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{ 
1 
On The Gravitomagnetism And Its Consequences
Arbab . I. Arbab
1 
; 
2 
y  
1 
DepartmentofPhysics,FacultyofScience,UniversityofKhartoum,P.O.Box321,Khartoum11115,Sudan 
2 
DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedMathematics,FacultyofAppliedSciencesandComputer,Omdurman AhliaUniversity,P.O.Box786,Omdurman,Sudan (Received7February2009) 
Intheframeworkofunifyinghydrodynamicswithelectrodynamicswehaveshownthataccelerating (spinning)objectsemitgravitationalwaveasthosedeterminedbyLarmorformulafortheacceler- atingchargedparticle.WehavefoundnewformulaeforthepowerofGravitationalwavesradiated byspinningandorbitingobjects.Limitingvaluesforthewavelengthoftheradiatedlightforob-  jectshavingatypicalsolarmassandradiusisintherangeofx-rays.Thegravitomagneticelds producedbyMercury,Earth,JupiterandSunarecalculatedandMercuryisfoundtoproducedthe largestvalue. 
1. Introduction
In1916AlbertEinsteinpredictedbasedonGeneralRelativitythatvibrating(accelerated) massesshouldcreategravitationalwaves.Butbecauseoftheweakstrengthofgravity,only enormousmassesundergoinghugeaccelerationswouldformgravitationalwaveswithstrong enougheectstobebarelydetectable.Gravitywaveshavenotyetbeendetecteddirectly.How- ever,thepredictedinuenceofgravitationalwavesonabinarypulsarwasmeasuredbyTaylor andHulse.Arapidlyspinningneutronstaremitstwobeamsofradiowavesalongitsmagnetic axes.Whenthespinaxisandmagneticaxisarenotidentical,theradiobeamsaresweptin twoarchesaroundthesky.IfabeampathoccasionallysweepstowardstheEarth,aradiopulse canbedetected,inthiscasewithaperiodbetweenpulsesof0.05903sec.Thus,thestarwhich iscomposedexclusivelyofneutronsiscalledapulsar.Thispulseperiodwouldbeextremely stableexcepttheobservedperiodactuallyvariesbyseveraltensofmicrosecondsasresultofa Dopplershiftindicatingthattheneutronstarorbitsabinarypartner.TaylorandHulsefound anadditionalvariation:Theorbitperiodisdecliningbyabout75millionthsofasecondper year.Thesetwostarsareorbitingeachotherinagraduallysmaller(thereforefaster)orbit.The explanationisthatthesetwomassivestarsarestronglyacceleratedbytheircircularorbitsand thusrequiredtoloseenergyintheformofgravitywavesaspredictedbygeneralrelativity.The NobelPrizerecognizesthisrstindirectvericationofgravitywaves.Itisbelievedthatcurrent technologynowenablesthedirectdetectionofgravitywaves.Gravitationalwavesareripples inthefabricofspaceandtimeproducedbyviolenteventsinthedistantuniverse,suchasthe 
y 
Email:aiarbab@uofk.edu 
 
2 
Arbab.I.Arbab 
collisionoftwoblackholesorshockwavesfromthecoresofsupernovaexplosions.Suchgravity wavescouldbringwiththeminformationabouttheircataclysmicorigins,aswellasinvaluable cluesastothenatureofgravity. Generalrelativitypredictsthataspinningmassdistortsspace-timeoneofavarietyof'gravit- omagnetic'phenomenathatareabsentinNewtoniangravity.Unfortunately,gravitationalforces aresoweakthatitisuselesstotrytodetectthiswarpingofspace-timeunlessthemassisvery largeandspinningrapidlyanastronomicalbody,say,suchastheEarthortheSun,orapulsar. TheLense-Thirringprecession(alsoknownasframedragging)duetotheEarthsrotationcan bemeasured.Ingeneralrelativityarotatingmasswilldragspacealongwithit,leadingtoeects whichwouldbecompletelyabsentinNewtoniangravity.Forexample,agyroscopeinpolarorbit abouttheEarthwillshowanextraprecessionduetotheEarthsone-revolution-per-dayspin. Oneoftheproblemswithgeneralrelativityisthatgravityismuchtooweak.Everytimewe comeupwithsomecooleect(gravitationalwaves,framedragging,timedilation),itturnsout thatitsalmostimpossibletoseetheeect.Framedraggingisnoexception.Ifwewereneara rapidlyrotatingblackhole,framedraggingwouldjumpoutatus:agyroscopewouldwobbleall overtheplace. Wehaverecentlyestablishedananalogybetweenhydrodynamicsandelectrodynamics.Ac- cordingtothisanalogy,thehydrodynamicsequationsaresimilartoMaxwellequations.One canfollowthesamemethodinsolvingelectrodynamicsproblemsasdoneinthecorresponding electrodynamics.Inthispaperwewouldliketostudythegravitationalwavesradiatedbyan acceleratingobjectinthesamefashionasanacceleratingchargeinelectrodynamics.Thepower radiatedbyanacceleratingchargeisgivenbyLarmorformula.Consequentlyandaccordingto ouranalogy,weassumethatsuchaformulashouldexiststhatgivesthepowerradiatedbyan acceleratingmass.Wealsoliketostudythegravitomagneticeldoftheseacceleratingobjects. Thegravitoelectricandmagneticelds, 
~ B 
g 
and 
~ E 
g 
,aregivenbytheMaxwellian-likeequations (Arbab,2009).Inthispaperwewouldliketocalculatetheresultinggravitationaleectsarising fromthisanalogy. 
2. Gravitomagnetism and Electromagnetism
Whereasinelectrodynamicsanelectricchargegeneratesanelectriceldandacurrentof electricchargeproducesamagneticeld,inNewtoniangravitationaltheorythemassofa bodygeneratesagravitationaleldbutacurrentofmass,forexampletherotationofabody, doesnotproduceanyadditionalgravitationaleld.Ontheotherhand,Einsteinsgravitational theorypredictsthatacurrentofmassgeneratesanadditionalgravitomagneticeldthatexerts aforceonsurroundingbodiesandchangesthespacetimestructurebygeneratingadditional curvature.Peng(1983)bylinearizingEinsteinequations,hehaswrittenthemintheformof theMaxwellequation.Healso(Peng,1990)hasintroducedgravitomagneticeldequationsinto 
 
OnTheGravitomagnetismAndItsConsequences 
3 
theinvestigationofgravitomagneticeectsonasuperconductor.TheLense-Thirringeect, alsoknownasinertialframedragging,isapredictedconsequenceofgeneralrelativityandis expectedtooccurinthevicinityofarotatingmassivebody.LenseandThirringpredictedthat therotationofamassiveobjectwouldalterthespacetimearoundit,ineectcausingnearby inertialframestorotateslightly. Usingquaternionswehaverecentlyshownthat(Arbab,2009) 
~ 
r¡ 
~ E 
g 
= 
 
m 
" 
g 
=4 
G; 
(2.1) 
~ 
r¢  
~ B 
g 
= 
 
g 
~ J 
+ 1 
c 
2 
@ ~ E 
g 
@t ; 
(2.2) 
~ 
r¢  
~ E 
g 
+ 
@ ~ B 
g 
@t 
=0 
: 
(2.3) 
~ 
r¡ 
~ B 
g 
=0 
; 
(2.4) where 
" 
g 
= 
1 4 
G 
, 
G 
theNewton'sconstant.Weassumeherethatthegravitationalwavetravels withspeedoflight 
c 
,i.e., 
" 
g 
 
g 
c 
2 
=1.Equationssimilartotheseequationscanbederivedfrom generalrelativityequationsinthelimitofweakeld(Peng,1983).However,theseequations comewithanegativesignofthedensityterm.Moreover,thereisanambiguityindening thegravitomagneticeld.Itisremarkablethatouraboveequationsisinfullagreementwith theMaxwell'sequations.InGeneralRelativity,thegravitomagneticeldduetotheangular momentum 
~ L 
ofacentralbodyis,intheweak-eldandslow-motionapproximationisgivenby 
~ B 
= 2 
G c 
2 
  
~ L r 
3 
  
3( 
~ L 
¡ 
^ 
r 
)^ 
r r 
3 
! 
; 
(2.5) where 
r 
istheradialdistancefromthecentralbody.Thegravitomagneticeldgeneratesframe- draggingofagyroscopeinawayformallysimilartothemagneticeldproducingachangeof orientationofamagneticneedle(magneticdipole).Indeed,inGeneralRelativity,acurrentof massinaloop,thatisagyroscope,hasabehaviorformallysimilartothatofamagneticdipole inelectrodynamicswhichismadeofanelectriccurrentinaloop. Thegravitomagneticeldcreatedbyanobjectmovingwithvelocity 
~v 
inagravitoelectric eld 
~ E 
g 
isgivenby(Arbab,2009) 
~ B 
g 
= 
~v c 
2 
¢  
~ E 
g 
A   
B 
g 
= 
! 
3 
R 
2 
c 
2 
; 
(2.6) where 
~ E 
g 
= 
~a 
isthegravitoelectriceld.Forspinningbodyonehas 
a 
= 
! 
2 
R 
,where 
R 
and 
! 
aretheradiusandangularvelocityofthespinningbody.Thegravitomagneticeldofwouldbe veryenormousforneutronstarsandblackholeswhichhavehighspinningrate. FortheEarthwegetthevalue 
B 
g 
=1 
: 
738 
¢  
10 
 
16 
rads 
 
1 
(0 
: 
113arcsec 
= 
cy)andforMarswe getthevalue 
B 
g 
=4 
: 
57 
¢  
10 
 
17 
rads 
 
1 
(0 
: 
0297arcsec 
= 
cy)forJupiterweget 
B 
g 
=6 
: 
96 
¢  
of 00

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