augustine). sm. a schism; from L. schisma. Schiste, sm. schist, clayslate (found in Der. schistPliny). Its doublet is zeste.
;

schismaticus (found

tux.
(Surg,)
va.

Scalpel, sm. scalpellum.

from L. +
to

Schlague,
Germ, schlag.

sf.

military flogging;

from

t Scalper,
scalp.

to

scalp;

from Engl,
;

Sciatique,

Scammonee,
L,

sf.

(Bot,)

scammony

from SCIE,

scammonea.

sciatica corruption sf. (Med.) of L. ischiadicus (found in Pliny). See scier. a saw. sf. Sciemment, adv. knowingly, wittingly

328
for scientment* (see

SCIENCE
ahondamment).
It.

SECO UER

scien-

Scrupuleux,
scrupulosus,

adj.

scrupulous

from

Scientment* is compd. of scient, from L. scientem and ment, see 225. Science, sf. science; from L. scientia. For tia - ce see agencer. Def. scientemente.

Scr ut ateur,
Scruter,

sm. an investigator; from L,

scrutatorem.
va. to explore, scrutinise;

from L,
scruti-

tifique.

scrutari.

SCIER,

va. to saw,

O. Fr.

sier.

It,

segare,

from L. seoare. Seoare, by loss of medial c (see affouage), and by o = i (see 59), becomes O, Fr. sier, whence scier,

Scnitin, sm. nium. Sculpter, va.

tare
*,

ballot;

from

L.

to sculpture;

from L. sculp-

by the addition of
subst.),
is

c.

Der.

from sculptus.
sm. a sculptor; from L. sculpsculpture;

scie
(its

(verbal

Sculpteur,
torem.

sc/age,

sc/erie,

sc/eur

doublet

secateur), sc/ure.
sf.

Sculpture, sf
from L. scilla,
tura. SE, pers. pron.
s.

from L. sculpse.

Scille,

a squill;

Scinder,

va. to cleave; from L, scindere.

pi. self;

from L.
;

Scintillation, sf. a scintillation; from L. SEANCE, sf. a seat, sitting. See seant. SEANT, pres. part, sitting from L. sedenscintillationem. tem, sitting, whence resident, as in la Scintiller, vn. to sparkle; from L, scincour royale scant a Paris. Sedentem tillare. Its doublet is itinceler, q. v. becomes seant: for loss of medial d see SCION, sm. a scion der, from scier, q. v. accabler; for en = a see amande. Der. Scissile, adj. scissile, cleavable; from L.
;

scissilis.

seant (sm.), seance.

SEAIJ, sm. a bucket formerly seel, Milanese sidell, from L. sitellum*, neuter form of sitella, a vessel, found in Cicero. Gr, CKXrjpus {aKKrjpayriKos). Sitellxim, by losing medial t (see ahbaye), and by i = e (see 72), becomes seel, Scolaire, sm, a scholar; from L. scholaris. then seau. For el = eau see agneau. Its doublet is ecolier, q,v. from L, Sbac6, adj. sebaceous from L. sebaScolastique, sf scholasticism ceus. scholastica (used for a declamation in Origin unSeneca). S6bile, sf. a wooden bowl. known. Scolastique, sm. a schoolman; from L. from L. siccus. For i = e SEC, adj. dry; scholasticus, bee. Seche see 72 for cc = c see Scoliaste, sm. a scholiast; from Gr. axorepresents L. sicca. For i = e see 72: Kiaar-qs. for cc = ch see acheter. Der. s^cheresse. Scolie, sm. a scholium, note; from Gr.

Scission, sf scissionem Scl6rotique,

Der.
adj.

scission,

cleavage;

from L,

scissionmxxt.

(Anat.) sclerotic;

from

Scolopendre,
Pliny),

sf (Bot.) scolopendra, hartstongue; from L. scolopendra (found in

sm. a mackerel; from L.

S6cable, adj. scissile; from L. secabilis. S6cante, sf (Geom,) a secant; from L. secantem. Its doublet is sciante, q.v. SECHE, sf. a cuttle-fish. It. sepia, from L.
sepia.
doublet
is

Scombre,
brum.
scurbut

scomcent.

For pia = cAe see abreger.

seiche, q.v.
;

Its

+ Scorbut,

sm.

scurvy;

in

17th

SECHER,
i

va. to dry

Der,
Pliny),

of Dutch origin, Neth. scheurbuk.

scorbiitiqae.

=e

see

72; for
sf.

from L. siccare. For cc = cA see acheter.

Der. sechoix.
in

Scorie,

5/",

Der.

scoria;

from L. scoria (found

scoriHer.

SECHERESSE, Second, adj.

Scorpion, pionem,
from
It.

sm. a scorpion; from L. scorsf

(Bot.)

dryness. See sec. second; from L. secundus. For u = o see annoncer. Der. seconde. Secondaire, adj. secondary ; from L,

fScorsondre,
scorzonera.

scorsonera;

secundarius.

Secondairement,

adv.

secondarily.

See

secondaire. Scribe, sm. a scribe; from L. scriba. Scrofules, sf pi. scrofula; from L. scro- Seconder, va.

fulae.

Its

doublet

is

ecrouelle, q. v.

Der,

to second; from L.

secun-

dare.

scrofuleux, scrofuhxxQ.

SECOUER,
;

Scrupule,
ius.

sm. a scruple

from L. scrupu-

va. to shake off; from L. succutare*, secondary form of succutere. for loss Succutare * becomes secouer
:

SECO URIR
of medial t chapeler for
:

SEILLE.
Seduction,
^tionem.
sf.

329
seduction; from L. seduc-

see

ahbaye; for M = e see = ow see 90. Der. secoue-

ment.

SEDUIRE,
va. to

va. to seduce
in

SECOURIR,
currere.

succour;
see
see

from L. succhapeler;
for

(found

Tertullian).

For

u=e

-duire see conduire.

Der. seduisant.
See
;

from L. seducere For -ducere =

sediiire.

eurrere

= cownV
;

90,
;

168, 59.

SEDUISANT,

adj. seductive.

succursus * from suc- Segment, sm. mentum. currere for u = see chapeler for cursus
Der. secours (L.

segment

from L. seg;

= cours

see course), secowrable.

help.

Segregation,
;

sf.

segregation

from

L.

SECOURS, sm. SECOUSSE, sf.

See secotirir. from a shaking, concussion L. succussa *, partic. subst., act of shaking, der. from succussus, p.p. of suc-

segregationem.

SEICHE.
see frein.

See
a

its

doublet seche.
assassin

For
;

= ei

Seide, sm.

fanatical

of
It.

hist,

For su cutere. u = OM see 90.

se

see

secotier

for

SEIGLE, sm.
from L. secretus. from L. secretum.
See secret.
usual

origin, see 33 rye.

note I Pro v. seguel,

(in

segale,

Secret, adj. Secret, sm.

secret;
a.

from L. secale

Pliny).

By an
Lat,

un

secret;

displacement

of

the

accent,

Der. secretaire.

Secretaire, sm. a
S6cr6ter,

secretary.

Der. secretariat, secretaircne.

va. to secrete; from L. secretare *, der. from secretus, p.p. of secernere. Der. secreieur, secretoire. S6cr6tion, sf. secretion; from L. secre-

secale becomes secale in vulgar Lat. Secale, by c = g (see adjuger), becomes segale in 8th cent, in a Capitulary of Charlemagne. Segale, by e=i (see 59), becomes sigale, found in a text of
A.D,

794:

'

De modio
its

sigali denarii

3.'
is

Sigale, losing
see 74.

penult,

(see 51),

tionem.
;

contrd. to sig'le,

whence

seigle.

For

= ei

Sectateur,
tatorem. Secte, sf. a
sectaiTe.

sm.

votary;

from L. secDer,

SEIGNEUR,
sect;

sm. a lord.
old
'

from L. secta.
;

seniorem, an
master,
lord
;

Secteur, sm. (Geom.) a sector from L. sectorem. Section, sf. a section from L. sectionem. Seculaire, adj. secular (coming once in 100
;

Lat. texts

e.

Sp. senor, from L, man, whence sense of in medieval ( = doininus), Et mandat vobis noster g.
aliquis

senior, quia

si

de vobis

talis est, cui

suus senioratus non placet, et

illi

simulat, ut

years); from L. saecularis.

is
j

ad alium seniorem melius,' from a Capitulary of Charles the Bald. Seniorem be-

Its

doublet

comes
for

seigneur:
see

for

e=

see

61;

seculier, q. v.

S6culariser,
saecularis

va.

to

in sense

secularise ; from L. of worldly, given to

;

this

word by the ecclesiastics Der. secularis2.X\on.

;

see seculier.

Seculier, a^'. secular from L. saecularis, from saeculum. For -aris = -zer see
198.
Its

cigogne; for o = eu see The nom. senior, regularly 79. contrd. (see 50) to sen'r, becomes by nr^tidr (see absoudre) sendre, found in the 9th cent., Carlos meos sendra = Karolus meus senior in the Oaths of a.d. 842.

ni=^

'

'

'

'

As prensus becomes

successively /)ns,

and

doublet

is

seculaire, q.v.
;

S6curit^, sf. security from L. securitatem. Its doublet is surete, q.v. S6datif, adj. sedative from L. sedativus *,
;

der.

from sedatus.
sedentary
;

S6dentaire, adj.
tarius.

from L. seden-

then pris, was successively so sendre sindre*, sidre*, sire. For e = i see 59; for loss of n see 163 ; for loss of d see 168. Seigneur is a doublet oi sieur, q.v. Der. seigneurie, seigneurisil. SEIGNEURIE, sm. a lordship; der. from

Sediment, mentum.
Seditieux,
tiosus.

sw. a sediment; from L. sediadj.

SEILLE,

seigneur, q. v. sf. a pail,

bucketful.

It.

secchia,

seditious;

from L. sedi-

Sedition,
tion e m

sf.

sedition

from
;

L.

sedi-

from L. situla, by regular contr, (see 51) of situla to sit'la, whence sicla, by an euphonic change, found also in Lat. veclus for vet'lus * (see vieux). Sicla is not an
imaginary form
;

it is
: '

found in this sense in

cervisia
*

Seducteur,
ductorem.

sm. a seducer

from L. se-

Carolingian texts
legitima

Servi Ecclesiae tributa

reddant

xv siclas de

33<^
(Lex Alamannomm,
-eille see
tit.

SEIN-SEMOULE,
22).

For -iola =

257.
;

SEIN, sm.

SEINE,

fashioned ; out of Gr. afiiM and <pop6s. By e = i (see 59) sagena becomes SEMBLABLE, adj. like. Seesembler. sagina Barcae grandesque saginae SEMBLANT, sm. a seeming. See sembler. Sagina SEMBLER, vti. to seem, resemble ; from L. in a medieval Lat. document. simulare, which = sembler in Carolingian losing medial g (see allier) becomes O. Fr. texts, e. g. * Ut ille possit res de sua ecclesia $eine \ for a = see 54: seine later beordinare, et illi liceat, sicut ei sin:iulaverit, comes seine cp. reine, reine. disponere in a letter of Hincmar, a.d. 874. SEING, sm. a signature. It. segno^ from L.
' :

a bosom from L. siniis. For iiisee 64. Its doublet is sinus. s/". a drag-net ; formerly se'ine. It. sagenna, from L. sagena (found in Ulpian).

Theodosian Code), by regular contr. 52) of septimdna to sep'mana, = m see caisse ; whence semaine. For
in the

(see

pm

for -ana = -am see Semaphore, sm. a

194.

semaphore

'

'

signum.
i

For

gii.

= ng

see eiang

for

= ei

SEIZE,

Its doublet is signe, q, v. see 74. For adj. sixteen ; from L. sedecim.

For simtilare =sem6/r see assembler. Der. sembhnt (partic. subst.), sembhhle,
ressembler, dissm6/able, dissem6/ance.

-edecim = -eize
Sl;jOUR, sm.

see treize.

Der. seizxhmt.

SEMELLE,
known.

See sejourner. SEJOURNER, vn. to sojourn, remain. O.Fr. sojourner, Frov, sojornar. It. soggiomare, from L. subdlvimare *, compd. of diurnare, to stay long. By loss of d (see accouder), by 6i\xxna.Te=journer {see jour),
stay, sojourn.

Der. ressemekr.

sf.

a sole

^^of

boot).

Origin un-

SEMENCE,

from L. sementia*, sf. seed; found (8th cent.) in the Capitularies of Charlemagne. Sementia is from sementis. For -tia = -c see agencer.

Der. ensemencer.

and by u = o (see annoncer) subditirnare becomes sojourner, whence sejourner (by

o

SEMER,

va. to sow.

Prov. semnar.

It.

semi-

= e,

seeje).
salt
;

Der.

nare, from L.

sejour (verbal subst.).

SEL, sm.
54-

from L. sal.

For a = see

seminare, by regular contr. (see 52) of 8emin6,re to sem'nare, whence semer. For mn - m see allumer.

S^lenite, sm. (Chem.)

selenites,

Der.

selenite;

from

L
;

Semestre,
t Semi,
origin,

sdleniteux.

Der. semeur, sm. a mestris. Der.

being

semis, semoir, piTsemer.

half-year

from L.

se-

semestriel, semestr'xex.
;

S616nographie,

sf.

(Astron.) selenography
ypdijiiiv.

from Gr. CfXTjUT] and graphique.

Der.

adj. half, semiadj.

from L. semi.
lively;

seleno-

SEMILLANT,
Kymr,

brisk,

of Celtic

derived from a root

sem *,

SELLE,

sf.

a saddle

also a saddle in

from L. sella (a seat, the Theodosian Code).

;

s/m, light, brisk.

Fore =
;

see 05.

Der. sellette,

seller.

SELLER,

va.

to

saddle.

See selle.DeT.
selle.

sm. a seminary from L, seminar ium, Der. se'mmariste. SEMIS, sm. a seed-plot. See semer.

S^minaire,

sellerie, sellier, desneller.

SEMONCE,
See

SELLETTE, sf. a stool. SELON, prep, according

solonc, sulunc,
'

semondre.

Der. semoncer.
va. to
in

sf.

an invitation, reprimand.

See

to

formerly selonc

SEMONDRE,
summon, nere by

summon,

invite

from L.

from L. sublon gum*, properly near, along-of,' which sense survived in O. Fr. passer selon une tour, says a Fr. document of the 12th cent. Sublongum, by bl = // ( i68), gives see O. Fr. sullonc, whence solonc (for m =
sullunc,
:

submonere,

to inform, in Tertullian, to

bm = mm

medieval

Lat. texts.
(see sujet)

Submobecomes

summonere: cp. submoveo, summoveo. Summon6re, byu = o = e(see

secouer),

annoncer),
je).

whence
sf.pl.

selonc

(for

=e

see

SEMAILLES,

seed-time.

Prov.

se-

menalha, from L. seminalia, sown land,

by regular contr, (see 52) of semindlia to sem'nalia, whence semailles. For mn = m see allumer; for -alia = -a7/e
see ail.

becomes semondre by change of summonere (see Hist. Gram, p. 133); then by regular contr. (see 51) to summon're, whence semondre. For nr = ndr see absoudre. Der. semonce {for Semonse is semonse for s = c see sauce. the fem. form of O. Fr. semons, from L.
accent to

SEMAINE, sf. a week in 13th cent, sepmaine, in the Roman de la Rose, Prov. setmana.
;

summonitus, p. p. of summonere. Summonitus, regularly contrd., see 51, for to summon'tus, becomes semons
:

u= =e

see secouer).
sf.

It.

settimana,

from L. septimana (found t

Semoule,

semolina

from

It.

semola.

SEMPITERNEL
Sempiternel,
adj. eternal
;

SEPTUPLE.

Z?>^

from L. sempi- Sensuel, adj. sensual; from L. sensualis. ternalis *, from sempiternus. SENTE, sf a path. Sp. senda, from L. Senat, sm. a senate from L. senatus. s^mita, by regular contr. (see 51) of = Senateur, sm. a senator from L. senatorsemita to sem'ta, whence sente. For em. Der. senalonal. n see changer. S6natus-COnsulte, sm. a senatus-consul- Sentence, sf sentence; from L. sententia. tum from L. senatus consultum. For -tia = -ce see agencer. t S6nau, sm. a snow' (two-masted Dutch Sentencieux, adj. sententious from L. vessel) of Dutch origin, like many other sententiosus. For -osus = -eM see 229. naval terms, Dutch snaauw. SENTEUR, sf. scent. See sentir.
;

'

f S6n, sm. senna; many other names

jana.

of Oriental origin, like

of medicinal herbs, Ar.
seneschal
It.

SENTIER,
semdier,

sm. a

path.

Sp.

sendero, Prov.

SENECHAL,

sm.

formerly
'

se-

neschal, Prov. senescal.

alicujus

siniscalco,

from

der. from by regular contr. (see 52) of semitarius to sem'tarius, whence = see changer for -arius sentier. For

from L. semitarius,

semita,

Merov. L, seniscalcus, an overseer': Si seniscalcus, qui servus est, et dominus ejus XII vassos infra domum habet, occisus fuerit (Lex Alamannorum, Seniscalcus is of Germ, origin, 79, 3). from a form siniscalc *, properly the oldest of the slaves or servants. Seniscalcus becomes senechal by -iscalcus = -ecAa/. For
'

= -ier

see 198.

sm. a sentiment. See sentir. Der. sentimenta.]. Sentine, sf. (Naut.) a well, sink, well-room from L. sentina,

Sentiment,

It.

t Sentinelle,
senlinella.

sf.

sentinel

from

letter-changes see

marechal.
:

Der.

SENTIR,

vn. to feel

from L. sentire.

Der.

senesee

sentiment, ressentir, senteur.

sedere,

cAaussee (from senechal

cp.

marechaussee SEOIR, vn. to become,

It.

from

7narechal.

For
sf.

letter-changes
seneschal's

marechaussee).

SENECHAUSSEE,

suit. O. Fr. seder. from L. sedere. For loss of for e = oi see 62. see asseoir; court. S6parable, adj. separable; from L. sepa-

medial

See senechal, SENEgON, sm. (Bot.) groundsel senecionem (found in Pliny).

^

rabilis.
;

from L. Separation, For -cio rationem.

/^.

separation; from L. sepa-

=f

see agencer.
adj. left, sinister
i
;

Sparer,
from L. sinisIts

SENESTRE,
trum.
is sinistre,

For

=e

see

72.

doublet

q, v.
It.

t
senapa,

SENEVE,

from L. sinapi.

sm. (Bot.) charlock. For i=e see

72

for

va. to separate; from L. separare. Its doublet is sevrer, q. v. Der. separement. S6pia, s/". sepia introd. in the i6th cent. from It, sepia, properly the cuttle-fish. Its doublet is seiche, q. v.

a-e

Senile,

see 54; for p = v see 11 r. adj. senile; from L. senilis.

SEPT,

adj. seven

from L. septem.

Der.

septieme.

SENNE.

See seine.
;

SENS, sm. sense

from L. sensus.
;

Der.

SEPTANTE,
ginta.

adj. seventy;

For

ua = a

see

from L. septua102 for -aginta

;

sensitif, sensitive.

= -ante

see cinquanle.

Sensation, sf. sensation from L. sensati- Septembre, sm. September; from on em *, der. from sensare *. See sense. tember. Sens, adj. sensible; from L. sensatus Sept6naire, adj. septenary; from
(found in Firmicus). For -atus=--e see Der. sesement. 201.

L. SepL. sep-

tenarius.

Sensibilit6, sf. sensibility from L. sensibilitatem, from sensibilis. See sensible.

;

Septentrion, sm. north, Ursa Minor from L. septentrionem. Septentrional, adj. northerly; from L.
;

Sensible,

Der.

adj. sensible

from L. sensibilis.
See
sens.

septentrionalis.

sensibleue.
adj.
sensitive.

Sensitif,
sensitive.

Der.
plant.

SEPTIEME, adj. seventh. See sept. Septuag6naire, adj. septuagenary

from from
sep-

Sensitive,
See
sensitif.

sf.

(Bot.)

the

sensitive

L septuagenarius. Septuag6sime, adj.

L.

septuagesima

septuagesimus.
adj.

Sensuality,
alitatem.

sf.

sensuality;

from L. sensu- Septuple, tuplus.

sevenfold;

from L.

33^
S6pulcral,
cralis.
adj. sepulchral
;

sSpulcral-^serrer.
from L. sepul-

Servians

in

medieval Lat. texts

;

= sergent,
e. g.
*

thus confirming the origin stated

De

S6pulcre, crum.
S6quelle,
ple)
;

sm. a sepulchre; from L. sepul-

castrorum excubiis

summe

sollicitus,

mili-

S6piilture,s/. sepulture; fromL.sepultura.

sf.

a set,

tibus XX, servientibus Ix,' from ment dated a.d. 1191. gang, following (of peo- S6rie, sf. a series; from L. seriem.

a docu-

from L, sequela.
sf.

S6rieux,
;

S6questration,
S6questre, sm,
tion
;

sequestration
sequestrator,

from L.

der.

sequestrationem.
a
sequestra-

SERIN, sm.
i.

ofl?/. serious; from L. seriosus*, from serius. a canary bird from L. citrinus,
;

e.

citron-coloured, in Pliny,

whence

sense

from L. sequester.

S6questrer,
questrare.

t Sequin,
coin)
;

to sequester; from L. seDer. seqnestre (verb.il subst.). sm. a sequin (Levantine gold
t/a.

of serin, a yellow bird. Citrinus becomes for i = see serin for c = s see amitie 72; fortr = rsee 168. Der. serincr,
:

serinette.

introd.

from
a

It.

zecchino.

Seringat, sm.
by
tra-

'tS6rail, sm,
vellers

seraglio; introd.

from Turkey, Turk,

serai, a palace.

(Bot.) a seringa ; corruption of syringa, from L. syrinx. Seringue, sf. a syringe, squirt; from L.

S6raphin,

Der. seraphiqac, see 30. SEREIN, adj. serene; from L. serenvis.

Der. serein (sm.). SEREIN,sm. the night dew; from L. serenus, P'or e = ei see deriv. of senim, evening.

sm. a seraph.

From

the Hebrew,

syringa (found
guer.

in Vegetiusj.

Der. serin-

SERMENT,

O.Fr. sairment, sm. an oath. Prov, sagramen. It. Sacramento, from L. sacramentum. For
originally sairement,

64.

+ S6r6nade,
nata.

sf.

a serenade
a<^".

from

It.

sere-

t S6renissiine,
It.

most serene; from

from L. sereniL.

cr = ar see benir; for a = e see 54, whence O. Fr. sairement, afterwards sair'ment, by loss of e (see 51), Sairment becomes serment by ai = e, see 102, 103. Serment is a doublet of sacrement, q, v.

serenissimo.
sf.

Ser6ilit6,

serenity;

Sermon,

tatem.

Der, sermente, zssermenter. sm. a sermon; from L. sermonem. Der. sermonner, sermonneuT, ser-

S6reux,
SERF, sm.

adj.

For -osus

=
a

serous; from -cw see 229.

serf;

serosus.

Twownaire.

adj.

servile;

servus. For v =f see bcettf. Der. serv&ge. SERPE, sf. a hedge-bill, pruning-hook verbal subst. of L. sarpere, to cut, prune. For SERFOUETTE, sf. a pronged hoe; from
;

from L.

S6rosit6, sf. serosity, wateriness from L. serositatem *, from serosus. See sereux.
;

serfouir, q. v.

a=e
tem.

SERFOUIR,

Origin unknown. va. to hoe. Der. serfo7iiss^ge, ser/ouette. Prov. serga, from L. SERGE, sf. serge. Vestimentorum sunt serica, silk stuff: omnia lanea, lineaque vel serica vel bombycina ' (Ulpian. Dig. 1. 23). Serica, regu'

SERPENT,

Der.

Der. serpette. see 54. sm. a serpent ; from L,

serpen-

serpentenu, serpent'm, serpentine,

serpenter.

Serpentaire,

sf (Bot.) serpentaria; from L. serpentaria. SERPENTIN, sm. (Chem.) a worm. See

serpent.

larly contrd. (see 51) to ser*ca, becomes see adjuger). Der. sergserge (for

c=g

SERPENTINE,
serpent.

sf serpentine (marble).

See

erie, sergex, sergier.

SERGENT,

O. Fr. serjent Serpillidre, sf a Origin unknown. word meant a servant, du Rot, les sergents de SERPOLET, sm. wild thyme; dim. of root serpol *, answering to Sp. serpol, der. from I'Eveque =serviteurs du Rot, de I'Sveque. L. serpulltun. For u = o see annoncer. In the 13th cent, the Roman de la Rose
sm. a sergeant.
:

sarplier,' packing-cloth.

in medieval Fr. the

as in les sergents

calls

lovers sergens d'amour, i.e. servants of the god Love. In several O. Fr. documents the phrase sergent de Dieu is found s=servitetir de Dieu. Sergent is from L.

SERRE,
grasp.

sf a greenhouse, See serrer.

talon

(of bird),
It.

SERRER,
serrare,

va. to press close, lock, squeeze.

servientem (for i =j
gular loss of

see abreger), whence eervjentem, whence serjentem, by re-

(see alUger).

We

also find

from L. serare, to lock, in Priscian, then to put under lock and key, the meaning in O. Fr. phrases, serrer les grains, serrer son argent, serrer des hordes, and in sf.

SERR URE
sernire.

SISGER,
SEUL,
eu
adj. alone

333
79.

L. serare becomes serrare* in medieval Lat. texts, and takes sense of

The

see

Der.
z/

from L. solus.
sew/ement,

For o

seulet,

chaining up, then of binding strongly, pressWe find, in the Chron. Saxon, publ. in Mabillon, t. 4, Ann. p. 431, ' Fratriing.

essejile.

SEULEMENT,
SEVE,
sf.

sap.

adv. only. See seul. Prov. saba. It. sapa, from L.

see

1 1 1
;

cidas

num
ciant.'

et

Der.

autem et parricidas sive per maventrem serratos de regno eji,

sapa.
54-

For

for

a=e

see

serre (verbal
serre-file,

subst.),

serres,

Svdre,

adj. severe;

serrement,

serre,

serre-tete, enserrer, resserrer, desserrer.

SERRURE,
SERTIR,

sf.

lock.

Sev6rit6, sf. tem. See serrer. Der. S6vices, sf.pl.

s^rre- papiers,

from L. severus. severity; from L. severitacruelty;

from L. saevitia.

serrurier, serrurerie.

For

-tisL

= -ce

see agencer.

va. to set in a bezil; from L. ser-

tire *, der. from

sertum.

Der.

Sevir,
vire.

vn. to treat severely; from L. sae-

serdssure.

f S^ruin, sm. serum; from L. serum. SERVAGE, sm. serfage. See serf. SERVANT, sm. a gunner adj. serving.
;

SEVRER,
See

va. to wean, lit. to separate from the mother ; from L. separare, by regular

servir.

SERVANTE,
SERVIABLE,

sf.

a maidservant.

adj. serviceable.
;

See servir. See servir.

SERVICE, sm. service For -tium = -ce see

from L. servitium. agencer.

See servir.

contr. (see 52) of separare to sep'rare, whence sevrer. For p = 6 = i/ see 111. Sevrer in O. Fr. meant ' to separate,' and was at a late period restricted (see 13) to its special sense of weaning. Sevrer is a doublet of separer, q. v. Sepa-

SERVIETTE,
Servile,

sf.

a table-napkin.

adj. servile;

from L, servilis.
See servile.

rare becomes sevre

Sevre, the
sei/rage, setreuse.

as L.

Separis becomes
Fr.
rivers.

name of two
adj.

Der.

Der. servilxie.

Servility,

sf. servility.

Sexagenaire,
sexagenarius.

sexagenary;

from L.

SERVIR,

va. to serve;

from L. servire

Der. servant, seri^ante, serffable, serwette. Serviteur, sm. a servant; from L. ser-

Sexagesime, sf.
gesimus.

sexagesima

from L. sexa-

vitor em (found

in

some

Inscriptions).

Servitude, 5/. servitude; from tudinem (found in Festus).

:

L. servi-

Sexe, sm. Sextant,

tantem. Sexte, sf.
sextus.

sex

sm.

from L. sexus. a sextant from L. sex;

SES, adj.pl.poss. his. Sp. sos, from L. sos. We find in Ennius sas for suas 'Virgines nam sibi quisque domi Romanus habet For the relation of this archaic form sas.' SOS to the Class, suos see mow. For

sixth canonical hour

Its

from L.

doublets are sixte,

sieste, q. v.

Sextuple,

Der.
(a

adj. sixfold;

from L. sextuplus*.

sextuplex.

SOS

= ses

seeje.

Sexuel, adj. sexual; from L. sexualis. f Shako, sm. a shako; of historical origin
SI, conj. if;

Sesame, sm. samum.

Sessile,

(Bot.)

sesamum
sitting;

from L. seSI,

adj. sessile,

from L. ses-

Hungarian word), see 33. Der. smon. from L. si. adv. so ; from L. sic. For loss of c see

silis (found in Pliny).

ami.

Der.

ains/,

aussz.
;

Session, sf a session; from L. sessionem. Sibylle, sf. a sibyl from L. si by 11 a. Sesterce, sm. a sestertius; from L. sester- Sibyllin, adj. sibylline; from L. sibyltius.

For -tins

= -ce

see agencer.
;

linus.

Sicaire, sm. an assassin; from L. sicarius. sestier. It. sesdere, from L, sextarius. For Siccatif, ac?/. siccative from L. siccativus. -arius = -ier see 1 98 for x = s see amitie Siccite, sf. dryness from L. siccitatem. whence O. Fr. sestier, whence setier, by loss Side. sm. a shekel; from L. siclus, Jewish of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). silver money. S6ton, sm. (Med.) a seton from It. setone Sideral, adj. sidereal from L. sideralis. t SEUIL, sm. a threshold. Prov. sol, from L. SIECLE, sm. an age from L. saeclum. soleum*, secondary form of solea, a For ae = e see 104, whence seclum
formerly
;

SETIER, sm.

a setier (a measure)

threshold, in

Festus.
(see

Soleum,
into

regularly

(found in

classical authors).

Seclum

be-

transformed

abreger)

soliiun,

becomes

seuil: for

o = ew

see

79;

for

transposition of i see 84.

comes siecle. For e = ie see 56. SIEGE, sm. a seat. See sieger. SIEGER, vn. to sit from L. sediare
;

*,

from

334

SIEN

SINGE.
Sillet, SOT. nut (of stringed instruments). Origin unknown. SILLON, SOT. a furrow. See siller. Der.

sodium *, which from sedes. Sediare by ia=ja (see abriger) becomes sedjare,
whence
sieger.
for

abreger;

For dj =g see ajouter and e =ie see 56. Der. siege

s7/oner.

(verbal subst.).

SILLONNER,
+ Silo,
Sp. si7o.

va. to trace.

See

siller.

SIEN,

formerly sen, softened form of sow, q. V. Foro = e seeje; for e = ie see 56 ; for change of sense see mien.
adj. his
;

SOT. a pit (to

keep corn,

etc.)

from^

Silure, sm.
lurus.

(Ichth.) a silurus;

from L.

si-|

i*Sieste,
from Sp.

sf.

a siesta,
Its
;

midday nap
is

introd.

siesta.

doublet

sexie, q. v.

SIEUR, sm. Mr. SIFFLER, va. and

a doublet of seigneur, q. v.
n. to whistle
;

Silves, sf. pi. silvae,' a collection of pieces ; from L. silva (so used by Statins and C^uintilian).

'

from L,

sifll-

are (found in Nonius). Sifilare is certainly a popular Lat. form ; for we find in the Appendix ad Probum, Sibilus, non sifllus.' Sifildre, regularly contrd. (see 52) Der. s/^ant, to sif 'lare, becomes siffler.
'

SIMAGREE,

corruption of old sf. a grimace formula si m'agree, whence the sense of simagree, affected, obsequious attention. See si and agreer.
;

+ Si mar re,

SIFFLET, sm. Signal, SOT.

found
in

s/^able, sifflemenX, sifflet, siffltMX. See a whistle, hiss.

siflet.

a signal; from L. signale *, medieval Lat, documents, der. from signum. Der. signaltx, signalement. Signataire, sm. a signatory, signer. See

sf a gown; from It. zimarra. Similaire, a^". similar; from L. similaris*, from si mi lis. Similitude, sf similitude; from L. similitudinem. Similor, sm. similor a word fashioned out
;

of L. similis and Fr.

or.

signer.

Signature,
tura (found

sf.

signature; from L. signa-

in Suetonius).

Simoniaque, adj. simoniacal. See simonie. Simonie, sf simony; from eccles. L. simonia *, from the name of Simon
Magus.
Der.

Signe,

Signer,

Its sm. a sign; from L. signum. Der. signet. doublet is seing, q. v. va. to sign; from L. signare.

Der. stOTOwaque.
adj. simple;
szOT/>/ification

Simple,
care*),

simplesse,

simpli^er

Der. sf^nataire.

from L. simplex. (L. simplifi(L. simplificatifrom L. simSee

Significatif,

adj.

significative

from L.

onem

*).

significativus.

Simplicity, sf
;

simplicity;

from L. Signification, sf. signification significationem. Signifier, va. to signify; from L. signifiof c see affouage. Silence, sm. silence; from L. silentium. For -tium = -ce see agencer.

plicitatem.

Simplification,
simple.

sf.

simplification.

care.

For

loss

Simplifier,

va. to simplify.

Silencieux,
osus.

adj.

silent;

from L.

si

lent i-

Simulacre, L. simulacrum. Simulation, sf feigning from

;

See simple^ I sm. an image, phantom ; from'

L,

simula-

For -osu8 = -ew* see 229. Silex, sm. silex; from L. silex.
sf.

tionem.

Simuler,
Its

va. to feign;
is

from L. simulare.
from
L. medieval

Silhouette,

a silhouette

of

hist, origin

doublet

sembler, q. v.
adj.

(see 33), alluding to De Silhouette, the Comptroller-General of Finance under Louis

Simultan6,
Lat. texts.

simultaneous;

simultaneus,

XV, who
traits

died a.d. 1767.

Silhouette por-

Der.

word found
simultaneity.

in

were so called simply because they came into fashion in the year in which M. de Silhouette was minister. Silice, sf. (Geol.) silex; from L. silicem.

Sinapisme,
anus).

sm. a mustard-poultice; from L. sinapismus (found in Caelius Aureli-

Silique, sf (Bot.)
siliqueux.
SOT.

Der. Der.
See

silicevx.

Sincere, adj. sincere; from L. sincerus. Sinc6rit6, sf sincerity; from L. sinceritatem.

siliqua

from L. siliqua

t Sinciput,
L. sinciput.

SOT.

(Anat.) the sinciput; from

Sillage,

(Naut.) steerage-way, head-way.

siller.

Sin6curej

SILLER, Germ,
age.

vn. to run ahead, cleave the seas

origin, Scand. sila.

Der.

of

sj7/on, sill-

cur a, that has no SINGE, SOT. an ape

from L. sine no work attached. from L. simius. For For iu = ju see abreger, whence singe.
sf
a sinecure;
care,
;

SING ULA RISER

SOL.
; :

335
from
of the

m = n see changer
p.

63.

Der.

for j

=^ see

Hist.

Gram.

singer, singerie.

SOC, sm. sock, share (of a plough, etc.) L. soccus (properly a shoe), whence

Singulariser,
singularis.

va. to render odd

from L.

ploughshare, because of the curved end of the plough so used in Alexander Necham,

Singularity,
singulier.

sf.

gularitatem,

singularity; from L. sinSee from singularis.

Supponatur dentile, vel dentale, cui soccus vomis infigatur.' For 00 = c see bee. Soc is a doublet of socque, souche (?),
'

vel

Singulier,
laris.

adj. singular;

from L. singusee
Its 198. Der. smguliere-

q.v.

For -aris
is

= -zer

doublet

sanglier, q. v.

Sociability, sf. sociability; from L, sociabilitatem *, from sociabilis. See sociable.

ment.

Sinistre,
Its

adj. sinister;
is senes'.re,

from L. sinister.
q. v.

Sociable, arf/.

doublet
adj.

SINON,
Siliu6,
atus.

conj. otherwise.

See

si

and non.

sociable; fromL. sociabilis. Social, adj. social; from L. socialis. Societaire, sm. a partner, member of a
society.

(Bot.) sinuate; from L. sinu-

See socieie.
.'?/.

For -atus = -e see 201. Sinueux, adj. sinuous; from L. sinuosus. For -osvLa = -etix see 229. Sinuosity, sf. sinuosity; from L. sinuositatem, from sinuosus. Seesinueux. f Sinus, sm. a sinus,' curve from L. sinus.
;

Society,

Der.

society

from L. societatem.

soe/eVaire.

+ Socle, sm.
zoccolo.

a plinth, pedestal;

from

It.

Socque,

Sodium,
SCEUR,
Gram,
see

sm. a clog; from L. soccus. sm. sodium, an alkaline metal,

Its

doublet

is

sein, q. v.
;

extracted from soda by Sir

Humphrey Davy
soror
(see Hist.

Siphon,
SIRE, sm.

sm. a siphon
sire.

from L. siphon em,

doublet seigneur.
introd.

in 1807.
sf.

a water pipe, in Seneca.

a sister; from L.

See
;

its

p.

96).
3.

For

loss

Sirne,

sf.

a siren

from L. siren.

50,

whence
a sofa,

fSirOCO,
+ Sir op,

sm. a sirocco; scirocQO, south-east wind.

from

It.

79 note

Der.

of last atonic syllable for o sor' ceu see

;

scewrette,

t Sofa, sm.

ottoman; a word
introd.

introd.

sm. a syrup ; introd. from It. siroppo. Der. sirupeux. SIRO TER, va. to sip. Origin unknown. Sirupeux, adj. syrupy. See sirop. from L. situs. SIS, adj. (Legal) situate For the continuance of Lat. s see 149. Der. sise. Sistre, sm. a sistrum (Egyptian timbrel)

from the East by fSoffite, sm.

soffito.

travellers, Ar. foffah.

soffit;

from

It.

SOI, pron. stU; from L. sibi. Fori = 02 see boire for loss of b see taon. SOI-DISANT, adj. self-styled. See soi and
;

disant.

SOIE,

from L. sistrum.

Sisymbre,
^Site,
It. silo. sf.

sm. (Bot.) sisymbrium

site; introd. in

from L.

sisymbrium.

seda, It. seta, from L, of medial t see aigu for e = oi see 61. Der. sozerie, sojyeux, SOIF, sf. thirst. Prov. set. It. sete, from L.
sf.

silk.

Sp.

seta.

For

loss

Der.

i6th cent, from

sitim.

For

= oi

see boire

for t

=/ see

situer, situation, situe.

SI TOT, adv. so soon.

See

si

and

(6t.

SOIGNER,

va. to attend to.

Situation, sf. situation. See site. Situer, va. to situate. See site.
SIX, adj. six; from L. sex. For e = i see Der. s/;cain, szxieme. 59. SIXAIN, sm. a stanza. See six. SIXIEiME, adj. sixth. See six. Sixte, sf. (Mus.) a sixth; from L. sextus. For e = i see 59. Its doublets are

soigneux. SOIN, sm. care.

soigner.

Origin

Der. unknown. Der.

See soin.
ser,

SOIR, sm. the evening.

Prov.

seram
see 61

(found

in

Suetonius).

from L. For e = oi

Der. soiree.
either; sub), of etre.

SOIT, adv.

Soif repre-

sents L. sit.

For

= oi

see boire.

sexte, siesle, q. v.

+ Sloop,
sloop.

sm. a sloop;

introd.

from Engl.

SOIXANTAINE, sf sixty. See soixante. SOIXANTE, adj. sixty; from L. sexaginta.

For e

= or

see

Sobre,

adj. sober
sf.

Sobriete, tem.

from L. sobrius. sobriety; from L. sobrieta;

see cinquante.
aine.

Der.

61;

for -aginta -a/ soixantihuie, soixant-

SOIXANTlfiME,
nickname.

adj. sixtieth.
It.

See soixante.

SOBRIQUET,

5m. a soubriquet, Origin unknown.

SOL, sm.

a penny.

soldo,

from L, sdli-

33^
dus
last

SOL
two atonic vowels,

SOMME,
cp.
Its

(gold coin, in Ulpian), by loss of the

see 50. 51 pallidus, pule, etc.
;

nitidus, net;

doublet is sou, q. v. Sol, sm. the soil ; from L.

Solitude, sf. solitude; from L. solitude. SOLIVE, sf a joist formerly solieve, verbal subst. of sublevare solive accordingly properly means a support. Subleva * be; :

solum.

comes

solieve

for

Solacier,
Solaire,

va. to solace;

from L. solatiare*,

u=o

see annoncer;

For ti = cz see agencer. then =1. Der. so//veau. from L. solarius. Sollicitation, sf solicitation; from L, solSolan6e, sf. (Bot.) solanea; from L. sollicitationem. anea. Solliciter, va. to solicit from L. sollicitare Der. solliciteur. Solanum, sm. (Bot.) nightshade; from L. solanum. Sollicitude, sf solicitude from L. sollicitudinem. tSoldat, sm. a soldier; introd. from It. soldato. Its doublets are soude, solde. + Solo, sm. a solo introd. from It. solo.
from solatium.
adj. solar;
.

hi I see semondre for for e = ie see 56.

;

+ Soldatesque,
from
I"

adj. soldier-like; introd.

Der.

so/iste.

It.

soldatesca.

Solde,
It.

sm. balance (of an account)

va. to pay, settle;

from

soldo.

Solstice, sm. a solstice; from L. solstitium. For -tium = -ce see agencer. Solsticial, adj. solstitial; from L. solstitialis.

t Solder,
dare.
Its

from

It. sol-

doublet
;

is

souder, q. v.

SOLE, sf. a break of solum. See

ment.

from L. sola
sol.

Der.
;
;

*, fern,

form

asso/er, assole-

Solubility, sf solubility from L. solubilitatem*, from solubilis. Soluble, adj. soluble; from L. solubilis. Solution, sf solution; from L. solutio;

SOLE,

sf.

(Ichth.) a sole

from L. solea

(in

nem.
Solvability,
sf.

Pliny).

solvency

from L. solvaSee solv-

Sol^cisme,
cismus.

sm. a solecism

from L. soloe-

bilitatem, from
able.

solvabilis.

SOLEIL, sm. the sun

der. of sol.

from L. soliculus *, Solvable, adj. solvent; from L. solva; For the use of this form see bilis*, from solvere. For -abilis = = -7 see 257. -able see affable. For -iculus 18. a solen, shell; from L. solen. adj. sombre; introd. from Sp. Solen, sm. i" Sombre, sombra, properly a shade. From sombre Solennel, adj. solemn; from L. solencomes the verb assombrir. Der. solenniser, nalis*, from solemnis.

solenniszUon.

SOMBRER,
adv. solemnly. See solen-

vn. to founder,

lit.

to cause to

Solennellement,
nel.

disappear, hide in the shade; from L.

sub-

Solennit^,
nitatem.

sf.

solemnity;

from L. solenIt.

+ Solfege,
solfeggio.

sm, solfeggio; introd. from

of medial b see taon see annoncer, whence sofor u = ombrer, whence afterwards sombrer. Sommaire, sm. a summary; from L. summar ium (so used in Seneca). Its doublet

umbrare*.
;

For

loss

t Solfier, va. to sol-fa; from It, solfa. Solidaire, adj. (Legal) jointly and severally
liable.

is

soummier.

See solide.

Der.

solidarity.
liability.

Solidarity, sf
See solidaire.

joint

and several

Solide,
doublet
ifier.

adj. sclid;
is

from L. solidus.
solidaire,

Its

Sommation, sf a summons. See sommer. SOMME, sm. a nap; from L. somnus. For jxm. = mm see allumer. SOMME, sf a sum (total) from L. summa. For u ^ o see annoncer. Its doublet is
;

sow,

q.v. Der.

solid-

sow, q. v.

SOMME,
It.
;

Solidifier, va. to solidify. See solide. from L. soliditaSolidit6, sf solidity

tem. Soliloque, sm. soliloquy; from L. soliloquium, Solipdde, sm. soHped, one-footed from L. solum and pedem.
;

sf a burden (for a beast to carry). sa/ma, from L. salma*, corruption of sagma, a pack-^ddle, then the pack on the saddle. Sagma, quae corrupte dicitur salma,* says Isidore of Seville. Salma (by al = au, see agneau) becomes sauma, found in an ilth-cent. Lat. text. Sauma
'

Solitaire, adj. solitary; from L. solitarius*, from solus.

Der.

becomes somme sommier

by au = o,
(first
it

see

106.

a pack-horse, then a
carries

mattress, because

the

sleeper),

SOMMEIL
assofnmer pack).
I

SORCIER.
a grinding.

337
For

(properly

to

crush

under

m = w see changer.

u=o

see

annoncer;

for

SOMMEIL, sm. sleep; from L. somniculus*, Son, sm. a sound; from L. deriv. of somnus for this diminutive form tSonate, sf. a sonata;
:

sonus.
introd.

from

It.

sonata. Somniculosus is in Martial, Its doublet is sonnee. and proves the existence of somniculus *, SONDAGE, sm. sounding. See sender. (mining). as periculosus proves the existence of SONDE, sf. a fathom-line, bore
see
1 8.

periculum. For -iculus = -7

for
ler.
I

mn = mm

see allumer.

Der. sommeilSee somoriginally

see 257;

See sonder.

SONDER,
water
;

SOMMEILLER,
meil.

vn.

to slumber.

va. to sound, lit. to go under from L. subundare, from unda. Subundare becomes sonder: for loss of

medial

see taon cp.

for

u=o

see annoncer

SOMMELIER,
officer

sm. a butler;
the
care
*,

an

for 00

=
etc.

who had
L.
;

of

provisions,
der.

Loots,

Der.

rond from roond, Louis from

sonde
(verbal
subst.),

from
is

sauma *

see

saumalerius somme (3).

from

Saumalerius SONDEUR, sm.

:

found in a document of date a. D. 1285. Saum,alerius becomes sommelier for au = see 106; for a = e see 54. Der.

sondnge, sondeur. a leadsman. See sonder. SONGE, sm. a dream from L. som.nium. For iu = ju see abreger, whence somnjum, = n see colonne and whence songe for
; :

mn

sowme//erie.

SOMMELLERIE,
lier.

sf.

a buttery.

See somme-

SOMMER,

va. to sum, add up, properly to

;

Der. songer, SONNAILLER, vn. to keep ringing. sonner. Der. sonnaille (verbal
songexir.

changer

for j

=g- see

Hist.

Gram.

p. 65.

See

subst.).

from L. SONNER, vn. to sound, ring; from L. sosum up what has been said nare. For n = n see ennemi. Der. sonnsum.mare *, der. from sum.ma, a sumant, sowtterie, sonnelte, sowweur, soailler mary. For u = o see annoncer. Der. somm-

ation.

(cp. criailler
;

from

crier).
;

SOMMET,

dim. of O. Fr. som, sm. summit which from L. summ.um.. For u = o see annoncer. SOMMIER, sm. a packhorse, mattress. See

Sonnet, sm. SONNETTE, sf.

t

a sonnet a bell.
;

from

It.

sonnetto.

See sonner.

Sonore,

adj. sonorous
sf.

Sonorit6,
itatem.

from L. sonorus. sonorousness; from L. sonor-

somme
tatem.

(t,).

Sommit^,

sf.

summit; from L. summi- Sopha.

see annoncer. a somnambulist; a

For

u=o

Sophisme,
word

See sofa. sm. a

sophism
;

from L.

so-

Soninanibule, smf.

phisma. fashioned out of L. somnus and ambu- Sophiste, sm. a sophist from L. sophista. Der. somnambulisme. lare. Sophistique, adj. sophistic; from L. so-

Somnifdre,

adj.

somniferous,

narcotic;

phisticus.
tique.

Der.

sophistiquer.

from L. somnifer. Somnolence, sf. somnolency

Sophistiquer,
;

from

L.

Der.

vn. to subtilise.

See sophis-

sophistiqueuT, sophisticiition.
adj. soporiferous
;

somnolentia.

Soporifdre,
somnolent; from L.

from L. so-

Somnolent,
nolentus.

adj.

somL.

porifer.

Soporifique,
adj.

adj. soporific;

from L. sopoIt.

Somptuaire,
sumptuarius.

sumptuary

from from
;

rificus *.

t
sumptuous
;

Soprano,
It
is

sm. soprano

from

soprano.

Somptueux,
sumptuosus.

adj.

L.

a doublet of souverain, q. v.

Somptuosit6,

sf.

sumptuousness
;

from L.
in

sumptuositatem, SON, pass. pron. his from L. sum, som,

Ennius, for

Sorbe, sf. (Bot.) a sorb-apple; from L. sorbum. Der. sorbier. t Sorbet, sm. a sorbet; introd. from It.
sorbet to.

Der.

sor6e^iere.
sorcier.

For the relation between sum. and suum see mon. Sum. for u = o see annoncer becomes son for = see changer. SON, sm. bran. Sp. soma, from L. sum:

suum.

SORCELLERIE, sf. sorcery. See SORCIER, sm. a sorcerer; from

L. sortia-

miim,

properly the top of the meal, then

is

bran which

bolted to the

surface after

rius *, a teller of fortunes by lot, from sortiare *, to tell fortunes. Sortiare * is from sortem, a lot, oracle. Sortiarius, sortiaria* are found for sorcerer and e. g. Et quia sorceress in Merov. texts
; '

338

SOR DIDE

SO UDOVER
SOUCI, sm.
eux.

audivimus, quod malefici homines et sortiariae, per plura loca in noslro regno insurgunt,' Capitularies of Charles the Bald, t. 39, 7 ; and Hincmar, De Divortio Lotharii, ' Alii potu, alii autem cibo a sortiariis dementati, alii vero tantum carminibus a strygio fascinati.' Sortiarius gives sorcier : for ti = ci see agencer ; for Der. ensorcder -ariVLS =-ier see 198. (from O. Fr. ensorcerer by r = /, see autel). Sordide, adj. sordid; from L. sordidus. Sorite, sm. a sorites (in logic) ; from L. sorites. SORNETTE, .</. a trifle dim, of a root sorn,

care.

See soucier.

Der.

sottci--

SOUCIER

(SE),t/^r, to care (for), be anxious;

modern Prov, soucidh, from L. soUicitare, by contr. (see aider) of sollicitare to SoU'citare, whence solder (see abbaye),\\\t\\
soucier,

by

ol

= ou

see agneau.
q. v.

doublet

of

solliciler,

Der.

Soucier

is

souci

(verbal subst,)

SOUCIEUX, adj. SOUCOUPE, sf.

anxious.
a saucer
;

See souci.
sous-coupe, some-

SOUDAIN,

of Celtic origin, Kymr. stvrn, a trifle. SORT, sm. fate, destiny, lot; from L. sor-

thing put under the cup. Prov. sobtan, from adj. sudden. L. subitanus *, another form of subitaneus (found in Columella), Subitdnus,
regularly

contrd.

(see

52) to sub'ta-

tem.

SORTABLE, + Sorte,
It.

adj. suitable.
sort,

See sorte.
;

nus, becomes soudain. For bt = rf see accouder; for -anus = -am see 194; for u
from
See

sorta.

Der.

sjf.

kind, species

introd.

assor/ir, sor/able.

= o = ou see soudainet6.
SOUDAN,
L.

90.

Der.
;

soudaintmtnx,

SORTIE,
sortir.

sf.

a going out, egress, sortie.

sm. a sultan. O. Fr. soldan, from soldanus, the Latinised form of the!

Sortilege, sm. sorcery; from L. sortile-

gium, from sortilegas.

SORTIR,
then to

vn. to
part.

go out, lit. to divide by lot, go out; cp. partiri, to depart,

Oriental sultan (q, v. see also 31). This' word was introd, into France at the time of the Crusades. read in a Chronicle ofj

We

and to
subst.).

Der.

sor/ant, sortie (partic,

SOT, sm.

a fool.

Origin

unknown.

Der.
t
form
:

Crusade, ' Sicut principes vestri vel imperatores dicuntur vel Reges : sic apud illos qui praeeminent soldani,
first

the

so/ie, so/tise.

SOTTISE, sf. folly. See sot. SOU, sm. a halfpenny, sou

;

a softened
(see
fol, cou

dominantes vocantur.' For ol agneau. Soudard, sw. a soldier; introd. in the l6th cent, from It., with many other military
quasi
soli

= 07/

see

of
cp.

its

doublet the O. Fr. sol

sol l)

terms.

It.

soldardo*,

der.

from L. sol-

mou from mol,fou from

from
for-

dare.

For l = u see agneau. col, etc. i'Soubasseinent, sm. basement;

SOUDE,

"t

merly sousbassement, a word fabricated in the 16th cent, from sous (q. v.) and bassement, which is from It. bassamento. Soubresautjsm. a summersault; introd. Its in the 1 6th cent, from Sp. sobresalto.
doublet
Origin
is

It. soda, from sf. (Bot.) glasswort. L, solida, by regular contr, (see 51) of s61ida to sol' da, whence soude. For ol =

on see agneau.

Its

doublet

is

soda, q.

v. It.

SOUDER,
soldare,

va. to solder, weld together.

from L. solidare (properly to join a

et

sursaut, q. v.
sf.

Soubrette,

an

abigail,

female intriguer.
trees).

unknown.
sf.

SOUCHE,
Souchet,
stone
;

stock,
Its

stump (of
is

unknown.

doublet

soc, q. v.

Der.

Origin

soMcAeteur, souchet&gt.

On the line of Juvenal, rupto poscentem sulphura remarks, ' Quia hoc solent vitrum solidare, id est malthare.' We read in Geoffroy de Vendome, Opusc. 7, De Area Foederis, ' Aes etiam in tabernaculo cum auro et argento solidamus.' Solifracture, in Pliny).

Quassatum

vitro,' a scholiast

sm. (Bot.) galingale ; (Geol.) ragOrigin (Ornith.) a kind of duck.

(Bot.) marigold

unknown.

dare, regularly contrd. (see 52) to sol'dare, becomes souder. For ol = ou see agneau. Souder is a doublet of solder,
q. V.

SOUCI, sm.
Apuleius
;

formerly

solcie,

Der. souduie.
va. to
,

from L. solsequium, the

the

sunflower

in

SOUDOYER,

marigold in Carol. ^ texts. Solsequitim becomes O. Fr. solcie for loss of q see affouage; for e = see 59;
:

for s
for

=c

see cercueil.

Solcie

becomes

souci:

pay troops ; from L. from L. soldum, a in Martial. Soldicare, by -icare = -o^^r (see ployer), becomes soldoyer*, whence soudoyer. For ol = ou see
soldicare * sum of money,
der.

ol=^ou see agneau.

agneau.

so UDRE
SOUDRE,
va.

SOUPENTE.
SOULAS,
sm. a solace.

339
Prov. solatz, from L.
see 81
;

to

solve;

from L. solvere.
;

For letter-changes see absoudre.

solatium. For o = om
from L.
90.

for ti

=s
See

SOUFFLER,
sufflare.
soujie

vn. to blow, breathe

For

u = om
subst.),

see

Der.

see agencer.

SOULEVEMENT,
soulever.

sm. a heaving, rising.

(verbal

souffltt,

soufflerxt,

so7(jfflewr, souffiure.

SOULEVER,

va. to raise see

sm. a pair of bellows, box on Der. souffiet&x. SOUFFLETER, va. to slap, box the ears (of
the ear.
one).

SOUFFLET,

See souffler.
soufflet.

For

u = ou

90

from L. sublevare. for bl = / see sujet.

;

See

SOUFFRANCE, /. suffering. See souffrir. SOUFFRETEUX, adj. miserable, poor for;

Der. soulevem&nt. SOULIER, sm. a shoe from L. solarium *, We find in deriv. of Class. Lat. solea. Plautus solearius, a shoe-maker, sandal;

maker.

merly soiiffraiteux, Prov. sofraitos, sofrachos, from O. Fr. sojijfraite (denudation, want, suffering). Souffraite is from L. suffracta *, Suffraeder. from p.p. L. suffractus.
for ta becomes soufffaite: 90; for ct = j7 see attrait; see 103.
^x

0^07/ 198.
and

see

Solarium, becomes Soulier: for -ariTim = ier 81;

va. to
underline.

for see

SOULIGNER,
ligne.

See sous

= o^l
ai

see

SOULOIR,
lere.

for

=e

vn. to be in want ; from L. soFor o = ou see 81; for e = oi

see 61.

SOUFFRIR,

from L. sufferrere *, a secondary form of sufferre Suffefor this lengthened form see etre.
va.

to

suffer;

SOULTE,

made by one joint sf. payment owner to another on division in order to equalise shares from L. solutum., a pay;

rere, regularly contrd. (see 52) to suff'rere becomes souffrir. For u = ow see Der. souffre 90; for e = t see 59. douleur, soiffr&nt (whence soz^rance). SOUFRE, stn. sulphur formerly solfre, from

(the accent having been misplaced) contrd. (see 51) to sol'tus, becomes soulte. For o = ow see 81. SOUMETTRE, va. to submit from L. sub;

ment, vere.

in the Digest, partic. subst. of sol-

Solutus

L. sulfur, by regular contr. (see 50) of sulfur to sulf'r, whence solfre. For u = see annoncer, whence soufre ; for ol

m.ittere.
p.

For sub

179;

for

= sow see Hist. Gram, vaxtteve = mettre see 72.

from L. submission = sow see Hist.
;

SOUMIS,
missus.
p.

adj.

on

see

agneau.Der.

soufrtx.

For sub
./.

subGram,

SOUHAIT, sm. a wish. See souhaiter. SOUHAITER, va. to wish compd. of prefix sous, and O. Fr. hatter, to desire. Haiter is
;

179.

SOUMISSION,
p. 1 79.

submission; from L.
see Hist.

missionem.. For sub = sow

of Germ, origin, Scand. heit, a wish. Der. souhait (verbal subst.), sow/tazVable. SOUILLE, sf. a wallowing-place (of boars). See souiller.

Der.

subGram,

SOUP APE, sf. a SOUP9ON, sm.

soumissionner, sowmzssiownaire. Origin unknown. plug.

a
suspicion
;

formerly sou-

pefon, originally souspeQon.

;

SOUILLER,
lare
*,

va. to soil, dirty; from L. sucusuculus, a to wallow like a pig

:

porker, in Justinian
(to soil), der.

cp.

the Prov. sulhar

from sulha.

Suculare,

re-

For u = ou see for cio = fo 90; for i = e see 72; see agencer. Souspegon becom.es soupepon by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), then soupfon by loss of e (see 51). Soupfon

gularly

contrd. (see
souiller.

becomes

For cl = z7 see

for u = o?/ see 90 (verbal subst.), souillon, souillure.

Der. soupis a doublet of suspicion, q. v. ponner. Der. souil, souille SOUPgONNER, va. to suspect. See souppon.

52) to

suc'lare,
abeille;

Der. soupponntnx.
sf.

SOUL,

O. Fr. adj. satiated, surfeited, tipsy. saoul, Prov. sadol. It. satollo, from L. sa:

SOUPE,
Germ,

soup, broth;

of Germ,

origin,

suppe.

For w = o see annoncer.

SatuUus betuJlus (found in Varro). comes O, Fr. saonl for loss of medial t see
abbaye; for

Der. souper, soupiere.

u = om

see

90.

Der.

SOUPENTE,
partic.

sf.

a loft, carriage-brace, strap

soiiltr.

SOULAGER,

va. to solace, ease.

Sp. soliviar,

from L. subleviare, der. from sublevare. Subleviare becomes soulager for u = OM see 90 for bl = / see sujet for e = a see amender for -viare = -ger see
:

of a verbal form soupendre, cp. pente for pendre, detente for detendre. The form sowFor details see absoute. pendre * answers to L. suspendere. For
sqjDst.

u = ow
see
p. 81.

alleger.

Der.

see 90; for ^&rxd.eTe= pendre pendre; for loss of s see Hist. Gram,

soulagem^xX..

Z2

340
SOUPER,
vn. to sup.

SOUPERSOUTENIR.
See sotipe.Der. souper

(sm.), sonp4, soupem,

SOUPESER,

va. to

weigh with the

SOURIS, sm. a smile. See sourire. SOURIS, sf. a mouse. Prov. sorilz, from L. hand. See soricem. For o = o see 81 forc = s
;

sows and peser.

SOUPIERE, sf. a soup-tureen. See soupe. SOUPIR, sm. a sigh. See soupirer. SOUPIRAIL, sm. an air-hole, vent-hole formerly souspirail, from L. suspiraculum *,
;

from snspirare: cp. Class, form spiraculum from spirare. Suspiraculum becomes soupirail for -aculum = -ail see
:

255;

for \x

= 07i

see

90;

for loss of

s see Hist.

Gram.
va.

p. 81.
;

SOUPIRER,
souspirer,

to sigh, breathe

formerly

from L. suspirare.
;

For o

= om

see p. 81.
ant.

Der.
u = o

90

for loss of s

see Hist.

Gram,

note that in this case the Low Lat. displaced the accent (soricem. for s6rfcem). Der. sonVeau, sownciere. SOURNOIS, adj. cunning, sly. Origin unknown. Der. surtioistrie. SOUS, prep, under ; formerly sos, Prov. sotz. It. solto, Wallachian subi, from L. subtus. For bt = / see sujet ; for regular loss of final see 50 (whence sut's, hence sos) for ts = s see 168; for u = o see annoncer; for the transition from O. Fr. sos to modern Fr. sous see affouage. Der. dessows, &oupeser, sowcoupe, sows-pied, so7/tirer.
see

amide

soupir (verbal subst.), soupir-

SoUBCription,
crire.

sf.

a subscription.

See sous-

SOUPLE,
For

adj. supple;

see

from L. supplex*. SOUSCRIRE, va. to subscribe, sign from L. suscribere, to subscribe to, sign. For 90. Der. souphssc,

zssoiipl'n.

sub = sow
sf.

see

Hist.

Gram.

p.

SOUPLESSE,
unknown.

suppleness.
sf.

SOUQUENILLE,
SOURCE, s/.

See souple. stable-coat. Origin

scribere
(L.

scrire

see

ecrire.

Der.

179;

for

sou-

scripteuT (L.

subscriptorem), subscriptionem).

souscription

Der.
It.

a spring (of water). Stesourdre.

SOUS-ENTENDRE,
sous and entendre.

sowrcier.

Der. sous-entendu,

va. to understand.

See
sous-

SOURCIL,

sopracciglio,

contr. (see 52) of

Prov. sobrecilh, entente. sm. an eyebrow. from L. supercilium, by SOUS-PI FDj sm. a strap. See sous and pied. supercilium to sup'r- SOUSSIGNE, p. p. undersigned. See sous and
sf.

signer. cilium, whence sourcil. For u = om see 90; for pr = r see swr. Der. sourcil- Soustraction,
ler.

subtracrion.

See sous-

traire.

SOURCILLER,
sourcil.

Der. sonrcilhux. For deaf; from L. surdus. SOURD, 90. Der. sourdnud, sourdu = OM
adj.

vn. to knit the brow.

See

SOUSTRAIRE, va.
sous
(q. v.)

see ine, assowrrfir, abasoj/rofir.

sf.

SOURDINE,
sourd.

a sordine (of trumpets).

See

SOURDRE,
by regular
tion

vn. to rise; from L. surgere,

contr.

to remove, subtract ; from and traire, see traire. Der. soustraction (formed from L. subtractionem.. Subtractionem, changing sub to sou, see Hist. Gram. p. 179, ought to have produced the form soutraction, but here the form of the word has been influenced by the prefix in the case of the

(see

51) of siirgere
intercala-

verb soustraire.

to surg're,

whence sourdre. For

see

Soutane,
sottana.
soM/aelle.

sf.

a cassock; introd. o

from

absoudre; for vi = ou see Soudre is a doublet of surgir, 90. Der. source (that which springs up, q. V. a water spring, partic. subst. of sourdre, see absoute. Source, formerly sorce, originally sorse, represents not the L. snrrecta, but a form sursa, found in the sense of a spring
of

For

= ou
a

see

81.

Der.

It.

SOUTANELLE,
soutane.

sf.

short
in

cassock.

See

SOUTE,
introd.

sf.

a store-room

from

It. sotto, lit.

Rabelais souette, below, a warehouse

at the end of a quay.

in several

llth-cent. Lat,
;

documents:

for

SOUTENABLE,
tenir.

adj.

sustainable.

See

soti-

=c

see cercueil

for

u = o = ow

see 90),

whence

ressource.
;

SOUTENEMENT,

sm. a support.
;

See sou-

tenir. SOURIRE, vn. to smile from L. subridere. For sub = sou see Hist. Gram. p. 1 7^9 for SOUTENIR,

ridere = rire
subst.), sowris

see rire.

Der. sourire (verbal

:

va. to sustain

formerly sous-

tenir

(from L. subrisus

for

sub

= sou

see soulever.

from L. sustinere. For u on see for tinere = tenir see appar90 tenir ; whence O. Fr. soustenir, whence sou;

so UTERRAINSPIRITUALISER.
tenir,

341
from Gr.

by dropping
soutxtn

s,

see Hist.

Gram.

Der.
foufenu.

p.

Spasmodique,
aTraafx<jjbr]S.

adj. spasmodic;

(verbal subst.),

S07iten2.h\&,

soHtliiQvatiW.,

soutenunt

(partic.

subst.),

f Spath, sm. spar from Germ, spath. Spathe, sf. a spathe-(of a palm-tree) from
; ;

SOUTERRAIN,
Gram.
p.

sm. a cave, vault ; from L. subterraneiis. For sub = sou see Hist.

179;

for

-aneus = -am

SOU TIEN, sm. a SOUTIRER, va.

etc.).

support.

to See sons and

s/.

see 194. See soutenir. draw off, rack (wine,

iirer.

doublet is epee, q. v. Spatule, sf. (Anat.^) a spatula; from L. spatula (found in Celsus), Special, adj. special; from L. specialis.
Its

L. spatha.

Der.

sontira.ge.

SOUVENANCE,
venir.

remembrance.

See soti-

Speciality, sf a speciality; from L. specialitatem (in Isidore of Seville). Spacieux, adj. specious; from L. speciosus.

SOUVENIR
L.

(SE), vpr. to
lit.

remember; from Specification, sf

into one's mind.
specifier.

specification.

See

subvenire,

to

come

see Hist. Gram. p. 179. Specifier, va. to specify; from L. speciIts doublet is subvenir, q. v. ficare *, in medieval Lat. documents, Der. souwant, so7/i/=ance, souvenir (verb taken compd. of species and the form ficare.

For sub

= 502/

subsiantively).

Der.s/ec(/ique(specificus),s/)e'c27?cation.

SOUVENT,

adv. often.

It.

sovente,

jugii fidem

subinde, found in Pliny, x. non violant communemque sermen. vant domum. Nisi caelebs aut vidua nidum Spectacle, sm. a spectacle; from L. specnon relinquit et imperiosos mares, subtaculum, also spectaclumin Class. Lat. inde etiam iniquos ferunt.' Subinde be- Spectateur, sm, a spectator; from L. comes souvejit for u = ou see 90 for spectatorem. b = v see 119 for -inde = -e^ see en. Spectre, sm. a spectre from L. s pectrum.
'
:
:

from L. Specifique, adj. specific. See specifier. Con- Specimen, sm. a specimen; from L. speci34:

SOUVERAIN,
rain,
It.
is

S7n. a

sovereign

formerly sove-

Speculaire,

adj. (Min.) specular

from L.

who

iovrano, from L. above, from super.

;

superanus, he
;

specularius.
sm. a
speculator;

Superanus be- Speculateur,

from L.
s

comes souverain for u = om see 90 speculatorem. for p = u see ill; for -anus = -ai?i see Sp6culatif, adj. speculative Its doublet is soprano, q. v. Der, culativus. 194.

from L.

p e-

souverainement, souverainet^..

Speculation, sf speculation; from L. speSee

SOUVERAINEMENT,
sotiverain.

adj. sovereignly.

culationem.

Speculer,
sf.

vji,

to speculate

from L. specuintrod. recently

SOUVERAINETE,
verain,

sovereignty.

See sou-

lari.

Spencer,

sm. a spencer

SOYEUX, adj. silky. See soie. from Engl, spencer. Spacieux, adj. spacious; from L. spatio- Sphere, sf a sphere; from For ti ci see agencer; for -osus Spherique, adj. spherical sus.

L. sphaera.

= -eux see 229. fSpadassin, sm.

1

ricus.
a
fighter; introd. in

Der.

from L. sphae-

sphericite,

Spheroide,

sm. (Geom.) spheroid; from L.

6th cent, from It. spadaccino. Spalme, sm. (Naut.) paying-stuff; verbal subst. of spahner, from It. spalmare, to tar
a boat.

sphaeroides.

Spheromdtre,

fSpalt,
spalt.

sm.

(Min.) spalt

from Germ.
Origin

Sparadrap,
unknown.

sm. adhesive plaster.

;

Spare,

sm. (Ichth.) the gilt-head

from L.
;

sm. a spherometer ; from Gr. acpaipa and fiirpov. Sphinx, sm. a sphinx; from L sphinx. Spic, sm. (Bot.) spica. See aspic (i). Spiciiege, sm. a spicilegium (gleaning) from L. spicilegium. Spinal, adj. spinal ; from L. spinalis. Spirale, sf a spire, convolution, spiral. See
spire.

sparus.

Sparte, sm. esparto (a kind of L. spartum. Der. sparierie. Sparterie, sf. a manufacture

reed)

from Spire, sf a spire;

spiml,
spira.\e.

from L. spira.
;

Der.
spi-

of esparto.

Spiritualiser,
spiritualis.

See sparte.

Der.

va. to spiritualise

from L.

spirilualisntion,

Spasme,

sm. a spasm; from L.

spasma.

ritualisms, spiritualiste.

34i
Spiritualisme,
ualiser.

SPIRITUALISMS
sm. spiritualism. See spirita spiritualist.

STELLIONA
^ge.

T,
acts,

staticum*, found in Merovingian For -aticuva. = -age whence stage.

Stage
is

see

Spiritualiste, sm.
ualiser.

See

spirit-

a doublet ot ctage, q. v.

Der. stagnire.

Spirituality, sf. spirituality; from L. spirit- Stagnant, adj. stagnant; from L, stagualitatem. nantem. Its doublet is etanchant. Spirituel, adj. spiritual; from L. spirit- Stagnation, sf. stagnation; from L. staguals. nationem *, der. from stagnare. tSpiritueUX, adj. spirituous; a com- Stalactite, sf. a stalactite; from Gr. CTamercial term introd. from Engl, spirituous.
\aKTis.

/. splanchnology; from Gr. (Tirkdyxva and \6yos. + Spleen, sm. the spleen; introd. in l8th cent, from Engl, spleen. Splendour, sm. splendour; from L. splen-

Splanchnologie,

Stalagmite,
arakayiios.

sf.

stalagmite

from Gr.

Stalle, sf. a stall introd. from eccles. Lat. stallum, a monk's stall in a church. *So;

lito

more

venit in

chorum
in

dorem. Splendide,

spiritum
adj. splendid; from L. splen-

immundum

et ecce invenit stallo suo, similan-

tem

fratri qui juxta se manebat in choro,*

Stallum is didus. says a I3th-cent. document. Spoliateur, sm. a spoiler; from L. spoliof Germ, origin, O. H. G. stdl. From stalatorem. lum was formed the medieval Lat. inst alSpoliation, sf. spoliation; from L. spoliia re, lit. to place in one's stall, instal. ationem. Stalle is a doublet of etal, q. v. Spolier, va. to spoil from L. spoHare. t Stance, sf a stanza from It. stanza. Spondaique, adj. spondaic from L. spoti- 4 Stathoudet, sm. a statholder; from
;
;

daicus.

Dutch stathouder,
sm. a spondee
;

Spondee,
daeus.

from L. spon;

officer.

Der.
sf. sf.

Ut.

lieutenant,

vice-

stathouderat.

Statice,
sm. (Anat.) a spondyl
adj.

(Bot.) sea lavender;

a station;
adj.

from L.

Spondyle,

from L.

statice.

spondylus.

Station,
spongy
;

Spongieux,
osus.

from L. spongi-

Der.

from L. stationem.
stationary;

stationner.

Stationnaire,
sf.

from L.

Spongite,

(Min.)

spongite;

from L.

stationarius.

spongites.

Stationner,
adj.

va. to station.

See station.

Spontan^,
ment.

spontaneus.

spontaneous ; from L. Der. spontaneity, spontanespontaneity.

Der. stationnement.

Statique,

sf. statics

emarrjiXTj, that part

sf.

from Gr. arariK-q, i. e. of mechanics which

;

Spontaneity,
tane.

See spon;

deals with equilibrium of bodies.

Statistique, sf
adj.

statistics

from a Gr. form

Sporadique,
Sportule,
sf.

(Med.) sporadic
little

from
from

araTiaTiKT], forged

by the learned through

;

Gr, crwopadiKos.

a dole, a

basket

Statuaire, sm.
arius.

the verb OTaTi^HV. a statuary the

from L. statufrom L.

L. sportula.

Squale, sm.

a dogfish;

Squammeux,
mosus. Squelette, m.
\t6s.

adj. scaly;

from L. squalus. from L. squa;

Statuaire, sf
statuaria.

statuary art;

a skeleton

from Gr.

c/ce-

Statue, sf. a statue; from L. statoa. Statuer, va. to decide, enact ; from
statuere.

L.

Squirrhe,

sm. a schirrus
sf.

from Gr. OKippCs.

Der. squirrhtux.
stability;

Stability,

from L. stabilita-

from L. statura. from L. statutum. Steatite, sf (Min.) steatite; from L. stea-

Stature, sf Statut, sm.

tites.

stature

a statute;

tem. Stable,

adj. stable;

from L. stabilis.

For

St6ganographie,
Gr.
ique.

-abilis = -able see affable. Stade, sm. a stadium. ; from Gr. araSiov. Stage, sm. obligation to reside, or to wait, between being licentiate in Law, and being called; from L. stare, through deriv.

(TTyavoypa(pia.

sf cypher-writing from Der. steganograph-

Stellaire, adj. stellar from L. stellar is. Stellionat, sm. stellionate (Roman Law) from L. stellionatus.

ST^NOGRAPHESU.
Bt^nographe,
graphic.

343
; ;

sm.

from Gr. anvos and

ypacpoj.

shorthand writer Der. steno-

Storax,

Store, sm.

from L. storax. sm. (Bot.) storax a blind (of a window) from

L. storea.
a
stentor
;

Stentor, sm.

of

hist,

origin,

Strabisme,
ing
;

alluding to Stentor, the loud-voiced person-

sm. (Med.) strabismus, squintfrom Gr. (TTpaPicrfios.

sf.

age of Homer's Iliad. fSteppe, sm. a steppe; from Russian steppe, a vast and barren plain. St^re, sm. stere (a Fr. measure, 35-3174 ft.) from Gr. arfpeos. Stereom6trie, sf. stereometry; from Gr. (TTepeus and jxerpov. St^reotomie, sf. stereotomy ; from Gr. arepius and tojxt]. from Gr. Stereotype, adj. stereotype CTfpfus and rvnos. Der. stereotypie, stereo;

Strangulation,
Stras, sm.
invented

strangulation
(jewellery)

from L.
;

str angulation em.

strass, paste

of

hist.

origin (see
it.

33),

from one
a

Strass,

who

Stratagdme,
stratagema. Stratege, sm.

sm.

stratagem

from L.
;

a strategist, general
in Plautus).
;

from L.

strategus (found

Stratgie, sf

Der.

strategy

from L. strategia.

strategiste, siralegique.

typer, stereotypage.

Sterile, adj. sterile; from L. sterilis. Sterilit6, sf. sterility ; from L. sterilita-

Stratifier, va. to stratify ficare*, from strata.

stratification.

Der.
;

from L. stratistratifie,

tem.

Stribord.
sm. (Anat.) the sternum
; ;

See trihord.
strict;

Sternum,

from L.
from L,

Strict, adj.
doublet

from L. strictus.

Its

sternum, der. from arepvov. Sternutatoire, adj. sternutatory

sternutare.

is etroit,

q. v.

sm. a stethoscope ; from Gr. and (TKoneTv. Stibi6, adj. (Med.) stibiated from L. stibiatus *, der. from stibium. Stigmate, sm. a scar, brand; from L. stigmatis. Der. stigmather. Stigmatiser, va. to stigmatise. See stig(TTTjOos
;

Stethoscope,

Stri6, adj. striated; from L. striatus. For -atus = -e see 201. Strie, sf (Archit.) a fluting ; from L. stria.

Der.
tura.

s/nures.
a strophe;
s/^.

Strophe, sf Structure, f Stuc, sm. Studieux,

from L. stropha.

a structure; from L. struc-

stucco
adj.

from
;

It,

stucco.

studious

from L. studi;

mate. osus. For -08\is = -eux see 229. from L. Stillation, sf. the process of dropping from Stupefaction, sf stupefaction L. stillationem. stupefactionem *, from stupefactus. See stiipefait. Stimulant, adj. stimulant; from L. stimulantem. Stup6fait, adj. stupefied; from L, stupeFor ct = // see attrait. Stim.uler, va. to stimulate ; from L. stimufactus.
;

lare.

Stipe, sm.
diarius.

(Bot.) a stipe; adj.

Stipendiaire,

from L. stipes. hired; from L. stipen;

Stup6fiant, adj. stupefying. See stupefier. Stup6fier, va. to stupefy; from L. stupefieri (found in Propertius).
ant.

Der.

stupefi-

Stipendier,

va. to

pay stipend to
a

from L.

stipendiary

Stupeur, sm. Stupide, adj.

Stupidity, tatem.
Style, sm.

Stipulation,

sf.

stipulation;

from L.

from L. stuporem, stupor stupid; from L. stupidus. sf. stupidity; from L. stupidi;

stipulationem. Stipule, s/. (Bot.) a stipula

Its

from L. stipula.
Der. stipule.

style;

doublet
Its

is

eteule, q.

t Stylet,

sm. a

from L. stylus. stiletto from

;

Der.
;

s/y/er.

It. stiletto.

Stipuler,
lari.

va. to covenant; from L. stipu-

Stylobate, sm.

(Archit.) a stylobate

from

doublet is etioler, q. v. Stoicien, sm. a stoic. See sto'ique. Stoicisme, sm. stoicism. See sto'ique.

L. stylobates (found in Vitruvius). SU, sm. knowledge partic. subst. of savoir. The p. p. SU, formerly se'u, Prov. sabut. It.
;

Stoique,

adj.

stoic;
sto'ic'ien.

from L. stoicus.
from L. sto;

saputo,

is

from L. saputus.

For

p. p. in

Der. s/o?cisme,

-utus

see boire.

Stomacal,

adj.

stomachal;
adj.

butus

(see

Saputus becomes ill), loses medial b

sa(see

machus. Stom.achique, stomachus.

stomachic

from L.

aboyer): by a e (see 57) and by -utus = -M (see 201) we get O. Fr. sen, later contrd. to su, seejumeau.

344
SUAIRE,
L.
accabler.
stn.

S UA IRE
a shroud.
It.

SUCCINCT,
Subside,
si

sudarium.

For

loss

of medial

sudario, from d see

sm.

subsidy;

from L.

sub-

d u
i

m
adj. subsidiary;
sf.

Subsidiaire,
sf.

from L. sub-

Suave,
tem,

adj. suave, sweet

Suavity,

suavity;

from L. suavis. sidiarius. from L. suavita- Subsistanoe,

;

subsistence; from L. sub-

sistentia (found in Cassiodorus).

from L. Subsister, vn. to subsist; from L. subsubalternus*, compd. of L. sub and sistere (found in the Theodosian Code), alternus from alter. Substance, sf substance; from L. substantia. For -tia = ce see agencer. Subdiviser, va. to subdivide; from L. subdiviser, frequent, of subdividere; see Substantiel, adj. substantial; from L, ^viser. substantialis. Subdivision, sf. a subdivision; from L. Substantif, sm. substantive; from L. substantivus (found in Priscian). subdivisionem (found in St. Jerome). Subir, va. to undergo; from L. subire. Substituer, va. to substitute; from L, substituere (found in the Digest). Subit, adj. sudden; from L. subitus. Substitut, sm. a substitute; from L. sub-f Subito, adv. suddenly; from L. subito. stitutus. Subjonctif, adj. sm. subjunctive; from L. subjunctivus. Substitution, sf substitution from L substitutionem (found in the Digest). Subjuguer, va. to subjugate; from L. subjugare. Substruction, sf a substruction from L substructionem. Sublimation, sf sublimation. See subSubterfuge, sm. a subterfuge limer. from L Sublime, adj ublime; from L. sublimis. subterfugium *, from subterfugere. Sublimer, va. to sublimate from L. sub- Subtil, adj. subtle; from L. subtilis. Der S7/6///iser. limare, to lift to the highest: thence the sense of sublimation given to the word Subtiliser, va. to subtilise. See subtil. Der. subtilisation. by the alchemists. Der. sublime (partic. subst,), s?/W/mation. Subtilit6, sf a subtlety; from L. sub tilitatem. Sublimits, sf. sublimity; from L. sublimitatem. Subvenir, vn. to relieve; from L. sub Submerger, va. to submerge; from L. venire. Its doublet is souvenir, q.v. submergere. Subvention, sf a subvention; from L Submersion, sf. submersion; from L. subsubventionem *, from subvenire.
sm.
a
subaltern;
;
;

Subalteme,

mersionem. Subordination,

from sf subordination L. subordinationem (found in Cassiodorus) Der. insubordination.

;

Subversif,
versivus

Der, subventionntx adj. subversive; from L, sub

*, der.

from subversus.

Subversion,

sf subversion; from L. sub

Subordonner,

va. to subordinate ; compd. of L. sub and of Fr. ordonner, q. v. Subornation, sf a suborning ; from L.

versionem. Sue, sm. juice; from L, succus. Succdder, va. to succeed from
;

L.
L,

sue
sue

subornationem.

cedere.
;

Suborner,
ornare.

Der. suborntwx.
adj.

va. to suborn

from L. sub- Succds, cessus.

;

sm.

success;

from

+ Subrecargue,
Sp. sobrecarga.

sm. a supercargo from Its doublet is surcharge,

surreptitious;

Successeur,

sm.

successor;

from

heritable; from L. sue cessibilis*, from successum, whicl from succedere. Der, successibilite. subrepticius. Subreption, sf. subreption from L. sub- Successif, adj. successive; from L, sue reptionem. cessivus. Subrogation, sf subrogation from L. Succession, sf succession; from L. sue

q.v.

successorem. Successible, adj.

Subreptice,

from

L.

subrogationem.

cessionem,

Subroger,
rogare.

va. to surrogate; from L. subadj.

Subsequent,

subsequent

from

L.

Succin, sm. yellow amber; from cinum. Succinct, adj. succinct; from
cinctus.

L, sue L,

sue

subsequentem.

S UCCION
Suceion,
sf.

S UPERFIN.
grease

345
(of

suction; from L.
p.p. of

suctionem*, SUINT, sm.

suinter.

wool,

etc.).

See

from suctus,

Succomber,
culentus.

sugere. vn. to succumb;

succulent;
a
*,

from

L.

succumbere. Succulent, adj.

from L. sucfrom succur;

Succursale,
L.

sf.

parochial chapel
der.

succursalis
*.

from

sus

SUCER,

It. succiare, from L. va. to suck. suctiare; a frequentative verb formed For through suctus, p.p. of sugere.

ct = /, see affeter ; for -tiare = -cer see agencer. Der. swccment, swceur, suqoxt,

vn. to ooze from an old form of Germ, origin, Engl, sweat, Norse sueitan. For intercalated n see concombre. Der. suint (verbal subst.), suintemtnt. SUITE, sf rest, suite, following. See suivre. SUIVANT, sm. an attendant. See suivre. Der. suivsLUte. SUIVANT, prep, according to. See suivre. SUIVER, va. to tallow. See sttif. SUIVRE, va. to follow. See poursuivre. Der. suite (strong partic. subst., see ab;

SUINTER,
suiter,

soute), suivant (sm.), suivznt (prep.).

swfoter.
.

SUJET,
*.

SU^ON,
L.
cp.

sm. a spot

suctionem
lectionem,

made by suction from For -ctionem = -p o,

;

from L. subjectus. For loss of b cp. g o b]onem*, g07{jon; cam bj a re*, changer;
sm^.

a subject
affete.

For ct = ^ see

le^on.
;

Dibjonem*,
rabjes
of
*,

SUCRE,
to

sm. sugar

from L. saccarum, by

regular contr.

(see

51)

of

saccarum

Dijon; lumbja*, longe; ra^e; rubjus *, ro7/^e. This loss always takes place in a double con:

For a = 7^ Der. (a very rare change) see chalumeau.

sacc'rum, whence

sucre.

sucrei.

SUCRER,

va. to

sugar.

See sucre.

Der.

For

when it comes first thus bm, bt, bl, bs, be, bv, are reduced in Fr. to m, /, /, s, c, v; as in submissum, soumis; subsonant,

SMcrerie, sucrier, sucrm.

mittere, soumettre; submonere, semondre; dub'tum, doute; dub'tare, (/o///e/*;

presb'ter*, pretre; subleviare, sow/ao-fr;

SUD, sm. the south;

siib.

of

Germ,

origin, A.S.

obsidaticum
vn. to sweat
;

(formerly

ostage),

otage

SUER,

from L. sudare.

plumb'care,
souvenir,

d see accabler. Der. sueQ (partic. subst.), S7/ette. SUEUR, 5m. sweat ; from L. sudorem.. For regular loss of medial d see accabler. SUFFIRE, vn. to suffice ; from L. sufficere. For -ficere = ^re see confire. Der. sujffiregular loss of medial

Der.

plonger*;
zssujettir.
;

subvenire,

Suj6tion, sf. subjection from L. subjectionem. For letter-changes see sujet. Sulfate, sm. a sulphate. See sulfurique.
Sulfite, sm.
sulphite.

Sulfure, sm.

sant, siiffis2.nc&.

Der.

See sulfurique. sulphuret; from L. sulfureus.

sulfure..

SUFFISANCE,

sf. sf.

sufficiency.

See

suffire.

Sulfureux,

Suffocation, focationem.
Sufifoquer,
focare.

suffocation;

from L. suffrom L. suf;

adj. sulphurous; from L. sulfur osus (found in Vitruvius). adj. sulphuric;

Sulfurique,
whence
also

Der.

va. to suffocate;
suffocznt.

come

from L. sulfur, the derivatives sulfate,

;

sulfite, etc.

Suffragant,

sm.

suffragan

from

L,

t Sultan, sm.

a Sultan

suffragantem.
^SuJffrage, sm. the suffrage; from L. suffra-

(see 30), from Super-, a prefix,

of Oriental origin Turk, sultan. which is the Lat. prep,

excess,
increase,

gium.

super,
va. to suggest;

and

signifies

or

Sugg^rer,
gerere.

from L. sug-

higher position.

Suggestion,

sf.

suggestion;
a

from L.

Superbe, adj. proud; from L. superbus. t Super cherie, sf deceit; introd. in

1

suggestionem. Suicide, sf. suicide

6th cent, from

It,

soperchieria.

word framed out of Superf6tation, sf superfetation, superL. sui, and termination aide {homicide, fluity from L. superfetationem *, sf, fratricide, parricide^, which answers to of verb superfetare. Lat. cidium(homicidium,parricidium, Superficie, sf superficies; from L. superetc.), der.from L. caedere. Der. suicider. ficies. SUIE, sf. soot. Origin unknown. Superficiel, adj. superficial from L.
; ;

SUIF, sm.

tallow, grease (in Pliny)

sevum.

For

cp. poursuivre.

Der.

v=/

from L. superficialis (found in Tertullian). see boeuf; for e=^ui Superfin, adj. superfine. See super- and
;

suifi^t, suivtx.

Jin.

Its

doublet

is

surfin.

34<5

S UPERFL U-S URDITS.

adj. superfluous;
superfluity

Superflu,
fluus.

from L. super- Suppuratif,

;

adj.
*.
sf.

suppurative

from

L.

suppurativus
from L. super-

Superfluity, s/. Quitatem.

Suppuration,

suppuration;

from L.

suppurationem.

adj. superior: from L. superior. Suppurer, vn. to suppurate; from L. suppurare. sf. superiority; from L. superioritatem*, from superior. Supputation, sf. computation from L. Superlatif, adj. superlative from L. supputationem. superlativus. Supputer, va. to compute ; from L. supSuperposer, va. to superpose. See superputare.

Sup6rieur,

Superiority,

and poser.

Supr6matie,
sf.

sf.

Superposition,

superposition

from L.

Supreme,
nius.
adj.

superpositionem *. Suporstitieux, adj. superstitious

superstitiosus.

Der.

adj.

supremacy. See suprtme. supreme; from L. supre-

sw/>rematie.

from L, SOR,

sour; of Germ, origin, O. H. G.

;

sur, acid, sour.

Superstition,

sf.

superstition;

from

L.

SUR,

superstitionem.

Supin, adj. supine; from L, supinus. Supplanter, va. to supplant from

;

prep, on, upon from L. super. Stiper, regularly contr. (see 50) to sup*r, becomes sur-. for pr = r cp. sup'rcilium *,
sourcil;

L.

supplantare.

sup'rvenire *, survenir; sup'r-* vivere*, survivre, etc. The Lat. lanin

Supplier,
pi ere.

Der.

va.

to

supply

from L. sup-

guage used super

addition,

composition to express
etc.,

supple&nt.

elevation,

whence super-

Supplement,
Suppietif,
tivus.

sm. a supplement; from L. supplementu Der. sjipplement&'ne.

venire, supervivere, guage in turn uses sur

e. g,

etc.

for

The Fr. lannew compds.

adj. suppletory;

fromL. supple-

surnager, surmonter, surcroit, suranne,

etc.
sf.

Supplication,
Supplice,
plicium.
stn.

a supplication; from L.

SOR,

adj. sure

formerly seur, originally senr,

supplicationem.

.Prov. segur, Sp. seguro, from L.

Der.

punishment; from L. supsupplic'ier, supplicie.

;

securus. of o see affouage for eu eu see mtir; for eu = u ste jumeau.

For regular
loss
;

Supplier,
.

va. to supplicate

from L. supsee plier.

pi i c a r e For -plicare Der. suppliant.

= -plier
;

Surabondance,
sur
2
2

sf.

superabundance.

See

and abondance.
va. to superabound.

Surabonder,
introd.

See sur
shrill.

+ Supplique,
It.

sf.

a petition

from

supplica.

SURAIGU,

SUPPORT, sm. a support. See supporter. Supporter, va. to support; from L. sup- SURAJOUTER,
portare.

and abonder. adj. (Mus.) extremely high, See stir 2 and aigu.
va. to superadd.

Der.

See sur

support

(verbal

subst.),

and ajouter.

suppQrtah\Q, [nsupport^bXe.

SURANNER,
;

vn. to expire, properly to have

;

Supposer,
poser.

va. to

suppose

from L. supsee

more than
suranne.^

pausare*, from sub and pausare,

Der.

from sur (see Der. sur 2) and anner, der. from an, q. v.
a year's standing

stippose, supposah'le.
sf.

Supposition,

a supposition

from L. SURBAISSE,
baisser.

suppositionem. SUPPOT, sm. a member (of a body), instrument, agent, imp formerly suppost, from L. suppositus, a subordinate, whence the
;

Der. surhaissemenX..
sf.

adj. surbased.

See sur 2 and

SURCHARGE,
surcharger.
q. V.

an additional burden.
doublet
is

Its

See subrecargue, See sur

(verbal

meaning of the French word. A suppot de Satan is properly one to whom Satan entrusts a charge. Suppositus, contrd. regularly (see 51) to suppostus (a form found in Virgil), gives O.Fr. suppost. For later dropping of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Suppression, sf. suppression ; from L.

SURCHARGER,
2
subst.).
^

va. to surcharge.

and charger.

Der.

surcharge

SURCROIT, S7?i. increase. See surcroitre. SURCROITRE, vn. to grow out; va. to
increase exceedingly.

Der.

See sur 2 and croiire.

See sur 2

surcroit (verbal subst.).

sf.

suppressionem.

SURDENT,
;

an irregular tooth.

Supprimer,
primere.

va. to suopress

from L. sup-

and dent.

Surdity,

sf.

deafness;

fromL. surditatem.

StTRDORER
SURDORER,
and dorer.
va. to double-gild.

SURTAXE.
SURJETER,
subst.).

347
to

See sur 2
sieu-

va.

whip (with a needle).

See sur 2 and jeter.

Der.

surjet (verbal

SUREAU,
bucus,

SOT.

an

elder-tree; formerly

reaii, originally sere/, sei'ierel*.

Lat. saaboyer),

losing

its

medial

(see

becomes Sp. sauco, Prov. saiic, O. Fr. seii. For-ucus =-7^ see 237; for a = e see 54, Towards the end of the middle ages the simple form seii is replaced by its dim. se'iierel*, compd. of root seii and suffix erel, which is from L, -arellus for & e see By el = eau (see agneau) O. Fr. 54.
:

sm. the third day (after). See sur 2 and lendemain. SURLONGE, ./. a sirloin. See sur 2 and
longe.

SURLENDEMAIN,

SURMENER,
and mener. and monter.
able.

va. to va.

overdrive.
to surmount.

See sur 2
See sur

SURMONTER,
SURMOUT,
mout.

Der. surmontMe, insnrmontnew

wort.

seiierel* is contrd. euphonically to seiirel, then to seurel (see miir), whence the old form setireau. Thus O. Fr. seuereau is formed from O. Fr. seu, like poetereau from poete and mdtereau from mat. But though the Fr. language has only kept the derived form, and has dropped the primitive seu, this is not the case with the Fr. patois in Picardy and Burgundy they still call the tree seyu ; in Languedoc sahuc, which is the L. sabucus closely followed. For eu = u see jutneau. SURENCHERE, sf. a higher bid. See sur and enchere. SURENCHERIR, va. to overbid. See sur and
:

sm.

See

siir

and

SURMULET,
and mulet.

sm. a grey mullet.

va. to float

See sur 2

SURNAGER,
and naturel.

on the

surface.

See

sur 2 and nager.

Surnaturel,

adj. supernatural.

See sur 2

sm. a surname. See sur 2 and nom. Der, surnommtx. SURNOMMER, va. to surname. See surnom. Sumumeraire, sm. a supernumerary; compd. of S2ir (see sur 2) and L.. numerarius. Der. surnumeraria.t. SURPASSER, va. to surpass. See sur 2 and

SURNOM,

encherir.

passer.
sourish.

SURET, acf/. SURETE, sf.

See sur i. formerly surete, Prov. segurtat, from L. securitatem. For

safety, security
;

SURPLIS, sm.

a surplice. O. Fr. surpelis, Prov. sobrepelitz, Sp. sobrepeliz, from L.

secur- = stir- see

for
1,

silr

for i

=e
Its

-tatem = -^e'

see

72;
is

see 230.

doublet

securite, q. v.

Surexcitation,

sf.

extreme
;

excitement.

See sur 2 and excitation.

SURFACE,
for

sf.

surface

superficies.
2.

from L. superfacies, For super = sur see

See sur 2

sur

in medieval Lat. docu' Archiepiscopus ments e. g. sacerdotali superpellicio inductus,' says a chronicler of the 13th cent. Superpellicium, compd. of pellicium, fur (in the Digest), and of super, means properly an overgarment. Superpellicium becomes O. Fr. surpelis. For super- = sur- see sur 2 for ci = s see agencer. For contr. of O. Fr.
; ;

superpellicium,

SURFAIRE,
and faire.

vn.

to overcharge.

SURPLOMBER,
sm. a surcingle.
See sur 2 and
phts,

surpelis to surplis see 51. vn. to overhang.

SURFAIX,
faix.

and plomber. Der. surplomb (verbal subst.) SURPLUS, 5m. a surplus. See sur 2 and

See sur 2

SURGEON,
surgir.

sm. a sucker, which springs up (surgil) from the foot of a tree. See
va. to spring
is

SURPRENDRE,
expression.
prena.nt.

va. to surprise.
surpr'is,

See sur 2
all

and prendre, properly to take beyond

Surgir,
Its

up; from L. surgere.

See

Der.

surprise,

sur-

doublet
2

sozirdre, q.v.

SURHAUSSER,
sur

va. to raise excessively.

adj.

and hausser,

Der, surhaussement.
superhuman.

SURPRISE,
prendre.

sf.

a surprise, deceit.
start.

See sur-

Surhuraain,
and humain.

See sur 2
See

SURSAUT,
Its

sm. a
is

See sur 2 and satit

doublet

Surintendance,
Surintendant,
SURJET,

sf. superintendence. sur 2 and intendance. sm. a superintendent. sur 2 and intendant.

SURSEOIR,

soubresaut, q. v. vn. to supersede, suspend

from

See

L. supersedere. For letter-changes see sur 2 and seoir. Der. sursh (partic. subst.

sm, a hem.

See surjeter.

SURSIS, sm.

surseoir gives sursis as asseoir gives assis). a delay. See surseoir.

348
Surtaxe,
taxe.

SUR TOUTSYNTAXE.

Der.
;

sf.

a surcharge.
surtaxer.

See sur 2 and

Suture,
tura.

sf.

(Anat.) a suture; from L. sua suzerain, sovereign a

SURTOUT,
'

sm. a surtout, coat. Sp. sobretodo,

Suzerain, sm.

word

from L. supertotus *, found in medieval framed by means of sms and the termination Lat. texts for a garment put on over all -erain, imitating the word souverain. others Illas quidem vestes, quae vulgo f Svelte, adj. slender; introd. in l6th supertoti vocantur' (Statuta Ordinis S. cent, from It. svelto. Bcnedicti, A.D. 1226, cap. 16). For letter- Sycomore, sm. a sycamore; from L. sy cochanges see stir 2 and tout. rn orus (found in St. Jerome). SURTOUT, adv. above all. See sur 2 and Sycophante, &m. a knave; from L. sycotout.

phanta.
sf.

SURVEILLANCE,
vision.

surveillance,

super-

SURVEILLANT,
veiller.

See survetller. sm. an overseer.

sf.

Syllabaire, sm. a spelling-book. See syllabe. Syllabe, sf a syllable from L. syllaba.

;

See surSee sur 2

See sur 2

Der. 5y//a6aire, s_y//a6ique.

Syllepse,
two days
before.

sf.

(Gram.)
sm.
a

syllepsis

(found
;

in

SURVEILLE,
and and
veille.

Donatus).

Syllogisme,

syllogism

from

L.,

SURVEILLER,va.
veiller.

Der. surveilhnt,

to superintend.

syllogismus (found

in Seneca).

surveillance.
;

SyUogistique,

adj.

syllogistic;

from

L.|

SURVENIR, vn.
SURVIE,

to arrive unexpectedly

L. supervenire. sur 2.
sf.

from syllogisticus (found in Quinctilian). For super- = swr- see Sylphe, sf. a sylph; from L. sylph i, genii,

See sur and vie. SURVIVANCE, /. reversion. See survivre. SURVIVANT, sm. a survivor. See survivre. SURVIVRE, vn. to survive from L. supervivere. For super- = sur- see sur 2 for "Vivere = i/zvre see vivre. Der. survivznt,
survival.
;

among the Gauls, a word found in more than one Inscription). Symbole, sm. a symbol, creed from Gr.

Der. symboliqae, Syni6trie, sf symmetry from Der. (found

ovfi^oKou.
;

symboliser.

L.

symetria

in

Vitruvius).

symetrique,

symetriscT.
;

swmvance, Sympathie, sf sympathy from Gr. avfiDer. sympath\(\\\t, sympath'isem. SUS, prep, upon interj. come iradfia. cheer up from L. susum (in Tertullian and St. Sympathiser, va. to sympathise. See
; !

Augustine).

Der.

dessws, en sus, swsdit.

sympathie.

Susceptible,

adj.

susceptible;

from L.

Symphonie,
symphonia.

susceptibilis *, from susceptus, p.p. of suscipere. Der. susceptibtlite (L. susceptibilitatem*). Susciter, va. to excite; from L. susci-

Der. symphonkte.
sm.
a

sf

symphony

from

L.

Symptdme,
GvfxtrrojfJLa.

symptom; from Gr.

Synagogue,
synagoga

tare.

sf a synagogue; from (found in Tertullian).

adj. reciprocal
;

L.

Suscription,

sf.

a superscription

from

Synallagmatique,

from

subscriptionem.

SUSDIT, adj. aforesaid. See sus and dit. Suspect, adj. suspected; from L. suspectus Suspecter, va. to suspect; from L. suspectare.

Gr. avvaWayfuiTiKos. Synchronisme, sm. a synchronism Gr. av7xpoj/iO'^os.

from

Sjrncope, sf syncope

Syndic,
va.

sm. a syndic

from Gr. avyKovq. from L. syndicus.

Suspendre,

Der. syndics], syndic^t. from L. suspendere. For loss of penult, e see 51 S3niecd.OCh,e, sf. (Rhet.) synecdoche ; from Der. suspens (L. suspensus), en susGr. avvK5oxV' pens (in suspenso), suspensok (suspen- Syn6r6se, sf. (Gram.) synaeresis from Gr,
to

hang;

sorium

*).
sf.

Suspension,

suspension; from L. susa

pensionem. Suspensoir, sm.

See suspens.

suspensory

bandage

Suspicion, sf. a suspicion; from L. suspicion em. Its doublet is soupfon, q. v. Sustenter, va. to sustain; from L. sustentare.

awaip(cis. Synode, sm. a synod ; from Gr. aiVoSos. Der. synodal. Synonyme, sm. a synonym from Gr Der. synonymic, synonymique cvvdjvvfios. Synoptique, adj. synoptic ; from Gr. ctw;

OTTTIKOS.

SjTHtaxe, sf syntax
Der. s^n^a^ique.

from Gr. GvvTa^is.-^

SYNTHASE TA IRE.
Synthase,
ais.
sf.

349
sm.a. system; from Gr. avarrjua.
(Astron.) a syzygy, conjunction;

synthesis
adj.

from Gr. avvde-

Systdme,

Der.

sy5/(/matique.
sf.

Synthetique,
avvOiTiKus.

synthetic;

from

Gr.

Syzygie,

from Gr. <jv^vyia.

T.
sm. a shorthand writer; from Gr. raxvypatpos. Der. tachygraphxe. of seeja. Tacite, adj. silent; from L. tacitus. Taciturne, adj. taciturn; from L. tacifTabac, sm. tobacco; from Sp. tabaco. Der. ^a^flgie, ^afefltiere (for tahaquiere). turn us. Der. taciturniie. Tabellion, sm. a village notary from L, Tact, sm. touch, tact from L. tactus. * (found in the Theodosian Tactile, adj. tangible; from L. tactilis. tabellionem Der. tabellionnage. from Gr. raKriK-q Code). Tactique, sf tactics (sc. Txf J?). Tabernacle, sm. a tabernacle from L. Der. tacticien. For loss of u see t Taffetas, sm. taffety of Oriental origin tabernaculum.
;

TA, poss. pron.f. they tuam. For ua = a

see sa;

from L. tarn *, for and for loss

Tachygraphe,

51(coarse stuff).

(as

are

several

other

fabrics,

as

muslin,

Tabis, sm. tabby

known.

Origin un-

gauze,

etc., see

TAIE,

sf.

31), from Pers. tafteh, formerly toie, from a pillow-case

;

Tablature, sf. a tablature. See table. TABLE, s/. a table; from L. tabula.

L. theea, a sheath, case.

loss

tabliex (a
tahlette.

of u see 51. Its doublet is tole, q. v. Der, attablcv, entabhr (entablement) garment worn at table, apron),

For

see

amie

Theca = /o/e
From

For lojs of c e = ot = ai see 62. = /a/e, as creta =^croie = craie.

for

sense of a covering, taie passes to that

TABLEAU,
lellum
of
vl

*,

from L. tabusm. a picture dim. of tabula. By regular loss

;

(see

52)

tabul^Uum becomes

tab'lellum, whence tablel, whence tableau. For el = eau see agneau. TABLET! ER, sm. a toyman. See tablette.

TABLETTE,
TABLIER,

sf a

shelf.

See :^a6/^. Der.

of the film which partly covers the eye. t Taillade, sf a cut, gash; introd in 16th Its doublet is cent, from It. tagliata. tailU. Der. tailladex. TAILLANDIER, sm. an edge-tool maker. Der. taillandene. See tailler. TAILLE, sf. cutting, cut. See tailler. TAILLER, va. to cut. It. tagliare, from L. taleare * (the compd. intertaleare is

tabl6t'\er, tablettene.

found in Nonius Marcellus, meaning 'to cut

sm. an apron. See table. TABOURET, sm. a stool. See tambour. TAG, sm. contagion ; from L. tactus (used in the sense of leprosy, contagion, in the fragments of the Itala, published by Lord

Ashburnham).

TACHE,
tacher.

sf.

a spot.

Origin unknown.

Der.
is

Taleare by e=i (see 59) becomes taliare, found in very old meSiquis nemus documents dieval Lat alicuius sine licentia comburat vel taliet,' from an A. S. law. For letter-changes see az7. Der. taille (verbal subst.), taillenx,
a shoot').
:

'

taillis,

taillon, tailhnt (sword-edge, edge-

tool,
sf.

whence

taillandier),

detailler,

en-

TACHE,
tasca,

a task; formerly tascJie, Prov.

tailler.

from medieval L. tasca.

Tasca

TAILLEUR,
TAILLOIR,
tailler.

sm. a

tailor.

See

tailler.

a transposed form of tacsa, verbal subst. of

TAILLIS, sm.

taxare.

For taxa = tasca see ZdcAe; for CSi = che see 126 and 54; for loss of s
see Hist.

See tailler. sm. (Archit.) a platter, abacus. See

;

copse, underwood.

Gram.
is

p. 8r.

TACHER,
doublet
facher.

va. to spot, stain.

taxer,

q.v.

Der. See Der.

tacher.

tache.

Its

tachetev, en-

TAIN, sm. tinfoil corruption of etain, q. v. TAIRE, vn. to be silent from L. tacere. Accented as tficere in common Lat. (see
;

Hist.
vtf.

Gram.

p. 133),

it

is

regularly contrd.
taire.

TACHER,

to strive, try.

See tdche.

(see

51) to tac're, whence

For

350
traire

TAISSON

TAPOTER.
from L. tinea. and 54; and for i

or ir see bctiir. Taire is from tacere, like from trace re, plaire from place re.
tais.

For

oa>

= che

see

126

TAISSON,

sm. pitching (of a ship at sea). See tanguer. by Tangence, sf. tangency ; from L. tangening o Xo e taissenitre, whence taiss'nicre, tia*, from tangentem. See tangente. whence taisniere, which from the sense of Tangente, sf. a tangent; from L. tangenthe hole of the badger takes the general tem. sense of ' lair of a wild beast.' This form Tangible, adj. tangible; from L. tangi bitaisniire has become modern Fr. taniere : lls. for loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for TANGUER, va. to pitch (of a ship at sea). extension of meaning see 13. Origin unknown. Der. tangzgc. ^Talc, sm. talc; of Oriental origin (see TANIERE, sf. a lair. See taisson. from Pers. talcq. TANIN, sm. tannin. See tan. 31 \ Talent, sm. a talent (weight) (2) sm. ta- TANNER, va. to tan. See tan. Der. tannlent, ability (lit. treasure, wealth, then gift age, tannem, tannene. of nature) from L. talentum. TANT, adv. so much from L. tantum. Der. tanteX, tantVavne, tantoX. Talion. sf. retaliation; from L. talionem. )* sm. a talisman; introd. from TANTE, sf. an aunt formerly ante, Prov. It. talismano. amda, Lomb. amida, from L. amita. Talle, sf. (Hort.) a sucker; fromL. thallus. Amita regularly losing i (see 51) beDer. /a//er. comes am'ta, whence O. Fr. ante for ra
taisson

sm. a badger. It. tasso, Prov. Taisson is derived from O. Fr. tais *, which represents medieval L. taxus, which is from O.U.G. thats*. For x = ss see 150; for a = fli see The hole of the 54.

TANDIS QUE,
and que.
for

see 72 and note 4 at/v. while; coimpd. of tandii

is

=e=a

m = n see changer

Tandis

from
;

tan-,

from L. tarn
ste jadis.

for

-rf/s

TANGAGE,

was

called taissoniere, or,

soften-

Talisman,

TALOCHE,
Origin

sf.

thump

(on
;

the

head).

=n

see changer.
it is

Ante means an aunt

till

in

O.Fr,, and cent, that the word tante appears frequently. (found in Celsus) through a deriv. taloNo account can be given of this strange nem*, found in the Cassel Glosses (7th formation. cent.). Talonem is formed from talum, TANTOT, adv. presently, tellement tdl, like mentonem * (see menton) from mensi tot, tant tot ; compd. of tant and tut (see Der. talonner. turn. those words). TALUS, sm. lit. foot of a rampart, then slope TAON, sm. a breeze-fly, horse-fly; from L. of a rampart. See talon. Der. taluter. tabanus, by loss of medial b (see aboyer)y i'Taniarin, sm. a tamarind; introd. from and by a = o (cp. phaitasme, fantume; It. tamarmdo. tamariner. Der. patella, poele, etc.). Tamaris, sm. (Bot.) a tamarisk; from L. TAPAGE, sm. an uproar ; der. from taper. tamarix. Cp. assemblage from assembler. Der, tasm. a drum; of Oriental pagexiT. + origin (see 31), introd. about 12th cent., TAPE, sf. a slap, tap. See taper. from Pers. tambiir. O. Fr. had a form ta- TAPER, va. to strike, tap. Origin unknown. hovr, which is gone, leaving however its Der. tape (verbal subst.), tapzge. deriv. tabouret (lit. a little drum-shaped seat). TAPINOIS (EN), adv. stealthily. See tapir. Der, tambour'm, tambour'mer. + Tapioca, sm. tapioca; of American TAMIS, sm. a sieve of Germ, origin, Neth. origin, see 32. tems. Der. tamiser. TAPIR (SE), vpr. to crouch. Origin unTAMPON, sm. a plug. See taper. Der. known. Der. tapinei (en), tapinois. tamponner. Tapis, sm. a carpet; from L. tapete. For TAN, sm. tan. Origin unknown. Der. tane = i see 60. Der. tapissex, tapissier, ner, tanneuT, tannerie. tanin. tapisserie. TANCER, va. to rebuke ; formerly tencer, TAPON, sm. a bundle. Tapon is dim. of from L. tentiare*, found in medieval L. O. Fr. tape, a bundle, of Germ, origin, contentiare to dispute, frequent, of conA. S. tape. A nasal form of tapon is its tendere. For t&niiQxe = tencer see agendoublet tampon. For addition of see cer for e = a see dimanche. lambruche. Der. taponnex. TANCHE.s/. (Ichth.)a tench ; formerly tenche, TAPOTER, va. to slap; frequent, of
not

unknown.

the end of the 13th

TALON, sm. a heel, heel-piece

from L. talus

Tambour,

m/m

TAQUIN

TECHNOLOGIE.
originally

35^
heap of corn, then
a

Cp. clignotcr of digner, picoter of piquer, cracholer of cracker, trembloter of trembler, etc.

generally.

heap
tasse-

Der.

tasser

(en/asser),

ment.
sm. a torment, tease;
cent,

sf a cup from It. tazza. sm. (Archit.) a hammer-beam ; formerly tassel, from L. taxellus, secondary form of taxillus. TARABUSTER, va. to pester. Origin unFor x = ss see known. 150; for -ellus = -e/ see 282. TARAUD, sm. a tap-borer, tap ; der. from a TASSEMENT, sm. a subsidence, sinking (of hypothetical verb tarer"^, which would a building). See tas. answer to a Lat. verb tarare *, traces of TASSER, vn. to subside. See tas. which are seen in the deriv. form tara- TATER, va. to feel (by touch). O. Fr. taster, tariere. It, tastare, from L. taxitare*, trum, see Der. tarauder. frequent, TARD, adj. slow, late; from L. tardus. of taxare, to touch often. Taxitdre', Der. tarder, zUard&x, letarder, tardxi, regularly contrd. (see 52) to tax'tardivement. tare, becomes taster (for x = s see 150), then tdter by loss of s, see Hist. Gram, f Tare, sf. loss, waste; introd. in i6th cent, from It. tara. Der. tar&r. Der. tdtonner (o idtofis), tatiWon p. 81.
in
1

tTaquin,
6th

from

Sp.

iacano,

Der.

introd.

t Tasse, TASSEAU,

(aqimier, taqnintnt.

t Tarentelle,
from
It.

sf.

tarantella;

introd.

^tatillonner).

tarantella.

tAtONNER,
tdtonnement.
introd.

vn. to grope. va.

to

See tdter.Der.

f Tarentule,s/".(Entom.)atarantula;from
tarentole in
tola.

Menage,
a

from

It.

taran-

fTatOUer,
tattoo.

Der. tatouage.

tattoo;

from

Engl.

TARGE,

of Germ, origin, O. Scand. targa. Der. target, targette (a target having the form of a little shield), (se) targuer (to cover oneself with something as with a target).
sf.

target

(shield);

TAUDIS,

sm. a dog-hole, wretched hole der. from O. Fr. verb taudir. Taudir is from
;

TARIERE,

sf an auger, (Entom.) terebra. Prov. taraire, from L, taratrum (found in A medieval Lat. document has Terebrum, instrumentum perfoIsidore of Seville).
'

O. Fr. taude, cloth. Tande (which must originally have been tolde) is of Germ, origin, Flem. telde. Germ. zelt. For al = au see agneau. TAUPE, sf. a mole; from L. talpa. For al = au see agneau. Der. taupier, taupiere,

taupin, taup'miiiTe.

randi
Sk

quod
see

dicitur aliter

taratrura.'
see 168.
Sp.

For

TAUPINIERE,

= ie

54
a

for

tv-r

TAUREAU,
\oyia.

See taupe. sf a mole-hill. sm. a bull ; from L. tavirellus*,

see 282.
sf.

+ Tarif, sm.
Der. tariftr.

tariflf;

from
;

tariffa.

dim.oftaurus. For ellus eau

Tautologie,

tautology

from Gr. ravTO-

TARIR,

vn. to dry up of Germ, origin, O. H. G. tharrjan. Der. /arissable, /arissement, intorissable.

TAUX,

f Tarot,

sm. spotted cards; introd. in i6th cent, from It. tarocchi. Der. tarote.

TAROUPE,
Tarse, sm.

sf hair between the eyebrows.

Origin unknown.
the tarsus, sole of foot ; from Gr. rapaos. f Tartan, sm. tartan from Scottish tartan. tTartane, sf (Naut.) tartan; from It. tartana.
;

sm. price, assessment ; verbal subst. of O. Fr. verb tauxer (given in Palsgrave), which is from L. taxare. TAVELER, va. to spot, speckle (like the colours of a chequer-board). Taveler is from O. Fr. tavelle, which represents L. tabella *, a secondary form of tabtila. For b=i; see 113. Der. tavelme. (introd. in loth cent.).

T A VERNE,
b= Taxer, va.
For
i'

sf.

a tavern;

TARTE,

sf

a tart.

Origin unknown.
tartar;
der.

Der.

see 113.
:

Der. tavermtr.

from L. tabema.

tartine, tarteWette.

in Suetonius).

Tartre, sm. (Chem.)

alchemist's

known.
(see

Der.

Lat.

tartarum.
of

from Origin unhist,

Der.
ation.

from L. taxare (found to tax Its doublet is tdcher, q. v. taxe (verbal subst.), /a;ateur, tax;

tartrsite, tartrique.

TE,
origin

pers. pron. obj. case, thee

adj.

Tartufe,
Moliere.

sm. a hypocrite;

Technique,
VIKOS.

technical

from L. te. from Gr. rexfrom Gr.

TAS, sm.

33) from a well-known character in Der. tartuferie. a heap ; of Germ, origin, Neth. tas,

Technologie,

sf

technology;

rexvq and A070S,

^35

tSgument tenir

T6guinent, sm. a tegument; from L. per are. Its doublet is tremper, q, v. tegumentum. Der. temperL TEIGNE, s/. scurf, (Entom.) moth from L. Temp^te, s/ a tempest from L. tempestinea. For i = sec 74; for -nea = tat em. For loss of s see Hist. Gram, p
;
;

'gne see cigogne.

Der. teigntwx, teignzsse.

74
;

81.

Der.

TEILLE,
tille.

s/.

lime-bast, bast; another form of

i = ei

Temple,

For

see

Der. /7/er,

Der, femplicT.
temporarius.
temporalis.

tempcttr, tempitcux. sm. a temple; from L.

adj.

templum
from
;

TEINDRE,

va. to tinge

from L. tingere.

For letter-changes sec ceindre.

(partic. subst.
:

Der.

Temporaire,
Temiporal,
Tem.porel,
ralis,
first

temporary;

teint

teint represents L.

tinctus

adj. (Anat.) temporal adj. temporal;

from

for letter-changes see ceintiire.

p. p. also gives us

The
teinte).

fem.

the partic.

sf.

from L. tempo-

TEINT, sm. a dye, complexion. See teindre. TEINTE, sf. tint, tinge. See teindre. Der.
teintei.

perishable, then secular.

Foi

see J91. Tem.poriser, vn. to

-alis

= -e/

temporise, procrasti-

TEINTURE,
tinctura.

sf.

dye, thicture;

from L.

nate;

from L. tempus, temporis.

sm. time;

Der

Der.
TEL,

For letter-changes
;

see ceinture.

temporisztion, temporimitwr.

teinturier, teinturerie.

TEMPS,
For -alis
;

from L. tempus.
;

Foi

adj. such

-el see 191.

Der.
sm.

from L. talis.
tellement.

loss

of

see

50
p.

for continuance of

see Hist.

Gram.
adj.

162.

T616graph.e,
trjKe.

telegraph

word

TENABLE,
Tenace,
cem. T6nacit6, tem.

adj. tenable.

framed from two Gr. words, ypacpos and

Der. telegraphic, telegraphique.

sm. a telescope
adj. rash;
;

tenacious
tenacity;

See tenir. from L.

tena'

Telescope,
OKOITOS.

from Gr.

rtjXe-

sf.

from L. tenacita-

T6niraire,
rius.

from L. temerafrom L. temeri-

TENAILLE,
pincers
;

sf.

a tenaille (fortification), pi
:

Teinrit6,
Jtatem.

sf.

temerity;
vn. to

form

is

from L. tenacula the Class. Lat tenaculum. For -acula = -a///<

see 255.

Der.

tenailler.

TEMOIGNER,

bear witness, va. to testify. See temoin. Der. temoignzge. TEMOIN, sm. a witness from L. testimonium, used for testimony in Class. Lat., for witness in Carol. Lat. : De mancipiis quae venduntur, ut in praesentia episcopi vel comitis sit, aut ante bene nota testim.onia/ says a Capitulary of A. d. 779.

TENANCIER,

sm. a holder, tenant-farmer

'

See tenant. Se< sm. a challenger, supporter. tenir. Der. tenance * (whence tenancier). TENDANCE, sf. tendency. See tendre. from i" Tender, sm. a tender (railway);

TENANT,

Engl, tender.

TENDON, sm.

(Anat.) a tendon.

See tendre.

Testim.6nium, regularly contrd. (see TENDRE, adj. tender; from L. tenerum, by regular contr. (see 51) of tenerum 52) to test'monium, then to tes'monium (by tm = m, see plane), becomes to ten'rum, whence tendre. For nr = ndt temoin. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. see absoudre. Der. tendrts%t, tendret6, Der. tetendron, attendrii. 81; for o = oi see 83

moignei (from temoin, like soigner from from loin, etc.). TEMPE, sf. a temple (of the head) ; formerly from L. tempora. temple, T^mpora,
sain and eloigner

TENDRE,
t^ndere
found
in

vn.

to

lead,

conduce;

from

tendere, by regular
to tendre.

contr. (see

51) oi Der. tendant (whence

similar

tendance), tendon.

regularly contrd. (see becomes O. Fr. temple.

51) to

temp'ra,
see autel.

Germ,

tehne, der.

For T = l

T6ndbres,
brae.

sf.pl.

metaphor ii from tehnen.) darkness; from L. tene-

(A

reduced to tempe in modern Fr., like O. Fr. angle from L. ang'lus to ange. Temperament, sm. a temperament ; from L. temperamentum. Temp6rant, adj. temperate. See temperer. Der. temperance. Tem.p6rature, sf. a temperature ; from L. temperatura (found in Varro).

Temple

is

T6n6breux,
brosus.

from L. tene^ adj. gloomy For -osus = -eux see 229. Teneur, sm. tenor, purport; fromL. tenorem (found in the Digest). For o = eu se
;

79.

Its

doublet
;

is

tenor, q. v.

T6nia, sm. TENIR, va.

is

taenia

to hold

Temp6rer,

va. to temper;

from L. tem-

found in

from Gr. raivia. from L. tenere, whicf the form tenire in a 4th-cent
;

TENOR
see For document. /ewable, /ewant, tenxie (partic. subst.) tenon.

T&TE.
Terrasser,
throw to
terrasse.

?^S?,
va. to
fill

Qi

59, Der.
It.

in

earth, cast

down, dismay.

with earthwork, to See

tT6nor,
tetiore.

TERRE, sf. earth; from L. terra. Der. from L. tensionem. terre-i)lein,terre2.\i, ierrex {enterrex,deterrex), terrien, terrine, terrix (ztterrix), terriex. sf. a tentacle; from L. tentaTerrestre, adj. terrestrial; from L. tercula *, from tentare. restris. Tentation, sf. a temptation; from L. tenTerreur, sm. terror; from L. terrorem. tationem. an attempt; from L. tenta- TERREUX, adj. earthy, dirty from L. terTentative, sf. rosus. For -osvL8 = -eux see 229. tiva *, der. from tentatus. TENTE, sf. a tent from medieval Lat. tenta, Terrible, adj. terrible from L. terribilis. TERRIEN, adj. of land. See terre. lit. cloth stretched, partic. subst. of tentus. TENTER, va. to tempt, attempt; from L, ten- TERRIER, sm. a terrier (hole, dog, and landTension, sf. Tentacule,
tension
;

sm. a tenor (voice); from Its doublet is teneur, q. v.

tare.

Der.

tentaX&MX (L.

tentatorem).

roll).

See terre.

TENTURE,
Tenu, adj. TENUE, sf.

sf.

tapestry

from L. tentura*,

from tentus.
tenuous
;

TERRINE, sf an earthen pan. See terre. TERRIR, vn. to bury eggs in ground (of tor-

toises). See terre. See Territoire, sm. a territory ; from L. territorium. Its doublet is terroir, q. v. tenir. Tenuite, sf. tenuity from L. tenuitatem. Territorial, adj. territorial from L. territorialis. Tepide, adj. tepid; from L. tepidus. Its doublet is tiede, q. v. TERROIR, sm. soil (for agriculture) ; from L. territorium. TERCER, va. to give a third dressing (to Territorium, losing medial t (see abbaye), is contrd. to a form vines); from L. tertiare (found in Coluterreoir *, which has not survived, but is remella). For -tiaxe = -cer see agencer. TERCET, sm. a tiercet, couplet of three duced to terroir. Its doublet is territoire, verses q.v. from L. tertius, with dim. suffix et, see 281. TERTRE, sm. a hillock. Origin unknown. ox tia = ce s&e agencer. Terebenthine, sf. turpentine der. from TES, poss. pron. pi. thy from L. tuos. For terebinthe, which from L. terebinthus. reduction of tuos to tos see mon and ses ; for o = e seeje. Tergiverser, vn. to evade, shift from L. Der. tergiversdAxon, ter- TESSON, sm. fragment of broken glass from tergiversare. giversdiXtur. L. testonem *, dim. of testtim, clay, then TERME, sm. a term from L. terminus, by clay vessel, then fragment. For st = ss

from L. tenuis.

a holding, session, bearing.

regular contr.
see 168.

(see

51) of

term'nus, whence terme.

see angoisse. terminus to For mn = m Test, sm. a shell; from L.

testa.

Der.

Der. ztermoyex.

Terminaison,
see 232.

terminationem.

sf a termination ; For -ationem = -a/sow

;

testaceus). from L. Testament, sm. a will

testice (L.

mentum.

Der.
to

from L. testa-

testamenta.ixe.

Testateur, sm.
va. to terminate

a testator; from L. test a-

Terminer,
minare.

Der. terminable, interminable.

;

from L. ter-

torem. Tester, vn.

make
adj.

a will

from L. tesfrom L.

Ternaire, adj. ternary from L. ternarius. tare. Terne, sm. two threes (in dice) from L. Testimonial,
;

testimonial;

ternus.

testimonialis.
tarni,

TERNE,

adj. (Bot.) ternal

veiled,

O.H.G.

of Germ, origin, then ternal Der.

;

TESTON,
TET,

tern\x, /erwissure.

sm. a teston (old coin). See teie. sm. a shell, skull formerly test, from For loss of s see Hist. Gram, L. testum.
;

TERRAIN,
Terraqu6,

sm.

ground,

soil.

It.

terreno,

p. 81.

Its

doublet

is tete,
;

q. v.

from L. terrenum (found For e=ei = at see 61.

in Columella).

T6 tanos, sm. tetanus

tete.

from Gr. riravos.

See

TETARD,
compd.
from
of
It.

sm. a pole-socket, a tadpole.

teste,

adj. terraqueous; L. terra and aqua.

+ Terrasse,
terrazzo.
terrassei.

Der.

s/.

a terrace

introd.

TfeTE, sf. a head; formerly testa (found in this sense

*

from L.

terrassement,

ierrassiex,

in Ausonius). Abjecta in triviis inhumati glabra jacebat Testa hominis, nudum jam cute calvitium.'

Aa

354
See also 14.

TETER

TILLAC,
Thdse,
sf a thesis: from L. thesis.
;

a tunny fish from L. thunnus see annoncer. of the king on it. Tete is a doublet of tet, Thorax, sm. thorax, chest ; from Gr. Owpa^ Der. /^/u, /;/ard, tnteti, tttikxt. Der. thorac\(\wt. q. V. TETER, va. to suck (milk). See tette, Thuriferaire, sm. a thurifer, censer-bearer TI;TIN, sm. a nipple. See tette. from L. thurifer. TETINE. sf. an udder. See tette. sm. thyme; from L. thymum. TETON, sm. a teat. See telle. Th3rrse, sm. a thyrsus; from L. thyrsus T6tracorde, sm. a tetrachord from Gr. Its doublet is torse, q. v. TTp(t yopSos. Tiare, sf a tiara (Persian head-dress) ; fron: T6tradre, sm. a tetrahedron; from Gr. L. tiara. T(TTap(s and (Spa. t Tibia, sf (Anat.) a tibia ; from L. tibia Its doublet is lige, q. v. T6tragone, adj. four-cornered; from Gr. T(Tp6y<UV0S. TIC, sm. knack, tic an onomatopoetic word See 34. T6trarchie, sf. tetrarchy ; from Gr. T^rpap-

For later loss of s see Hist. O. Fr. teste remains in the p. 81. derived teston, coin with the head {teste)

Gram.

THON, sm. For u =

Thym,

Xa.

TIEDE,
sf.

TETTE,
teton.

a dug, teat
teat.

tile, title,

Engl.

of Germ, origin, A.S. Der. teter, let'm, tetine,

Texte,

sm, a text

from L. textus.

Der.
;

adj. tepid, lukewarm from L. tepi dus, by regular contr. (see 5 ) of tepi dus to tep'dus, whence tiede. For pd = c see hideux for e = ie see It: 56.
;
1

doublet
attiediT.

is

tepide, q. v.

Der. tiedtm,

tiddir

texiuel.

Textile,

from L, textilis. Texture, s/. texture; from L, textura. Thaumaturge, sm. a wonder-worker from
adj. textile;

TIEN, sm.
',

pron. adj. thine; formerly ten softened form of ton, q. v. For o = e se( je for e = ie see 56. We find le lot.
for le lien in several iith-cent.

Gr. davfxarovpyos. + Th6, sm. tea of Chinese origin, Chinese te. Der. theihxe. Th6&,tre, sm. a theatre ; from L. theatrum. Der. theatrnl. Th6isnie, sm. theism ; from Gr. Bios with termination -isme. see 218. Thdme, sm. a theme ; from Gr. f'/m. Th6ocratie, sf. a theocracy; from Gr. OeoKparia. Thodicee, sf. theodicy ; a word forged by Leibnitz out of the two Gr. words 6(6s and

documents

thus confirming the etymology given.

origin see ton.

Foi

TIERCE,

sf.

a third
;

from L. tertia.
;

Fo:

e = ie see 56 for -tia = -c^see agencer. TIERCELET, sm. a tercel (falcon) dim. o
O. Fr.
tiergol.

olus
e. g.

*, a

goshawk

Tiercol is from L. terti' in medieval Lat. texts

S'lKT}.

Th6ogonie,
Ofoyovia.

sf.

theogony;

from

Gr.

' Tertiolis et minoribus inter fal cones dari debet pro pastu sufficienti mino quantitas carnium ' in the Ars Venandi o Frederick II. Tertiolus is from tertius the male goshawk being one-third smalie than the female. Tertiolus become

tiercol:
sf.

for

e = ie see

56;

for

ci

Th6ologie,
yia.

Der.

theology; from Gr. $0X0a

see agencer.

theologiqxie, thiologiQ, theolog^X.

TIERCER,
for

vn. to raise the price one-third

Th^ordme,
6(wpr]na.

sm.

theorem
;

from

Gr.

from L. tertiare.
-tiare ment.

For e

= ie

= -cfr

see

264.

Der.

see

56

tierce

Th6orie,

from Gr. Ocupia. from Gr. etwpiKos. TIERS, adj. third; from L. tertius. Fo Der. theoricien. e = ie see arriere; for ti = s see 264. Der. tiers etat, tiers parti, //er.s-point. Th6rapeutique, sf therapeutics from Gr. TIGE, sf. a stalk; from L. tibia. Tibii OepavevTiKos. for bia = bja=Je se becomes tige Th6riaque, sf theriac, treacle from L. Its doublet is tibia, q. v. abreger. theriaca. Its doublet is triaqtie. Thermes, sm. pi. thermal baths from L. Tigre, sm. a tiger; from L. tigris. Dei
sf a theory

Theorique, adj.

theoric

thermae.

Der. therma], thermidor.

tigre.
;

Thermomdtre,
Th6sauriser,

sm. a thermometer Gr. 6(pfi6s and nerpov.

from Tigr6, adj. spotted.

See tigre.
tilbury;
introd.

t Tilbury,
up
Engl, tilbury.

sm. a

fron

va. to treasure up, heap

from Gr. thesaurizare.

TILLAC,

sm. a deck (of merchant ships)

TILLE

TOILE TTE.
;

355

of Germ, origin, like most naval terms, TISSERAND, sm. a weaver formerly tisseranc, originally tisserenc. This last form O. Scand. thilia, a floor, then deck. is a compd. of O. Fr. tissier, and of suffix TILLE, sf. lime-bast, bast; from L. tilia. enc, which is of Germ, origin (me). For li = ill see ail. As tisserand is for tisserenc, so Flamand is TILLEUL, sm. a lime-tree; from L. tilifor Flamenc, and chamhellan for chamolus *, dim. from tilia. For li = il see berlen, chamberlenc. ail; for -olus = ew/ see 253. fTimbale, sf. a kettle-drum; introd. TISSIER, sm. a weaver from L. texarius *, der. from texere. in 1 6th cent, from It. timballo. Its doublet See tisser. TISSU, sm. texture. See tistre. is timbre, q. v. Der. timbalitr. Der. Assure. bell, sound, stamp from L. TIMBRE, sm. a tympanura, by regular contr. (see 51) TISTRE, va. to weave from L. texere, by regular contr. (see 51) of texere to of tympanum to tymp'num, whence timbre. for p = 6 tex're. For n = r see diacre Tex're, by x = s (see 150), becomes tes're, whence tistre. For e = t see 111. Its doublets are timbale, tympan. Der. iimbrer. see 59; for sr = s/r see ancetre. Its doublet is tisser, q. v. Der. tissu (verbal Timide, adj. timid; from L. timidus.
;

Der. lutimider.

subst).

from L, timidi- Titillation, sf tickling. See titiller. Titiller, va. to tickle; from L. titillare. Der. titillaX-ion. from L. tem.o.nem. For e = t see 59. Der. timonier. TITRE, sm. a title; from L. titulus, by regular contr. (see 51) of titulus to TIMONIER, sm. a shaft-horse, a steersman. See timon. tit'lus, whence titre. For l = r see
sf.

Timidity,
tatem.

timidity;

TIMON,

sm. a carriage-pole

Tinior6,
201.
_

adj.

from L. timoratus.

timorous (found in the Vulgate); For -atus=-e' see

adj. used in dyeing;

apotre.

Der.

titrtr, attitrer.

Tinctorial,
tinctorius.

from L.

TITRE, adj. titled. See titre. TITRER, va. to title. See titre. Tituber, vn. to slip, stumble;
titubare.

from L.

TINE,

sf.

tub;

from
a

L.

tina.

Der.
Origin

Titulaire,

adj. titular;

tinette.

t Toast, sw.
sm.

TINTAMARRE,
unknown.

hubbub.

Engl, toast.

Der.

a toast,

from L. titularis. health ; introd. from

in

toster.

TOCSIN,

sm. a tocsin, alarm bell;

17th

TINTER,
tinkle;

va. to ring, toll (a bell); vn. to

cent, toquesin (in

Menage), compd. of two

tinnire.
tintovLxn.

from L, tinnitare, frequent, of For regular contr. of tinnitare

see

to tin' tare,

52.

Der,

tiritemtnt,

TIQUE,
Engl.

sf.

a tick;

of Germ, origin, from

tick.

words, toque (act of striking, see toquer) and sin (a bell). Sin is from L. signum, which is used for a bell in Merov. texts e.g. * Qui dum per plateam praeteriret, signum ad matutinas motum est erat enim dies dominica (Gregory of Tours,
:

'

TIR, sm.

a shooting.

See

tirer.

3,

5).

Signum

becomes

sin
is

by gn = n,
found in a

TIRAILLER,
(military).

va.

to
tirer.

pull,

proverb current as late as the 1 7th cent. bruit est si grand qu^on n'oirait pas las Neth. teren. Der. tir (verbal subst. masc), Bell-founders also used to be sins sonner. tire (verbal subst. fem. a tire d'aile, a tire called saintiers. As a confirmation of this larigot), tire, tira.de, tireur, tirage, //ret, etymology cp. Prov. toca-senh for tocsin, tiroir ztlirer, etirer, dedrer, vetirer, in which senh represents L. signum, soutirer; /zVailler. Toge, sf. a toga ; from L. toga. Tisane, sf a tisane, diet-drink from L. TOI, pers. pron. thee ; from L, tibi. For ptisana. For pt = / see Hist. Gram. the formation of the word see Hist. Gram, Der. For i oi see hoire. p. 80. 109. p. TISON, sm. a fire-brand ; from L. titionem. tuioyer. For ti = s see agencer. Der. tisonner. TOILE, sf. cloth ; from L. tela. For e = oi Tisser, va. to weave from L. texere. For Der. toilier, toilene, entoilcT, see 61. e = i see 59; x = ss see 150. Its {rentoiler), toilette (properly a napkin). doublet is tistre, q. v. Der. tissiLge. TOILETTE, sf. a toilette. See toile.
See
tirailleur.

Der.
;

pester,

skirmish
origin,

see accointer.

This word

TIRER,

va.

to

draw

of

Germ,

Le

a 2

35^
TOISE,

TOISE

TORJSA DOR.
See ton. Origin unknown. Hence come two words, tonnel * and tonnelle ; the latter survives in mod. French, the first has become tonneau. For el = eau see agneau. Der. /OMelier, tonne\tr, tonnzge. TONNEAU, sm. a cask. See tonne. TONNELER, va. to tunnel. See tonne. TONNELIER, sm. a cooper. See ton7te. Der. tonnellene. TONNELLE, sf. an arbour, vault. See tonne.
adj. tonic. a tun.

sf. a fathom, lit. the length between the outstretched arms. It. tesa, from L. ' tensa, found in medieval Lat. Habet namque ipsa domus in longitudine tensas XL,' in an iith-cent. document. Tensa is a partic. subst. from tensus, outstretched. By xxs = s (see aine) tensa becomes tesa,
:

Tonique,

TONNE,

sf.

whence
toiscT.

toise,

by

e = oi

(see 6l).

Der.

TOISER, va. TOISON, sf.

See toise. from L. tonsionem a fleece (act of shearing, then thing shorn, fleece). Tonsionem, reduced regularly to tosi;

to measure.

onem

(see aine),

becomes

toison,
Its

by

transis

position of i (see chanoine).

tonsion,

doublet

sm. a roof; from L. tectum. For attrait and 6i. Der. toiiuie. TOITURE, sf. roofing. See toil. TOLE, sf. sheet-iron ; formerly taule. Taule is from L. tabtda, a sheet of metal in

TO IT,

TONNER, vn. to thunder from L. tonare. For n = nn see ennemi. TONNERRE, sm. thunder. Prov. tonedre, from L. tonitru. For n = M see ennemi; for i = see 72 for tr = rr see 168.
;
;

ect = o// see

Tonsure,

sf.

tonsure; from L. tonsura.

in a.d.

TONTE, sf. shearing. See tondre. i* Tontine, sf. a tontine; introd.

1653 from
It.

tontina.
;

some

Topaze, sf a topaze from L. topazus. Tdbiila is regularly t Toper, vw. to stake equal (at dice) from contrd. (see 51) to tab'la, whence taule. It. toppare. For bl = i/Z = ul see aurone for au = 6 see Topique, adj. topical from Gr. romKCs. Tole is a doublet oi table, q.v. Topiques, sm. pi. the topics ; from Gr. 106.
late Lat. texts.
; ; ;

Tolerance,
Tol6rer,

sf.

tolerance.

See tolerer.

TOITIKT] (SC.

TeX^V)'
sf.

Der.

va. to tolerate; from L. tolerare.

Topographie,
TOTToypacpia.

topography;

from Gr.
It. tocca.

toUraxit {tolerance), tolerable (in-

tolerMe).

t Toque,
s/".

f Tomate,
tomate.

tomato;

introd.

from

Sp.

sf.

a cap; introd. from

offend

Der. toquet.
va. to
;

TOQUER,
sf.

from a primitive

Tombe,

tomb; from L. tumba.

Tombeau,
TOMBER,

Der, tombzl. sm. a bellus*, dim. of -eau see 282.

L. toccare *, of Germ, origin, O. H. G. z'dchon. Its doublet is toucher, q.v. Der.

tomb from L. tumtumba. For -ellus =

;

toe (verbal subst.), tocsin.

TORCHE, sf. a torch. See torcher. TORCHER, va. to wipe (with a

straw,
-cer
etc.,

wisp of

formerly tumber, of Germ, origin, O. Scand. tumba. For u = o Der. tombee (partic. subst), see annoncer tombere^u (a tumbril, cart which pitches
vn. to fall; over).

twisted

together)

tortiare
see
lit.

*, der.

from tortus.

Subst.,

agencer. Der. torche (verbal a wisp of straw ; in this sense

clout, dish-cloth),

from L. For -tia =

torche

becomes torchon, a
sm.
a

TOMBEREAU, sm. a tumbril. Tome, sm. a volume; from

Der. tomer, /omaison. Ton, sm, tone; from
/owique, /onalite.

See tomber. L. tomus.

torchxs.

TORCH IS,
torcher.

loam-coated

pit.

See
See

L.

tonus. Der.

TORCHON,
torcher.

sm. a house-cloth, clout.

;

from L. tuum, by regular contr, (see mon) of tuum to turn. becomes ton: for u = o see = n see changer. annoncer ; for TONDRE, va. to shear, clip from L. tondere, which was tondere in common Lat.,
poss.
adj.

TON,

thy

TORDRE,

Tum

from L. torquere, by change of accent from torquere to tdrquere (Hist. Gram. p. 133), and regular
va. to twist
contr. (see 51) of

torquere

to torq're,
for

whence
p. 73.

tor're.

For qr = r see benir;

tordeur.
;

euphonic intercalation of d see Hist. Gram,

as

we find debunt in
51.

(6th cent.)

ton dent
to

for

tonsee

Der. tordzge,

a fragment of the Itala.

For Tore, sm. (Archit.) a torus

(found in Vitruvius).
subst.,

from L. torus

regular contr. of

see absoute), tondeni, /oncfaison.

Der.

tondere
(strong

tond're

tonte

partic.

t Toreador,
toreador.

sm. a toreador;

from Sp.

TORPE UR
Torpeur,
Torpille,

TOURNER.
twehele, a towel.
aille:

357
Toacula becomes

sm. torpor; from L. torporem. sf. a torpedo ; a dim. formed from

;

toufor

for

-acula = -a/Z/e see

touch.

255

L. torpere.

Torrefaetion, sf. torrefaction torrefactionem *.

Torrefier,
ficare
*.

from

L.

071 see 81. TOUCHER, va. to

Its

doublet

is

toquer,

q. v.

Origin unknown. Der. touche

va. to torrefy

from L. torrefrom L. torren-

(verbal subst.), toucher (infin. taken substantively), zUoucher, refoucher.

Torrent,
tem.

Der. (orrentueux,
adj. torrid;
;

sm. a torrent;

TOUER,
most

va.
sea

to

tow; of Germ,
Engl.
tow.

torrent'iel.

terms,
a tuft.

Der.

origin, like

toue

Torride,

TORS,
loss

adj. twisted

from L. torridus. from L, tortus. For

;

(verbal subst.), ^07/age, /07/ee (partic. subst.).

TOUFFE,
origin.

sf.

O.

Fr. toffe, of

Germ,

of u see 50 for continuance of s see I49. Der. torsa.de. TORSADE, sf. a twisted fringe. See tors. + Torse, stn. a torso; introd. in l6th cent, from It. torso. Its doublet is thyrse, q. v. Torsion, sf torsion; from L. torsionem. TORT, sm. wrong; from L. tortus. The L. partic. tortus means first twisted,' then

Low Germ.

topp.

For

p=fsee
See

chef; for o

= ou

see 81.
lit.

'Der. touffn.

TOUJOURS,

adv. always,

every day.

tout ajid jour.

TOUPET,

'

(in Carol, times) a twist,

damage,

injustice.

We
illi,

find in the Capitularies of Charles the

'

Bald,

Sic injustitiam istam exsolvant, sicut

sm. a tuft (of hair), dim. of O. Fr. toupe. Toupe is of Germ, origin. Low Germ. topp. For o = ou see 81. TOUPIE, sf a spinning-top formerly topie, of Germ, origin, Er>gl. top. For o = ou see 81. TOUR, sm. a turn, tour. See tourner Der.
;

qui in suo ministerio tortum faciunt.'

;

touret, tourihre.

Torticolis, sm. a stiff neck compd. of the two Lat. words tortum collum.

TORTILLER,
culare
*,

va. to twist

der.

from L. tortifrom tortus. For -icula

;

TOUR, sf. a tower u = ou see 90. TOURBE, sf. turf,

81.

Der.

from L. turrim.
toureWe.

For

peat;
turf.

of Germ, origin.

= -ille,
ment,
der.

see
adj.

257.

Der.
;

Germ, torf EngL

tortille,

tortille-

Der. tourbeux,
sf
the

For o = ou see
herd
;

tourbihre.

entortiller.

Tourbe,
from L. tortuous *, For -ucus=- see

vulgar

from

L.

TORTU,

from

crooked tortus.

turba*.

For u,= om
sm. a
*,

see 90.

TOURBILLON,

whirlwind,

dim. of

237. The twisted shape of the feet of the testudo gave the animal the name of

primitive tourbille

which from L. ttirbi-

tortuca in rustic Lat. From tuca comes Sp. tortuga, Fr. -uca = -Me see 237.

this L.

tor-

tortue.

For

Tortueux,
osus.

adj.

winding; from L. tortu-

For -osus = -eM; see 229. Torture, sf torture; from L. tortura.

Der. torturer.

cula, der. from Class. L. turbo. For -icula = -///e see 257; for u = om see Der. tourbillonner. 90. TOURD, sm. (Ornith.) a fieldfare from L. turdus. Der. For u = ou see 90.

tourdeWe.

TOURELLE,
tour'iWon.

sf a turret.

See tour. Der.

Tester,

va. to toast.
early,

TOT,

adv.

See toast. soon formerly

;

TOURET,
tost,

from

L. tot cito, compd. of cito. Totcito, contrd. regularly (see 51) to totc'to, becomes toc'to, by tc= c see adjuger. Toc'to becomes tost by c = s, cp. amistie (amilie), {rom amic'tatem (see amitie) for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Der. plu^o^

sm. a wheel. See tour. TOURIERE, sf an attendant (at the revolving box in convents). See tour. TOURILLON, sm. a bearing-neck, axle-tree. See tourelle. TOURMENT, sm. a torment, plague from For o = om see 81. L. tormentum. Der. tourmentex (its verbal subst. is
;

(see phis).

tourmente).

Total,

adj. total;

from totus.

Der.
sf
a

from L. totalis*,
totalite.

der.

TOURMENTE,
tojirment.

sf

stormy weather.
It.

See

TOUAILLE,
CTila
:

ioaille, It. tovaglia,

*

round towel ; formerly from medieval L. toa-

TOURNER, va.
tornare.

to turn.

tornare, from L.

For

= 07/

see

81.

Der.

autem faciendos drappos albos 2 de quibus fieri possunt staminea 10 toaculae 2 ( Chronicon Fontanellense). Toacula is of Germ, origin, M. H. G.
saccos
'

Ad

/o?^r(verbalsubst.masc.,
tour, tourne (verbal

whence the compds.

fem.), tournee

entour, entourex, a Vewtour, z\ex\tGurs), ausubst.

(partic. subst.), tourna.vit, tournuie, tourneMx,

35^

TO URNESOL

TRA IRE.
TRACER,
It. tracctare, from L. from traotus, p.p. of trahere (to draw lines, trace). For ct =

contoumer, d6tourner, xttovrner, pour/oj/rner*, ztovrner* (which verbs only remain

in verbal substantives

va. to trace.
*.

tractiare
/

der.

pourtour, atour).
;

TOURNESOL, sm. (Bot.) a girasol, sunflower

comp. of tourner
L. sol.
(q. v.)

and

sol,

which

is

Der.
(found

see affete; for -tidcre -cer, see 264. trace (verbal subst.), tracd (partic.
a windpipe; from L. trachia Macrobius). traction; from L. tr actisf.

subst.); tracemtnt.

TOURNIQUET,
noyer.

sm. a

turnstile.

See tourSee

Trach6e,
in

sf.

TOURNOI,
tournoyer.

sm. a tournament, tourney.

TOURNOIEMENT,
round.
L.

sm. a turning round and

See tournoyer, TOURNOIS, adj. of Tours

Traction, onem. Tradition, s/; tradition onem. Its doublet is

from L. traditiL.

from (so. money) Turonensis, by regular contr. (see 52) of turdnensis to tur'nensis, whence txirnesis for ns = s see aine. Turnesis becomes tournois for u = o see 90
; ;
:

Traducteur,
Traduction,
ductionem.

sm. a
s/.

trahisson, q. v. translator; from

traductorem.
translation
;

from L. tra;

TRADUIRE,
ducere.

va. to translate

from L. trasee

for

e=

oi see 62.

For -dnoere

= -duire
from

con-

TOURNOYER,

vn. to turn round and round

d74ire. DtT. traduisihle.

from from tornare. L. tomicaa'e *, Tournoyer is from tornicare, like ployer from plica re. For letter-changes of-icare

t Trail C, sm. traffic; t Trafiquer, vn. to

ficare.

from

It. traffico.

traffic;

It.

traf-

= 0?/ see 81. see ployer; for Tournoi is tournoi (verbal subst. from tournoyer, cp. emploi from employer), tot/rnoiement. From tornicare comes

Der.

= -oyer

Trag6die,

Der. tragedien.
tradire,

sf.

tragedy; from L. tragoedia.

Tragique,

adj. tragic;
;

from L, tragicus.
originally tra'ir.
It.

TRAHIR,

va. to betray

also tourniquet, q. v.

from L, tradere.

cake ; from medieval sf. a L. torta, der. from L. torta, a rolled cake. ' Torta unde tortula diminutivum, genus cibi est vel panis, quod vulgo dioitur ita,' is found in an lith-cent. document. For = 07/ see 81. Der. tojtriVext, tourtenu. TOURTEAU, sm. a cake. See tourfe. TOURTEREAU, sm. turtle dove formerly tourterel, from L. turterellus*, dim. of
tart,

TOURTE,

-ahir see envahir.

traditionem
doublet
is

trahison (from L. for ti = s see agencer. Its

Der.

For -adere =

tradition, q. v.).

TRAIN, sm. TRAINER,

pace, retinue, train.

va.

See traire.

to

drag.

See

/ram. Der.

traine (verbal su'bst.),/ra?72^e (partic. subst.),

trainezu, traina.ge, trainaid, traineur, entrainer.

TRAIRE,
which O.

va. to milk,

lit.
it

to draw;

from

turtur. For see chapeler for ou see 90. Der. tourtereWe. TOUSSAINT, sf. All Haltews. See tous and

u=e

11 =

Fr. signification

has slowly been

restricted to special sense of

(cp. miier,

drawing milk

saint.

TOUSSER,

vn. to cough.

See toux.

TOUT,

atf/, all

see 8r.
/o?//efois.

from L. totus. Foro = ow Der. tout k coup, tout a fait,

adv. nevertheless.

TOUTEFOIS,
fois.

See tout and

from 'to change' to 'to moult'). For such narrowing of sense see 13. Trahere becomes traire as distrahere becomes distraire, or extrahere, extraire. Trahere was early changed to tragere (we find subtragendo for subtrahend in Merov. texts). Trjigere, regularly contrd. (see 51) to trag're, becomes
traire
:

TOUX, sf. = ou see

Toxique,

cough from L. tussis. For u 90 for ss = ; see deux. sm. poison from Gr. to^ikos
;
;

for

(properly poison for tipping arrows). Der. toxico\o^\e (compd. of toxique and Gr.
A.070S).

Der. trait (partic. subst. masc), see 54. traite (partic. subst. fern. Traite is properly
*

gr = r

see accueiller

for

a = ai

traite

drawn,' and keeps its original sense, as a is properly a letter of change drawn

on some one).
See traquer. torment. See traquer.
subst.),

From tragere comes deriv.

moving, march, whence
train

TRAC, sm. a track. TRACASSER, va. to

tragimen
as

*, act of

Der.

sense of train.
saiti.

Tragimen becomes
:

tracas

(verbal

tracass\tT,

tracassene.

for letter-changes see sagimen, sa/ As a confirmation of this origin, note

TRACE,

sf.

a trace.

See tracer.

that O. Fr.

had train while

Sp.

had tragin.

TRAIT TRANSSUBSTANTIER.
TRAIT,
sm. an arrow, shaft For letter-changes see tractus.
;

359

from
attrait.

L.

Transformer,
Transfuge,
fuga.

trans formare.

TRAITE,

See traire. a stage, journey. TRAITJE, sm. a treaty from L. tractatus. For -atu3 = -e see 201; for ot = it see
5/.
;

va. to transform; from L. Der. transform^ition. sm. a deserter; from L. trans-

Transfuser,
dere.

va.

to

transfuse;

attrait.

transfusare*,
to treat
attrait.

TRAITER, va. For ct = it see

ment,

Der.

from L. traotare.
traiieur, traite-

Der.

frequent,

of

from L. transfun:

transfusion.
va. to transgress
*,

Transgressor,
transgressare
gredi.
gere.

/rct//able.

TRAITRE, sm. a traitor; formerly traitre, from L. traditor. For regular loss of o see 50, whence tradit'r, which loses medial d (see accahler) and becomes O. Fr. traitre. Der. /raZ/reusement, traitresse. Trajectoire, 5/. a trajectory ; from L. tra-

Der. transgresseuv, transgression.

va. to transact
chill,
;

frequent,

of

from L. trans-

Transiger,
Transir,

from L. transito

va. to

vn.

be chilled

jectoria

*.

Trajet, sm. passage; from L. trajectus.

For ct = ^ see
affete.

from L. transire * ( = to die in medieval Lat. texts), compd. of trans and ire. From sense of dying it passes to that of being chilled with cold, sorrow, etc. Der. transe

(verbal subst.), transi, /rawsissement.

a trammel, net; formerly Transit, sm. a transit; from L. transitus. from L. transitremail, from L. tremaculura, in the Loi Transitif, adj. transitive Salique, 29, 32 tremaculum 'Si quis tivus. For Transition, sf a transition from L. tranaut vertevolum de flumine furaverit.' sitionem. e = a see amender for -aculuin = -ai7 see from L. Tremaculum, lit. of three Transitoire, adj. transitory 255. meshes, is compd. of L. tres and m.acvila. transitorius. from L. Trame, sf. weft, course from L. trama. Translator, va. to translate Der. tramtx. translatare *, from translatus. Tramontane, sf. the north wind; Translation, sf a translation from L. t from It. tramontana. translationem. TRANCHER, va. to cut. Origin unknown. Transmettre, va. to transmit from L. Der. tranche (verbal subst.), tranchznt, For i = e see 72. transmittere.

TRAMAIL,

sm.

iranchee (partic. subst.), tranchet, tranchoir,

retrancher.

Transmission,
adj. tranquil
;

Der. transmis, transmissible. sf. transmission

from L. from L,
see

Tranquille,
quillus.

Der. tranquilizer.
sf.

from L. tranfrom L.
from L.
;

transmissionem.

Transmuer,
mi/er.

va.

to

transmute

Tranquillite,

tranquillity;

transmutare.

tranquillitatem.

For

mutare = wwer

Der. transm7iMe.

Transaction,

sf.

a transaction;

Transmutation,
L.

sf transmutation; from
;

transactionem.

transmutationem.
adj. transparent
*.

Transborder,
of L. trans
tra?ishorden\en\.,

va.

to trans-ship
Fr.

compd.

and

border, q. v.

Der.

Transparent,
Transpercer,

transparentem

Der, transparence.
;

from L.

transbordMe.
adj.

va. to transfix

compd. of
from
;

Transcendant,

transcendent; from L. transcendentem. Der. transcendance.

L. trans and Fr.percer, q. v, Transpirer, vn. to transpire;

trans and spirare.

Der.
to

L,

/ras/>i>ation.

Transcription,
L.

sf.

a transcription

from

Transplanter,
Transporter,

transcriptionem.
va.

transplantare.
;

Transcrire,
see ecrire.

to transcribe

from L.

transcribere.

For

- scrib ere

-scr/re

Der. transport from transportare. Der. transport

tratisplantation.
;

va. to transplant

from L,
L.

va.

(verbal

subst.), transportable.

TRANSE,
ferre.

sf affright.

See transir.
;

Transposer,
L. trans
ition.

va. to transpose

Transferer,

va. to transfer
a transfer;

from L. trans-

and Fr. poser.

Der.

compd. of
iranspos-

from L. trans- Transsubstantier,t;a. to transubstantiate; fertus, barbarous p.p. of transferre. compd. of L. trans and substantiare *, Transfigurer, va. to transfigure from L. der.from substantia. Der. transsubstantitransfigurare. Der. transfiguriiiioii. ation.

Transfert, sm.

3^0
Transvaaer,
va. to

TRA NSVA SERTRSMO USSER

decant
;

compd. of
;

to tripasser, trebucher,
regular loss of
s,

tr^filer, treleau,

by

L. trans and Fr. vase, q. v. Transverse, adj. transverse

see Hist.

Gram.

p. 81.

transversus.
alement.

Der. tramversa],
;
;

from

L.

transversrp6.-

Trapeze,

sm. a trapezium

from Gr.

TRAPPE,

from medieval sf. a trap, trapdoor L. trappa, a snare, in the Lex Salica, 7, 9 ' Si quis turturem de trappa furaverit,' Trappa is of Germ, origin, like most hunting terms, O. H. G. trapo, a trap, snare. Der. AttrappcT (lit. to trap. For this word
:

TREBUCHER, vn. to stumble; formerly tresbucher, answering to a Lat. form transbuccare *, compd. of trans ^for trans = and buccare, der. from tres see tre-) buccus *, a word found in O. Fr. hue, the human trunk, which is A.S. buc. Tri'bucher is therefore properly to overthrow the body, fall over ; and this etymology is confirmed by the It. transbustare, which is compd. of the Lat. prefix trans and busto, the human bust. For cc = cA see 126; for es = e
see Hist.

see 20).

Gram.
va.

p. 81.

Der.

trebuchet*.

TRAPU, adj. stubby, squat.

TRAQUENARD,

Origin unknown. sm. a racking-pace, *traquenard * (dance). See traquer. TRAQUER.vfl. to beat (a wood), hunt; then Traquer is properly to enclose, surround. to draw a net round a wood to catch the and is of Germ, origin, game in it Der. trac (verbal subst. Neth. trekken.
;

TREFILER,
tresfiler,

to

wiredraw;

formerly
der.

from filum, properly to pass thread through the drawing-frame. For trans = tres tre see

from L. transfilare,

tri".

Der.

tre/ileur, trefilerit.
;

TREFLE,
by

sm. trefoil from L. trifolium, contr. of trifolinm to triflium,

trejle.
sf.

( 51), whence

masc.), traque (verbal subst. fem.), /rag'?^eur,

iraquet, traquen&rd, /racasser.

TREILLE,

For i = c see 72. vine-arbour, trellis-arbour;

in Coluniella

from L. tricliila (found

in the Copa).

and

TRAVAIL,
,

sm. a horsebreaker's break. It. travaglio, Sp. trabajo, Prov. trahahl, properly a break for vicious horses and in this sense is from L, trabaculum *, der. from trabem. For b = v see 113; for -aculvim = -ai7 see 255. From sense of a machine for restraining horses, the word comes to mean constraint, drudgery, trouble, whence the verb travailler, to vex oneself,
;

TricMla,
treille

regularly contrd.

(see

by

cli

51) to trich'la, becomes tricla

= c,

whence

(see 257).

Der.

by

-icla,

= -eille

treilhge,

treillis.

TREILLIS, sm.

a trellis.
;

See

treille.

TREIZE,

from L. tredecim, by regular contr. (see 51) of tr^decira to tred'cim, whence treize. For dc = e see adjuger for e = ei see 61 for c = z
adj. thirteen
;

exert oneself,

work

hard.
labour.

see amitie.

TRAVAIL, sm. labour. TRAVAILLER, vn. to

Der.
der.

See travailler. See travail.

Trema,
rprjixa.

sm.

(Gram.)

diaeresis;

from Gr.

travail.
sf.

TREMBLE,
from L. trabata *, For b=v see 113
;

TRAVEE,
for -ata
for

a bay, arch

from trabem.

It. sm. (Bot.) an aspen-tree. tremula, from L. tremula (lit. that which trembles), by regular contr. (see 51) of

= -e

see 201.

tremula

to

tremla, whence

tremble.

TRA VERS, sm. breadth

transversus.

Der. traverser, traversin.

to
cross,

from L. traversus,
traverse.

For nil = m6/ see Hist. Gram. 73. TREMBLER, vn. to tremble. It. tremolare, from L. tremulare*,
*

TRAVERSER,
travers.

Der.

va.

See

deriv. of

tremxilus.
fletu

traverse (verbal subst.), tra-

Nimio

frigore

horribiliter

cum

ac

verser (partic. subst.).

stridore

dentium tremnlantes,' says Flo-

TRAVERSIN,
1 6th

sm. a bolster.

See travers.

fTravestir,
cent,

va. to travesty; introd. in

It.

from

travestire.

Der.

doard(iii. 3). Tremulsire, regularly contrd. (see 52) to trem'Iare, becomes trembler.

tra-

vesrissement.

TRE-, TRES-,
tra-, tras-,

prefix

across, beyond.

It.

For mi mbl see Hist. Gram. p. 73. Der. trembloier, tremblem, tremblement. TREMIE, sf. a mill-hopper corruption of
;

O. Fr. tremuie, compd. of tre, which is from from L. trans, which, by ns = s L. tres, and muie, which is the L. mobecomes tras, whence tres for Thus transsalire bedia, lit. a trough to hold three bushels. For a = e see 54. loss of d see alouette for o = ui see 84. comes tressaillir; trans pass are, transOrigin unbuccare*, trans filare*, transtellum *, TREMIS;RE, sf. hollyhock. known. were in O. Fr. trespasser, tresbucher, tresfiUr, tresteau, which in mod. Fr. are reduced TREMOUSSER (SE), vpr, to flutter; from
(see aine),
: ;

TREMPE
L.

TRICTRA
trecer

C,
see

36,
264;
for
i

transmotiare

*, to

move

rapidly, der.

from transmotus, p. p. of transmovere. Transmotiare becomes tremousser for trans = ^re see tre-; for o = ou see 81;
:

72

Der.

= tresser
tresteau,

=e
;

see
for-

tresse (verbal subst.).

TRETEAU,
merly

sm. a mountebank's stage

originally trestel,

from L.

for -tiare

= -sser

TREMPE, sf. TREMPER, va.

L.
' :

see 264, temper (of steel).

See tremper.
;

to steep, dip, temper

in

from

transtellum *, dim. from transtrum, a bench, beam, platform. Transtellum, by trans = tres (see tre-), becomes O. Fr. trestel,

temperare, lit. mix so we find

vinum
d' eau.

to temper steel, also to

Gregory of
'

temperatum
Temperare,
to

vhi

Tours, trempe

Hist.

whence later treteau. For loss of s Gram. p. 81 for -ellum = -eaM

;

see
see*

282,

regularly contrd. (see

TREUIL,

temp'rare, becomes O. Fr. 52) temprer, later tremper, by transposition, see aprete. Tremper is a doublet of temperer,
q. V.

sm. a wheel and axle. It. torcolo, from L. torculum, a press, which was the meaning of tretiil in very O. Fr. Torcuregularly

Der,

lum,

contrd.

(see

51),

be-

trempe

(verbal

subst.),

de-

tremper.

+ Tremplin,
in

sw. a spring-board; 16th cent, from It. trampellino.

adj.
thirty.
loss

introd.

comes torclum, whence, by transposing r (see aprete), troclum, whence treuil. For o = ew see 79 for cl = il see
;

aheille.

TRENTE,
allier.

Sp. treinta, from L.

TREVE,
Germ,

sf.

truce

originally
truce.

trive,

lit.

triginta, by regular

For

i=e

see

of medial g, see Der. trent 72.

security, peace,
origin,

whence

Trive

is

of

ieme, /r^M/aine, Trepan, sm. a trepan; trapano. Der. trepaner.

introd.

from

It.

Goth, triggua. Triggua, consonnifying u to v {c^. Janvier from j anuarius, becomes trigva, whence q. v.), O. Fr. trive, by gv-v. For i = e see

TREPASSER,
It.

vn. to die.

O.Fr.

trespasser,

L. transpassare, properly to pass across, then to die it is almost the exact rendering of the popular phrase /aire le saut. For trans = tres - tre
trapasiare,

from

Triangle, sm.
triangulum. 51.

trivet,

triangle

from L.

For
adj.

loss

of penult,

see

see tre-.

Der. trepas
sf.

Triangulaire,
triangularis.

triangular;
triangulation

from
;

L.

(verbal subst.).

Trepidation,
pjdationem.

trepidation; from L. tre-

Triangulation,

sf.

from L.

triangulationem*, from triangulus.

;

from L. tripedera. Tribord, sm. starboard. O, Fr, estribord, of Germ, origin, Engl, starboard. 72; for pedem = pied see pied. Tribu, sm. a tribe; from L. tribus. TREPIGNER, vn. to stamp one's feet; der. Tribulation, sf tribulation; from L. trifrom O. Fr. treper, as egratigner is from bulationem. gratter. Treper is of Germ, origin, Neth. Tribun, sm. a tribune; from L. tribunus. trippen. Der. trepignemQn^. Der. tribunit (from L, tribunatus). TRfiS, adv. very; from L. trans, lit. beyond, Tribunal, sm. a tribunal; from L. trithen later 'very.' By ns = s (see aine) bunal, trans becomes tras, whence tres. For t Tribune, sf a tribune (speaker's desk), a = esee 54. gallery from It. tribufia. TRESOR, sm. a treasure. It. tesoro, from L. Tribut, sm. tribute; from L. tributum. = /, and by au = o (see Tributaire, adj. tributary; from L. tributhesaurus. By th. tarius. 106) thesaurus becomes tesor, whence, by intercalating r, tresor (see chanvre). TRICHER, va. to trick, cheat. O. Fr. treDer. tresorier, tresorerie. cher, of Germ, origin, M. H. G. trechen, TRESSAILLIR, vn. to start, shudder; from to launch a shot, thence to play a trick. L. transsalire *. For trans = tres see For e = i see 59. Der. tricheur, trichs7n.

TREPIED,

a tripod
see

For tri = /re

tre-

for salire

= saillir
;

see

saillir.

Der,

erie.

^ressaz7/ement.

Tricolore,
originally trecer.
It.

adj. tricoloured;

from L.

tri-

TRESSER,
trecciare,

va. to plait

color.

triccia *, from Gr. rpixo., tripartite, whence sense of a tress, three-plaited. For tricciare =

from L. tricciare *, der. from a later form of trichea, which

TRICOTER,

Der,

va. to knit.

Origin

unknown.

tricot (verbal subsr.), tricoteui, tri-

coteuse, iricotngQ.

TRICTRAC,

sm.

backgammon

formerly

35a
tictac.

TRIENNA L

TR

UBLE,

Ticlac is an onomatopoetic word, TROGNE, sf. a full face. Origin unknown. from the noise of the rattling dice, see 34. TROGNON, sm. a core (of fruit). Origin Triennal. adj. triennial; from L. trienunknown. nalis *, from triennis. T RO IS, ar^'. three; from L. tres. Fore = o/ TRIER, va. to sort, cull. It. tritare, from L. see 61. Der. trois'xhme. tritare, der. from tritus, p. p. of terere. TROLER, vn. to drag about, gad, lounge The actual sense comes from the phrase about of Germ, origin, Germ, trollen. granum terere,' to beat the corn from TROMBE, sf a waterspout from L. turbo, the chaff, trier le grain, whence the meanby transposing r (see dprete) and by interThe It. tritare, which keeps calating m (see lambruche). ing of trier. both senses, to grind and to sort, confirms t Trombone, sw. a trombone; from It. this etymology. For loss of medial t see trombone.

Origin untromptx (properly to play Gr, rpiyonfov and fiirpov. the horn, alluding to quacks and mountebanks, who attracted the public by blowing t Trille, sm. a trill from It. trillo. TRIMBALER, va. to drag about. Origin una horn, and then cheated them into buying known. thence to cheat). TRIMER, vn. to run about. Origin un- TROMPER, va. to deceive. See trompe. known. Der. trompeuT, tromperie, detromper. Trimestre, sm. a quarter of a year from TROMPETTE, sf. a trumpet. See trompe. Der. /r/mes/riel. L. trimestris. Der. trompettr. TRINGLE, sf. a curtain-rod. Origin imi- TRONC, sm. a trunk; from L. truncus. known. Der. tringler, tringlette. For u = see annoncer. Der. tronche (fem. form of ironc, whence dim. troncket), Trinit6, sf. the Trinity; from L. trinitrizge.
sf.

abbaye.

Der.

TROMPE,
known.

Trigonoin6trie,

trigonometry;

from

Der.

sf.

a horn, trumpet.

tatem. Der.
origin

trinitsihe.

tron^on.
glasses
;

Trinquer,
Germ,
trinken.

vn.
(see

to

touch

of

27), from Germ.

sm. a trio ; introd. from It. trio. Triolet, sm. a triplet; from L. tres. Triomphal, adj. triumphal ; from

t Trio,

L.

triumphalis.

Triomphateur,

sm. a triumpher; from L.

triumphatorem.

Triomphe,
tr
i

sm. a triumph; from L. u m p h u s . Der. triompher TRIPE, sf tripe. Origin unknown. Der.
.

trip2.i\\e, tripette, tripiei,

tripihre.

TRIPLE,
triplet.

adj. triple

from L. triplus. Der.

a medley, intrigue.

TRIPOTER,

va. to

Origin unknown.

Der.

make

sm. a fragment. See tronc. Der. tronfonner. TRONE, sm. a throne from L. thronus. Der. trontr, detrdner. Tronquer, va. to mutilate; from L. truncare. TROP, adv. too much. From Low Lat. troppus *, which from O. H. G. drupo ; see Hist. Gram. p. 160. Der, par trop (see par). Trope, sm. a trope, rhetorical figure ; from L. tropus. Troph.6e, sm. a trophy ; from L. tropaeum. Tropique. acf/. tropical; from L. tropicus. Der. tropical. t Troquer, va. to exchange, truck from
;

TRONCON,

/r/^o/ (verbal subst.),

Sp. trocar.

Der.

troc (verbal subst.)

;

tripot-dge, tripoter.

TROTTER,
(we
'

va. to trot

from L. tolutare *
trotter, in

TRIQUE, sf a cudgel. Origin unknown. Trirdme, sm. a trireme; from L. triremis.

find

tolutarius, a

Seneca

ire

by
adj. sad;

contr. of

tolutim,,' to go at a trot, in Pliny), tolutare to tlutare, whence

TRISTE,
at/Ws/er.

from L. tristis. Der.

;

trotter.

For tl = ^r

lum,
sadness

chapitre.

Der.

cp.

titlum,

titre

capitsubst.),

trot (verbal

TRISTESSE, sf
Triturer,
rare.

from L. tristitia.
from L. tritu- t

trotteuT, trotto'iT.

For -itia = -fsse see

Der.

245. va. to triturate ;

TROU,

Troubadour, sm.

trituration.

Trivial,

fl(^'. trivial ; from L. trivialis. Der. trivialite. TROC, sm. barter (of old goods), truck. See

See trouer. a troubadour; from Prov. trobador, der. from verb trobar = For etymology of trouver, to find, invent. trobar see trouver. Its doublet is trouveur,
q.v.
adj.
turbid,

sm. a hole.

tro^uer.

TROUBLE,

muddy;

from L.

TROUBLER
turbulus*, by bulus to turb'lus, whence
contr, (see

TVER.
invents.

3^3

51) of tiirtrouble,

by

transposition of r, see dprete.

TROUBLER,
(liquids)
;

va. to troubl-e, disturb, thicken

from L. turbulare *, der. from turbula, found in Ammianus Marcellinus.

Trotwere would answer to a Low Lat. form trovator *, which, by regularly losing its final vowel (see 50), becomes trovat'r, whence trovere (for a = e see 54; for tr = r see 168), then trouvere (for o = ou see 86). Trouvere is
a doublet of troubadour, q. v.

Turbuldre,
to turb'lare,

regularly contrd. (see

52)
see

becomes troubler
see

for trans-

TRUAND,
dieval

position
97.

Der.
(' Si

of r

aprete;

for

u = om

trojible (verbal subst.), trouble.

TROUER,
Lat.
tit.

va. to perforate.
in the

traugus, found

The barbarous Ripuarian Law,

traiigum

sm. a vagrant, truant from meLat. trutannus Praecipimus ut semper pauperes magis indigentes (et minime trutanni) ad ipsam oeieemosynam admittantur,' from a document of a.d. 1340.
; : '

43

quis in clausura aliena

Trutannus
For
loss

ad transeundum fecerit'), whose origin is unknown, has produced Prov. trauc, O. Fr. trou. For loss of g see allier for au = ou From trou comes the verb see alouette.
;

is of Celtic origin, Kymr. tru. of medial t see abbaye Der.

triianderie.

Truchement,
Sp. trucheman, a

dragoman

sm. an interpreter; from Its doublet is

trouer,

whence
sf.

trouee.

drngman,

q. v.
sf.

TROUPE,
L.

a troop; der. from barbarous

*.
'

TRUELLE,
a

trowel, fish-slice; dim. of

a
truffle.

troppus

Si

enim

in

troppo de

form true
sf.

*,

which from L. trua.

Origin

jumeutis illam ductricem aliquis involaverit (Lex Alamannorum, 7, 9). Origin unknown. Troupe is from troppus *, or rather from the fem. form troppa*: for o = ou see Der. troiipe^u, troupier, zUrouptx. 86. TROUPEAU, sm. a flock. See troupe. TROUPIER, sm. a trooper. See troupe. TROUSSE, 5/. a bundle, breeches. See trorisser. Der. /ro?seau,de^roMsser (properly to take

TRUFFE,
known.

Der.

(Bot.)

un-

truffxex, truffer.

TRUIE, s/.a sow. It. iroja, from L. troja, a sow in common Lat. We know that the Romans
called a roast pig a
'

porcus troianus,' in

the stomach of which were put birds and other animals, in allusion to the Trojan
horse.

Thence,

called the

by sow troia.

assimilation,

people

writer under the

off the breeches), trotisse(\\\m.

TROUSSEAU,
trousse,

sm. a small bundle,

outfit.

See

Empire, Messala Corvinus, tells us that in his day the Romans called the sow troia
: '

Troia namque vulgo

read
in

Latine scrofa dicitur.'

TROUSSER,

va. to tuck up, turn up; formerly trosser, originally torser, from L. tortiare *, to bind together, der. from tortus, p.p. of torquere. Tortiare, by -tiare = -ser (see 264), becomes torser,

We
truie

legal

document,

omnes meas do, by o = ou,

j
sf.

lego.'

Troias Troia becomes

*

see

86.

For relation

of

to i see aider.
a trout
;

TRUITE,

from L. tructa (found

it

whence trosser, by transposing For later change of to ou

Der.
trousse
(a

r,

see aprete.
.86.

in Pliny).

For ct =

see attrait.

see

TRUMEAU,
known.

sm. a leg of beef.

Origin un-

together,
trousser.

bundle of things bound a verbal subst.), trouss'is, reva.

to
find;

TU,

pers. pron. thou toyer (see toi).

from L. tu.

Der.

tu-

TROUVER,
torver in
trobar,

formerly
;

trover,

Tube,

an I ith-cent. document Prov. from L. turbare, to move, seek for, then lastly find. For h=v see 113; for u = see annoticer (whence O. Fr. torver,

sm. a tube; from L. tubwXtwx, tuhwXMXt.

tubus

Der.

Tubercule,

sm.

tuberculum.

Tub^reuse,
tuberosa.

Der. tubercuhnx. sf (Bot.) a tuberose ; from L.

kill,

tubercule;

from L.

whence
aprete;

trover)

for transposition of r see

change of o to ou see This etymology is confirmed by 86. O. Port, trovar, which = both trouver and remuer, like the L. turbare. Just as turbare becomes trouver, so conturbare becomes controuver. Der. trouvMWe, trouveur (whose doublets are trouvere, troufor later

TUER,

va. to

a tolerably recent

word

badour,
i

q. v.).

TROUVERE,

sm. a poet,

lit.

one

who

finds,

O. Fr. 'to kill' was not tuer but occire (from oocidere). In O. Fr. tt4er meant to stifle, as in Prov. tudar, Tuer is from L. tutari, to O. It. tutare. defend, then cover for defence, then stifle; e. g. tuer le feu was originally to bank up a fire, then to stifle, then, generalised ( 12), By losing medial t (see abbaye) to kill.
in this sense:
in

3<54

TVF

UNIQUE.
Turbulent,
lentus.
turbulence.
adj. turbulent
;

tntari gives tuer, as commutare gives commuer, remutare, sternutare, saluniutare, become remuer, eternuer, faluer, muer. Der. tuer'xt, /weur. Tuf. sm. tufa from L. tophus. For ph=/ see coffre for o = ou see curee. Tuile, sf. a tile; from L. tegula, by regular contr. (see 51) of K'-gtila to teg'la, whence tuile. For gl = // see cailler for e = w seejumeau. Der. tuilier, tuileve.
tare,

from L. turbutroublant.

Its

doublet
turf;

is

Der.

tTurf,
turf

sm.

introd.

from

Engl.

Turgescent.
centem.

Der. turgescence.

arf/.

turgid

from L. turges;

Turlupin,

fTulipe,

sf.

a tulip; from Sp. lulipa.

Der. tulipier. Tulle, sm. press-point, tulle of hist, origin (see 33), tulle being a textile fabric woven first at Tulle, just as Valenciennes
;

sm. a maker of conundrums of hist, origin (see 33), alluding to Turlupin, an actor of the time of Louis XIII. Der. turlupinex. turlupinz.de. Turpitude, sf. turpitude; from L. tur-

pitudinem. Tut61aire, adj.

laris.

tutelary;

from L.
;

tute-

lace

was

first

made
sf.

at that place.

Tutelle,
tutela.

ff.

tutelage, guardianship

from L.

Tumefaction,
Tura6fier,
ficare
*.
i/a.

tumefactionem

tumefaction; from L. from tumefactus. to tumefy; from L. tume*,

Tuteur,

sm. a guardian; from L. tutorem. TUTOYER, va. to say ' thou and thee to, treat intimately. Der, See tu and toi.
'

Tumeur,
grave;

Tumulaire,
mulus.

sm. a tumor; from L. tumor em. adj. tumular, pertaining to a from L. tumularis*, from tu;

tutoiemtnt.

Tutrice, sf
tutricem.

a female

guardian

from L.

TUYAU,

Tumulte, sm. a tumult from L tumultus. Tumultueux, adj. tumultuous; from L.

tumultuosus.

sm. a pipe, tube; formerly tuyel, from L. tubellus, dim. of tubus, by loss see aboyer; for el = au see agneau.
of medial b,

Tunique,
f

sf.

a tunic;

Tunnel,
Engl, tunnel.

sm.

tunnel;

from L. tunica. introd. from

Tympan,
drum.

Turban,
turbante.
suffix ot

Its doublet is tonneau, q. v. sm. a turban; introd. from It.

sm. a typanum (of the doublet is timbale, q. v. tympanlser, tympanite. Type, sm. a type; from L. typus.
Its

Der.

ear),

Der.

typ'ique.
;

TURBOT,

sm. a turbot der., by help of dim. ( 281), from a primitive form turbe*, which from L. ttirbo, properly a top, then a turbot, from the likeness of the fish to the shape of a top. The Gr.
pofjL^os.

Typhoide,
der.

adj. typhoid

from

rvcpos.

Typhus, sm. typhus Typographie, sf

rvTTos

and

ypd(pQ}.

Der. typographique.
;

from Gr. TvcpdiSrjs, See typhus. from Gr. rvcpos. typography; from Gr.
;

which

signifies a

top and a turbot,

TjO'an, sm.

a tyrant

from L. tyr annus.

confirms this derivation.

Der. tyrannic, tyranniser.

u.
TJbiquiste, sm. an Ubiquitarian from L. ubique. Ubiquit, sf ubiquity; from L. ubique.
;

UMBLE,
L.
autel.

um.bra (found
adj.

sm. (Ichth.) an umber, char from in Ovid). For r = / see

;

Ulcere, sm. an
Ult^rieur, orem.
]-

ulcer;

from L. ulcerus.
from L. ulteri-

UN,

one

from

L.

unus.

Der.

Der. ulcertx, 7//ceVation.

adj. ulterior;

wwieme.

Unanime,
nimus.
mis.

Der, unanim\te.
ao?;.

adj.

unanimous; from L. una;

Ultimatum,
L.

sm. an ultimatum; from

p. p.

Uniforme,
Union,

ultimatum *,

of

ultimare

*,

Der. uniformiie.

uniform

from L. unifor-

from ultimus.

t Ultramontain,
introd.

from

It.

ultramontane; oltramontano.
adj.

sf union; from L. unionem doublet is oignon, q, v. Unique, adj. unique; from L. unicus.

Its

UNIR
Unir,
va. to unite; from L. unire.

VAIN.
from usus,
Msance.
to
p. p.

3^5
of uti.

Der.

Der.
*
is

wsage,
*,

desnnir, rez/nzV.

(A

deriv. of

usare

usinare

Unisson,

^m. unison; from L. unisonus*. Unite, sf. unity; from L. unitatem. Univers, sm. the universe; from L. universum (found in Cicero). from L. Universality, sf. universality
;

have the use of, in several medieval Lat. documents, whence verbal subst. usina, which signifies use of water-power, in an lith-cent. text; whence it comes to mean, later, any factory driven by water, then a
factory generally.)
sf.

universalitatem,

Universel,
versalis.

adj. universal;

from L, uni- USINE,

a manufactory, factory.
;

See user.

Usit6,
5/.

adj. in use, used

p. p. oUisiter,

which

University,
versitatem,
munity,
in
7iniversita.\Te.

a university

from L. unicent.). Der.

is

from L. usitari.
utensil;

a college, corporation,

com- Ustensile, sm. an

Marcianus

(6th

silia (found in Varro

from L. utenand Livy).

sm. (Ichth.) the uranoscopus from L. uranoscopus (found in Pliny). Urethra, sm. (Med.)ureter from Gr. ovp-qT-qp. Ur^tre, sm. (Med.) urethra; from Gr. ov;

Uranoscope,

act of sf. burning; from L. ustionem. Usuel, adj. usual from L. usualis. Usufruit, sm. usufruct; from L. usufruc;

Ustion,

ustion

(Roman Law),

tus.

prjOpa.

Usure,
adj. urgent;

sf.

usury;

from L. usura.

Der.

Urgent,

Der. urgency.

from L. urgentem.
L. urina.
uric; derived, with

7^s7/rier, j/swraire.

Usurper,
Uterin,
Utile,

Urine, sf. urine; from Urique, adj. (Chem.)

Der. Mswrpateur, wswrpation.

adj. uterine;

va. to usurp;

from L. usurpare.

Urne,

urate and uree from Gr. ov^ov. from L. urn a. sf. an urn
;

adj.

useful;

from L. uterinus. from L. utilis. Der.

7{{Hhe, udliser, utilituxre.

Utopie, sf. Utopia, plan of government of an sf. (Med.) urticaria, nettle-rash imaginary and perfect country; from Gr. from L. urtica. ov Toiros, lit. no-place, land of nowhere. US, sm.. usage from L. usus. Der. utopiste. USER, vn. to use from L. usare *, der.
Urticaire,
;

V.
Vacant,

Der. vacance.
origin,

adj. vacant;

from L. vacantem. Vagir, vn. to wail

t/ag-issement.

from L. vagire.

Der.

VACARME,

sm. a wagon ; from Engl, wagon. sm. a hubbub, uproar ; of Germ. t Neth. wacharmer, woe to thee VAGUE^ sf. a wave; of Germ origin, O.H.G. Vacarme in medieval Fr. was an exclamauiac. tion, and came later to signify a noise. Vague, adj. vague; from L. vagus. sw. an officer in charge Vacation, sf a vacation; from L. vacati- t a word introd. in the 1 6th of the baggage onem. it is the cent, by the German horsemen Vacein, sm. vaccine-matter; from L. vacDer. vaccinal (whence vaccine). Germ, wagen-meister. In a.d. 1650 Menage cinus. defined vaguemestre as un officier qui a le VAC HE, sf a cow from L. vacea. For Der. vachtr, vacherie. soin de faire charger et atteler les bagages cc = ch see 1 26. d'une armee. Vacillant, adj. vacillating. See vaciller. Vaciller, vn. to vacillate; from L. vacil- Vaguer, vn. to wander ; from L. vagari. VAILLANCE, sf. valour ; from L. valentia. lare Der. vacillement, vacilla.tion. For -tia = -ce see agencer ; for en = an see Vacuity, sf. vacuity from L, vacuitatem. andouille. sm. a vade-mecum; t VAILLANT, adj. valiant; from L. valenfrom L. vade mecum. tem. Vagabond, adj. vagrant, sm. a vagabond For from L. vagabundus. Der, vagabondei, VAIN, adj. vain ; from L. vanus.

Vagon,

Vaguemestre,
;

Vade-mecum,

vagabondzge.

-anus = -at

see 194.

366
VAINCRE, va.
by regular
to vinc're. to conquer
;

VAINCREVA UDEVILLE.

Der. vainqueur.
;

contr. (see

from L. vincere, 51) of vinofire

VAIR,
For

sm. vair (furriery) from L. varius. attraction of i see aigle. Der.

VANNE, sf. a sluice, shuttle. See van. VANNER, va. to ventilate, winnow. See van. VANNIER, sm. a basket-maker. See van. VANTAIL, sm. a folding-door. See vent.

vairon.

VANTARD, sm. a braggart. VANTER, va. to extol, boast

tare*. * Vanitas autem vel falsi vel
Animae, 23).
atonic
i

See vanier.
;

from L. vani;

VAISSEAU,
vaissel.
It.

sm.

ship,

vessel

formerly

est fallacia

vanitantea

from L. vascellum, der. from vas. Vascellum becomes vaissel: for a, = ai see 54; for so = ss see cresson for el = eau see agneau. The fem. form of vaissel is vaisselle. VAISSELLE, sf. plate (gold and silver). See
vascello,
;

fallentes vel utrique in-

telliguntur,' says St.

Augustine (De Quant.

regularly losing

Vanitdre

(see

whence

vanter.

Der. vantzxA, vantezie.

52) becomes van'tare,

Vapeur,
Vaquer,
care.

vaisseau.

Der. vaporeux, vaporiser.

vn. to
sf.

sf a vapour; from L.

vaporem.

VAL,

sm. a valley

from L. vallis.
/

Val
to
7/

also

be vacant; from L. va;

follows the usual rule of softening

(see

agneau), and thus becomes vau, in a vau I'eau, vaudeville, etc. Der. 7/a/lee, val\ov., Sival, avahr. VALABLE, adj. valid. See valoir. VALET, sm. a valet, servant ; formerly va!<let *, from medieval Lat. vassalettus, dim. of vassalis, see vassal. The vaslet was originally a squire, youth who served under a lord, then later a servant. Vassalettus losing atonic a (see 52) becomes vas'Iettus, whence vaslet, whence later valet. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8l. Der. valefer, valetzge, valetaxWc.

VARANGUE,
origin, like

a floor (of a ship)

of Germ.

most

sea terms, Swed. vranger.

;

sm. sea-wrack of Germ, origin, Engl, tvrack. warren, chase; from medieval L. warenna. For details see under its doublet garenne. Variable, adj. variable; from L. variabilis. Der. variabilite. Varice, ./. varix from L. varicem.
A.
S. vriic,

VARECH,

VARENNE, sf a

Varier,
are.

Der. sanation,
sf.

va. to vary, change; from L. varivarianXe..

Val6tudinaire,

adj. valetudinarian

Vari6t6, from Variole,

L. valetudinarius.

from L, vatietatem, sf. smallpox; from L. variola *. from varius, spotted. Its doublet is vevariety
;.

Valeur,
Valide,

sm. a varlet, page formerly vaslet. For s = r see orfraie. VARLOPE, sf. a jointer. Origin unknown. Der. mvalide, validite, validtx. + Valise, sf. portmanteau; from It. vali- VASE, sm. a vessel, vase from L. vasum. gia. VASE, sf, mud, slime of Germ, origin, A. S. Der. devalisev. VALLEE, sf. a valley. See val. vase. Its doublet is gazon, q. v. Der. VALLON, sm. a dale. See val. va&enx. VALOIR, vn. to be worth from L. valere. Vasistas, sm. a casement window. Origin unknown. For e = o/ see 62. Der. value (partic. VASSAL, sm. a vassal from medieval L. subst.), vahhle. + Valser, vn. to waltz ; introd. lately from vassalis, der. from vassus * 'Si alicujus
;

sm. value; Der. valeurtux.

adj.

from L. valorem.
from L. validus.

role, q. v.

VARLET,

valid;

See valet.

Germ. walzen.Der.

valse (verbal subst.).

seniscalcus, qui servus est, et

xii

dominus

ejus

VALUE, sf. value. Valve, sf. a valve

valvu]e.

See valoir. from L. valva * ;

Der.

VAN,

sm. a fan from L. vannus. Der. vanner, vanne, vanneau, vanmer, vanneur,
;

vassos infra domum habet, occisus fuerit' (Lex Alamannorum, 79. 3). Vassus is of Celtic origin, Kymric gwas, a servant.

Der. vassehge,
Vaudeville Vaudeville
is is

vassalite.
;

vannerie.

Vaste, adj. waste from L. vastus. Vaudeville, sm. a ballad, vaudeville,

of
hist,

pro33.

Vandale,

sm. a Vandal of hist, origin, see 33, name of those barbarians who sacked Rome, AD. 455. Der. vandalisms.
;

perly a ballad sung to a well-known tune.

origin,

see

an altered form of vaudevire.

Vanille,

Der.

sf.

vanille

from

Sp. vainilla.

For r = l

see autel.

Menage

wrote, in the

vanillieT.

Vanity,

sf. vanity; from L. Der. vanilcux.

vanitatem.--

17th cent.. Vaudeville, sorte de chansons. Par corruption au lieu de Vaudevire. Cest ainsi qu'on appeloit anciennement ces

VA U-VEA U
chansons, pcirce
qii'elles

VENEUR,
;

3^7

to vit'linus, whence velin. furent inventees par For tl = / see bmdeau for i = e see 72. Olivier Basseliit, qui etoit unfoiillon de Vire 71 Normandie, et qiielles fiirent premiere"Velleit6, sf. a feeble desire; from L. velle.

ment chantees an

Vau de

Vire, qui
i.

est le

V61oce,

adj. swift;

from L. velocem.
a

nom d'tin lieu proche de la ville de VAU-L'EAU, adv. with the stream,
I'eau.

Vire.
e.

Der. velocke.

aval

Velocipede,

sm.

velocipede

from L.

For letter-changes see val and aval. VAURIEN, sm. a worthless fellow from For vaut-rie?i cp. faineant for fait-neanf. etymology see rien and valoir. VAUTOUR, sm. a vulture from L. vulturius (found in Lucretius). By changing u
; :

VELOURS,

o (see annoncer) vulturius became volturius (found in a Merov. text), Volturius becomes vautour for ol = au see
to
:

veloci and pede. sm. velvet formerly velous (Menage, as late as the 17th cent., tells us that in his day both forms were used), from L. villosus, lit. shaggy, hairy, then a fabric with close, short hair. Villosus (by o = u, see 78, and i = e, see 72) becomes O. Fr. velous, whence later velours, by intercalation of r seefronde.
;

ao;neau
vQutrer,

for

u = ou

VAUTRER
France.
deriv. of

(SE), vpr.
originally

see 90. to wallow

voltrer,
in

fVeloute,
;

ac?/.
is

velvety
It.

partic. of ve/o?^-

formerly Marie of

ter *,

which

from

vellutare.

VENAISON,
onera,
hunting.

It. voltolare, from L. voltulare *, vol'tus, contr. ofvolutus. Vol-

from L. venatisf. venison ; lit. hunting, then game got in

For -tionem = -sow see 232. from L. venal is. Der.
;

tulare. regularly contrd. (see 52) to vol'tlare, becomes voltrer. For \ = r see apotre. By ol ou = au (see agneau) voltrer becomes voutrer, then vautrer cp.
;

V6nal,

adj. venal

venal\\b.

VENDANGER, va. to gather

vendanger.
ille.

grapes

from L.

volturius

*, vautour.
;

vindemiare. By ia=ja (see abreger) vindemiare becomes vindemjare, whence

VEAU,
vedel,

S7n. a calf, veal

from L. vitellus.
;

formerly veel, Prov. For loss of medial

:

for i = e see 72 whence ; then veau for -ellus = -ea7^ see 282. Der. veltx (from O. Fr. veel). Vecteur, sm. (Math.) a vector ; from L.

t see abhaye
veel,

m = see changer for en an see andou Der. vendange (verbal ven;

For in = en

see

72;

for

subst.),

dangeuT.

Vendemiaire, sm. Vendemiaire,

in the

first

month

vectorem. t Vedette,
in 1 6th cent,

Republican Calendar, 23rd or 24th Sept. to 2 1 St or 22nd Oct. ; from L. vin-

sf.

vedette,
It.

scout

introd.

demia.

from

vedetta.

VENDRE,
regular
to

va. to
contr.

sell

Vegetal,

adj.

vegetable; from L. vegeta-

(see

from L. vendere, by 51) of vendere

ns *, from vegetus. 'V6g6tation, s/. vegetation tationem.

from L. vege-

Der. vente (strong partic. subst., see absoute), xevendre,

vend're, whence vendre.

V^g^ter,

vn. to vegetate
adj.

from L. vege;

VENDREDI,

vendeuT, venda.h\e. S7n. Friday.

O.

Fr. venredi. It.

tare (used

in a neut. sense).

venerdi, Prov. di-ve7ires, from L.

Veneris

V^h^raent, mentem.

Der. vehemence.
lie

vehement

from L, vehe-

V6h.icule, sm. lum.

a vehicle; from L.

vehicu-

VEILLER,

vn. to wake,

awake; from L.

vigilare, by regular contr. (see accointer) of vigilare to vig'lare, whence veiller. For gl = ?7 see cailler fori^^ see 72. Der. veille (verbal subst., whose doublet

dies (found in the Inscriptions). Venerisdies or vener'dies regularly losing its atonic e (see 52) becomes ven'rdies, For XiX = ndr see abwhence vendredi. soudre. Veneris-dies becomes ve7idre'di as Portus-Veneris becomes Port-Ve7idres.

VENELLE,
nosus.

sf.

a small street.

See veine.

is

Ven6neux,
VENER,

adj. poisonous;

from L. vene 229.

For -osUi8= eux see

;

vigilel), veillce (partic. subst.), veilltur,

a vein

va. to run (tame animals to

veilltuse, eveiller, reveiller, sxxxveiller.

their flesh tender)

from L. venari.

Der.

make

VEINE,
see

sf.

Der. veiner, 61. (for veinelle, q. v.).

vn. to calve.

from L. vena.

For e

= ei

veuQwr, veneris.

veineux, venelle

V^nerer,
rari.

Der.
sf.

va. to venerate;

from L. vene-

venerable, ve7iera.tioa.

VELER,
VELIN,
regular

See veau.

VENERIE,

hunting.

See vener.

sm. vellum
contr.

from L. vitulinus, by (see 52) of vitulinus

;

VENETTE, sf. fear. Origin unknown. VENEUR, sm. a huntsman. See vener.

368
VENGER,
;

VENGER

VERMEIL,
Verbeux,
verbose, wordy; from L. For -oQ\XB -eiix see 229. Der. verboshd (L. verbositatem). VERD, adj. green from L. viridis, by regular contr. (see si'^ of viridis to vir'For i = e see 72. dis, whence verd. Der. verdaXxQ, verdh, verdtt, verdalet, verdadj.

va. to revenge from L. vindicare. by regular contr. (see 52) of vindicfire to vind'care. The d between two consonants is dropped, see Hist. Gram, For -OBxe^-ger see adjnger; for p. 81.

verbosus.

tf

V6lliel,

see 72. Der. vengeur, vengeznce. adj. venial; from L. venialis.

adj.

VENIMEUX,
VENIN,

venomous. See venin. sm. poison, venom ; from L. venenvun. For e = i see 56. Der. venimeux, envenimeT (for venineiix, enveniner, by dis-

ier,

verdvLXt, verdoyer.

t Verdict, sm.
from Engl,

verdict; lately introd.

verdict.
sf.

VERDURE,
yerdur'xex.

verdure.

See verd. Der.

similation, see 169).

VENIR,

vn. to come from L. venire. Der. venne. (partic. subst.).

; ;

VENT,

sm. wind from L. ventus. Der. venter, venteux (with its doublets venteuse, contievent, ventitse), eventer, prnvent, ta/ail (formerly written ventail).
s/. sale.

VEREUX, adj. worm-eaten. See ver. VERGE, sf. a rod from L. virga. Fori = e
;

see

Its doublet is vergue, q. v. 72. Der. verg6, vergeme, vergette, vergettr.

VERGER,

VENTE,

See vendre.

Ventilateur,
Ventilation,
tilationem.

sm. a ventilator; ventilatorem. See ventilation.

sf.

from L.

ventilation

from L. ven-

sm. a fruit garden from L. viridiarium (found in the Digest and the Inscriptions). Viridiaxium (by ia = ja, see abreger, and suppression of atonic i, see 5 2) becomes vir'djariura, whence verger. For i = e see 71 ; for a = c see 54; for
;

'.

dj=g'
(legal);

see ajouter.

Ventiler,
lative

va. to ventilate, estimate at a re-

VERGLAS,

sm.

glazed

frost.

Verglas

is

worth

from L. ventilare.

Ventdse,

adj. Ventose, sixth

month

in the

Republican Calendar, from 19th or 20th Feb. to 20th March from L. ventosus. VENTOUSE, sf. a ventilator from L. ventosa*, in the 6th cent, in Theodorus Priscianus, Missae in scapulis, sive cruribus, ventosae, procedentibus, erumpentibusque
;

compd. of verre and glace (see those words). VERGOGNE, sf. shame; from L. verecundia, by contr. (see 52) of verecundia to ver'cundia, whence vercunnia *, by assimilating nd to nn. Verctinnia becomes vergogne: for c==g see for -nia ajuger for u = see annoncer
;

multi liberabantur from Prov. a yard Tours (Hist. v. 6) ; and vergua, which from L. virga. Its doublet Isidore of Seville, Quae, a Latinis, a similiDer. enverguer. is verge, q. v. tudine cucurbitae, a suspirio ventosa, vo- VERICLE, sf. paste, imitation jewellery from catur.' For o = ow see 81. L. vitriculus, der. from vitrum. VitriVENTRE, sm. the belly from L. ventrem. cuius, regularly losing u (see 51) is Der. ventree, ventrihre, sons-ventriere, For ccJntrd. to vitric'lus, whence vericle.
vesicis,

decursa sanie

= -gne see cigogne. t Vergue, ./. (Naut.)

says Gregory of

'

ventru, evenlrer.

=e

see 72

for

Ventricule,
triculus.

sm. a ventricule; from L.venadj. ventriloquous, sm. a ven-

Veridique,
dicus.

Ventriloque,
triloquist;

from L. ventriloquus.
;

Verifier, /icare*.

Der. va. to Der,

ac^'.

veracious
verify;

tr = r see 168. from L. veri;

veridicit6.

from L. veri-

veVz;?cation, wri/fcateur.

VENUE, sf. arrival. See venir. VEPRE, sm. evening, then vespers
vespre,
Hist.

formerly

from L. vesper.
p. 81.
;

For

loss of s see

VERIN, sm. a screw-crane. Origin unknown. VERITABLE, adj. veritable. See verite. VERITE, sf. verity, truth; from L. veritatem.
For -tatem = -te see
sm. verjuice;
sf.

Gram.

230.

Der.
See

VER,

sm. a worm from L. vermis. For rm = r see aubour. Der. vereux. Vracit6, s/l veracity; from L. veracita-

veritMe.

VERJUS,

for

vert jus.

vert and^ws.-^Der. verjuXe.

tem.

VERLE,
adj. verbal

a rod, switch

from L. virgula,

Verbal,

from L. verbalis. Der. verbalement, prochs-verbal (whence

sm. a verb
;

regular contr. (see 51) of virgula to virg'la. By reduction of gi to 1 (see

by

verbaliser).

cailler)

virgla becomes
adj. vermilion

verle

for i

=e

see

Verbe,

from L. verbum.

72.

Der. verhizge.

VERMEIL,

from L. vermi-

VERMEIL
scarlet (in St.

VESTIAIRE.

369

Jerome). For -iculus Versatile, adj. versatile; from L. versacuius, Der. versatilite. = -eil see 257. Der. vermilion. tilis. VERMEIL, sni. silver gilt ; properly a varnish VERSANT, sm. side (of a hill). See verser. of gum and cinnabar pounded up with VERSER, va. to pour out from L. versare, to overturn, tilt over, whence to pour out. For etymology see essence of turpentine. Der. verse (verbal subst., whence the phrase above. a verse and the sf. averse), verseau, verset Vermieelle, sm. vermicelli; from It. ment, i/ersant. vermicelli. Its doublet is vermisseau, Version, sf. a version; from L. versioq.v. nem *. VERMILLON, sm. vermilion. See vermeil I. VERMINE, sf. vermin from L. vermis. f Verso, sm. the reverse; from L. verso, sc. folio, lit. with the leaf turned over. VERMISSEAU, sm. a worm. O. Fr. vermicel, from L. vermicellus *, der. from vermis, VERT, aJ;. green. See verd. For d = t see

lit.

a Httle

worm.

For c

= ss

see amitie;

121.

for

-ellus = -el = -eau see doublet is vermieelle, q. v.

adj,

282.

Its

Vert^bre,
tebra.

Der.

sf.

vertebra; from

L.

ver-

vertebre, vertebml.
vertical;

VERMOULU,
to

powder by worms.

ver and moudre. Der. vermoulxne. "Vernal, adj. vernal; from L. vernalis, VERNE, sm. an alder-tree; of Celtic origin, Kymric gwern, from coed gwern. VERNIR, va. to varnish, glaze; from L.

worm-eaten, lit, reduced Vertical, calis*, der, from verticem. For etymology see Vertige, sm. giddiness; from L. vertigo (found in Livy). Der. vertig'meux (L. vertiginosus). VERTU, sf virtue from L. virtutem. For -utem = -M see aigu; for i = e see 72.
adj.

from L. verti-

vitrinire *, to make bright as glass. Vitrinire *, is der. through vitrinus from

VERTUEUX,
tem.

adj. virtuous.

Prov. vertudos,

from L. virtutosus*,

der.

from virtumedial t (see

vitrum.
For tr = r
Der.

Vitrmire,

regularly

contrd.
vernir.

Virtutosus,
for
is

losing

(see 52) to vitr'nire, becomes see 168; for i = e see 72.

t/erwis (vernisser),
sf.

aboyer), becomes vertueux.

For

=e

see
Its

72;

-OBMS = -etix see

229.

vernissme.
petite

doublet
the

virtuose, q. v.
;

VEROLE,
smallpox.
vairole

the

pox;

verole,

Verve,

O. Fr. vairole, from L. variola*, a dim. of varius. Variola becomes O. Fr.

verva *

by transposing i (see aigle) vairole becomes verole, cp. O. Fr, alaigre, aissieu,
;

from L. sf rapture, animation (found in Ruteboeuf), lit. a sculptured ram's head, then any fanciful sculpture, then a caprice and fancy of an artist.
sf (Bot.) vervain from L. verFor b =1/ see 113; for e = see
;

VERVEINE,
bena.
61.

afterwards alegre, essieu.

riole, q- v.

Its

doublet

is

va-

sm. a boar-pig from O. Fr. ver, which from L. verres, VERRE, sm. glass from L. vitrum. For tT = rr see 168; for i = e see 72.
;
;

VERRAT,

VERVEUX, bolum *
'

Si

sm. a hoop-net ; from L. verte(found in Merov. documents) quis vertebolum. de flumine furaSalic

Its

doublet

is

vitre,

q.v.

Der.

verit,'
is

Law,

27, 14,

Vertebolum
regu-

verrier,

from vertebra.
(see

Vertebolum,

verrVere, i/erroterie.

VERROU,
found
in

sm.

bolt;

originally verrouil,
little

from L. veruculum., a
medieval
Lat.

metal pin,

glossaries.

For
Fr.

-uculum = -ow//
verrouil,

see 258,

whence O.
;

whence later verrou cp. O. Fr. genouil and pouil reduced to getiou and pott. Just as O. Fr. ge?iouil remains in agenouiller, so O. Fr, verrouil remains in verrouiller^ VERRUE, sf. a wart; from L. verrxica.
For -uca = -w

52) to vert'bolum, becomes verveux. For th = b see plane; = V see 1 1 3 for ol = eu see agneau. for b VESCE, sf a vetch ; formerly vesse, from L. For i = e see 72; for ei& = sse vicia. Der, vescexon. see agencer. "V6sicatoire, sm. a blister ; from L. vesicalarly contrd.
;

torium

*.

VERS, VERS,

prep,

see 237, towards; from L. versus.

Der. devers, tnvers. sm. a verse from L. versus.

;

verstt, versification (L.

vfrsificateur

reduction of meaning see 1 3. Der. versificationem), Vestiaire, sm. a vestiary, robing-room; from L. vestiarium. (L.versificatorem), versifier. B b

vesicle, bladder; from L. vesicula. VESSIE, sf a bladder from L. vesica. For for s = ss see dessiner. loss of c see ami "Veste, sf a vest; from L. vestis. For

V6sic"ule, sf a

370
Vestibule, sm. a bulum. Vestige, sm. a
vestibule;
footstep,

VESTIBULE
from L. vestitrace,

VIDUITS.
of food, and comes (with It. vivanda) from L. vivanda*, sustenance necessary for life, as in 'Ut nuUus audeat in nocte negotiari,

vestige

from L. vestigium.

excepto

vivanda

et fodro,

VfeTEMENT,

sm, a garment. O.Fr. vestemerit, from L. vestimentum. For i ^ see 72 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1. Veteran, sm. a veteran ; from L. veteran us. Der. veterance. V6t6rinaire, adj. veterinary from L. veterinarius, a veterinary surgeon, in Colu-

agentibus necessaria

sint,'

quod iter from a Capitulary

life.

of Charlemagne, a.d. 803. Vivanda from vivenda, properly things needful for For e = a see amender; for loss of

medial

see aieid.

mella.

Viatique, sm. viaticum; from L. viaticum. Its doublet is voyage, q. v. Vibrer, vn. to vibrate; from L. vibrare.

tV6tille,
montese

sf,

a trifle; introd. from Pied-

Der.

vibrztion.
a vicar, vicegerent;
Its

vetilia.

Vicaire, sm.
;

from L.

VETIR,
p. 81.

va. to clothe

V6to,

Der. vicarizt. L. vestire. VICE, sm. defect, blemish, fault; from L. Der. vcAire, d6vetir, rcvttir. sm. a veto; from L. veto. vitium. For -tium = -ce see agencer. VETURE, sf. the taking the monastic habit, VICE, prep, in the place of; from L. vice. or veil. See vetir. Der. v/ce-amiral, vice-roi, wee-president, etc. V6tust6, sf. oldness, decay; from L. veBy c = s (see amitie) vice becomes in tustatera. Fr. vis, whence vi-comte (vice-comitem), VEUF, adj. widowed ; from L. viduus. By vidame (vice-dominum), which in O. Fr. usual reduction of uu to u we get a form were vis-comte, vis-dame. For loss of s see

formerly vestir, from For loss of s see Hist. Gram,

vicar ius.

doublet

is

viguier, q. v.

vidua *, whence
fjibler;
for

veuf.

For

= eti

see a/-

v=/ see
;

142.

Hist. Gram. Vicier, va.

p. 81.

to corrupt,

vitiate;

from

L.

VEUVAGE, sm. widowhood. See veuve. vitiare. VEUVE, sf. a widow from L. vidua. For Vicieux, adj. vicious from L. vitiosus. u = v see Janvier; whence vidva, whence Vicinal, adj. parochial; from L. vicinal is, veuve. For i = eu see affuhler for dv = v from vicinus.
;

see aval.
veiivzge.

Its

doublet

is

vide, q.

v.Der. Vicissitude, sf a vicissitudinem.

vicissitude;

from

L.

Vexation, sf. vexation. Vexatoire, adj. vexing. Vexer, va. to vex from
;

See vexer.

See vexer. L. vexare.

ability

Der.
live

VICOMTE, sm. a viscount from L. vicecomitem Comes praecipiat suo vice

;
:

'

vexation, vexatoire.

comiti, suisque cent. document.

for

centenariis,'

from an 8th-

For vice
see

=w

see vice;

Viability,
(forensic).

sf.

viability,

to

comitem = cow^e
sf a victim
;

comte.

Der.

See viable.

vicomte.

VIABLE,

adj. viable (forensic).

vie.

logy see

Der.
a
for

For etymo-

Victime,

from L. victim a.

viabilite.

Victoire, sf
word framed

Vistduc, sm.

viaduct;
life:

Der. wc/orieux (L. victoriosus).

a victory; from L. victoria.

from L. via and ductus.

Vietuaille, sf

VIAGER,

from L. vitaticarius *. Vitatic^rius, regularly contrd. (see 52) to vitatcarius, becomes viager. For to = g see adjuger for a = e for loss see 54; of medial t see
adj.
;

VIDAME,

abbaye.

VIANDE,

See vider. Der. vidangeuT. Rabelais tells us (iv. 54) that, les poires VIDE, sm. a void, adj. empty, void from L. sont viande trct-salubre. In hunting lanviduus. Its doublet is veuve, q.v. Der. guage the verb viander is used for to feed, vider. vida.nge, dvidex, devider. and viandis for the food of animals, pas- Viduit6, sf widowhood; from L. viduiViande signified originally any kind tatem. ture.
:

Viande vivanda. was restricted to its in O. Fr. it present sense of fresh meat
sf.

meat.

It.

victuals; from L. victualia. sm. a vidame (dignitary holding under a bishop); from L. vice-dominus ' Ut Episcopi, abbates, atque abbatissae advocatos atque vice-dominos, centenariosque legem scientes et mansuetos habeant,' says a Capitulary of Charlemagne, A.D. 802. For vice = w see vice; for

was long before

it

dominus = dame see dame. VIDANGE, sf. an emptying.

signified vegetable as well as

animal food.

VIE
VIE,
sf.

VIOLET.
of

37T^

life

from L. vita.

medial t see ahbaye.

Der.

For

loss

For -anus

= -am

see

194.

Dei. villan-

w'able.

elle (pastoral

poetry).

VIEIL,

adj. old. It. vecchio, from L. veclus. VILAIN, adj. ugly, villanous. See above. Der. vilenie. Veclus was a popular form for vetlus, vetulus, as we see from the Appendix ad VILEBREQUIN, sm. a wimble, drill; in O. Fr. virebrequin, compd. of virer (q.v.) Probum vetulus, non veclus.' Veclum

'

becomes
cl

vieil

for

= ie

see

54;

for

= z7

see abeille.

The nominative veclus

:

produced O. Fr. viels, which by l = w (see for agnemi) becomes vieus, then vieux Der. v/71esse, vieilX&xie., s = x see deux.

and brequin, transposed from berqjiin * of Germ, origin, Neth. boreken. For berquin * = brequin see aprele for O. Fr. vire-brequin = vilebrequin, caused by dissimilation, see 169 and autel.
; ;

vieiR^xA, vieillot,

vieillii.
;

VILENIE, s/".

dirt,

abusive language. See vilain.

from L. vi- Vilipender, va. to contemn, vilipend; from L. vilipendere. tella *, a secondary form of vitula *, a viol in medieval Lat. texts e.g. Cymbala prae- t Villa, sf. a villa; introd. from It. villa. Its doublet is ville, q. v. clara, concors symphonia, dulcis Fistula, somniferae cytharae, vitulaeque jocosae,' VILLAGE, sm. a village; from L. villaticum*, a collection of several farms or Vitula is from says an iith-cent. poet. metairies, from L. villa Juraverunt vitulari *, to delight oneself. Vitella beRichardus sacerdos et tota villatica (Acta comes vielle by loss of medial t, see abbaye. Sanctorum, June, iv. 574). Der. vielltx. Villatica here rather signifies the gathering of all the VIERGE, &f. a virgin from L. virgo. For dwellers on the same farm. For letteri = ie see *J2 note 3,

VIELLE,

sf.

a hurdy-gurdy, viol
'

'

'

VIEUX,
VIF,

adj. old.

See

vieil.

changes see age.

Der.

villageoxs.

adj. lively;

from L. vivus.
;

For

v=/

VILLE,
is

see bcenf.

sf. a town ; from L, villa (for the meaning of this word see 12). Its doublet

VIGIE,

sf.
;

a look-out

the exact origin un-

villa, q.v,

known connected with L. vigilare. t Villegiature, sf a visit to, sojourn in the country introd. from It. villeggialtira. Vigilance, adj. vigilance. See vigilant. Vigilant, adj. vigilant; from L. vigi- VIM AIRE, sf damage caused by heavy
;

lantem.
vigilzncQ.

Its

doublet

is

veillant.

Der.

storms,

etc.;

from L. vis major.

Hist.

For

vis
a vigil;

Vigile,
doublet

sf.

from L. vigilia.

Its

= w see = 77iaire see

Gram.
L.

p.

81

for

major

maire.

is veille,

q.v.

VIN, sm. wine; from

vinum.

Der.

VIGNE,

sf.

a vine; from L, vinea.

see cigogne.
a vignette, a

-iiia=-gne
VIGNETTE,
the

Der. wo'weron.
lit.

For -nea
vine,

vineux, vinee, wwaigre.

VINAIGRE,

sf.

little

Der.

S7n.

vinegar.

See vin and aigre.

vinaigrette, vinaigriex.
;

of Germ, origin first vignettes having been adorned VINDAS, sm. a windlass (like most sea terms), O. H. G. windan. with borders of vine-leaves and grapes. VIGNOBLE, sm. a vineyard ; from L. vini- Vindicatif, adj. vindictive; from L. vindicativus*, from vindicare. opulens (lit. a land wealthy in wine), by regular contr. (see 51) of viniopiilens Vindiete, sf a prosecution (of crime) ; from For L. vindicta. to viniop'lens, whence vignoble. ni=^ see cigogne; for p = 6 see ill. VINGT, adj. twenty from L. viginti. For Der. vingtiexne, loss of medial g see allier. + Vigogne, sf. vicunia, swan's-down ; from
;

Sp. vicuna.

vingUxxie.

Vigueur, sw.
VIGUIER,

vigour; from L.
(a

vigorem.

Viol, sm.

violation.

See violer.

Der. vigoureux.

sm. a viguier
;

provost, in

Violace, adj. Langue- + Viole, sf

(Bot.) violaceous. See violet.

from It. doc and Provence) from L. vicarius. For c=g see adjuger for -arius = ier see 1 98. Violent,
;

viola.
arf/.

a viol, tenor violin; introd. Its doublet is vielle, q. v.

violent; from L. violentus.

Its

doublet
adj. vile

is
;

vicaire, q.v.

VIL,

VILAIN, sm.

from L. violare. Der. viol (verbal subst.), woZation, fio/ateur. from L. villanus*, from villa. From VIOLET, adj. violet-coloured from L. viola, which produced a primitive form viole*, the sense of peasant the word takes that of whence violette, violace, violier. rude, vile, low; whence later the adj. vilain.
from L. vilis.
'

Der. Der.

viguex'ie.
zvilxx.

Der.

violence (L. violentia), violentex.

va. to violate;

Violer,

villein,'

farmer (feudal)

b 2

372
VIOLETTE;
s/.

VIOLETTE
a violet.

VIVIPARE.
fVisa,
sm. a
.sm.

See

violet.

visa,

VIOLIER, sm. a t Violon, sm.

Der. t//o/oisle.

wallflower.

See
It.

violet.

a violin
s7n.

from

violone.

visa

(sc. est).

Der.

endorsement; from L.
v/ser.

VISAGE,

face.

See vis-a-vis.

Der.

'

di--

visagtx, envisager.

t Violoncelle,
It.

a violoncello

violoncello.
;

from VIS-A-VIS, prep, opposite a phrase compd. of O. Fr. sm. vis, the L. visus (properly
;

VIORNE, sf. (Bot.) viburnum from L. viburnum. For loss of medial b see ahoyer for u = see annoncer. Vipdre, sf. a viper; from L. vipera. Its
;

appearance,
'

then face in modern Lat.) Habebat autem visum valde tumefactum ac inflatum ita quod oculis humanis nimis
apparebat' (Acta Sanctorum,
is lit.

horribilis
iv.

doublet

is

Virago,

gvivre, q. v. sf. a virago; from L. virago.

to turn

337). Vis-a-vis
vis

face to face.

Der.

May,

from

come

visage, visihre.

VIRELAI, sm. a virelay. See virer. VIRER, vn. to turn, tack, veer; lit.
round, describe a circle
(a circle, ring),
in
:

Viscdr e,

sm. entrails; from L. viscera.

Der. wse^ral.
;

from O. Fr. vire VISER, vn. to take aim from L. visare *, from visus, p. p. of videre. Der. visee which from L. viria (a ring, (partic. subst.). Pliny). Vire has disappeared from modern

virole, a little wire, Der. viremeni (Tevirement), * (in a-viron, that which one virole, viron turns with, and en-viron, that which is around), vire\&i (compd. oilai, see lai 2, and circle of metal.

Fr., leaving the deriv.

Viser, va. to endorse. See visa. Visible, Qflf;'. visible from L. visibilis.
;

Der.
vis.

visibility.
sf.

VISIERE,

a visor (of helmets).

vision;

See vis-a-

virer, properly a lay

which veers round,

Vision,

sf.

from L. vision em.

from L. visitare.
subst.),
visitenx,

rondeau).

Der. visionnsLire.
adj.

Virginal,
alis.

virginal;

from L. virgin- Visiter, ra. to

Der.
visite

visit;

(verbal

visit-

Virginity,
tatem.

s/.

virginity

from L. virginiL. virgula.

ation.

VisqueUX,
.y''.

Virgule,
Viril,

comma; from

cosus.

adj. sticky, slimy from L. visFor -osxx8 = -eux see 239.

;

adj. virile;
sf.

from L. virilis.
See virer.

Der. wscosite.

VIROLE,
Virtuel,

a ferrule, collar.

VISSER,

va.

to screw.

See vis

Der.

d4-

visser. from L. virtus. fVirtuose, sm. a virtuoso; introd. from Visuel, adj. visual; from L. visualis*, der. from visus. It. virtuoso. Virulent, ac?/. virulent from L. virulen- Vital, adj. vital; from L. vitalis. Der. vitaliser, vitalite (L. vitalitatem). Der. virulence. tus. VIS, .</. a screw. O. Fr. vis depressoir (whence VITE, adj. quick adv. quickly, a word found in Fr. documents of the 13th cent. the general sense of a screw), from L. viOrigin unknown. Der. vitesse. tis, the tendril of a vine, spiral-formed, Its then, by assimilation of sense, a screw, Vitre, sm. glass; from L. vitrum. doublet is verre, q. v. Der. vitrzge, vitrtr, a spiral staircase. Vitis in the sense vitr'me, vifreux, wVrifier. of a screw is found in the Acta Sanctorum (May, ii. 62). Arcasque praedictas + Vitriol, sm. vitriol; introd. from It. praedicti argentarii clavis et vitibua ferreis vitriuolo. fortiter simul affixerunt et cooperierunt Vivace, adj. vivacious; from L. vivacem. in the sense of vis de pressoir in the folDer. vwacite (L. vivacitatem). lowing passage from the same (June, ii. f Vivandier, sm. a sutler; introd. in Der. vi1 6th cent, from It. vivandiere. 738), Cujus lingua erat modicum promi-

adj. virtual; der.

'

'

nens extra guttur et brevissima, ad modum vandVere. vitis torcularis retorta ' : in sense of spiral t Vivat, interj. hurrah ! from L. vivat. from L. vivarium staircase in the following I4th-cent. chro- VIVIER, sm. a fishpond For -axium. =^ -ier see nicle, Per claustrum ecclesiam introivit, et (found in Juvenal), in vitem quae ad defendendum in eadem 198. ecclesia est, ascendit, et ostium post se clau- Vivifier, va. to quicken; from L. vivifisit.' This etymology is confirmed by the care. fact that It. vite retains both meanings, vine Vivipare, adj. (Zool.) viviparous ; from L. and screw. Der. w'sser. viviparus (found in Apuleius).
; '

VIVRE
VIVRE,
regular
vn.
to
live
;

VOLUTE.
flight.

373
See voter See voler
I.

from L. vivere, by VOL, sm.

viv're.
viv7-e.

Der.

contr.

(see

51) of vivere
(sm.),
xtvivre,

to
sur-

VOL,

sm. theft.

2.
;

vivre

VOLAGE,

adj. volatile, fickle

in Cicero).

latieum (found

from L. voFor -aticum

+ Vizir, sm.
30.

Der.

a vizier, a
vizirat.

Turkish word, see

;

= -age
ail

see age.

VOLAILLE,
from L.

Vocabulaire,

sm. a vocabulary

vocabularium *, der. from vocabulum. Vocal, adj. vocal; from L. vocalis, Der.

vocaliser.

Vocale,
doublet

sf.
is

a vowel; from L, vocalis.

voyelle, q. v.

Its

sf. poultry, a collective name of farm-yard birds from L. volatilia, pi. of volatilis. Columella uses the phrase ' volatile pecus ' for poultry. Volatilia contrd. (see 51) to volat'lia gives volaille. For assimilation of tl to / see bouleau
; ;

for li

= //

see ail.
aJ/".

Vocaliser,

Der.

vn. (Mus.) to vocalise.

va. to vociferate

See vocal.

Volatile,

vocalise (verbal subst.), vocfl/isation.

Vociferer,

ciferari. Der. vociferation. VCEU, sm. a vow, prayer from L. votxim. For loss of t see aigu ; for o = oeu see Its doublet is vote, q. v., .and voto 79. in the compound ex-voto.
;

from L. vo- t

Vol can, sm. a

sf.

Der. Der.

volatile

from L. volatilis.
;

volatiliser, volatilise.

volcano

from

It.

volcano,
t.

volcan\(\ut, volcaniser,

VOLE,

vole (in cards).

;

See voler

VOLER,

tVoguer,
cent,

vn. to

row;

from

It.

vogare.

Der.

introd.

in

i6th

from L. volare. Der. vol (verbal subst. masc), vole (verbal subst. fern,), vol6e (partic. subst.), vohnt, voliere, volet (the wing, shutter of a window), volvn. to fly au-vent. to steal ; from L. volare *, form of compd. involare (to steal, Cato and Petronius). Der. vol (verbal
vn.

vogue (verbal

subst.).

VOLER,
in

YOICI, prep, see here! for vois-ci, and therefore compd. of a verb imperat, and an adv.
See voir and
ici.
;

abstract

subst.), voleur, volerie.

VOIE,

from L. volitare. from L. voliticonvoy er, envoyer, hnrvoyer (q.v.). onem*(a word framed by the Schoolmen; YOILA, prep, see there for vois-lcc, cp. void. from L. vol ere *, see vouloir.) See voir and IcL. VOLONTE, sf. will from L. voluntatem. VOILE, sm. a veil from L. velum, whose For u = o see annoncer; for -tateni = -/e pi. vela gives us the sf. voile, a sail. see 230. For e = oi see 62. Der. voiler (from L. Volontaire, adj. voluntary; from L. vovelare), oz7ette, devoiler (q. v.) luntarius. VOILE, sf. a sail. See voile. Der. voiluie, VOLONTIERS, adv, willingly from L. vovoilicT, voilerie. luntarid. For -arie ^-ier, see 198. VOIR, va. to see formerly veoir, from L. Volte, sf. volt, fencing term; introd. videre. For loss of medial d see accabler from It. volta. Its doublet is voitle, q. v. for i = e see 72; for e = oi see 62. Der. voltcT, whence volte-face (lit. turn-face, For later contr. of veoir to voir, see mur. face-about). VOIRE, ao?/. truly from L. ver^. For e = t Voltiger, vn. to flutter; introd. from It.
:

from L. via. For i = oi see sf. a way Der. from Lat. viare comes Fr. 68. verb voyer, found in the compds. devoyer,

VOLET,

sm. a shutter.
fly, flit
;

See voler

i.

Voleter, v. to Volition, sf

volition;

"t*

oi see 62.

Its

doublet

is

vrai, q. v.

volteggiare.
voltigenx.

Der.

voltige (verbal

subst.),

VOIRIE, sf
sewer.

commission of public ways, a

VOISIN,
For
i

Volubile, adj. voluble; from L. volubilis. from L.vicinus. Volubilite, sf. volubility; from L. volubilitatem. c = s see amide. Der. voisintx, voisimge, zvoisiner, avoisinnnt. Volume, sm. (i) a volume (book); (2) VOITURE, sf. a carriage from L. vectura. volume; from L. volumen. Dex.volumFor ect = oii see attrait. Der. voihirev, ineux (L. voluminosus). voiturier. Volupt6, s/. pleasur^; from L. voluptatem. Voluptueux, adj. voluptuous; from L. i" Voiturin, sm. a vetturino, driver and owner of a travelling-carriage from It. vetvoluptuosus. For -osus = -evx see
See voyer.
see
adj. neighbouring;

= oi

68

for

turino.

VOIX,

sf.

voice

oi see

83

from L. vocem. for c = x see amitie.

;

For o

= Volute,

2^9. sf. (Archit.) a volute; from L. voluta (found in Vitruvius).

374
Vomique,
VOMIR,

VOMIQUE

VULNERA IRE.
fecimus in
Sicilia.'

adj. vomic, sf. (Med.) vomica; from L. vomica. va. to vomit; from L. vomere. For e = t see 59. Der. t/omissement,

Viaticum becomes
;

vom/tif.

Vorace,

Der.
voter

adj. voracious

from L. voracem.

voracit6 (L.

voracitatem).

Vote,

sm. a vote; from L. votum. Der. (its doublet is vouer, q. v.). Votif, adj. votive; from L. votivus. VOTRE, poss. adj. your, yours ; formerly voslre, from L. vostnun, archaic form of vestrum (in Emiius). For os = d see Hist.

via- = voy- see voie for -age see age. Voyage is a doublet of viatique, q. v. Der. voyager, voyageur. VOYELLE, sf. a vowel ; from L. vocalis. For loss of medial c see affbuage ; for a =

voyage

for

-aticum =

see

is

54;

for

= 0/

see

83.

Its

doublet

VOYER,

vocale, q. v. sm. a trustee of roads;

viarius, relating to roads.

Der. zgtnX-voyer, of O. Fr. voierie).
see voie.

from L. For via- = voyvoir'it

(contr.

Gram.

p.

VOUER,
o = 0M
q. V.

vow from L. votare, from votus, p. p. of vovere, to vow. Votare becomes vouer by losing t, see abhaye by
; ;

81. va. to

VRAI,

O. Fr. verai, from L. veracum*, veracious. For a,=ai see 54; for loss of c see ami. Der. vraimenl, vraiadj. true.

semblable.

Der.
this

see

81.

Its

doublet
order,
*,

is

voter,

nvouer.
va.

VRAIMENT, adv. truly. VRAISEMBLABLE, adj.

and semhlable.

See vrai.
probable.

See vrai

VOULOIR,
volere,
texts, der.

to

will,

wish.

It.

found in VRAISEMBLANCE, sf probability. See vrat from L. volere and sembler. from voile *, which is for velle. lengthened form in ere see etre. VRILLE, sf. (Bot.) a tendril, gimblet from L. vericula *, der. from vericum *, a spit. Volere becomes vouloir: for o = om see Tria verica in an inventory for e = oz see 62. is found 81 dated a.d. 12 18. Vericura is a dim. of VOUS, pers. pron. you from L. vos. For veru. Vericxila, by -icula = -///e (see o = 0M see 81. VOUSSOIR, sm. an archstone (engineering') 257), gives vm//e*, which is later contrd. to vrille, as O. Fr. verai is contrd. to vrai. der. from a form vousser (cp. tailloir from For this loss of e see briller. Vousser is from L. volutiare *, tailler). to bend, vault, der. from volutus. Volu- VU, sm. sight; partic. subst. of voir, q. v. Vu, in O. Fr. veu, originally vedut. It. *, contrd. (see 53) to vol'tiare, tiare veduto, is from L. vidutus *, a barbarous becomes vousser. For ol = ou see agneau From the for these p. p. in -utus for -tioxe = -sser see 264. p. p. of videre see boire. Vidutus, losing its medial d same verb vousser comes also the deriv. (see accabler), becomes O. Fr. veu. For voussure. for i = e see 72. -utus = -M see 201 VOUSSURE, sf. (Archit.) coving. See vous-

Merov.

For

'

'

soir.

VOOTE,
der.

sf.

a vault.

voluta*,
51) to

a vault, in

O. Fr. volte, from L. medieval Lat. texts;

Veu is whence
jumeau.

later

contrd. to

veu

(see

miir),

the

form vu.

For eu

u see

from volutus.
vol'ta,
voilte.
is

V61uta,

contrd. (see

VUE,

whence
Vouie
voiiteT.

becomes O. Fr. volte, from For o1 = om see agneau. Vulgaire, adj. vulgar, common Der. L. vulgaris. Der. vulgariser, vulgarity. a doublet of volte, q. v. Vulgate, sf Vulgate; from L. vulgata*,

view; partic. sf. For etymology see vu.

subst. fem. of voir.

VOYAGE,
It.

Sp. viage, sm. a journey, voyage. viaggio, Prov. viatge, from L. viatictim, lit. provisions for a journey, then a
;

properly the accredited, popular version of

Scripture.

Vulnerable,
nerabilis.

adj. vulnerable;
adj. vulnerary;

from L. vulfrom L. vul-

Deducit dulcem journey, in Fortunatus And a Charter per amara viatica natam.'
'

Vuln6raire,
nerarius.

of

A. D.

299 has

'

Pro

viatico

quod

WA GONZODIA QUE.

375

W.
Wagon, see vagon. t Warrant, sm.
a

warrant,

Ifrom Engl, warrant. q. V. t Whist, sm. whist;

Its

doublet

is

garanf,

from Engl, whist.

X.
X6rasie,
tory)
;

s/.

dryness
sf.

X6rophagie,

from Gr. ^rjpaaia. xerophagy (Church his;

Xylographie,
graving)
;

ensf. xylography (wood from Gr. ^vkoypa(pia.

from Gr.

^rfpoipayia.

Y, adv. there, from L, ibi.

sense

O. Fr. /, originally tv. It. ivi, In Merov. Lat. ibi takes the of illi, illis, * Ipsum monasterium expoliatum, et omnes cartae, quas de supra dicto loco ibi delegaverunt, ablatae,' from and a Diploma of Hlotair III, a.d. 664 Tradimus ibi in a Charter of a.d. 883,
; '

Yatagan,
origin.
sf.

sm. a yataghan; of Turkish

Y^BLE, YEUSE,

see hiehle.

evergreen oak, holly;

originally

dono ibi decimas.' By b = v (see . 113) ibi becomes O.Fr.iv: 'In nulla aiudha contra Lodhuwig nun li iv er,' from i. e. in the Lat. of the Oaths of a.d. 842 the day, ' In nullam adjutam contra Ludovicum non illi ibi ero.' Finally iv loses final V (see a'ieul) and becomes i, whence y. Yacht, sm. a yacht; from En^. yacht.
terram

;
.

from L. ilicem, by regular contr. (see 51) of ilicem to ircein, whence elce*. For i = e see 72. Elce* becomes ielce (for e = /e see 56), then ieuse (for c = s see amitie; for el = eu see
ielce *, It. elce,

agneau). sm. pi. eyes. See ceil. Yole, sf. a yawl. Origin unknown. Yucca, sm. (Bot.) a yucca; of American t

YEUX,

origin, see 32.

fZaln,
horses)
;

adj. whole-coloured,

i'Zdbre,
see 31.

dark bay (of from It. zaino. sm. a zebra; of African origin,
Der. ze'/e. sm. the zenith; introd. through

orange,

etc.

from L. schistus, divided,

Zdle, sm. zeal; from L. zelus.

whence the word comes to mean a division. Sohistus becomes zest as schedula beFor i = e see 72. Its comes ^-edule.
doublet
is

schiste, q.v.
sf.

tZ6nith,
It. zenit,

t Zibeline,

sable; from

It,

zibellino.
;

from Ar. semt.

S7n. a

ZIGZAG, sm.
see
zink.

zigzag, an onomatopoetic

zephyr; from L. zephyrus. 't'Z6ro, sm. zero, naught; introd. through

It.

Z6phyr,

34

imitated from

fZinC,
Zizanie,

sm.

(Met.)

word Germ, zickzach. zinc; from Germ.

zero,

from Ar.
the

cifrun.

Its

doublet

is

chiffre, q. v.

ZEST, sm.

membrane which

divides a nut,

sf. tares; from L. zizania. Zod.iaQ.Ue, sm. the zodiac; from L. zodi-

37^
acus (found
acal.
in

ZONE
Aulus Gellius).

ZOOPHYTE,
Zoologie,
Xd-^os.

Der. zodi-

Der. zoo/o^ique.
i.

sf.

zoology;

from Gr. ^wov

;

am

Zone,
Kleos.

sf.

Zoolithe, sm.

zone; from L. zona. from Gr. ^wov and a zoolite

;

Zoophyte,
<pvTov,
e.

sm. a zoophyte
that

which

is

from Gr. ^<oi between a plat

and an animal.

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14

A GENO UILLER

A GREA BLE,
Agile, adj. agile; from L. agilis. Der. agilM ( 230). t Agio, sm. rate of exchange an It. word
;

in which case the o was proncd. tz (as is proved by Merovingian Formulas, where we find unzias/or uncias). The groups t-ia, t-ie, t-io, t-iu, were proncd., not like ti in amide, but like // in precaution as is proved by Prankish charters, which change ti into oi, si, ssi, writing cciam, solacio, precium, perdicio, racionem, concrecasione, nepsia, altercasione, for etiam, solatio, pretium, perditio, rationem, congregatione, neptia, altercatione showing also that in pronunciation tia and cia were the same thing. 2. When the c is followed by one of the groups, ia, ie, io, iu, and forms the combinations cia, cie, cio, ciu ci is usually changed into a soft s, ss, p, and the Lat. i is dropped; as in macioni, mafon; pTovinciali, provenfal; suspicio;

introd. towards the end of the 17th cent.,

from aggio ( 25). Der. agioXtx ( 263),

AGIR,

-age ( 248), -eur ( 227). va. to act, do; from

For e

see

59.

Der.

L. agere. agtnt, from

nem,sott/>fon

crescionem*,

cresson, etc.

Thenceforward ti, which (when followed by an a, o, or u) is identical with ci (as is shown above), must, like ci, drop the i and become f, hard s, ss: denuntiare becomes denoncer cantionem, chanson; scutionem*, e'cusson. A like change takes place with -tea, which becomes -tia (ea, eo, eu, becoming ia, io, iu, as may
;

but fagenda, a Lat. word imported bodily into Fr., is not to be reckoned as a deriv. Ag^ter, va. to agitate, stir; from L. agitare. Der. agitz\.ion, -ateur. Aguat, sm. an agnate, collateral relation on the father's side; from L. agnatus. AGNEAU, sm. a lamb from O. F. agnel, and this from L. agnellus. 1 preceded by a vowel (al, el, il, ol, ul) remains unchanged in Fr. in the early period of the language (mollis, mol; malva, malve; porcellus, pour eel) then was softened into u {mou, mauve, pourceau) towards the middle of the 12th cent. See 157. 1. Lat. al became au, eau as in alba,

agentem;

aube, etc.
2.

Lat. el

became au, eau,

etc.;

as

in

el'-

mosyna*, aumone,
mieux
;

ieu in

melius,

similarly
in

with
el
;

-ellus,

O. Fr.

dim. suffixes in then softened for

forms meus, in very then such words as platea, matea, linteolus, becoming platia, matia, lintiolus, are rendered according to rule into place, masse, linceuL The following are the cases of change of tia, tio, tiu, into g, ss, s hard 1. c soft in antianus, ancien; caden;

be seen under abreger

cp. also the

the most part into -eau, -au, as agnellus,

Dius,

for

Deus, mius

for
:

agneau,
3.

etc.

ancient Lat. inscriptions)

became eu in capillus, cheveu, -eau in sigillum, O. Fr. seel, sceau; 0, ou, in basil'ca, basoehe, and fil'caria, foiigere, which was written more correctly
Lat. il
etc.
;

feugere in O. Fr. 4. Lat. ol became ow

tia, chance, etc.

2. ss, as in

in coHs ( = caulis), chou, etc.; eu in mol'narius, meunier, etc.; au in voltulare*, vautrer.

5.

captiare, chasser,

etc.

Lat.

ul became ou

in

buHcare,

etc.

agony, struggle against death; from Gr. ayoivia. Der. a^owiser. AGENOUILLER, (S), vpr. to kneel from L. AGRAFE, sf. a hook, clasp 0. Fr. agrape. adgeniculari, as in Tertullian, 'PresbyLow L. agrappa, compd. of ad and Low L. teris advolvi et caris Dei adgeniculari.' grappa, a word found in documents of the Grappa again comes from Aggloin6rer, va. to agglomerate, collect; 7th cent. from L. agglomerare. Der. agglomerO. H. G. h-apfo ( 20). Der. agraftr. ation. Agraire, arf;. agrarian from L. agrarius. Agglutiner, va, to glue together, unite Agraire is a doublet of O. Fr. agrier. from L. agglutinare. Der. agglutin- AGGRANDIR, va. to enlarge -ISSEMENT, ation. sm. increase, aggrandisement. See grand. Aggraver, va. to aggravate, make worse AGREABLE, adj. agreeable der. from -ation, sf. aggravation, increase. agreer, like gueable from gueer. Der. See

in cantionem, chanson, See Hist. Gram. p. 61. The change of ti into soft s, as in acutiare, aigtmer, is uncommon. See Hist.
3. s hard, as p.

houger, etc.; au in vulturius, vautour; o in remorque (O. Fr. remolque) from re-

mulcum. Agonie, sf.

Gram.

192.

grave.

desagreable (Hist. Gram. p.

78).

AGRSER
AGREER, va, to a (lit. = prendre
Agr6ger,
receive favourably, accept gre).

AIEUL,
tonic vowel (like the i of

15
sanitatem),
dis-

See gre.

Der.

appears in
cim-e-tiere).

Fr,

if

short

(san-!l!-tatem

agremtnt. desa^rement.
va. to admit, incorporate (into a Der. public body); from L, aggregare agrege (of which agregat is a doublet),

sante), remains if long

(caem-e-terium

= =
:

This continuance of a long

atonic vowel has only a few exceptions

agrega.U.on.

AGREMENT, sm.
agreer.

consent, approbation.

See

AGRES, sm. pi. rigging, Agresseur, sm. an

See greer. tackling. aggressor ; from L. aggressorem. Der. agression, -if, Agreste, adj. rustic; from L. agrestis. Agricole, adj. agricultural; from L. agri-

cola.
adj.

The

Lat. subst. has

become

a Fr.

Agriculteur, sm.

a farmer,

Agronome,
AGUERRIR,
guerre.

from L. agricultorem, Der, agriculture. from sm. an agriculturist Gr. dypovofios (which from dypos and
;

agriculturist;

the atonic vowel which directly precedes the tonic syllable disappears, when long, in mirabilia, merveille, etc, 52. There are about twenty of these exceptions to the rule of the continuance of the long atonic vowel, which are to be explained by two facts (1) that in many of these words the contraction is quite modern, and the long atonic vowel remained inO.Fr.; courtier, serment, soup^on, larcin, were in O. Fr., more regularly, couretier, serement, soupe^on, larecen : (2) that in the common Lat. many of these words had already lost this long atonic vowel, and the Fr. simply reproduced this irregularity, and could do nothing else
:

vofios) ( 21).

thus in the 7th cent,

we

find

va. to accustom to war.

See

consobrinus, costuma

for

cosinus for consuetuelfor

AGUETS,
pi. in

sm. pi. a
Fr.

mod,

word used only in the {etre aux aguets, to be on

;

dinem, matinum for matutinum, mosna for eleemosyna, vercundia

verecundia,
2,

the look out, to be lying in wait)

but in

The

softening of the t into d.

Aiu-

O, Fr. it had a sing. also. It is used as late as Malherbe, Quand Z'aguet d'un pirate

Aguet is the verbal arreta leur voyage. sm. ( 184) of the old verb aguetter, compd.
of guetter,
q. v.

AHEURTER
stinate.

(S'), vpr.

to be bent on,

ob-

AHURIR,

See heurter. va. to amaze.

originally

The word hure, meaning hair standing on end,

produced ahuri (la gent barbue et ahuri, a folk bearded and of up-standing locks,' Ahuri phrase of the 13th cent.). is a later received the sense of standing on end
' '

lastly, the from fright,' then terrified modern sense, which is nothing but a di'

'

tare having become aitare changes into This softening had already taken a'idare. place in common Lat., in which it was very frequent, especially when the t lay between two vowels: iradam is found for iratam in an inscription of A, D. 142; limides, sidus, terridoriam, mercadum, stradu, for limites, litus, territorium, mercatum, strata, in 5th cent, documents, and in the Salic Law thus again. Classical Lat. said quadraginta, quadratus, from quatuor, which, regularly, should have For the been quatraginta, quatratus. t see aigu and full history of the Lat.
;

117, 118.
Der, aide, verbal subst. of aider, aidant^ is a doublet of adjudant, q. v. AIEUL, sm. a grandfather from L. aviolus. the side of the class, form avus, the By popular Lat, had a form avius, which is

minution of the old signification ( 13). AIDER, va. to aid, help from L. adjutare (Varro and Terence), later ajutare, which must be written aiutare, as the Latins pronounced j between two vowels as i. For this cause raja, boja, major, bajulare, have become in Fr. raie, bouee (O. Fr. boie), maire, bailler, as they were proncd. raia, boia, ma'ior, baiulare. To pass from aiutare to aider we find two philological changes: (1) the fall of the u, aiutare becoming aitare ( 52) (2) the change of t into d, aiitaxe = aidar, then aider (117). I. Fall of the u. We have seen ( 52) that every vowel immediately preceding the
;

which

to be found in certain 5th-cent. documents.

(Such double forms as avius and avus are not rare in Lat.; witness luscinius and luscinus, etc.) From this form avius the Romans made the derivative aviolus, by adding the dim. suffix -olus (cp. gladiAviolus, filiolus, lusciniolus, etc.). olus, properly a little grandfather,' soon supplanted avius, in accordance with the Roman tendency to use diminutives. See
'

13.

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