Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.

tmabmf

*sme,f

pmwnf ; tzG J @ trS m 1 95 ES p f a jrmuf atmuf w d k b mawmf v S e f a &; 2 OD ; od e f ; pd e f t pd k ; &. tajymif ; tvJ 4 NLD a&S @ a&; Auy tawG ; 10 ay:jyLvmEd k i f i H a &;ES i f h tm%mEd k i f i H a &; 12 pnf ; urf ; jynf h 0 wJ h ygwD p H k ' D r d k u a&pD 15 urB m h p D ; yG m ;&; 18 bmar;&S m ;ppf t k y f p k & J @ 21 td k b m;rm;&J @ Armjynf y sm;&nf q rf ; c&D ; 32 u|Ek f y f w d k @ ES i f h O D ; ausmf + id r f ; pmtk y f 33 Ed k i f i H w umuAsm - ,l * sif ; ay:wD , J 34 tm%m&S i f p epf u d p P aqG ; aEG ; jcif ; 38 Ed k i f i H a wmf E S i f h a wmf v S e f a &; 46 owif ; eJ @ rS w f c suf 52

trSwf (35) 'DZifbm/ 2012 ckESpf?

trSwf (35) 2012 ckESpf 'DZifbm

pmwnf;tzGJhtrSm
wk d i f ; ol j ynf o m;rsm; Ek d ; Ek d ; =um;=um; &S d = uuk e f a vmh tdkbm;rm;&J@ jrefrmjynfc&D;pOfukd orkdif;0ifc&D;vkd@ rD'D,mawGu trSwftom;jyK=uw,f? aumif;usdK;ukd aqmifvmwmvm;/ qkd;jypftarGxm;&pfchJzkd@vm; awG;ylae&yg+yD? ay:xGufvmwJh 'Dc&D;pOf[m tar&duef&@J aoe*FAsL[m tajymif;tvJe@J ywfoufygw,f? ol@ jynfwi;f t&yf&yf taetxm;u yHysuyef;ysuf ,k,i;f aecse/f xGuaygu&mae&csef - urBm'w, pD;yGm;a&; G kH f d G d f f S d h k d tiftm;t}uD;qHk; wkwfu bufpHktiftm;}uD;xGm;vmcsdef wkwfukd xdef;csKyfzkd@ udpP[m ol@twGuft&if;cH r[mwm0efjzpfw,f? tm&Sypdzdwfa'o[m olwkd@ESpfEkdifiH&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;awGeJ@ qufpyfywfoufaewm tm;vHk;tod? 'ga=umifvnf; tm;+yKd i&ma'o jzpfvmw,f? wqufwnf;wkwudk vnfrsKd npEir,fh ae&mawG[m h f f f dk f ta&;ygvmcJhw,f? ta&S@tm&SEkdifiHawGe@J tmqD,HEkdifiHawG wefzkd;wufvmcJhw,f? tar&duef vkyfaeusyHkpHtwkdif; wkwftxkdifusaewJh tmqD,HEkdifiHawGxJ 0ifaESmufygawmhw,f? e,fajrykdifqkdifr_ jy\em ykd}uD;xGm;vmw,f? ta&S@ar#mf0g' usifhoHk;vmwJh tdENd,u tmqD,He@J vHk;vmjyefw,f? *syefe@J awmifukd;&D;,m;rSm wkwfe@J o[Zmw rjzpfwhJay:vpDawG ukdifpG+J yD; a&G;aumufyG0ifwhJ 0ef}uD;csKyfavmif;eJ@ orRwavmif;awG J tm%m&vmw,f? csKyfvkduf&if tar&duef&@J wkwf0kdif;ywfa&; pDrHudef; tar&duefoabmus kyfvHk;ay:vmyg+yD? Armjynf[m aoe*FAsL[m - yx0DEkdifiHa&;&J@ ta&;ygr_a=umifh b,folrS vufvGwfrcHEkdifwhJEkdifiH jzpfvmw,f/ tJ'gtE&m,fyJ? ArmjynfxJrSmvnf; csdefukdufv_yf&Sm;r_awG ay:vmaew,f? etz tpk;d &uawmh ocifa[mif;ukvnf; rypfcm&J/ tar#mu;dk }u;D ar#mu;dk vmcJwhJ ocifopfuvnf; d G f f h dk vufvwrcHEib0 usa&mufaeygw,f? jrif&wmuawmh cGwway:vpDusio;kH zk@d jyifaewmyg? u|Epaumif G f dk f hf JSf k f cwf=ur,fh taetxm;rSm vdktyfwhJ trsdK;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; ckdifckdifrmrmvkyfwm rawG@&/ tay:,H &Syfajym+yD; tiftm;pk toD;oD;ukd csnfwkyfxm;wmyJ awG@&w,f? 'Davmuf}uD;rm;wJh jy\em}uD;ukd b,fvkd ausmfjzwf=urvJ/ &ifav;p&m aumif;ygw,f? 'ga=umif h tky f p k d ; ol a wG u k d owd a y;csif w muawmh taerwwf & i &S i f u syf - aousyf if tk jzpf u k e f = uvd r f h r ,f ? uk d , f u sd K ;awG aES m uf v m&if wk d i f ; jynf a ysmuf o G m ;vd r f h r ,f ? wqufwnf; jynfolawGukd yef=um;csifwmuawmhtrsd K ;om;jynf o l r sm; Ek d ; Ek d ; =um;=um; &S d = uuk e f a vmh qk d w mygyJ ?

pmwnf;tzGJ@ (21/ 12/ 2012)

95 ESpfajrmuf atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;ae@ txdrf;trSwf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;Hk;a&;aumfrwD.xkwfjyefcsuf (Edk0ifbm 7 &uf/ 2012 ckESpf)

atmufwbmawmfvea&;vrf;a=umif; kd Sf TEdk0ifbm 7 &ufonf acwfopfurBmhordkif;wGif tvkyform;/ v,form;/ rd@aeqif;&Jom;rsm;ESihf ynmwwfrsm;twGuf ay:aygucaom txl;jcm;qH;k tjzpftysu}f uD; f hJ jzpfonhf kSm;EdkifiHrS r[matmufwkdbm awmfvSefa&;}uD; 95 ESpf ajrmufae@ jzpfonf? qdA,uf,e,H yujJG cif;ESihf ppfat;acwf+y;D qH;k oGm;jcif;rSm qdA,uf,e,usq;kH oGm;onhvuQ%m kD lD d kD lD H f jzpfaomfvnf; tzdEycjH ynforsm;/ udveEiirsm;ESihf ypPn;f rJvwef;pm; twGuf atmufwbm dS f l k kd D kd f H h l kd awmfvea&;u aqmif=uOf;ay;cJaom ar#mvifcsursm;/ ud,u,ukd ,H=k unfonhf pdw"mwfrsm; Sf h f h f k fh kd f f ESihf vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0iftpOftvmrsm;uawmh xm0pOft"Gef@Snf wnfSdae ayonf? atmufwbmawmfvea&;}u;D onf km;Ediiu km;jynforsm;udomru urBmtES@H dS kd Sf S kfH S l k h udkvdkeDb0 usa&mufaeolrsm;udkvnf; ar#mfvifhcsufESifh cGeftm;rsm;ay;cJhayonf? xdk@jyif oabmw&m;rSbJ pD;yGm;a&; wduyrsm;avmufom prf;w0g;0g;qifEae=uaom urBmt&yf&yfu d k f JG J$ tvkyorm;rsm;qDuvnf; rmhup0g'ESiveif0g' yd@k ay;cJonf? 1917 ckEpu ay:aygucaom f kd f f hf D h S f f hJ atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;. aemufydkif;Y ay:aygufaom awmfvSefa&;rSefor#tay:wGif Tawmfvea&;}uD;.oufa&mufr_ tenf;ESitrsm;S=d uonfcsn;f jzpfonf? tmSwuEifh S f hf kd f S vufwiftar&duwduw@kd wiyif Tawmfvea&;}uD;pdw"mwfjzifh awmfvea&;atmifycrawG k f Gf Sf f Sf JG H _ ay:ayguconf? f hJ vDeif - pwmvifw@kd . Tawmfvea&;}uD;udk atmifjrifr&SapEdiconfh t"du S f _ d k f hJ ta=umif;&if;rsm;teuf wckrm tvkyorm; -v,form; - ppfom; wyfaygi;f pkukd xlaxmifEif S f kd cJaoma=umifh jzpfonf? olw@kd wifcaom +idr;f csr;f a&;/ aygire@f Eihf vGwvyfa&; qdaom h hJ f k S f k 2

auG;a=umfoHrSm wEdkifiHvHk;u jynfolrsm;. toJESvHk;udk qGJ,lEdkifcJhonf? rD;cdk;rqHk;rdk;rqHk; ppfwuae&aom ppfom;rsm;tzd@k +idr;f csr;f a&;auG;a=umform toJcuaomawmif;qdcsuf kd f H S kd f k jzpfonf? tEdiEiirS vlxvym;r_reor# avhvmtwk,oifonhf pnf;vH;k r_Oyrmwckukd k f kd f H k _ f S S f l h erlemxlay;cJovdk Sonf? h d 20 &mpkEprm e,fcs@J acwfjzpfonfqaom trSew&m;ESiqufvsuf 20 &mpkEprm S f S kd f hf S f S e,fcs@J orm;ESie,fcs@J ukd awmfveonhacwf[k ajym&avmufatmif jzpfay:vmapcJonfrm hf S f f h S Tawmfvea&;}u;D a=umifyif jzpfonf? Tawmfvea&;}u;D u t&if;Sipepfvnf; ocF g&w&m;udk Sf h Sf f rausmfvGefEdkifa=umif; jyocJhonf? TawmfvSefa&;}uD;a=umifh tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tjcm; atmufvmjynforsm;. awmfverukd pd;k &draom ajrmufOa&myEdiirsm;wGif tkyp;kd ol t&if;Sif $ l Sf_ f kfH f vlwef;pm;onf vlraxmufya&;pepf ( _ hH social welfare system)azmfxwI tumtuG,f k f ,lc=hJ uonf?' qdA,uf,e,H yduom;+yD;aemuf 20 &mpktukeyi;f ESihf 21 &mpktpydi;f wGif e,fcs@J k D l D JG G f kd k orm;rsm; w&m;rJ"m;rJh xifwi;f }urrsm; ydvyvmae=uonfukd tm;vH;k tjrifyif jzpfonf? od@k jzifh h kd J _ k kf tiftm;}uD;Edii}H uD;rsm; wckEiwck xdywuf awG@wm/ wif;rmwmawG r=umc% awG@vmae kf S hf f kd &onf? onftcgwif atmufwbmawmfvea&;}uD;onfvnf; e,fcs@J Eii}H uD;rsm;tcsi;f csi;f G kd S f kd f yxrurBmppfwvif;rSm csKd csi;f cswr#cyf - cwfaecsewif km;jynforsm;u tcGiaumif; ,lum d f G df G S l hf olw@kd .wduyukd atmify&atmif qifEc=hJ uonfqaomtcsuukd owd&rdonf? k f JG JG J$ kd f atmufwbmawmfvea&;u ay;cJonf/h oifjycJonfh tcsursm;teuf rnfor# kd S f h h f l rjiif;qdkEdkifonhf tcsufwcsuf Sdygonf? ,if;rSm atmifyGJqdkonfrSm pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm wduy0if&oawGtwGuf jzpfonfqaomtcsuf jzpfygonf? k f JG J l kd

atmufwbmawmfvea&;tpOftvmESipw"mwf t"Ge@f &nygap? kd S f hf d f S f

45 3

OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&. tajymif;tvJESifhywfouf+yD; Auy . wifjycsuf (2 - 10 -2012)

(1) OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&u tajymif;tvJ vkyfaeonf? 'gudk rdrdwdk@todtrSwfyyg.? tajymif;tvJu atmifjrifoifoavmufvnf; atmifjrifaeygonf? 'guvnf; owdyrdyg.? h kd od@k aomf rdrw@kd pOf;pm;wmu tajymif;tvJ&@J &nfre;f csuu bmvJqwmudk t"duxm;onf? d S f kd olw@kd &nfre;f csuu S f 2008 tajccHOya' udk jynfwi;f jynfyu twdutcHrsm; vufcapzd@k / vlrsKd ;pk G k f H vufeufuitiftm;rsm; (+ir;f tzG@J awGa&m/ qufwuaeolrsm;yg) vufcvmapzd@k kd f d kd f H jynfy vGwfajrmufa'o a&mufaeonfh twdkuftcHrsm;tm;vHk; vufcHvmzdk@ jzpfonf? 'D&nf&,csuf txdutavsmuf atmifjrifaeonf? Tod@k atmifjrif&onfta=umif;rSm G f k f h (u) jynfyta=umif;tcsutaejzifh tar&duefe@J taemuftypu Armjynfqi&m ay:vpD f k f k kd f ajymif;vJjcif; (wkwukd ajymp&mrvd? olu e0wetz eJ@ yvJeyoif+h yD; jzpfonf?) f k H (c) jynfwi;f ta=umif;tcsuu 'DcsKyf (NLD) u Ediia&;oabmxm; wqpfcsKd ;ajymif;vJvmjcif; G f kfH jzpfonf? (tus,rcs@J awmhyg? wckyJ ajymrnf? rw&m;wJtrde@f tm%mrSeor# zDqef=u au;a=umfoH f h f uae w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; od@k ajymif;vJay;vduonf? w&m;Oya'qdwmrSm 2008 tajccHOya' k f k tygt0if acwftqufqufu tpd;k &rsm; csrwxm;onfh w&m;Oya'rsm; tm;vH;k tusK;H 0ifonf? S f (2) wcsKd @u qifaumif}uD; (tajymif;tvJ) awG@aerS qifajc&m &SmraeeJ@[k ajym=uonf? qifajc&m &Sm&vdrrnf? qifajc&m awG@rS 'Dqif}u;D u b,fuvmwmvJ - b,fqukd OD;wnfaeovJqwm odrnf? hf D kd qif,Ofvm;/ qifi;f vm; qdwmyg cGjJ cm;Ekirnf? kd k df ypPKyeu b,ftem*wfukd OD;wnfaeovJqwmudk odz@kd u twdwu b,fvjkd zpfcovJqwmudk `f kd f hJ kd odrjS zpfrnf? ajc&mcH =unfvuawmh h kd f 1962 rwfv tm%modr;f yGJ awG@onf? 1974 tajccHOya' awG@onf? a'gufwmarmifarmifu 1974 tajccHOya' atmufudk taysmhqGJenf;eJ@ qGJoGif;wm awG@onf? ol ratmifjrifcJhyg? bma=umifvJ h 1988 (1350 jynf) vlxtkH ur_ &Saeonf? h k d 4

_ynfolhtm%m
a'guwmarmifarmif oabmd;k eJ@ tajymif;tvJ vkycsiaewm f f f ygv@kd xGuajymrnfh Ediia&;acgi;f aqmif r&S? ajym0Hor&S? ajymol f kfH d h l d ajrmif;xJ wcgwnf;a&mufom;rnf? G a'guwmarmifarmif&@J taysmq u OD;ode;f pdexuf aysmajymif; f h JG f h ygonf? olurS 74 tajccHOya' udk wydi;f wp zwfay;wm k &Sonf? bmawGjyifcsif zwfcsiovJ aphpyfaqG;aEG;rnf[k ajymonf? d f wuo (Auo) taqmuftOD;awmif jyefaqmuf=updk@vdk@ ajymonf? 'gu (Auo) udk w&m;0if jyefay;wm jzpfonf? OD;ode;f pdef taysmqu 2008 tajccHOya' udk vH;k vH;k rxdyg;? h JG oljyifay;wmu orRwvkyfydkifcGifheJ@ av;pm; vdkufemygrnf qdkwmyJ jzpfonf? tajccHOya'&J@ usrf;opPm qdkcsufrSmygwJh xde;f odr;f umuG,apmifa&Smuf+y;D Ediiawmf. Oya'rsm;udvnf; f h kfH k vduemygrnf qdwmudk jyifray;cJ? (jyifay; EdiwhJ tcGitm%m k f k h kf hf vnf; ol@rm r&S?) 'DcsKyacgi;f aqmif a':pk uvnf; olw@kd vpf[m S d f oGm;onf[k qdonf? od&or#u 'gukd jrifo&onf? a':pke@J ,O+f y;D k l dS S rajymcsif rajym0Hv@kd jzpfonf? wu,fu jyifvv#ivnf; tcef; h kd f (12) yg yk'fraygif; (5) cktwdkif; vkyf&rnf? 'DvdkvkyfEdkifzdk@u cufa=umif; olw@kd o=d uygonf? uv@kd ajym&OD;rnf? OD;ode;f pdee@J H f OD;a&$ref;wdk@ cHkHk;qHk;jzwfcsufudpPeJ@ uawmufuqjzpfawmh OD;odef;pdefu cHkHk;qHk;jzwfcsuf jyifcsif&if tajccHOya'udk jyifwJhvkyfenf; vkyfyg qdk+yD; OD;a&$ref;udk acsmuf (acsmuf) wGe;f onf? OD;a&$ref;u vufrcH? olvnf; odonf? 'gukd jyifz@kd vkyv#if ppftm%mydirsm;eJ@ jy\emwufrnfqwm odonf? f kf kd xl;qef;wmu tajccHOya' jyifz@kd q+kd yD; v$wwmfxJ acgi;f iH@k 0if f oGm;wJh 'DcsKyu OD;ode;f pdecif;ay;wJvrf; rvdubJ =um;ujzefajzol f f h k f vkyonf? tJ'uawmufuqjzpfr+_ y;D awmh a':pkvnf; v$wawmfu f D f cef@whJ w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;aumfrwDOuUX jzpfom;onf? aumfrwD G xJrm ppfAvtrwfygz@dk udprmawmh OD;a&$ref;vnf; rwwfEi? tJ'D S kd f PS kd f aumfrwDu aA'ga&cwfwtvky yJ vky&awmhrnf? ppfAvf hJ f f kd rygv#if ajredr&mvSpuwtvkyyJ t&yfom;w&m;ol}u;D awG udyJ hf H kd f hJ f k udi&rvdk jzpfawmhrnf? (v,f,m opfawm) ajrawG rw&m; kf odr;f wmu t"dutm;jzifh ppfwyf jzpfonf?

H kcHHk H k ; qH k ; jzwf c suf c ud p P e J @ uawmuf u q jzpf a wmh OD ; od e f ; pd e f u cHkHk;qHk;jzwfcsuf jyif c sif & if tajccH O ya' jyif w J h e nf ; vk y f y g qd k + yD ;

_ynfolhtm%m
(3) OD;ode;f pde&@J taysmq u tajccHtm;jzifh atmifjrifygonf? olw@kd zwac:or# tm;vH;k avmufu f h JG d f jynfawmfjyef+y;D (2015) a&G;aumufyukd ar#m=f uonf? Auy uawmh 2015 rSm ay:vmrnfh tmqD,H JG vGwfvyfwJh ukefoG,fa&;a'o (AFTA) wdk@ tmqD,HpD;yGm;a&;todkuft0ef; (AEC) wdk@a=umifh ArmjynfoawG cH&rnfoc'kuuyJ awG;onf? rdrw@kd &@J 'DtawG;tjrifukd aemiftvsO;f oifrS a&;ygrnf? l h k Q kd d h tck OD;ode;f pde/f 'DcsKyfe@J tar&dueftaemuftypw@kd &@J ay:vpDtajymif;tvJwckukd wifjyygrnf? kfk OD;ode;f pde/f OD;a&$ref;wd@k &@J tajymif;tvJxuf tc&muswmu Ediiawmfppfwyf (wyfrawmf) kfH Advrif;atmifviw@kd ukd tajymif;tvJvyz@kd qwm tar&duefoonf? aemufawmh 'DcsKyacgi;f aqmifpvnf; k f _d f k f kd d f k odonf? xdk@a=umifh tar&duefu e0wetz acwfwckvHk;rSm tquftoG,fvHk;0jywfoGm;wJh wyfrawmfcsi;f qufqa&; udk jyefxaxmifz@kd u ponf? H l puFmylu &Se*&Dvm qdwhJ umuG,a&;0ef}uD;awG&@J tpnf;ta0;rSm ppfwyfcsi;f f k f xdawG@qufqa&; vkycsia=umif; tar&duefu tcsujf yonf? H f f Armppfwyfbufuvnf; tcsewefv#if ppfwef;vsm;jyefrmyg vd@k ESya=umif;jyefay; df S f onf? 'gukd wqifwufvmwmyJv@kd tar&duefuwGu+f yD; auseyfonf? tar&duef h ppfausmif;awG/ oifwef;awGrm Armjynfu vli,fppfAvawG vmwufapzd@k urf;vSr;f S kd f onf? 'Durf;vSr;f r_u aemifrmtqifajyp&m &Sw,fv@kd xifygonf? S d tar&duefbuf wGuue;f u 'Dvi,fppfAvawG ppfwyf&@J xyyi;f a&mufvmwJtcserm f d l kd f d f kd h dfS olw@kd jzpfapcsiwhJ 'Drua&pD taumiftxnfay:rnf[k wGuonf? ESpf 20 - 30 f kd f apmif&vnf; apmifEionf? h h kd f Armjynfppfbufuvnf; 2008 tajccHOya' u ESpf 20 - 30 wnf+rJaezd@k aocsm oavmufjzpfv@kd tar&duefe@J &if=um;aphcsionf? (rqv &J@ 1974 tajccHOya'u f 14 ESpyJ wnf+rJcwm jzpfonf?) f hJ tar&duefeJ@&if=um;apha&;u t"dujzpfvdk@ vuf&SdArmjynfppftm%mydkifrsm;u oabmus=uonf? xH;k pHtwdi;f 'DcsKyfacgi;f aqmifpuyg ppftm%mydirsm;ESihf xdawG@qufqcsiw,f[k qdvmonf? k k kf H f k od@k aomf rvG,vyg? tar&duefvkd ol@rm wefc;kd =oZm r&Syg? ppfwyfxyyi;f eJ@ xdawG@qufqr_ rajymeJ@ f S S d d f kd H ppfAvtrwfawGe@J wpm;yGwnf;xdi+f yD; xrif;vufqpm;zd@k awmif rvG,wmawG@&onf? kd f J k kH f twdcsKyfygawmhrnf? tar&duefu xdawG@qufqz@kd vG,onf? 'DcsKyftzd@k rvG,yg? k H f f tar&duefu a&&SnapmifEionf? udpr&S? ESpf 20 - 30 qdwm olw@kd twGuf f h kd f P d k jy\emr&S? d jy\em&Sdwmu 'DcsKyf? acwfyifygwDcsif;jzpfvdk@ av;pm;axmufxm;wJhtaeeJ@ tus,ra&;awmhyg? f jynfouvnf; rapmifEiyg? l h kd f (4) ed*;kH taeeJ@ wifjyygrnf?
6

_ynfolhtm%m
ppftm%m&Sipepfrm tm%modr;f wJumv/ tm%mtajccs+yD; tajcuswumv/ tm%mxde;f wJh f S h hJ umvqd+k yD; (3) ydi;f &Sw,fv@kd Auy u owfrwygonf? tusO;f csKyf+yD; wifjyygrnf? k d S f (u) (1962 rS 1974) xd tm%modr;f wJumv jzpfonf? tm%m+ratmif tm%ma[mif; (zqyv h J (2) jcrf;pvH;k ) udk zdEyonf? Oya'wGi;f rmhup0g'qol twdutcHrsm; udk qGaqmifor;f oGi;f Edionf? zqyv dS f f f D kd k f J d kf (2) jcrf;u xde;f odr;f umv vGwvmawmhvnf; (Advae0if;&J@ (33) OD; t}uHay;tzG@J taysmqumvrSm) f k f h JG &yfwnfcsuf rajymif;=u? 'DawmhrS tajccHOya' udk a&;qGonf? J (c) (1974 rS 1988 xd) umv? tm%mtajccs+yD; tajcuswumv jzpfonf? qd&,vpf0g' hJ k S f acwfpm;cser@kd jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef qd&,vpf wHcevionf? df k S f G f $ hf (*) (1988 rS 2008 xd) rSmawmh tm%mxde;f wJumv jyefa&mufonf? e0wetz ppftm%m&Sif h pepf ajAmifvyonf? tajccHOya' udk a&;qGonf? k f J (2008 rS tcktxd) jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef pnf;urf;jynf0wJh 'Drua&pDtajccHOya' udk wnfwatmif h kd hH vkywumv (tajcusatmif vkywumv) jzpfonf? f hJ f hJ ppftm%m&Sipepf&@J oHo&mpuf0i;f u odr;f - tajccs/ tajcus - xde;f umv (3) ck &Sonf[k f kd d t=urf;tm;jzifh owfrwEionf? 'Doo&mpuf0i;f u tckwywfjyefvnaeonf? S f kd f H kd S hf (5) rdrw@kd tjrifukd wifjyygrnf? d tm%mtajccswumvudk tckjzwfoef;aeonf? hJ OD;ode;f pdew@kd &@J taysmqJG atmifjrifaeonf? 2015 a&G;aumufyJG vkyjf zpfv#if tm%mtajcus f h awmhrnf? wu,fv@kd 1988 tHk ur_rsKd ; aemifrm jzpfvmv#if tm%mxde;f wJtvkyf olw@kd jyefvy=f u S h k vdrrnf? (e0wetz) vdk tzG@J rsKd ; jyefvyvrrnf? hf k f d fh (6) rdrw@kd &@J ud,u,u,a0zefa&;? Auy u d k hf kd f kd f emvefxcsef jzpfonf? [dwe;f uvdk rvkyEiao;? vkyEiz@kd tcsewck apmif&rnf? apmif&rnfh d k k f kd f f kd f df h h tcsef b,favmufqwmudk rcef@re;f wwfao;yg? ([dwe;f u cef@re;f Ediconf? 1300 jynf&@J d kd S k k S k f hJ h a&$&wkEpf 1350 (1988) rSm tcseus+yDv@kd rSereuefuef cef@re;f Ediconf?) S d f f S f S k f hJ rdrw@kd ,=kH unfcsuf d zdEyo&v#if wGe;f uefo&rnf? dS f l dS l dS wefjyefawmfvea&;&Sv#if awmfvea&;&Srnf? Sf d Sf d Ediiwumhtajctae txl;ojzifh jynfwi;f tajctaeu awmfvea&;tajctae &ifrnhf kfH G S f h S rrSnukd jyXmef;vdrrnf? hf hf awmfvSefa&;oabmw&m;r&SdbJ awmfvSefa&;w&yf rjzpfEdkif? rSefuefwJh aoe*FAsL[meJ@ enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOf r&SbJ atmifyr&Edi? rawmfwq awmfvea&;atmifjrifwm avmurSm d JG k f Sf r&S? d rdrw@kd u &ifrnwhJ tcsexd apmifrnf? rSeuefwhJ awmfvea&;oabmw&m;udk ud,tm;ud,u;kd d h S hf df h f Sf k hf k f &SmazGrnf? aemuf jynfoo@kd wifjyrnf? l 7

_ynfolhtm%m
a,m,dr;f vduf bom;,dr;f vdu rvkyEi? vdtyfvmv#if *k%oa&&SwhJ txD;usejf zpfr k k f f kd f k f d _ udk vufc&ef toifjh zpfonf? H b,favmuf=um=um apmifEiygonf? h kd f uHuufwe;f ajymcsiwm k f ud,e@J rqdiayr,fh a&G;aumufyOya' udk zwf=unfonf? u|eawmfw@kd ukd uwif+y;D y,fxm;wm k f kf JG h f awG@onf? aus;Zl;wifygonf? ud,u vufrcHayr,fh vufcorsm;udawmh trSeyJ av;pm;ygonf? axmufxm;ygonf? olw@kd k f H l k f tajctaet& vkywmyJv@kd vufcxm;ygonf? f H Auy u rmhup0g'udk vrf;!eoabmw&m;tjzpf xm;onf? ff f awmfvewhJ vlwef;pm;wduyukd pG+J rpm,H=k unfonf? Sf k f JG JG ArmjynfucspwhJ jynfcsp0g'jD zpfonf? kd f f vufrcHEiwmudk vufccsi[efraqmifyg? kd f H f ajym&OD;rnf? Auy &J@ arG;ouU&mZfukd tcktjiif;yGm;wm rawG@&? arG;&mZmwduawmh trsKd ;rsKd ;ajym=uonf? kd Oya'y ajratmufygwukd arG;zGm;&wmjzpfv@kd ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm; ajymif;&onf? udA[de;f D k tdrrmvd@k ajymwmvnf; rrSm;? &efuef r@xrmvd@k ajymwmvnf; rrSm;yg? f S k J S wck wifjycsiwmu Auy &J@ arG;&mZmwdt&if;tjrpfu wuoAuo jzpfonf? 'ga=umifyJ f h wuoAuo taqmuftOD;udk oHa,mZOf&dS wG,wmonf? 'ga=umifyJ Armjynf (A) f h qdwmudk pG+J rJaewm jzpfonf? jrefrmjynfjzpfvnf; ta&;r}uD;yg? 'gayrJh Auo &Sor#awmh k d Auy &J@ (A) udk rjyifEiyg? kd f tckawmh Auy uG,veaoqH;k wJouU&mZf tjiif;yGm;ae=ujyefonf? OD;Ek/ udausm+f ir;f wd@k u f Gf h k d wrsKd ;ajymvdrrnf? Advatmif}uD;/ Advatmifa&$/ Advarmifarmifw@kd u wrsKd ;ajymvdrrnf? hf k f k f k f fh Advapmarmif/ Advoef;a&$/ Advcif!e@f w@kd u wrsKd ;ajymvdrrnf? ajymcsiwmajym=uygap? rdrw@kd k f k f k f G hf f d 0ifrajymyg? ajymp&mrvdv@kd yg? ajymrd&ifvnf; zkwouf0if+yD; ajymwmvd@k pGyp=JG uvdrO;D rnf? k f f fh wygwnf; ajymvdurnf? Auy udk qJa&;wJpmawG zwf&ygonf? tusKd ;ta=umif;ygwpmudawmh k f h hJ k a0zefwmvd@k oabmxm;vduonf? qJa&;pmoufoufq&if zwfyzwfonf? vufeufcs k f kd J opPmazmufawG a&;wmvnf; zwfonf? wm0eft& t}udrf}udrfvufeufcs=u&wmyJvdk@ oabmxm;um ab;rJay;onf? (ordi;f rSeukd d;k d;k om;om; odvorsm;u odcsiv@kd ar;vm&if h k f kd l f twGi;f pmtjzpf jyefa&;ygrnf? xkwjf yefz@kd r[kwyg?) f ppfe@J awmfvea&;acwfrrDvuorsm;u tJ'acwfu useruse&m aocge;D awGukd (trsm;pku S f kd f l D f d f aouke+f y) vGwvyfa&;acwfusrS vljzpfvmolawGu (ynmwef;ukeatmif oifc&olawGu) D f f hJ pGcsutrsKd ;rsKd ;wifaewmudk zwf&=um;&awmh em=uOfygonf? tenf;qH;k awmh vGwvyfa&;twGuf J f f pGe@f vwtepfemcHcorsm;tjzpf todtrSwf yapcsiygonf? $ f hJ l f
8

_ynfolhtm%m
rdrdwdk@vnf; wef;ukefatmif oifcsifygonf? rdbrsm;uvnf; oifapcsifonf? vGwvyfa&;&zd@k / wduz@kd / aozd@k vrf;udk a&G;+yD;vducorsm;vd@k awmh todtrSwf yapcsionf? f k f k f hJ l f ynmwef;ukefatmif roifcJh&olawG aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&; ,Ofaus;r_r&SdolawG olEiu,Eif rvkywwfoawG pwJh pwJh a&;wmajymwm zwf&=um;&wdi;f toJqwfqwf kd f kd f kd f l k emygonf? 'g[m tvwfwef;pm;ADZ&SdolwOD;&J@ cHpm;csufyg? q&mrif;ok0%f&J@uAsmxJu tvkyorm;/ v,form;om;orD; usq;kH tHqqJ ajymuf=um;&Jabmfuawmh ol@rmwrf;rSm f h J S tm;emcJa=umif; ajymcJonfrm vGwvyfa&;wduy0iforsm;udajymwm jzpfonf? vGwvyfa&; h h S f k f JG l k f twGuf toufawGpaw;cJwhJ axmifaomif;aom tmZmenfrsm;uawmh aus;Zl;&Siukd aus;pGyol h f f rsm;vd@k oabmxm;=uvdrrnf? rdrw@kd uawmh rajym&ufv@kd rajymyg? &ifemw,fqwmeJ@yJ fh d kd &yfxm;vduygonf? pdwvuf rajcmufapcsiwm jzpfonf? k f k hJ f

wif j ycsif w mu Auy &J @ arG ; &mZmwd t&if ; tjrpf u wuoAuo jzpf o nf ? 'ga=umif h y J wuoAuo taqmuf t OD ; ud k oH a ,mZOf & S d wG , f w monf ?

NLD

a&S@a&; - Auy tawG; (29- 9 - 2012)

(1) Taqmif;yg;udk trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf ('DcsKyf) em,u OD;wifOD;u a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk t+rJtm;ud;k aevd@k rjzpf [k ajymwmudk zwf&vd@k a&;vd@k &+yDq+kd yD; a&;jcif;jzpfonf? (2) a':pkwa,muf v$wawmfajy;wufvu/f tdrjf yef+y;D wnavmufty/f aumhr; udxuf vkyae&wm/ 'D=um;xJ f kd d k G f EdiijH cm;xGuwmawG awG@+yD; 'D (67) ESpt&G,e@J b,favmuf=um=umvkyEirmvJv@kd pOf;pm;rdonf? ol kf f f f f kd f S ArmjynfEiia&;xJ 0ifvmawmhawmif touf (40) ausmae+y? ol@tazvdk vli,fajcwufb0eJ@ vky&wm kd f H f D f r[kw? f 'gxufta&;}u;D wmu ygwOuUXvkyaeolu ygwvyief;rvkyEijf zpfv#if ygwpnf;vH;k a&; ysujf ym;wwfonf? D f D kf f kd D =um;ae&wJh owif;awGu raumif;yg? 1962 tm%modr;f yGJ +y;D pu owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ wGif Advatmif}uD;u OD;Eku ud,ygwuyif rxde;f odr;f Ediawmhv@kd olw@kd ppftypu k f k hf D kd kf kfk wdi;f jynfukd 0ifxe;f zd@k tm%modr;f &wm [k ajymcJonf? ('DcsKyf acgi;f aqmifrsm; k d h owdy=uzd@k yg?) ppfwyftmabmf*sme,frmawmh a':pkukd 'DcsKyfacgi;f aqmifrvkybJ (statesman) yJ S f vkyz@kd ajAmifa&;ae+yD? f (3) uHuufv@kd a&;cGihf yyg? a'gufwmarmifarmiforRwvkyfwkef;u ygwDpHk a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;rnfqdk+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Siz@JG ay;oGm;onf? xdtcgu rdrw@kd jiif;y,fconf? bma=umifvJ 1974 tajccHOya' f k d hJ h atmufukd qGoi;f aevd@k jzpfonf? olzsuay;wmu tJ'tajccHOya'xJu yk'rwcke@J ywfouf J G f D f wmawGuyJ zsuay;wm jzpfonf? wjcm;yk'rawGukd rzsuor;f ? kd f f f d e0w u 1990 a&G;aumufyvyay;awmh a&G;aumufyaumfr&Si u a'guwmarmifarmif JG k f JG f f zG@J ay;wJh aumfr&Siygy? ('gayrJ) 1974 tajccHOya' zsuor;f +yD; jzpfonf? 'ga=umifh Auy f J h f d u a&G;aumufyJG oydwrarSmufe@J - 'DcsKyfukd yHatm+yD; rJay;=u vd@k aqmf=ocJonf? f k h (4) 2015 a&G;aumufy udk 2008 tajccHOya' t& vkyrmjzpfovdk a&G;aumufyaumfr&Siuvnf; JG f S JG f tckvuf&aumfr&Siu vkyrmjzpfonf? 'ga=umifh Auy u 'Da&G;aumufyukd oydwarSmufz@kd aqmf=ornf? dS f fS JG f +yD;cJwtawG@tuHt&qdv#if rdrw@kd tenf;pk jzpfEionf? udpr&S? (Auy &J@ }uHqcsuf 'Drkd h hJ k d kd f P d 2006 udk wifjywke;f u (vrf;jyajryHk RM (7) csupvH;k tqifwi;f wduzsurnf[k avmbw}u;D f h kd k f f 10

_ynfolhtm%m
ajymcJholrsm;u aemufqHk;awmh bmrS rwdkufzsufEdkifchwhJ tawG@tuHudk Auy &xm;+yD J jzpfonf?) tck ydcufvrrnf? 2008 tajccHOya' udk vufcae=u+yD? 2015 udk ar#mae=u+yD? 1940 k d fh H f umvwke;f uvnf; &mcdiEe;f trsm;pk wjynfv;kH qdygp@kd *syef ar#m=f uonf? Auy rygcyg? kf _ k hJ 2008 tajccHOya' atmufukd acgi;f iH@k 0ifz@kd [ ay;wJh tayguxJ wd;k 0ifr&if pnf;urf; f d jynf0 wJh 'Drua&pD&@J tEdiusiwm cH&vdrrnf? 'DcsKyf vpf[if;vd@k usr;f udic&+yD? h kd k f hf hf k f hJ (5) OD;wifO;D &J@ nnf;csi;f =um;cJ&+yD? tck ud,u,ukd a0zefa&;oabmawG@&vd@k a&;vdu+f yD? h k hf kd f k 'DcsKyfoufwrf; &Snapcsiv@kd f f 'Dwcgu 1990 tvH udk pGe@f vuwmrsKd ;/ a&$*wi&yfwnfcsu pGe@f vuwmrsKd ; r[kwbJ kd f kH kd f f kd f f ArmhEiia&;rSm jzpfavh&ovdk yk*Kd~ vfwOD;&J@ acgi;f aqmifrvnf; r&Sa&m wygwv;kH qefu}JG uovdk kd f H dS _ d D J tjzpfrsKd ; 'DcsKyf rwd;k apcsiv@kd apwemeJ@ a&;ygonf? f

ygwDOuUXvkyfaeolu ygwDvkyfief;rvkyfEdkifv#if ygwDpnf;vHk;a&; ysuf_ym;wwfonf

11

ay:_yLvmEkdifiHa&;ESifh dfH tm%mEkiia&;

(1) ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;rSm aumif;wJhtpOftvmawG &SdchJovkd raumif;wJh tpOftvm awGvnf; &SdcJhw,f? vlxktm;ukd tajccH+yD; 'Drkdua&pDenf;us pnf;Hk;,SOf+ydKif wmrsKd ; wcsKd @u rvkycsi=f ubl;? rvkyEi=f ubl;? vly*Kd~ vfwOD; a&S@wef;a&mufvm f f dk k ay:jyLvmjzpfvm&if b,fvkdqGcsypf&rvJ/ b,fvkd&Sif;ypf=urvJ pOf;pm;olawG J &SdcJhw,f? 'Daumif vlwius,vyaew,f/ &Si;f ypfqwhJ tawG;tac:awG vky[efawG Gf f kf dk f xGef;um;vmcJhwm vGwfvyfa&; t}udKumvuwnf;u jzpfw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif AkvcsKyfatmifqef; a&wdrepfc&w,f? EkiijH cm;a&;0ef}uD; d f f hJ df OD;wifxGwf AHk;cGvkyf}uHwm cHch&w,f? J J vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;awmh 'Dvkyf[efrsdK; ykdrsm;vmw,f? qdk&S,fvpfawG trsm;qHk;vkyfcJhw,f? ppf t k y f p k ppf t m%m&S i f p epf usif h o H k ; vmwJ h 58-62 ppf t pk d ; &awG vufxufusawmh txGwftxdyf a&mufoGm;cJhw,f? rqvacwf0ef}uD; a'gufwmnDnD&J@ vkyf&nfukdif&nfukd owdjyKrd+yD; tm&S&@J xGe;f opfp acgi;f aqmifwOD;vk@d jynfyrD',mwcku cs;D yifa&;vkur&mu D h d f d ol@crsm +*dK[fpD;+*dK[feif;rvGwf +*dK[far$cH&+yD; tjzKwfcHxdoGm;ygw,f? ukvtwGif;a&;rSL;OD;oef@/ EkdifiHwumrSm xifay:ausmf=um;tav;pm; cH&wma=umifh 7475 ta&;tcif;ukd jzpfay:apcJhw,f? rSew,fxif&ifvywwfwhJ AkvcsKyf}uD;wifO;D udpP - qHyif&nvi,fawGudk f k f d f S f l ppfwyfuzrf;+yD; qHyifwypfwhJ v_y&m;r_wckrm Akvae0if;om; ygom;w,f? 'gudk dk f S S d f G ewfaeudkif;rcsef tm%m+ydKifvmw,fvkd@ ,lqcH&w,f? vlxk=um;rSm AkdvfcsKyf }uD;wifOD; oufawmf&Snfygapvkd@ atmf[pfvmwJhtxd ay:jyLvmjzpfvmwm awGa=umifh ppfOD;pD;csKyf&mxl;uae tjzKwfcH&zkd@ =urRmiifcJhw,f? 'ga=umifh Akdvfae0if;vufxufrSm ta=umif;odolawGu ay:jyLvmtjzpf rcH=uygbl;? 50-62 rSm OD;Ekacwfjzpfw,f? OD;EkrS OD;Ekjzpfvmw,f? 'gt&if zqyvukd h +zKd cypfvnf; olbmrS rjzpfcb;l ? 58 tm%mtodr;f cH&vnf; c%yJ? ypfwi;f axmif JG hJ dk jzpfaecJhw,f? 'gayrJh tcGifhaumif;apmifhaewJh ppftkyfpk'%f udkawmh olrcHEkdif? aemufqHk;awmh axmifxJ a&mufcJh&w,f? vGwfvmjyefawmh vufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;udk wl;wl;cg;cg; qef@usifygw,fqkdwJh OD;Ek wyfawmifwm Akdvfxk vlpk+yD; olykefxcJh&w,f? ckvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf&@J xif&Sm;ausmf=um; ay:jyLvmjzpfwhJacwf

vufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;udk wl ; wl ; cg;cg; qef@usifygw,fqkdwJh OD ; Ek

12

_ynfolhtm%m
a&mufaeygw,f? t0ef;t0kdif;u us,fygw,f? jynfwGif;omru jynfytxd aygufa&mufygw,f? ppftkyfpk acgif;ukdifzcif (a*gzm;om;) }uD; Akvae0if;/ aemufAvf atmif}uD;/ Akvoef;a&$/ Akvcifne@f w@dk tqufquf owfrEdiv@dk v$wxm;&wmh d f dk d f d f G kf f 'gayrJh olwkd@ vufav#mhvkduf=u+yDvm;? olwkd@u EkdifiHa&;ukd ppfa&;vkdoabmxm;+yD; vkyfukdifae=uw,fqdkwm rarhoifhbl;? (2) ta=umif;qufpyf+yD; OuUocifAodef;wif u|efawmfwkd@ukd ajymjycJhwmwck owd&rdw,f? &Jabmfarmfpwe;f wcgu ajymzl;w,f? &JabmfAode;f wif ppfwuw,fqwm rcufygb;l ? 'Dae&mwkur&&if [kae&m D k dk f dk d f d ajymif;wkdufaygh? 'Denf;eJ@r&&if [kdenf;eJ@ wkdufaygh-AswJh? ppftkyfpktaeeJ@ 'Dpum; =um;zl;r=um;zl;awmh rajymwwfyg? usKyfwkd@vnf; OuUarmfppfa&;usrf;awGukd zwfyg w,f? vkdovkdvnf; toHk;csygw,fvkd@ ppfAkdvfwcsdK@ ajymwmawmh =um;zl;rSwfzl;ygw,f? 'DESpfukd,f=um; ajymwJhpum;ukdawmh OuUu tvsOf;oifhwkef; ppfa&;aqmif&Gufr,fh ygwDwGif; &JabmfwcsdK@ukd ajym wmyg? ppftpdk;& ppftkyfpkodp&m ta=umif;r&Sdyg? 'gayrJh 'Denf;eJ@ r&vkd@ [kdenf;ajymif;oHk;vmwm awG@&w,f? 'Dae&mrSm tvkdvkduf t}udKufaqmifwhJenf;vkd@ oHk;yghr,f? (wkdufkdufa0g[m& oHk;vkduf&if tcH& cufukefrSm pdk;vkd@yg)? wdk@acgif;aqmifawGvkyfwm tm;vHk;rSefw,f/ twkduftcHawGukd ukdifwG,fwm (wckyJ) rSm;w,f? 'Denf;ukd ckrS oHk;&ovm;? apmapmuoHk;&if usKyfwkd@wyfrawmfvnf; 'Davmufemrnfrysufbl;? vlxkvnf; 'Davmufrembl;vkd@ ajymwJhtoHxGufvmw,f? (3) jrif&wmuawmh tay;t,l vkyf=uwmyJ(wkd@tusyftwnf;vnf; rif;wkd@ ulajz&Sif;ay;/ wkd@uvnf; rif;wkd@ vkyfcsifwmawG axmufxm;or_jyKr,f) qdkwhJ em;vnfr_jzpfvmw,f? t&yfom;pum;eJ@ ajym&&if vla&;jycGifh&vkd@ twkduftcHawG pdwfvGwfukd,fvGwf jzpfvmw,f? 'gayrJh xGufay: vmwJh&v'fuawmh 2008 tajccHOya' wnfap - +rJap/ OD;ykdifukr`%D wnfap - +rJap qkdwmyJ? 'Dem;vnfr_a=umifh jynfwGif;u ArmjynfolawG&J@ b0ajymif;vJukef=u+yDvm;? vlrsdK;pkwkdif;&if;om; jynfolawG&J@ b0wkd;wuf pnfyifvm=u+yDvm;? olwkd@e,fajrawG +idrf;csrf;om,mae=u+yDvm;? jrif&wmu etz wdwfwdwfuav;vkyfxm;wJh vlqdk; (Black List) pm&if;0if vlwcdsK@ukd trnfysufpm&if;u y,fzsufay;vkdufw,f? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh tar&duefjyKpkxm;wJh ikd@bpm&if;0if wyfe@J tpdk;&t&m&SdwcsdK@/ tpdk;&eJ@ pm;azmfpm;zuf ckdeDwcsdK@ xl;cwfxm;wm jzKwfay;+yD; tar&duefokd@ 0ifap - xGufap jzpfvmw,f? orRwjzpfolu y%mr+idrf;csrf;a&;Ekdb,fqk pm&if;0ifjzpfvmw,f? ckawmh tar&dueJ@ Oa&myukr`%D}uD;awG vm=u+yD? olwkd@u tjrwfrxGufbJ rvm=ubl;? jynfwGif;rSmawmh c&kdeD awGuyJ pm;oGm;rvm;/ jynfolawGyJ jym;oGm;rvm;- apmifh=unfhyghr,f? (4) 2015 a&G;aumufyGJ 3 ESpfyJ vkdygawmhw,f? bmawG jzpfvmrvJ? &ifckefaerdygw,f? t"duajymcsifwhJ ay;csifwhJ owif;pum;u 'gyJjzpfygw,f? ckwavm jyifyrD'D,m wcsdK@u 2015 a&G;aumufyGrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf orRwjzpfvmEkdfifw,fvdk@ ESyfa=umif; J ay; wpf}udKcef@rSef;csufawG xkwfay;aeygw,f? jynfolre@J jzpfvm&ifawmh (ckppfwydkif; tpdk;&eJ@pm&if) aumif;wmaygh? &ifav;aerdwm[ 'Dtcsufy? jzpfrvm;/ J J rjzpfbl;vm;?

13

_ynfolhtm%m
a':atmifqef;pk=unfvnf; pk;d &drpw&woabm awG@&w,f? tdE,c&D;pOf twGi;f rSmyJ 2008 tajccHOya' jyifqif f d f dS h J dN ray;&if rjzpfEkdifbl;qdkwhJoabm ajymxGufvmygw,f? etzuawmh ol@wyfol jyifxm;vkdufyg+yD? +yD;cJhwhJ atmufwkdbm }uHhzGH@ygwDnDvmcHrSm A[kdtvkyftr_aqmif 44 OD;&J@ pm&if; xkwjf yefcw,f? vlpm&if;=unfvuawmh taysmqorm;awG ygovka&bl;ayguwm rvdcsib;l / a&&atmif hJ h dk f h JG d f k f om,lchqdkwholawG ygaewm awG@&w,f? J J taysmhqorm;awGe@J ywfoufvkd@uawmh ukd,f t&if ukd,fcHayghvkd@ ajym&rSmyJ? 'Dvkdajymvkd@ olwkd@ tE&m,fukd GJ av#mhwGufwmr[kwf/ ygwDawG uGwm+yJwm yJhxGufukef=uwmawGrSm olwkd@&@J vuf&mawG awmfawmfav;ygygw,f? J ckArmjynf (txl;ojzifh) jynfrEkdifiHa&;rSm t"du 2 ygwDyJ +ydKif&rSmyg? tm%mukd rvGwfwrf; qkyfukdifxm;csifol awG/ usifhoHk;Ekdifwhenf;vrf;awGuawmh J (1) zqyv qkd&S,fvpfawG&@J rif;vS 4 avmif;+ydKifenf;/ igef;ZGef 6 avmif;+ydKif enf;/ EkdifEkdif - _H;_H; - Ekdif&r,fqkdwhJ enf; (2) Akdvfae0if;&J@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDenf;/ rqvenf;/ Akdvfapmarmif-AkdvfcifnGef@ e0w enf;/ Akdvfoef;a&$-Akdvf cifnGef@wkd@&J@ etzenf; (3) (tm%mvufrv$wf&&if) EkdifiHa&;upm;csif=uwJh olawGuawmh OD;odef;pdef - OD;a&Gref;enf;ukd }udKufEkdif=u w,f? 'gayrJh olwkd@xrSm tqHk;tjzwfay;r,fhvlawGuawmh wyfrawmf&@J OD;aqmifr_tcef;ukd udkifxm;wJh umvHk J (okd@r [kwf) tuvyJ jzpfygw,f? 'DtxJrSm t"duusolu Akdvfrif;atmifv_difqkdwm owd&Sd&ygr,f? 'Dawmh ay:jyLvmEkiia&;eJ@tm%mEkiia&; tm;+yKd iwyrm OD;Ek&@J ay:jyLvmEkiia&; usq;kH ovkd a':atmifqef;pk=unf dfH dfH f hJ JG S dfH usqHk;oGm;Ekdifovm;? ref'vm;&J@ ay:jyLvmEkdifiHa&; atmifyGcHovkd a':atmifqef;pk=unf atmifyGcHEkdifrvm;? wGuf=unfh=uyg? J J J t&mtm;vHk;[m EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfe@J qkdifygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm ref'Jvm;&J@ ANC eJ@ a':pk&J@ NLD wlovm;/ pOf;pm;yg? (apmapmykdif;rSm wlovkdvkd &Sdayr,fh/ aemufykdif; rwlbl; xifygw,f)? OD;Ek&@J yxpeJ@ a':pk&@J NLD wlovm;? ([kwuhJ - wlygw,f) vlxaxmufcr_ &wmcsi;f wlygw,f? vpfb&,f f k H 'Drkdua&pD ukdifpGwm wlygw,f? a&G;aumufyGEdkifwmcsif;vnf; wlygw,f? J J 'gayrJh jzpfavhjzpfx &Sdwmu 'Drkdua&pD txkduftavsmuf&SdwhEkdifiH/ jynfolawGu ukd,fh'Drkdua&pDukd ukd,fum J uG,fwhJEkdifiH/ ppftm%m&SifawG tkyfpkd;rxm;wJhEkdifiHawGrSmom a&G;aumufyGEkdifwhJ ygwDawG tm%m&=uygw,f? J 'Dae@umvrSm ukd,fhukd0ef;&HaewJh jynfolawGukd &&if &-r&&if csqdkwJh tawG;tac: wyfqifxm;Ekdif&if atmifye@J eD;ygw,f? ay;rS,r,fqk&ifawmh tm%meJ@ a0;ygr,f? t&if;&Si'rua&pD EkiiawGrm pOf;pm;ovk/d vkyovkd JG l d f D dk dfH S f pOf;pm;vkyfaqmifaevkd@uawmh jynfolawG atmifyapmfreHEkdifa=umif; ajymvkdygw,f? GJ bk&m;w&m; =unfnKd / t=urf;zufawmfvea&;udk t+rwcscwhJ OD;Ek - ykw;D wuH;k AH;k wvH;k eJ@ aoewfpuic&wJh Sf J _ f hJ JG dk f hJ b0 a&mufoGm;wmukd oifcef;pm,loifhygw,f?

14

h pnf;urf;jynf0wJh ygwDp'rua&pDpepf&@J t"dym,f Hk D dk `

orRw OD;ode;f pdetpk;d & vkyaeudif f f k aewmtm;vkH;[m 2008 tajccH Oya'abmifxudk tiftm;pktm;vk;H J 0ifvmatmif wenf;enf;eJ@ qGoi;f J G a&;yJ jzpfw,f?2008 tajccHOya' [m ukd,fa&mifazsmufxm;wJh ppf tkypk twGuf oufoufyJ jzpfygw,f? f 'ga=umifh tiftm;pktm;vk;H ukd 2008 tajccH Oya'xJqoi;f Edi&if Ediia&; JG G k f k f H tiftm;pk tm;vk;H eJ@twl jynfovxk l l w&yfvkH; ukd acgif;razmfEdkifatmif a&&SnzEyf xm;Edirmjzpfygw,f? f d dS kfS tck orR w OD ; od e f ; pd e f tpk;d &u tajymif;tvJqwmvkyw,f? dk f tcsdK@udpPawGudk wm;qD;ydwfyifwm rvkybJ vGwvyfciay;w,fqwm f f G hf dk [m }uKd ;&Sne@J vexm;wJoabmygy? f Sf h J 2008 tajccH O ya'abmif x J 0ifatmif em;vSnyg;&kuf vkyz@dk ygy? hf d f J em;vSnfhaewJh tcsdefumvwckrSm oabmaumif;jyaewmyJ jzpfygw,f? ppftyptqufquf vkychJ kfk f wmeJ@ orRw OD;ode;f pdetpk;d & vkyae f f

wmukd ta&;}uD;wJtcsuf tcsKd @rm h S Ed_if;,SOfqufpyf}unfh&if vkyfenf; vky[efomeft& rwlovkd &Say f d r,fh &nf&,csuu twlwyqwm G f f l J dk awG@&rSm jzpfygw,f/ jynfwi;f ppf &yfpa&;/ trsKd ; G J om;pnf;vk;H nDnwr_ wnf aqmufa&; G f udprm awmfvea&;aumifpD tpdk;& PS Sf vufxuf 1963 ckEprm [efjy aphpyf SfS aqG;aEG;a&; (Ediia&;aqG;aEG;r_) w}urf kfH d vkywmuvG&if aqG;aEG;yGJ (v#@d 0uf f J S aqG;aEG;yGtygt0if) wki;f rSm vufeuf J d csa&;yJ aqG;aEG;wmygy? vufeufrcs J &if tjyKwwur,f qkwh J oabmxm; f kd f d yJ xm;cJh}uygw,f? awmfvSefa&; aumifpe@J rqv tpd;k & vufxuf D rSm qk&ifawmh b,fEiia&; ygwrS d kd f H D w&m;0if&yfwnf cGiray;ygb;l / 'Drdk hf ua&pD[m tJh'Dtxd qdwfokOf;cJh ygw,f? e0w Ak d v f a pmarmif vufxufrmawmh Ediia&;ygwawGukd S kfH D tuef@towf t}uD;}uD;xm;jyD;

zGJ@pnf;cGihfay;cJhw,f? EdkifiHa&;t& bmrSraqG;aEG;bl;/ a&G;aumufyGJ vkyw,f? tm%mrv$b;l ? vufeufuif f J kd tiftm;pkawGudk wzJhcsif;xkd;cGJjyD; vufeufcsci;f w,f? kd etz Ad k v f o ef ; a&$ vufxufrmawmh Ediia&;ygwawGudk S kfH D trsdK;om;nDvmcHqdkwJh +cHcwfjyD; avSmifywz@dk }udK;pm;w,f? vufeuf d f ukitiftm;pkawGukd wjcrf;pD/ wzJpD df h jzpfatmifvkyfjyD; wjcrf;csif; wzJh csi;f eJ@ typftcwf &yfpa&;qkwmukd J d wzufowf tuef@towf}uD;}uD;eJ@ vkyjf yefw,f/ typftcwf&yfpjJ y;D EdiiH kf a&;aqG;aEG;r_awG rvkybJ zG@H +zdK;a&; f ta=umif;jy+y;D tzG@J tpnf;acgi;f aqmif ydi;f ukd pD;yGm;a&;rufv;Hk ay;jy;D zsuq;D k f ypfw,f? etz u trsd K ;om; nD v mcH r S m tajccH r l 6 csuf r &/ &atmifcsw,f? tajccHrl 6 csue@J f tnD tajccHOya'ukd r&/ &atmif a&;qGJw,f/ 2008 rSm vlxkqEN 15

_ynfolhtm%m
tajccHOya'/ v$wfawmf qkwmawGe@J orRwOD;ode;f pdef tpk;d & d [m w&m;0iftpdk;& jzpfvmw,f? tajymif;tvJawGvyjf yD; 'Drua&pD k dk azmfaqmifr,fv@d k ajymygw,f? vufawG@ rSmawmh ppftpk;d &tqufquf ukipJG df cJhwJh oabmxm; ay:vpDawGudk }uH@zGH@ orRwenf;eJ@ cef@cGJaewmyJ jzpfygw,f? ppftpd;k &tqufquf[m ArmvlrsKd ;}u;D 0g'ukusio;Hk jcif;tm;jzifh d hf vlrsKd ;pkawGe@J ArmvlrsKd ;awG aoG;uGJ atmifvyw,f? wki;f &if;om; pnf;vk;H kf d nDnwa&;ajym+y;D vlrsKd ; wrsKd ;eJ@wrsKd ; G f rwlujJG ym;r_awGudk tok;H cs+yD; aoG;cGJ ypfw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&; pum;ajymjyD; enf;rsdK;pkHeJ@ vufeufcs tnHhcHa&;/ tjyKwwua&;ukd vkyw,f? ppfa&;rSm f dk f f t,kwrm tdi;f pki;f qk;H vlrqefwhJ f k d jzwfav;jzwf pepfudk usio;Hk w,f? hf ppfwyfukd EdkifiHa&;ygwD wckvkdvdk bmvkvdk vkyypfw,f? wu,fawmh d f ppftkyfpkwvufudkifwyf jzpfatmif vkyfwm jzpfw,f? Ak'<bmomuk d tm;ay;ovkdvkdvkyf+yD; c&pf,mefeJ@ Ak'<bmom/ rlqvifeJ@ Ak'<bmom jy\emay:atmifvkyfw,f? vuf awG@rSm Ak'<bmom0ifawGukdvnf; zdEywmyJ? bke;f }uD;awGuowfjzwf/ dS f dk zrf;qD;axmifcs nSOf;qJESdyfpufwm ppftpkd;&tqufquf vkyfwmyJ? Akvae0if;&J@ bke;f }uD;awGukd bke;f }uD; d f awGeJ@ jyefwkdufa&;qkdwJh ay:vpDukd uae@txd usio;Hk aewmyJ? hf pnf;urf;jynf0wJh ygwpHk 'Drkd h D ua&pDpepfajymaewJh orRwOD;ode;f pdef tpd;k &[m rw&m;toif; Oya'awG udk rzsufodrf;bJ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG vGwvwvyfvyf pnf;H;k zG@J pnf;cGihf f G f awGukd uef@owfvuw,f? 'Denf;eJ@ dk f trsdK;om; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;ukd +zKd caewmyJ? wjynfv;Hk twki;f twm JG d eJ@ typftcwf&yfpjJ yD; wef;wl&nfwl &SwaqG;aEG;yGawG w&m;r#wwJh EdiiH d hJ J kf a&;t& tajz&S m r_ a wG rvk y f b J +ir;f csr;f a&; azmfaqmifa&;tzG@J qwm d dk awGeJ@ wzGJ@csif;/ wzJhcsif; vdkufjyD; aqG;aEG;wm[m aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfr_ukd taumiftxnf azmfwmyJjzpfw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;pum;ajym+yD; +idrf;csrf; a&;ukd zsufqD;aewmyJ jzpfw,f? rqv wygwD t m%m&S i f p epf u k d }uH@zG@H xm0pOfvr;f rd;k wJh pnf;urf; $ jynfh0wJh ygwDpkHpHepf tpm;xdk;zkd@ vkyaewmyJ jzpfw,f? f Armpmay/ Armpum; Arm ,Ofaus;r_awGukd tm;ay;oa,mif a,mife@J vlrsKd ;pkbmompum;/ pmay ,Ofaus;r_awG wdrfaumyaysmuf atmif vkyaeovkd Armpmay/ Arm f pum;/ Arm,Ofaus;r_awGudkvnf; zsuq;D aeygw,f? ynma&;avmu f qk&if tzwfq,fz@dk cJ,Of;oGm;avmuf d wJtxd zsuq;D ypfwmyJ? h f pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,frmvnf; S wki;f jynfp;D yGm;a&;wckv;Hk ukd ppftypk d kf 0ifawGe@J ol@taygi;f toif;a&mif;&if; awGuyJ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfjc,fvS,f

rrqv wygwD qv tm%m&Sifpepfudk }uHh-zGHh xm0pOfvr;rd;wJh $ f k pnf;urf;_ynfh0wJh ygwD p H k p epf tpm;xd k ; zd k h vk y f a ewmyJ

cH,w,fqjdk yD; tajccHOya'ukd Advf l k oef ; a&$ u twnf j yKw,f q k d w m vk y f w ,f ? tJ h ' D t ajccH O ya't& a&G;aumufyvyw,f? a&G;aumufyJG JG k f r0if r ae&qk d w J h e nf ; eJ @ Ed k i f i H a &; tiftm;pkawG rSwywif&w,f? EdiiH f Hk kf a&;tiftm;pkawGukd rSwfykHwifa&;/ rwifa&;/ 90 ckEpa&G;aumufy&v'f Sf JG pGef@v$wfa&;/ rpGef@v$wfa&;qkdwmeJ@ xk;d cGypfw,f? 2010 a&G;aumufyrm J JG S ppfAvawG/ ppfAvvxuawGO;D pD;wJh kd f kd f l G f vlr_a&;toif;tzGJ@ygqkdwJh }uH@zGH@ toif;ukd csufcsif;yJ EdkifiHa&;ygwD tjzpf ajymif;vkuw,f? a&G;aumufyJG d f rSm enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ rEdivnf;Edi&r,f/ kf kf Edivnf;Edi&r,fqwenf;eJ@ }uH@zG@H kf kf dk h J ygwDtEdkif&jyD; v$wfawmfac:w,f? tpd;k &zG@J w,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf AkvcsKyf}uD; d f od e f ; pd e f v nf ; orR w OD ; od e f ; pd e f jzpfvmw,f?
16

_ynfolhtm%m
w,f? tusKd ;qufuawmh jynfol vlxw&yfv;Hk qif;&Jwi;f eufom; w,f? trsKd ;om;*k%oum usqif; w,f? k G G f d Q tvkyorm;/ v,form;awG tvkyvufrhJ jzpfw,f? b0awG ysuw,f? f f f 'Drua&pDudk azmfaqmifz@dk tajymif;tvJawG vkyw,fv@dk ajymaewJh orRwOD;ode;f pdetpd;k &[m jynf olvxk dk f f l tusKd ;pD;yGm;eJ@ rudunwhJ ay:vpDt&yf&yf/ 'grr[kwf jynfo@l qENe@J zDvmqef@usiaewJh ay:vpD w&yf&yfudk k f D S f cef@caeygw,f? tusKd ; qufuawmh jynfwi;f ppf qufjzpfaew,f? tvkyorm;awG/ v,form;awG b0ysuf JG G f ae}uw,f? vl@tcGita&;csKd ;azmufrawG ae&mwdi;f rSm jzpfaew,f? &ckijf ynfe,fbufrmvkd vlrsKd ;a&; bmoma&; hf _ k d S ydyuQawG jzpfay:aew,f? tJ'ydyuQawGukd tpk;d &taeeJ@ wm0ef,ajz&Si;f r_ xda&mufpmrvkybJ wzufrm h D l G f S rD;avmif&mavyifh vkyw,f? wzufrm yk'r 144 xkww,f? ppftycsKyfa&; csw,f? &ckijf ynfe,frm jzpfwuprsKd ; f S f f kf d S hJ d P Armjynfae&mtES@H rm jzpfvm&if yk'r 144 xkwjf cif;jzifh wjynfv;Hk ppftycsKyfa&; jzpfom;rSmyJ? v$wawmfw@dk / w&m; S f kf G f Oya' pd;k rd;k a&;wk@d 'Drua&pDw@kd qwm aemufwef;ukd wGe;f yk@d wmcH&jy;D umuG,a&;OD;pD;csKy[m wcsuvwtrde@f yi&i/f dk kd f f f $ f kd f S tm%m&Sif jzpfoGm;rSmyJjzpfw,f? tJh'Dvkd jzpfvm&ifvnf; 2008 tajccHOya'eJ@ukdufnDaerSmyJjzpfjyefw,f? pnf;urf;jynf0wJh ygwp'rua&pD&@J wu,ft"dym,fy/J wkwe@J &i;f &Si;f ajym&&if jynfwi;f ppfuw&m;r#wpGm &yfpz@dk h D Hk D kd h ` d dk S G dk J rvkycsiv@dk trsKd ;om;pnf;vk;H nD!wa&;ukd razmfaqmifcsiv@dk / 'Drua&pD pepfudk razmfaqmifcsiv@dk pnf;urf;jynf0wJh f f G f f kd f h ygwp'rua&pDqwmukd au;a=umfaewmyJ jzpfygw,f? D Hk D kd kd

Armjynf a e&mtES H @ rS m jzpf v m&if yk'fr 144 xkwfjcif;jzifh wjynf v k H ; ppftkyfcsKyfa&; jzpfoGm;rSmyJ

17

f f wdrnKd wdrrnf;awG tH@k qi;aeqJjzpfwhJ kd f urBmhpD;yGm;a&;

wdkufqkdifvSygw,f? atmufwdkbm w,f? t&if;SipepfqwmrSm rdS &vduw,fv@kd b,fae&murS ajymoH f kd k f awmfvea&;}u;D 95 ESpf jynhajrmufwhJ rjzpfwtcsuESpcsuf Sw,f? tJ'g r=um;cJ&ygb;l ? Sf f hJ f d h tcgor,rSm urBmt&if;Sipepf[m awGu (1) acgi;f yHjk zwfjcif;eJ@ (2) uyf h f wu,fu 'Dae@tcgavmuf ordkif;rSmruHzl;wJh pD;yGm;a&;tusyf qdujf cif;wd@k jzpfw,f qdwmygy? t&if;SifpepfrSm pD;yGm;a&;uyfawG k k J twnf;}uD;eJ@ &ifqdkifae&ygw,f? 1970 pkESpfrsm;tpydkif;rSm pdypy}f u;D jzpfay:wm[m +y;D cJwordi;f fd h hJ k 1930 ckEprsm;wke;f u qd;k vSygw,f a&eHaps;E_ef;jy\ema=umifh urBmh rSm rawG@&zl;oavmufyg? txl; S f qdkwJh pD;yGm;a&;uyf}uD;xufawmif t&if;Sipepf[m csmvywf&rf;oGm; ojzif h bma&;taqmuf t tH k f oufa&mufwhJ twdi;f twmu us,f wJhaemuf 1975 ckESpfupvdk@ urBmh rSmyg? 1992 ckESpfrSm +Adwdo#aygif k jyef@w,fvdk@ wcsdK@oHk;oyfolawGu pD;yGm;a&; tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHawG[m pwmvif uyfquc+hJ y;D aygipwmvif kd f f ajym=uygw,f? 2007 ckEpf tukeyi;f wESpwcg awG@qaqG;aEG;wmawG vkyf [m Oa&myaiGvv,a&;pepfxu S f kd f kH J S f J pcJwhJ 'Dbma&;tusytwnf;}u;D cJygw,f? &nf,csuuawmh urBmh Ekwxuc&+y;D puif'ae;AD;,ef; EdiiH h f h G f f f G f hJ D kf [m 5 ESpumvxJ 0ifvm+yDjzpf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;udk xde;f zd@k twGuf tiftm; awG&J@ b%fvkyfief;udkvnf; 'kuQ f xGufaygufvnf; rjrif&ao;ygbl;? }uD;EdkifiHawG tcsif;csif; pD;yGm;a&; t}uD;tus,f awG@om;apcJygw,f? G h 'D u yf } uD ; jzpf a y:cgpwk e f ; uawmh ay:vpDawG xde;f n=d uzd@k jzpfygw,f? tJ'aemuf 1994 ckEprm pufrEii}H u;D D SfS _ kd f tdit,fvtu ckvtvkym;yg;r_ r=umao;cifurS *syefEiituem0g 13 ckrm bGe;f aps;uGuuaomif;ueif; kf f kd kd fS kd f H kd D S f [m 8ESpavmufqufjzpfaeOD;r,f rSm vky+f y;D oGm;wJh *sD (8) tpnf;ta0; jzpfr_}uD; ay:ayguf+yD; 1994 - 95 f vd@k a[mude;f xkwcz;l ygw,f? 'gayrJh [m 'DtpDtpOfxu wckjzpfygw,f? ckEprmawmh ruUqup;D yGm;a&;uyf f hJ J S f S D kd olw@kd ajym+yD;vd@k ig;ESpawmif vGe+f yD 'gayrJh 'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm TESprsm; jzpfay:cJygw,f? tJ'aemuf 1997 f f h D jzpfwhJ tcktcgrm aemifo;kH ESp=f um&if twGif; urBmrSm ay:aygufcJhaom 98 rSm xdi;f tyg tmSwuEiiawGe@J S k kd f kd f H tajctae aumif;vmr,fv@kd b,f pD;yGm;a&;ESih f bma&;tusytwnf; kSm;EdkifiHwdk@rSm bma&;tusyf f olurS rajym&Jao;bl; jzpfaeygw,f? rsm;onf urBmhpD;yGm;a&;udk }uD;rm; twnf;}uD; uyfqucygw,f? tJ'D kd f h J abm*aA'ynmSifawGajymwJh rSwf aom pdeac:r_rsm; jzpfc.vd@k 0efcchJ aemuf r S m awmh tar&d u ef E d k i f i H f hJ H avmufom;avmuf pum;wcGe;f Syg wmuvGv@kd tm;&avmufwhJ tajz [uf * sf & ef y H k a iG (hedge funds) d J 18

_ynfolhtm%m
f k f f awGrm jzpfay:cJwhJ rd;k rom; vkyru vduO;D r,fq+kd yD; tdr0,f/ um;0,f OD;r,fv@kd ynmSiawGu axmufjyae S h f_ f f quf a y:vmwJ h tusyf t wnf ; / awG vky=f uygw,f? 'Dawmh vkyief;Sif =uygw,f? 'Dvkd tusytwnf;awG jywfvyfw,f rSygb;l ? d }uD ; awG t aeeJ @ umvwck a wmh quf w d k u f uH a wG @ ae&vd k @ uawmh kd f H l f 'Dwcgtusytwnf;&J@ xl; tjrwfawG trsm;}uD;&/ tyG}uD;yGchJ 'DEiiawG[m emvefxz@kd rvG,yg f h h G jcm;csuu xdcuwe,fy,f us,jf yef@ =uygw,f? 'gayrJ'g[m obm0uspm bl;? 'ga=umifvnf; a0gvrf;r qef@ f kd f hJ f kd f vGef;wmyg? tar&duefrSmomru yJ +rDpm;awGu tau;jyefrqyfEiwhJ usia&; qENjyolawGu 'g[m pepf f kd ,le,fy,frmvnf; pD;yGm;a&;usqif; tcgrSm b%fawG tusyfdkufawmh xJu trSm; r[kwb;l ? pepfuu rSm; kd S J kd r_ '%fudk tvl;tvdrfhcHpm;ae=u wmygy? 'Dve@J aiGa=u;tzG@J tpnf;}u;D aewm vd@k ajym=uwmyg? kd f &ygw,f? 'Dae@tcgrm Oa&myu q,f awG yvJusygw,f? 'Dvt&if;Sipepf S *vdb,fvuaZ;Si;f acwf k kd f G f__ H EdiiH jzpfwhJ tDwvD/ pyde/f b,fv*s,/H &J@ ausmaxmufaemufcv@kd ajym&rvdk rSm qufo,rEe;f awG ydjk refovdk aiGp;D kf f D k k tdkif,mvef/ *&d/ pvdkaA;eD;,m;/ jzpfwhJ bma&;taqmufttHawG qif;r_awG[mvnf; ydrsm;/ ydjk refyg f e,fomvef/ t*Fvef/ 'de;f rwfe@J csuf yw,fqkdawmh tpkd;&awGu u,f w,f? 'ga=umihvnf; b%fawGyvJ kd f Ediiw@kd [m pD;yGm;a&; tusytwnf; wifa&; tpDtrHawG vky=f uygw,f? wm/ pD;yGm;a&;uyfquwmawG[m kfH f k k d f D awG@ae&w,fvdk@ w&m;0ifa=unm tJ'guawmh tJ'bma&;taqmuf ydrsm; ydpyvmw,fv@kd ajym&r,f k f kd k xm;&ygw,f? *&de@J pydew@kd rm touf ttHawGukd {&mraiGa=u;yrm%awG xifyg w,f? e*du t&if;Sipepfqwm f S _ kfH 15 ESpe@J 25 ESpf t=um; vli,fawG acs;ay;ygw,f? 'DvdkaiGtajrmuf pufrt& aS@wef;a&mufwhJ EdiiawG f _ kfH xJrm 51/ tDwvDe@J ay:wl*rm 36/ tjrm; acs;ay;&awmh tpd;k &twGuf u pufrrxGe;f um;wJh EdiiawGtay: S DS G f G jyifopfrm20 wd@k [m tvkyvufrhJ 0ifaiGxuaiGum[r_awG jzpfay:vm aoG;pkyfe,fcsJ@=uwmyJ jzpfygw,f? S f kfH D S jzpfae=uygw,f? wjcm;EdkifiHawGrSm ygw,f? 'Dtcgrm tpd;k &u toH;k awG acwfaemufuswhJ EdiiawGqu ukef vnf; E_e;f xm;[m rwdr;f r,dr;f vd@k jzwfygw,f? jzwfw,fqawmh 0efxyf =urf;awGukd aps;aygayge@J &,l/ +y;D awmh kd k qd=k uygw,f? D kd f H D _ G f kf 0ef y d k ; u omref j ynf o l a wG t ay: tJ'EiiawGqukd pufrxuueawG h rwnf + id r f w J h E d k i f i H w um usvmygw,f? vpmrwd;k bJxm;wm/ aps;}u;D }u;D eJ@ jyefy@k d/ 'g[m urBmt&if;Sif f f d f hf t&if;eJ@ e,fcsJ@toGifaqmifaewJh tvkycsew;kd wm/ yifpif tcGita&; pepf&@J t"duaoG;pkyenf;vd@k wacwf k kd f *vdb,fvuaZ;Si;f wd@ku 'Dae@t&if;Sif awG jzwfawmufwm pwmrsKd ;awGyg? u ajym=uygw,f? *vdb,fvuaZ;Si;f k kd f S kH D D kd f kd f H S pepf}uD;udk uyfoo&mwGi;f qGoi;f tJ've@J 'Duae@ t&if;SiEiiawGrm acwfrmawmh yHpajymif;oGm;yg+y? pufr_ H J G JG k f d aewm jzpfygw,f? t&if;Sipepf&@J a0gvrf;rudk odr;f ydu=f u qdwhJ v_yf t&if;eJ@ vufwvywm Sayr,fh f k k f J '%fa=umifh 0,ftm;usvmwJomref Sm;r_}uD;awG ay:ayguvmwmygy? h vlxkudk aiGawG ydkoHk;atmifvkyfzdk@ t&if;SiEii}H uD;awGu t"duwify@kd f kd f vmr,f h 2014 ck E S p f r S m wm[m t&if;tES;D jzpfygw,f? &Jabmf

twGuf twd;k E_e;f edruswhJ tau; Oa&myb%fu a':vm 13 x&DvsH vDeifuvnf; 'Dvdk jzpfvdrfhr,fvdk@ hf awG trsm;}u;D acs;ay;ygw,f? omref jyefqyf&r,fh tcsdefudka&muf&if 'D tapmuwnf;u ajymcJhzl;ygw,f? f k Q d pm;oH;k olawGuawmh &wke;f ,lxm; tusytwnf;[m jyef'uawG@vrhf 'Dae@tcgrSm pufr_vkyfief;yJjzpfjzpf/ 19

_ynfolhtm%m

enf;ynm vkyief;yJjzpfjzpf/ v,f,mvkyief;yJjzpfjzpf/ vkyief;}u;D awG&@J aemufu,rm b%ftmrcHvyief;}u;D awG f f f G fS f kf Saeygw,f? EdiiwumrSm {&mrt&if;tES;D }uD;awG tjrefp;D qif;aewm[m 'Db%f}uD;awG&@J wefc;kd a=umihv@kd d kfH f ajym&if&ygw,f? 'ga=umihvnf; 'Dae@urBmp;D yGm;a&;avmurSm taemufwi;f t&if;SiEii}H u;D awGu tpd;k &awG[m f h kd f kd f a'0gvc&wJh b%fawGukd wdi;f jynf&@J p;D yGm;a&;tysuc+H yD; aiGtrsm;tjym;xkway;+yD; u,fxwaewm jzpfygw,f? DH k f f k f EdiiwEdiiukd ud,b%fa&mufom;&if ud,&@J bma&;cHuwkwwck aqmufvuEiovdyJ jzpfaeygw,f? tck kfH kfH k hf G k fh f kd f kd f k Advoe;f pdew@kd u Armjynfxudk taemufwi;f u t&if;tES;D awGtrsm;tjym; 0ifapcsiaewmeJ@ EdiijH cm;b%fawG k f d f J kd f kf vmzGiz@kd vuf,yfac:aewmwd@k [m tdbm;rm;u Advoe;f pdeukd oabmus&wJh ta=umif;&if;w&yf jzpfygw,f? hf k k f d f aemifq&if Armjynfrmvnf; urBmp;D yGm;a&;uyfawG&@J *,ufukd jrefjrefxufxufe@J us,us,jf yef@jyef@/ eufeufi;f di;f kd S h f _d _ jrnf;prf;&awmhr,foabm Sygw,f? h d 'Dvtusytwnf;aygi;f pHk }uHKawG@ae&wJh t&if;Sipepf[m t&if;tES;D wify@kd p&meJ@ ukeo,a&;vkyp&m dk f f f G f f e,fajrawGw;kd cs@J Eior#w;kd cs@J z@kd vdvmygw,f? 'ga=umifh tcktcg urBmwcGiukd rsup0=J unhvuawmh Armjynfrm kd f k f fd f kd f S olw@kd twGuf tacsmifaygu&Ediw,fqwm awG@vm&ygw,f? 'gtjyif wjcm;Ediia&;t& vdtyfcsuawGyg aygi;f pyf f kf kd h kfH k f vduawmh tdbm;rm;tzd@k Advoe;f pdetycsKyxm;wJh ArmEdiiukd tqDw0if;0if;eJ@ awG@&awmhwmygy? 'Dawmh t&if;Sif k f k k f d f kf f kfH J avmu&J@ t"duausmdk;}uD;awGjzpfwJh tar&duefEdkifiHtyg pD;yGm;a&;plygEdkifiH}uD;awG[m olwdk@'Dvdk'kuQ yifv,fa0aewke;f rSm taS@awmiftmSukd tar&duefjyefvm+yDvd@k au;a=umf/ AdvcsKyf}uD;OD;ode;f pdee@J taygi;f yg k f f awGukd acG;a&yk&ydupm&if;xJu zsuay;wmawG vkycwmygy? Advoe;f pdew@kd aus;Zl;a=umihf ArmEdii[m tiftm;}u;D k f f f hJ J k f d f kfH EdiiawG&@J Ediia&;ydyuQawGxrm nyfygru t&if;Sipepf&@J bma&;pD;yGm;a&;tusytwnf;awGxrmvnf; kfH kfH J S kH f f J S pkeumarsmum jzpfygawmhr,f? tckawmh ydoom/ ydjk refqef/ ydepfemrSmayg? f k d k h 20

wa&;Edk;aomf t}uHay: bmar;&Sm;ppftkyfpk&J@ avS}uD;ay:avSi,fwif tif'dkeD;&Sm;vrf;pOf

ppftyptpd;k & 'Duae@av#mufvr;f vmwJvrf;udk awmfawmfrsm;rsm; a0zefpwjf zmol okawoDawGu tif'e;D &Sm;rSm kfk S h d kd ql[mwdk cif;oGm;wJvrf;eJ@ cdi;f Edi;f ajymqdo;kH oyfjy=uwmudk zwf=u&r,f xifygw,f? h k _ k ,kee@J vyyjkH yifrm ,keu tdyaewke;f vdyu rDvmayr,fh onfZmwfvrf;rSmjzifh Armvdyu tdyaecJwm f df S f f f f f h qdawmh tckrS wa&;Ed;k aomf t}uHay:/ ay:onft}uH wode;f wef/ ,ke}f udr;f x}udr;f wmrd@k enf;enf;awmh cG (*G) k h usaew,f? rsm;rsm;r[kw/f tESpig;q,fyJ aemufususeaecJwmyg? wu,fawmhvnf; wGe;f Ed;_ v_yE;_d cHae&wmrd@k f f h f a&S@quf+yD; Zdre@J re;f csiwi;f rSe;f rjzpfawmhv@kd omyg? f dS f kd d rSwfrd=uygvdrfhOD;r,f? [dk;a&S;a&S;wkef;u rav;,m;qdkwhJ yo#L;acgif;jzwfawG &Sdw,fqdkwhJ rmvm,k u|e;f qG,u wdi;f jynf[m 1963 ckEprm puFmylu|e;f eJ@u+JG yD; rav;&Sm;Edii&,fv@kd jzpfvmawmh Armjynfuawmh f k S f S kfH kd bmar;ar; &Sm;wmrd@k bm;rm; (Burma) uae bmar;&Sm; vd@k ajymif;&r,fv@kd jyufv;kH wckay:cJz;l ygw,f? t&if h uawmh tif'e;D &Sm;wd@k / k&m;wd@k yJ &Scwm r[kwvm;? ckawmh ql[mwd&@J tcif;tusi;f opf (New Order - Orkd S d hJ f k der Baru) AsL[mudk twk,pxm; vH;yef;oGm;zd@k Armppftypu wrsKd ;wzH}k uHqzefw;vmyHk &ygw,f? l H k k f k D

tif ' d k e D ; &S m ;eJ @ Arm ord k i f ; a=umif ; ud k Ed _ i f ; ,S O f o H k ; oyf = unf h = u&atmif ? ql [ mwd k & J @ qif o G m ;vrf ; jzpf 'Drdkua&pD Zmwfa=umif;tusOf;udkvnf; waphwapmif; =unfh=u&atmif?
wlwmawG &Sovdk rwlujJG ym;jcm;em;wmawGvnf; renf;ygb;l ? d 1? bDtdkifatudk *syefu 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; arG;xkwfay;cJhovdkyJ tif'dkeD;&Sm;wyf (PETA) udkvnf; olyJ xlaxmifay;cJygw,f? t*Fvyjf yef0ifvmawmh Armwyfukd vspvsL_v@kd r&ovdk 'yfcsawG jyef0ifvmwJtcgrmvnf; h d f f h S tif'dkeD;&Sm;wyfu xD;xD;rm;rm; &Sdae+yDudk;? qlumEdku [wWmeJ@twl EdkifiHa&;orm;awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif/ ql[mwduawmh 'yfcsuvewyf (KNIL) uae awmfvea&;buf ul;vmolyg? k f kd kd D S f kd J kd S f 2? ppfat;umv qlumEdk acgi;f aqmifwhJ tif'e;D &Sm;rSm vuf0q&,vpfpum; ajymayr,fh 1954 ck befa'gi;f rSm bufrvdkufEdkifiHtkyfpkzGJ@=uawmh Armjynfvnf; OD;Ek zqyv tzGJ@&J@ yJhudkifr_atmufrSm ueOD;uwnf;u onftypaxmifwtxJ yg0ifcygw,f? k f k hJ hJ jynfwGif;rSm usifhoHk;wJhvrf;pOfudkawmh qlumEdku yJhudkif'Drdkua&pD (Guided Democracy) vdk@ ac:ygw,f? usipOfig;&yf (Pancasila) - xm0&bk&m; (rd[mruf&,f/ a,_c&pfawmf&,f r[kw) vlom;csi;f pmemr_/ hf k f 'Drdkua&pD/ trsdK;om;a&;eJ@ vlr_a&;w&m;r#wr_udk tajccHw,f? tpPvmrfbmomudk a&S@wef;rwifbJ vuf0tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ yl;aygi;f w,f? J 21

_ynfolhtm%m
OD;Ekuawmh ,Of,Ofuav; jynfawmfomwJ? h uG e f j rLepf q ef @ usif a &; vky+f yD; Ak'bmom Ediiawmfbmom < kfH jyXmef ; r,f vk y f y gw,f ? ygwD p H k 'Drdkua&pDcsif; wlaomfvnf; tif'dk eD;&Sm;rSm qlumEdk orRwtm%m cHkc jyif;ygw,f? OD;Ekvkd ,die@J e@J r[kwyg? kf f 3? 1962 ArmjynfrSm ppf w yf u tm%modrf; ygw,f? 1965 rSm ql[mwdk tif'e;D &Sm;rSm tm%modr;f kd ygw,f? Armjynf r S m ppf w yf u tm%modrf;wm aoG;xGufoH,kd rjzpfzl;vdk@ urBmhrD'D,mu qdk=uay r,fh orRw p0fa&$odkuf&J@om;i,f p0frrouf ypfowfcc&ygw,f? D D kd H hJ tif'e;D &Sm;rSmawmh uGejf rL kd epfe@J vuf0orm;vd@k pGypc&olawG 5 J f JG H ode;f uae 1 oef;xd towfcc=hJ u H &w,f? tcgay; aorde@f pm&if;yg ay; wJh rif;q&mykm;u pDtdkifatyg? ql[mwd[m vufrm aoG;pGe;f Hwif k S k ru wud,v;kH aoG;zifzif pGe;f cJol k f h yg? 12 twlqHk; bmvJvdk@ pOf; pm;r,f q d k & if tay:vG i f t yD jyif q H k ; vuQ % m[m pd k u f v d k u f rwfwwf jywfjywfowfowf uGef jrLepf q ef @ usif a &;vk y f i ef ; vk y f c J h wmyJ jzpfygw,f/ e0w - etz 22 ESpf pkpaygi;f &mpkEpf k S w0ufusKd ;vke;D eD;=umrS Armjynfrm S ppfwyf}uD;pdk;wJh 'Drdkua&pDacwf olw@kd tac: pnf;urf;&SwhJ 'Drua& d kd pD (Disciplined Democracy) acwfupzd@k u;pm;vmwm jzpfygw,f? kd 5? udk,fusdK;&Sm wudk,faumif; tm%mudk ZGwtwif;qkyuixm; f f kd f +yD; ppfwyfxyo;D rdom;pke@J oif;wd@k &@J df ykvif;wlb;l qd@k awG pD;yGm;a&;aomif; use;f wmvnf; wlayr,fh ql[mwkdtkyfpk[m yg;pyf avmuf ayguf}uD; 0rf;acgif;us,foavmuf rk e f @ uav;enf ; enf ; awmh a0pm; ao;w,fvdk@ qdk&ygr,f? Arm ppf t m%m&S i f tk y f p k u awmh vH k ; 0roxma&;cs roxm? ol w d k @ csnf ; rsKd = uwm tpif;od trsm;od r[kwfygvm;? aemufqHk; tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSm awmif 1997 ta&S@tm&S bma&; uyf qduvm+yD; ly,maiGaps;xd;k us k f D tjynfjynfqdkif&m aiGa=u;&efyHkaiG tzG@J (IMF) udk csO;f uyf&vd@k olu zdtm; ay;vmwJ h t cgrawmh ql [ mwd k rdom;pkeJ@ wkwfolaX;pD;yGm;buf awG & J @ vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f r _ / rorm c|wacsmrawGa=umifh aps;uGup;D yGm; f f_ f a&; ratmifjrifbJ qkw,wysup;D wJh f k f f ude;f qdu&w,f? a&rsm;&myJ rd;k &Gm k f aew,fv@kd vlxu jrifvm+y;D wcJeuf k qlyqENjy=uvd@k ql[mwdk eef;ouf l aucJ&ygw,f? 1966 uae 1998 h txd pkpkaygif; 32 ESpf ql[mwdk ESpv;kH vH;k wygwppftm%m&Sipepfe@J f D f emrnfcH qd&,vpfp;D yGm;a&;pepfukd k S f awmifpOfa&r& &rf;oef;vkyvuwm f kd f wjynfv;kH wrsKd ;vH;k vlrsKd ;pkaum Arm yg vH;k 0O\Hk jynfe,fjynfr vSn;f ae avSatmif; jrif;aZmif;rusef jzLum jymumusatmif qif;&Jwi;f euf vlrsKd ; G pHk vl!Gef@wHk; urBmhvlyHktvnfrSm t&SuwuGtusKd ;enf; jzpf&wJh rzGH z; f J qHk;EdkifiHrsm; (LDC-Least Developed Countries) pm&if;0ifwhJ b0 xd wGi;f qH;k usc&w,f? hJ tk y f p d k ; ol v l w ef ; pm;u awmh tm%mapmif;xuf pD;yGm;wuf atmifvrvSJ yef;yefvsuygy? H f J vufeufcsrsm; rsufESmvdk tm;& a&;om;ypkay;wJh acwfpm;qJ tawG;tac:w&yfeJ@ bmoma&; a0g[m&awG a&morar$+yD; tn rn oabmw&m;rsuvnjhf yw,f? f S vufawG@rSmawmh tlrrawmifhvdk@ oDvrapmifh EdkifwJhb0 trsm;pk jynfolawG wav#mufvHk;jzwfoef; vm=u&w,f? ql [ mwd k u awmh tar &duefvlyDyD wygwDppftm%m&Sif pepf u d k rxl a xmif b J t&if ; &S i f ygvDrefvrf;udk av#mufoGm;&mrSm ppfwyfu t&yfom;0efxrf;tzG@J csKyf (*dvum Golkar) udk zG@J pnf;ay;+yD; k f tm%m+rz@kd tpGr;f ukef u;yrf;ygw,f? J ,ae@Armjynf }u@H z@HG ygw&@J a&S@aqmif D vrf;jyvdk@ qdk=uygpdk@? tif'dkeD;&Sm; ppfwyfrSm ppfa&;tjyif EdkifiHa&;yg wm0ef}u;D ESp&yf ('GupP dwi fungsi) f d d udk xrf;aqmif&r,fqwhJ vrf;pOfukd kd

4? ArmjynfrSm ppfwyftm%m&Sif pepf yDjyifpmajymifajymifxifxif}uD; G h 3 tkyp;kd Edicayr,fh tif'e;D &Sm;rSmawmh orRw&mxl;u rqif;cJb;l ? f k f hJ kd vnf; csrwygw,f?4 (Armppftkyfpk S f ppfwyf}uD;pdk;wJh 'Drdkua&pDacwf udk h pcJygw,f? h 6? Armppftypu qd&,vpftwk rD;armif;xd;k jyaecJwhJ pHerlemwckyg?) k f k k S f 1973 rSmawmh twdkuf ae0if; rqv acwf 26 ESp/f ta,mif rqv ygwaxmif+yD; 26 D
22

_ynfolhtm%m
tcHygwawG wrH}uD;jzpfaevd@k uGef D jrLepfqef@usia&; vlowfyawGwe;f f JG k u a&S@wef;u tm;wufoa&m yg0if cJhwJh rlqvifygwDawGu wpk/ c&pf ,mef e J @ tjcm;ygwD a wG u wpk / twdkuftcH ESpfygwDyJ owfrSwf+yD; vuf o if h c H w ,f ? jynf x J a &;Xme atmufrm xm;vd@k / orRw&J@tm%m S eJ@ Ediia&;v_y&m;r_rsm;udk tcsera&G; kfH f S df ydwyifEici&wtjyif 1975 Oya'eJ@ f kd f G hf dS hJ aus;vuf a 'orS m a&G ; aumuf y G J umvuvG&if pnf;H;k v_y&m;cGir&Sv@kd J f S hf d wm;jrpfcJhw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDpm&if; raygufwJh *dkvfumtzGJ@0if tpdk;& t&m&SawGuawmh ae&mwum&Sae d d wmrdk@ pnf;Hk;v_yf&Sm; vkyfcsifwdkif; tcsera&G; vkyci&cJw,f? rlqvif d f f G hf h acgif;aqmifu tefwk,SOfyifrvm Edkifatmifvnf; qlumEdk&J@usifhpOf ig;&yfudkawmh pGef@rypfbJ jyefvnf vdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f? ckrS EdkifiHa&;wHcg; zGiay;r_ rvkyrjzpfawmhv@kd vkyvm hf f f wmyg? ESpfqifhjzpfae+yD; tESpf 20 ausmf=umrS 'kwd,tqifh pzdk@yg? ql[mwdk wqifyJ 32 ESpf vkycwhJ h f hJ vkyfief;yg?6 wk w f t m;xm; w&m;tm;xk w f aeH k e J @ a&&S n f r S m [ef r usawmh taemufar#mf a':vmpuf0dkif;xJ 0ifacsrS jzpfawmhrudk;? ql[mwdk aemuf tESpf 50 eD;yg;=umrS vdkif; ajymif;+yD; taomhESif trDvdkuf& atmif avxdrcHwJh tar&duefudk OD;odef;pdefa& bifoHeJ@ydk@? 8? ql[mwdkacwfOD; tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;yjyifajymif;vJr_ (economic liberalisation ) awG wu,faZmufcsvyygw,f? qlumEdk kf jynfoyivycwmawG jyeftyf/ EdiiH l kd f k f hJ kf jcm;t&if;tES;D zdwac:/ aqmufvyf f k a&;vkyief; pDrue;f }u;D rsm;eJ@ wifcwhJ f H d hJ tau;awGudk av#mhzdk@qyfzdk@ urBmh b%fe@J IMF uruxywJh tif'kd eD;&Sm;twGuf tpd;k &rsm;tzG@J (IGG wzuf 1969 - 1993 ig;ESpprue;f f D H d ( Repelita ) ig;ck a&;qG J c J h y g w,f?789 ArmjynfrSm pvHk;a&p/ EdiijH cm;&if;ES;D jrKyfErOya' twnfy kf HS _ jzpfwm od=uwJtwdi;f ygy? h k J 1973 urBma&eHaps; 4 q h wufoGm;wJhtcg tdkyuf (OPEC) tzGJ@0if tif'dkeD;&Sm; pdkifaumfvdk@ cH ay:a&muf w[kex;kd pD;yGm;wuf zG@H z; f +yD; acwfoaX;jzpfvmcseayg? a&eHu l df h &wJh 0ifaiG[m 1968 - 1985 rSm 4000 &mE_e;f wufygw,f? vrf;yef; quf o G , f a &;yEM u f c s taqmuf ttH/k use;f rma&;/ ynma&; pojzifh wdk;wufzGH@z;atmif vkyfEdkifcJhw,f? pufrvyief;}uD;awG xlaxmifvmcJh _ k f w,f? 1983 rSm Ediiyipufrvyief; k f H kd f _ kf 222 xd &Svm+yD; yk*vupD;yGm;a&; d ~ d xuf tm;}u;D vmjyefw,f? oGi;f ukef awGav#m/h tpm;xd;k wJh vkyief;rsm;udk f tm;ay;/ EdkifiHjcm;om;ydkifqdkifcGifh yrm%udk uef@owfvmjyef+yD; EdiiH kf om;a0pktzd@k ukd wkwaum wdi;f &if; f k om;yg wd;k jriapw,f? txGuw;kd pyg; hf f rsKd ;opfawGvnf; wcsewnf; ay:vm df wmrdk@ jynfwGif;pm;oHk;zdk@ aumufESH zlvrtusKd ;udyg cHpm;vm&w,f?79 kH _ k EdkifiHydkifa&eHur`%D ygw rDem (Pertamina) &J@ 'gdkufwm AdvcsKyfa[mif; qlw0kd (Sutowo) aiG k f kd ,m;av;eJ@ oHr%dpuf}kH uD; axmif vduwhJ tcgrawmh a':vm 10 bDvsH k f au;wif+y;D a'0gvc&/ EdiijH cm; &if;ES;D DH kf jrKyfEr,fh aiG&irsm; t,Ht=unfrhJ HS Sf k jzpfom;ygw,f? AsLdu&uft&if;&Sif G k pepf jy,k*v@k d okawoDwOD;u aumuf f csuf csygw,f?7 aiGe@J tm%m pkvsm;&pfywf 23

toufoi;f pGuicw,f?5 G J kd f h J tpueOD;uwnf;u Oya' yv$wawmftrwf 500 rSm ppfwyfu f trwf 38 ae&m ,lxm;+yD;wJtjyif h 1971 a&G;aumufyup+yD; *dvum JG k f csn;f Edivmvduwm 1998 usawmh kf k f r=umcifyJ qif;ay;&awmhr,fh ql[mwdk Inter-Governmental Group wa,muf[m 7 }udrajrmuf orRw on Indonesia taemufEdkifiHawG f tjyif *syefvnf;yg0if) rS au;opf 3 jzpfaeyg+yD? ay;zd@k yg vkyc=hJ uw,f? f }u@H z@HG O;D ode;f pdef tm;usr,f u,fvz;kd eD;,m; bmuav D qdvnf; tm;usavmufygayw,f? k wuUovxuf tif'e;D &Sm;ynm&Sif kd f G kd wpkukd t}uHay;0ef}uD;cef@ toH;k cs+yD; 7? wu,fawmh qd&,vpfrsuEmzH;k k S f fS bmuavrmzD;,m; (Berkeley c|wf+yD; aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; 0ifvm Mafia) vdk@ emrnfxGufvmw,f? cJwm 1989 aemufyi;f e0w - etz h kd olw@kd aps;uGuoef@oef@orm; wuUEkd f acwf wav#mufv;kH yg? a*:bmacsmh u&uftypk (technocrats) u wzuf/ kf (Gorbachev) &J@ yjyifajymif;vJa&; wdi;f &if;om; (pribumi) OD;pm;ay; k (Perestroika) udk Ediia&;wHcg; zGihf kfH 0H o mEk p D ; yG m ;a&;buf o m;rsm;u ay;r_ (Glasnost) rygbJ vkycw,f f hJ

_ynfolhtm%m
tpueOD;uyif tjynfr[kw/f 25 h 30 &mE_e;f avmufy&+yD; wyfrawmf J pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; udk udk,fwdkifvkyf yd k u f q H & S m jznf h v mcJ h w J h a e&mrS m w&m;0ifwmaum r0ifwmyg tm%m vuf e uf t m;ud k ; eJ @ vk y f c J h w myg? ajAmifvk,ufwmwifru wdkif;&if; om;ukeonfrsm;eJ@ EdiijH cm;ukr%D f kf ` awG/ a&eHe@J owWKwGi;f / opfawmvkyf ief;awG ukefwifum;awGudk txl; ojzifh olyeouefxvd@k r+idrrouf k f l f ql y l a ewJ h e,f r sm;rS m vH k cH a &; *dwa=u; pwmawG/ t&ufe@J r;l ,pf f aq;0g; arSmifcu;l wmawG/ w&m;r0if kd opfckwfvSJwmawG wav#mufvHk; vkyvmcJw,f? ukr%}D u;D awGtwGuf f h ` ajrodr;f ,modr;f +yD; &GmESiwhJ vkyief; f f awGaum tif'e;D &Sm;ppfwyftwGuf kd aiGwi;f }uD;awG qdygp@kd ? G k vmawmh trf 16 aoewf xrf;/ jyefawmh aiG 16 oef;xkyxrf; f qdwpum; ay:cJw,f? ql[mwdus+y;D k hJ h k 10 ESpe;D yg; t=um ar 2007 rSm a& f wyfu rw&m;odr;f xm;cJwajrudpP h hJ uef@uuqENjyol &Gmom;awGukd ao G f ewfe@J ypfv@kd 4 OD;ao+yD; 8 OD; '%f&m &cJhw,f?1114 'Dtufpti/f bDt;D 'Dpw@kd vkd f kd D vkyief;}uD;awGuvnf; =unf;/ a&/ f kd aveJ@&ygrusef vHk ca&;wyftm;vH;k u J H t}u;D tus,f vkyvmcJwm ckxygy? f h d J tif'dkeD;&Sm; trsdK;om;wyfrawmf (Tentara Nasional Indonesia TNI) &J@ OD;ydkifvdk azmifa';&Sif;tzGJ@ (Yayasan) awG/ or0g,rtzG@J awG vkyaewJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;yrm%[m f f 2007 ck ESpfcsKyfpm&if;Z,m;t& a':vm oef; 350/ tjrwf 285 oef; xGuw,fv@kd azmfjyygw,f? f

ql[mwdk Sf wJh obm0/ a&$avSaiGavSqdkuf+yD; ckEprsm;rSm olw@kd taz tm%mus+y;D wefcdk;tm%m ydkvdk@}uD;xGm;vmwJh umvrS m awmif om;awmf a rmif DG k ` umv qdygp@kd ? wdi;f &if;om;t&if;&Sif brfbef (Bambang) u wDAur%/D k k }uD;}uD;rm;rm; r&Sdao;awmh t&if awmfrD (Tommy) u ava=umif; ` k fD H Ediiyivyief;}uD;awGu tm%mydif ukr%D ud,pe@J atmifvrvSJ yef;yef k f H kd f k f k 789 t&m&Sd}uD;awG&,f/ wkwfolaX; vsufygyJ? (cukong Armjynfrmawmh avmyef;) S ql[mwd&@J pD;yGm;a&;vrf; k awG&,f/ olw@kd yJ zufpyf+yD;awmh&,f pOf[m wu,fawmh wzufu yjyif wefc;kd xGm; wGius,wacwfyg? 1986 ajymif;vJrawG vkyovdk aemufwzuf f f hJ _ f rS m ypP n f ; tr,f 1500 twG u f u avS}u;D ay:avSi,fwif ol@rom;pk d oGif;ukefvdkifpif vdktyfygw,f? aqGrsKd ;eJ@ ykvif;wlb;l qd@k cde/D ppfwyf/ k vufoif&m pm;awmfac:yGawmf}uD; wtkyfpktwGufudk ydkvdk@tmHkpdkuf h J w+cdrfh+cdrfhcif;wJh umvyg? 1990 u;yrf;cJwhJ qifom;vrf;jzpfqwhJ vrf; h G kd onfbufrmawmh yk*vupD;yGm;a&; S ~ d pOfygy?10 onfae&mrSmawmh Armppf J jyefvnfwacwfqef;vm+yD; Ediiyif k f H kd fk pD;yGm;a&;udk ausmfwufoGm;yg+yD? tkypuvnf; om&ifomr,f vH;k vH;k h ql[mwde@J wkwoaX; vsqavsmif; rnHygb;l ? onfc&D;wGi+f y;D om;rd@k vm;? k f l H kd k S ( Liem Sioe Liong ) pD ; yG m ;zuf vrf;jyajryHrvd/k acgi;f xJrm arG;uwnf; u id@k b uGeygav; tqifoifyg+yD; f h a&mif;&if;}uD;awGqdkwm trsm;od/ ql[mwdk&J@ om;orD; 6 a,muf&J@ om; vlpm;awGyg? pD;yGm;a&;aomif;usef;r_awGvnf; kd f wjynfvHk;od? orD;}uD;wGwfwGwf 9? tif'e;D &Sm;ppfwyf&@J toH;k p&dwukd kfH (Tutut) u vrf;eJ@aqmufvkyfa&; Oya't& Ediiawmftpd;k & bwf*suf uefxduawG vuf0g;}u;D tky/f 1990 u tuk e f t uscH & r,f q d k a yr,f h k f
24

_ynfolhtm%m
Ediiawmftpd;k & bwf*suf kfH rSmawmh wyfrawmfp&dwf (wydi;f wp k aom pm&if;aygu) 2007 rSm a':vm f 32 oef;/ 2009 rSm 36 oef;vd@k azmfjy kf k ygw,f?1213 aqmufvya&;/ [dw,f/ b%fvkyfief;/ tmrcHvkyfief;awG tm;vH;k rSm0if+yD; t&if 1998 rwdirD kf tif'dkeD;&Sm; orRwEdkifiHwyfrawmf ( Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia - ABRI ) acwf wav#mufv;kH uae qufwuf kd onfbufacwfxd vkycwmyg? 1998 f hJ ql[mwdk eef;uswJhtcsdefrSm wyf&J@ pD;yGm; pkpkaygif; a':vmoef; 8000 xdatmif wefz;kd &Sw,fv@kd qdygw,f? d k *smumwmr@v,f pD;yGm;a&;&yfuuf G aqmufvya&;pDrue;f udu a':vm kf H d k oef; 3250 wefygw,f?12 pufwifbm 24 ygvrefrm D S jyXmef;+y;D orRw r,f*g0gwD (qlumEdk orD; Megawati Sukarnoputri) aemufq;kH vufrwx;kd cJwhJ Oya't& S f h ppfwyftaeeJ@ pD;yGm;a&; vkyief;rsm; f udk atmufwbmm 2009 aemufq;kH kd xm;+yD; &yfwef;u &yfz@kd / Ediiawmf kfH vuftyfz@kd jzpfaomfvnf; ol@tcsef d wdiwhJ tcgrmawmh orRopf AdvcsKyf kf S k f a[mif; ,l',Ekd (Yudhoyono) u kd kd jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;om vd k t yf w ,f v d k @ trd e f @ tm%m xkwjf yef+yD; jyifyg w,f?14 10? tk y f c sKyf a &; AsLd k u a&pD ,EW&m; xJrSm tif'dkeD;&Sm;ppfwyf ueOD;uwnf;u ,leDazmif;0wfeJ@ 0if xm;+y;D jzpfygw,f? umuG,a&; f 0ef}uD;XmewckvHk;eJ@ uufbdeuf tqifomru atmufajce,ftES@H h t&yfom;eJ@ wGzuftycsKyfa&;pepf J k f (kekaryaan) udk usio;kH vmcJw,f? hf h 1980 rSm 0ef}u;D tqifh 50 &mcdiEe;f / kf_ twGi;f 0efcsKyf 75 &mE_e;f / !er; csKyf f 80 &mE_e;f / twGi;f 0ef 84 &mE_e;f eJ@ wdkif;tqifhe,fydkif0ef 75 &mE_ef;udk wyfu ,lxm;ygw,f? aemufawmh ql[mwd[m k ol@tm%mwnf+rJz@kd wyfxu =oZm J wufvm+yD; tefwkvmEdkifolrsm;udk z,f&m; t&yfbufu ppft&m&SawG S d udk av#m/h ynmwwfrqvif tpnf; l tHk; (Indonesian Association of Islamic Intellectuals - ICMI) zG@J z@kd tm;ay;ae&may;/ wuQEu&uf kd awGukd ae&may; enf;y&d,m,fpkH oH;k cJh ygw,f? 1988 usawmh ppfwyfu 0ef}uD; 4 OD;om usefygawmhw,f? 1993 rSm wyfu v$wawmftrwf f tkyfpku ql[mwdk cef@csifwJh aemif orRw jzpfvmr,fh wuQEdku&uf [mbDbD (Habibie) tpm; AdvcsKyf k f qlx&pPEkd (Sutrisno) udk 'korRw &mxl;cef@z@kd wGe;f tm;ay;wmudk vuf cHc&w,f? onfumvrSmyJ OD;pD;csKyf hJ uae umuG,a&;0ef}uD;jzpf wefc;kd f xG m ;vmwJ h c&pf , mef b mom0if AdkvfcsKyfrdk0g'geD (Moerdani) eJ@ ol@ vlrsm;udk z,f&m;Edicw,f? jzpfcsif S k f hJ awmh rd0g'geu ql[mwdom;orD;rsm; k D k pD;yGm;a&;aomif;usef;r_udk a0zefrd w,f? ql[mwdus+y;D onfbufacwf k rSmawmh tpd;k &0ef}uD;Xmersm;eJ@ e,f tkycsKyfa&;&mxl; tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm f ,leazmif;c|w+f y;D rS/ ,SOf yifa&G; aumuf D wifajrmufcH&rSom vkyfcGifh&yg w,f?15 11? tif'dkeD;&Sm;ppfwyfzGJ@pnf;yHk[m u|e;f aygi;f axmifcsyg0ifwhJ Edii}H u;D rSm D kf wyfe,f}uD;rsm; (territorial commands) rSm tajccHwyf&if; wyfr rsm; xm;+yD;/ AsL[mt&efppfqifa&; ( Army Strategic Reserve Command - Kostrad) eJ@ txl; ppfqifa&; (Army Special Forces Command - Kopassus) wyfrsm; eJ@ zG@J pnf;xm;w,f? tkycsKyfa&;buf f rSmvnf; &ifcsi;f quftr$mvdk wGxm; J wmrd@k e,fpm;y,fpm;wyfawG jzpfae +yD; olw@kd ajcolw@kd vuf qd=k uygp@kd ? ppf axmufvr;f a&; (BAIS) eJ@ orRwudk S wduuowif;yd@k &wJh t&yfaxmuf k f kd f vSr;f a&; (BAKIN) yl;aygi;f aqmif&uf G r_ u d k ta&;xm;w,f ? ql [ mwd k

ql[mwdk[m ol@tm%mwnf+rJzdk@ wyfxJu =oZmwufvm+yD; tefwkvmEdkifolrsm;udk z,f&Sm; t&yfbufu ppft&m&SdawGudkav#mh

25

_ynfolhtm%m
&mpkESpfukefydkif;rSmawmh cGJjcm;r&wJh udpawG jzpfvmygw,f? tif'e;D &Sm; P kd tzdk@ t}uD;tus,frsufESmtysuf &qHk; udpP[m ta&S@wDarmu|ef; (East Timor) ta&;ygy? 1975 ESpf J tukef ay:wl*uvetpd;k &u wDarm D kd kd D u|e;f udk vufvwwtcsef tif'e;D $ f hJ d kd &Sm;u olyiw,f a=unm+y;D tar&duef kd f oabmwl n D r _ e J @ z&uf w D v if (Fretilin) wdi;f &if;vuf0oyef rtkyf k J lk pD;rdatmif ppfwyfe@J wufor;f cJw,f? d h 1991 Ed0ifbmv qENjyvlxukd ppf k k wyfu aoewfe@J ypf vlpc&mrSm ao k JG wJh vli,fwOD;&J@ tokbcsvmwJh vlxk udk 'DvD r@ (Dili) ok\efrm ppfwyfu S t=urf;zuf ypfcwfjyefawmh wurBm vH;k u vuf!Kd ;xd;k _wcsc&+y;D taemuf f H EdiiH tpd;k &rsm;u tultnD&yf '%f kf cwfr,f vkyvm=uw,f? 1992 rSm f Fretilin acgif ; aqmif o#memem *lparm ("Xanana"Gusmo) udk zrf; rd+y;D axmifcsygw,f? 1993 rSm tar &duef&@J a0zefr/_ ukeo,a&;zdtm; f G f ay;r_tjyif vl@tcGifhta&;azmuf zsur_ apmif=h unfc&wJh Ediipm&if; f hH kfH 0ifcygw,f? 1995 rSm uufovpf hJ bkef;awmf}uD; b,fvdk (Belo) eJ@ 'Drua&pDacgi;f aqmif &mrd@k pf a[mf kd wm (Ramos-Horta) udk Edb,f+ir;f k d csr;f a&;qk cs;D jric&ygw,f? aemufq;kH hf H rawmh uk v or*~ u 1999 rS m 0ifa&mufxe;f csKyfc&+y;D ar 2002 rSm d hJ orRw o#memem*lparm a&S@aqmif+y;D vGwvyfa&;atmifyef; qGwvr;f EdichJ f f S kf ygw,f?3

o#memem*lparm ruscif aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;rSm yl;wGJ ,lepf (Bakorstanas) wck &SdcJhzl; ygw,f? wefc;kd txGm;qH;k axmufvr;f S a&; wyfr; [m 1993 rSm tz,f&m; S cHvu&wJh AdvcsKyfr0g'geygy? 1998 kd f k f kd D J ck =o*kwrm AdvcsKyf,',Ekd OD;aqmif fS k f l kd kd a&;qGJwJh pHerlopf (New Paradigm) t& jynfwi;vHk cHa&;uae Gf jynfy&efumuG,a&;udk OD;pm;ay;r,f f qdkwmudk ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf0D&Hwdk ( Wiranto) u a=unmygw,f ? 2000 ckEprm wyf&@J wm0efEp&yf vrf; SfS Sf pOf (dwi fungsi) udk pGe@f y,fcayr,fh hJ e,f y d k i f w yf } uD ; awG ( territorial command system) &J@ obm0u
26

awmh ajymif;vJrvmcJhygbl;? 0g[pf (Wahid) tpd;k &vufxuf 2001 rSm awmh t&yf a xmuf v S r f ; a&;ud k (BAKIN) uae (BIN) trnfajymif;/ ygvrefrS ppfa=umcGihf jyXmef;ygw,f? D aemuf r,f*g0gwDtpdk;&u t&yf axmuf v S r f ; a&; ! e f c sKyf a [mif ; t+idrf;pm; AdkvfcsKyf [if'dky&D,dkEdk (Hendropriyono) udk axmufvr;f S a&; 0ef } uD ; &mxl ; jr i f h cef @ tyf y g w,f?15

wu,fawmh ay:wl*D 12? EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&; eJ@ vlrsdK;pk txGufrSm wDarmu|ef;wjcrf;udk vl e nf ; pk r sm;ta&;/ tpP v mrf armifydkifpD;+yD; udkvdkeDvrf;av#mufcJh t=urf ; zuf r _ t a&; rsm;[m 20 jcif;yg? pufwifbm 1963 rav;&Sm;

_ynfolhtm%m
Ed k i f i H ay:ayguf v mwk e f ; uvnf ; qm&m0yf (Sarawak) eJ@ qmbm; (Sabah) udk vdkcsifawmh =o*kwf 1966 xd tjiif;yGm; ppfjzpfvu=f u& kd ao;w,f? tD&D,efa*s,m (Irian Jaya ) vdk@ ac:wJh abmfeD,dku|ef; taemufjcrf;udk e,fomvefu 1962 usrS vufvwygw,f? wdi;f &if;om; $ f k vlrJrsm; 1960 aemufydkif; ykefuef xu+yD; ygy0ge,l;*DeD (Papua New l Guinea) eJ@ aygi;csiwup/P 2002 f f hJ d ES p f q ef ; rS m awmh 0g[pf t pd k ; &u ygy0gtrnf w&m;0ifwiap+yD; ud,f l Gf k yditycsKyfa&; ay;cJygw,f? kf k f h 1969 - 92 umvrSm vl OD;a&cGJjzef@a&;pDrHudef;qdk+yD; twGif; ydkif;u|ef;awGu rdom;pkwoef;cGJudk tjyifu|ef;rsm;udkydk@+yD; tajccscdkif; ygw,f? 'Day:vpDa=umifh aemuf0if vmwJh rlqvifawGe@J Xmaersm; c&pf ,meftrsm;pkaewJh rmvlulu|ef;pk (Moluccas) rSm tcsi;f rsm;&efr;D yGm;/ umvDrefwef (Kalimantan) u wdi;f &if;om; 'g;;,uf (Dayak) awGe@J k vnf; tvm;wl twGi;f rD;awG avmif rufvmw,f? *smAm;u|ef; (Java) om; vlrsm;pk}uD;pd;k wJh Ediirm qlrm kfH S =wm (Sumatra) u|e;f wzufxyu d f d k ; &mrl q vif b mom0if tmacs (Aceh) vlrsKd ;pku 1950 avmufup vd@k ykeuefygw,f? 1959 rSm txl; f a'otjzpf owfrSwfay;cJhayr,fh ql[mwdktus 1999 rSm (GAMGerakan Merdekal Aceh Movement) jyefxwJh ykeuefr[m f _

orRw r,f*g0gwD[m rlqvifEdkifiH t}uD;tuJrsm;xJu yxrqH;k tar &duefukd oGm;a&muftm;ay;cJol jzpf h ayr,fh taemufEiiu {nfonfawG kd f H h trsm;}u;D tygt0if vl 202 OD;aowJh 2002 bmvDA;kH }uD;udk rwm;cJEiyg? h kd f *srm; tpP v mrf r D , m ( Jemaah Islamiyah ) rl q vif t ,l o D ; acgif;aqmif tblbmumbm&SD,m (Abubakar Bashir) udk zrf;qD; axmifcscJhygw,f?3 'kuQtay;qHk; rlqvifppf aoG;u vyfpum*sD['f (Laskar Jihad ) tzG J @ [m 1999 rmvl u l u|ef;pk c&pf,mef-rlqvif ta&; tcif;rSm 0ifvm+yD; aoG;xGuo,r_ f H kd ydr}kd uD;xGm;vmwJtcgrm ppfwyfu k h S rEdi/f vufyu=f unfaewm/ wzufukd k kd h yif;wm/ vufeufay;wmawG jzpfyg w,f ? 2000 - 2001 rS m awmh

2005 qlemrDa&ab;}u;D wpfEpvnf Sf rS ppfajy+idr;f a&; aphpyfxajrmufv@kd ud,yitycsKyfa&; txl;a'o jzpfchJ k f kd f k f ygw,f ?31516 e,l;a,muf pufwifbm 2001 wm0g}uD;ESpv;kH rD;avmifwuf f kd oGi;f zcGi;f r_}u;D t+y;D aemufwywfrm S

27

_ynfolhtm%m

qlvma0pD (Sulawesi) tvnfyi;f kd u c&pf , mef t rsm;pk yd k p d k u |ef ; (Poso) rSm quf+yD; &efr;D [ke;f [ke;f awmufjyefygw,f? *smumwmaum bmvDrSmyg AHk;awG wESpf+yD;wESpf qufaygufygw,f?15 13? tif*sDtdk (NGO tpdk;&jyify tzGJ@tpnf;) EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG a&S@vmr,fh 3 - 4 ESptwGi;f Arm f jynfrm tifrwef ta&;ygvmr,fv@kd S wGuf&rSm jzpfw,f? tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSm 1989 ck urBmhb%faiGa=u; tul tnDe@J wnfwhJ Kedung Ombo a& umwmpD r H u d e f ; twG u f aus;&G m rsm;udk tm%meJ@ a&$@&mrSm vlxk uef@uGufqEQjyr_rsm; }uD;xGm;us,f jyef @ vm&muwqif h ajr,mud p P / obm0ywf0ef;usif ysuoO;f r_ udpP f k rsm;yg qufpyf+yD; 1970 avmuf uwnf;u &yfwef@om;cJwhJ ausmif; G h om;Ediia&; v_y&m;r_rsm;yg jyefvnf kfH f S
28

Edk;uvmw,f?17 tvm;wl Arm jynfrSmvnf; t&ifjrpfqHkeJ@ ,ae@ vufyefawmif;awmifupP vlxk v_yf d &Sm;r_rsm;/ a&S@udkvnf; a&$obm0 "mwfaiG@yuvi;f ta&;awG ay:ayguf kd f kd vmEdiygw,f? kf 1980 arvxJ tif'e;D &Sm; kd rS m t+id r f ; pm;Ad k v f c sKyf 'gqd k E d k (Dharsono)/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ ynm&Sirsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm; yg0if f +yD; EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; wdk;jrifh &&Sa&; awmif;qdwhJ awmif;cHvm d k $ ig;q,f ( Petition of Fifty ) ta&;ud p P ay:w,f ? 1984 rS m 'DtzG@J u orRwql[mwdukd usipOf k hf ig;&yf toH;k cs+y;D wygwpepfxaxmif D l aew,fv@kd pGypygw,f? 1985 vlxk f JG tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; Oya'tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;rS v_y&m;r_rsm; yHretpD&ifcpm f S k S f H wifjcif;/ tm%mydkifrsm;u yHkrSef pdppfjcif; jyXmef;csdefrSmawmh 1984 pufwifbmv Tanjung Priok *sm

umwmAvDta&;tcif; qlylr_/ AHk; aygurrsm; 1985 xJxd *smumwm f _ pD;yGm;a&;&yfuu/f tpd;k & a&'D,;kH csKy/f G kd bdAa'<mykx;kd }u;D eJ@ eef;awmfwaqmif k kd k tygt0if ae&mtES@H jzpfxm;+y;D onfh t&if tpd;k &eJ@ wzufwvrf;jzpfcwhJ hJ AdvcsKyfa[mif;'gqEe@J wjcm;vl 10 k f kd kd OD;udk w&m;pGaxmif'%f pD&ifcsucsyg J f w,f ?1718 1989 yGifhvif;r_ESD;aESmr_ (keterbukaan) qdwmudk vkyvm k f jyefawmh 1990 'gqEkd jyefvwvmay kd G f r,fh axmiftESpf 20 csxm;wJh uGef jrLepf 9 OD;udk 1986 rSm/ aemuf 2 OD; udk 1988 rSm ao'%fp&if uGyrsuf D f vduw,f? k f t,loD; rlqvifawGom !mr,f/ vuf0qkd tvJw,r,fv@kd J G f "m;}udr;f }udr;f jyvduw,f?18 k f 1991 rSmawmh ynmwwf rsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;/ wuUovf kd q&mrsm; yg0ifwJh 'Drdkua&pDpifjrifh

_ynfolhtm%m
(Democracy Forum) ay:vmEdif k cJh+yD; aemiforRwjzpfvmr,fh rsuf rjrifrqvifacgi;f aqmif tA'&mref l l 0g[pf (Abdurrahman Wahid) u OuUX jzpfygw,f?18 14? 1997 ta&S@tm&Sbma&; uyfqu+f yD; ly,maiGaps; xd;k usvm kd D wm[m ql[mwdacwf jynfz;kH um; k }uD; usvmwJhtcsdefyg? IMF qdkwJh urBmhxdyfoD; cspfwD;ykm;}uD;udk toem;cH & jyef + yD a ygh ? pD ; yG m ;a&; awGysu/f ukeaps;e_e;f awGwuf usyf f wnf;r_'%fcH&wJhtcg vmbfay; vmbf,r/_ aygi;f pm;r_/ vufoif&m l h pm;awmfac:r_ qef@usia&; (corf
ruption, collusion, nepotism/ KKN - korupsi, kolusi, nepotisme) vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ ay:

rSmawmh [mbDbtpd;k &udk qEQjywJh D ausmif;om;xkudk 0D&Hwdkwyfu ypf cwfvpcjJG yefv@kd 15 OD;ao/ 500 cef@ l k '%f&m&ygw,f? aemuf 10 v aeawmh wcg wyfuypfvdk@ 4 OD; xyfao ygw,f ?202122

cef@ygw,f? 2004 a&G;aumufyGJrSm awmh r,f*g0gwD H_;edrfh+yD; ,l'dk,dkEdk orRw jzpfvmygw,f?15 16? tif'dkjrefrmqufqHa&; tpOfyJ aumif;cJygw,f? Armjynfukd wavS h wnf;pD; wc&D;wnf;oGm; nDi,fyrm oabmxm;yHk &w,fv@kd tif'e;D &Sm; kd owif;pmq&mwOD;u a&;ygw,f? wzufu olwdk@vdk 'Drdkua&pDvrf; vduz@kd wduwe;f / wzufu wjcm; k f k f G Ediirsm;u jypfwif'%fcwfr,f &G,f kfH vm&if umqD;ay;avh &Sdygw,f? 1997 tmqD,H (ASEAN) tzG@J 0if cGihf axmufcay;cJw,f? OD;ode;f pde&@J H h f yxrqH;k EdiijH cm;c&D;[mvnf; arv kf 2011 *sumwm tmqD,HxdyfoD; tpnf;ta0;rSm orRw ,l',E/kd EdiiH kd kd k f jcm;a&;0ef } uD ; emwmvD * g0g (Natalegawa) wdkeJ@ rdwfqufcJh/ 2014 OuUae&mtwGuf axmufcH ay;zdk@ odr;foGif;qGJaqmifEdkifcJhwJh

ayguvm+yD; 1998 ar rSm jzpfvmwJh f tif'dkeD;&Sm; wkwfawGudktjypfzdk@ uef @ uG u f q EN j y k e f ; &if ; qef c wf jzpfr_rsm;rSm vl 1200 ao&w,f? vltkyfeJ@ wkwftrsdK;orD;awGudk 0di;f 0ef;rk'r;f usi=hf uwm cH=u&w,f? k d qlylr_rsm;udk ppfwyfu wrifzefwD; w,fvdk@vnf; wcsdK@u ,Hk=unf=u w,f? ar 12 &uf }wqwUwuUovf d d kd (Trisakti University) rSm wyfu ypfv@kd ausmif;om; 4 a,muf ao& wmuae vlxtkH uayguur_ pw,f k f JG vd@k qdygw,f? ql[mwdk tD*spEiiH k f kd f a&mufaecdkuf ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf 0D&wu 'korRw [mbDbD (Habibie) H kd udk orRw wifygawmhw,f? ql[mwdk om;ruf AdvcsKyy&mbd0kd (Prabowo) k f f k eJ@ ol@vlrsm;udk qlylr_rsm; ypfcwfr_ rsm;udpP v$Jcs+yD; &mxl;zwfw,f? ql[mwdus+yD; 6 v twGi;f Ed0ifbm k k

15? yjyif a jymif ; vJ a &;acwf (Reformasi) rSm ta&S@warm ud,f D k yd k i f t k y f c sKyf c G i f h u d p P e J @ 1999 a&G ; aumufyrm [mbDbD ywfus+y;D 0g[pf JG S orRw jzpfvmawmh 0D&we@J o@l vawG H kd l &mxl;cscH&wJh tvSnfhyg? AdkvfcsKyf ql'gwkd (Sudarto) udk AdvcsKyf0&[ k f d (Wiraha) eJ@ tpm;xd;k r,fvyawmh kf AdvcsKyf 46 OD; Ekwxur,fv@kd +cdr;f k f f G f ajcmufvmwmeJ@ tav#mhay;cJh& w,f? *sLvdif 2001 rSm tvGo;kH pm; k J r_e@J 0g[pf qif;ay;&wJuprm azazmf h dPS 0g&v ygvrefrm ol@ukd a0zefwcswhJ D D S _ f rJcpOfu ppfwyfu,pm;vS,trwf JG kd f f 38 OD;eJ@ &Jwyfuyg 0g[pfqef@usirJ f ay;cJw,f? r,f*g0gwD orRwjzpfvm c&D ; yg? 232425 h w,f? AdkvfcsKyfa[mif; ,l'dk,dkEdkudk 17? b,fvkda&S@quf=urvJ? Arm ta&;ygwhJ vHk cHa&;eJ@Eiia&;0ef}uD; jynfovxtzd@k ppftyp&@J vufeuf kd f H l l k kfk

Arm_ynfudk wavSwnf;pD; wc&D;wnf;oGm; nDi,fyrm oabmxm;yHk &w,fvdkh tif'dkeD;&Sm; owif;pmq&mwOD;u a&;ygw,ff

29

_ynfolhtm%m
uditEdiusihf Ediia&;ESyuyr/_ jynfwi;f ppfe@J p;D yGm;a&; zdEyaomif;use;f r_'%fukd &mpkEpw0ufusKd ;atmif cHpm; kf kf kfH d f G f G dS f S f jzwfoef;vm=u&+yD jzpf w,f? Ediia&;wHcg;zGirwckom wacwfqef;vmw,fv@kd qdEiygw,f? kfH hf _ k kd f tckvkd qifvmwJh Ediia&; usm;uGuu aemufxyf ql[mwdvkd rsm; tESpf 30 avmuf quf+yD;pd;k pH&OD; kfH f k rvm;qdwhJ wGuue;f av;eJ@yg? ql[m wdk a&S@uewfvrf;!ecovdk ygvref 'Drua&pD rsuEmzH;k av;pGy+f yD; pnf;pdrf k f d f hJ D kd f S rysuf vlxuyay:u rqif;bJ vlxk twGuawmh qifyg;pyfEr;f yuf oavmuf (trickle down) apwem AvyGe@J k k f f S a0r#ay;urf;r,fh pDrue;f }uD;yg? H d ArmjynfavS}uD;ay: }uH@z@HG ppftypk avSi,fwif/ yJpifuv_y/f vufeufEii}H uD;rsm;/ IMF urBmaps;uGuf k f h kd f h vdi;f awGu ykww=hJ um;/ tcef;quf Zmwfvrf;&Sn}f u;D udk u=uOD;r,fh oabmyg? olw@kd xu vdi;f aysmh vdi;f rm uGjJ ym;r_ _ f J k k r&S&vmatmifc+JG yD; tjrwfxwEiz@kd vdygvrr,f? 1917 k&m;rSm abmf&Apf awmfvea&;}uD; atmifyccwm 95 d dS k f kd f k d hf S DS S f JG H hJ ESpvnfcyg+y? Zmbk&ifppfwyfu vlxbufygvmvd@k acwfajymif;zd@k wu,fta&;omcJw,fqwm ordi;f oifcef;pm f hJ D k h kd k wck jzpfygw,f? od@k ayr,fh tif'e;D &Sm;rSmvdk ppfwyf}uD;pd;k ordi;f a=um&Snvsm; ayrsm;aer,fupukd rwdwatmif kd k f h d P k kd _@H ypf&r,fh vlxk wduyrsm; wnDw!Gwwnf; wqufwnf;wpyfwnf; qifEom;Edi=f uzd@k vH;k yef;=uygp@kd ? AdvcsKyopf/ k f JG f J$ G k k f f AdkvfcsKyfa[mif;/ AdkvfcsKyfavmif;rsm; rsufESm=unfhae&wJh qifoGm;vrf;jzpf 'Drdkua&pDudky,f wu,fh'Drdkua&pD atmifyef;udk qGwvr;f =uygp@kd ? f S

ta&;awmf y H k a tmif & rnf ?

pm!e;f ?
1.Former US Ambassador Marshall Green dead at 82 - a key participant in Indonesian massacre http://www.wsws.org/articles/1998/jun1998/gren-j26.shtml 2. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/09/01/new-findings-1965indonesiantragedy.html 3. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Indonesia.aspx 4. US Library of Congress: http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/22.htm 5. http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/87.htm 6. Amitav Acharya - Democratising Southeast Asia: Economic Crisis and Political Change(August 1998) http://wwwarc.murdoch.edu.au/publications/wp/wp87.pdf 7. http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/23.htm 8. http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/62.htm 9. http://202.244.105.132/English/Publish/Download/Papers/pdf/04.pdf 1 0 . h t t p : / / w w w. s l a t e . c o m /a r t i c l es / n e w s _ a n d _ p o l i t i c s / e x p l a i n e r /2 0 0 4/0 3 / how_did_suharto_steal _35_billion.html 11. When Gun Point Joins The Trade (Kontras 2004): http://www.kontras.org/buku/Executive_Summary.pdf 12. Indonesian Military Controls Business Empire http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9811a/copyright/indonesianarmybiz.html

30

_ynfolhtm%m
13. http://www.hrw.org/news/2010/01/08/indonesia-military-business-reformstotallyinadequate 14. Unkept Promise: Failure to End Military Business Activity in Indonesia (Human Rights Watch Jan 2010) http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/indonesia0110webwcover.pdf 15. The Military and Democracy in Indonesia - Challenges, Politics, and Power (RAND report2002) http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2002/MR1599.pdf 16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4561922.stm 17. http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/95.htm 18. http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/92.htm 19. Assessing 12-year Military Reform in Indonesia http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/WorkingPapers/WP227.pdf 20. http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20040716.friend.indonesiareview.html 21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/indonesia/special_report/244390.stm 22. http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0303/cover1.html 23. http://www.fairobserver.com/article/indonesia-myanmar-relations-promotingdemocracysouth-east-asia 24. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/sby-burma-head-call-for-stronger-relations/ 439401 25. http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/indonesia-hints-support-myanmar-asean-chair

tckvdk qifvmwJh EdkifiHa&; usm;uGufu aemufxyf ql[mwdkvdkrsm; tESpf 30 avmuf quf+yD;pdk;pH&OD;rvm;qdkwJh wGufudef;av;eJ@yg?

31

tdkbm;rm;&Jh Arm_ynfysm;&nfqrf;c&D;
tdbm;rm; tar&dueforRwtjzpf jyeftaG;cH&+y;D vd@k &ufyi;f twGi;f rSmyJ Armjynfuvmr,fowif; xGuvmygw,f? k kd kd h f tckawmh twnfyvd@k vnf; &oGm;yg+yD? tpDtpOfukd orRwtjzpf jyeftaG;cHt+y;D rSm qH;k jzwfwmr[kwb;l vd@k ,lq&ygw,f? onfrwdiruwnf;u f h kfD pOf;pm;pDpOfxm;+yD;om;jzpfz@kd rsm;ygw,f? aocsmwmuawmh orRwtdbm;rm;[m tdrjf zLawmfrmquf+y;D H;k xdici&w,fqwmeJ@wyifeuf ol@t&if k S k f G hf kd oufwrf;wke;f u r+y;D qH;k ao;wJprue;f jzpfwhJ wkw0i;f ywfa&;vkyief;udk t&ifq;kH OD;pm;ay;tjzpf vkyw,fqwmmygy? hDH d f kd f f kd J tdbm;rm;tzd@k ol@&@J +y;D cJwoufwrf;twGi;f rSm trSw,p&m&,fv@kd bifvm'ifukd olrsm;EdiixJ wyfe@J 0if+y;D k h hJ f l kfH owfjzwfcwmeJ@ aps;aygiusKd ;&wJh Armjynfukd ol@ywfvrf;twGi;f qGoi;f EdicwmyJ Sygw,f? wjcm;awmh ol@Eii&@J hJ f J G k f hJ d kd f H pD;yGm;a&;usqif;wm/ tvkyvufrEe;f wd;k rsm;oxuf wd;k rsm;aewmwd@k ukd rwm;qD;Edicygb;l ? f hJ _ k f hJ 'Dordi;f tauG@rm tar&duef&@J "e=oZm/ Ediia&;=oZmawG usqif;aewmudk wm;zd@k [m tar&dueftyp;kd ol k S kfH kf vlwef;pm;&J@ t"duta&;}u;D wm0efvkd jzpfaewmyg? qdA,uf,e,H ay:vmawmh taemufEiiawGu (tckusL;bm; kD lD kd f H eJ@ ajrmufu&;D ,m;EdiiawGtay: vkyovd) pD;yGm;a&;ydwq@kd wm/ t&if;tES;D rwify@kd baewmawG vkycygw,f? 'Dawmh kd kfH f k f J f hJ pD;yGm;a&;t& qdA,uf,e,ukd olw@kd wcsKd @e,fy,fawGrm tEdiusiEicygw,f? 'gayrJh wkwukd olw@kd t'vvyv@kd kD lD H S k f hf kd f hJ f J D kd k f r&bl;? ESpEiip;D yGm;a&;u e,fy,ftajrmuftjrm;rSm cGr&/ zwfr& jzpfaeyg+yD? wkwuom pD;yGm;a&;t& xdxd f kd f H J f kd a&mufa&muf ta&;,lw,fqwmrsKd ; vkyvu&if ol@jynfwi;f rSmwif u|r;f xd;k arSmufceawG jzpfueEiygw,f? kd f kd f G k f k f kd f 'ga=umifh wkwukd tm;enf;atmifvyz@kd q&if wjcm;enf;awG pOf;pm;&ygw,f? tJ'txJrm wenf;u wkwywf0ef; f k f kd D S f usirm jy\emawG azmfwmyg? wkwuvnf; ol@tre;D csi;f EdiiawGe@J qufqa&;aumif;atmif qufqxm;wm fS f df kfH H H qdawmh urBmtv,frmtxD;usejf zpfae+yD; vGecwEpaygi;f rsm;pGmuwnf;u tar&duefukd av#mufjyefoay; k h S f hJ hJ S f H vkyaewJh Armjynfu tpd;k &udyJ qGxwEicygw,f? f k J k f kd f hJ tJ'twGutck tdbm;rm;u qkcswmvnf;jzpf/ ol@u,ol wHqyay;wmvnf;tjzpfe@J ArmEdiiuordi;f 0if D f k kd f df k f H kd k c&D;xGucygw,f? f hJ 'gayrJh a&'D,toHviXmeawGu ajym=uwmawGxrm vuftpd;k &[m vl@tcGita&;jy\emawGaeqJ kd $ hf JS dS hf dS jzpfw,fv@kd ajymwm =um;&ygw,f? aemuf+y;D tdbm;rm;vmwJtwGuf tkyp;kd olawGe@J olw@kd todi;f t0di;f yJ tusKd ;Sd k h f k k csr;f om=ur,f/ Armjynfom;qif;&Jom;awGuawmh 'H&if;'H&if;yJjzpfr,fv@kd ajymwmawG =um;&ygw,f? k k olw@kd ajymwmawGukd 'DvyJ aemufqufwJG qufay;vducsiygw,f? tar&duef[m olrsm;EdiiawGu kd k f f kfH vl@tcGita&;qdwmudk ol@Eii/H olw@kd txufvmawG&@J tusKd ;pD;yGm;&J@ vufatmufcyJ oabmxm;ygw,f? aemuf+y;D hf k kd f $ H qif;&Jom;awG&@J tusKd ;pD;yGm;qdwmuawmh ol@EiitwGi;f rSmawmifrS u|u;l a&ygavmuf oabmxm;wmyg? k kd f H J Armjynf jynfoawGuusrS arwWmawmfxm;r,fxifv@kd uawmh t&if AD,uferf/ tck tD&wf - tmz*efu l kd vlawGu &,fygvrr,f? d hf 32

u|Ekfyfwdk@ESifh OD;ausmf+idrf; pmtkyfeJ@ywfouf+yD; rSwfcsufwdkrsm;

(1) ema&;udpe@J ywfouf+yD; a&;=uwmjzpfv@kd aumif;uGuawGyJ a&;=u&rSmyg? 'gu jy\emr&Syg? P f d jy\em&Swmu OD;ausm+f idr;f eJ@ twdutcHjzpfcoawG/ ol@tm%meJ@zEywmudk cHc&olawG d k f hJ l d dS f hJ xdcuatmifa&;wmawG jzpfygw,f? kd f uG,veom;+yDjzpfwhJ yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ta=umif;jzpfv@kd 'Dxufy+kd yD; ra&;csiawmhyg? f G f G f (2) OD;ausm+f idr;f uG,vew&ufpu trsKd ;rsKd ;jzpfaewm awG@&w,f? 29 - 6 - 86 vd@k a&;=uwmu f G f hJ JG rSeygvrr,f? (trSma&;oluawmh 1987 vd@k a&;xm;ygw,f?) f d hf (3) ocif0wif wa,mufyJ OD;ausm+f idr;f udk a0zefwhJ tuJjzwfwoabm a&;w,f? OD;Ekuawmh hJ vGeveusL;usL;a&;w,f? um;pifwif+yD; tonf;udk tpdr;f vdu0g;pm;cH&ol vd@k a&;w,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f udk f G f k f Advae0if;uyJ axmifoi;f w,f? qd&,vpf ppfAvvruukd ud,xvufa&muf!O;f qJci;f w,f? tJ'enf;eJ@ k f G k S f kd f l kd f k f d kd D rmefp,csKd ;cJwmyJ? OD;Ek odrmyg? OD;Ek ra&;&Jv@kd yJ jzpfvrr,f? G f h S d hf (4) OD;ausm+f idr;f ud,wia&;xm;wJh rSmwrf; udyg quf+yD;xkwa0oifw,f? OD;Ek&@J wmawpaeom;/ k f kd f k f h AdvausmaZm&J@ ud,wia&;twKy`w wd@k vnf; xGuae+yDqawmh ,SO+f yD;zwf=u&&if ordi;f udk k f f k f kd f dW f kd k a0zefyi;f jcm;Edi=f uygvrr,f? kd k d hf (5) ud,vukd tr$e;f wifve;f awmh tjcm;yk*Kd~ vfawGukd xdyg;apmfum;ovdjk zpfaewmu pdwraumif;p&myJ? k fh l G f Auy uawmh wH@k jyefrm r[kwyg? wckyJ (1985) yd@k puwfvy&m;r_vywe;f u udausm+f idr;f pmjyefw,fqwm S f _ f S k f k k kd r[kwygb;l ? olu olrsm;awGvkd E_we@J awmif rSwcsuray;ygb;l ? ol@vawG=um;rSmyJ 'Dwcg f f f f l ocifAode;f wifajymwm igoabmxm;eJ@ww,f qd+k yD;ajymw,fv@kd jyef=um;&wmyJ &Sygw,f? h l d

33

EdiiwumuAsm kfH Let us not disturb the world

Utopian as we are, Our parole blunts itself How they must feel that we are mad! On the granite mass. To want the happiness of men If we tempt some jolt So what are we meddling with? They strike us, they banish us. Its worth better to sing in a round Prove that the earth is round And to drink from full cup; And they seize us by the collar. Let us not disturb the world, Let us not disturb the world, Lets keep each one as he is. Lets keep each one as he is. Their logic exasperates me. After all, sluggish crowds, They reply: Thats the law! Im strongly wrong in being willful. I did as my father did; Your ideal, greenbottle flies, My son will do as me. Is not the one of my nose. Its routine that bases. The pools stagnant water, Faith says its prayer bead. The scurry people takes pleasure being in. Let us not disturb the world, Let us not disturb the world, Lets keep each one as he is. Lets keep each one as he is. The owl fears light Thus, my good ones, no more row, Enlighten it is inhuman. Suffer, bear your cross. The wheel likes its rut, Let us not do metalling of the path The more the work is high up and fecund And the bitterer is the hissing. Let us not disturb the world, Lets keep each one as he is.
1 The wife of Sganarelle

Wants to be thrashed sometimes. Go on, sheep, so let them shear you! Make you being milked, dairy cow. Let us not disturb the world, Lets keep each one as he is.

34

EdiiwumuAsm kfH avmujuD;udk taESmifht,Sufray;bJ ae&atmif

,l*sif;ay:wD,J
(Eugne Edine Pottier)

usKyfw@kd [mpdwu;l ,Ofavawmh f l;w,fv@kd ow@kd uxif=ur,f? l vlawGaysmi=f uzd@k jzifh f $ usKyfw@kd bmawGvyae=uwmvJ/ kf oDcsi;f twlq=kd u+y;D t&ufwcGutjynfaomufvuwmuydaumif;w,f/ f h kd f k avmu}uD;udraESmif,ubae&atmifyg k h S f J tm;vH;k udtStwdi;f yJygap? k d k dS

vkyp&muydcuf ydtusKd ;Sav f k k d nnf;nLoHawGuydk cg;oD;p&maumif;av avmu}uD;udraESmif,ubae&atmifyg k h S f J tm;vH;k udtStwdi;f yJygap/ k d k dS ysi;f &dav;wG@J wvtyawG hJ l k f qENapmwmu|eawmhtrSm;yg f f ,ifrrJi;f awG[m cifAsm;&J@pxm;p&mjzpfr,f kd H usKyfEmacgi;f twGuawmh r[kwb;l As? S f f a&uefxuaoaewJa& J h okwowysmysmvlawGu f k f tJ'a&xJpr&wmud=k unfE;l =uw,f? D df avmu}uD;udraESmif,ubae&atmifyg k h S f J tm;vH;k udtStwdi;f yJygap? k d k dS

olw@kd &@J avm*spuusKyfua'gyapw,f? f kd G olw@kd ajymwmu-'g[mOya'oyJ? igtazvkywtwdi;f igvyw,f h f hJ k kf igom;vnf; igvvuvyvrr,f? h kd kd f k f d hf 'gvy;kd vkypOfy? kf f olw@kd ,=kH unfaewmu kd olw@kd &@J yw;D udajymw,f 'DvyJ a&mif;&if;wd@k a&/ pum;rrsm;=ueJ@awmh k k f k h avmu}uD;udraESmif,ubae&atmifyg pdwrausvnfwmudacgu+f yD;atmifomcH=uawmh k h S f J tm;vH;k udtStwdi;f yJygap? p*gem&Jvf &J@re;f r[m k d k dS d wcgwavtduccsiw,f? k fH f ZD;uGuutvif;a&mifua=umufw,f od;k awG- oifw@kd tarG;awGu&wyapawmh f kd kd d f vif;atmifvyvu&if vlpwrSb;l ? EGm;awG- oifw@kd E@kd awGunpyapawmh k f kd f d f d kd f vSn;f bD;uvSn;f vrf;a=umif;udoabmusw,f avmu}uD;udraESmif,uyae&atmifyg k k h S fJ vrf;uduwW&mrcif;bJae&atmifw? tm;vH;k udtStwdi;f yJygap? ? k hJ k d k dS

J J p*gem&Jvf - jyifopfjyZmwfq&m}uD;rd;k vs&@J jyZmwfxu t"duZmwfaumifwOD;yg?

wurBmvHk;u uGefjrLepfawG tav;tjrwfxm;wJhoDcsif; - tifwmaeSife,fudk EdkifiHwumoDcsif;&J@ pmom;rsm;udk a&;om;ol ,l*sif;ay:wD,J (Eugne Edine Pottier) udk 1816ckESpfrSmarG;zGm;cJh+yD; ol[m 1887 ckESpfrSm uG,fvGefoGm;cJhygw,f? xifSm;wJh tvkyform;EdkifiHa&;orm; ay:wD,[m 1871 ckESpf yJ&pfbHktzG@J rSm acgif;aqmifwOF; J

35

_ynfolhtm%m

jzpfcJh+yD; bHktzGJ@tacsr_ef;cH&+yD;aemufrSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm; ta&;awmf y H k t wG u f wjcm;omef a wG e J @ quf v uf w d k u f y G J 0ifcJhygw,f? ol[m qif;&Jwtvkyorm;wa,mufjzpf+yD; ajymifajrmuf hJ f wJh uAsmawG pmawGukd a&;cJygw,f? 'DtxJu tckazmfjywJh uAsm[m h tJ'Dtcsdeftcgu vlwcsdK@udk oa&mfxm;wmyg? ,l*sif;ay:wD,Ju jyifopfvdka&;+yD; t*Fvdyfvdkbmomjyefxm;wmudk Armvdkjyefwm jzpfygw,f? 'DtifwmaeSie,focsi;f udk qdA,uf,e,u 1944 ckEpf f D k D l D H S txd olwdk@&J@EdkifiHawmfoDcsif;tjzpf owfrSwfcJhygw,f? wygwnf;rSm ,l*sif;ay:wD,JuG,fvGef+yD;aemuf (25)ESpf ajrmuf tcgor,rSm &JabmfvDeifa&;cJhwJh ol@ta=umif;aqmif;yg; wdkav;udk azmfjyvdkufygw,f?

,l*sif;ay:wD,J
(uG , f v G e f j cif ; 25 ES p f a jrmuf t xd r f ; trS w f ) ADtdkifvDeif (1913)
+yD;cJhonhfhESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif xavmh-tiwfab;usa&mufolwdk@wawG-tpcsDaom ausmf=um;vSonhf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; oDcsif;}uD;udka&;ol jyifopftvkyform;uAsmq&m ,l*sif;ay:wD,J uG,fvGefjcif; 25 ESpf jynhfchJonff? ToDcsif;tm; Oa&mywdkufwckvHk;u bmomrsm;tjyif wjcm;wdkufbmomawGESifhyg bmomjyefqdkcJhonf? vlwef;pm;todSdaom tvkyform;wOD;tzdk@ rdrdZmwdajru uGmvSrf;onhf rnfonhfae&mudkya&mufa&muf/ rnfonhf J uH=urRmrsdK;ESifhuH&uH&/ rnfr#yif olpdrf;w&HqHvdk cHpm;ae&onfjzpfap tifwmaeSife,f oDcsif;. oHyiftydk'frSwqifh &JabmfawG/ rdwfaqGawG SmawG@Edkifonf? EdiiwumrS tvkyorm;rsm;onf rdrw@kd .aS@r om;ESiaom wduyo&aumif;/ ypPn;f rJuAsmq&m.oDcsi;f udk kfH f d S G fh k f JG l J h wurBmvHk;u tvkyform;rsm;. oDcsif;}uD;tjzpf cH,lcJh=uonf? EdkifiHtm;vHk;Sd tvkyform;rsm;u ,l*sif;ay:wD,udk trSwfw&*k%fjyKaeonhf ,cktcgwGif ol.ZeD;ESifhorD; J wd@k onf olwoufv;kH aecJouJo@kd yif csKd @wqif;&Jpm aeae=u&onf? ay:wD;,Jukd 1916 ckEpf atmufwbm 4 &ufae@wif h h J G S kd G yJ&pfYf arG;zGm;cJonf? olonf 14 ESptG,wif ol.yxrqH;k oDcsi;f udk a&;zG@J conf? oDcsi;f .trnfrm vGwvyfrt"Ge@f nf h f f G hJ S f _ S ygap [lIjzpfonf? 1848 ckESpfwGif olonf "eSifvlwef;pm;tm; wdkufcdkufaom tvkyform;rsm;. r[mwdkufyGJ}uD; (yJ&pf bHktzG@J - bmomjyefol) . uwkwfusif;rsm;xJwGif wyfom;wOD; jzpfaeonf? 36

_ynfolhtm%m
,l*sif;ay:wD,rSm qif;&JwhJrdom;pku aygufzGm; J Ttvkyform;uAsmq&m. oDcsif;tajrmuf vmoljzpf+yD; b0wav#mufvHk;vnf; qif;&Jom;/ ypPnf;rJh tjrm;udk oluG,fvGef+yD;aemufwGif xkwfa0cJhonf? vlwef;pm;jzpfcJhonf? ypPnf;xkyfydk;ol/ aemufydkif;wGif 1887 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv8&ufae@wGif yJ&pftvkyf txnfpufHktvkyform;tjzpf toufarG;0rf;a=umif; orm;rsm;u ay:wD,.tavmif;tm; ao'%fay;cH&aom J jyKcJhonf? bHktzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; ryfESHonhf yJvmSJpf (Pre Lachaise) 1840ckESpfrSpI olonfjyifopfEdkifiH. ta&; ocsKif;odk@ o,faqmifjrKyfESHcJhonf? vrf;wGif ykvdyfrsm;u ygaom ta&;tcif;wdkif;wGif tvkyform;rsm;udk aoG;pnf; vdkufygydk@aqmifolawGvufxJrS atmifvHeDudk vk,l&ef &ef E S i f h jyif o pf " eS i f t pd k ; &ud k jyif ; jyif ; xef x ef a 0zef twGuf =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;vkyfaqmifcJhao;onf? ol. wdkufcdkuf&ef vH_@aqmfonfh wufuaomaw;oDcsif;rsm; tok b wG i f {&mrvl x k } uD ; yg0if c J h o nf ? vrf ; wzuf pyfqdkcg yg0ifchJonf? wcsufrSaeI olwdk@uay:wD,J t"Gef@Snfygap[lI au;a=umfcJh=uonf? yJ&pfbHktzG@J (1871) umvwGif ay:wD,rSm bHk J tzGJ@0iftjzpf aG;aumufwifajrmufjcif;cH&onf? ay;rJ 3600 teuf olu 3352 rJ &onf? olonfordi;f wGif yxr k qHk;aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.tpdk;&jzpfonfh bHktzGJ@. v_yfSm;r_tm;vHk;wGif yg0ifcJhonf? yJ&pfbHktzGJ@ usqHk;aomtcg ,l*sif;ay:wD,JrSm t*Fvefodk@ xGufajy;&onf? ,if;aemufwGif tar&duef EdkifiHodk@ xGufoGm;&onf? ol.emrnfausmf tifwmae Sie,f oDcsi;f udk 1871 ckEpZevwGif a&;onf[qEionf? f Sf Gf k kd kd f arv. aoG;pGef;aomH_;edrfhr_}uD; +yD;onhfaemuf wv t=umwGif jzpfonf? bHtzG@J }uD;rSm usq;kH oGm;onf? od@k aomf ay:wD,J k . tifwmaeSife,foDcsif;u bHktzGJ@.t,ltqrsm;udk urBmtESH@jzef@ay;vdkuf+yD; ,cktcg ,cifuxufyif touf 0ifaeayonf? 1876 ckESpfwGif we,fjcm;wGif a&mufaeaom ay:wD,Ju tar&duefEdkifiHrStvkyform;rsm;u jyifopf EdkifiHrS tvkyform;rsm;odk@ [laomuAsmudk a&;cJhonf? T uAsmxJwGif olu t&if;Sifpepfxrf;ydk;atmufSd tvkyf orm;rsm;.b0/ olwdk@.qif;&JrGawr_/ olwdk@wawG cg;usdK; J rwwf tvkyfvkyf&yHk/ acgif;yHkjzwfcH&yHkESifh olwdk@.vmvwWH@ aom atmifyGJtay: cdkifrmaom,Hk=unfcsufwdk@udk azmfjy xm;onf?

ay:wD,JrSm qif;qif;&J&Jyif uG,fvGefcJhonf? odk@aomf olcsefxm;cJhonfwdk@rSm vlwa,mufzefwD;onfh tEkynmxufyif wmSnfwnfwHhusef&pfonf? olonf aw;oD c sif ; jzif h 0g'jzef @ ol r sm;xJ w G i f t}uD ; jrwf q H k ; ol wa,muf jzpfonf? yxrqHk;oDcsif;udk ola&;om;pyfqdk csdefwGif qdkS,fvpftvkyform;OD;a&rSm tvGefqHk; q,f bHktzGJ@}uD;ysufpD;+yD;aemuf 9 ESpf=umaomtcg *%ef;r#om Sdrnf? ,cktcg ,l*sif;ay:wD,J. ordkif;0if wGif ay:wD,JjyifopfEdkifiHodk@a&mufvm+yD; tvkyform; oDcsif;udk oef;ESifhcsDaom ypPnf;rJhrsm;u odae=uay+yD? ygwDxJ csufcsif;0ifvdkufonf? ol.yxruAsmpkudk 1884 ckESpfwGif pmtkyftjzpfxkwfa0cJh+yD; awmfvSefa&;oDcsif;rsm; [k trnfay;xm;aom 'kwd,tkyfudk 1887 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhonf?

37

jynfo@l tm%m pmwnf;tzG@J trSm 'Dup[m tawG;tac:e,fy,fu ta&;}uD;wJupP jzpfw,f? dP h d ygw0ifrsm; vGwvwvyfvyf yg0ifaqG;aEG;zd@k pifjrif xd;k ay;wmyJ? D f G f h &Jabmfw@kd 0if+yD; aqG;aEG;=uapcsiw,f? f pmwnf;tzG@J u pdppfwnf;jzwf+yD; wifjyay;r,f? tcsutvufrygw/hJ usKd ;a=umif;jycsuf f rcdirmwJh pmrsm;udom wnf;jzwfrm jzpfygw,f? (bma=umifh wnf; w,f/ jzwf w,f/ kf k S y,fw,fqwmudk pmwrf;&Sio@kd &Si;f jyrSm jzpfw,f?) kd f txl;owdyzdk@u rdrduufESpfouf&m emrnf0Suf udk oHk;yg? ('DudpPtwGuf wcgoHk; emrnf0u jzpfz@kd vdw,f?) S f k ygwD (A[d) u b,ft,ltqudrqdk tav;teuf pOf;pm;ygr,f? (ygwpnf;rsO;f yk'r (4) k k D f udk twdtusvuem usio;kH rSm jzpfygw,f?) kd f hf

tm%m&SifpepfudpPaqG;aEG;jcif; (1)
(8 - 10 - 2012) ypPn;f rJvwef;pm;tm%m&Sipepf awG;ac:r_&@J tpu rmhup/f tde*,fy? rmhupu tde*,fe@J !Ei;f +y;D a&;wJh *dom h l f f f J ff f d _d k vkyief;pOftm; a0zefjcif; pmtkyrm 'Dta=umif; wcgya&;w,f? f f S J 'Dva&;zd@k ta=umif;&Sw,f? uGejf rLepfawGtwGi;f rSm tawG;tac:_yaxG;aewJh udp &Sv@kd y? kd d f P d J tJ'D udp u (1838) ckEpu t*Fvytvkyorm;awGu jynfo@l ydnmOfpmwrf; a&;+y;D awmif;qdcsuf P Sf df f k (4) csuf wifw,f? tJ'D (4) csuu f (1) a,mufsm;wdi;f rJay;cGi&zd@k ? k hf (2) v#Kd @0uray;pepf usio;kH zd@k S f J hf (3) trwfawGukd aiGa=u;axmufyz@kd / a&G;aumufy0ifyifr,foawGukd b,fvt&nftcsi;f &S&r,f/ hH JG h l kd d ydiqir_ b,fv&&r,fpwJh uef@owfcsuawG rxm;zd@k ? k f kd f kd dS f (4) wESpywfv;kH avmuf v$wawmfusi;f yzd@k f f qdwmawGygy? &Si;f ygw,f? ypPn;f rJawG trwfjzpfcsiwmyg? trwfjzpf&ifvnf; vkyc&csiw,f? r&&if k J h f f f emrnf}u;D xrif;iwf jzpfr,f? 'gawGukd xnfwu+f y;D awmif;qdwmyJ? ya'o&mZfajr&Si/f "e&SiawGom }u;D pd;k aewJh h G k f v$wawmfrm ypPn;f rJu ae&m&csiwmyJ? (1832) u (1842) xd t"duk%;f qefwhJ v_y&m;r_awG jzpfw,f? f S h f f S aemufvnf; v$wawmf od@k toem;cHpmqefqef pmawGy@kd whJ v_y&m;r_vyw,f? 'gayrJh ratmifjrifcb;l ? wckyJ f f S k f hJ atmifjrifovdv&wmu ESppOfyrevwawmf usi;f ywmyJ? 'gukd csm;wpf Chartist v_y&m;r_ vd@k ac:wGiw,f? k kd dS f kH S f $ f f S f rmhupw@kd acwfa&mufawmh csm;wpfawmif;qdcsuawG tm;vH;k avmufe;D yg;&w,f? bma=umif&ovJ f f k f h qdawmh "e&SiawGu jynfwi;f rSmyJ zdaxmif;aoG;pkytjrwfxwaep&m rvdawmhv@kd y? urBmywf+yD; udveawG k f G f k f k J k kd D 38

_ynfolhtm%m
xm;Edi+f yD? tJ'u aoG;pkyEi+f yD? plyg k D f kd tjrwf awG &ae+yD? tJ'tjrwfxJ D u tdk;t&if;udk XmaejynfwGif; tvk y f o rm;ud k pG e f @ }uJ E d k i f w ,f ? vmbfx;kd ac|;odyEiw,f? jynfwi;f f kd f G rSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;+yD; wnf+idrfcsif ae+yD? "e&Sie@J tvkyorm; wufnD f f vufny;l aygi;f +y;D urBmywfum aoG; D pkycsiae+yD? 'ga=umifh av#may;wm f f h yJ? tJ'awmh uGejf rLepfwcsKd @e@J D qd&,vpfawGu vlwef;pm;wduy k S f k f JG rvdkawmhbl;? awmfvSefa&; rvdk awmhb;l ? vdcsiwmawGukd 'Drua&pD k f kd abmifxJ (v$wawmfx) uae &atmif f J vkyEi+f y? wpwp&atmif vkyv@kd &+yD f kd D f qd+k y;D rmhup0g'&J@ tESpom& vlwef; ff f pm;wduye@J vlwef;pm;awmfvea&; k f JG Sf udk ypfy,f=uw,f? 'ga=umifh rmhupe@J te*,f f f d f u jywfjywfom;om; a0zefvm&wm yJ? ypPn;f rJvwef;pm;wduye@J awmf h l k f JG vSea&; vdtyf+rJ vdtyfw,f? awmfvea&;atmifjrif+y;D &ifvnf; ajr&Si"e&SiawGtay: ypPn;f rJtm%m&Sif usio;kH f k k Sf f f h hf &r,fv@kd jywfjywfom;om; wifjywmyJ? tJ'we;f u *smr%Dq&,'ru&ufawGu ygvrefvrf;vdu+f y;D wcsKd @u trwf D k kd S f D kd D k jzpfae=u+yD? tde*,fuawmh "e&Siya'o&mZfajr&SiawG&@J Ediiawmftm%mudzsuor;f +y;D emvefrxlatmif vky&r,f? f f f kfH k f d f ypPn;f rJtm%m&Sipepf xlaxmif&r,f? tpydi;f rSm enf;enf;rS rwGe@f qwz@kd tm%mopf tajcusvmrS h f k k f wjznf;jznf;csi;f ajzav#may;zd@k qwhJ oabmrsKd ;a&;wm zwf&zl;w,f? aqmif;yg;wckrm awG@wmyg? h kd S wcgu rmhupu &if;ES;D wJ&abmfwOD;udk ypfypfcgcg a0zefpm a&;zl;w,f? jzpfyu ff h J kH yJ&pfbtzG@J usq;kH awmh Oa&myuGejf rLepfawG tar&dum;udk ajy;=u&w,f? [da&mufawmh ud,vyf kH k k f k Edioavmuf ajrawGukd tvum;&=uw,f? &rSmayg? tJ'ajrawGu tar&duefajr&Sif "e&SiawGyiwajr r[kwb;l ? kf h D f kd f hJ f Xmaewdkif;&if;om;awGuvnf; yk*~vduypPnf; ydkifqdkifwhpepf ra&mufao;bJ a&S;a[mif;bHkpepf tqifhrSmyJ J &Sao;wm? tar&dum;uvnf; tus,}f u;D ? wdu}f u;D wwdupmru us,w,f? Oa&myrSmvdk r[kwb;l ? d k k f f f 39

_ynfolhtm%m
tJ'ajrawG&vduwhJ rmhup&@J a&mif;&if;u 'Drmawmh D k f ff S avmuedAmefyJ? u|efawmfwdk@ ar#mfrSef;cJhwJhwmawG &+yD? awmfvea&; vkyp&mrvdawmhb;l ? 'gigajr/ 'gigtr/f 'gigypPn;f vd@k Sf f k h h d h au;a=umfEi+f yD vd@k a&;vmw,f? rmhupf jyefa&;wmu 'gigh kd f aemufacs;yH vd@k vnf; xyfjznfygO;D vd@k ceJ@w,f? yk*vuypPn;f k h ~ d ydiqirpepf &Saeor# rif;wd@k &wmawGu wae@us&if t&if; k f kd f _ d tES;D }uD;rm;ol vuf0g;}uD;tkyawGvufxJ a&mufuermyJv@kd f k f S a&;w,f? csKyfvu&if kd f "e&Sitm%m&Sipepfa[mif;udk awmfvea&;eJ@ tjrpfyg f f Sf ruseatmif ducsKd ;zd@k / ol@ukd rzEdibJ pepfopf rxlaxmifEib;l ? f k f kf kd f pepfa[mif;udk ypPn;f rJtm%m&Sipepfe@J rS tjrpfygrusef h f atmif vkyEir,fv@kd oGeoifwmyJ? f kd f f rmhupte*,fw@kdu b,fupuyjJ zpfjzpf vufawG@uae ff df d P kd tpcs+D y;D oabmw&m;xkw,w,f? vufawG@ r&S&if &rf;oef;+y;D oabmw&m;rxkwb;l ? f l d f oabmw&m;xkw+f y;D &ifawmif vufawG@vy=f unfz@kd / w&m;aor,lz@kd tvkyvrf;!etjzpfyJ oabmxm;zd@k k h f f txyfxyfrmw,f? S 'ga=umifh ypPn;f rJtm%m&Sipepfe@J ywfouf+yD; xyfa&;wm rawG@&bl;? olw@kd woufrm vufawG@vnf; h f S uHroGm;&bl;? t&if;&Sipepfu ydy}kd uD;xGm;cdirmaewm awG@om;w,f? udveor;f vduwhJ e,fcs@J pepf atmifjrif f k kf G k kd D d k f aecsdefyJ? rmhupu (1883) rSm uG,vew,f? tde*,fu (1895) rSm uG,vew,f? vDeifu (1870) rSm arG;w,f? ff f Gf f f Gf rmhupukd rDw,f? 'gayrJh (13) ESpom; vli,fb0yJ? armfpwe;f u (1893) arG;qdawmh tde*,fukd rDw,f? (2) ESpom;yJ? ff f D k k f f olw@kd (2) a,mufuyJ ypPn;f rJtm%m&Sipepfukd vufawG@vyci&=uwmyg? olw@kd a&;om;csuawGukd h f k f G hf f quf+y;D avhvm&ygr,f?

"e&Siftm%m&Sifpepfa[mif;udk awmfvSefa&;eJh t_rpfygrusefatmif @dkufcsdK;zdkh/ olhudk r_zdKEdkifbJ pepfopf rxlaxmifEdkifbl;

40

d tm%m&SifpepfupP aqG;aEG;jcif; (2)

(14 - 10 - 2012)

vDeifu tm%m&SifpepfeJ@ywfouf+yD; EdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&; pmtkyfudk u+yD;a&;cJhovdk armfpDwkef;uvnf; jynfol@'Drdkua&pD tm%m&Sipepf udk u+yD;a&;cJw,f? f h olw@kd tm%m&awmhvnf; tJ'pmtkyawGrm a&;cJwtwdi;f D f S h hJ k usio;kH cJ=h uw,f? hf 'gayrJh olw@kd (u+yD;) rjrifEi/f rodEiwhJ jzpfay:ajymif;vJr_ kd kd f awGe@J uH&w,f? vDeifu&wmawGu H e,fcs@J Eii}H uD;awG&@J &efvyry? k&m;rSmqd&if e,fcs@J orm;awGu 0di;f wduwm cH&w,f? kd f k f _ J S k k k f jynfwi;f ppf zefw;D vd@k jynfwi;f ppf wdu&w,f? G G k f vDeifxuf0g&ifwhJ rmhup0g' }u;D awGu vDeifvywm[m qd&,vpfawmfvea&; r[kwb;l / h ff D kf k S f Sf f kww&uf tpd;k &w&yfukd zwfcswmoufoufyv@kd owfrwwm cH&w,f? f J S f (aoewfypf) cH&w,f? aoonftxd emvefrxlb;l ? 1918 rS 1921 txd jynfwi;f ppfwuv@kd ppfuejf rLepfpepf udk usio;kH cJ&w,f? 'ga=umifh G kd f G hf h &efol ydrsm;ukew,f? k f pD;yGm;a&;zdz&Jjzpfwmudk yjyifz@kd pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf (NEP) csrwcw,f? tJ'ay:vpDu k S f hJ D EdiijH cm; t&if;tES;D awGukd wHcg;zGizwac:wmyJ? (wde@f a&Smufzif&@J wHcg;zGiay:vpDrsKd ;yg?) 'gayrJh kf hf d f hf olvycihf &roGm;bl;? 1924 rSm uG,vew,f? (pwmvifu NEP rvkyb;l ? tus,ra&;awmhyg? kfG f Gf f f tcka&;r,fupe@J rywfoufv@kd y?) h dP J armfpwe;f uH&wmawGu D k vDeif&@J tawG@tue@J oifcef;pmawG &xm;vd@k wa=umif;/ urBmacwfcsi;f rwlawmhv@kd wa=umif; H h olu vDeif&@J tcuftcJrsKd ; ruH&bl;? a&&Snjf ynfwi;f ppfwu+f yD; Edivuwmqdawmh jynfwi;f ppfukd e,fcs@J orm;awG rzefw;D Edib;l ? G kd k f kd f k G kf (KMT u H;_ +yD; xdi0rfa&mufom;+yD?) kf G yifv,fjyifu ydwq@kd z@kd uvnf; vHatmifrydwEib;l ? =um;aeEdiiawGuae xGuEi0ifEiw,f? f k f kd f kfH f kd f kd f a[mifaumif uvnf; xGuEiw,f? f kd f pwmvif uG,ve+f yD;awmh qdA,ufuejf rLepfe@J &efbufjzpfvmw,f? ('DtjzpfrsKd ; b,fvrS f G k D G kd urwGuEib;l ?) f kd f 41

_ynfolhtm%m
armfpwe;f &J@acgi;f aqmifrukd twGi;f ydi;f uae zcsz@kd (armfpudu) t}ur}f ur}f upnfwmawGvnf; D k _ k k d d H &Sw,f? ('guvnf; tus,rcs@J awmhb;l ? oD;jcm;avhvm=u&r,fup) d kd f h dP qdA,uf uGejf rLepf udk OD;wnf&efol owfrwvm&w,f? tar&duefe@J &if=um;aphwm k D S f vkyw,f? 'g[m }uD;rm;wJh tcsKd ;tauG@ - tvSntajymif;yJ? (&JabmfawG od+yD;jzpfv@kd tus,f f hf ra&;awmhb;l ?) vDeifjzpfjzpf/ armfpDwkef;jzpfjzpf olwdk@u ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm; tm%m&Sifpepf vrf;a=umif;u aoGzDoGm;wm rvkyfbl;? tajctaeajymif;vdk@ enf;y&d,m,feJ@ajcvSrf;yJ ajymif;zd@k v&if ajymif;w,f? 'gukd twk,&r,f? rmhup0g'udk kd l f f yuwdtajctaeeJ@ vduavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif yjyifwm vky& k f f rSmyJ? 'gayrJh vlwef;pm;wduye@J ypPn;f rJvwef;pm; tm%m&Sif k f JG h l pepfukd rpGe@f &bl;? 21 &mpkxrm Ediiwumhuejf rLepfawGu pnf;a0;yGawG/ JS kfH G J aqG;aEG;yGawG/ !Ei;f yGawG t}udr}f udrvyw,f? u|eawmfw@kd J d d_ J f k f f wufEi&ifwufw,f? o0%fvm a&;oifa&;w,f? u|eawmfw@kd kd f $ h f rkcsvywmu tJ'pnf;a0;yG/J aqG;aEG;yG/J !Ei;f yGawGu pmapmif kf D d _d J pmwrf;awGukd tao;pdwavhvmw,f? 21 &mpk rmhup0g' f f f udk 0di;f 0ef;xkqpf=uzd@k &nf&,wmyJ? uGejf rLepf a=unmpmwrf; k G f &J@ awmfvea&;tESpom&udk vDeif/ armfpwe;f wd@k umuG,f S f f D k xde;f odr;f ovd/k ypPn;f rJvwef;pm; tm%m&Sipepf &yfwnfrukd qufcw;kd cs@J ovdk vkyz@dk qw&nf&,csue@J h l f _ H f kd hJ G f f avhvmwmyJ? ypPn;f rJtm%m&Sipepf usio;kH wm[m qd&,vpfawmfvea&;vkyz@kd y? 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sipepf usio;kH h f hf k S f Sf f J f hf &wm jzpfw,f? tm%m (a[mif;) udk z,f&m;+yD; tm%m (opf) wnfaxmifwhJ vlwef;pm;awmfvea&; S S f wdi;f [m tm%m&Sipepfukd usio;kH =u&wmcsn;f yJ? tar&dum;rSma&m/ Oa&myrSma&m/ jyifopf/ k&m;rSmyg k f hf S jynfwi;f ppf jzpfcwmyJ? jynfwi;f ppfqwm t=urf;wrf;qH;k tm%m&Sipepf usio;kH wmyg? qef@usibufukd G hJ G kd f hf f ESyuycwmcsn;f yJ? tar&dum;rSmqd&if tpd;k &vkyo[m WASP (wduubmomjyef&if eus,f - eusD d f G f hJ k f l k f kd f aumif) qdwa0g[m&awmif ay:cJw,f? (W) jzL&r,f? (AS) t*FvqufpersKd ;EG,f (t*FvyrsKd ;EG,) k hJ h kd G f d f f jzpf&r,f? (P) c&pf,mef (ydpwufpwif*%;f om;) jzpf&r,fv@kd ajym&wJtxdy? aemufrS wjznf;jznf; k h kd h J 'Dypu,aysmufom;wmyg? tckqkd vlrorRwawmif &Sae+yD? kH H G f G J d tm%mtajcusom;&if tm%m&Sipepfusio;kH r_ yd+k yD;avsmenf;oGm;=uwmcsn;f yg? G f hf h wkwjf ynfrmu jynfwi;f ppf rjzpfb;l ? bma=umifvqawmh a&&Snjf ynfwi;f ppf jzpf+yD;+yD? (ypPn;f rJygw) S G h J kd G h D uGejf rLepf tm%m&vd@k y? ppfEiv@kd y? wkwjf ynfrrSm jynfwi;f ppf rjzpfayr,fh ywf0ef;usirm ppfyawG jzpfw,f? J kd f J G fS JG xdi0rfu tcktxd tar&dueftm;ud;k eJ@ &efvyaeqJyg? jynfo@l 'rua&pDtm%m&Sipepf u aysmnnhH kf k f D kd f h hH vkyr&if cH&rSmayg? f d h
42

_ynfolhtm%m
tajctaeeJ@tnD xde;f !d yjyifwmawmh vky&rSmyg? 'gayrJh tajccHre@J &yfwnfcsuukd txdyg;rcH&ygb;l ? f l f ppftm%m&Sipepf qef@usiae&vd@k tm%m&Sipepfreor# qef@usi=f u vd@k Auy b,fawmhrS rvkyEiygb;l ? f f f Sf f kd f

d tm%m&SifpepfupP aqG;aEG;jcif; (3)

Ediiawmf,EW&m;rSm ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;H;k wd@k [m t"du,EW&m; kfH rsm; jzpfw,f? Ediiawmftm%mudk &&So[m 'D,EW&m;udk oH;k w,f? kfH d l tpd;k &wcku tJ',EW&m;udk b,fae&mrSm oH;k ovJ/ b,fo@l tay: D oH;k ovJ/ b,fvkd usio;kH ovJqwmawGu=kd unf&if tJ'tpd;k &u hf kd h D b,fvwef;pm;/ b,fv@l tv$mudk ud,pm;yovJqwm bGm;bGm; l k f kd ay:wmyJ? b,fvrS zH;k uG,xm;vd@k r&bl;? pum;,Of pum;vS kd f awGe@J zH;k vnf; r&bl;? uGejf rLepfawGu 'DvuprsKd ;rSm bGi;f bGi;f ajymavh&w,f? kd d P dS bGi;f bGi;f ajymwJpum;u em;0ifrcsKd bl;? 'gayrJh 'ufueJxw,f? h d rSwrv,w,f? fd G f Oyrm ypPn;f rJtm%m&Sipepf usio;kH r,f h f hf Ediia&;tm%m[m aoewfajymif;0u xGuw,f kfH f 'Dpum;awGu tus,&i;f jyrS oabmayguEirm jzpfw,f? tm%m&Sipepfu ypPn;f rJvwef;pm;udk ud,pm; fS f kd f S f h l k f yr,f? tJ'vwef;pm;&J@ &efovwef;pm;tay:rSm tm%musio;kH r,fv@kd ajymwmyJ? tajccHvwef;pm;/ r[mrdwf D l l l hf l vlwef;pm;/ =um;xm;&r,fvwef;pm;awG twGuawmh 'Drua&pD&&SaprSmyJ? ud,ukd &efvyotay: tm%musio;kH h l f kd d k hf kf l hf r,fqwhJ t"dym,fjzpfw,f? kd ` aoewfajymif;uxGuwhJ tm%m[mvnf; Ediia&;tm%mjzpfw,f? tJ'tm%mu &efotay:rSmyJ f kfH D l oH;k wJtm%m jzpfw,f? h &Sre;f udk rod&wJh tpd;k &? 'gu pum;,Ofpum;vS oH;k wmyJ? &Saewmudk zH;k uG,csiv@kd vm;/ &Saewmudk rodusKd ;u|ef dS d f f d ycsiv@kd vm;? OyuQmyxm;csiv@kd vm;? wckcjk zpfvrr,f xifw,f? wcsKd @uawmh a=umifoawmfajymenf; ajymwmyJ f f d hf l jzpfr,f? vlawG[m pm;0wfaea&;omru vlra&;/ bmoma&;/ Ediia&;pwJh wm0efrsm;t& ae@wi;f v_y&m; _ kfH kd f S ae&wmyg? tm%myditrsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ xdawG@qufqae&wmyg? tm%mydi wOD;OD;eJ@awmh awG@=u&rSmyJ? a&Smifv@kd kf H kf rvGwygb;l ? vrf;jzwfu;l wm rSm;&ifawmif ta&;,lc&/ '%fwyfc&wmyJ? f H H 43

_ynfolhtm%m
uGejf rLepfajymwJh tm%mydi u xdyyi;f u tm%mydi/f ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;H;k awGukd trde@f ay;!e=f um; kf f kd k Ediol Ediiawmftpd;k & yg? kf kfH tJ'tpd;k &u ppfwyfukd b,fvo;kH ovJ/ &Jwyfukd b,fae&mrSm oH;k ovJ/ w&m;H;k udk b,fvvyuiovJ D u kd kd k f kd f qdwm =unfvu&if &Si;f aewmyg? tJ'tm%m ,EW&m;awGukd trde@f ray;Edi&if tJ'tpd;k & ywfrmyJ? rm;ud@k pf b,fvkd k h dk f D kf D S ywfom;ovJ/ ql[mwdk b,fvtm%mvufvwf jzpfom;ovJqwm=unf&if &Si;f ygw,f? Advae0if;udk =unf? G kd G G kd h k f h aoewfudk trdef@ay;Edkifvdk@ tm%modrf;Edkifw,f? aoewfudk oHk;Edkifvdk@ tm%mudk xdef;Edkifw,f? aoewfudk !e=f um;Ediv@kd b,furS rajy;&bl;? tdrawmfrm tchom;aeEdiw,f? aoewfukd ody+f y;D trde@f ray;EdiawmhryJ tdrcsKyf kf kd f S Hh kf kf S f uswmyJ? 'gayrJh tm%m&Sou ouf!mcH&wmyJ? tJ'vkd ouf!mcH&wm ole@J AdvcsKyatmifqef;orD;a':pkyJ &Sw,f? d l D k f f d zqyv tpd;k & b,foawGtay: tm%m&Sipepfusio;kH cJovJ? l f hf h rqv tpd;k & b,foawGtay: tm%m&Sipepfusio;kH cJovJ? l f hf h e0w tpd;k & b,foawGtay: tm%m&Sipepfusio;kH cJovJ? l f hf h etz tpd;k & b,foawGtay: tm%m&Sipepfusio;kH aeovJ? l f hf tJ'gawGukd tao;pdwcjJG crf;pdwjf zm avhvm=unfyg? olw@kd u,pm;ywJh tkyp;kd olvwef;pm;/ vl@tv$m bmvJ f h kd f f l qdwm bGm;bGm;}uD;ay:ygvrr,f? k d hf yd+k yD;&Si;f atmif e0wetz tpd;k &eJ@ OD;ode;f pdetpd;k & tm%m&Sipepfusio;kH yHuyJ tusO;f csKyf wifjyygr,f? f f hf k kd e0wetz tpd;k &u 2008 tajccHOya'&J@ rl awG/ abmif awG/ enf;Oya' awG wpHv;kH csrw&w,f? 'ga=umifh k S f olu 'DcsKyf (NLD) tay: tm%m&Sipepf f usio;kH cJw,f r!mygb;l ? &[ef;oHCm hf h awmif r!mbl;? ausmif;om;awmh ajym raeeJ@? uGefjrLepfajymwJh tm%mydkifu b,fo@l uumuG,ovJ/ tusKd ;y dk f xdyfydkif;u tm%mydkif/ ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ ovJ? ppftm%m&Sipepf&@J yifr a'guwif f f kd w&m;Hk;awGudk trdef@ay;!$ef=um;Edkifol jzpfwhJ OD;ydif (UMEH) udk tvkytau|; k f EdkifiHawmftpdk;&yg yw,f? awmifov,form;awG&@J ajr,m l udk trsm;qH;k odr;f wm olw@kd y? (cdeD arG;wm J k vnf; olw@kd ? 'Dupu us,jf yef@v@kd oD;jcm; dP a&;&rSmyg? wckyJ ajymcsifw,f? rqv tpd;k &wke;f u cde rarG;bl;qdwm r[kwygb;l ? ol@enf;ol@[ef eJ@yJ arG;cJygw,f?) k D k f h rajymr+yD;vd@k ajymygr,f? urBmay:rSm Ediiawmftpd;k &qdwm &Saeor# vlwef;pm;wckc&@J tm%m&Sipepf wrsKd ;rsKd ;udk usio;kH ae kfH k d k f hf wmcsn;f yJ? tm%m&Sipepf usio;kH wmrSm urBmwckv;kH udk jc,fv,Eiwtpd;k &u urBmywf+y;D tm%m&Sipepf usio;kH f hf S f kd f hJ f hf w,f? a'owckcukd jc,fv,Eiou a'oEW&mtm%m&Sipepf usio;kH wmyJ? k S f kd f l f hf
44

_ynfolhtm%m

'Drua&pDr@kd tm%m&Sipepf rusio;kH bl;vd@k ajymwm[m rSm;ygw,f? tar&dum;rSmjzpfjzpf/ Oa&myrSm kd f hf jzpfjzpf/ tm&S/ tmz&durSmyJjzpfjzpf Ediiawmftm%m&xm;olu tm%m&Sipepfukd wenf;enf;eJ@ usio;kH kfH f hf ae=uwmcsn;f yg? aemufwckajymzd@k vdwmu zdEycsKyfcs,wmudk umv&Sn=f um cHae&olawGu olw@kd zdEycsKyfcs,cae&wm[m k dS f f dS f fH avmu"rRwmyJv@kd pGrwom;wwfwmvnf; &Sygw,f? &mpkEpawG/ axmifpEpawGe@J cs+D yD; cGjJ cm;owfrwjf cif;cH&wJh J S f G d S f k S f S trsKd ;orD;awGxu renf;vSwhJ trsKd ;orD;wcsKd @[m 'guawmh obm0w&m;t& jzpfwmyJ/ avmu"rRwmyJv@kd ajym=u/ J a&;=uwmawGawmif &Sygw,f? wcsKd @usawmhvnf; cGjJ cm;qufqcae&wmudawmif rodawmhbJ wkwajcao;rvdk d HH k f wd@k u tjzpfrcH&bl;/ ukvm;vdvnf; ZmwfcjJG cm;ESrcswm rcH&bl;? vljzLawGvvnf; ud,i,femrnfaysmuf+yD; vif k d hf kd k hf a,mufsm;&J@ emrnfajymif;wm rcH&bl;qdwmavmufe@J a&mif&wif;wdraewwfwmyJ? urBmywf+yD; aoG;pky&vk@d k h J f f {&mrtjrwf&wJtxJu tenf;tusO;f vmbfx;kd cH&vd@k tvkyorm;vlwef;pm;pdw"mwfaysmufu,om;wmvnf; h f f G f G &SwwfwmyJv@kd ajym+yD; ed*;kH csKyfygw,f? d

45

kfH S hf Sf EdiiawmfEiawmfvea&;udk xyfravhvm&mrS &&Scsuf (1) H d

OD;pGmajymcsiwm 'Dpmwrf;[m yk*vutjrif jzpfw,f? aqG;aEG;zd@k tpyxm;wmom jzpfw,f? f ~ d (1) vDeif&@J 'Dusr;f &if;udk awmfvea&;vnf; rvkyz;l ao;cif Ediia&;tm%mvnf; rxlaxmifz;l ao;cifu S f f kfH p+y;D avhvmcJygw,f? txl;ojzifh awmfvea&;tydi;f udk yd+k y;D pdw0ifpm;cJw,f? em;vnfovdvawmh &Sw,f? h Sf k f h k kd d 'gayrJh eufeufi;f di;f r[kw? _d _ f tcef; (1) u tkyp;kd olvwef;pm;eJ@ &efbufydyuQ rajy+ir;f Ediru Ediiawmf ay:vmwmqdwmudawmh oabmayguf f l d kf_ kfH k k w,f? tJ'we;f u tkyp;dk olu t*Fvye,fcs@J orm; jzpfaevd@k y? jynfwi;f rSm ol@t"dua'guwiawGuvnf; D k f df J G f kd f vufa0cHe@J ya'o&mZfajr&Si}f u;D awGqawmh oabmayguz@kd rcufb;l ? jynfovxukd &Si;f vif;wifjy&ifvnf; kd f l l k b0ay;todt& oabmayguv,w,f? f G f (2) 'gayrJh 48 vGwvyfa&;&awmh vufeufuiwuywu&awmh ygwwi;f rSmudyJ tawG;tac: (2) ck ay:w,f? f kd f kd f J G kd f D G k jynfovxwi;f vnf; Za0Z0g jzpfw,f? l l k G zqyv tpd;k &u (u&if/ ucsi/f a*:&cg;wyfawG) udk toH;k y+y;D uGejf rLepfacsre;f a&; vkyawmh tJ'wyfawG _ f D &J@ tukev/k tuker;D d@_ / a,musm;rSeor# tukeowfay:vpDa=umifh jynfovxu b0ay;todt& f f f f f l l k vufeufuiawmfvea&;buf (A/S) wdr;f !ww,f/ jynfo@l &abmfawmcd/k RBA u awmfvea&;buf kd f S f f J Sf a&muf/ KNDO u ykeuefawmh awmfvea&;'Da& jrifwufvmw,f? 'ga=umifh ygwwi;f u A/S qef@usia&; f Sf h D G f orm;awGyg A/S udk vufcvm=uw,f? olw@kd uawmif yd+k yD;wufuoa,mifa,mifygy? H J 46

_ynfolhtm%m
'gayrJh ygw&@J vrf;pOfrm 2 ESptwGi;f ppfEia&; ppfa&;vrf;pOf trSm;a=umifh wyfawGyawmh A/S D S f kd f qef@usia&;orm; awGu A/S udk ar;cGe;f p+yD;xkwvm=uw,f? ppfwrf; awGa&;+yD; jzef@=uw,f? f f olw@kd &@J t"duusKd ;a=umif;jycsuuf zqyv tpd;k &[m trsKd ;om;"e&Sitpd;k & jzpfw,f? aygi;f vnf;aygi;f wduvnf;wdu&r,fh vlwef; f k f k f pm;yJ/ tm%m&pyJ &Sao;w,f? d olw@kd trsKd ;om;"e&SiawG&@J trsKd ;om;pufrvyief; xlaxmifciay;&r,f? 'Drua&pDawmfvea&; f _ kf G hf kd Sf qH;k cef;wdivycihf olw@kd ukd ay;&r,f? kf kfG Armjynf pufrEiiawmfjzpfryJ ygwu qd&,vpfawmfvea&; udk vkyoifw,f wJ? _ kd f H S D k S f Sf f h h olw@kd ukd zqyv tpd;k &&J@ vufawG@vyaqmifcsuawGukd cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmjyprf;ygv@kd ajymawmh olw@kd u kf f zqyv qd&,vpfawG&@J au;a=umfoawG udyJ ajymEdiw,f? k S f H k kf tckitrm (vufawG@) udk ajymygqawmhvnf; [oFmwOD;jrwd@k / qrm;'l;0g;}uD;wd@k &@J trsKd ;om;pufr_ df kd vkyief; pdwu;l awGyJ ajymEdiw,f? OD;jreJ@qrm;}uD;u ay:vpD csrwEiol r[kwb;l ? ay:vpDcsEiou f f kf S f kd f f kd f l OD;ausm+f ir;f / OD;Ekw@kd y? olw@kd uvnf; au;a=umfoxw+f y;D vufawG@vywmu tar&duef/ *syef/ t*Fvyw@kd &@J d J H k kf df vufa0cHvy+f y;D pufrvyief;wcsKd @ vkyaewmyJ? e,fcs@J orm;awGuvnf; pufrvyief; r[kwwhJ vkyief;awG k _ kf f _ kf f f rSmyJ &if;ES;D jrKyfE=HS uw,f? vrf;yef;qufo,a&;vd/k v#yppfr;D pufv/kd [dw,fvyief;vd[mawGrmyJ &if;ES;D G f f k kf k S jrK yE=HS uw,f? zufpyfawGvyawmh ydq;kd oGm;w,f? pufrEii}H u;D awGu ukeacsmudk atmwdu+f y;D oGi;f wmudk f kf k _ kd f f k wqifjh zef@jzL;wJh vufa0cHtvkyyJ jzpfaew,f? f rqv ppftm%m&Siacwfusawmh *syef/ *smr%D&@J vufa0cH yd+k yD;yDovmw,f? e0wetz ppf f tm%m&Siacwfusawmh wkwvufa0cH jzpfvmwmyJ? f f tck OD;ode;f pdetpd;k &u tar&duef/ *syef/ Oa&myor*~ (EU) jyef0ifvmzd@k vyawmhvnf; olw@kd bmudyJ f kf k pdw0ifpm;=uovJqwmudk jyae+y? Armjynfrm trsKd ;om;pufr_ xGe;f um;zd@k r&Sygb;l ? pufrEiixaxmifa&; f kd D S d _ kd f H l [m Avmau;a=umfoyJ jzpfrmyg? H S 1955 usawmh (55 vrf;pOf) qdwm ygwu csrww,f? [dwe;f u A/S qef@usia&;orm;awG tm;vH;k k D S f k k f (wu,fukd tm;vH;k ) A/S udk pHuef+y;D vufeufcs=uw,f? 1958 tdrapmifppftpd;k &acwfusawmh ygwu h k f h D tedrusq;kH tcsef jzpfom;+y? A/S udk hf d G D w&Gwwuf vduaewJoawGvnf; f kd k f h l wzwfzwf vufeufcs=uw,f? 55 uGefjrLepfacsr_ef;a&; vrf;pOf wckwnf;a=umifhvdk@awmh vkyfawmh tJ'DwyfawG &J@ ajymr&ygb;l ? trSm;awG'%fukd pkykH tukefvk/ tukefrD;d_@/ cH&wmyJ? a,musfm;rSefor# 1989 - 90 aemufyi;f ? ygwu A/S kd D tukefowfay:vpDa=umifh ygwu UG ygwD jzpfom;+yD? "e&Sif D G vpfb&,f0g' acwfpm;ae+yD? EdkifiH awmf&J@ vlwef;pm;vuQ%mukd 47

_ynfolhtm%m
azsmufzsufypf+yD; vifuGef;&J@ *ufwD;bmh*frdef@cGef; (Gettysburg) xJu jynfoawG&@J tpd;&/ jynfoawG l k l twGuf jynfolu wifajrmufwJhtpdk;& qdkwmudk tr$r;f wifvm=uw,f? vlwef;pm;awG uGujJG ym;jym; &SaewJv@l tzG@J J d h tpnf;rSm jynfoawG&@J tpd;k &qdwm r&SEiygb;l ? l k d kd f tk y f p d k ; ol v l w ef ; pm;u ajAmif x G u f j ywJ h e0wetz vdk tpd;k &rsKd ; jzpfcsijf zpf/ ajAmifrxGubJ f aemufuG,frSm ykef;uG,faewJh OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&rsdK; jzpfrmyJ? S 1958 rSm ppfAsLdu&ufvuf0g;}u;D tkyf "e&Sif k vlwef;pm;tpdk;&&J@okyf ryDoayr,fh 1962 up+yD; tcktxd ppfAsLdu&ufvuf0g;}u;D tkyf "e&Sivwef;pm;&J@ k f l vuQ%mu yDyjD yifjyif jzpfvmwmyJ? 'grr[kwf ajAmif S xGu&yfovm;/ aemufu,u aeovm; qdwmu f G f k jynfwi;f jynfytajctaet& vky=f uwmyg? G rsuarSmufavmurSm f vlwef;pm; od@k r[kwf vl@tv$mwckc&@J EdiiawmfyJ &Sw,f? ajAmifaomfvnf;aumif; k kfH d yke;f uG,+f y;D aomfvnf;aumif; olw@kd &@J tm%m&Sipepfukd usio;kH =uwmcsn;f jzpfw,f? f hf vlwef;pm;aygi;f pH&@J jynfo@l tpd;k &qdwm r&SEib;l ? k k d kd f 'Dupe@J ywfouf+yD; rdr&@J &&Scsuukd qufvufwifjyygr,f? xyfajymyg&ap? jiif;cHz@kd r[kw? d P d d f k f aqG;aEG;zdk@yg? awmif;,l&if tkyp;kd olu o'<goavmuf &rSmyg? ol@qutm%mudk awmif;,lv@kd&r,fxif&ifawmh f D d;k tvGe;f &m usygvrr,f? d hf

48

9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 9876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321

kfH S hf Sf EdiiawmfEiawmfvea&;udk xyfravhvm&mrS &&Scsuf (2) H d

(1) 'Dpmtkyukd vDeifa&;wke;f u awmfvea&;vufawG@ avhvmp&mu jyifopf"e&Si'rua&pDawmfvea&;eJ@ f Sf f D kd Sf yJ&pfbtzG@J awmfvea&; (2) ckyJ &Sw,f? kH S f d tck rdrw@kd avhvmzd@k awmfvea&;vufawG@awG odyrsm;w,f? k&m;atmufwbmawmfvea&; d Sf f S kd Sf up+y;D wkw/f AD,uferf/ usL;bm; pojzifh awmfvea&;tawG@tuawG odyrsm;ygw,f? jynfo@l tm%m Sf H f xlaxmif=uwJh tawG@tuHawGe@J oifcef;pmwGvnf; rsm;w,f? twk,p&mawGe@J a&Smif=uOfp&mawG &Sygw,f? qufvuf+y;D jzpfay:qJ jzpfpOftwGi;f rSm&Sv@kd t+rJ l d d qufvuf avhvmae&rSmyg? rdrw@kd u Armjynfawmfvea&; qifEaewmyg? Armjynf&@J ppftm%m&Sipepfukd wduzsu+f yD; d S f J$ f k f Armjynf jynfo@l 'rua&pDtm%m&Sipepf xlaxmif&rSmyg? EdiijH cm;u yHpukd yHwu;l csv@kd r&ygb;l ? wjcm; D kd f kf kH k l wdi;f jynfawGu tajctaeeJ@ Armjynf&@J tajctaeu c|wpyrwlEiygb;l ? wloa,mifa,mif &Saumif; k fGf kd f d 49

_ynfolhtm%m
&Sygvrr,f? vH;k 0O\Hk wlwmawmh r&SEiygb;l ? (Oyrm) d d hf d kd f tif'dkeD;&Sm;u ql[mwdkppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ae0if; tm%ma[mif;u xlaxmifxm;wJh ppftm%m&Sipepf rwlygb;l ? pwifay:vmyHe@J usio;k H yHcsi;f f k hf k tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m; vH;k vH;k uGjJ ym;ygw,f? rdrw@kd qifEwhJ awmfvea&;eJ@ wkw/f AD,uf d J$ Sf (ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;Hk;) udk erf/ usL;bm;pwJh awmfvea&;awGvnf; rwlygb;l ? S f wlra,mif &Saumif;&Sr,f? 'gayrJh c|wpyf rwlygb;l ? d d f G rdrw@kd ygwtaeeJ@ yHwu;l csrv@kd ESmacgi;f usnayG@ awG@chJ d D k l d f &aygi;f rsm;yg+yD? Oyrm wkw,Ofaus;r_awmfvea&;udk yHwu;l cswhJ ygwwi;f awmfvea&;vrf;pOf (ygwwi;f f S f k l D G S f D G Aef;pum; (jargon) zwf - xkwf - owf) vkycv@kd u|r;f jyefatmif rSm;cJw,f? ud,tm;ud,u;kd a&; f hJ h k hf k f tajccH qH;k _;H cJ&w,f? aemufusawmh trSm;udjk yifz@kd t}ur}f urf u;pm;cJw,f? ratmifjrifb;l ? aemufq;kH h d d h tH;_ eJ@ uHc&wmyJ? 'Doifcef;pmudk b,fawmhrS rarhz@kd vdygw,f? hJ k ud,tm;ud,u;kd tajccH&we;f uqd&if Auy [m tcuftcJaygi;f rsm;pGmudk ausmjf zwfEif k hf k f dS k k kd cJw,f? &efo&@J zdEyr/_ acsre;f r_awGukd }uH@}uH@cif &ifqiEicw,f? b,favmufyJ tiftm;enf;ygap? h l dS f _ kd kd f kd f h J vufeufuiawmfvea&;tvH vJroGm;cJb;l ? 'gayrJh ud,tm;ud,u;kd tajccH qH;k H;_ oGm;awmh tiftm;}u;D kd f Sf h k hf k f rm;ayr,fh Auy &J@ vufeufuif awmfvea&;tvH vJusom;cJw,f? 'g[m t}uD;qH;k oifcef;pmyg? kd S f G h 'ga=umifh ppftm%m&Sipepfwuzsua&;yJ vkyvy/f ppftm%m&Sipepfukd wpwpyjyifa&;vrf;pOf (tck f kd f f f k f vpfb&,f0g'rsm; vkyaewJvrf;pOf) yJvyvyf wjcm;EdiijH cm; wdi;f jynfawG&@J tawG@tuukd yHwu;l rcsrz@kd D f h kf k kf k H k l d vdygw,f? Armjynf&@J tajctaeeJ@ vduavsmnDaxG&whJ vrf;pOfukd ud,bmom wDxi=f u&rSmyg? k k f dS k hf G (2) vDeif&@J pmtkyf avhvm&&SwhJ t"dutusq;kH tcsuu tm%ma[mif;u xlaxmifxm;wJh tkycsKyfa&; d f f ,EW&m; (ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;H;k ) udk jynfo@l 'rua&pDtm%m&Sipepfu qufvuftoH;k rcse@J qdwmygy? D kd f k J jynfo@l 'rua&pdtm%m&Sipepfu rdr&@J tkycsKya&;,EW&m;topf (ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;H;k topf) D kd f d f f xlaxmif&rSmyg? tJ'vkd rvkyEi&if tqd;k ausmoo&m wywfjyefvnfrmyJ? D f kd f h H S OD;Ek&@J yxp tpd;k & uH&wJh tjzpfq;kd rsKd ; jyef+yD;uH&rSm aocsmygw,f? vDeiftaeeJ@ 'DvtjzpfrsKd ; (qdA,uftm%m xlaxmif+yD;prSm) uHc&w,f? ppfwyf (a[mif;) kd k D hJ &Jwyf (a[mif;) w&m;H;k (a[mif;) awGu qdA,uftm%mudk tmcHwm u&ygw,f? jynfwi;f ppf jzpf&w,f? kD H G tJ'tcgusawmhrS wyfrawmftopf/ &Jwyftopf/ w&m;H;k topfukd xlaxmifcwmyg? D hJ armfpwe;f uawmh 'DvruHygb;l ? bma=umifvqawmh olu a&&Snjf ynfwi;f ppftwGi;f rSm D k kd h J kd G autrfwD (KMT) &J@ ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;H;k awGukd acsre;f zsuq;D cJ+h y;D jzpfv@kd yg? 'gawmifrS tjrpfuseae+y;D _ f f xdi0rfukd xGuajy;wJh (KMT) u tar&dueftm;ud;k eJ@ &ef&maewke;f yg? kf f S 'ga=umifh Armjynfrm ppftm%m&Sipepfu xlaxmifxm;wJh ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;H;k awGukd S f aumufumiifum toH;k csr,f/ wpwpyjyif,r,fqwhJ pdwu;l ,OfrrsKd ; r&Soifygb;l ? ol@ukd ud,u l kd f _ d h k f rjyifEibJ olu ud,ukd wGe;f vSewmyJ uH&vdrr,f? kd f k hf f hf
50

_ynfolhtm%m

(3) vDeif/ armfpDwkef;wdk@ jzwfoef;cJh&wJhacwfu e,fcsJ@orm;awGtcsif;csif; urBmppf wdkuf=uwJhacwfyg? rsuarSmufacwfe@J rwlygb;l ? rsuarSmufacwfu e,fcs@J tcsi;f csi;f ppfcif;wJacwf r[kwygb;l ? tar&duef f f h f plygyg0gwckyJ &Sw,f? urBmppf}u;D rjzpfwmvnf; (67) ESpf &Syg+y? a'oEW&ppfuav;awGyJ tuef@towfe@J d d D jzpfcygw,f? jzpfaeygvrO;D r,f? urBm}uD;wckv;kH +idr;f csr;f wJacwf}uD; a&muf+yDv@kd ,lqvd@k rjzpfygb;l ? hJ d hf h rdrw@kd taeeJ@ ta&;u&if toifjh zpfaezd@k vdygw,f? Armjynf&@J tajccHtrsKd ;om;tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk d H k xdyg;rcHz@kd / Armjynf&@J yieufe,fajrudk enf;enf;rS txdyg;rcHz@kd vdygw,f? kd f k (4) vDeifu qd&,vpfawmfvea&;twGuf a&;xm;wmyg? u|eawmfw@kd u 'Drua&pDawmfvea&;tqifh k S f S f f kd S f vky&rSmyg? armfpwe;f &J@ jynfo@l 'rua&pDtm%m&Sipepf u yd+k yD;vufawG@usygw,f? avhvm&wmeJ@ f D k D kd f em;vnfoabmayguz@kd vG,uygw,f? f f l (5) awmfvea&;qdwm awmif;,lwm r[kw/f wdu,wm jzpfw,f? vDeif/ armfpwe;f wd@k a&;om;csu&@J S f k k f l D k f tESpom&u 'gygy? f J
543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321

51

owif;eJhrSwfcsuf

[d;k t&ifuvnf; 'kw,yifv,fauG@ppfyrm d JG S AD,uferfppfajrjyifrm rD;avmifA;kH udk prf;oyftoH;k ycJwmyg? (LRAD) S h ppfvufeufta&mif;jrifhwifenf;eJ@ prf;oyftoH;k ycJw,f r[kwvm;? qdwm em;rcHEiatmif h f k kd f Armppftkyfpk&J@ rD;avmifAHk; 'kw,urBmppftqH;k rSm d emusiapwJtoHukd f h kd f H S urBmrSm pD;yGm;usaew,fqayr,fh tar&duefu *syefEiirm kd ta0;}u;D v$ixwEiwhJ hf k f kd f f ppfvufeufypPn;f ta&mif;t0,fuawmh tEkjrLAH;k ESpv;kH }uJcs vufeufu&,m jzpfygw,f? d d prf;oyfcwmygy? hJ J aumif;ygw,f? 2007 ckEprm S f S tpPa&;vf[m urBmppfjrefjreftqH;k owfz@kd tar&duefu vufeufur%}D u;D k` tar&duefvufeufur%}D u;D awG&@J k` qdw&nf&,csuwckwnf; k hJ G f f 44 ck&@J ta&mif;yrm%udu k vufeufprf;oyfay;wJh r[kwygb;l ? f tar&duefa':vm bDvsH 200 ud,pm;vS,at;*sitjzpf *gZmrSm k f f hf Gf ausm&owJ? tar&duefur%}D uD; wDxixm;+y;D umpjzpfwhJ f dS h k` aqmif&uay;aewm jzpfygw,f? G f AH;k &J@tpGr;f udvnf; odcsiw,f? k f avmhc[rmwifwckwnf;&J@ f d *gZmu ygvufpwdi;f k aemuf+yD; igrm h S ta&mif;wefz;kd uwif jynfoawGuawmh tprf;oyfcH l kd G h d k tar&duefa':vm 35 bDvsH ausmf 'Dvpr;f wJA;kH &Sw,f qdwm urBmudk vlom;awGayg? prf;oyfcef;xJu h jy+yD;+cdr;f ajcmufcsiwmvnf; f &Sw,fv@kd qdw,f? 'Dvkd d k uufjzLav;awG&@J b0xuf ygygw,f? vufeufawG a&mif;Ediz@kd kf trsm;}uD;qd;k ygw,f? tck+yD;cJwhJ h tck urBmwv$m; ta&mif;jriwifz@kd vdw,f? hf k *gZmppfyrm rD;pke;f jzL JG S emrnf}uD;aewJh armif;olrav,mOf (azmhpazm&yfp) AH;k wrsKd ;udk hJ vufeuftopfawG xGi&r,f? f f (drones) awG[m udqAppfyrm k kd kd J G S prf;oyf&r,f? +y;D &if prf;oyftoH;k ycJw,fw? jyif;xefwhJ h hJ pwifprf;oyftoH;k ycJwm jzpfw,f? avmifu|r;f r_awGukd h vufeufopfawG&@J tpGr;f udjk y+y;D (Long Range Acoustic Device jzpfapwJA;kH trsKd ;tpm;yg? a=umfjim&r,f? h (LRAD)) udvnf; k b,fva=umfjim=uovJ? kd taumif;qH;k uawmh vufawG@jyojcif;ygy? J ppfajrjyifawGrm prf;=uw,f? S jy=uw,f? 'Dae@urBmay:u ppfajrjyifawGjzpfwhJ tmz*ef/ tD&wf pwmawG[m taumif;qH;k prf;oyfui;f awGayg? tJ'vkd G h D ppfajrjyifawGrm tpGr;f jyEdi+f yDq&if S k kd ta&mif;oGuawmhwmayg? f h LRAD eJ@ em;usyfwyf tar&duefppfom; 52

owif;eJhrSwfcsuf
tck vufyefawmif;awmif oydwf zcG&mrSm J oHCmawmfawGe@J jynfoawG l jyif;xefwhJ rD;avmif'%f&mawG &=uw,f? rD;owfyue@J kd f t&ifyuf+yD;rS AH;k awGe@J ypf&mrSm rD;avmifue=f uwm jzpfygw,f? k ppftpd;k &uawmh rsu&nf,A;kH eJ@r;D cd;k AH;k yJ oH;k wmygv@kd f kd rsuprwjf iif;ygw,f? 'g f d dS ppftypx;kH pHygy? olw@kd uawmh kfk J ta&mif;jriwifz@kd oH;k jywm hf r[kwavmufygb;l ? f vufeuftpGr;f udk odcsiv@kd f prf;wmawmh ygcsiygygvrr,f? f d hf t"duuawmh olw@kd ukd vlxu k qef@usiqENjyvm+yDq&if f kd tiftm;tqrwefo;kH +yD; ESyuyypfvwhJ ppftyp&@J df Gf kd kfk tpOftvmyJ jzpfygw,f? tefw&if k 'Dvc&r,fv@kd jycsiwmyg? kd H f 1962 ck Zlvif 7 &ufrm kd S +idr;f csr;f pGmqENjyaewJh tyfwwacsmif;awmifr&SwhJ dk d ausmif;om;awGukd topfpufpuf *so&D; armif;jyefaoewfawGe@J D &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfEreif;vd@k dS f ausmif;om;&mausmf usq;kH cJ&w,f? 'DvufeufawGukd h Armjynfrm yxrqH;k S poH;k vduwmyJ jzpfygw,f? +yD;awmh k f Advae0if;u "m;"m;csi;f k f vSvcsi;f vd@k }udr;f ygw,f? H HS qdwoabm pmjyefvuw,fv@kd k hJ kd f qdw,f? 'l;eef@u k qGpZmvefEiiom;yJ? 'DEiiu f kd f H kd f H ordi;f 0if =um;aeEdiiy? 'ga=umifh k kfH J ICRC udk *seAmu vl}uD;vlaumif; D D (5) OD;eJ@ p+yD;zG@J &w,fv@kd zwfrw&w,f? qGpZmvefEii&@J S f f kd f H tvHrmygwhJ =uufajcjzL udk S =uufajceD vkyxm;wmvd@k f qdw,f? k orRwOD;odef;pdefeJ@ +id r f ; csrf ; a&;Ed k b ,f q k

'DEpf +idr;f csr;f a&;Edb,fq&r,fv@kd S k k wpfupm&if;xGuvmwJtxJrm f h S orRw}u;D OD;ode;f pdevnf;ygw,f? f 'Dowif;xGuvmawmh f v_yvy&&jG zpfom;=uw,f? f _f G G &ifciajymif;vmwJh OD;ode;f pdeukd Gf f =uufajceD ICRC &J@tp taemufu qkcscsirmyg? f S ay;r,fq&ifvnf; ay;vd@k &ygw,f? kd Edb,fqqwmuvnf; k k kd ICRC udk 1863 azazmf0g&rm D S Ediia&;aemufcawG &Saew,f kfH H d zG@J pnf;w,f? rzG@J cifrm S f [ife&D';l eef@u rD;tdre@J arwWm&Si r[kwvm;? 'gayrJh f f +ir;f csr;f a&;Edb,fq&oGm;wmuawmh d k k zavm&ifEuwif;a*;vfe@J kd f Oa&myor*~yg? Oa&mywdurm k fS qufo,+f yD; pnf;H;k awmh tJ'D G +idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@ oifjh rwfa&;/ olawmfpif u 'Drua&pDa&;eJ@v@l tcGita&;awG kd hf ,wdjywfjiif;vduowJ? k f h wd;k wufvmapatmif ud,wi;f jynfu vlemyJ k hf kd ud,*kpur,f? arwWmxm;Edir,f Oa&myor*~[m k f kd f kf 53

'Daemufrmvnf; S vlxtkH ur_awGjzpfwi;f k kd tiftm;tqrwefo;kH +yD; t=urf;zufEreif;cJwmcsn;f ygy? dS f h J aqG;aEG;!Ei;f w,fqwm d _d kd ppftyprm tpOftvm r&Sygb;l ? k f k S d rwwfomrSyJ [efjyaqG;aEG;wmawG vkywmyg? f Advae0if;[m yviay:u k f f qif;awmhvnf; aemifukd qlqyyvyr,fvawG lll kf h l roufombl;rSw/f wyfqwm kd rd;k ay:axmifrypfb;l ? wnfwnfypfw,f vd@k h h ajymoGm;cJwmyg? 'g h Advae0if;ay;oGm;wJh tarGyg? tck k f ta&cGvxm;wJh H J Advoe;f pdetpd;k &[m tJ'tarGukd k f d f D qufcxm;wmyg? H

jzpfw,f? &[yf,mOfqif;vd@k &w,f? tar&dueforRw oGm;vmwJtcgrm h S vkyaqmifEicwtwGuf tckvkd f kd f hJ hJ h +ir;f csr;f a&;Edb,fqk yl;wG&&Swe;f u tapmifta&Smuftjzpf d k J d k Edb,fqcs;D jriwm jzpfw,fv@kd k k hf k f h tpPa&;vf0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;jzpfol vduygvmwJoabFm jzpfygw,f? qdygw,f? k ta&;ay:tajctae *dv'gar,m&J@ rSwcsupum;udk k f f f rSe;f csue@J Er;f xGuawmh oGm;owd&rdygw,f? f S f ay:ayguvm&if orRwudk f rudub;l jzpfom;ygw,f? 'gayrJh k f G tqifoifu,fxwEiz@kd h k f kd f olw@kd uay;wJqu vGae+y/D kd h k J ESporqv@kd ajym&rvm;yJ? f d hf k hJ kf wu,fay;&rSmu atmfpumqkyg jzpfw,fw? jrefrmha&ydieufxJ azmf&e;f ay:vpDr*~Zif;u d a&mufaepOfrm jrefrmha&wyfrS S wJ? OD;ode;f pdevnf; h f OD;ode;f pdee@J a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@dkukd f t&m&SawGvnf; d urBmawG;ac:&Sif 100(w&m) h jref r mh a &yd k i f e uf a &muf tJ'oabFmay:oGm;a&muf+yD; D pm&if;xJrm xdyq;kH u S f tar&d u ef p pf o abF m yl;aygi;f ulnvyaqmifay;cJw,f? D kf h azmfjyay;cJw,f? aemuf+yD; h em*pfa=umifh jynfoawG l tar&dueforRwtdbm;rm; k Ediiwum ydyuQajz&Si;f a&; kfH twd'uQ a&mufaewke;f uvnf; k jrefrmjynfvmpOfrm S tzG@J }uD; (The International tar&duefa&wyfu ol@&@J vkH ca&;twGuf H Crisis Group(ICG)) uvnf; tultnDay;r,f/ 0ifciay;zd@k G hf OD;ode;f pdee@J b&mZD;vforRwa[mif; tar&duefppfoabFm f urf;vSr;f cJz;l ygw,f? tJ'tcseu h D df bGe[r;f &pfcswf (USS f k vlvm (Lula da Silva) wd@k ukd bk&fS (ti,f) &J@ Bonhomme Richard) udk yl;wG+J yD; +idr;f csr;f a&;qk tpd;k &tajymif;tvJ jrefrmha&ydieufxJ kf cs;D jrivuw,f? hf kd f vkyr,fqwhJ f kd 0ifa&mufciay;cJw,fv@kd od&w,f? G hf h qkcs;D jrivu+f yD; fh kd o}uetajrmufay:vpDukd Ff 'DppfoabFm[m (Amphibious r=umcifrmyJ OD; (Adv) ode;f pdef &J@ S k f usio;kH aewJumvjzpfawmh hf h Assault Ship) trsKd ;tpm; Zmwdyu ay:vmygw,f? kf vufyefawmif;awmifrm S +idr;f csr;f pGmqENazmfxwf k oydwarSmufae=uwJh oHCmawmfe@J f t&yfom;/ ausmif;om;awGukd rD;avmifA;kH eJ@ t=urf;zufzcGcw,f? J hJ +yD;awmh cyfajymifajymifyJ rsu&nf,A;kH / rD;cd;k AH;k awGyJ f kd oH;k wmygv@kd ajymw,f? 1994 ckEprm S f S ,mqmtm&mzwf/ &Srey&ufpe@J DGfJ f ,pfZuf&mbifw@kd o;kH a,muf

owif;eJhrSwfcsuf

tar&d u ef p pf o abF m bG e f [ k r f ; &pf c swf

owif;eJhrSwfcsuf
tar&duefe@J ppftpd;k &u qufqa&;rajyvnfygb;l ? H tJ'awmh olw@kd ukd D zwfcsrmvm;qd+k yD; S a=umufwmvnf;yg? olw@kd twGuvnf; bmrS f tusKd ;r&Sb;l ? d olw@kd 'ua&mufaewmrS r[kwwm? k Q f tultnDr&vnf; bmta&;vJ? 'ga=umifh 0ifciay;zd@k awmif;qdwmudk G hf k ppftm%m&SiawGu y,fcscw,f? f hJ 'Daemufrmawmh S tJ'o}uFetajrmuf ay:vpDu D f Armjynfukd wkw&ifcixJ f Gf wGe;f yd@k aewmyJ/ ajymif;rSjzpfr,fq+kd yD; tdbm;rm;&J@ xdawG@qufqa&; k H ay:vpDukd tar&duefu ajymif;vJusio;kH vmw,f? hf tapm}u;D uwnf;u taemufu ypfy,fxm;vd@k wkwe@J f aygi;f ae&ygw,fq+kd yD; idcsi;f csjyaewJh ppftpd;k &uvnf; k tjrefyJ ajy;uyfygawmhw,f? tdbm;rm;pum;eJ@ajym&&if k ppftpd;k &u vufo;D qkyajzvd@k f tar&duefu vufurf;aewJtcsef h d r[kwvm;? [du f k vufjyefurf;aepOfrm S &ifciajymif;csiaewJh ppftpd;k &u Gf f y,fcsvuv@kd b,fjzpfrvJ? kd f 'ga=umifh tar&dueforRwudk aejynfawmfuae &efuetxdqif;+y;D vmawG@&w,f? kf

ppfoabFm0ifr,fqawmhvnf; kd [kwuygcifAs ayg? f hJ h olw@kd tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuqawmh f kd vmap 0ifapownf;ayg? h

wdkwdkxGmxGm odapcsifwm emrnfausmf 0gwmvl;wduy}JG uD; k f rSm (2) buf usq;kH olawG odyrsm;w,f? usq;kH olukd f aumuf,o+*K [fwm rvkyb;l ? l f 'Dtwdi;f yJ ykyy+G yD;td;k awGyJ k f ppfajrjyifrm use&pfw,f? S f aemufawmfawmf=umrS t*FvyuefxduwmawGu df k f td;k awGaumuf+y;D tr_e@f }udww,f? t*Fvefrm f S ajr=oZmtjzpf jyefa&mif;=uw,fv@kd qdw,f? k

tar&duefjynfwi;f ppfwe;f u G k wduy}JG u;D k f *ufw;D bmh*wuyrmvnf; f kd f JG S usq;kH olawGukd 'Dtwdi;f ypfxm;wmyJv@kd qdw,f? k k 0gwmvl;ppfyukd OD;pD;wJh JG 0,fvifwefu t*Fvy0ef}uD;csKyf df jzpfvmw,f? 0gwmvl;ppfajrjyifrmawmh S }u;D }u;D rm;rm; txdr;f trSw&w,fv@kd r=um;&bl;? f dS *ufw;D bmh*ppfajrjyifrmawmh f S b,fvqwm rod&? kd kd vifue;f rde@f ce;f uawmh G G urBmausmw,f? f vpfb&,f0g'awG&@J D ud;k um;p&mjzpfuse&pfw,f? f

0gwmvl ; ppf y G J

owif;eJhrSwfcsuf
c&pf,efbe;f awmf}u;D wyg; k yifzw+f yD; pdw+f idratmif h d f rm,mjyuQ ' d e f / w&m;a[map&w,fv@kd qdygw,f? k urB m ysuf a =umuf a &m*geJ @ armfpudk r@awmf&@J ta&S@buf&dS &moD O wk t ajymif ; tvJ q d k i f & m pufr_ r@wr@rmawmh S 'dk[m uGefz&ifh xdwvef@ae=uwJh f urBmausmf r@ol r@om;awG[m rD;jcpf/ a&eHq/D rm,mjyuQ'eta=umif; d f za,mif;wdie@J o=um;pwmawG kf od=urSmyg? ol@&@J jyuQ'epuf0ef;rSm 0,f,oavSmifae=uwma=umifh df l kd ESpaygi;f 5125 ESpf yg&+dS yD; f ypPn;f awGawmif jywfom;w,fv@kd G aemufq;kH ae@puawmh 'DZifbm 21 qdygw,f? aemufq;kH rSm JG k &uf/ 2012 ckEpf jzpfygw,f? S ta&;ay:tajctaeqdkif&m 'ga=umifh tJ'ae@[m D 0ef}u;D jzpfou,wiu l kd f kd f urBm&J@aemufq;kH ae@ (0g) urBmajray:rSm urBmysur,fae@v@kd qd=k uwm f h bmawGjzpfaevJqwmoda=umif;/ kd jzpfygw,f? 'gukd tckvmr,fh 'DZifbmrSm ,H=k unfoawGvnf; &S=d uygw,f? l urBmrysub;l qdwm f k e,l;a&mufwi;f rSmygwhJ kd tmrcHa=umif; owif;wyk't& k&m;Ediiu f S kfH xGuajym&w,fw? f hJ wkwjf ynfe,fpyfteD;&Sd a=umufwoawGvnf; hJ l trsKd ;orD;tusO;f axmifrm S tjypfajymvd@k rjzpfygb;l ? tusO;f usaeolawG[m urBm}uD;[m obm0uyfab;awG pdw"mwfa&;&m f ydyrsm;vmwmvnf; trSeyJ k kd f ajcmufjcm;r_awGjzpfae=uvd@k r[kwvm;? ae@pOfowif;awGrm f S ivsivywm/ f _f rkewi;f uswm/ f kd rD;awmifayguwm/ f a&}uD;wm pwJpwJh h obm0uyfab;owif; rygwae@ hJ r&Soavmufygy? Armjynfrmvnf; d J S em*pf'%fukd t}uD;tus,cvu&wmyg? f H kd f wavmav;u zdvpfyirmvnf; kd f S rkewi;f 0ifar$om;vd@k f kd G vl&mcsaoqH;k cJ&w,f? D h urBmb%ftpD&ifcpmt& h H ouU&mZf 2100 ckEpf a&muf&if S pufrrxGe;f um;cifacwfuxuf _ urBmysr;f r#tylcse[m 4 'D*&D h d f pifw*&dwf ydjk rifvmr,fv@kd qdw,f? D h k 'D&mpkEptukerm Sf fS yifv,fjyifrsuEmjyifuawmh fS rDwm0ufuae wrDwmtxd jrifwufvmEdiw,f? h kf yifv,furf;pyfr@}uD;rsm;rSm aexdiwhJ vlO;D a& kf oef;&maygi;f rsm;pGmtwGuf tEW&m,fusa&mufEiw,f? kd f usea'ovlxtwGuawmh f k f rd;k acgia&&Sm;r_/ f ydjk yif;xefwrewi;f eJ@ hJ k f kd rk;d &GmoGe;f r_tcsetcgawG d f ajymif;ukewhJ tEW&m,fawG f uHawG@&Ediw,fv@kd qdw,f? kf k b*Fvm;a'h&fS okawoetzG@J wcku xkwjf yefwhJ tpD&ifcpmt& H b*Fvm;a'h&Eiiwckwnf;rSmudk fS kd f H &moDOwkazmufjyefra=umifh 2040 _ a&uf&if ae&ma&$@ajymif;ay;&r,fh vlta&twGu[m (95) oef; f &Sr,fv@kd qdygw,f? d k a&$@ajymif;ay;&whJ

56

owif;eJhrSwfcsuf
ta=umif;tcsuawGxrm f J S yifv,fa&rsuEmjyifjrifwufr/_ fS h rkewi;f '%f f kd jrpfurf;yg;wdupm;r_e@J k f rd;k acgia&&Sm;r_ pwmawG ygygw,f? f pufrpwifxe;f um;vmwJh _ G umvrSm puf}kH uD;awGu umbGexwvir'%fawGa=umifh f k f $ hf _ wjznf;jznf;eJ@ urBm&moDOwk h azmufjyefajymif;vJvmawmhwm jzpfygw,f? 'Daemufrmvnf; S tjrwftpGe;f twGuf bezl;oduw;l =uwJh k f ukr%}D uD;awGa=umifh ydy+kd yD; ` k qd;k vmwm jzpfygw,f? tjrwftpGe;f &r,fq&if kd obm0ywf0ef;usiukd *krpdubJ f k f vkycsi&mvky=f uwJtwGuf f f h jzpfvm&wmygy? J &moDOwkazmufjyefr'%fukd _ cHvm=u&wJh urBmjh ynfoawGu l obm0ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&;twGuf v_y&m;wduy0ifvm=uygw,f? f S k f JG 'Dtcgrm ukvor*~uvnf; S urBm&moDOwktajymif;tvJqi&m h kd f nDvmcHawG usi;f yvmygw,f? 'gayrJh zG@H z;+yD;Ediirsm;eJ@ kfH zG@H z;qJEiirsm;t=um;rSm kd f H oabmwlncsuf r&EdibJ D kf jzpfaeygw,f? wcsKd @uwdu0wfawGuvnf; kd zG@H z;+yD;EdiiawGu kfH rjznfqnf;=uygb;l ? h xnf0if&r,fbmaiG/ h h av#mcs&r,fh umbGexwvyr_ h f k f kf yrm% pwmawG jzpfygw,f? 'DEpf 'd[mrSm S k ukvor*~u uruxvkywhJ f

&moDOwktajymif;tvJ qdi&mtpnf;ta0;w&yf kf usi;f ycJygw,f? h usKd wdoabmwlncsu[m k D f 'DEpue&if oufwrf;aph+yDr@kd Sf kf xyf+yD;toufqufz@kd vdygw,f? k 'Doabmwlncsurm D fS zefvtr"mwfaiG@xwvirukd kH d f k f $ hf _ 1990 ckEprsm;utqifxuf 52 S f h &mE_e;f av#mcsz@kd owfrwxm;w,f? h S f ajymomajym&w,f tar&duefEiiu kd f H 'Doabmwlncsuukd D f twnfryygb;l ? 'Doabmwlncsurm D fS xGe;f opfpEdiiawGjzpfwhJ wkw/f kfH tdE,wd@k vkd EdiiawGtwGuf dN kfH uef@owfcsurygb;l qd+k yD; k&m;/ f S *syefe@J uae'gEiiw@kd u kd f H Ekwxuawmhr,fv@kd qdaeygw,f? f G f k

aemuftjiif;yGm;aewm uawmh bmaiGa=u;qdi&yJ kf jzpfygw,f? urBm&moDOwk h xde;f odr;f a&;twGuf csr;f omwJEiiawGu h kd f H xnf0if&r,faiGa=u;cGwrf;udpyJ h h J P jzpfygw,f? qif;&JEiiawGu kd f H csr;f omwJEiiawGukd h kd f H ydxnfapcsiw,f? 'gvnf; k h f oabmrwlEi=f ubl; jzpfaew,f? kd ukvor*~ twGi;f a&;r;csKyf befure;f uawmh D G &moDOwkajymif;vJrj_ zpf&yf[m zG@H z;+yD;EdiiawG&@J pufrxe;f um;a&; kfH _ G jzpfpOfa=umifh jzpfvm&wm jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh zG@H z;+yD; urBmu yd+k y;D wm0ef,&rSm[m l tusKd ;ta=umif;vnf;&Sd w&m;r#wr_vnf; &Sw,f vd@k d ajymygw,f? 'g[m trSeygy? f J

rkefwdkif;'%fcH&wJh zdvpfydkif 57

Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD A[d k 0 g'jzef @ csd a &;Xmeu xk w f a 0onf