Bài tập giải tích Nowak - Tập 2

Mc lc
ii
Li ni u
Bn ang c trong tay tp I ca mt trong nhng sch bi tp gii tch (theo
chng ti) hay nht th gii .
Trc y, hu ht nhng ngi lm ton ca Vit Nam thng s dng hai cun
sch ni ting sau (bng ting Nga v c dch ra ting Vit):
1. Bi tp gii tch ton hc ca Demidovich (B. P. Demidoviq; 1969,
Sbornik Zadaq i Upraneni
i po Matematiqeskomu Analizu, Izdatel~stvo
"Nauka", Moskva)
v
2. Gii tch ton hc, cc v d v bi tp ca Ljaszko, Bojachuk, Gai,
G. P. Golobaq; 1975, MatemGolovach (I. I. Lxko, A. K. Boquk, . G. Ga,
Analiz v Primerah i Zadaqah, Tom 1, 2, Izdatel~stvo Vixa
atiqeski
Xkola).
ging dy hoc hc gii tch.

Cn ch rng, cun th nht ch c bi tp v p s. Cun th hai cho li
gii chi tit i vi phn ln bi tp ca cun th nht v mt s bi ton khc.
Ln ny chng ti chn cun sch (bng ting Ba Lan v c dch ra ting
Anh):
3. Bi tp gii tch. Tp I: S thc, Dy s v Chui s (W. J. Kaczkor, M.
T. Nowak, Zadania z Analizy Matematycznej, Czesc Pierwsza, Liczby Rzeczywiste, Ciagi i Szeregi Liczbowe, Wydawnictwo Universytetu Marii Curie Sklodowskiej, Lublin, 1996),
iii
Li ni u
iv
4. Bi tp gii tch. Tp II: Lin tc v Vi phn (W. J. Kaczkor, M.

T. Nowak, Zadania z Analizy Matematycznej, Czesc Druga, Funkcje Jednej
ZmiennejRachunek Ro zniczowy, Wydawnictwo Universytetu Marii Curie Sklodowskiej, Lublin, 1998).
bin dch nhm cung cp thm mt ti liu tt gip bn c hc v dy gii tch.
Khi bin dch, chng ti tham kho bn ting Anh:
3*. W. J. Kaczkor, M. T. Nowak, Problems in Mathematical Analysis I,
Real Numbers, Sequences and Series, AMS, 2000.
4*. W. J. Kaczkor, M. T. Nowak, Problems in Mathematical Analysis II,
Continuity and Differentiation, AMS, 2001.
Sch ny c cc u im sau:
Cc bi tp c xp xp t d cho ti kh v c nhiu bi tp hay.
Li gii kh y v chi tit.
Kt hp c nhng tng hay gia ton hc s cp v ton hc hin i.
Nhiu bi tp c ly t cc tp ch ni ting nh, American Mathematical Monthly (ting Anh), Mathematics Today (ting Nga), Delta
(ting Balan). V th, sch ny c th dng lm ti liu cho cc hc sinh
ph thng cc lp chuyn cng nh cho cc sinh vin i hc ngnh ton.
Cc kin thc c bn gii cc bi tp trong sch ny c th tm trong
5. Nguyn Duy Tin, Bi Ging Gii Tch, Tp I, NXB i Hc Quc Gia H
Ni, 2000.
6. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, McGraw -Hil Book
Company, New York, 1964.
Tuy vy, trc mi chng chng ti trnh by tm tt l thuyt gip bn c
nh li cc kin thc c bn cn thit khi gii bi tp trong chng tng ng.
Li ni u
Tp I v II ca sch ch bn n hm s mt bin s (tr phn khng gian

metric trong tp II). Kaczkor, Nowak chc s cn vit Bi Tp Gii Tch cho hm
nhiu bin v php tnh tch phn.
Chng ti ang bin dch tp II, sp ti s xut bn.
Chng ti rt bit n :
- Gio s Phm Xun Ym (Php) gi cho chng ti bn gc ting Anh tp I
ca sch ny,
- Gio s Nguyn Hu Vit Hng (Vit Nam) gi cho chng ti bn gc ting
Anh tp II ca sch ny,
- Gio s Spencer Shaw (M) gi cho chng ti bn gc ting Anh cun sch
ni ting ca W. Rudin (ni trn), xut bn ln th ba, 1976,
- TS Dng Tt Thng c v v to iu kin chng ti bin dch cun
sch ny.
Chng ti chn thnh cm n tp th sinh vin Ton - L K5 H o To C
Nhn Khoa Hc Ti Nng, Trng HKHTN, HQGHN, c k bn tho v sa
nhiu li ch bn ca bn nh my u tin.
Chng ti hy vng rng cun sch ny s c ng o bn c n nhn v
gp nhiu kin qu bu v phn bin dch v trnh by. Rt mong nhn c s ch
gio ca qu v bn c, nhng kin gp xin gi v: Chi on cn b, Khoa
Ton C Tin hc, trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia
H Ni, 334 Nguyn Tri, Thanh Xun, H Ni.
Xin chn thnh cm n.

H Ni, Xun 2002.
Nhm bin dch
on Chi
Cc k hiu v khi nim

R - tp cc s thc
R+ - tp cc s thc dng
Z - tp cc s nguyn
N - tp cc s nguyn dng hay cc s t nhin
Q - tp cc s hu t
(a; b) - khong m c hai u mt l a v b
[a; b] - on (khong ng) c hai u mt l a v b
[x] - phn nguyn ca s thc x
Vi x 2 R, hm du ca x l
8
>
<1
sgn x = 1
>
:
0
Vi x 2 N,
vi x > 0;
vi x < 0;
vi x = 0:
n! = 1 2 3 ::: n;
(2n)!! = 2 4 6 ::: (2n 2) (2n);
K hiu
Newton.
n
k
(2n 1)!! = 1 3 5 ::: (2n 3) (2n 1):

=
n!
;
k!(nk)!
n; k 2 N; n k, l h s ca khai trin nh thc

vii
Cc k hiu v khi nim
viii
Nu A R khc rng v b chn trn th ta k hiu sup A l cn trn ng

ca n, nu n khng b chn trn th ta quy c rng sup A = +1.
Nu A R khc rng v b chn di th ta k hiu inf A l cn di ng
ca n, nu n khng b chn di th ta quy c rng inf A = 1.
Dy fan g cc s thc c gi l n iu tng (tng ng n iu gim)
nu an+1 an (tng ng nu an+1 an ) vi mi n 2 N. Lp cc dy n
iu cha cc dy tng v gim.
S thc c c gi l im gii hn ca dy fan g nu tn ti mt dy con
fank g ca fan g hi t v c.
Cho S l tp cc im t ca dy fan g. Cn di ng v cn trn ng ca
dy , k hiu ln lt l lim an v lim an c xc nh nh sau
n!1
8
>
<+1
lim an = 1
n!1
>
:
sup S
8
>
<1
lim an = +1
>
n!1
:
inf S
Tch v hn
1
Q
n=1
n!1
nu fan g khng b chn trn;

nu fan g b chn trn v S = ;;
nu fan g b chn trn v S 6= ;;
nu fan g khng b chn di;
nu fan g b chn di v S = ;;
nu fan g b chn di v S 6= ;;
an hi t nu tn ti n0 2 N sao cho an 6= 0 vi n n0 v
dy fan0 an0 +1 ::: an0 +ng hi t khi n ! 1 ti mt gii hn P0 6= 0. S

P = an0 an0 +1 ::: an0 +n P0 c gi l gi tr ca tch v hn.
Trong phn ln cc sch ton nc ta t trc n nay, cc hm tang v
ctang cng nh cc hm ngc ca chng c k hiu l tg x, cotg x,
arctg x, arccotg x theo cch k hiu ca cc sch c ngun gc t Php v
Nga, tuy nhin trong cc sch ton ca M v phn ln cc nc chu u,
chng c k hiu tng t l tan x, cot x, arctan x, arccot x. Trong cun
sch ny chng ti s s dng nhng k hiu ny bn c lm quen vi
nhng k hiu c chun ho trn th gii.
Bi tp
Chng 1
Gii hn v tnh lin tc
1.1 Gii hn ca hm s
Chng ta dng cc nh ngha sau.
nh ngha 1. Hm f gi l tng (tng ng, tng thc s, gim, gim thc
s) trn tp khc rng A 2 R nu x1 < x2 ; x1 ; x2 2 A ko theo f (x1 ) f (x2 )
(tng ng f (x1 ) < f (x2 ), f (x1 ) f (x2 ), f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) ). Hm tng hay gim
(tng ng, tng thc s hay gim thc s) gi l hm n iu (tng ng,
n iu thc s)
nh ngha 2. Tp (a "; a + ") n fag, y " > 0 gi l ln cn khuyt ca
im a 2 R
1.1.1. Tm cc gii hn hoc chng minh chng khng tn ti.

1
1
;
(b) lim x
(a) lim x cos ;
x!0
x!0
x
x

x b
[x]
(c) lim
; a; b > 0;
(d) lim
;
x!0 a
x!0 x
x
p
p
cos( 2 cos x)
3
:
(e) lim x( x2 + 1 x3 + 1);
(f) lim
x!1
x!0 sin(sin x)
1.1.2. Gi s f : (a; a) n f0g ! R. Chng minh rng
(a) lim f (x) = l nu v ch nu lim f (sin x) = l,
x!0
x!0
Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc
(b) lim f (x) = l th lim f (jxj) = l. iu ngc li c ng khng ?

x!0
x!0
1
1.1.3. Gi s hm f : (a; a) n f0g ! (0; +1) tho mn lim (f (x) + f (x)
) = 2.
x!0
Chng minh rng lim f (x) = 1.

x!0
1
1.1.4. Gi s f c xc nh trn ln cn khuyt ca a v lim (f (x)+ jf (x)j
)=
x!a
0. Tm lim f (x).
x!0
1.1.5. Chng minh rng nu f l hm b chn trn [0; 1] tho mn f (ax) =

bf(x) vi 0 x a1 v a; b > 1 th lim+ f (x) = f(0).
x!0
1.1.6. Tnh
1
lim (x2 (1 + 2 + 3 + + [ jxj
]));
(a)
x!0
lim (x([ x1 ] + [ x2 ] + + [ xk ])); k 2 N.
(b)
x!0+
[P (x)]
,
x!1 P (jxj)
1.1.7. Tnh lim
y P (x) l a thc vi h s dng.
1.1.8. Ch ra bng v d rng iu kin

lim (f (x) + f (2x)) = 0
()
x!0
khng suy ra f c gii hn ti 0. Chng minh rng nu tn ti hm ' sao

cho bt ng thc f (x) '(x) c tho mn trong mt ln cn khuyt ca
0 v lim '(x) = 0 , th () suy ra lim f (x) = 0.

x!0
x!0
1.1.9.
(a) Cho v d hm f tho mn iu kin
lim (f (x)f (2x)) = 0
x!0
v lim f (x) khng tn ti.

x!0
(b) Chng minh rng nu trong mt ln cn khuyt ca 0, cc bt ng

thc f (x) jxj ;
lim f (x) = 0.
x!0
1
2
< < 1; v f(x)f(2x) jxj c tho mn, th
1.1.10. Cho trc s thc , gi s lim
x!1
f (ax)
x
= g(a) vi mi s dng a.
Chng minh rng tn ti c sao cho g(a) = ca .

f (2x)
x!1 f (x)
1.1.11. Gi s f : R ! R l hm n iu sao cho lim

f (cx)
x!1 f (x)
minh rng lim
= 1. Chng
= 1 vi mi c > 0.
1.1.12. Chng minh rng nu a > 1 v 2 R th

(a)
ax
= +1;
x!1 x
lim
(b)
ax
= +1:
x!1 x
lim
ln x
x!1 x
1.1.13. Chng minh rng nu > 0, th lim
= 0.-
1.1.14. Cho a > 0, chng minh lim ax = 1. Dng ng thc ny chng

x!0
minh tnh lin tc ca hm m.
1.1.15. Chng minh rng
x
1
= e;
(a) lim 1 +
x!1
x
(c)
(b)
lim
x!1
1
1+
x
= e;
lim (1 + x) x = e:
x!1
1.1.16. Chng minh rng lim ln(1 +x) = 0. Dng ng thc ny, suy ra hm
x!0
logarit lin tc trn (0; 1).
1.1.17. Tnh cc gii hn sau :
(a)
(c)
ln(1 + x)
lim
;
x!0
x
(1 + x) 1
lim
; 2 R:
x!0
x
ax 1
; a > 0;
(b) lim
x!0
x
1.1.18. Tm
(a)
(c)
(e)
lim (ln x) x ;
x!1
lim (cos x) sin2 x ;
x!0
lim (sin x) ln x :
x!0
(b)
(d)
lim xsin x;
x!0+
lim (ex 1) x ;
x!1
1.1.19. Tm cc gii hn sau:

sin 2x + 2 arctg 3x + 3x2
;
x!0 ln(1 + 3x + sin2 x) + xex
p
p
1 ex 1 cos x
p
;
lim
x!0+
sin x
(a)
(b)
lim
(c)
(d)
ln cos x
;
x!0 tg x2
lim
lim (1 + x2 )cotg x :
x!0
1.1.20. Tnh
(a)
lim (tg
x!1
x 1
)x ;
2x + 1
(b)
x
x
lim x(ln(1 + ) ln ):
x!1
2
2
1.1.21. Gi s rng lim+ g(x) = 0 v tn ti 2 R , cc s dng m; M sao

x!0
cho m
f (x)
x
M vi nhng gi tr dng ca x trong ln cn ca 0. Chng

minh rng nu lim+ g(x) ln x = ; th lim+ f (x)g(x) = e . Trng hp = 1
x!0
x!0
hoc = 1, ta gi s e1 = 1 v e1 = 0.
1.1.22. Bit rng lim f (x) = 1 v lim g(x) = 1. Chng minh rng nu
x!0
x!0
lim g(x)(f (x) 1) = , th lim f(x)g(x) = e .
x!0
x!0
1.1.23. Tnh
x
p
p
(a) lim+ 2 sin x + x sin x1 ,
x!0
12
x
(b) lim 1 + xe
x!0
(c) lim 1 + e
x!0
1
x2
sin x14
arctg
e x12
1
x2
+ xe
1
x2
sin
1
x4
e x12
1.1.24. Cho f : [0; +1) ! R l hm sao cho mi dyf (a + n); a 0; hi t

ti khng. Hi gii hn lim f (x) c tn ti khng ?
x!1
1.1.25. Cho f : [0; +1) ! R l hm sao cho vi mi s dng a, dyff(an)g,

hi t ti khng. Hi gii hn lim f(x) c tn ti khng ?
x!1
1.1.26. Cho f : [0; +1) ! R l hm sao cho vi mi a 0 v mi b > 0,

dyff (a + bn)g; a 0; hi t ti khng. Hi gii hn lim f(x) c tn ti
x!1
khng ?
(x)
1.1.27. Chng minh rng nu lim f (x) = 0 v lim f (2x)f
= 0 th lim f (x)
=
x
x!0
x!0
x!0 x
0.
1.1.28. Gi s f xc nh trn (a; +1), b chn trn mi khong hu hn

(a; b) ; a < b. Chng minh rng nu lim (f (x + 1) f(x)) = l, th lim f (x)
= l.
x
x!+1
x!0
1.1.29. Cho f xc nh trn (a; +1), b chn di trn mi khong hu

hn (a; b) ; a < b. Chng minh rng nu lim (f(x + 1) f (x)) = +1, th
x!+1
lim f (x)
x!0 x
= +1.
1.1.30. Cho f xc nh trn (a; +1), b chn trn mi khong hu hn

(x)
(a; b) ; a < b. Nu vi s nguyn khng m k , lim f (x+1)f
tn ti, th
xk
x!+1
f (x)
1
f (x + 1) f (x)
lim
=
:
k+1
x!+1 x
k + 1 x!+1
xk
lim
1.1.31. Cho f xc nh trn (a; +1), b chn trn mi khong hu hn

(a; b) ; a 0 vi x 2 (a; +1). Chng minh rng nu
1
lim f (x+1)
tn ti, th lim f(x) x cng tn ti v
f (x)
x!+1
x!+1
lim (f (x)) x = lim
x!+1
1.1.32. Gi thit rng lim f

x!0
khng ?
x!+1

1 1
x
f(x + 1)
:
f (x)
= 0. T c suy ra lim f (x) tn ti

x!0
1.1.33. Cho f : R ! R sao cho vi mi a 2 R, dy f( na ) hi t ti khng.

Hi f c gii hn ti 0 khng ?

1.1.34. Chng minh rng nu lim f x x1 x1
= 0, th lim f (x) = 0.
x!0
x!0
1.1.35. Chng minh rng nu f n iu tng ( gim ) trn (a; b), th vi

mi x0 2 (a; b),
(a) f (x+
0 ) = lim+ f(x) = inf f (x)
x!x0
x>x0
(f(x+
0 ) = sup f (x));
x>x0
(b) f (x
0 ) = lim f (x) = sup f (x)
x!x0
x<x0
+
(c) f (x
0 ) f (x0 ) f (x0 )
(f (x
0 ) = inf f (x));
x<x0
+
(f(x
0 ) f (x0 ) f(x0 )).
1.1.36. Chng minh rng nu f n iu tng trn (a; b), th vi mi x0 2

(a; b),
lim+ f (x ) = f (x+
0 );
(a)
x!x0
lim f (x+ ) = f (x
0 ):
(b)
x!x0
1.1.37. Chng minh nh l Cauchy sau y. f c gii hn hu hn

khi x ! a, iu kin cn v l vi mi " > 0 tn ti > 0 sao cho
0
0
jf (x) f (x )j < " bt c khi no 0 < jx aj < v 0 < jx aj < . Lp cng
thc v chng minh iu kin cn v tng t lim f (x) tn ti.
x!1
1.1.38. Chng minh rng nu lim f(x) = A v lim g(y) = B , th lim g(f (x)) =
x!a
x!a
y!A
B vi gi thit (g f )(x) = g(f (x)) c xc nh v f khng nhn gi tr A

trong ln cn khuyt ca a.
1.1.39. Tm cc hm f v g sao cho lim f (x) = A v lim g(y) = B , nhng
x!a
y!A
lim g(f (x)) 6= B .
x!a
1.1.40. Gi s f : R ! R l hm tng v x 7! f (x) x c chu k 1. K hiu

f n l php lp th n ca f ; tc l, f 1 = f v f n = f f n1 vi n 2. Chng
n
n
n
minh rng nu lim f n(0) tn ti, th vi mi x 2 R; lim f n(x) = lim f n(0)
n!1
n!1
n!1
1.1.41. Gi s f : R ! R l hm tng v x 7! f (x) x c chu k 1. Ngoi

ra, gi s f (0) > 0 v p l s nguyn dng c nh. K hiu f n l php lp
th n ca f . Chng minh rng nu mp l s nguyn dng nh nht sao cho
f mp (0) > 0, th
p
p
f n (0)
f n (0)
1 + f(0)
lim
lim
+
:
n!1 n
mp n!1 n
mp
mp
1.1.42. Gi s f : R ! R l hm tng v x 7! f(x) x c chu k 1. Chng
n
minh rng lim f n(x) tn ti v nhn cng gi tr vi mi x 2 R, y f n k
n!1
hiu php lp th n ca f .
1.2 Cc tnh cht ca hm lin tc

1.2.1. Tm tt c cc im lin tc ca hm f xc nh bi
(
0
nu x v t,
f (x) =
sin jxj nu x hu t.
1.2.2. Xcnh tp cc im lin tc ca hm f c cho bi
(
x2 1 nu x v t,
f (x) =
0
nu x hu t.
1.2.3. Nghin cu tnh lin tc ca cc hm sau:
8
>
<0 nu x v t hoc x = 0,
f(x) = 1q nu x = p=q; p 2 Z; q 2 N, v
(a)
>
:
p; q nguyn t cng nhau,
8
>
nu x v t hoc x = 0,
<jxj
(b)
f (x) = qx=(qx + 1) nu x = p=q; p 2 Z; q 2 N, v
>
:
p; q nguyn t cng nhau,
(Hm nh ngha (a) c gi l hm Riemann.)
1.2.4. Chng minh rng nu f 2 C([a; b]), th jf j 2 C([a; b]). Ch ra bng v

d rng iu ngc li khng ng.
1.2.5. Xc nh tt c cc an v bn sao cho hm xc nh bi
(
an + sin x nu x 2 [2n; 2n + 1]; n 2 Z ,
f(x) =
bn + cos x nu x 2 (2n 1; 2n); n 2 Z ,
lin tc trn R.
1.2.6. Cho f(x) = [x2 ] sin x vi x 2 R. Nghin cu tnh lin tc ca f .

1.2.7. Bit
1
f (x) = [x] + (x [x])[x] vi x :
2
Chng minh rng f lin tc v tng thc s trn [1; 1).
10
1.2.8. Nghin cu tnh lin tc ca cc hm sau y v v th ca chng

nx nx
x
x ;
n!1 n +n
x 2 R;
x2 enx +x
;
nx
n!1 e +1
x 2 R;
(a)
f (x) = lim
(b)
f (x) = lim
(c)
f (x) = lim
(d)
q
f (x) = lim n 4n + x2n +
(e)
f (x) = lim
ln(en +xn )
;
n
n!1
n!1
n!1
x 0;
1
;
x2n
p
cos2n x + sin2n x;
2n
x 6= 0;
x 2 R:
1.2.9. Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R lin tc v tun hon th n c gi

tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht.
1.2.10. Cho P (x) = x2n + a2n1 x2n1 + + a1 x + a0 , chng minh rng tn ti
x 2 R sao cho P (x ) = inffP (x) : x 2 Rg. Cng chng minh rng gi tr
tuyt i ca mi a thc P c gi tr nh nht; tc l, tn ti x 2 R sao
cho jP (x )j = inffjP (x)j : x 2 Rg.
1.2.11.
(a) Cho v d v hm b chn trn [0; 1] nhng khng c gi tr nh nht,
cng khng c gi tr ln nht.
(b) Cho v d v hm b chn trn [0; 1] nhng khng c gi tr nh nht
trn mi on [a; b] [0; 1]; a < b.
1.2.12. Cho f : R ! R; x0 2 R v > 0, t

!f (x0 ; ) = supfjf(x) f (x0 )j : x 2 R; jx x0 j < g
v !f (x0 ) = lim+ !f (x0 ; ). Chng minh rng f lin tc ti x0 nu v ch nu
!0
!f (x0 ) = 0.
1.2.13.
11
(a) Cho f; g 2 C([a; b]) v vi x 2 [a; b], t h(x) = minff (x); g(x)g v
H(x) = maxff (x); g(x)g. Chng minh rng h; H 2 C([a; b]).
(b) Cho f1 ; f2 ; f3 2 C([a; b]) v vi x 2 [a; b], t f (x) l mt trong ba gi tr
f1 (x); f2 (x) v f3 (x) m nm gia hai gi tr cn li. Chng minh rng

f 2 C([a; b]).
1.2.14. Chng minh rng nu f 2 C([a; b]), th cc hm c xc nh bi

m(x) = infff () : 2 [a; x]g v M (x) = supff () : 2 [a; x]g
cng lin tc trn [a; b].
1.2.15. Gi f l hm b chn trn [a; b]. Chng minh rng cc hm c xc

nh bi
m(x) = infff () : 2 [a; x)g v M (x) = supff () : 2 [a; x)g
cng lin tc trn (a; b).
1.2.16. Vi cc gi thit ca bi ton trc, kim tra cc hm

m (x) = infff () : 2 [a; x]g v M (x) = supff() : 2 [a; x]g
c lin tc tri trn (a; b) hay khng ?
1.2.17. Gi s f lin tc trn [a; 1) v lim f (x) hu hn. Chng minh rng
x!1
f b chn trn [a; 1).
1.2.18. Cho f l hm lin tc trn R v t fxn g l dy b chn. Cc bt
ng thc sau
lim f (xn ) = f ( lim xn ) v lim f (xn ) = f( lim xn )
n!1
n!1
n!1
n!1
c ng khng ?
1.2.19. Cho f : R ! R l hm lin tc, tng v gi fxn g l dy b chn.

Chng minh rng
12
(a)
lim f(xn ) = f ( lim xn );

n!1
(b)
n!1
lim f(xn ) = f ( lim xn ):
n!1
n!1
1.2.20. Cho f : R ! R l hm lin tc, gim v gi fxn g l dy b chn.

Chng minh rng
(a)
lim f(xn ) = f ( lim xn );

n!1
(b)
n!1
lim f(xn ) = f ( lim xn ):
n!1
1.2.21. Gi s f lin tc trn R;
n!1
lim f (x) = 1 v lim f (x) = +1. Xc
x!1
x!1
nh g bng cch t
g(x) = supft : f (t) < xg vi x 2 R:

(a) Chng minh rng g lin tc tri.
(b) g c lin tc khng ?
1.2.22. Cho f : R ! R l hm tun hon lin tc vi hai chu k khng thng

c T1 v T2 ; tc l TT12 v t. Chng minh rng f l hm hng. Cho v d
hm tun hon khc hm hng c hai chu k khng thng c.
1.2.23.
(a) Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R l hm lin tc, tun hon, khc hm
hng, th n c chu k dng nh nht, gi l chu k c bn.
(b) Cho v d hm tun hon khc hm hng m khng c chu k c bn.

(c) Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R l hm tun hon khng c chu k c
bn, th tp tt c cc chu k ca f tr mt trong R.
1.2.24.
13
(a) Chng minh rng nh l trong mc (a) ca bi ton trc vn cn ng

khi tnh lin tc ca f trn R c thay th bi tnh lin tc ti mt
im.
(b) Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R l hm tun hon khng c chu k c
bn v nu n lin tc ti t nht mt im, th n l hm hng.
1.2.25. Chng minh rng nu f; g : R ! R l hm lin tc, tun hon v

lim (f (x) g(x)) = 0 th f = g .
x!1
1.2.26. Cho v d hai hm tun hon f v g sao cho mi chu k ca f khng

thng c vi mi chu k ca g v sao cho f + g
(a) khng tun hon,
(b) tun hon.
1.2.27. Cho f; g : R ! R l cc hm lin tc v tun hon ln lt vi chu

k c bn dng T1 v T2 . Chng minh rng nu TT12 2
= Q, th h = f + g khng
l hm tun hon.
1.2.28. Cho f; g : R ! R l cc hm tun hon .Gi s f lin tc v khng
c chu k no ca g thng c vi chu k c bn ca f . Chng minh rng
f + g khng l hm tun hon.
1.2.29. Chng minh rng tp cc im gin on ca hm n iu f : R !
R khng qu m c.
1.2.30. Gi s f lin tc trn [0; 1]. Chng minh rng
n
1X
k
(1)k f ( ) = 0:
n!1 n
n
k=1
lim
1.2.31. Cho f lin tc trn [0; 1]. Chng minh rng

n
k
1 X
k n
lim n
(1)
f ( ) = 0:
n!1 2
k
n
k=0
14
1.2.32. Gi s f : (0; 1) ! R l hm lin tc sao cho f (x) f(nx) vi mi

s dng x v mi s t nhin n. Chng minh rng lim f (x) tn ti (hu
x!1
hn hoc v hn).
1.2.33. Hm f xc nh trn khong I R c gi l li trn I nu
f (x1 + (1 )x2 ) f (x1 ) + (1 )f(x2 )
vi mi x1 ; x2 2 I v 2 (0; 1). Chng minh rng nu f li trn khong m,
th n lin tc. Hm li trn khong bt k c nht thit lin tc khng ?
1.2.34. Chng minh rng nu dy ffn g cc hm lin tc trn A hi t u

ti f trn A, th f lin tc trn A.
1.3 Tnh cht gi tr trung gian

Ta nhc li nh ngha sau:
nh ngha 3. Hm thc f c tnh cht gi tr trung gian trn khong I
cha [a; b] nu f (a) < v < f (b) hoc f (b) < v < f (a); tc l, nu v nm gia
f (a) v f (b), th tn ti c nm gia a v b sao cho f (c) = v .

1.3.1. Cho cc v d cc hm c tnh cht gi tr trung gian trn khong I
nhng khng lin tc trn khong ny.
1.3.2. Chng minh rng hm tng thc s f : [a; b] ! R c tnh cht gi tr
trung gian th lin tc trn [a; b].
1.3.3. Cho f : [0; 1] ! [0; 1] lin tc. Chng minh rng f c im c nh
trong [0; 1]; tc l, tn ti x0 2 [0; 1] sao cho f (x0 ) = x0 .
1.3.4. Gi s f; g : [a; b] ! R lin tc sao cho f (a) < g(a) v f(b) > g(b).
Chng minh rng tn ti x0 2 (a; b) sao cho f (x0 ) = g(x0 ).
15
1.3.5. Cho f : R ! R lin tc v tun hon vi chu k T > 0. Chng minh

rng tn ti x0 sao cho
T
= f (x0 ):
f x0 +
2
1.3.6. Hm f : (a; b) ! R lin tc. Chng minh rng, vi x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn cho
trc trong (a; b), tn ti x0 2 (a; b) sao cho
f (x0 ) =
1
(f(x1 ) + f (x2 ) + + f(xn )):
n
1.3.7.
(a) Chng minh rng phng trnh (1 x) cos x = sin x c t nht mt
nghim trong (0; 1).
(b) Vi a thc khc khng P , chng minh rng phng trnh jP (x)j = ex
c t nht mt nghim.
1.3.8. Vi a0 < b0 < a1 < b1 < < an < bn , chng minh rng mi nghim
ca a thc
n
n
Y
Y
P (x) =
(x + ak ) + 2 (x + bk ); x 2 R;
k=0
k=0
u l thc.
1.3.9. Gi s f v g c tnh cht gi tr trung gian trn [a; b]. Hi f + g c

tnh cht gi tr trung gian trn khong khng ?
1.3.10. Gi s f 2 C([0; 2]) v f (0) = f (2). Chng minh rng tn ti x1 v
x2 trong [0; 2] sao cho
x2 x1 = 1 v f(x2 ) = f (x1 ):
Gii thch ngha hnh hc kt qu trn.
1.3.11. Cho f 2 C([0; 2]). Chng minh rng tn ti x1 v x2 trong [0; 2] sao
cho
1
x2 x1 = 1 v f (x2 ) f (x1 ) = (f(2) f(0)):
2
16
1.3.12. Vi n 2 N, gi f 2 C([0; n]) sao cho f (0) = f (n). Chng minh rng
tn ti x1 v x2 trong [0; n] tho mn
x2 x1 = 1 v f(x2 ) = f (x1 ):
1.3.13. Hm lin tc f trn [0; n]; n 2 N, tho mn f (0) = f (n). Chng minh
0
0
rng vi mi k 2 f1; 2; : : : ; n 1g, tn ti xk v xk sao cho f(xk ) = f (xk ),
0
0
y xk xk = k hoc xk xk = n k . Hi vi mi k 2 f1; 2; : : : ; n 1g, c tn
0
0
0
ti xk v xk sao cho f (xk ) = f (xk ), y xk xk = k ?
1.3.14. 6 Vi n 2 N, gi f 2 C([0; n]) sao cho f (0) = f (n). Chng minh rng
phng trnh f (x) = f (y) c t nht n nghim vi x y 2 N.
1.3.15. Gi s cc hm thc lin tc f v g xc nh trn R giao hon vi
nhau; tc l, f (g(x)) = g(f(x)) vi mi x 2 R. Chng minh rng nu phng
trnh f 2 (x) = g 2 (x) c nghim, th phng trnh f (x) = g(x) cng c nghim
( y f 2 (x) = f (f (x)) v g 2 (x) = g(g(x)) ).
Ch ra v d rng gi thit v tnh lin tc ca f v g trong bi ton trn
khng th b qua.
1.3.16. Chng minh rng n nh lin tc f : R ! R th hoc tng thc s,
hoc gim thc s.
1.3.17. Gi s f : R ! R l dn nh lin tc. Chng minh rng nu tn ti
n sao cho php lp th n ca f l nh x ng nht, tc l, f n (x) = x vi
mi x 2 R, th
(a) f (x) = x; x 2 R, nu f tng thc s,
(b) f 2 (x) = x; x 2 R, nu f gim thc s.
1.3.18. Gi s f : R ! R tho mn iu kin f (f (x)) = f 2 (x) = x; x 2

R.Chng minh rng f khng th lin tc.
1.3.19. Tm tt c cc hm f : R ! R c tnh cht gi tr trung gian v tn
ti n 2 N sao cho f n (x) = x; x 2 R, y f n k hiu php lp th n ca f .
17
1.3.20. Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R c tnh cht gi tr trung gian v

f 1 (fqg) ng vi mi q hu t, th f lin tc.
1.3.21. Gi s f : (a; 1) ! R lin tc v b chn. Chng minh rng, vi T
cho trc, tn ti dy fxng sao cho
lim xn = +1 v lim (f(xn + T ) f (xn )):
n!1
n!1
1.3.22. Cho v d hm lin tc f : R ! R t mi gi tr ca n ng ba

ln. Hi c tn ti hay khng hm lin tc f : R ! R t mi gi tr ca n
ng hai ln ?
1.3.23. Cho f : [0; 1] ! R lin tc v n iu thc s tng mnh. (Hm f
gi l n iu thc s tng mnh trn [0; 1], nu tn ti phn hoch ca
[0; 1] thnh hu hn khong con [ti1 ; ti ], y i = 1; 2; : : : ; n v 0 = t0 < t1 <
< tn = 1, sao cho f n iu trn mi khong con .) Chng minh rng
f nhn mt trong cc gi tr ca n mt s l ln.
1.3.24. Hm lin tc f : [0; 1] ! R nhn mi gi tr ca n hu hn ln v
f (0) 6= f (1). Chng minh rng f nhn mt trong cc gi tr ca n mt s
l ln.
1.3.25. Gi s f : K ! K lin tctrn tp con compact K R. Ngoi ra,
gi s x0 2 K l s sao cho mi im gii hn ca dy lp ff n (x0 )g l im
c nh ca f . Chng minh rng ff n (x0 )g hi t.
1.3.26. Hm f : R ! R lin tc, tng sao cho F xc nh bi F (x) = f (x) x
n
tun hon vi chu k 1. Chng minh rng nu (f ) = lim f n(0) , th tn ti
n!1
x0 2 [0; 1] sao cho F (x0 ) = (f ). Chng minh thm rng f c im bt ng

trong [0; 1] nu v ch nu (f ) = 0. (Xem cc bi ton 1.1.40 - 1.1.42.)
1.3.27. Hm f : [0; 1] ! R tho mn f (0) < 0 v f(1) > 0, v tn ti hm
g lin tc trn [0; 1] sao cho f + g gim. Chng minh rng phng trnh
f (x) = 0 c nghim trong khong m (0; 1).
18
1.3.28. Chng minh rng mi song nh f : R ! [0; 1) c v hn im gin

on.
1.3.29. Nhc li rng mi x 2 (0; 1) c th c biu din bi s nh phn
(binary fraction) :a1 a2 a3 : : : , y ai 2 f0; 1g; i = 1; 2; : : : . Trong trng hp
x c hai khai trin nh phn khc nhau, ta chn khai trin c v hn ch s
1. Tip , gi hm f : (0; 1) ! [0; 1] c xc nh bi
n
1X
f (x) = lim
ai :
n!1 n
i=1
Chng minh rng f gin on ti mi x 2 (0; 1), tuy nhin, n c tnh cht
gi tr trung gian.
1.4 Hm na lin tc
nh ngha 4. H thng s thc m rng R bao gm h thng s thc v
hai k hiu +1,1 vi cc tnh cht sau :
(i) Nu x thc, th 1 < x < +1, v x + 1 = +1; x 1 = 1;
x
1
x
+1
= 0.
(ii) Nu x > 0, th x (+1) = +1, x (1) = 1.

(iii) Nu x < 0, th x (+1) = 1, x (1) = +1.
nh ngha 5. Nu A R l tp khc rng, th sup A (tng ng inf A) l
s thc m rng nh nht (tng ng, ln nht) m ln hn (tng ng, nh

hn) hoc bng mi phn t ca A.
Cho f l hm thc xc nh trn tp khc rng A R.
nh ngha 6. Nu x0 l im gii hn ca A, th gii hn di (tng ng
gii hn trn) ca f(x) khi x ! x0 c nh ngha l inf (tng ng sup)
ca tp tt c cc y 2 R sao cho tn ti dy fxn g cc im trong A khc x0 ,
hi t ti x0 v y = lim f(xn ). Gii hn di v gii hn trn ca f (x) khi

n!1
x ! x0 c k hiu tng ng bi lim f(x) v lim f(x).

x!x0
x!x0
19
nh ngha 7. Mt hm gi tr thc gi l na lin tc di (tng ng

trn) ti x0 2 A; x0 l im gii hn ca A, nu lim f (x) f (x0 ) (tng ng
x!x0
lim f(x) f (x0 )). Nu x0 l im c lp ca A, th ta gi s rng f l na
x!x0
lin tc trn v di ti im ny.
1.4.1. Chng minh rng nu x0 l im gii hn ca A v f : A ! R, th

(a)
lim f(x) = sup infff (x)g : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < ;
x!x0
(b)
>0
lim f(x) = inf supff (x)g : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < :
x!x0
>0
1.4.2. Chng minh rng nu x0 l im gii hn ca A v f : A ! R, th

(a)
lim f(x) = sup infff(x)g : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < ;
x!x0
(b)
!0+
lim f(x) = inf+ supff(x)g : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < :
x!x0
!0
1.4.3. Chng minh rng y0 2 R l gii hn di ca f : A ! R ti im gii

hn x0 ca A nu v ch nu vi mi " > 0, hai iu kin sau y c tho
mn :
(i) tn ti > 0 sao cho f (x) > y0 " vi mi x 2 A v 0 < jx x0 j < ;
0
(ii) vi mi > 0, tn ti x 2 A sao cho 0 < jx x0 j < v f(x) < y0 + ":

Thit lp bi ton tng t cho gii hn trn ca f ti x0 :
1.4.4. Cho f : A ! R v x0 l im ti hn ca A. Chng minh rng

(a) lim f(x) = 1 nu v ch nu vi mi y thc v vi mi > 0, tn ti
x!x0
0
x 2 A sao cho 0 < jx x0 j < v f (x ) < y .

(b) lim f(x) = +1 nu v ch nu vi mi y thc v vi mi > 0, tn ti
x!x0
0
x 2 A sao cho 0 < jx x0 j < v f (x ) > y .
20
1.4.5. Gi s f : A ! R v x0 l im gii hn ca A. Chng minh rng nu

l = lim f(x) (tng ng L = lim f (x)), th tn ti dy fxn g; xn 2 A; xn 6= x0 ,
x!x0
x!x0
hi t ti x0 sao cho l = lim f(xn ) (tng ng L = lim f (xn )).

n!1
n!1
1.4.6. Cho f : A ! R v x0 l im gii hn ca A. Chng minh rng

lim (f (x)) = lim f(x) v lim (f (x)) = lim f (x):
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
1.4.7. Cho f : A ! (0; 1) v x0 l im gii hn ca A. Chng minh rng

1
1
1
1
=
v lim
=
:
x!x0 f(x)
lim f (x)
lim f(x)
x!x0 f (x)
lim
x!x0
(Ta gi s rng
1
+1
= 0 v
1
0+
x!x0
= +1.)
1.4.8. Gi s f; g : A ! R v x0 l im gii hn ca A. Chng minh rng

cc bt ng thc sau y ng (tr trng hp cc dng bt nh +1 1
v 1 + 1):
lim f (x) + lim g(x) lim (f(x) + g(x)) lim f (x) + lim g(x)
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
lim (f(x) + g(x)) lim f (x) + lim g(x):

x!x0
Cho v d cc hm sao cho

00
00
<00 .
x!x0
x!x0
00 trong cc bt ng thc trn c thay bi
1.4.9. Gi s f; g : A ! [0; 1) v x0 l im gii hn ca A. Chng minh

rng cc bt ng thc sau y ng (tr trng hp cc dng bt nh
0 (+1) v (+1) 0):
lim f (x) lim g(x) lim (f (x) g(x)) lim f(x) lim g(x)
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
lim (f (x) g(x)) lim f(x) lim g(x):

x!x0
Cho v d cc hm sao cho

00
<00 .
00
x!x0
x!x0
00 trong cc bt ng thc trn c thay bi
21
1.4.10. Chng minh rng nu lim f (x) tn ti, th (tr trng hp cc dng
x!x0
bt nh +1 1 v 1 + 1):
lim (f(x) + g(x)) = lim f (x) + lim g(x);

x!0
x!x0
x!x0
lim (f(x) + g(x)) = lim f (x) + lim g(x):
x!x0
x!0
x!x0
Ngoi ra, nu f v g l cc hm khng m, th (tr trng hp cc dng bt

nh 0 (+1) v (+1) 0):
lim (f (x) g(x)) = lim f (x) lim g(x);

x!0
x!x0
x!x0
lim (f (x) g(x)) = lim f (x) lim g(x):
x!x0
x!0
x!x0
1.4.11. Chng minh rng nu f lin tc trn (a; b); l = lim f (x) v L =
x!a
lim f (x), th vi mi 2 [l; L], tn ti dy fxn g gm cc im trong (a; b) hi

x!a
t ti a sao cho lim f (xn ) = .
n!1
1.4.12. Tm tt c cc im ti f : R ! R xc nh bi
f (x) =
0
nu x v t,
sin x nu x hu t
l na lin tc.
1.4.13. Xc nh tt c cc im ti f xc nh bi
(
x2 1 nu x v t,
f (x) =
0
nu x hu t
l na lin tc.
f (x) =
l na lin tc trn.
8
>
<0
1
>q
nu x v t hoc x = 0,
nu x = pq ; p 2 Z; q 2 N,
v p; q nguyn t cng nhau,
22
1.4.15. Tm tt c cc im ti hm xc nh bi
(a)
(b)
f (x) =
f (x) =
8
>
<jxj
qx
qx+1
>
8 (1)q
>
< q+1
>
:
0
nu x v t hoc x = 0,
nu x = pq ; p 2 Z; q 2 N,
v p; q nguyn t cng nhau

nu x 2 Q \ (0; 1] v x = pq ; p; q 2 N,
v p; q nguyn t cng nhau,

nu x 2 (0; 1) v t
khng na lin tc trn, cng khng na lin tc di.
1.4.16. Cho f; g : A ! R na lin tc trn (tng ng, di) ti x0 2 A.

Chng minh rng
(a) nu a > 0 th af na lin tc di (tng ng, trn) ti x0 2 A. Nu
a > 0 th af na lin tc trn (tng ng, di) ti x0 .
(b) f + g na lin tc di (tng ng, trn) ti x0 .
1.4.17. Gi s rng fn : A ! R; n 2 N, na lin tc di (tng ng, trn)

ti x0 2 A. Chng minh rng sup fn (tng ng, sup fn ) na lin tc di
n2N
n2N
(tng ng, trn) ti x0 .
1.4.18. Chng minh rng gii hn theo tng im ca mt dy tng (tng

ng, gim) cc hm na lin tc di (tng ng, trn) l na lin tc di
(tng ng, trn).
1.4.19. Vi f : A ! R v x l im gii hn ca A, nh ngha dao ca f
ti x bi
of (x) = lim+ supfjf (z) f (u)j : z; u 2 A; jz xj < ; ju xj < g
!0
Chng minh rng of (x) = f1 (x) f2 (x), y
f1 (x) = maxff (x); lim f (z)g v f2 (x) = minff (x); lim f(z)g:
z!x
z!x
23
1.4.20. Gi f1 ; f2 , v of nh trong bi ton trc. Chng minh rng f1 v of

l na lin tc trn, v f2 l na lin tc di.
1.4.21. Chng minh rng f : A ! R l na lin tc di (tng ng,
trn) ti x0 2 A, iu kin cn v l vi mi a < f(x0 ) (tng ng,
a > f (x0 )), tn ti > 0 sao cho f (x) > a (tng ng, f (x) < a) bt c khi
no jx x0 j < ; x 2 A.
1.4.22. Chng minh rng f : A ! R l na lin tc di (tng ng,
trn) ti x0 2 A, iu kin cn v l vi mi a 2 R, tp fx 2 A : f (x) > ag
(tng ng, fx 2 A : f (x) < ag) l m trong A.
1.4.23. Chng minh rng f : R ! R l na lin tc di nu v ch nu tp
f(x; y) 2 R2 : y f (x)g l ng trong R2 .
Lp cng thc v chng minh iu kin cn v cho tnh na lin tc
trn ca f trn R.
1.4.24. Chng minh nh l Baire sau y. Mi hm na lin tc di (tng
ng, trn) f : A ! R l gii hn ca dy tng (tng ng, gim) cc hm
lin tc trn A.
1.4.25. Chng minh rng nu f : A ! R na lin tc trn, g : A ! R na
lin tc di v f (x) g(x) khp ni trn A, th tn ti hm lin tc h trn
A sao cho
f (x) h(x) g(x);
x 2 A:
1.5 Tnh lin tc u

nh ngha 8. Hm thc f xc nh trn tp A 2 R c gi l lin tc u
trn A nu, vi " cho trc, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi x v y trong A m
jx yj < , ta c jf (x) f (y)j < ".
24
1.5.1. Kim tra cc hm sau y c lin tc u trn (0; 1) hay khng :

(a)
f (x) = ex ;
(b)
1
f(x) = sin ;
x
(c)
1
f (x) = x sin ;
x
(d)
f(x) = e x ;
(e)
f(x) = e x ;
(f)
(g)
f (x) = ln x;
(h)
(i)
f (x) = cotg x:
1
f(x) = ex cos ;
x
f(x) = cos x cos ;

x
1.5.2. Hm no trong s cc hm sau y lin tc u trn [0; 1) ?

(a) f (x) =
p
x;
(b) f(x) = x sin x;
(c) f (x) = sin2 x;
(d) f(x) = sin x2 ;
(e) f(x) = ex ;
(f) f(x) = esin(x ) ;
(g) f(x) = sin sin x;

p
(i) f (x) = sin x:
(h) f(x) = sin(x sin x);
1.5.3. Chng minh rng nu f lin tc u trn (a; b); a; b 2 R, th lim+ f (x)
x!a
v lim f (x) tn ti nh cc gii hn hu hn.

x!b
1.5.4. Gi s f v g lin tc du trn (a; b) ([a; 1)). T c suy ra tnh lin

tc u trn (a; b) ([a; 1)) ca cc hm
(a) f + g;
(b) f g;
(c) x 7! f(x) sin x ?
1.5.5.
(a) Chng minh rng nu f l lin tc u trn (a; b] v trn [b; c) , th n
cng lin tc trn (a; c).
25
(b) Gi s A v B l cc tp ng trong R v gi f : A [ B ! R l lin tc

u trn A v B . Hi f c nht thit lin tc u trn A [ B ?
1.5.6. Chng minh rng mi hm lin tc v tun hon trn R th lin tc

u trn R.
1.5.7.
(a) Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R lin tc sao cho lim f(x) v lim f (x)
x!1
x!1
l hu hn, th f cng lin tc u trn R.
(b) Chng minh rng nu f : [a; +1) ! R lin tc v lim f (x) l hu hn,
x!1
th f cng lin tc u trn [a; 1).
1.5.8. Kim tra tnh lin tc u ca

(a) f (x) = arctg x trn (1; +1);
(b) f (x) = x sin x1 trn (0; +1);
1
(c) f (x) = e x trn (0; +1):
1.5.9. Gi s f lin tc u trn (0; 1). Hi cc gii hn lim

f (x) v
+
x! 0
lim f(x) c tn ti khng ?
x!1
1.5.10. Chng minh rng mi hm b chn, n iu v lin tc trn khong

I R l lin tc u trn I .
1.5.11. Gi s f lin tc u v khng b chn trn [0; 1). Phi chng hoc
lim f(x) = +1 , hoc lim f (x) = 1 ?
x!1
x!1
1.5.12. Hm f : [0; 1) ! R lin tc u v vi mi x 0, dy ff (x + n)g hi

t ti khng. Chng minh rng lim f (x) = 0.
x!1
1.5.13. Gi s f : [1; 1) ! R lin tc u. Chng minh rng tn ti s

dng M sao cho jf (x)j
M vi x 1.
x
26
1.5.14. Gi f : [0; 1) ! R lin tc u. Chng minh rng tn ti s dng

M vi tnh cht sau y :
supfjf (x + u) f (u)jg M (x + 1) vi mi x 0:
u>0
1.5.15. Cho f : A ! R; A R; lin tc u. Chng minh rng nu fxn g l

dy Cauchy cc phn t trong A, th ff (xn )g cng l dy Cauchy.
1.5.16. Gi s A R b chn. Chng minh rng nu f : A ! R bin dy
Cauchy cc phn t ca A thnh dy Cauchy, th f lin tc u trn A. Tnh
b chn c A c phi l gi thit ct yu khng ?
1.5.17. Chng minh rng f lin tc u trn A 2 R nu v ch nu vi mi
dy fxn g v fyn g cc phn t ca A,
lim (xn yn ) = 0 suy ra lim (f (xn ) f (yn )) = 0:
n!1
n!1
1.5.18. Gi s f : (0; 1) ! (0; 1) lin tc u. T c suy ra

f(x + x1 )
= 1?
x!1
f(x)
lim
1.5.19. Hm f : R ! R lin tc ti 0 v tho mn cc iu kin sau y

f(0) = 0 v f (x1 + x2 ) f(x1 ) + f (x2 ) vi mi x1 ; x2 2 R:
Chng minh rng f lin tc u trn R.
1.5.20. Vi f : A ! R; A R, ta nh ngha
!f () = supfjf (x1 f(x2 ))j : x1 ; x2 2 A; jx1 x2 j < g
v gi !f l m un lin tc ca f . Chng minh rng f lin tc u trn A
nu v ch nu lim+ !f () = 0:
!0
1.5.21. Cho f : R ! R lin tc u. Chng minh rng cc pht biu sau

tng ng.
27
(a) Vi mi hm lin tc u g : R ! R; f g lin tc u trn R

(b) Hm x 7! jxjf (x) lin tc u trn R.
1.5.22. Chng minh iu kin cn v sau y f l hm lin tc u

trn khong I . Vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti N > 0 sao cho vi mi x1 ; x2 2
I; x1 6= x2 ,
f (x1 ) f (x2 )
x1 x 2 > N suy ra jf (x1 ) f (x2 )j < ":
1.6 Phng trnh hm
1.6.1. Chng minh rng hm duy nht lin tc trn R v tho mn phng
trnh hm Cauchy
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y)
l hm tuyn tnh dng f (x) = ax:
1.6.2. Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R tho mn phng trnh hm Cauchy

f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y)
v mt trong cc iu kin
(a) f lin tc ti x0 2 R,
(b) f b ch trn khong (a; b) no ,
(c) f n iu trn R,
th f(x) = ax.
1.6.3. Xc nh tt c cc hm lin tc f : R ! R sao cho f (1) > 0 v

f (x + y) = f(x)f(y):
28
1.6.4. Chng minh rng cc nghim duy nht m khng ng nht bng
khng v lin tc trn (0; 1) ca phng trnh hm
f(xy) = f (x) + f (y)
l cc hm logarit.
1.6.5. Chng minh rng cc nghim duy nht m khng ng nht bng
khng v lin tc trn (0; 1) ca phng trnh hm
f(xy) = f (x)f (y)
l cc hm dng f (x) = xa .
1.6.6. Tm tt c cc hm lin tc f : R ! R sao cho f(x) f(y) hu t vi

x y hu t.
1.6.7. Vi jqj < 1, tm tt c cc hm f : R ! R lin tc ti khng v tho
mn phng trnh hm
f(x) + f (qx) = 0:
1.6.8. Tm tt c cc hm f : R ! R lin tc ti khng v tho mn phng
trnh hm

2
f (x) + f
x = x:
3
1.6.9. Xc nh mi nghim f : R ! R lin tc ti khng ca phng trnh
hm
2f (2x) = f (x) + x:
1.6.10. Tm tt c cc hm lin tc f : R ! R tho mn phng trnh Jensen
x+y
f (x) + f (y)
f
=
:
2
2
1.6.11. Tm tt c cc hm lin tc trn (a; b); a; b 2 R, tho mn phng
trnh Jensen
x+y
f (x) + f (y)
f
=
:
2
2
29
1.6.12. Xc nh tt c cc nghim lin tc ti 1 ca phng trnh hm

f(2x + 1) = f(x):
1.6.13. Vi a thc, chng minh rng nu f : R ! R l nghim lin tc ca
phng trnh
f (x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + axy;
th f(x) = a2 x2 + bx, y b = f (1) a2 .
1.6.14. Xc nh mi nghim lin tc ti 0 ca phng trnh hm
x
f (x) = f
; x=
6 1:
1x
1.6.15. Gi f : [0; 1] ! [0; 1] l hm lin tc, n iu gim sao cho f (f (x)) =
x vi x 2 [0; 1]. Hi f (x) = 1 x c phi l hm duy nht nh vy khng ?
1.6.16. Gi s rng f v g tho mn phng trnh
f(x + y) + f (x y) = 2f (x)f (y);
x; y 2 R:
Chng minh rng nu f khng ng nht bng khng v jf (x)j 1 vi x 2 R,
th ta cng c jg(x)j 1 vi x 2 R.
1.6.17. Tm tt c cc hm lin tc tho mn phng trnh hm

f (x + y) = f(x)ey + f (y)ex :
1.6.18. Xc nh mi nghim lin tc ti khng f : R ! R ca
f(x + y) f(x y) = f (x)f (y):
1.6.19. Gii phng trnh hm
x1
f (x) + f
= 1 + x vi x 6= 0; 1:
x
30
1.6.20. Dy fxn g hi t theo ngha Cesro nu

x1 + x2 + x3 + + xn
n!1
n
C lim xn = lim
n!1
tn ti v hu hn. Tm tt c cc hm lin tc Cesro, tc l
f (C lim xn ) = C lim f(xn )

n!1
n!1
vi mi dy hi t Cesro fxng:
1.6.21. Cho f : [0; 1] ! [0; 1] l n nh sao cho f (2x f (x)) = x vi x 2 [0; 1].
Chng minh rng f (x) = x; x 2 [0; 1].
1.6.22. Vi m khc khng, chng minh rng nu hm lin tc f : R ! R
tho mn phng trnh
f (x)
f 2x
= mx;
m
th f(x) = m(x c):
1.6.23. Chng minh rng cc nghim duy nht ca phng trnh hm

f(x + y) + f (y x) = 2f (x)f (y)
lin tc trn R v khng ng nht bng khng l f (x) = cos(ax) v f (x) =
cosh(ax) vi a thc.
1.6.24. Xc nh mi nghim lin tc trn (1; 1) ca
f
x+y
1 + xy
= f(x) + f (y):
1.6.25. Tm mi a thc P sao cho

P (2x x2 ) = (P (x))2 :
31
1.6.26. Cho m; n 2 l cc s nguyn. Tm tt c cc hm f : [0; 1) ! R

lin tc ti t nht mt im trong [0; 1) v sao cho
n
!
n
1X m
1X
f
x
=
(f (xi ))m vi xi 0; i = 1; 2; : : : ; n:
n i=1 i
n i=1
1.6.27. Tm tt c cc hm khng ng nht bng khng f : R ! R tho
mn phng trnh
f (xy) = f(x)f(y) v f(x + z) = f(x) + f (z)
vi z 6= 0 no .
1.6.28. Tm tt c cc hm f : R n f0g ! R sao cho

1
; x 6= 0:
f(x) = f
x
1.6.29. Tm tt c cc hm f : R n f0g ! R tho mn phng trnh hm

1
1
2
+f
f(x) + f (x ) = f
; x 6= 0
x
x2
1.6.30. Chng minh rng cc hm f; g; : R ! R tho mn phng trnh
f(x) g(y)
x+y
=
; y 6= x;
xy
2
nu v ch nu tn ti a; b v c sao cho
f (x) = g(x) = ax2 + bx + c;
(x) = 2ax + b:
1.6.31. Chng minh rng tn ti hm f : R ! Q tho mn ba iu kin sau

y :
(a) f (x + y) = f(x) + f(y) vi x; y 2 R;
(b) f (x) = x vi x 2 Q;
(c) f khng lin tc trn R:
32
1.7 Hm lin tc trong khng gian metric

Trong mc ny, X v Y ln lt k hiu l cc khng gian metric (X; d1 )
v (Y; d2 ). n gin, ta ni rng X l khng gian metric thay cho (X; d1 )
l khng gian metric. R v Rn lun gi s c trang b metric Euclide, nu
khng pht biu ngc li.
1.7.1. Gi (X; d1 ) v (Y; d2 ) l cc khng gian metric v f : X ! Y . Chng

minh rng cc iu kin sau y tng ng.
(a) Hm f lin tc.
(b) Vi mi tp ng F Y , tp f 1 (F) ng trong X:
(c) Vi mi tp m G Y, tp f 1 (G) m trong X:
(d) Vi mi tp con A ca X, f (A f (A)):
(e) Vi mi tp con B ca Y, f 1 (B) f 1 (B):
1.7.2. Gi (X; d1 ) v (Y; d2 ) l cc khng gian metric v f : X ! Y lin tc.

Chng minh rng nghch nh f 1 (B) ca tp Borel B trong (Y; d2 ) l tp
Borel trong (X; d1 ):
1.7.3. Cho v d hm lin tc f : X ! Y sao cho nh f(F) (tng ng, f (G))
khng ng (tng ng, m) trong Y vi F ng (tng ng, G m) trong X.
1.7.4. Gi (X; d1 ) v (Y; d2 ) l cc khng gian metric v f : X ! Y lin tc.
Chng minh rng nh ca tp compact F trong X l tp compact trong Y.
1.7.5. Cho f xc nh trn hp cc tp ng F1 ; F2 ; : : : ; Fm . Chng minh
rng nu gii hn ca f trn mi Fi ; i = 1; 2; : : : ; m, l lin tc, th f lin
tc trn F1 [ F2 [ : : : [ Fm .
Ch ra v d rng pht biu trn khng ng
trong trng hp v hn Fi .
1.7.6. Cho f xc nh trn hp cc tp m Gt ; t 2 T. Chng minh rng nu
S
vi mi t 2 T, gii hn fjGt l lin tc, th f lin tc trn
Gt .
t2T
33
1.7.7. Cho (X; d1 ) v (Y; d2 ) l cc khng gian metric. Chng minh rng
f : X ! Y lin tc nu v ch nu vi mi A trong X, hm fjA lin tc.
1.7.8. Gi s f l song nh lin tc t khng gian metric compact X ln
khng gian metric Y. Chng minh rng hm ngc f 1 lin tc trn Y.
Cng chng minh rng gi thit compact khng th b b qua.
1.7.9. Gi f l nh x lin tc t khng gian metric compact X vo khng
gian metric Y. Chng minh rng f lin tc u trn X.
1.7.10. Gi (X; d) l khng gian metric v A l tp con khc rng ca X.
Chng minh rng hm f : X ! [0; 1) xc nh bi
f (x) = dist(x; A) = inffd(x; y) : y 2 Ag
lin tc u trn X.
1.7.11. Gi s f l nh x lin tc ca khng gian metric lin thng X vo

khng gian metric Y. Chng minh rng f(X) lin thng trong Y .
1.7.12. Cho f : A ! Y; ; 6= A X. Vi x 2 A nh ngha
of (x; ) = diam (f (A \ B(x; ))):
Giao ca f ti x c xc nh bi
of (x) = lim+ of (x; ):

!0
Chng minh rng f lin tc ti x0 2 A nu v ch nu of (x0 ) = 0 (so snh

vi 1.4.19 v 1.4.20).
1.7.13. Gi s f : A ! Y; ; 6= A X v vi x 2 A, gi of (x) l giao ca

f ti x oc xc nh nh trong bi ton trc. Chng minh rng vi mi
" > 0, tp fx 2 A : of (x) "g l ng trong X.
1.7.14. Chng minh rng tp im lin tc ca f : X ! Y l giao m c
cc tp m, ni cch khc, l G trong (X; d1 ). Cng chng minh rng tp
im gin on ca f l hp m c cc tp ng, ni cch khc, l F
trong (X; d1 ).
34
1.7.15. Cho v d hm f : R ! R c tp im gin on l Q.

1.7.16. Chng minh rng vi mi tp con F ca R l tp im gin on
ca hm f : R ! R.
1.7.17. Cho A l tp con F ca khng gian metric X. C tn ti hay khng
hm f : X ! R m tp im gin on l A ?
1.7.18. Gi A l hm c trng ca A X. Chng minh rng fx 2 X :
oA (x) > 0g = @A, y f (x) l giao ca f ti x c xc nh nh trong
1.7.12. Suy ra rng A lin tc trn X nu v ch nu A va m, va ng
trong X.
1.7.19. Gi s g1 v g2 l cc nh x lin tc ca khng gian metric (X; d1 )
vo khng gian metric (X; d2 ), v tp A c phn trong rng, tr mt trong
X.Chng minh rng nu
(
g1 (x) vi x 2 A,
f(x) =
g2 (x) vi x 2 X n A,
th
of (x) = d2 (g1 (x); g2 (x));
x 2 X:
y of (x) l giao ca f ti x c xc nh nh trong 1.7.12.
1.7.20. Ta ni rng hm thc f xc nh trn khng gian metric X l thuc

lp Baire th nht nu f l gii hn im ca dy hm lin tc trn X.
Chng minh rng nu f thuc lp Baire th nht, th tp cc im gin
on ca f l tp thuc phm tr th nht; tc l, n l hp ca mt s m
c cc tp khng u tr mt.
1.7.21. Chng minh rng nu X l khng gian metric y v f thuc lp
Baire th nht trn X, th tp cc im lin tc ca f tr mt trong X.

1.7.22. Gi f : (0; 1) ! R lin tc sao cho vi mi s dng x, dy ff nx g
hi t ti khng. T c suy ra lim+ f(x) = 0 khng ? (so snh vi 1.1.33.)
x!0
35
1.7.23. K hiu F l h cc hm lin tc trn khng gian metric compact X

sao cho vi mi x 2 X, tn ti Mx tho mn
jf (x)j Mx vi mi f 2 F :
Chng minh rng tn ti hng s dng M v tp m khc rng G X so
cho
jf (x)j M vi mi f 2 F v vi mi x 2 G:
1.7.24. Gi F1 F2 F3 : : : l dy cc tp con khc rng lng nhau ca
khng gian metric y X sao cho lim diam Fn = 0. Chng minh rng
n!1
nu f lin tc trn X, th
1
\
n=1
Fn
1
\
f(Fn ):
n=1
1.7.25. Gi (X; d) l khng gian metric v p l im c nh trong X. Vi

a 2 X, xc nh hm fu bi fu (x) = d1 (u; x) d1 (p; x); x 2 X. Chng minh
rng u 7! fu l nh x bo ton khong cch, ni cch khc, l ng c ca
(X; d1 ) vo khng gian C(X; R) cc hm thc lin tc trn X c trang b
metric d(f; g) = supff (x) g(x) : x 2 Xg.
1.7.26. Chng minh rng khng gian metric X l compact nu v ch nu
vi mi hm lin tc f : X ! R l b chn.
1.7.27. Cho (X; d1 ) l khng gian metric v vi x 2 X, xc nh (x) =
dist(x; X n fxg). Chng minh rng hai iu kin sau y tngng.
(a) Mi hm f : X ! R l lin tc u.
(b) Mi dy fxn g cc phn t ca X sao cho
lim (xn ) = 0
n!1
cha dy con hi t.
36
1.7.28. Chng minh rng khng gian metric X l compact nu v ch nu

mi hm thc lin tc trn X l lin tc u v vi mi " > 0, tp fx 2 X :
(x) > "g, y c xc nh nh trong 1.7.27, l hu hn.
1.7.29. Cho v d khng gian metric khng compact sao cho mi hm lin
tc f : X ! R l lin tc u trn X.
1.7.30. Xt hm nh ngha bi (so snh vi 1.2.3 (a))
8
>
nu xhu t.
<0
f (x) = 0
nu x = 0;
>
:1
nu x = pq ; p 2 Z; q 2 N; v p; q nguyn t cng nhau
q
1.7.31.
1.7.32.
1.7.33.
1.7.34.
1.7.35.
1.7.36.
1.7.37.
1.7.38.
1.7.39.
1.7.40.
1.7.41.
1.7.42.
1.7.43.
1.7.44.
Chng minh. Khng c chi a2 = 1
Chng minh. Li gii tip theo
Chng 2
Php tnh vi phn
2.1 o hm ca hm s thc
2.1.1. Tnh o hm (nu c) ca cc hm sau:
(a)
(b)
f (x) = xjxj; x 2 R;
p
f (x) = jxj; x 2 R;
(c)
f (x) = [x] sin2 (x);
(d)
f (x) = (x [x]) sin2 (x);
(e)
f(x) = ln jxj;
(f)
1
f(x) = arccos jxj
;
x 2 R;
x 2 R;
x 2 Rnf0g;
jxj > 1:
2.1.2. o hm cc hm s sau:
(a)
(b)
x > 0; x 6= 1;
f (x) = logx cos x; x 2 0; 2 nf1g:

f (x) = logx 2;
2.1.3. Nghin cu tnh kh vi ca cc hm s sau:

(
arctan x
vi jxj 1;
(a)
f (x) =
x1
sgn x + 2
vi jxj > 1;
4
37
Chng 2. Vi phn
38
(b)
(c)
f (x) =
(
2
x2 ex
f (x) =
(
1
arctan jxj
1
e
vi jxj 1;
vi jxj > 1;
vi x 6= 0;
vi x = 0:
2.1.4. Chng minh rng hm s

(
x2 cos x vi x 6= 0;
f(x) =
0
vi x = 0:
khng kh vi ti cc im xn =
2
;
2n+1
hn ca dy fxn g.
n 2 Z, nhng kh vi ti 0 l im gii
2.1.5. Xc nh cc gi tr a; b; c; d sao cho hm f kh vi trn R:

8
>
x 0;
<4x
2
f (x) = ax + bx + c 0 < x < 1;
(a)
>
:
3 2x
x1
8
>
x 0;
<ax + b
(b)
f (x) = cx2 + dx 0 < x 1;
>
:
x>1
1 x1
8
>
<ax + b x 1;
(c)
f (x) = ax2 + c 1 < x 2;
>
: dx2 +1
x > 2:
x
2.1.6. Tnh tng:
(a)
n
X
k=0
(b)
(c)
kekx;
x 2 R;

2n
X
k 2n
(1)
kn;
k
k=0
n
X
k=1
k cos(kx);
n 1;
x 2 R:
2.1. o hm ca hm s thc
39
2.1.7. Chng minh rng nu ja1 sin x + aj2 sin 2x + + an sin nxj j sin xj vi
x 2 R th ja1 + 2a2 + + nan j 1.
2.1.8. Gi s rng f v g kh vi ti a, hy xc nh
(a)
xf (a) af (x)
;
x!a
xa
lim
(b)
f (x)g(a) f (a)g(x)
x!a
xa
lim
2.1.9. Gi s rng f (a) > 0 v f kh vi ti a. Hy tnh cc gii hn sau:

!
1
f a + n1
f (x) ln xln a
; a > 0:
;
(b) lim
(a) lim
n!1
x!a
f (a)
f (a)
2.1.10. Cho f kh vi ti a. Hy tnh cc gii hn sau:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
an f (x) xn f (a)
; n 2 N;
x!a
xa
f (x)ex f (a)
lim
; a = 0; f 0 (0) 6= 0;
x!a f (x) cos x f (a)

1
2
k
lim n f a +
+f a+
+ + f a +
kf(a) ; k 2 N;
n!1
n
n
n
1
2
n
lim f a + 2 + f a + 2 + + f a + 2 nf (a) :
n!1
n
n
n
lim
2.1.11. Vi a > 0 v m; k 2 N hy tnh
(n + 1)m + (n + 2)m + + (n + k)m

(a)
lim
kn ;
n!1
nm1
n
n
n
a + n1
a + n2 a + nk
(b)
lim
;
n!1
ank
2a
a
na
(c)
lim
1 + 2 1 + 2
:
1+ 2
n!1
n
n
n
2.1.12. Gi s rng f(0) = 0 v f kh vi ti im 0. Hy tnh tng
x
x
x
1
lim
f (x) + f
+f
+ + f
;
x!0 x
2
3
k
vi k l mt s nguyn dng cho trc.
Chng 2. Vi phn
40
2.1.13. Cho f l hm kh vi ti im a v fxn g v fzn g l cc dy hi t ti

a sao cho xn 6= a, zn 6= a, xn 6= zn , n 2 N. Hy ch ra hm f sao cho gii hn
f (xn ) f (zn )
n!1
xn zn
lim
(a) bng f 0 (a),

(b) khng tn ti hoc c tn ti nhng khc f 0 (a).
2.1.14. Cho f l hm kh vi ti a v xt hai dy fxn g v fzn g cng hi t

v a sao cho xn < a < zn vi mi n 2 N. Chng minh rng
f(xn ) f (zn )
= f 0 (a):
n!1
xn z n
lim
2.1.15.
(a) Chng minh rng hm f xc nh trong khong (0; 2) theo cng thc
(
x2
vi cc gi tr x hu t trong khong (0; 2);
f(x) =
2x 1 vi cc gi tr x v t trong khong (0; 2)
ch kh vi ti duy nht im x = 1 v f 0 (1) 6= 0. Hm ngc ca f c
kh vi ti im 1 = y = f(1) khng?
(b) Cho
p
A = fy 2 (0; 3) : y 2 Q; y 2
= Qg;
1
B = x : x = (y + 4); y 2 A :
2
Xt hm
8
2
>
vi x hu t thuc (0; 2);
<x
f (x) = 2x 1 vi x v t thuc (0; 2);
>
:
2x 4 vi x 2 B:
Chng minh rng khong (0; 3) cha trong min gi tr ca f v hm

ngc ca f khng kh vi ti im 1.
41
2.1.16. Xt hm f xc nh trn R sau

(
0
nu x v t hoc bng 0,
f(x) =
aq nu x = pq ; p 2 Z; q 2 N v p; q nguyn t cng nhau,
trong dy faq g tho mn iu kin lim nk an = 0 vi k 2. Chng minh
n!1
rng f kh vi ti mi iu v t c bc i s nh hn hoc bng k , tc l...
2.1.17. Cho P l mt a thc bc n vi n nghim thc khc nhau x1 ; : : : ; xn

v Q l a thc bc khng qu n 1. Chng minh rng
Q(x) X
Q(xk )
=
P (x)
P 0 (xk )(x xk )
n
k=1
vi x 2 Rnfx1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn g. Tm tng
n
X
k=1
1
P 0 (xk )
n 2:
2.1.18. S dng kt qu bi trc hy kim tra cc ng thc sau:

n
X
n (1)k
n!
(a)
=
k x+k
x(x + 1)(x + 2) (x + n)
k=0
(b)
vi x 2 Rnfn; (n 1); : : : ; 1; 0g,
n!2n
n (1)k
=
x(x + 2)(x + 4) (x + 2n)
k x + 2k
n
X
k=0
vi x 2 Rnf2n; 2(n 1); : : : ; 2; 0g.
2.1.19. Cho f kh vi trn R. Hy kho st tnh kh vi ca hm jf j.

2.1.20. Gi s f1 ; f2 ; : : : ; fn xc nh trong mt ln cn ca x, khc 0 v kh
vi ti x. Chng minh rng
n 0
Q
fk
n
X
fk0 (x)
k=1
(x)
=
:
n
Q
f
k (x)
k=1
fk
k=1
Chng 2. Vi phn
42
2.1.21. Gi s cc hm f1 ; f2 ; : : : ; fn ; g1 ; g2 ; : : : ; gn xc nh trong ln cn ca
x, khc 0 va kh vi ti x. Chng minh rng
n
!0
n
n 0
Y fk
Y
X
fk (x) gk0 (x)
fk
(x) =
(x)
:
gk
gk
fk (x) gk (x)
k=1
k=1
k=1
2.1.22. Nghin cu tnh kh vi ca f v jf j vi
(
x
nu x 2 Q;
f (x) =
(a)
sin x nu x 2 RnQ:
(
1
1
x 23k
nu x 2 Q \ 2k1
; 2k2
; k 2;
1
(b)
f (x) =
3
1
; k 2:
sin x 2k
nu x 2 (RnQ) \ 2k1 ; 2k2
2.1.23. Chng minh rng nu o hm mt pha f0 (x0 ) v f+0 (x0 ) tn ti th

f lin tc ti x0 .
2.1.24. Chng minh rng nu f : (a; b) ! R t cc i ti c 2 (a; b), tc l
f (c) = maxff (x) : x 2 (a; b)g v tn ti cc o hm tri v o hm phi
f0 (c) v f+0 (c), th f0 (x0 ) 0 v f+0 (x0 ) 0. Hy pht biu bi ton tng
ng trng hp f t cc tiu.
2.1.25. Chng minh rng nu f 2 C([a; b]); f (a) = f (b) v f0 tn ti trn
(a; b) th
infff0 (x) : x 2 (a; b)g 0 supff0 (x) : x 2 (a; b)g:
2.1.26. Chng minh rng nu f 2 C([a; b]) v f0 tn ti trn (a; b) th
infff0 (x) : x 2 (a; b)g
f (b) f (a)
supff0 (x) : x 2 (a; b)g:
ba
2.1.27. Chng minh rng nu f0 tn ti v lin tc trn (a; b) th f kh vi

trn (a; b) v f 0 (x) = f0 (x) vi x 2 (a; b).
2.1.28. Tn ti hay khng hm f : (1; 2) ! R sao cho f0 (x) = x v f+0 (x) = 2x
vi x 2 (1; 2) ?
43
2.1.29. Cho f kh vi trn [a; b] tho mn

(i)
f (a) = f (b) = 0;
(ii)
f 0 (a) = f+0 (a) > 0;
f 0 (b) = f0 (b) > 0:
Chng minh rng tn ti c 2 (a; b) sao cho f (c) = 0 v f 0 (c) 0.
2.1.30. Chng minh rng f (x) = arctan x tho mn phng trnh

(1 + x2 )f (n) (x) + 2(n 1)f (n1) (x) + (n 2)(n 1)f (n2) (x) = 0
vi x 2 R v n 2. Chng minh rng
f (2m) (0) = 0;
f (2m+1) (0) = (1)m (2m)!:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(ex sin x)(n) = 2n=2 ex sin x + n

; x 2 R; n 1;
4
1
1
n
(n)
; x > 0; n 1;
(x ln x) = n! ln x + 1 + + +
2
n
ln x (n)
1
1
n1
n
; x > 0; n 1;
= (1) n!x
ln x 1
x
2
n
n1 1=x (n)
e1=x
x e
= (1)n n+1 ; x 6= 0; n 1:
x
2.1.32. Chng minh cc ng nht thc sau:

n
X
n
sin x + k
(a)
= 2n=2 sin x + n
; x 2 R; n 1
k
2
4
k=0

n
X
1
1
k+1 1 n
(b)
= 1 + + + ; n 1
(1)
k k
2
n
k=1
p
2.1.33. Cho f (x) = x2 1 vi x > 1. Chng minh rng f (n) (x) > 0 nu n
l v f (n) < 0 vi n chn.
2.1.34. Cho f2n = ln(1 + x2n );
n 2 N. Chng minh rng

(2n)
f2n (1) = 0:
Chng 2. Vi phn
44
2.1.35. Cho P l mt a thc bc n, chng minh rng

n
n
X
P (k) (0) k+1 X
P (k) (x) k+1
x
=
(1)k
x :
(k
+
1)!
(k
+
1)!
k=0
k=0
2.1.36. Cho 1 ; 2 ; : : : ; n l cc gi tr tho mn iu kin

k1 + k2 + : : : + kn > 0;
Kho hm
f (x) =
8k 2 N:
1
(1 1 x)(1 2 x) (1 n x)
s c xc nh trong ln cn 0. Chng minh rng vi k 2 N ta c f (k) (0) > 0.
2.1.37. Cho f l hm kh vi n cp n trn (0; +1). Chng minh rng vi

x > 0,

(n)
1 (n) 1
1
n
n1
=
(1)
f
x
f
:
xn+1
x
x
2.1.38. Cho I; J l hai khong m v f : J ! R, g : I ! J l cc hm kh vi
v hn trn J v I. Chng minh cng thc Fa di Bruno cho o hm cp n
ca h = f g sau:
(n)
(t) =
(1) k1
(n) kn
n!
g (t)
g (t)
(k)
f (g(t))
;
k1 ! kn !
1!
1!
trong k = k1 + k2 + + kn v tng ly trn tt c cc gi tr k1 ; k2 ; : : : ; kn

sao cho k1 + 2k2 + + nkn = n.
2.1.39. Chng minh rng cc hm s sau :

(
2
e1=x nu x 6= 0;
(a)
f (x) =
0
nu x = 0;
(
e1=x nu x > 0;
g(x) =
(b)
0
nu x 0;
(
1
1
e xa + xb nu x 2 (a; b);
(c)
h(x) =
= (a; b);
0
nu x 2
cng thuc C 1(R).
2.2. Cc nh l gi tr trung bnh
45
2.1.40. Cho f kh vi trn (a; b) sao cho vi x 2 (a; b) ta c f 0 (x) = g(f (x)),
trong g 2 C 1 (a; b). Chng minh rng f 2 C 1(a; b).
2.1.41. Cho f l hm kh vi cp hai trn (a; b) v vi cc s ; ; thc tho
mn 2 + 2 > 0 ta c
f 00 (x) + f 0 (x) + f(x) = 0;
x 2 (a; b):
Chng minh rng f 2 C 1(a; b).
2.2 Cc nh l gi tr trung bnh

2.2.1. Chng minh rng nu f lin tc trong khong ng [a; b], kh vi trn
khong m (a; b) v f (a) = f (b) = 0 th vi 2 R, tn ti x 2 (a; b) sao cho
f(x) + f 0 (x) = 0:
2.2.2. Cho f v g l cc hm lin tc trn [a; b], kh vi trn khong m (a; b)
v gi s f (a) = f (b) = 0. Chng minh rng tn ti x 2 (a; b) sao cho
g 0 (x)f (x) + f 0 (x) = 0:
2.2.3. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [a; b]; a > 0 v kh vi trn khong m (a; b).
Chng minh rng nu
f(a)
f(b)
=
;
a
b
th tn ti x0 2 (a; b) sao cho x0 f 0 (x0 ) = f(x0 ):
2.2.4. Gi s f lin tc trn [a; b] v kh vi trn (a; b). Chng minh rng
nu f 2 (b) f 2 (a) = b2 a2 th phng trnh
f 0 (x)f (x) = x
c t nht mt nghim trong (a; b).
Chng 2. Vi phn
46
2.2.5. Gi s f v g lin tc, khc 0 trong [a; b] v kh vi trn (a; b). Chng
minh rng nu f(a)g(b) = f (b)g(a) th tn ti x0 2 (a; b) sao cho
f 0 (x0 )
g 0 (x0 )
=
:
f (x0 )
g(x0 )
2.2.6. Gi s a0 ; a1 ; : : : ; an l cc s thc tho mn
a0
a1
an1
+
+ +
+ an = 0:
n+1
n
2
Chng minh rng a thc P (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn1 + + an c t nht mt
nghim trong (0; 1).
2.2.7. Xt cc s thc a0 ; a1 ; : : : ; an tho mn

a0 2a1 22 a2
2n1 an1
2n an
+
+
+
+
= 0:
1
1
3
n
n+1
Chng minh rng hm s
f(x) = an lnn x + + a2 ln2 x + a1 ln x + a0

c t nht mt nghim trong (1; e2 ).
2.2.8. Chng minh rng nu mi nghim ca a thc P c bc n 2 u l

thc th mi nghim ca a thc P 0 cng u l thc.
2.2.9. Cho f kh vi lin tc trn [a; b] v kh vi cp hai trn (a; b), gi
s f (a) = f 0 (a) = f (b) = 0. Chng minh rng tn ti x1 2 (a; b) sao cho
f 00 (x1 ) = 0.
2.2.10. Cho f kh vi lin tc trn [a; b] v kh vi cp hai trn (a; b), gi s
f (a) = f (b) v f 0 (a) = f 0 (b) = 0. Chng minh rng tn ti hai s x1 ; x2 2
(a; b); x1 6= x2 sao cho
f 00 (x1 ) = f 00 (x2 ):
47
2.2.11. Chng minh rng cc phng trnh sau:

(a)
(b)
x13 + 7x3 5 = 0;
3x + 4x = 5x
c ng mt nghim thc .
2.2.12. Chng minh rng vi cc s a1 ; a2 ; : : : ; an khc 0 v vi cc s 1 ; 2 ; : : : ; n

tho mn i 6= j ; i 6= j , phng trnh
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + an xn = 0
c nhiu nht l n 1 nghim trong (0; +1).
2.2.13. Chng minh rng vi cc gi thit ca bi trn, phng trnh

a1 e1 x + a2 e2 x + + an en x = 0
c nhiu nht l n 1 nghim trong (0; +1).
2.2.14. Cho cc hm f; g; h lin tc trn [a; b] v kh vi trn (a; b), ta nh

ngha hm
f(x) g(x) h(x)
F (x) = det f(a) g(a) h(a) ; x 2 [a; b]:

f(b) g(b) h(b)
Chng minh rng tn ti x0 2 (a; b) sao cho F 0 (x0 ) = 0. S dng kt qu va
nhn c pht biu nh l gi tr trung bnh v nh l gi tr trung bnh

tng qut.
2.2.15. Cho f lin tc trn [0; 2] v kh vi cp hai trn (0; 2). Chng minh
rng nu f (0) = 0; f(1) = 1 v f (2) = 2 th tn ti x0 2 (0; 2) sao cho
f 00 (x0 ) = 0.
2.2.16. Gi s f lin tc trn [a; b] v kh vi trn (a; b). Chng minh rng
nu f khng l mt hm tuyn tnh th tn ti x1 v x2 thuc (a; b) sao cho
f 0 (x1 ) <
f (b) f (a)
< f 0 (x2 ):
ba
Chng 2. Vi phn
48
2.2.17. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [0; 1] v kh vi trn (0; 1). Gi s rng

f (0) = f (1) = 0 v tn ti x0 2 (0; 1) sao cho f(x0 ) = 1. Chng minh rng
jf 0 (c)j > 2 vi c 2 (0; 1).
2.2.18. Cho f lin tc trn [a; b]; a > 0, kh vi trn (a; b). Chng minh rng
tn ti x0 2 (a; b) sao cho
bf(a) af (b)
= f(x1 ) x1 f 0 (x1 ):
ba
2.2.19. Chng minh rng cc hm s x 7! ln(1 + x), x 7! ln(1 + x2 ) v

x 7! arctan x lin tc u trn [0; +1).
2.2.20. Gi s f kh vi cp hai trn (a; b) v tn ti M 0 sao cho jf 00 (x)j
M vi mi x 2 (a; b). Chng minh rng f lin tc u trn (a; b).
2.2.21. Gi s f : [a; b] ! R, b a 4 kh vi trn khong m (a; b). Chng
minh rng tn ti x0 2 (a; b) sao cho
f 0 (x0 ) < 1 + f 2 (x0 ):
2.2.22. Chng minh rng nu f kh vi trn (a; b) v nu
(i)
(ii)
lim f (x) = +1;
x!a+
0
lim f (x) = 1;
x!b
f (x) + f 2 (x) + 1 0;
vi x 2 (a; b);
th b a .
2.2.23. Cho f lin tc trn [a; b] v kh vi trn (a; b). Chng minh rng nu
lim f 0 (x) = A th f0 (b) = A.
x!b
2.2.24. Gi s f kh vi trn (0; 1) v f 0 (x) = O(x) khi x ! 1. Chng minh

rng f(x) = O(x2 ) khi x ! 1.
2.2.25. Cho f1 ; f2 ; : : : ; fn v g1 ; g2 ; : : : ; gn l cc hm lin tc trn [a; b] v
kh vi trn (a; b). Gi s rng gk (a) 6= gk (b) vi mi k = 1; 2; : : : ; n. Chng
minh rng tn ti c 2 (a; b) sao cho
n
X
k=1
fk0 (c)
n
X
k=1
gk0 (c)
fk (b) fk (a)
:
gk (b) gk (a)
49
2.2.26. Cho hm f kh vi trn khong m I v gi s [a; b] I. Ta ni rng

f kh vi u trn [a; b] nu vi mi " > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho
f(x + h) f(x)
f (x) < "
vi mi x 2 [a; b] v jhj < , x + h 2 I. Chng minh rng f kh vi u trn
[a; b] khi v ch khi f 0 lin tc trn [a; b].
2.2.27. Cho f lin tc trn [a; b], g kh vi trn [a; b] v g(a) = 0. Chng minh
rng nu tn ti 6= 0 sao cho
jg(x)f (x) + g 0 (x)j jg(x)j;
vi x 2 [a; b];
th g(x) 0 trn [a; b].
2.2.28. Cho f kh vi trn (0; +1). Chng minh rng nu lim
x!+1
f (x)
x
= 0 th
lim jf (x)j = 0:
x!+1
2.2.29. Tm tt c cc hm f : R ! R l tho mn phng trnh hm
1
f (x + h) f(x)
0
= f x+ h
vi x; h 2 R; h 6= 0:
h
2
(HD. Chng minh rng phng trnh ch c duy nht nghim l mt a thc
bc hai bt k).
2.2.30. Cho cc s dng p; q tho mn p + q = 1, hy tm tt c cc hm

f : R ! R tho mn phng trnh
f (x) f (y)
= f 0 (px + qy) vi x; y 2 R; x 6= y:
xy
2.2.31. Chng minh rng nu f kh vi trn khong m I th f 0 nhn mi
gi tr trung gian trong I.
2.2.32. Cho f kh vi trn (0; 1). Chng minh rng
(a) nu
lim (f (x) f 0 (x)) = 0 th
x!+1
lim f (x) = 0,
x!+1
Chng 2. Vi phn
50
(b) nu
p
lim (f (x) 2 xf 0 (x)) = 0 th
x!+1
lim f (x) = 0.
x!+1
2.2.33. Chng minh rng nu f 2 C 2 ([a; b]) c t nht ba nghim trong [a; b]
th phng trnh f(x) + f 00 (x) = 2f 0 (x) c t nht mt nghim trong [a; b].
2.2.34. Chng minh rng nu a thcP bc n c n nghim phn bit ln
hn 1 th a thc
Q(x) = (x2 + 1)P (x)P 0 (x) + xP 2 (x) + (P 0 (x))2
c t nht 2n 1 nghim phn bit.
2.2.35. Gi s rng a thc P (x) = am xm +am1 xm1 + +a1 x+a0 vi am > 0

c m nghim thc phn bit. Chng minh rng a thc Q(x) = (P (x))2 P 0 (x)
c
(1) ng m + 1 nghim thc phn bit nu m l,
(2) ng m nghim thc phn bit nu m chn.
2.2.36. Gi s a thc P (x) bc n 3 c cc nghim u thc, vit

P (x) = (x a1 )(x a2 ) (x an );
trong ai ai+1 ; i = 1; 2; : : : ; n 1 v
P 0 (x) = n(x c1 )(x c2 ) (x cn1 );

trong ai ci ai+1 ; i = 1; 2; : : : ; n 1. Chng minh rng nu
Q(x) = (x a1 )(x a2 ) (x an1 );
Q0 (x) = (n 1)(x d1 )(x d2 ) (x dn2 );

th di ci vi i = 1; 2; : : : ; n 2. Hn na chng minh rng nu
R(x) = (x a2 )(x a3 ) (x an );
R0 (x) = (n 1)(x e1 )(x e2 ) (x en2 );

th ei ci+1 vi i = 1; 2; : : : ; n 2.
51
2.2.37. S dng gi thit ca bi trn hy chng minh rng

(1) nu S(x) = (x a1 ")(x a2 ) : : : (x an ), trong " > 0 tho mn
a1 +" an1 v nu S 0 (x) = n(xf1 )(xf2 ) : : : (xfn1 ) th fn1 cn1 ,
(2) nu T (x) = (x a1 )(x a2 ) : : : (x an + "), vi " > 0 tho mn an " a2

v nu T 0 (x) = n(x g1 )(x g2 ) : : : (x gn1 ) th g1 c1 .
2.2.38. S dng gi thit ca bi 2.2.36 hy chng minh rng

ai +
ai+1 ai
ai+1 ai
ci ai+1
;
ni+1
i+1
i = 1; 2; : : : ; n 1:
2.2.39. Chng minh rng nu f kh vi trn [0; 1] v

(i) f (0) = 0,
(ii) tn ti K > 0 sao cho jf 0 (x)j Kjf(x)j vi x 2 [0; 1],
th f(x) 0.
2.2.40. Cho f l mt hm kh vi v hn trn khong (1; 1), J (1; 1)

l mt khong c di . Gi s J c chia thnh ba khong lin tip
J1 ; J2 ; J3 c di tng ng l 1 ; 2 ; 3 , tc l ta c J1 [ J2 [ J3 = J v
1 + 2 + 3 = . Chng minh rng nu
mk (J) = inf jf (k) (x)j : x 2 J ; k 2 N;

th
mk (J)
1
(mk1 (J1 ) + mk1 (J3 )):
2
2.2.41. Chng minh rng vi gi thit ca bi trc, nu jf(x)j 1 vi

x 2 (1; 1) th
k(k+1)
2 2 kk
mk (J)
; k 2 N:
k
2.2.42. Gi s rng a thc P (x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0 c n
nghim thc phn bit. Chng minh rng nu tn ti p; 1 p n 1 sao
cho ap = 0 v ai 6= 0 vi mi i 6= p th ap1 ap+1 < 0.
Chng 2. Vi phn
52
2.3 Cng thc Taylor v quy tc LHpital

2.3.1. Gi s f : [a; b] ! R kh vi cp n 1 trn [a; b]. Nu f (n) (x0 ) tn ti
th vi mi x 2 [a; b],
f 0 (x0 )
f 00 (x0 )
f (x) = f (x0 ) +
(x x0 ) +
(x x0 )2
1!
2!
f (n) (x0 )
+ +
(x x0 )n + o((x x0 )n ):
n!
(Cng thc ny c gi l cng thc Taylor vi phn d dng Peano).
2.3.2. Gi s f : [a; b] ! R kh vi lin tc cp n trn [a; b] v gi s rng

f (n+1) tn ti trong khong m (a; b). Chng minh rng vi mi x; x0 2 [a; b]
v mi p > 0 tn ti 2 (0; 1) sao cho ,
f(x) = f(x0 ) +
f 0 (x0 )
f 00 (x0 )
(x x0 ) +
(x x0 )2
1!
2!
f (n) (x0 )
(x x0 )n + rn (x);
+ +
n!
trong
rn (x) =
f (n+1) (x0 + (x x0 ))
(1 )n+1p (x x0 )n+1
n!p
c gi l phn d dng Schlomilch-Roche.
2.3.3. S dng kt qu trn hy chng minh cc dng phn d sau:

(a)
rn (x) =
(b)
rn (x) =
f (n+1) (x0 + (x x0 ))
(x x0 )n+1
(n + 1)!
(dng Lagrange),
f (n+1) (x0 + (x x0 ))
(1 )n (x x0 )n+1
n!
(dng Cauchy).
2.3. Cng thc Taylor v quy tc LHpital
53
2.3.4. Cho f : [a; b] ! R l hm kh vi cp n + 1 trn [a; b], x; x0 2 [a; b].

Chng minh cng thc Taylor vi phn d dng tch phn sau:
f 0 (x0 )
f 00 (x0 )
(x x0 ) +
(x x0 )2
1!
2!
Z
f n (x0 )
1 x (n+1)
n
+ +
(x x0 ) +
f
(t)(x t)n dt:
n!
n! x0
f(x) = f (x0 ) +
2.3.5. Cho f : [a; b] ! R l hm kh vi cp n + 1 trn [a; b], x; x0 2 [a; b].

Chng minh cng thc Taylor sau:
f 0 (x0 )
f 00 (x0 )
(x x0 ) +
(x x0 )2
1!
2!
f n (x0 )
(x x0 )n + Rn+1 (x);
+ +
n!
f (x) = f(x0 ) +
trong
Rn+1 (x) =
x0
tn+1
x0
tn
x0
t2
x0
f (n+1) (t1 )dt1 dtn dtn+1 :
2.3.6. Chng minh cng thc xp x sau

p
1 1
1 + x 1 + x2
2 8
cho sai s kt qu khng vt qu 12 jxj3 khi jxj < 12 .
2.3.7. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:

(a)
(1 + x) > 1 + x vi > 1 hoc < 0;
(b)
(1 + x) < 1 + x vi 0 < < 1;
gi thit rng x > 1; x 6= 0.
2.3.8. Cho cc hm f; g 2 C 2 ([0; 1]), g 0 (x) 6= 0 vi x 2 (0; 1) tho mn

f 0 (0)g 00 (0) 6= f 00 (0)g 0 (0). Vi x 2 (0; 1) xt hm (x) l mt s tho mn
nh l gi tr trung bnh tng qut, tc l
f 0 ((x))
f (x) f (0)
= 0
:
g(x) g(0)
g ((x))
Chng 2. Vi phn
54
Hy tnh gii hn
lim+
x!0
(x)
:
x
2.3.9. Cho f : R ! R kh vi cp n + 1 trn R. Chng minh rng vi mi

x 2 R tn ti 2 (0; 1) sao cho
(a)
f(x) = f (0) + xf 0 (x)
x2 00
xn
f (x) + + (1)n+1 f (n) (x)
2
n!
xn+1 (n+1)
f
(x);
(n + 1)!
x2 0
x
x2n f (n) (x)
f
= f (x)
f (x) + + (1)n
1+x
1+x
(1 + x)n n!
(n+1) x+x2
1+x
x2n+2 f
n+1
+ (1)
; x 6= 1:
n+1
(1 + x)
(1 + n)!
+ (1)n+2
(b)
2.3.10. Cho f : R ! R kh vi cp 2n + 1 trn R. Chng minh rng vi mi

x 2 R tn ti 2 (0; 1) sao cho
2 0 x x 2 (3) x x 3
+ f
f (x) = f (0) + f
1!
2
2
3!
2
2
x x 2n1
2
f (2n1)
+ +
(2n 1)!
2
2
2n+1
2
x
f (2n+1) (x)
+
:
(2n + 1)!
2
2.3.11. S dng kt qu bi trn hy chng minh rng
2k+1
n
X
1
x
ln(1 + x) > 2
2k + 1 2 + x
k=0
vi n = 0; 1; : : : v x > 0.
2.3.12. Chng minh rng nu f 00 (x) tn ti th

(a)
(b)
f (x + h) 2f (x) + f(x h)
= f 00 (x);
h!0
h2
f (x + 2h) 2f(x + h) + f (x)
lim
= f 00 (x):
2
h!0
h
lim
55
2.3.13. Chng minh rng nu f 000 (x) tn ti th

f (x + 3h) 3f (x + 2h) + 3f (x + h) f (x)
= f 000 (x):
3
h!0
h
lim
2.3.14. Cho x > 0, hy kim tra cc bt ng thc sau:

(a)
e >
n
X
xk
k=0
(b)
(c)
k!
x2 x3 x4
x2 x3
x
+
< ln(1 + x) < x

+ ;
2
3
4
2
3
1
1
1
1 2 p
1 2
1 + x x < 1 + x < 1 + x x + x3 :
2
8
2
8
16
2.3.15. Chng minh rng nu tn ti f (n+1) (x) khc 0 v (x) l gi tr c

xc nh qua cng thc Taylor
f(x + h) = f (x) + hf 0 (x) + +
hn1 (n1)
hn
f
(x) + f (n) (x + (h)h);
(n 1)!
n!
th
lim (h) =
h!0
1
:
n+1
2.3.16. Gi s f kh vi trn [0; 1] v f (0) = f (1) = 0. Hn na tn ti f 00

trong (0; 1) gii ni, tc l jf 00 (x)j A; vi mi x 2 (0; 1), Chng minh rng
jf 0 (x)j
A
;
2
vi x 2 [0; 1]
2.3.17. Gi s f : [c; c] ! R kh vi cp hai trn [c; c] v t Mk =

supff (k) (x) : x 2 [c; c]g vi k = 0; 1; 2. Chng minh rng
(a)
(b)
M0
M2
+ (x2 + c2 )
vi x 2 [c; c];
c
2c r
p
M0
:
M1 2 M0 M2 vi c
M2
jf 0 (x)j
2.3.18. Cho f kh vi cp hai trn (a; 1), a 2 R, t

Mk = supff (k) (x) : x 2 (0; 1g < 1;
k = 0; 1; 2:
Chng 2. Vi phn
56
Chng minh rng
p
M1 2 M0 M2 :
Hy ch ra trng hp hm f lm cho bt ng thc tr thnh ng thc.
2.3.19. Cho f kh vi cp hai trn R, t

Mk = supff (k) (x) : x 2 (0; 1)g < 1;
Chng minh rng
k = 0; 1; 2:
p
M1 2 M0 M2 :
2.3.20. Cho f kh vi cp hai trn R, t
Mk = supff (k) (x) : x 2 (0; 1)g < 1;
k = 0; 1; 2; : : : ; p; p 2:
Chng minh rng

1(k=p)
Mk 2k(pk)=2 M0
k=p
M2 ;
k = 1; 2; : : : ; p 1:
2.3.21. Gi s f 00 tn ti v gii ni trong (0; 1). Chng minh rng nu

lim f(x) = 0 th lim f 0 (x) = 0.
x!1
x!1
2.3.22. Gi s f kh vi lin tc cp hai trn (0; 1), tho mn

lim xf (x) = 0 v
x!+1
Chng minh rng lim xf 0 (x) = 0:

x!+1
lim xf 00 (x) = 0:
x!+1
57
2.3.23. Gi s f kh vi lin tc cp hai trn (0; 1) v tho mn

(i) lim f (x) = 0;
x!1
(ii) tn ti M > 0 sao cho (1 x2 )jf 00 (x)j M vi x 2 (0; 1).

Chng minh rng lim (1 x)f 0 (x) = 0:
x!1
2.3.24. Cho f kh vi trn [a; b] v gi s rng f 0 (a) = f 0 (b) = 0. Chng minh

rng nu f 00 tn ti trong (a; b) th tn ti c 2 (a; b) sao cho
jf 00 (c)j
4
jf (b) f(a)j:
(b a)2
2.3.25. Gi s f [1; 1] ! R kh vi cp ba v bit rng f(1) = f (0) =

0; f (1) = 1 v f 0 (0) = 0. Chng minh rng tn ti c 2 (1; 1) sao cho
f 000 (c) 3.
2.3.26. Cho f kh vi lin tc cp n trn [a; b] v t
Q(t) =
f (x) f(t)
;
xt
x; t 2 [a; b]; x 6= t:
Chng minh cng thc Taylor di dng sau:
f (x) = f (x0 ) +
f 0 (x0 )
f (n) (x0 )
(x x0 ) + +
(x x0 )n + rn (x);
1!
n!
vi
rn (x) =
Q(n) (x0 )
(x x0 )n+1 :
n!
2.3.27. Gi s rng f : (1; 1) ! R kh vi ti 0, cc dy fxn g, fyn g tho

mn 1 < xn < yn < 1; n 2 N sao cho lim xn = lim yn = 0. Xt thng
n!1
Dn =
f (yn ) f(xn )
:
yn xn
Chng minh rng

(a) nu xn < 0 < yn th lim Dn = f 0 (0).
n!1
n!1
Chng 2. Vi phn
58
(b) nu 0 < xn < yn v dy
yn
yn xn
gii ni th lim Dn = f 0 (0).

n!1
(c) nu f 0 tn ti trong (1; 1) v lin tc ti 0 th lim Dn = f 0 (0).

n!1
(Hy so snh vi 2.1.13 v 2.1.14.)
2.3.28. Cho m 2 N , xt a thc P sau

P (x) =
m+1
X
k=1
m+1
(1)k (x k)m ;
k
x 2 R:
Chng minh rng P (x) 0.
2.3.29. Gi s rng f (n+2) lin tc trn [0; 1]. Chng minh rng tn ti
2 (0; 1) sao cho
x
f 0 (0)
f (n1) (0) n1 f (n) n+1 n
x + +
x
x
f (x) = f(0) +
+
1!
(n 1)!
n!
n
xn+2
+
f (n+2) (x)
:
2(n + 1)
(n + 2)!
2.3.30. Gi s rng f (n+p) tn ti trong [a; b] v lin tc ti x0 2 [a; b]. Chng
minh rng nu f (n+j) (x0 ) = 0 vi j = 1; 2; : : : ; p 1, f (n+p) (x0 ) 6= 0 v
f 0 (x0 )
f (n1) (x0 )
(x x0 ) + +
(x x0 )n1
f(x) = f (x0 ) +
1!
(n 1)!
(n)
f (x0 + (x)(x x0 ))
+
(x x0 )n :
n!
th
1=p
n+p
lim (x) =
:
x!x0
n
2.3.31. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc cp hai trn (1; 1) v f(0) = 0. Hy

tnh gii hn
h
i
p1
lim
x!0+
x
X
k=1
f(kx):
59
2.3.32. Cho f kh vi v hn trn (a; b). Chng minh rng nu f bng 0 ti

v hn im trong khong ng [c; d] (a; b) v
supfjf (n) (x)j : x 2 (a; b)g = O(n!) khi n ! 1
th f bng khng trn mt khong m nm trong (a; b).
2.3.33. Gi s rng
(i) f kh vi v hn trn R,
(ii) tn ti L > 0 sao cho jf (n) (x)j L vi mi x 2 R v mi n 2 N,
(iii) f
1
n
= 0 vi n 2 N: Chng minh rng f(x) 0 trn R:
2.3.34. S dng quy tc lHpital tnh cc gii hn sau:

2
(a)
arctan xx2 1
+1
;
lim
x!1
x1
(c)
lim (6 x) x5 ;
(e)
(b)
(d)
x!5
lim
x!0+
sin x
x
1=x2
1 x
lim x
1+
e ;
x!+1
x
1=x
sin x
lim
;
x!0+
x
2.3.35. Chng minh rng vi f kh vi lin tc cp hai trn R tho mn

f (0) = 1, f 0 (0) = 0 v f 00 (0) = 1 th

x
a
2
lim f p
= ea =2 ;
x!+1
x
trong a 2 R:
2.3.36. Vi a > 0 v a 6= 1 hy tnh

lim
x!+1
ax 1
x(a 1)
1=x
Chng 2. Vi phn
60
2.3.37. C th s dng quy tc lHpital trong nhng trng hp sau c

khng ?
x sin x
;
x!1 2x + sin x
2x + sin 2 + 1
lim
;
x!1 (2x + sin 2x)(sin x + 3)2
x
p
p
1
lim 2 sin x + x sin
;
x!0+
x
e1=x2
1
1=x2
sin 4
:
lim 1 + xe
x!0
x
lim
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2.3.38. Hm
f (x) =
1
x ln 2
1
2
1
2x 1
nu x 6= 0;
nu x = 0
c kh vi ti im 0 khng ?
2.3.39. Gi s f kh vi lin tc cp n trn R, a 2 R. Chng minh ng thc

sau:

n
1 X
(n)
nk n
(1)
f(a + kh) :
f (a) = lim n
h!0 h
k
k=0
2.3.40. Chng minh quy tc lHpital di dng sau:
Gi s f; g : (a; b) ! R , 1 < a < b < +1 l cc hm kh vi trn (a; b),
ng thi tho mn iu kin
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
g 0 (x) 6= 0 vi x 2 (a; b),

lim g(x) = +1(1),
x!a+
lim+
x!a
f 0 (x)
g 0 (x)
= L;
1 L +1:
Khi
lim+
x!a
f (x)
= L:
g(x)
2.3.41. S dng quy tc lHpital va nu trn hy chng minh kt qu

tng qut ca 2.2.32 : Cho f kh vi trn (0; 1) v a > 0.
2.4. Hm li
61
(a) Nu lim (af(x) + f 0 (x)) = L; th lim f (x) = La :

x!+1
x!+1
p
(b) Nu lim (af(x) + 2 xf 0 (x)) = L; th lim f (x) = La :
x!+1
x!+1
Cc kt qu trn c cn ng i vi trng hp a m khng ?
2.3.42. Gi s f kh vi cp ba trn (0; 1) sao cho f (x) > 0, f 0 (x) > 0,

f 00 (x) > 0 vi mi x > 0. Chng minh rng nu
f 0 (x)f 000 (x)
= c;
x!1 (f 00 (x))2
lim
th
c 6= 1;
f (x)f 00 (x)
1
lim
=
:
x!1 (f 0 (x))2
2c
2.3.43. Gi s rng f l hm kh vi v hn trn (1; 1) v f(0) = 0. Chng

minh rng nu g c xc nh trn (0; 1)nf0g theo cng thc g(x) = f (x)
th
x
tn ti mt m rng ca g kh vi v hn trn (1; 1).
2.4 Hm li
nh ngha 1. Mt hm f c gi l li trong khong I R nu
(1)
f (x1 + (1 )x2 ) f(x1 ) + (1 )f(x2 )
trong x1 ; x2 2 I v 2 (0; 1): Mt hm li f c gi l li cht trong I

nu bt ng thc (1) l cht vi x1 6= x2 . f l hm lm nu f l hm li.
nh ngha 2. Hm f (x) c gi l tho mn iu kin Lipschitz a

phng trn mt khong m I vi hng s Lipschitz L > 0 nu vi mi
x; y 2 I, x 6= y th jf(x) f (y)j Ljx yj:

2.4.1. Chng minh rng f kh vi trn mt khong m I l li khi v ch khi
f 0 tng trong I.
2.4.2. Chng minh rng f kh vi cp hai trn mt khong m I l li khi
v ch khi f 00 (x) 0 vi mi x 2 I.
Chng 2. Vi phn
62
2.4.3. Chng minh rng nu f li trong khong m I th bt ng thc

Jensen
f (1 x1 + 2 x2 + + nxn ) 1 f (x1 ) + 2 f (x2 ) + + n f (xn )
ng vi mi x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn 2 I v mi b s thc dng 1 ; 2 ; : : : ; n tho
mn 1 + 2 + + n = 1.
2.4.4. Cho x; y > 0 v p; q > 0 tho mn 1p +

thc
xp xq
xy
+ :
p
q
1
q
= 1. Chng minh bt ng
v
u n
n
X
uY
1
n
xk t
xk
n k=1
k=1
vi x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn > 0:
2.4.6. Chng minh rng vi a 6= b ta c bt ng thc

eb da
ea + eb
<
:
ba
2
2.4.7. Chng minh bt ng thc
x+y
; x 6= y:
2
2.4.8. Cho > 1 v cc s dng x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn . Chng minh rng
n
!
n
1X
1X
xk
x :
n k=1
n k=1 k
x ln x + y ln y (x + y) ln
2.4.9. Cho x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn 2 (0; 1) v cc s dng p1 ; p2 ; : : : ; pn tho mn

n
P
pk = 1. Chng minh rng
k=1
(a)
1+
n
X
pk xk
k=1
1+
(b)
1
n
P
k=1
n
P
k=1
!1
pk xk
pk xk
p
n
Y
1 + xk k
k=1
xk
p
n
Y
1 + xk k
k=1
1 xk
2.4. Hm li
63
2.4.10. Cho x =
1
n
n
P
k=1
xk vi x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn 2 (0; ). Chng minh rng

n
Y
(a)
k=1
n
Y
(b)
k=1
sin xk (sin x)n ;

sin xk
xk
sin x
x
2.4.11. Chng minh rng vi a > 0 v x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn 2 (0; 1) tho mn x1 +

x2 + + xn = 1 th
n
X
1 a (n2 + 1)a
xk +
:
a1
x
n
k
k=1
2.4.12. Cho n 2, hy kim tra khng nh sau:
n
n
Y
2
2k 1
1
2 +
:
k1
n1
2
n
n
2
k=1
(a)
(b)
n2
1
1
1
+
+ + ; x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn > 0;
x1 + x2 + + xn
x1 x2
x1
1
1
n
1
n x1 xn 1 x1 + + n xn
+
+
x1
xn
n
P
k = 1.
vi k ; xk > 0; k = 1; 2; : : : ; n tho mn
k=1
(c)
(d)
x1 1
xnn
y11
(xn + yn )n
n
P
k = 1.
vi yk ; xk 0; k > 0; k = 1; 2; : : : ; n sao cho
k=1
m
!i
n
m Y
n
X
Y
X
xi;ji
xi;j
j=1 i=1
ynn
i=1
(x1 + y1 )
j=1
vi ; xi;j 0; k > 0; i; j = 1; 2; : : : ; n sao cho
n
P
k = 1.
k=1
2.4.14. Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R li v b chn trn th l hm hng

trn R.
Chng 2. Vi phn
64
2.4.15. Liu mt hm li gii ni trn (a; 1) hoc trn (1; a) c lun l

hm hng khng ?
2.4.16. Gi s rng f : (a; b) ! R li trn (a; b) , trong 1 a; b 1.
Chng minh rng hoc f n iu trn (a; b) hoc tn ti c 2 (a; b) sao cho
f (c) = minff (x) : x 2 (a; b)g
ng thi f gim trong (a; c] v tng trong [c; b).
2.4.17. Cho f : (a; b) ! R li trn (a; b), trong 1 a; b 1. Chng

minh rng cc gii hn
lim f (x) v
x!a+
lim f(x)
x!b
tn ti, hu hn hoc v hn.
2.4.18. Gi s f : (a; b) ! R li v gii ni trn (a; b) , 1 a; b 1.

Chng minh rng f lin tc u trn (a; b). (So snh vi bi 2.4.14).
2.4.19. Gi s f : (a; b) ! R li trn (a; b), trong 1 a; b 1. Chng
minh rng o hm mt pha ca f tn ti v n iu trn (a; b). Hn na
o hm phi v tri ca n bng nhau bn ngoi mt tp m c.
2.4.20. Gi s f kh vi cp hai trn R v f; f 0 ; f 00 tng cht trn R. Vi a; b
cho trc, a b cho x ! (x); x > 0 xc nh qua nh l gi tr trung bnh,
tc l
f (b + x) f (a x)
= f 0 ():
b a + 2x
Chng minh rng hm tng trn (0; 1).
2.4.21. S dng kt qu bi 2.4.4 chng minh bt ng thc Holder: Cho

p; q > 1 tho mn 1p + 1q = 1. Chng minh rng
n
X
i=1
jxi yi j
n
X
i=1
jxi jp
!1=p n
X
i=1
jyi jq
!1=q
2.4. Hm li
65
2.4.22. S dng bt ng thc Holder chng minh bt ng thc Mikowski

sau: Nu p > 1 th
n
!1=p n
!1=p n
!1=p
X
X
X
jxi + yi jp
jxi jp
+
jyi jp
:
i=1
i=1
2.4.23. Chng minh rng nu chui
1
P
n=1
i=1
a4n hi t th
1
P
n=1
an
n4=5
hi t.
2.4.24. Cho xi ; yi 0, i = 1; 2; : : : ; n v p > 1. Chng minh bt ng thc

sau
((x1 + + xn )p + (y1 + + yn )p )1=p (xp1 + y1p )1=p + + (xpn + ynp )1=p :
2.4.25. Chng minh bt ng thc Minkowski tng qut sau: Cho xi;j 0,
i = 1; 2; : : : ; n; j = 1; 2; : : : ; m v p > 1, chng minh rng
n m
!p !1=p
n
!1=p
m
X X
X
X p
xi;j
xi;j
:
i=1
j=1
j=1
i=1
2.4.26. Gi s hm lin tc f trn khong I l li trung bnh tc l
x+y
f(x) + f (y)
f
vi x; y 2 I:
2
2
Chng minh rng f li trn I.
2.4.27. Chng minh rng iu kin lin tc trong bi 2.4.26 l khng th

b c. (Hy ch ra phn v d).
2.4.28. Cho f lin tc trn I sao cho
x+y
f(x) + f (y)
f
<
2
2
vi x; y 2 I, x 6= y . Chng minh rng f li cht trn I.
2.4.29. Gi s f li trong khong m I. Chng minh rng f tho mn iu

kin Lipschitz a phng trn I.
Chng 2. Vi phn
66
2.4.30. Cho f : (0; 1) ! R li, t

lim f(x) = 0:
x!0+
Chng minh rng hm f 7!
f (x)
x
tng trn (0; 1).
2.4.31. Ta ni rng hm f di cng tnh trn (0; 1) nu vi x1 ; x2 2 (0; 1),

f (x1 ; x2 ) f (x1 ) + f(x2 ):
Chng minh rng
(a) nu x 7!
f (x)
x
gim trn (0; 1) th f di cng tnh.
(b) nu f li v di cng tnh trn (0; 1) th hm x 7!
f (x)
x
l hm gim
trn khong .
2.4.32. Gi s f kh vi trn (a; b) v vi mi x; y 2 (a; b), x 6= y , tn ti duy

nht sao cho
f (y) f (x)
= f 0 ():
yx
Chng minh rng f li cht hoc lm cht trn (a; b).
2.4.33. Cho f : R ! R lin tc v tho mn iu kin vi mi d 2 R, hm

gd (x) = f (x + d) f(x) thuc lp C 1(R). Chng minh rng f thuc C 1 (R).
2.4.34. Gi s an : : : a2 a1 v f li trn on [an ; a1 ]. Chng minh
rng
n
n
X
X
f (ak+1 )ak
f (ak )ak+1 ;
k=1
k=1
trong an+1 = a1 .
2.4.35. Gi s rng f lm v tng cht trn mt khong (a; b), 1 a; b

1. Chng minh rng nu a < f (x) < x vi x 2 (a; b) v
lim f+0 (x) = 1;
x!a+
2.5. Cc ng dng ca o hm
67
th vi x; y 2 (a; b) ta c
f n+1 (x) f n (x)

= 1;
lim
n!1 f n+1 (y) f n (y)
trong f n l thnh phn lp th n ca f (xem 1.1.40).
2.5 Cc ng dng ca o hm
2.5.1. S dng nh l gi tr trung bnh tng qut hy chng minh
x2
< cos x; vi x 6= 0;
2!
x3
< sin x; vi x > 0;
x
3!
x2 x4
cos x < 1
+ ; vi x 6= 0;
2!
4!
x3 x5
sin x < x
+ ; vi x > 0:
3!
5!
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2.5.2. Cho n 2 N v x > 0 hy kim tra cc khng nh sau:

(a)
(b)
x3 x5
x4n3
x4n1
+
+
< sin x
3!
5!
(4n 3)! (4n 1)!
x4n3
x4n1
x4n+1
x3 x5
+
+
+
;
<x
3!
5!
(4n 3)! (4n 1)! (4n + 1)!
x2 x4
x4n4
x4n2
1
+
+
< cos x
2!
4!
(4n 4)! (4n 2)!
x2 x4
x4n4
x4n2
x4n
+
+
+
:
<1
2!
4!
(4n 4)! (4n 2)! (4n)!
2.5.3. Cho f lin tc trn [a; b] v kh vi trn khong m (a; b). Chng minh
rng nu a 0 th tn ti x1 ; x2 ; x3 2 (a; b) sao cho
f 0 (x1 ) = (b + a)
f 0 (x2 )
f 0 (x3 )
= (b2 + ab + a2 )
:
2x2
3x23
Chng 2. Vi phn
68
2.5.4. Chng minh kt qu tng qut ca 2.2.32: Cho f l mt hm bin

phc trn (0; 1) v l mt s phc c phn thc dng. Chng minh rng
nu f kh vi v lim (f (x) + f 0 (x)) = 0 th lim f(x) = 0.
x!+1
x!+1
2.5.5. Cho f kh vi cp hai trn (0; 1). Chng minh rng nu lim (f(x) +
x!+1
f 0 (x) + f 00 (x)) = L th lim f (x) = L.

x!+1
2.5.6. Cho f kh vi cp ba trn (0; 1). Liu t s tn ti ca gii hn

lim (f(x) + f 0 (x) + f 00 (x) + f 000 (x))
x!+1
c suy ra s tn ti ca gii hn lim f(x) khng ?

x!+1
2.5.7.
(a) Gi s f kh vi lin tc trn (0; 1) v cho f (0) = 1. Chng minh rng
nu jf (x)j ex vi x 0 th tn ti x0 > 0 sao cho f 0 (x0 ) = ex0 .
(b) Gi s f kh vi lin tc trn (1; 1) v cho f (1) = 1. Chng minh rng

nu jf (x)j
1
x
vi x 1 th tn ti x0 > 1 sao cho f 0 (x0 ) = x12 .

0
2.5.8. Gi s rng f v g kh vi trn [0; a] tho mn f(0) = g(0) = 0, v

0
g(x) > 0, g 0 (x) > 0 vi mi x 2 (0; a]. Chng minh rng nu fg0 tng trong
(0; a] th fg cng tng trong (0; a].
2.5.9. Chng minh rng cc phng trnh
sin(cos x) = x v
cos(sin x) = x
c duy nht nghim trong [0; =2]. Hn na chng minh rng nu x1 v x2

ln lt l nghim ca hai phng trnh trn th x1 < x2 :
2.5.10. Chng minh rng nu f kh vi trn [a; b], f (a) = 0 v tn ti hng

s C 0 sao cho jf 0 (x)j Cjf (x)j vi mi x 2 [a; b] th f (x) 0.
69
2.5.11. S dng nh l gi tr trung bnh chng minh rng vi 0 0.
2.5.12. Chng minh rng ex 1 + x vi x 2 R. S dng kt qu chng

minh bt ng thc lin h gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn.
xy ex + y(ln y 1)
vi x 2 R v y > 0. Chng minh rng du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
y = ex .
2.5.14. Gi s f : R ! [1; 1] thuc lp C 2 (R) v (f (0))2 + (f 0 (0))2 = 4.

Chng minh rng tn ti x0 2 R sao cho f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ) = 0:
2.5.15. Kim tra cc bt ng thc sau:
1
arctan x > 1 vi x > 0;
(a)
x+
x
(b)
2 tan x sinh x > 0 vi 0 < x < ;
2
x
(c)
ln x <
vi x > 0; x 6= e;
e
x ln x
1
(d)
<
vi x > 0; x 6= 1:
2
x 1
2
2.5.16. So snh cc s sau:
(a) e hay e ,
(b) 2
p
2
hay e,
(c) ln 8 hay 2.
Chng 2. Vi phn
70
2.5.17. Kim tra cc khng nh sau:
b
b
x
(a)
ln 1 +
ln 1 +
< ; a; b; x > 0;
a
x
a
m
m
x
x
(b)
1+
< 1; x 2 Rnf0g; m; n 2 N; m; n jxj;
1+
m
m
p
1
(c)
ln 1 + 1 + x2 < + ln x; x > 0:
x
2.5.18. Cho x > 0 hy kim tra cc bt ng thc sau:
x
ln(1 + x) 0

2
6
2
x2
ln(1 + cos x) < ln 2 ; vi x 2 (0; ):
4
x+
(a)
(b)
2.5.20. Cho x > 0, chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:

(a)
ex < 1 + xex ;
(b)
(c)
xex=2 < ex 1;
x+1
x+1
xx :
2
(d)
(e)
ex 1 x < x2 ex ;
ex < (1 + x)1+x ;
2.5.21. Chng minh rng (e + x)ex > (e x)e+x vi x 2 (0; e).

2.5.22. Chng minh rng nu x > 1 th ex1 + ln x + 1 > 0:
(b)
1
2
tan x + sin x > x;
2
3
x(2 + cos x) > 3 sin x;
(c)
cos x <
(a)
sin2 x
x2
vi 0 < x <
vi x > 0;
vi 0 < x <
:
2
;
2
71
2.5.24. Chng minh rng nu > 1 th vi 0 x 1 ta c

1
21
x + (1 x) 1:
2.5.25. Chng minh bt ng thc sau bit 0 < < 1 v x; y > 0 :

(x + y) < x + y :
2.5.26. Cho 2 (0; 1) v x 2 [1; 1], chng minh rng
(1 + x) 1 + x
( 1) 2
x:
8
2.5.27. Chng minh kt qu tng qut ca bi trn: Cho B 0 v x 2

(1; B], chng minh rng:
(a)
(b)
(1 ) 2
x
2(1 + B)2
(1 ) 2
x
(1 + x) 1 + x
2(1 + B)2
(1 + x) 1 + x
vi 0 < < 1;
vi 1 < < 2:

(a)
(b)
h i
2
x; vi x 2 0;
;
2
h i
2
x
:
sin x x + 3 (2 4x2 ); vi x 2 0;
2
sin x
2.5.29. Chng minh rng vi x 2 (0; 1) ta c
x(1 x) < sin x 4x(1 x):

2.5.30. Chng minh rng vi x dng v n nguyn dng ta c
ex
n
X
xk
k=0
k!
<
x x
(e 1):
n
2.5.31. Cho n nguyn dng. Hy tm cc cc tr a phng ca hm
x2
xn x
f (x) = 1 + x +
+ +
e :
2!
n!
Chng 2. Vi phn
72
2.5.32. Cho m v n nguyn dng, tm cc cc tr a phng ca

f (x) = xm (1 x)n :
2.5.33. Cho m; n nguyn dng, tm gi tr ln nht ca
f (x) = sin2m x cos2n x:
2.5.34. Tm cc cc tr a phng ca hm f (x) = x1=3 (1 x)2=3 :
2.5.35. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm
f (x) = x arcsin x +
p
1 x2
trn [1; 1].
2.5.36. Tm gi tr ln nht trn R ca

f(x) =
1
1
+
:
1 + jxj 1 + j1 xj
2.5.37. Cho cc s khng m a1 ; a2 ; : : : ; an . Chng minh cc bt ng thc

sau:
n
(a)
1X
1
ak eak ;
n k=1
e
n
(b)
(c)
1 X 2 ak
4
ak e
2;
n k=1
e
( n
)
n
n
Y
3
1X
ak
exp
ak :
e
3 k=1
k=1
2.5.38. Tm cc cc tr a phng ca hm
(
p
e1=jxj 2 + sin x1
vi x 6= 0;
f(x) =
0
vi x = 0:
2.5.39. Cho
73
x4 2 + sin x1
vi x 6= 0;
f(x) =
0
vi x = 0:
Chng minh rng f kh vi trn R v ti 0 f t gi tr ln nht tuyt i

nhng f khng n iu trong bt k khong ("; 0) hay (0; ") no.
2.5.40. Cho x > 0, chng minh bt ng thc sau

sinh x
1
p
< tanh x < x < sinh x < sinh 2x:
2
sinh2 x + cosh2 x
2.5.41. S dng kt qu bi trn chng minh rng vi a; b dng v a 6= b

th
r
p
2
ba
a2 + b2
a+b
<
ab
<
<
<
:
1
ln b ln a
2
2
+ 1b
a
S L(a; b) =
ba
ln bln a
c gi l trung bnh lga ca a v b. (Quy c rng
L(a; a) = a.)
2.5.42. i lng trung bnh m ca hai s dng x v y l
Mp (x; y) =
xp + y p
2
1=p
vi p 6= 0:
(a) Chng minh rng
lim Mp (x; y) =
p!0
(T c th quy c M0 (x; y) =
p
xy:
p
xy .)
(b) Chng minh rng nu x 6= y v p < q th Mp (x; y) < Mq (x; y):
2.5.43. Cho 1 , cc s dng x; y v s n nguyn dng, chng minh

rng
s
p
xn + y n + ((x + y)n xn y n )
x+y
xy n
:
2 + (2n 2)
2
Chng 2. Vi phn
74

h i
sin(tan x) x vi x 2 0;
;
4
h i
tan(sin x) x vi x 2 0;
:
3
(a)
(b)
2.5.45. Chng minh rng vi x 2 (0; =2] ta c
1
1
4
2 + 1 2:
2
x
sin x
2.5.46. Cho x > 0 chng minh rng
arctan x >
3x
p
:
1 + 2 1 + x2
2.5.47. Choak ; bk ; k = 1; 2; : : : ; n dng. Chng minh bt ng thc sau

( n
)
n
n
Y
Y
Y
(xak + (1 x)bk ) max
ak ;
bk
k=1
k=1
ng vi x 2 [0; 1] khi v ch khi

n
! n
!
X ak bk
X ak bk
k=1
ak
k=1
bk
k=1
0:
2.5.48. S dng kt qu bi 2.5.1 chng minh rng

cos x + cos y 1 + cos(xy) vi x2 + y 2 :
2.5.49. Cho x; y dng, chng minh rng
xy + y x > 1:
2.5.50. Cho n 2 nguyn dng, chng minh rng nu 0 < x <
n
n+1
th
(1 2xn + xn+1 )n < (1 xn )n+1 :

2.5.51. Cho hm
f(x) = x
x3 x4
1
+
sin
6
24
x
vi x > 0:
Chng minh rng vi cc gi tr y; x > 0 tho mn y + z < 1 ta c f (y + z) <
f (y) + f (z).
75
2.5.52. Chng minh bt ng thc

n
X
n
2 n
xk (1 x)nk :
(k nx)
k
4
k=0
2.5.53. Gi s f 2 C 2 ([a; b]), f (a)f(b) < 0 v f 0 v f 00 khng i du trn
[a; b]. Chng minh rng dy truy hi
xn+1 = xn
f (xn )
;
f 0 (xn )
n = 0; 1; 2; : : : ;
trong t x0 = b nu f 0 v f 00 cng du, x0 = a nu f 0 v f 00 tri du s

hi t v nghim duy nht ca phng trnh f (x) = 0 trn (a; b). (Phng
php ny c gi l phng php xp x nghim ca Newton.)
2.5.54. S dng cc gi thit ca bi ton trn chng minh rng nu M =

maxfjf 00 (x)j : x 2 [a; b]g v m = minfjf 0 (x) : x 2 [a; b]g th
jxn+1 j
M
(xn )2 ;
2m
n = 0; 1; 2; : : : ;
trong l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh f (x) = 0.
2.5.55. Tm sup 2x + 21=x : x > 0 :
2.5.56. Cho f kh vi v hn trn (0; 1), gi s rng vi mi x 2 [0; 1] tn ti

n(x) sao cho f (n(x)) (x) = 0: Chng minh rng trn on [0; 1] f s ng nht
vi mt a thc.
2.5.57. Ch ra v d chng t rng gi thit kh vi v hn trn [0; 1] trong
bi tp trn l cn thit. Chng minh rng nu
lim f (n) (x) = 0
n!1
vi mi x 2 [0; 1] th ta khng th suy ra kt lun trong bi 2.5.56.
Chng 2. Vi phn
76
2.6 Kh vi mnh v kh vi theo ngha Schwarz

nh ngha 1. Mt hm thc xc nh trn tp m A R c gi l kh
vi mnh ti im a 2 A nu
f (x1 ) f (x2 )
= f (a)
(x1 ;x2 )!(a;a)
x1 x2
lim
x1 6=x2
tn ti hu hn. f (a) c gi l o hm mnh ca f ti a.

nh ngha 2. Mt hm thc f xc nh trn tp m A R c gi l kh
vi theo ngha Schwarz ti a 2 A nu gii hn
f(a + h) f(a h)
= f s (a)
h!0
2h
lim
tn ti hu hn, f s (a) c gi l o hm theo ngha Schwarz hay ni gn

li l o hm Schwarz ca f ti im a.
nh ngha 3. o hm mnh trn (tng ng di) ca f ti a c xc
nh bng cch thay th lim trong nh ngha 1 bng lim (tng ng lim ),
k hiu l D f(a) (tng ng D f (a)). o hm Schwarz trn v di ca f
ti a c xc nh bng cch thay th tng t. Ta k hiu chng l Ds f(a)

v Ds f (a).
2.6.1. Chng minh rng nu f kh vi mnh ti a th n kh vi ti a v

f (a) = f 0 (a). Hy ch ra phn v d chng t iu ngc li khng ng.
2.6.2. Cho f : A ! R v k hiu A1 , A l tp cc im m ti f kh vi
v kh vi mnh. Chng minh rng nu a 2 A l mt im gii hn ca A
th
lim f (x) = lim f 0 (x) = f (a) = f 0 (a):
x!A
x2A
x!A
x2A1
2.6.3. Chng minh rng mi hm kh vi lin tc ti a th kh vi mnh ti

a.
2.6. Kh vi mnh v kh vi theo ngha Schwarz
77
2.6.4. T tnh kh vi mnh ca f ti a c suy ra c tnh lin tc ca f 0

ti im khng ?
2.6.5. Cho tp m G A. Chng minh rng f kh vi mnh trn G khi v
ch khi o hm f 0 lin tc trn G.
2.6.6. Chng minh rng nu f kh vi trn R th n kh vi mnh trong mt
tp thng d, tc l trong tp RnB trong B l mt tp thuc phm tr
th nht trn R. (xem 1.7.20)
2.6.7. Gi s f lin tc trn [a; b] v tn ti o hm Schwarz f s trong mt
khong m (a; b). Chng minh rng nu f (b) > f(a) th tn ti c 2 (a; b) sao
cho f s (c) 0.
2.6.8. Gi s f lin tc trn [a; b] v f (a) = f (b) = 0. Chng minh rng nu
f kh vi Schwarz trn mt khong m (a; b) th tn ti x1 ; x2 2 (a; b) sao cho
f s (x1 ) 0 v f s (x2 ) 0.
2.6.9. Cho f lin tc trn [a; b] v kh vi Schwarz trn khong m (a; b).
Chng minh rng tn ti x1 ; x2 2 (a; b) sao cho
f s (x2 )
f (b) f (a)
f s (x1 ):
ba
2.6.10. Gi s rng f lin tc v kh vi Schwarz trn (a; b). Chng minh

rng nu o hm Schwarz f s gii ni trn (a; b) th f tho mn iu kin
Lipschitz trong khong ny.
2.6.11. Gi s f v f s lin tc trn (a; b). Chng minh rng f kh vi v
f 0 (x) = f s (x) vi mi x 2 (a; b).
2.6.12. Gi s rng f lin tc v kh vi Schwarz trn mt khong m I.
Chng minh rng nu f s 0 ti im x 2 I th f tng trn I.
2.6.13. Gi s rng f lin tc v kh vi Schwarz trn mt khong m I.
Chng minh rng nu f s (x) = 0 ti x 2 I th f l hm hng trn I.
Chng 2. Vi phn
78
2.6.14. Cho f kh vi Schwarz trn (a; b) , xt x0 2 (a; b) l cc tr a phng

ca f , hi o hm Schwarz ca f c bng 0 ti x0 khng ?
2.6.15. Ta ni hm f : R ! R c tnh cht Baire nu tn ti mt tp thng
d S R f lin tc trn . Chng minh rng nu f c tnh cht Baire
th tn ti mt tp thng d B sao cho vi mi x 2 B,
Ds f (x) = D f (x)
v Ds f(x) = D f (x):
2.6.16. Chng minh rng nu f c tnh cht Baire v kh vi Schwarz trn

R th f kh vi mnh trn mt tp thng d.
2.6.17. Cho f kh vi Schwarz trn mt khong m I v xt [a; b] I, ta ni
rng f kh vi Schwarz u trn [a; b] nu vi mi " > 0 tn ti > 0 sao cho
vi jhj < ,
f(x + h) f(x h)
< ";
f
(x)
2h
vi x 2 [a; b] v x + h; x h 2 I. Gi s f kh vi Schwarz trn I v [a; b] I.
Chng minh rng nu tn ti x0 2 (a; b) sao cho lim jf (x0 + h)j = +1 v tn

h!0
ti x1 sao cho f b chn trong [x1 ; x0 ), th f khng kh vi Schwarz u trn
[a; b].
2.6.18. Gi s f lin tc trn I cha [a; b]. Chng minh rng f kh vi
Schwarz u trn [a; b] khi v ch khi f s lin tc trn [a; b].
2.6.19. Hy ch ra phn v d chng t rng gi thit lin tc ca hm
f bi tp trn l cn thit.
2.6.20. Chng minh rng mt hm b chn a phng trn khong m I f
s kh vi Schwarz u trn mi on [a; b] I khi v ch khi f 0 lin tc trn
I.
Chng 3
Dy v chui hm
3.1 Dy hm v s hi t u
Chng ta nhc li nh ngha sau.
nh ngha. Chng ta ni rng dy hm
ffn g hi t u v hm f trn A
nu vi mi s " > 0 c mt s n0 2 N sao cho vi mi n n0 bt ng thc
jfn (x) f (x)j < " tho mn vi mi x 2 A. Chng ta k hiu l fn f .
A
3.1.1. Chng minh rng dy hm ffn g xc nh trn A l hi t u trn

B A v hm f : B ! R nu v ch nu dy s fdn g , vi
dn = supfjfn (x) f (x)j : x 2 Bg;
n 2 N;
hi t v 0.
3.1.2. Gi s fn f v gn g . Chng minh rng fn + gn f + g . Khng

A
nh fn gn f g c ng khng?
A
3.1.3. Gi s fn f , gn g , v tn ti s M > 0 sao cho jf (x)j < M v

A
jg(x)j < M vi mi x 2 A. Chng minh rng fn gn f g .

A
3.1.4. Cho fan g l dy s thc hi t, v ffn g l dy hm tho mn

supfjfn (x) fm (x)j : x 2 Ag jan am j;
79
n; m 2 N:
Chng 3. Dy v chui hm
80
Chng minh rng dy hm ffn g hi t u trn A.
3.1.5. Chng minh rng hm gii hn ca mt dy hm b chn hi t u

trn A l mt hm b chn. Khng nh ny c ng trong trng hp hi
t im khng?
3.1.6. Chng minh rng dy hm ffn g, vi
(
x
nu n chn,
fn (x) = n1
nu n l.
n
hi t im nhng khng hi t u trn R. Hy tm dy con hi t u.
3.1.7. Chng minh tiu chun Cauchy cho s hi t u.

Dy hm ffng, xc nh trn A, hi t u trn A nu v ch nu vi mi " > 0
tn ti s n0 2 N sao cho vi mi m > n0 bt ng thc jfn+m (x) fm (x)j < "

tho mn vi mi n 2 N v vi mi x 2 A.
3.1.8. Xt s hi t u trn on [0; 1] ca cc dy hm cho bi cc cng

thc sau
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
1
;
1 + (nx 1)2
x2
fn (x) = 2
;
x + (nx 1)2
fn (x) = xn (1 x);
fn (x) =
fn (x) = nxn (1 x);
fn (x) = n3 xn (1 x)4 ;
nx2
fn (x) =
;
1 + nx
1
:
fn (x) =
1 + xn
3.1.9. Xt s hi t u trn A v B ca cc dy hm khi

(a)
(b)
fn (x) = cosn x(1 cosn x);

fn (x) = cosn x sin2n x;
A = [0; =2]; B = [=4; =2];
A = R; B = [0; =4]:
3.1. Dy hm v s hi t u
81
3.1.10. Xc nh dy hm ffn g hi t u trn A hay khng vi

2x
fn (x) = arctan 2
; A = R;
3
x
+
n
x2
; A = R;
fn (x) = n ln 1 +
n
1 + nx
fn (x) = n ln
; A = (0; 1);
nx
p
2n
fn (x) =
1 + x2n ; A = R;
p
fn (x) = n 2n + jxjn ; A = R;
p
fn (x) = n + 1 sinn x cos x; A = R;
p
fn (x) = n( n x 1); A = [1; a]; a > 1:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
3.1.11. Vi hm f xc nh trn on [a; b], t fn (x) =

Chng minh rng fn f .
[nf (x)]
;x
n
2 [a; b]; n 2 N.
[a;b]
3.1.12. Kim tra rng dy hm ffn g, vi
p
fn (x) = n sin 4 2 n2 + x2 ;
hi t u trn on [0; a], a > 0. Dy hm ffn g c hi t u trn R khng?
3.1.13. Chng minh rng dy a thc fPn g xc nh bi cng thc truy hi

1
Pn+1 (x) = Pn (x) + (x Pn2 (x)); n = 0; 1; 2; : : : ;
2
p
hi t u trn on [0; 1] n hm f (x) = x.
Suy ra rng c dy a thc hi t u trn on [1; 1] n hm x 7! jxj.
P0 (x) = 0;
3.1.14. Gi s hm f : R ! R kh vi v hm f 0 lin tc u trn R . Kim

tra rng

1
n f x+
f(x) ! f 0 (x)
n
u trn R. Bng v d ch ra rng gi thit lin tc u ca hm f 0 l
khng th b qua c.
82
3.1.15. Cho ffn g l dy hm lin tc u hi t u trn R. Chng minh

rng hm gii hn cng l hm lin tc u trn R.
3.1.16. Chng minh nh l Dini: Cho ffn g l dy hm lin tc trn tp
compact K hi t im v hm f cng l hm lin tc trn K. Khi nu
fn+1 (x) fn (x) vi x 2 K v n 2 N th dy hm ffn g hi t v hm f u
trn K.
Bng v d hy ch ra rng mi iu kin trong nh l Dini (tnh compact,
tnh lin tc ca hm gii hn, tnh lin tc v n iu ca dy hm ffn g)
l cn thit.
3.1.17. Dy hm ffn g xc nh trn tp A c ni l lin tc ng bc trn
A nu vi mi " > 0 tn ti s > 0 sao cho jfn (x) fn (x0 )j < " mi khi
jx x0 j < ; x; x0 2 A, v n 2 N. Chng minh rng nu ffn g l dy hm hi
t u ca dy hm lin tc trn tp compact K th ffn g l lin tc ng
bc trn K.
3.1.18. Chng ta ni rng dy hm ffn g xc nh trn A hi t lin tc trn
A v hm f nu vi mi x 2 A v vi mi dy fxn g nm trong A hi t v x
th dy ffn (xn)g hi t v f . Chng minh rng nu dy ffn g hi t lin tc
trn A v hm f th
lim fnk (xk ) = f(x);
k!1
vi mi dy fxn g nm trong A hi t v x 2 A v vi mi dy con ffnk g.
3.1.19. Chng minh rng nu ffn g hi t lin tc trn A v f th f lin tc

trn A (ngay c khi fn khng lin tc).
3.1.20. Chng minh rng nu ffn g hi t u trn A v hm lin tc f th
ffn g hi t lin tc trn A. iu ngc li c ng khng?
3.1.21. Cho ffn g l dy hm xc nh trn tp compact K. Chng minh cc
mnh sau l tng ng.
(i) Dy hm ffn g hi t u trn K v hm f 2 C(K).
3.1. Dy hm v s hi t u
83
(ii) Dy hm ffn g hi t lin tc trn K v hm f .
3.1.22. Gi s ffn g l dy hm tng hoc gim trn on [a; b] hi t im

v mt hm lin tc trn [a; b]. Chng minh rng ffn g hi t u trn [a; b].
3.1.23. Cho ffn g l dy hm tng hoc gim trn R v b chn u trn R.
Chng minh ffn g cha mt dy con hi t im trn R.
3.1.24. Di nhng gi thit ca bi ton trn (3.1.23) hy ch ra rng: Nu
hm gii hn f ca mt dy hm con ffnk g hi tu im l lin tc th ffng
hi t v f u trn mi tp con compact ca R. Dy hm ffn g phi hi t
u trn R khng?
3.1.25. Chng minh rng hm gii hn ca dy a thc hi t u trn R
l mt a thc.
3.1.26. Gi s rng fPn g l mt dy a thc c dng
Pn (x) = an;p xp + an;p1 xp1 + + an;1 x + an;0 :
Chng minh ba mnh sau l tng ng:
(i) fPn g hi t u trn mi tp con compact ca R,
(ii) C p + 1 s phn bit c0 ; c1 ; : : : ; cp sao cho fPn g hi t trn fc0 ; c1 ; : : : ; cp g;
(iii) Dy cc h s fan;i g hi t vi i = 0; 1; : : : ; p.
3.1.27. Chng minh rng nu ffn g hi t im v lin tc ng bc trn tp

compact K th ffn g hi t u trn K.
3.1.28. Cho ffn g l dy hm lin tc trn on [a; b] v kh vi trn khong
(a; b). Gi s ffn0 g b chn u trn (a; b), tc l c s M > 0 sao cho jfn0 (x)j
M vi mi n 2 N v x 2 (a; b). Chng minh rng nu ffn g hi t im trn
[a; b] th ffn g hi t u trn on .
84
3.1.29. Nghin cu s hi t v s hi t u ca ffn g v ffn0 g trn A, vi

sin nx
fn (x) = p ; A = R;
n
x
fn (x) =
; A = [1; 1]:
1 + n 2 x2
(a)
(b)
3.1.30. Gi s ffn g hi t u trn A v hm f . Hn na gi s rng x0 l

im t ca A v bt u t ch s n no , lim fn (x) tn ti. Chng minh
x!x0
lim lim fn (x) = lim f(x):
n!1 x!x0
x!x0
V nu ffn g hi t u trn (a; 1) v hm f v bt u t ch s n no ,
lim fn (x) tn ti th
x!1
lim lim fn (x) = lim f (x):
n!1 x!1
x!1
Nhng ng thc trn c ngha rng nu gii hn mt v ca chng tn

ti th gii hn ca v kia cng tn ti v chng bng nhau.
3.1.31. Cho ffn g l dy hm kh vi trn on [a; b] sao cho ffn (x0 )g hi t

vi x0 2 [a; b]. Chng minh nu dy ffn0 g hi t u trn [a; b] th ffn g hi t
u trn [a; b] v mt hm f kh vi trn [a; b] v c ng thc
f 0 (x) = lim fn0 (x) vi x 2 [a; b]:
n!1
3.1.32. Vi hm f : [0; 1] ! R, t Bn (f; x) l a thc Bernstein bc n ca

hm f , c xc nh bi
n
X
n
k
f( )xk (1 x)nk :
Bn (f; x) =
k
n
k=0
Chng ming rng nu f lin tc trn [0; 1] th fBn (f )g hi t u trn [0; 1]
v hm f .
3.1.33. Dng kt qu ca bi ton trn (3.1.32) chng minh nh l xp

x ca Weierstrass. Nu f : [a; b] ! R lin tc trn [a; b] th vi mi " > 0 tn
ti a thc P sao cho
jf (x) P (x)j < " vi mi x 2 [a; b]:
3.2. Chui hm v s hi t u
85
3.2 Chui hm v s hi t u
3.2.1. Tm nhng chui hi t im:
(a)
(b)
1
X
n=1
1
X
n=1
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
1
;
1 + xn
x 6= 1;
xn
;
1 + xn
x 6= 1;
1
X
2n + xn
;
1 + 3n x n
n=1
1
X
n=1
1
X
1
x 6= ;
3
xn1
;
(1 xn )(1 xn+1 )
n1
x2
; x 6= 1; 1;
2n
1
x
n=1
x
1
X
ln x
;
n
n=2
1
X
xln n ;
x > 0;
n=1
(h)
1
X
n=0
p
sin2 (2 n2 + x2 ):
x 6= 1; 1;
86
3.2.2. Nghin cu s hi t u ca cc chui sau trn tp A:

1
X
(a)
n=1
1
X
(b)
n=1
1
X
(c)
arctan(n2 (1 + x2 )) ;
ln(1 + nx)
;
nxn
2 jxj
n2 x2 en
A = R;
A = [2; 1);
A = R;
n=1
1
X
(d)
n=1
1
X
(e)
n=1
1
X
(f)
n=1
1
X
(g)
n=2
x2 (1 x2 )n1 ;
A = [1; 1];
n2
p (xn + xn );
n!
2n sin
1
3n x
ln 1 +
A = fx 2 R : 1=2 jxj 2g;
A = (0; 1);
x2
;
n ln2 n
3.2.3. Ch ra rng chui hm
1
P
A = (a; a); a > 0:
fn (x), trong fn c xc nh bi
n=1
fn (x) = 0 nu 0 x
fn (x) =
1
n
nu x =
1
2n+1
hoc
1
2n1
x 1;
1
;
2n
fn (x) l hm tuyn tnh trn [1=(2n + 1); 1=(2n)] v [1=(2n); 1=(2n 1)];
hi t u trn on [0; 1] mc d du hiu M ca Weierstrass khng th p
dng c.
3.2.4. Xt tnh lin tc trn [0; 1) ca hm f xc nh bi

f(x) =
1
X
n=1
x
:
((n 1)x + 1)(nx + 1)
87
3.2.5. Nghin cu s lin tc ca tng ca chui sau trn min hi t im

ca n:
(a)
(c)
1
X
xn sin(nx)
n=0
1
X
(b)
n!
1
X
n=0
n2n xn ;
1
X
(d)
n=1
lnn (x + 1):
n=1
3.2.6. Xc nh min hi t im ca chui
1
P
n=1
ca tng.
3.2.7. Chng minh rng chui
1
P
n=1
trn R.
3.2.8. Gi s rng chui
xn ;
1
P
x sin(n2 x)
n2
jxj
p
n
, v xt tnh lin tc
hi t im v mt hm lin tc
fn (x); x 2 A, hi t u trn A v hm f : A ! R
n=1
b chn. Chng minh rng chui
1
P
f (x)fn (x) hi t u trn A.
n=1
Bng v d ch ra rng tnh b chn ca hm f l cn thit. Gi thit

1
P
f (x)fn (x) suy
no c p t ln hm f t s hi t u ca chui
ra s hi t u ca chui
1
P
n=1
fn (x) trn A.
n=1
3.2.9. Gi s ffn g l chui hm xc nh trn A v tho mn

(1) fn (x) 0 vi x 2 A v n 2 N;
(2) fn (x) fn+1 (x) vi x 2 A v n 2 N;
(3) supfn (x) ! 0:
x2A
n!1
Chng minh rng chui
1
P
(1)n+1 fn (x) hi t u trn A.
n=1
88
3.2.10. Chng minh cc chui sau hi t u trn R:

1
X
(1)n+1
(a)
(c)
n=1
1
X
n=2
n + x2
n=1
n+1
(1)
p
:
n + cos x
3.2.11. Chng minh rng nu
1
P
n=1
sup
x2A
1
P
n=1
1
X
(b)
c2n hi t th
1
P
(1)n+1
p
;
3
n + x2 + x2
fn2 (x) hi t im trn A v
1
X
fn2 (x)
n=1
< 1;
cn fn (x) hi t u trn A.
n=1
3.2.12. Xc nh min hi t im A v min hi t tuyt i B ca cc

chui sau. Hn na xt tnh hi t u trn cc tp C.
1
X
1 n
1 1
n
2 (3x 1) ; C = ;
(a)
;
n
6 3
n=1
n
1
X
1 x+1
(b)
; C = [2; 1]:
n
x
n=1
3.2.13. Gi s cc hm fn ; gn : A ! R; n 2 N, tho mn cc iu kin sau:
(1) chui
1
P
n=1
jfn+1 (x) fn (x)j hi t u trn A,
(2) supjfn (x)j ! 0,

x2A
n!1
(3) dy hm fGn (x)g, y Gn (x) =

Chng minh rng chui
1
P
n
P
gk (x) b chn u trn A.
k=1
fn (x)gn (x) hi t u trn A.
n=1
Suy ra du hiu Dirichlet cho s hi t u: Gi s rng fn ; gn : A !
R; n 2 N, tho mn cc iu kin sau:
89
(1) vi mi x 2 A c nh dy hm ffn (x)g n iu,

(2) ffn (x)g hi t u v 0 trn A,
(3) dy tng ring ca chui
1
P
gn (x) b chn u trn A.
n=1
1
P
Khi chui
n=1
3.2.14. Chng minh cc chui sau hi t u trn cc tp A:

1
X
xn
(1)n+1 ;
n
n=1
(a)
1
X
sin(nx)
(b)
n=1
1
X
(c)
n=1
A = [0; 1];
A = [; 2 ]; 0 < < ;
sin(n2 x) sin(nx)
;
n + x2
1
X
sin(nx) arctan(nx)
(d)
n=1
1
X
1
(1)n+1 x ;
n
n=1
(e)
A = [; 2 ]; 0 < < ;
A = [a; 1); a > 0;
1
X
enx
(1)n+1 p
;
2
n
+
x
n=1
(f)
A = R;
A = [0; 1):
3.2.15. Gi s rng nhng hm fn ; gn : A ! R; n 2 N tho mn cc iu

kin sau:
(1) hm f1 b chn trn A,
1
P
jfn+1 (x) fn (x)j hi t im trn A v
(2) chui
n=1
1
P
sup
jfn+1 (x) fn (x)j < 1,
x2A
(3) chui
n=1
1
P
n=1
gn (x) hi t u trn A.
90
Chng minh rng
1
P
n=1
Suy ra du hiu Abel cho s hi t u: Gi s rng fn ; gn : A ! R; n 2 N,
tho mn cc iu kin sau:
(1) vi mi x 2 A c nh dy hm ffn (x)g n iu,

(2) ffn (x)g b chn u trn A,
(3) chui
1
P
gn (x) hi t u trn A.
n=1
Khi chui
1
P
n=1
3.2.16. Ch ra rng cc chui sau hi t u trn cc tp A:
(a)
1
X
(1)n+1
n=1
(b)
n + x2
arctan(nx);
1
X
(1)n+1 cos nx
p
;
n + cos x
n=1
A = R;
A = [R; R]; R > 0;
(c)
1
X
(1)[ n]
p
;
n(n
+
x)
n=1
A = [0; 1):
3.2.17. Gi s rng fn ; n 2 N lin tc trn A v chui
1
P
n=1
trn A. Chng minh rng nu x0 2 A l im t ca A th
lim
x!x0
1
X
n=1
fn (x) =
1
X
n=1
fn (x0 ):
fn (x) hi t u
91
3.2.18. Kim tra nhng khng nh sau:

lim
(a)
x!1
lim
(b)
x!1
x!1
x!0
lim
(e)
x!1
3.2.19. Gi s chui
1
P
n=1
nx
n=1
1
X
lim+
(d)
1
X
(1)n+1
lim
(c)
1
X
(1)n+1
n=1
1
X
n=1
1
X
n=1
xn = ln 2;
= ln 2;
(xn xn+1 ) = 1;
1
2n nx
= 1;
x2
2
:
=
1 + n2 x2
6
an hi t. Tm gii hn
n=1
lim
x!1
1
X
an xn :
n=1
3.2.20. Gi thit hm fn ; n 2 N lin tc trn on [0; 1] v chui

t u trn [0; 1). Hy chng minh chui
1
P
fn (1) hi t.
1
P
fn (x) hi
n=1
n=1
3.2.21. Tm min hi t im A ca chui
1
P
enx cos(nx). Chui ny c hi
n=1
t u trn A khng?
3.2.22. Gi s rng fn : [a; b] ! (0; 1); n 2 N lin tc v f (x) =

tc trn on [a; b]. Chng minh rng chui
1
P
1
P
fn (x) lin
n=1
fn (x) hi t u trn on
n=1
[a; b].
3.2.23. Gi s
1
P
fn (x) hi t tuyt i v u trn A. Chui
n=1
hi t u trn A khng?
1
P
n=1
jfn (x)j c
92
3.2.24. Gi thit rng fn ; n 2 N n iu trn [a; b]. Chng minh rng nu

1
1
P
P
fn (x) hi t tuyt i im cui ca [a; b] th chui
fn (x) hi t tuyt
n=1
n=1
i v u trn ton b [a; b].
3.2.25. Gi s
1
P
n=1
1
jan j
hi t. Chng minh
1
P
n=1
1
xan
hi t tuyt i v u
trn mi tp A b chn khng cha an ; n 2 N:
3.2.26. Vi mi dy s thc fan g, ch ra rng nu chui Dirichlet

t ti im x = x0 th chui hi t u trn [x0 ; 1).
1
P
n=1
an
nx
hi
3.2.27. Nghin cu s hi t u trn R ca chui

1
X
sin (n2 x)
x
:
n2
n=1
3.2.28. Gi thit rng fn ; n 2 N kh vi trn [a; b]. Hn na gi thit rng

1
1
P
P
fn (x) hi t ti im x0 2 [a; b] v
fn0 (x) hi t u trn [a; b]. Chng
n=1
minh rng
1
P
n=1
fn (x) hi t u trn [a; b] v hm kh vi, v
n=1
1
X
!0
fn (x)
n=1
1
X
fn0 (x)
3.2.29. Chng minh rng f (x) =
1
P
n=1
3.2.30. Chng minh rng hm
f(x) =
1
n2 +x2
11
;
.
6
6
3.2.31. Cho f (x) =
1
P
n=1
x 2 [a; b]:
kh vi trn R.
1
X
cos (nx)
n=1
kh vi trn
vi
n=1
1 + n2
(1)n+1 ln (1 + nx ) vi x 2 [0; 1). Chng minh rng f
kh vi trn [0; 1) v hy tnh f 0 (0); f 0 (1), v lim f 0 (x).

x!1
3.2.32. Cho
93
1
X
x
1
f(x) =
(1)n+1 p arctan p ;
n
n
n=1
x 2 R;
Chng minh rng f kh vi lin tc trn R.
3.2.33. Chng minh hm

f(x) =
1
X
sin (nx2 )
n=1
1 + n3
x 2 R;
kh vi lin tc trn R.
3.2.34. Cho
1
X
p
f (x) =
n(tan x)n ;

x 2 ( ; ):
4 4
n=1
Chng minh f kh vi lin tc trn ( 4 ; 4 ):
3.2.35. nh ngha
f (x) =
1
X
enx
;
2
1
+
n
n=0
x 2 [0; 1):
Chng minh rng f 2 C([0; 1)) , f 2 C 1(0; 1) v f 0 (0) khng tn ti.
3.2.36. Hy ch ra rng hm
f(x) =
1
X
n=1
x2
jxj
+ n2
lin tc trn R. N c kh vi trn R khng?
3.2.37. Chng minh rng hm Riemann xc nh bi

1
X
1
(x) =
nx
n=1
thuc C 1(1; 1).
94
3.2.38. Gi thit rng f 2 C 1 ([0; 1]) tho mn nhng iu kin sau:

(1) f 6 0,
(2) f (n) (0) = 0 vi n = 0; 1; 2; : : : ;
(3) vi mi dy s thc fan g, chui
Chng minh rng
1
P
an f (n) (x) hi t u trn [0; 1]:
n=1
lim n!an = 0:
n!1
3.2.39. Vi x 2 R t fn (x) l khong cch t x n phn s gn nht c

mu s l n (t s v mu s khng nht thit phi l nguyn t cng nhau).
1
P
fn (x) hi t.
Tm tt c x 2 R chui
n=1
3.2.40. Cho g(x) = jxj vi x 2 [1; 1] v m rng nh ngha g cho mi s

thc x bng cch t g(x + 2) = g(x). Chng minh rng hm Weierstrass f
xc nh bi
1 n
X
3
f (x) =
g(4n x)
4
n=0
lin tc trn R v khng kh vi ti mi im.
3.3 Chui lu tha

3.3.1. Chng minh rng mi chui lu tha
1
P
n=0
[0; 1] sao cho
an (x x0 )n u tn ti R 2
(1) chui lu tha hi t tuyt i vi jxx0 j < R v phn k vi jxx0 j > R,

(2) R l cn trn ng ca tp hp tt c nhng r 2 [0; 1) fjan jrn g l
dy b chn,
(3) 1=R = lim
n!1
p
n
jan j ( y
1
0
= +1 v
1
1
= 0).
3.3. Chui lu tha
95
R c gi l bn knh hi t ca
1
P
n=0
an (x x0 )n .
3.3.2. Xc nh min hi t ca cc chui lu tha sau:

(a)
1
X
n3 xn ;
(b)
n=1
(c)
(e)
(g)
n=1
1
X
2n
n2
n=1
1
X
n=1
1
X
1
X
2n
xn ;
(d)
2 + (1)n
5 + (1)n+1
xn ;
(f)
n2 n!
(h)
2 x ;
n=1
n!
xn ;
1
X
(2 + (1)n )n xn ;
n=1
1
X
n=1
1
X
n=1
2n x n ;
1
1+
n
(1)n n2
xn :
3.3.3. Tm min hi t ca cc chui sau:

(a)
(c)
(e)
1
X
(x 1)2n
n=1
1
X
n=1
1
X
2n n3
(b)
n4n n
x (1 x)n ;
3n
(d)
p
n(tan x)n ;
(f)
n=1
1
X
n=1
1
X
n
n+1
2x + 1
x
(n!)2
(x 1)n ;
(2n)!
n=1
n2
1
X
1
arctan
:
x
n=1
3.3.4. Chng minh rng nu R1 v R2 ln lt l bn knh hi t ca

v
1
P
1
P
an xn
n=0
bn xn th
n=0
(a) bn knh hi t R ca
1
P
(an + bn )xn bng min fR1 ; R2 g, nu R1 6= R2 .
1
P
an bn xn tho mn R R1 R2 . Bng v d ch
n=0
C th ni g v R nu R1 = R2 ?
(b) bn knh hi t R ca
n=0
ra rng bt ng thc l cht.
96
3.3.5. Cho R1 v R2 ln lt l bn knh hi t ca
1
P
an xn v
n=0
Chng minh
1
P
bn xn .
n=0
(a) nu R1 , R2 2 (0; 1) th bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha

1
X
an
n=0
tho mn R
R1
,
R2
bn
xn ;
bn 6= 0; n = 0; 1; 2; : : : ;
(b) bn knh hi t R ca chui tch Cauchy (xem I, 3.6.1) ca nhng chui

cho tho mn R min fR1 ; R2 g.
Bng v d ch ra rng cc bt ng thc (a) v (b) l cht.
1
P
3.3.6. Tm bn knh hi t R ca
an xn , nu
n=0
(a) c v L > 0 sao cho lim jan n j = L,

n!1
(b) tn ti cc s dng v L sao cho lim jan n j = L,

n!1
(c) lim jan n!j = L; L 2 (0; 1).

n!1
3.3.7. Gi s rng bn knh hi t ca
1
P
n=0
lng bn knh hi t ca:

(a)
1
X
an xn l R v 0 < R < 1. c
(b)
2 an x ;
n=0
(c)
nn an xn ;
n=0
1
X
nn
n=0
1
X
n!
a n xn ;
(d)
1
X
a2n xn :
n=0
3.3.8. Tm tt c cc chui lu tha hi t u trn R.

3.3.9. Tm bn knh hi t R ca chui lu tha
1
X
n=0
x2n+1
(2n + 1)!!
v ch ra rng hm tng f ca n tho mn phng trnh f 0 (x) = 1+xf (x); x 2
(R; R).
3.3. Chui lu tha
97
3.3.10. Chng minh rng chui
1
P
n=0
x3n
(3n)!
hi t trn R v hm tng f tho
mn phng trnh f "(x) + f 0 (x) + f (x) = ex ; x 2 R.
3.3.11. Cho R > 0 l bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha

Sn (x) =
n
P
1
P
an xn v t
n=0
ak xk ; n = 0; 1; 2; : : : . Chng minh rng nu f l hm tng ca
k=0
chui v x0 2 (R; R) sao cho Sn (x0 ) < f(x0 ); n = 0; 1; 2; : : : , th f 0 (x0 ) 6= 0.
3.3.12. Cho fSn g l dy tng ring ca
1
P
an v t Tn =
n=0
minh nu fTn g b chn th cc chui lu tha
1
P
n=0
hi t vi jxj < 1 v
1
X
n=0
an x = (1 x)
3.3.13. Cho f (x) =
1
P
n=0
1
X
n=0
a n xn ,
1
P
S0 +S1 ++Sn
.
n+1
Sn xn ,
n=0
1
P
Chng
(n+1)Tn xn
n=0
1
X
Sn x = (1 x)
(n + 1)Tn xn :
n
n=0
x2 ; jxj < 1. Chng minh rng c s M > 0 sao cho

jf 0 (x)j <
M
;
1 jxj
jxj < 1:
3.3.14. Chng minh nh l Abel sau. Nu
1
P
an hi t v L th
n=0
(1)
1
P
an xn hi t u trn [0; 1],
n=0
(2) lim
x!1
1
P
an xn = L.
n=0
3.3.15. Chng minh nh l Abel tng qut sau. Nu fSn g l dy cc tng

1
1
P
P
an v chui lu tha f (x) =
an xn c bn knh hi t bng 1
ring ca
n=0
n=0
th
lim Sn lim f(x) lim f (x) lim Sn :
n!1
x!1
x!1
n!1
98
3.3.16. Chng minh nh l Tauber. Gi thit rng bn knh hi t ca chui

1
P
an xn bng 1. Nu lim nan = 0 v lim f (x) = L; L 2 R
lu tha f (x) =
1
P
th chui s
n!1
n=0
x!1
an hi t v L.
n=0
3.3.17. Bng v d ch ra rng gi thit lim nan = 0 trong nh l Tauber

n!1
l khng th thiu.
3.3.18. Gi s rng fang l dy s dng v bn knh hi t ca f (x) =

1
1
P
P
an xn l 1. Chng minh lim f(x) tn ti v hu hn nu v ch nu an
x!1
n=1
n=1
hi t.
3.3.19. Chng minh s tng qut sau ca nh l Tauber. Gi thit rng

1
P
an xn bng 1. Nu
bn knh hi t ca
n=0
a1 + 2a2 + + nan
= 0 v lim f(x) = L; L 2 R;
n!1
x!1
n
1
P
th chui
an hi t v L.
lim
n=0
3.3.20. Gi thit rng bn knh hi t ca
1
P
n=1
1
P
an xn bng 1. Chng minh nu
n=0
na2n
hi t v lim f(x) = L; L 2 R th
x!1
1
P
an hi t v c tng bng L.
n=0
3.3.21. Gi thit an ; bn > 0; n = 0; 1; 2; : : : ; v cc chui lu tha f (x) =

1
1
P
P
an xn ; g(x) =
bn xn c cng bn knh hi t l 1. Hn na gi thit
n=0
n=0
an
n!1 bn
lim f(x) = lim g(x) = +1. Chng minh nu c lim
x!1
cng c
x!1
(x)
lim fg(x)
x!1
= A 2 [0; 1) th
= A.
3.3.22. Chng minh kt qu tng qut sau ca bi ton trn (3.3.21). Gi

1
1
P
P
an xn v g(x) =
bn xn c cng bn
thit c hai chui lu tha f (x) =
n=0
n=0
knh hi t bng 1. Hn na gi thit rng Sn = a0 + a1 + + an v

1
1
P
P
Tn = b0 + b1 + + bn ; n 2 N u dng v hai chui
Sn v
Tn phn k.
n=0
Sn
n!1 Tn
Nu lim
(x)
= A 2 [0; 1) th lim fg(x)
= A.
x!1
n=0
3.4. Chui Taylor
99
3.3.23. Bng v d ch ra rng chiu ngc li ca nh l trn l sai. Ngha

(x)
l, t lim fgx)
= A khng suy ra c s tn ti lim STnn .
n!1
x!1
3.3.24. Cho bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha f(x) =
1
P
an xn vi cc h s
n=0
khng m l 1 v t lim f (x)(1 x) = A 2 (0; 1). Chng minh c cc s

x!1
dng A1 v A2 sao cho
A1 n Sn = a0 + a1 + + an A2 n;
n 2 N:
3.3.25. Chng minh nh l Hardy v Littlewood sau. Cho bn knh hi

1
P
an xn vi cc h s khng m l 1 v t
t ca chui lu tha f (x) =
n=0
lim f (x)(1 x) = A 2 (0; 1). Khi
x!1
Sn
= A;
n!1 n
lim
y Sn = a0 + a1 + + an .
3.3.26. Cho bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha f (x) =
1
P
an xn bng 1.
n=0
Chng minh nu dy s fnan g b chn v lim f(x) = L; L 2 R th chui

x!1
1
P
an hi t v c tng bng L.
n=0
3.3.27. Cho bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha f (x) =
1
P
an xn bng 1.
n=0
Chng minh rng nu lim f (x)(1 x) tn ti v khc 0 th fan g khng th

x!1
hi t v 0.
3.4 Chui Taylor

3.4.1. Gi thit hm f thuc C 1([a; b]). Chng minh rng nu tt c cc
o hm f (n) b chn u trn [a; b] th vi mi x v x0 thuc [a; b] ta u c
f (x) =
1
X
f (n) (x0 )
n=0
n!
(x x0 )n :
100
3.4.2. nh ngha
f (x) =
e x2
0
ng thc
f (x) =
nu x 6= 0,
nu x = 0:
1
X
f (n) (0)
n=0
n!
xn
c tho mn vi x 6= 0 khng?
1
P
cos (n2 x)
3.4.3. nh ngha f (x) =
; x 2 R. Chng minh f thuc C 1 (R) v
en
n=0
ng thc
f (x) =
1
X
f (n) (0)
n=0
ch tho mn ti x = 0.
n!
xn
3.4.4. Chng minh rng nu 2 RnN v jxj < 1 th

(1 + x) = 1 +
1
X
( 1) ( n + 1)
n!
n=1
xn :
V n c gi l cng thc nh thc Newton.
3.4.5. Chng minh rng vi jxj 1 ta lun c
1
X
1
(2n 3)!!
(1 x2 )n :
jxj = 1 (1 x2 )
2
(2n)!!
n=2
3.4.6. Chng minh nu chui lu tha

v f (x) =
1
P
n=1
1
P
an xn c bn knh hi t R dng
n=1
an xn vi x 2 (R; R) th hm f thuc C 1 (R; R) v
f (n) (0)
; n = 0; 1; 2; : : : :
n!
3.4.7. Chng minh rng nu x0 thuc vo khong hi t (R; R); R > 0 ca
1
P
an xn th
chui lu tha f (x) =
an =
n=0
f (x) =
1
X
n=0
f (n) (x0 )
(x x0 )n
n!
vi jx x0 j < R jx0 j:
3.4. Chui Taylor
101
3.4.8. Gi thit rng cc chui
1
P
an xn v
n=0
1
P
bn xn cng hi t trong khong
n=0
(R; R). t A l tp tt c x 2 (R; R) m

1
X
an x =
n=0
1
X
bn xn :
n=0
Chng minh nu A c im t thuc khong (R; R) th an = bn vi n =
0; 1; 2; : : : :
3.4.9. Tm chui Taylor ca hm f ti im 0 khi
(a)
f (x) = sin x3 ;
(b)
f (x) = sin3 x;
(c)
f (x) = sin x cos 3x;
(d)
f (x) = sin6 x + cos6 x; x 2 R;

1 1+x
; x 2 (1; 1);
f (x) = ln
2 1x
f (x) = ln (1 + x + x2 ); x 2 (1; 1);
1
f (x) =
; x 2 (1=3; 1=3);
1 5x + 6x2
ex
; x 2 (1; 1):
f (x) =
1x
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
x 2 R;
x 2 R;
x 2 R;
3.4.10. Tm chui Taylor ca cc hm f sau ti im x=1:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
f(x) = (x + 1)ex ; x 2 R;
ex
f(x) = ; x 6= 0;
x
cos x
f(x) =
; x 6= 0;
x
ln x
; x > 0:
f(x) =
x
102
3.4.11. Vi jxj < 1, thit lp cc ng thc sau:

arcsin x = x +
(a)
1
X
n=1
arctan x =
(b)
1
X
(2n 1)!!
x2n+1 ;
(2n)!!(2n + 1)
(1)n
n=0
1
x2n+1 :
2n + 1
Hy dng nhng ng nht thc trn ch ra rng

1
1 X
(2n 1)!!
X
1
n
= +
v
=
(1)
:
6
2 n=1 22n+1 (2n)!!(2n + 1)
4
2n
+
1
n=0
3.4.12. Tm chui Taylor ca hm f ti im 0 khi
1
f (x) = x arctan x ln (1 + x2 ); x 2 (1; 1);
2
p
f (x) = x arcsin x + 1 x2 ; x 2 (1; 1):
(a)
(b)
3.4.13. Tm tng ca nhng chui sau:

(a)
(c)
(e)
1
X
(1)n+1
;
n(n + 1)
n=1
1
X
n=2
1
X
n=1
(b)
(1)n
;
n2 + n 2
(d)
(1)n (2n 1)!!

;
(2n)!!
(f)
3.4.14. Tm tng ca chui
1
P
n=1
1
X
(1)n n
;
(2n + 1)!
n=0
1
X
(1)n1
;
n(2n 1)
n=1
1
X
3n (n + 1)
n=0
((n1)!)2
(2x)2n
(2n)!
n!
vi jxj 1.
3.4.15. Dng cng thc Taylor vi phn d tch phn (xem 2.3.4) chng
minh nh l Bernstein sau. Gi s f kh vi v hn ln trn khong m I v
tt c cc o hm cp cao f (n) u khng m trn I. Khi hm f l hm
gii tch thc trn I, ngha l vi mi x0 2 I c ln cn (x0 r; x0 + r) I
sao cho
1
X
f (n) (x0 )
f (x) =
(x x0 )n vi jx x0 j < r:
n!
n=0
3.4. Chui Taylor
103
3.4.16. Gi s f kh vi v hn ln trn khong m I. Chng minh rng nu

vi mi x0 2 I c khong m J I vi x0 2 J, v c nhng hng s C > 0 v
> 0 sao cho
n!
jf (n) (x)j C n vi x 2 J;
th
1
X
f (n) (x0 )
f (x) =
(x x0 )n vi x 2 (x0 ; x0 + ) \ J:
n!
n=0
3.4.17. Gi thit rng f l hm gii tch thc trn khong m I. Chng

minh vi mi x0 2 I c khong m J, vi x0 2 J I, v c nhng hng s
dng A; B sao cho
jf (n) (x)j A
n!
Bn
vi
x 2 J:
3.4.18. p dng cng thc Fa di Bruno (xem 2.1.38) chng minh rng
vi mi s nguyn dng n v mi A > 0 ta lun c
X
k!
Ak = A(1 + A)n1 ;
k1 !k2 ! kn !
y k = k1 + k2 + + kn v tng c ly trn tt c cc k1 ; k2 ; : : : ; kn tho
mn k1 + 2k2 + + nkn = n.
3.4.19. Cho I, J l nhng khong m, v f : I ! J, g : J ! R l cc hm

gii tch thc trn cc tp I, J tng ng. Chng minh h = g f l hm gii
tch thc trn I.
3.4.20. Cho hm f thuc C 1 trn khong m I v (1)n f (n) (x) 0 vi x 2 I
v n 2 N. Chng minh rng f l hm gii tch thc trn I.
3.4.21. p dng cng thc Fa di Bruno chng minh rng vi mi s
nguyn dng n ta u c
1 kn
1
X (1)k k! 1 k1 1 k2
2
2
2
2
= 2(n + 1)
;
k1 !k2 ! kn ! 1
2
n
n+1
y k = k1 + k2 + + kn v tng c ly trn tt c cc k1 ; k2 ; : : : ; kn tho

mn k1 + 2k2 + + nkn = n, v k = (1)(k+1)
.
k!
104
3.4.22. Gi thit rng f l hm gii tch thc trn khong m I. Chng

minh nu f 0 (x0 ) 6= 0 vi x0 2 I th c khong m J cha x0 v hm gii tch
thc g xc nh trn khong m K cha f(x0 ), hn na (g f )(x) = x vi
x 2 J v (f g)(x) = x vi x 2 K.
3.4.23. Chng minh nu f kh vi trn (0; 1) v f 1 = f 0 th f l hm gii
tch thc trn (0; 1).
3.4.24. Chng minh rng ch c duy nht mt hm f kh vi trn (0; 1) m
f 1 = f 0 .
3.4.25. Chng minh rng ch c duy nht mt hm f tho mn gi thit ca
p
bi ton trn (3.4.25) l f (x) = axc , y c = 1+2 5 v a = c1c .
3.4.26. p dng kt qu ca 2.3.10 ch ra rng vi x 2 (0; 2) ta lun c
ln (1 x) = 2
1
X
n=0
1
2n + 1
x
2+x
2n+1
3.4.27. Cho Mp (x; y) v L(x; y) l trung bnh lu tha v trung bnh logarith
ca nhng s dng x v y (xem nh ngha ny 2.5.41 v 2.5.42). Chng
minh rng nu p 13 th
L(x; y) < Mp (x; y)
vi
x; y > 0; x 6= y:
3.4.28. Vi k hiu trong bi ton 3.4.27, chng minh nu p <

nhng s dng x v y L(x; y) > Mp (x; y).
1
3
th tn ti
3.4.29. Vi k hiu trong bi ton 3.4.27, chng minh nu p 0 th

L(x; y) > Mp (x; y)
vi
x; y > 0; x 6= y:
3.4.30. Vi k hiu trong bi ton 3.4.27, chng minh nu p > 0 th tn ti

nhng s dng x v y L(x; y) < Mp (x; y).
Li gii
105
Chng 1
Gii hn v tnh lin tc
1.1 Gii hn ca hm s
1.1.1.
(a) V jx cos x1 j jxj, gii hn bng 0.
(b) Vi x > 0; 1 x < x [ x1 ] 1 v vi x < 0; 1 < x [ x1 ] 1 x. V vy,
lim x [ x1 ] = 1.
x!0
(c) Nh trong (b), c th ch ra gii hn bng
b
a
(d) Gii hn khng tn ti v cc gii hn mt pha l khc nhau.
(e) Gii hn bng
1
2
(so snh vi li gii ca I, 3.2.1).
107
108
(f) Ta c
cos( 2 cos x)
sin( 2 (1 + cos x))
= lim
x!0 sin(sin x)
x!0
sin(sin x)
sin( cos2 x2 )
= lim
x!0 sin(sin x)
sin( sin2 x2 )
= lim
x!0 sin(sin x)
sin( sin2 x2 )
sin x2
2 sin x2 cos x2
= lim
x!0 2 cos x
sin(2 sin x2 cos x2 )
sin2 x2
2
= 0:
lim
1.1.2.
(a) Gi s lim f(x) = l. Khi , vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti 0 < <
x!0
sao
cho
(1)
jf(y) lj < " nu 0 < jyj <
Cng ch rng nu 0 < jxj < , th 0 < jyj = j sin xj < jxj < . V
vy, theo (1), jf (sin x) lj < ". T , lim f(sin x) = l. By gi, gi s

x!0
lim f (sin x) = l .Vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti 0 < <
x!0
(2)
sao cho
jf (sin x) lj < " nu 0 < jxj <
By gi, nu 0 < jyj < sin , th 0 < jxj = j arcsin xj < v theo (2), ta
nhn cjf (y) lj = jf (sin x) lj < ". iu ny c ngha lim f (x) = l.
x!0
(b) Suy ra trc tip t nh ngha ca gii hn. ch ra diu ngc li

khng ng, quan st chng hn rng lim [jxj] = 0 nhng lim [x] khng
x!0
x!0
tn ti.
1
1.1.3. R rng, f (x) + f (x)
2. T , theo gi thit, vi " > 0 cho trc, tn
ti > 0 sao cho
0 f (x) +
1
2 < " vi 0 < jxj < :
f (x)
3.4. Chui Taylor
109
iu kin ny c th vit li tng ng nh sau
1
(1)
0 (f (x) 1) +
1 <"
f (x)
hoc
0 (f (x) 1) 1
(2)
1
f (x)
<"
Bnh phng hai v ca (1) v dng (2), ta c
2
1
2
(f(x) 1) +
1 "2 + 2":
f (x)
Cui cng, (f (x) 1)2 "2 + 2":
1.1.4. Gi s lim f (x) tn ti v bng l. Khi , theo iu kin ca bi

x!a
1
jlj
= 0, suy ra l = 1. By gi ta chng minh rng

lim f (x) = 1. Ta ch cn chng minh rng tn ti > 0 sao cho f(x) < 0
ton, ta nhn c l +
x!a
vi x 2 (a ; a + ) fag. Thc vy, nu trong mi ln cn khuyt ca a,
tn ti x0 sao cho f (x0 ) > 0, th s c f(x0 ) + f (x1 0 ) j 2, mu thun gi thit.

V f(x) < 0, bt ng thc sau y ng :
jf (x + 1)j f(x) +
1
:
jf (x)j
1.1.5. Tn ti M 0 sao cho jf (x)j M vi x 2 (0; 1). T f(ax) = bf (x) vi

x 2 [0; a1 ]; f(a2 x) = b2 f (x) vi x 2 [0; a12 ]. Dng php quy np, ta c
1
n
n
f(a x) = b f (x) vi x 2 0; n ; n 2 N:
a
V vy
()
1
1
jf(x)j M n vi x 2 0; n ;
b
a
n 2 N:
Mt khc, ng thc f (ax) = bf (x) suy ra f (0) = 0. Kt hp iu ny vi
(), c iu phi chng minh.
110
1.1.6.
(a) Ta c
h i
1

1
+
jxj
1
1
2
2
x 1 + 2 + 3 + +
=x
:
jxj
2
jxj
T nh ngha ca hm phn nguyn, suy ra nu 0 < jxj < 1, th

1
1
1
2
(1 jxj) < x 1 + 2 + 3 + +
(1 + jxj):
2
jxj
2
Cui cng, gii hn l 12 :
(b) Nh trong (a), c th chng minh gii hn l
k(k+1)
:
2
1.1.7. V P l a thc vi h s dng, vi x > 1, ta c

P (x) 1
[P (x)]
P (x)
:
P (x)
P ([x])
P (x 1)
(x)]
V vy, lim P[P([x])
= 1:
!1
1.1.8. Xt f : R ! R xc nh bi
(
(1)n
f(x) =
0
nu x = 21n ; n = 0; 1; 2; 3; : : : ;
nu ngc li.
By gi, nu f(x) '(x), th
'(x) f (x) = (f (x) + f(2x)) f (2x) (f(x) + f (2x)) '(2x);

suy ra lim f(x) = 0:
x!0
3.4. Chui Taylor
111
1.1.9.
(a) Xt, chng hn, f : R ! R xc nh nh sau:
(
(1)n nu x = 21n ; n = 0; 1; 2; 3; : : : ;
f (x) =
=0
nu ngc li.
(b) Nu f (x) jxj v f (x)f (2x) jxj, th
jxj f (x)
Do
1
2
jxj
jxj
:
f(2x)
j2xj
< < 1, ta c lim f (x) = 0:

x!0
1.1.10. Ta c
g()
a
f (ax)

x!1 a x
= lim
f (2x)
x!1 f (x)
1.1.11. Suy ra t lim
f (t)
t!1 t
= lim
= g(1):
= 1 rng vi mi n 2 N,
f (2n x)
f (2n1 x)
f (2x)
f(2n x)
= lim
= 1:
lim
x!1 f(x)
x!1 f (2n1 x) f (2z cn 2x)
f (x)
Gi s rng f tng v c 1. R rng, tn ti n 2 N[f0g sao cho 2n c < 2n+1 .
V vy, theo tnh n iu c f , ta c f (2n ) f(cx) f (2n+1 x), t
f(cx)
vi c 1:
x!1 f(x)
lim
Theo trn, nu 0 < c < 1, th
lim
x!1
f (cx)
f (t)
= lim 1 = 1:
t!1
f (x)
f( c t)
1.1.12.
(a) Ch rng nu a > 1, th lim ax = +1. Thc vy, vi M > 0 cho
x!1
trc, a > M nu v ch nu x >

an
n+1
ln M
.
ln a
an
= +1,
n!1 n+1
n(n1)
1))n > 2 (a 1)2 .
chng minh lim
= (1+(a1))
v quan st rng (1 + (a
n+1
an
Vy, vi N cho trc, tn ti n0 sao cho n+1
> N bt c khi no n > n0 .
x
an
By gi, vi x > n0 + 1, dt n = [x]. Khi , ax > n+1
> N . T ,
ax
lim x = +1.
ta vit
x!1
112
ax
x!1 x
(b) R rng, lim
= +1 vi 0. Trong trng hp > 0, ta c

ax
=
x
a
x
bx
x!1 x
y b = a > 1. Theo (a), lim
bx
x
= +1. Do ,
x
ax
b
lim
= lim
= +1
x!1 x
x!1
x
vi dng.
y
y
y!1 e
1.1.13. Suy ra t bi ton trc rng lim

lim lnx
x!1 x
= 0. Th y = ln x c
= 0.
1
1.1.14. Ta bit rng lim a n = lim a n = 1. Trc ht gi s a > 1. Cho

n!1
n!1
trc " > 0, khi tn ti s nguyn n0 sao cho n > n0 suy ra

1
1 " < a n < ax < a n < 1 + " vi jxj <
1
:
n
V vy lim ax = 1 vi a > 1. Nu 0 < a < 1, suy t trn rng

x!0
1
= 1:
x!0 (1=a)x
lim ax = lim
x!0
Trng hp a = 1 l r rng. chng minh tnh lin tc ca hm m
x 7! ax , chn x0 2 R tu . Khi
lim ax = lim ax0 axx0 = ax0 lim ay = ax0 :
x!x0
x!x0
y!0
1.1.15.
(a) Do lim (1 + n1 )n = e, (xem, chng hn, I,2.1.38), vi " > 0 cho trc, tn
n!1
ti n0 sao cho nu x > n0 + 1, v nu n = [x], th
n
x
n+1
1
1
1
e"< 1+
< 1+
< 1+
<e+"
n+1
x
n
3.4. Chui Taylor
113
(b) Ta c
lim
x!1
1
1+
x
y
1
= lim 1
y!+1
y
y1
1
1
= lim 1 +
1+
:
y!+1
y1
y1
Do , bt ng thc cn chng minh suy ra t (a).

(c) Theo (a) v (b), ta nhn c lim+ (1 + x)
y x!0
1
1
lim (1 + x) x = lim 1 + y = e.
1
x
= lim
y!+1
1+
1
y
= e v
y!1
x!0
1.1.16. Ta bit rng (xem, chng hn, I, 2.1.38) 0 < ln(1 + n1 ) < n1 n 2 N.
Ngoi ra, vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti n0 sao cho n011 < ". H qu l, nu
jxj < n10 , th
1
1
1
1
< ln 1
" <
< ":
< ln(1 + x) < ln 1 +
<
n0 1
n0
n0
n0
T , lim ln(1 + x) = 0. chng minh tnh lin tc ca hm logarit, ly
x!0
x0 2 (0; 1). Khi
x
lim ln x = lim ln x + ln
= ln x0 + lim ln y
x!x0
x!x0
y!1
x0
= ln x0 + lim ln(1 + t) = ln x0 :
t!0
1.1.17.
(a) Theo kt qu ca 1.1.15 v do tnh lin tc ca hm logarit (xem 1.1.16),
1
ln(1 + x)
= lim ln(1 + x) x = ln e = 1:
x!0
x!0
x
lim
(b) Trc ht, tnh lin tc ca hm logarit c s a; a > 0; a 6= 1, suy

t tnh lin tc ca hm logarit t nhin v t ng thc loga x =
Vy, theo (a),
loga (1 + x)
= loga e
x!0
x
lim
ln x
.
ln a
114
t y = ax 1. Khi
ax 1
y
1
= lim
=
= ln a:
x!0
y!0 ln(y + 1)
x
loga e
lim
(c) t y = (1 + x) 1. R rng, x tin ti khng nu v ch nu y tin

ti khng. Ngoi ra,
y
ln(1 + y)
y
ln(1 + x)
(1 + x)
=
:
x
(1 + y)
x
ln(1 + y)
x
(1+x) 1
x
x!0
T y v (a), suy ra lim
= .
1.1.18.
1
ln(ln x)
ln x
lnxx . T , theo 1.1.13 v do tnh

1
lin tc ca hm m, lim (ln x) x = 1.
(a) t y = (ln x) x . Khi , ln y =

x!1
(b) t y = xsin x . Khi , ln y =
sin x
x
x ln x. Theo 1.1.13,
ln t
= 0:
t!1
t
lim+ x ln x = lim
x!0
Li do tnh lin tc ca hm m, ta c lim+ xsin x = 1:

x!0
(c) t y = (cos x) sin2 x , ta thy
ln y =
ln(cos x) cos x 1
:
cos x 1
sin2 x
1
By gi, theo 1.1.17 (a), lim (cos x) sin2 x = e 2 :

x!0
(d) Vi x ln,
e
2
1
x
1
x
(ex 1) x e
Do lim 2 = 1 (xem 1.1.14), gii hn l e

x!1
3.4. Chui Taylor
115
(e) Ta c lim+ (sin x) ln x = ea , y

x!0
a = lim+
x!0
ln sinx x + ln x
ln sin x
= lim+
= 1:
x!0
ln x
ln x
ng thc cui cng suy ra t tnh lin tc ca hm logarit (xem

1.1.16).
1.1.19.
(a) Ta c
sin 2x + 2 arctan 3x + 3x2

lim
= lim
x!0 ln(1 + 3x + sin2 x) + xex
x!0
ln(1+3x+sin2 x)+xex
x
x!0
v, theo 1.1.17 (a), lim
sin 2x+2 arctan 3x+3x2

x
ln(1+3x+sin2 x)+xex
+ ex
x
= 2;
= 3:
(b) Theo 1.1.17 (a), ta c
2 ln cos x
2 ln(1 sin2 x)
=
lim
= 1:
x!0
x!0
x2
x2
lim
ln cos x
2
x!0 tan x
T lim
= 12 :
(c) Ta c
p
p
1 ex 1 cos x
p
= lim+
lim
x!0+
x!0
sin x
p
p
1cos x
1exp
x
sin x
x
(d) Ta c lim (1 + x2 )cot x = ea , y

x!0
ln(1 + x2 )
x2
= lim
= 0;
x!0
x!0 x
tan x
a = lim
ln(1+x2 )
x2
x!0
v, theo 1.1.17 (a), lim
1.1.20.
= 1:
= 1:
116
(a) Trc ht, quan st rng
2 ln tan
x
(1)
x
2x+1
ln
=
1
cos2
x
2x+1
Do 1.1.16 v 1.1.18 (d),
ln(x 1)
1
= lim ln(x 1) ln x = lim ln(ey 1)f rac1y = 1:
x!1
x!1
y!1
ln x
lim
ln
lim
(2)
x!1
x
2x+1
cos2
= lim
ln cos2 1 x
2x+1
x
x
2 ln cos 2x+1
= lim
:
x!1
x
x!1
Tip , theo 1.1.18 (e),

2(2x+1)
x
x
2 ln pi
2 ln cos 2x+1
2 ln sin 2x+1
lim
= lim
= lim
x!1
x!1
x!1
x
x
x
Gii hn cui cng l 0 (xem 1.1.13). Kt hp iu ny vi (1) v (2),

suy ra gii hn l 1.
(b) Ta c

ln(1 + x2 )
x
x
lim x ln 1 +
ln
= lim
1
x!1
x!1
2
2
x
ln(1 + y)
= 2;
= lim
1
x!1
y
2
y ng thc cui l h qa ca 1.1.17 (a).
1.1.21. t b(x) =
f (x)
.
x
Khi ,
lim g(x) ln f (x) = lim+ (g(x) ln x + g(x) ln b(x)
x!0+
x!0
= lim+ g(x) ln x = :
x!0
3.4. Chui Taylor
117
1.1.22. Theo 1.1.17 (a),

ln(f (x) 1 + 1)
(f (x) 1) = :
x!0
f (x) 1
lim g(x) ln f (x) = lim
x!0
1.1.23.
dng kt qu trong 1.1.21 vi

(a) Ap
p
p
1
= 1=2 v f(x) = 2 sin x + x sin
x
p
v dng ng thc lim+ x ln x = 0 (xem, chng hn, 1.1.13). Gii hn
x!0
l 1.
g(x) = x;
(b) t
1
1
x2 ;
v
g(x)
=
e
x4
v ch rng lim g(x)(f (x) 1) = 0. Vy, theo 1.1.22, gii hn l 1.
1
f (x) = 1 + xe x2 sin
x!0
(c) Nh trong (b), c th ch ra rng gii hn bng e 2 .
1.1.24. Khng. Vi hu t dng c nh, xt hm xc nh bi

(
nu x = n; n 2 N;
1
f (x) =
0
nu ngc li:
Hm ny tho mn gi thit ca bi ton. Thc vy, nu a 0 v a +k = n
vi k; n 2 N, th khng tn ti k 0 ; n0 2 N khc sao cho a + k 0 = n0 . V nu
vy, ta c k k 0 = (n n0 ), mu thun. R rng, lim f (x) khng tn ti.

x!1
1.1.25. Khng. Xt hm xc nh bi
(
p
1
nu x = n n 2; n 2 N;
f (x) =
0
nu ngc li:
Gii hn lim f (x) khng tn ti, mc du f tho mn tnh cht cho trong
x!1
p
bi ton. Thc vy, nu a > 0, v vi k; n 2 N no , ly ak = n n 2, th
p
khng tn ti k 0 ; n0 2 N sao cho a0 k 0 = n n 2. V nu vy, ta c
n n0 n0
k
=
2 nn ;
k0
n0
mu thun.
118
1.1.26. Khng. Xt hm xc nh nh trong li gii ca bi ton trc.

thy rng hm ny tho mn iu kin cho, gi s a; b l cc s dng
p
p
v a + bn = m m 2; a + bk = l l 2 vi n; m; k; l 2 N no sao cho n 6= k; m 6= l.
Khi
p
p
p
p
nl l 2 mk m 2
mm2l l2
a=
(1)
; b=
nk
nk
p
Nu tn ti p; q 2 N sao cho p 6= n; p 6= k v q 6= m; q 6= l v a + bp = q q 2, th
theo (1), ta c
p
pl
m
m(p k) 2 + l(n p) 2;
mu thun.
1.1.27. C nh " > 0 tu . Theo gi thit, tn ti > 0 sao cho
f (x) f ( 1 x)
2
bt c khi no 0 < jxj < :
jxj
V vy, vi 0 < jxj < ;
f (x)
x =
1
f (x) f ( 2n+1
x)
lim
n!1
x
n+1 1
x
X
jf ( 2k1
) f ( 21k )j
2k1
lim
x
n!1
jxj
2k1
k=1
n+1
X
1
" = 2":
k1
n!1
2
k=1
lim
1.1.28. t lim (f(x + 1) f (x)) = l v t

x!1
Mx =
sup
x2[n;n+1)
f (x) v mx =
inf
x2[n;n+1)
f(x):
Cc dy fMn g v fmn g c nh ngha ng vi n [a] + 1. Theo nh
ngha ca supremum, vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti fxn g sao cho xn 2 [n; n + 1)
v f (xn ) > Mn ". Khi
f (xn + 1) f (xn ) " < Mn+1 Mn < f(xn+1 ) f(xn+1 1) + ";
3.4. Chui Taylor
119
v t
l " lim (Mn+1 Mn ) lim (Mn+1 Mn ) l + ":

n!1
n!1
V " > 0 c chn tu , lim (Mn+1 Mn ) = l. Theo cng cch nh vy, c

n!1
th ch ra lim (mn+1 mn ) = l. T nh l Stolz suy ra ( cng xem, chng

n!1
hn, I,2.3.2 )
Mn
mn
= lim
= l:
n!1 n
n!1 n + 1
lim
Do , vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti n0 sao cho vimi n > n0 ,
" <
()
mn
l < " v
n+1
" <
mn
l <"
n
Suy ra t trn rng nu l > 0 th f(x) > 0 vi x ln. V vy, nu nx = [x],

th
mnx
f (x)
Mnx
nx + 1
x
nx
By gi, theo (), ta thy vi x > n0 + 1,
" <
mnx
f(x)
Mnx
l
l
l < ":
nx + 1
x
nx
Vi l < 0, c th ch ra rng
Mnx
mnx
f (x)
nx
x
nx + 1
v tin hnh tng t. Theo cch , khng nh c chng minh cho l 6= 0.
chng minh khng nh cng ng cho l = 0, t Mn =
sup
x2[n;n+1)
jf(x)j.
Nh trn, c th tm dy fxn g sao cho
jf (xn + 1)j jf (xn )j " < Mn+1 Mn < jf(xn+1 )j jf (xn+1 1)j + "
f (x)
Mn
v ch ra rng lim n = 0. Do x Mnn vi x 2 [n; n + 1), ta nhn c
n!1
lim f (x)
x!1 x
= 0:
120
1.1.29. Vi n [a]+1, t mn =
inf
x2[n;n+1)
f(x). Theo nh ngha ca infimum,
vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti dy fxn g sao cho xn 2 [n; n + 1) v mn f (xn ) <
mn + ". Khi
f (xn+1 ) f (xn+1 1) < mn+1 mn + ":

Bt ng thc trn suy ra lim (mn+1 mn ) = 1. Theo nh l Stolz ( cng
n!1
mn
n!1 n
xem I,2.3.4 ), lim

f (x)
x!1 x
lim
= +1. Nu x 2 [n; n + 1), th
f (x)
x
mn
,
n+1
suy ra
= +1.
1.1.30. Dng k hiu c a ra trong li gii ca bi tp 1.1.28, c th ch

ra rng
Mn+1 Mn
mn+1 mn
lim
= lim
= l:
k
n!1
n!1
n
nk
By gi, theo nh l Stolz ( xem, chng hn, I,2.3.11),
Mn
1
Mn+1 Mn
lim
=
k+1
n!1 n
k + 1 n!1
nk
lim
mn
1
mn+1 mn
lim
=
:
k+1
n!1 n
k + 1 n!1
nk
lim
chng minh khng nh ca bi ton, ch cn p dng l lun tng t

nh c s dng trong hai bi ton trc.
1.1.31. t lim
x!+1
f (x+1)
f (x)
= l v ch rng hm x 7! ln(f (x)) tho mn cc
gi thit ca bi ton 1.1.28. V vy, ta c lim
x!1
ln(f (x))
x
= ln l. T
lim (f (x)) x = eln n = l:
x!+1
1.1.32. Khng. Xt hm xc nh bi
(
1
nu x = n1 ; n 2 1; 2 : : : ;
f (x) =
0
nu ngc li:
3.4. Chui Taylor
121
1.1.33. Khng. Ta xt hm xc nh nh sau

(
1
nu x = n 1p
n ; n 2 1; 2; : : : ;
2
f (x) =
0
nu ngc li;
v tin hnh nh trong li gii ca 1.1.25.
1.1.34. Vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti 0 < < 1 sao cho nu 0 < jxj < , th

f x 1 1
<"
x
x
By gi, ly n 2 N ln sao cho
1
n
< . Vi 0 < s <
1
,
n+1
t x =
1s
.
n
Khi
Vy n <
1
x
1 n+1
1
1s
1
=
<
=x< :
n+1
n
n
n
1
< n + 1 v [ x ] = n. H qu l,
1
1
1
1s
=x
n =1
n = s:
x
x
x
x
n
Cui cng, nu 0 < s <
1
,
n+1
minh tng t.
th jf (s)j = jf (x( x1 [ x1 ]))j < ". Vi s < 0, chng
1.1.35.
(a) Gi s f n iu tng trn (a; b). Nu fxn g l dy gim hi t ti x0 ,
th ff (xn )g cng n iu gim v b chn di bi f (x0 ). Vy (xem,
chng hn, I,2.1.1), lim f (xn ) = inf f (xn ). R rng,

n!1
n2N
inf f(xn ) inf f (x):
n2N
xx0
Ngoi ra, vi x > x0 cho trc, tn ti n sao cho xn < x, v do ,
f (xn ) f (x). T
inf f(xn ) inf f (x):
n2N
xx0
Nh vy, ta chng minh rng nu fxn g l dy n iu gim ti x0

th
lim f (xn ) = inf f (x):
n!1
x>x0
122
By gi gi s fxn g hi t ti x0 sao cho xn > x0 . Khi (xem, chng

hn, I,2.4.29 ) xn cha dy con n iu gim xnk . Theo trn,
lim f(xnk ) = inf f (x):
n!1
x>x0
Nu dy fxn g cha dy con xnk sao cho lim f(znk ) 6= inf f(x), th ta
x>x0
k!1
c th tm dy con n iu ca n m khng hi t ti inf f(x), mu

x>x0
thun. T y, suy ra
lim f (x) = inf f (x):
x!x0
x>x0
ng ch y phn tch trn ch ra rng xc nh cc gii hn

mt pha, ch cn xt cc dy n iu.
Suy lun tng t c p dng cho cc ng thc khc trong (a) v
(b).
(c) Gi s f n iu tng. Do f(x) f (x0 ) vi x x0 ; f (x+
0 ) = inf f (x)
x>x0
f (x0 ). Cng nh vy, c th chng minh f (x

0 ) = sup f (x) f (x0 ).
x>x0
1.1.36.
(a) Suy ra t li gii ca bi ton trc rng
f (t) f (x ) f (x) bt c khi no a < x0 < t < x:

Nu x ! x0 , th t ! x+
0 , v v vy
f (x+
0 ) = lim+ f (t) lim f(x )
t!x0
x!x+
0
lim+ f (x ) f(x+
0 ) = lim+ f (x):
x!x0
Do , lim+ f (x ) = f (x+
0 ).
x!x0
(b) L lun tng t nh trong cu (a)
x!x0
3.4. Chui Taylor
123
1.1.37. iu kin cn suy ra t nh ngha ca gii hn. Tht vy, nu

lim f (x) = l, th vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti > 0 sao cho quan h 0 <
x!a
jx aj < suy ra jf (x) lj < 2" . Do ,
jf (x) f (x0 )j jf(x l)j + jf (x0 l)j < " < ":
By gi ta ch ra iu kin trn cng l . Gi s iu kin c tho
mn v f khng c gii hn ti a. Ly fxn g sao cho lim xn = a; xn 6= a v
n!1
ff (xn )g khng hi t. V th, ff(xn )g khng l dy Cauchy. Mt khc, v

lim xn = a nn tn ti n0 sao cho nu n; k n0 , th 0 < jxn aj < v
n!1
0 < jxk aj < . T gi thit suy ra jf (xn ) f (xk )j < ", mu thun.
Hon ton tng t, c th ch ra rng d gii hn lim f (x) tn ti, iu
x!1
kin cn v l : vi mi " > 0, tn ti M > 0 sao cho x; x0 > M ko theo
jf (x) f(x0 )j < ".

1.1.38. Gi fxng xn 6= a, l dy bt k hi t ti a. Suy ra t nh ngha gii
hn ca hm ti a rng lim f (xn ) = A. t yn = f (xn ). V f (x) 6= A trong
n!1
ln cn khuyt ca a, f (xn ) 6= A vi n ln. T lim g(yn ) = B , hoc

n!1
tng ng, lim g(f (xn )) = B . iu ny c ngha lim g(f (xn )) = B .

n!1
x!a
1.1.39. Xt cc hm f v g c xc nh nh sau:
(
0
f (x) =
sin x
(
0
g(x) =
sin y
y
nu x = n1 ; n = 1; 2; : : : ;
nu ngc li;
nu y = 0;
nu ngc li;
Khi
g(f (x)) =
(
0
sin(sin x)
sin x
nu x = n1 ; n 2 N;
nu ngc li;
hoc x = k; k 2 Z;
v lim f (x) = 0 v lim g(y) = 1, nhng lim g(f (x)) khng tn ti.
x!0
x!0
x!0
124
1.1.40. Do tnh tun hon ca x 7! f (x) x; f (x + 1) = f (x) + 1. V vy, vi

mi s nguyn n, f(x + n) = f (x) + n, x 2 R. V mi s thc x c th c
vit di dng tng phn nguyn v phn phn ca n (tc l x = [x] + r,
y 0 r < 1), ta c
f (x) = f (r) + [x]:
()
T tnh n iu ca f
f (0) f(r) f(1) = f (0) + 1 vi 0 r < 1:

Ta c th chng minh bng quy np rng
f n (0) f n (r) f n (0) + 1 vi 0 r < 1 v n 2 N:

V th,
f n (0)
f n (r)
f n (0) 1
+ :
n
n
n
n
Cc bt ng thc trn chng minh khng nh ca ta trong trng hp
0 x < 1. Ngoi ra, theo (), f n (x) = f n (r) + [x], nn khng nh cng ng
vi mi x 2 R.
1.1.41. [6, trang 47]. Trc ht, quan st rng
x + f (0) [x] + f(0) = f ([x]) f (x)
f (1 + [x]) = f (0) + [x] + 1
x + f (0) + 1:
By gi, ta chng minh bng quy np rng vi n 2 N,
(1)
x + n(f (0) 1) f n (x) x + n(f (0) + 1):
C nh n tu v gi s rng (1) ng. Khi , nh trong li gii ca

1.1.40, ta nhn c
f n+1 (x) = f (f n (x)) = f ([f n (x)] + r)

= [f n (x)] + f(r) f n (x) + f(1)
x + n(f (0) + 1) + f (0) + 1
= x + (n + 1)(f(0) + 1);
3.4. Chui Taylor
125
y r = f n (x) [f n (x)]. iu ny chng minh bt ng thc bn phi ca
(1). Theo cng cch nh vy, ta c th chng minh bt ng thc bn tri.

Li dng quy np, ta s chng minh rng
f n(mp 1) (0) np f nmp (0);
(2)
n 2 N:
Vi n = 1, bt ng thc suy ra t nh ngha ca mp . Gi s bt ng thc

cng ng cho s t nhin n c nh tu . Khi
f (n+1)mp (0) = f mp (f nmp (0))

f mp (0 + np ) = f mp (0) + np
p + np :
Cng nh th,
f (n+1)(mp 1) (0) = f mp 1 (f n(mp 1) (0)) f mp 1 (0 + np )

= np + f mp 1 (0)
np + p:
Vy bt ng thc (2) c chng minh.
Mi s nguyn dng n c th c vit nh n = kmp +q , y 0 q < mp .
Theo (1) v (2), ta c
kp = q(f(0) + 1) f q (kp) f q (f kmp (0))
= f n (0) = f q+k (f k(mp 1) (0))
f q+k (kp) kp + (q + k)(1 + f (0));

T
kp q(f (0) 1)
f n (0)
kp k + q
+
+
(1 + f(0)):
n
n
n
n
n
(3)
k
n!1 n
Do lim
(3).
1
mp
q
n!1 n
v lim
= 0, bt ng thc cn chng minh l h qu ca
126
1.1.42. [6, trang 47]. Ch rng theo 1.1.40, ch cn chng minh lim
n!1
f n (0)
n
tn ti. Nu f (0) = 0, th gii hn l 0. By gi gi s f(0) > 0. Th

hoc vi mi p nguyn dng, tn ti s nguyn n sao cho f n (0) > p, hoc
tn ti p nguyn dng sao cho f n (0) p vi mi m 2 N. Trong trng
f n (0)
n!1 n
hp sau, ff n (0)g l dy b chn, do lim
= 0. Trng hp u tin,
lim mp = 1, y mp c xc nh nh trong 1.1.41. Chuyn qua gii hn
p!1
p
p!1 mp
khi p ! 1 trong cc bt ng thc ca 1.1.41, ta thy lim

f n (0)
n!1 n
lim
tn ti, v do
cng tn ti.
Trng hp f(0) < 0, c th chng minh bt ng thc tng t nh (2)

ca bi ton trc, sau tin hnh tng t.
1.2 Cc tnh cht ca hm lin tc

1.2.1. Hm gin on ti x0 6= k , y k 2 Z. Thc vy, nu fxn g l dy
cc s v t hi t ti x0 , th lim f (xn ) = 0. Mt khc, nu fzn g l dy cc s
n!1
v t hi t ti x0 , th do tnh lin tc ca hm sin, lim f (zn ) = lim sin jzn j =
n!1
n!1
6 0. Tng t, c th ch ra rng f lin tc ti k vi k 2 Z.

sin jx0 j =
1.2.2. Nh trong li gii ca bi ton trc, ta c th chng minh rng f

ch lin tc ti 1 v 1.
1.2.3.
(a) Trc ht quan st rng nu fxn g hi t ti x, vi xn =
pn
,
qn
y pn 2 Z
v qn 2 N nguyn t cng nhau, v xn 6= x; n 2 N, th lim f(xn ) =

1
n!1 qn
lim
n!1
= 0 = f(x). Nu fzn g l dy cc s v t hi t ti x, th
lim f(zn ) = 0 = f (x). iu ny c ngha f lin tc ti mi im v t.
n!1
Cng nh vy, c th ch ra rng 0 l im lin tc ca f . Gi s by

gi x 6= 0 v x = pq ; p v q nguyn t cng nhau. Nu fxn g l dy cc
s v t hi t ti x, th lim f(xn ) = 0 6= f (x). Do , f gin on ti

n!1
mi im hu t khc 0.
3.4. Chui Taylor
127
(b) Gi s x 2 R n Q v gi fzn g l dy cc s v t khc x tin ti x. Th
lim f(zn) = lim jzn j = jxj. Nu fxn g l dy cc s v t tin ti x, th
n!1
n!1
theo ch u li gii cu (a),
lim f (xn ) = lim
n!1
n!1
xn qn
= x:
qn + 1
iu ny c ngha f lin tc ti mi im v t dng v gin on ti

mi im v t m. Chng minh tng t, f lin tc ti 0.By gi, gi
0 6= x = pq (p; q nguyn t cng nhau). Khi

xn =
p (np + 1)q + 1
q
(np + 1)q
hi t ti pq . Ch rng t s v mu s ca xn l nguyn t cng

nhau. V vy
(np + 1)pq + p
p
p
=
=
6
:
n!1 (np + 1)q 2 + 1
q
q+1
lim f (xn ) = lim
n!1
V vy, hm gin on ti mi im hu t khc khng.
1.2.4. Gi f 2 C([a; b]) v gi x0 l im thuc [a; b].Vi " > 0 cho trc, tn
ti > 0 sao cho nu x 2 [a; b] v 0 < jx x0 j < , th jf (x) f (x0 )j < ".
By gi, tnh lin tc ca jfj ti x0 suy ra t bt ng thc hin nhin
jjf (x)j jf(x0 )jj jf (x) f(x0 )j.
Hm cho bi
(
1
vix 2 Q \ [a; b];
f (x) =
1
vix 2 [a; b] n Q;
gin on ti mi im thuc [a; b], mc du jf j l hm hng v v vy lin
tc trn [a; b].
1.2.5. f lin tc trn R, iu kin cn v l

lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) v
x!2n
x!2n
lim
x!(2n1)
f(x) =
lim
x!(2n1)+
f(x)
128
vi mi n 2 Z. T
bn + 1 = an
v an1 = bn 1
Dng quy np, an = 2n + a0 v bn = 2n 1 + a0 ; a0 2 R.
1.2.6. Do hm l, ta ch cn nghin cu tnh lin tc ca n vi x 0. R

p
rng, f lin tc ti x 6= n; n = 1; 2; : : : . By gi gi s n = k 2 vi k l s
nguyn dng. Khi
lim f (x) = n lim+ sin x = 0
x!k+
x!k
lim f(x) = (n 1) lim sin x = 0:
x!k
x!k
T , hm cng lin tc ti mi n = k . Nu n 2 N khng l bnh phng
ca mt s nguyn, th
p
lim
f (x) = n lim
sin x = n sin( n)
p +
p +
x! n
x! n
p
lim
f (x) = (n 1) sin( n):
p
x! n
p
Ta kt lun rng f gin on ti x = n vi n 6= k 2 .
1.2.7. Ta c
(
1
f(x) =
n + (x n)n
nu x 2 [ 12 ; 1);
nu x 2 [n; n + 1); n 2 N:
Do , hm lin tc ti x 6= n; n 2 N. Ngoi ra, lim+ f(x) = lim f(x) = n =

x!n
x!n
f (n). Vy f lin tc trn [ 12 ; 1).

By gi ta ch ra rng f tng thc s trn [1; 1). R rng, f tng thc s
trn mi khong [n; n + 1) Nu x1 2 [n 1; n) v x2 2 [n; n + 1) th
f (x2 ) f(x1 ) = (x2 n)n + 1 (x1 n + 1)n1 > (x2 n)n 0:
T suy ra f (x2 ) f (x1 ) > 0 vi x2 2 [m; m + 1) v x1 2 [n; n + 1), nu
m > n + 1.
3.4. Chui Taylor
129
1.2.8.
(a) Ta c
8
>
<1
f (x) = 0
>
:
1
nu x > 0;
nu x = 0;
nu x < 0:
Hm ny ch gin on ti 0.
(b) Theo nh ngha ca f
f (x) =
x2
x
nu x 0;
nu x < 0;
Hm ny lin tc trn R.
(c) Ta c
ln(en + xn )
n + ln(1 + (x=e)n )
= lim
:
n!1
n!1
n
n
f (x) = lim
Do ,
(
1
f (x) =
ln x
nu 0 x e;
nu x > e:
Hm lin tc trn [0; 1).

(d) f (x) = maxf4; x2 ; x12 g. Hm lin tc trn R n f0g.
(e) f (x) = maxfj cos xj; j sin xjg. R rng, f lin tc trn R.
1.2.9. Gi T > 0 l chu k ca f . Do tnh lin tc ca f trn [0; T ], tn ti

x 2 [0; T ] v x 2 [0; T ] sao cho f (x ) = inf f (x) v f (x ) = sup f (x).
x2[0;T ]
x2[0;T ]
iu cn chng minh suy ra t tnh lin tc ca f .
1.2.10. V P l a thc bc chn, ta c lim P (x) = lim P (x) = +1. Do

x!1
x!1
vy, vi mi M > 0, tn ti a > 0 sao cho nu jxj > a, th P (x) > M . Gi
x0 2 [a; ; a] sao cho
P (x0 ) =
inf
x2[a;a]
P (x):
130
Nu P (x0 ) M , th ta c th t x = x0 . Nu P (x0 ) > M , ly b > 0 sao cho
P (x) > P (x0 ) vi mi jxj > b. Do tnh lin tc, tn ti x 2 [b; b] sao cho
P (x ) = inf P (x):
x2[b;b]
chng minh khng nh th hai, quan st rng
lim jP (x)j = lim jP (x)j = +1
x!1
x!1
v tin hnh tng t.
1.2.11.
(a) t
f (x) =
2x 1
0
(b) Vi n 2 N, t
An =
nu x 2 (0; 1);
nu x = 0 hoc x = 1;
1 2 3
2n 1
0; n ; n ; n ; : : : ;
2 2 2
2n
n1
k=1
k=1
k=1
v B1 = A1 ; Bn = An n [ Ak = An n An1 . R rng, [ Ak = [ Bk .
Xc nh f nh sau:
f(x) =
(
0
1
2n
nu x 2 [0; 1] n [ Ak ;
k=1
nu x 2 Bn ; n 2 N:
Vi mi a v b, 0 a 0 cho trc, tn ti 0 > 0 sao
!0+
cho !f (x0 ; ) < " nu < 0 . Do , nu jx x0 j < < 0 th jf (x)f (x0 )j < ",
suy ra tnh lin tc ca f ti x0 .
By gi, gi s f lin tc ti x0 . Khi vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti
3.4. Chui Taylor
131
0 > 0 sao cho jx x0 j < 0 ko theo jf (x0 ) f (x)j < 2" . T , theo (1), nu
0 < < 0 , th
!f (x0 ; ) !f (x0 ; 0 ) < ";
v do , lim+ !f (x0 ; ) = 0.
!0
1.2.13.
(a) Gi x0 2 [a; b] v " > 0 c chn tu . T tnh lin tc ca hm f v
g rng tn ti > 0 sao cho nu x 2 [a; b] v jx x0 j < , th
f(x0 ) " < f(x) < f (x0 ) + " v g(x0 ) " < g(x) < g(x0 ) + ":
T
h(x) < minff (x0 ) + "; g(x0 ) + "g
(1)
= minff (x0 ); g(x0 )g + " = h(x0 ) + "

v
f (x) > f (x0 ) " h(x0 ) " v g(x) > g(x0 ) " h(x0 ) ":
Do ,
(2)
h(x) > h(x0 ) ":
Tnh lin tc ca h ti x0 suy ra t (1) v (2). Cng cch nh vy, c

th chng minh H lin tc trn [a; b].
(b) Nh trong cu (a), ta c th ch ra rng maxff1 ; f2 ; f3 g v minff1 ; f2 ; f3 g
lin tc trn [a; b]. Tnh lin tc ca f suy ra t
f (x) =f1 (x) + f2 (x) + f3 (x) maxff1 (x); f2 (x); f3 (x)g

minff1 (x); f2 (x); f3 (x)g:
132
1.2.14. V f lin tc, cc hm m v M c xc nh. Gi x0 l im thuc

[a; b] v " > 0. Do tnh lin tc ca f , tn ti > 0 sao cho
sup jf(x0 + h) f (x)j < ":
jhj<
T nh ngha ca m suy ra
m(x0 + h) m(x0 ) =
(1)
inf
2[a;x0 +h]
f () inf f() 0:
2[a;x0 ]
Quan st rng nu cn di ng th nht t c ti mt im trong
[a; x0 ], th ng thc (1) ng. Vy, gi s xh 2 [x0 ; x0 + h] v

m(x0 + h) =
inf
2[a;x0 +h]
f () = f (xh ):
Khi , vi jhj < ,
m(x0 + h) m(x0 ) = f(xh ) inf f () f(xh ) f (x0 ) > ";

2[a;x0 ]
bi v jxh x0 j jhj < . Vy ta ch ra m lin tc ti mi x0 2 [a; b]. L
lun tng t chng minh M lin tc trn [a; b].
1.2.15. Do f b chn, cc hm m v M c xc nh v b chn. Ngoi ra,

m gim trn (a; b] v M tng trn [a; b). Vi x0 2 (a; b), theo 1.1.35,
lim m(x) =
x!
0
Nu
inf m() m(x0 ):
2(a;x0 )
inf m() > m(x0 ), th tn ti s dng d sao cho
2(a;x0 )
inf m() = m(x0 ) = d:
2(a;x0 )
Vy, vi mi 2 (a; x0 ),
m() = inf f (x) m(x0 ) + d;

ax<
v do , f (x) m(x0 ) + d vi mi x 2 [a; x0 ), mu thun. Tm li, ta
chng minh lim m(x) = m(x0 ). Tnh lin tc tri ca M chng minh hon
x!x0
ton tng t.
3.4. Chui Taylor
133
1.2.16. Khng. Xt hm sau :

8
>
<2
f (x) = 1
>
:
3
nu x 2 [0; 1);
nu x 2 [1; 2);
nu x 2 [2; 3]:
Khi , m khng lin tc tri ti x0 = 1, v M khng lin tc tri ti
x 1 = 2.
1.2.17. t lim f (x) = l. Khi , cho trc " > 0, tn ti M > a sao cho
x!1
jf (x) lj < " vi x > M . Vy nu x > M th l " < f(x) < l + ". R rng, v
f lin tc nn n b chn trn [a; M].
1.2.18. Gi s lim xn = a. Do tnh lin tc ca hm f , vi mi " > 0, tn ti
n!1
> 0 sao cho

(1)
jf (x) f (a)j < " vi jx aj < ":
T nh ngha gii hn di, suy ra tn ti fxnk g sao cho jxnk aj < bt u
t gi tr k0 no ca ch s k . By gi, theo (1), ta c jf(xnk ) f(a)j < "

vi k > k0 . Vy chng ta ch ra rng
lim f(xn ) f( lim xn ):
n!1
n!1
Ta ch ra v d rng bt ng thc ny c th ngt. Ly f (x) = x; x 2 R

v xn = (1)n ; n 2 N. Khi
1 = lim f (xn ) < f( lim xn ) = 1:

n!1
n!1
Hon ton tng t, c th ch ra rng
lim f(xn ) f( lim xn ):
n!1
n!1
V d tng t c th dng ch ra bt ng thc ny cng ngt.
1.2.19.
134
(a) Nh chng minh trong bi ton trc rng vi mi dy b chn fxn g

v vi mi hm lin tc f , bt ng thc sau y ng :
lim f (xn ) f ( lim xn )
n!1
n!1
lim f (xn ) f( lim xn ):
n!1
n!1
t lim xn = a. Khi tn ti dy fxnk g sao cho

n!1
f (xnk ) f (a) + "
(1)
(xem li gii ca bi ton trc),. R rng, vi n ln, ta c xn > a 2 .

T , do tnh n iu v tnh lin tc ca f , ta nhn c
> f (a) ":

f (xn ) f a
2
Kt hp vi (1), c lim f (xn ) = f ( lim xn ).
n!1
n!1
(b) Chng minh ng thc ny tng t (a).

dng 1.2.19 cho f .
1.2.20. Ap
1.2.21. Ch rng g c xc nh v tng trn R.

(a) Theo bi 1.1.35,
(1)
g(x
0 ) = sup g(x) g(x0 ):
x<x0
Gi s rng g(x
0 ) < g(x0 ). Khi tn ti s dng d sao cho g(x0 ) =
g(x0 ) d. Do , vi mi x < x0 ,
supft : f (t) < xg g(x0 ) d;
hoc tng ng, t g(x0 ) d nu f (t) < x. iu ny suy ra t
g(x0 ) d nu f (t) < x0 , tc l g(x0 ) = supft : f (t) < x0 g g(x0 ) d,

mu thun.
3.4. Chui Taylor
135
(b) Hm g c th gin on, nh trong v d

8
>
vi
<x
f (x) = x + 2
vi
>
:
x2
vi
th
sau y. Nu
x < 1;
1 x 2;
x > 2;
(
x
g(x) =
2+x
vi x 0;
vi x > 0:
n
o
1.2.22. Ta bit rng tp m + n TT12 : m; n 2 Z l tr mt trong R (xem, chng
n
o
T1
hn I, 1.1.15). Vy, vi x 2 R cho trc, tn ti dy mk + nk T2 hi t ti
x
.
T2
Dng tnh tun hon v tnh lin tc ca f , ta nhn c
f(0) = lim f(mk T2 + nk T1 ) = f(x):

k!1
Gi T1 v T2 l hai s khng thng c v t
W = fx 2 R : x = rT1 + sT2 ;
s; t 2 Qg:
Xc nh f bng cch t
(
1
f (x) =
0
vi x 2 W;
vi x 2 R n W:
Th T1 v T2 l cc chu k ca f .
1.2.23.
(a) Gi s Tn ; n 2 N, l cc chu k dng ca f sao cho lim Tn = 0. Do f
n!1
lin tc, vi x0 2 R v " > 0 cho trc, tn ti > 0
jf (x) f (x0 )j < " bt c khi no jx x0 j < :

V lim Tn = 0, tn ti n0 sao cho 0 < Tn0 < 2 . Khi , t nht mt trong
n!1
cc s kTn0 vi k 2 Z thuc khong (x0 ; x0 + ). T
jf(x0 ) f (0)j = jf (x0 ) f (kTn0 )j < ":

Suy ra t tnh tu ca " > 0 v x0 2 R rng f l hng, tri gi thit.
136
(b) Hm Dirchlet c xc nh bng cch t

(
1
vi x 2 Q;
f (x) =
0
vi x 2 R n Q;
l tun hon. Mi s hu t u l chu k ca n. V vy, chu k c
bn khng tn ti.
(c) Gi s tp tt c cc chu k ca f khng tr mt trong R. Khi tn
ti khong (a; b) khng cha bt c chu k no ca f . Nh trong cu
(a), c th chng minh c rng tn ti chu k T v mt s nguyn k
sao cho kT 2 (a; b). Mu thun.
1.2.24.
(a) Goi x0 2 R l im lin tc ca f . V f khng l hm hng nn tn
ti x1 6= x0 sao cho f (x1 ) 6= f (x0 ). Nu khng tn ti chu k dng nh

nht ca f , th s c dy fTn g cc chu k dng ca f hi t ti khng.
Ly 0 < " < jf(x1 ) f (x0 )j. V f lin tc ti x0 , nn tn ti > 0 sao
cho
jf (x) f (x0 )j < " bt c khi no jx x0 j < :
(1)
Do lim Tn = 0, tn ti ch s n0 0 < Tn0 < 2 . Vy, t nht mt trong

n!1
cc s kTn0 ; k 2 Z, thuc vo khong (x0 x1 ; x0 x1 + ). V th,
x1 + kTn0 2 (x0 ; x0 + ) v theo (1),
jf (x1 ) f(x0 )j = jf(x1 + kTn0 ) f(x0 )j < ":

Mu thun.
(b) L h qu trc tip ca (a).
1.2.25. Gi T1 v T2 ln lt l cc chu k dng ca f v g . Gi s f 6= g .

Khi tn ti x0 sao cho f (x0 ) 6= g(x0 ), hay ni cch khc,
(1)
jf (x0 ) g(x0 )j = M > 0:
3.4. Chui Taylor
Vi 0 < " <
M
,
2
137
tn ti > 0 sao cho
jf (x0 + h) f(x0 )j < " bt c khi no jhj < :
(2)
Theo gi thit, lim (f(x) g(x)) = 0, tn ti s ngguyn dng k sao cho,

x!1
nu x +kT2 , th
jf (x) g(x)j < ":
Do , vi mi s nguyn dng m,
jf (x0 + kmT2 ) g(x0 + kmT2 )j < ":
(3)
Theo (2), (3) v tnh tun hon ca f v g , ta c
jf (x0 ) g(x0 )j
= jf (x0 ) f (x0 + kmT2 ) + f (x0 + kmT2 ) g(x0 + kmT2 )j
jf(x0 ) f (x0 + kmT2 )j + jf (x0 + kmT2 ) g(x0 + kmT2 )j
(4)
= jf (x0 ) f (x0 + kmT2 nT1 )j

+ jf(x0 + kmT2 ) g(x0 + kmT2 )j < " + " = 2";
bt c khi no
jmkT2 nT1 j < :
(5)
Tuy nhin, v 2" < M , (4) mu thun vi (1) nu tn ti m 2 N v n 2 Z

tho mn (5). Mt khc, nu
nguyn m v n no . Nu
T1
T2
T1
T2
l hu t, (5) r rng c tho mn vi s

l v t, th (5) cng c tho mn (xem,
chng hn, I, 1.1.14).
1.2.26.
(a) t f (x) = sin x v g(x) = x [x] vi x 2 R. Khi , f v g tun hon
vi cc chu k c bn ln lt l 2 v 1. V vy, khng c chu k no
ca f thng c vi bt k chu k no ca g . t h = f + g , th ta s c
sin T + T [T ] = 0;
sin(T ) T [T ] = 0:
Do , (T [T ]) + (T [T ]) = 0, suy ra T [T ] = 0. iu ny c
ngha T l s nguyn, mu thun vi sin T = 0:
138
(b) [A.D.Kudriasov, A.S. Meseriakov, Mathematics in School, 6(1969), 1921 (Russian)]. Gi ; v l cc s thc sao cho ng thc a + b +
c = 0 vi a; b; c 2 Q tho mn nu v ch nu a = b = c = 0. Tn ti
p
p
nhng s nh vy, chng hn = 1; = 2 v = 3. nh ngha
W = fa + b + c : a; b; c 2 Qg:
Xt hai hm f v g cho bi :
(
b c b2 + c2
f(x) =
0
g(x) =
a + c + a2 c2
0
nu x = a + b + c 2 W;
nu x 2
= W;
nu x = a + b + c 2 W;
nu x 2
= W;
Ch rng mi s r; r 2 nf0g, l chu k ca f v mi s s; s 2 nf0g,
l chu k ca g . ta s ch ra rng nhng hm ny khng c chu k no

khc. Nu T l chu k ca f , th f ( + T ) = f (), v v f () = 2, ta nhn
c + T 2 W. Do , T 2 W. V vy, T = r + s + t vi r; s; t 2 Q
no . V rng f(T ) = f (0), ta c s t s2 + t2 = 0, hay tng ng,
(s + t)(1 + s t) = 0. By gi ta ch ra rng 1 + s t 6= 0. Thc vy, nu

1 + s t = 0, th T = r + s + (1 + s) . S dng
(1)
f (x + T ) = f (x);
vi x = , ta thu c s s s2 + s2 = 1 + 1, hay s = 1. V vy
T = r . By gi, th x = vo (1) c f (r) = f (), v do , 0 = 1 1,

mu thun. Vy ta chng minh 1 + s t 6= 0. T suy ra s + t = 0. Do
vy, T = r + s s . By gi, ta cn ch ra s = 0. lm vy, ta ly x =
trong (1), v c
s + s 1 s2 + (s 1)2 = 1 + 1;
suy ra s = 0. Hon ton tng t, c th chng minh cc chu k ca g ch l
cc chu k ni trn. Vy, khng c chu k no ca f thng c vi bt
3.4. Chui Taylor
139
k chu k no ca g . By gi, ch rng h = g + f c cho bi cng thc

(
a b + a2 b2
nu x = a + b + c 2 W;
f (x) =
0
nu x 2
= W:
Nh trn, c th chng minh rng mi chu k ca h l nhng s t , y
t 2 Q v t 6= 0.
1.2.27. Gi s rng h = f + g tun hon vi chu k T . V TT12 2
= Q, ta thy
rng hoc TT2 2
= Q, hoc TT2 2
= Q. Gi s, chng hn TT2 2
= Q. Do tnh tun hon
ca h, ta nhn c f(x + T ) + g(x + T ) = h(x + T ) = h(x) = f(x) + g(x) vi
x 2 R. V vy, hm H c xc nh bng cch t H(x) = f(x + T ) f(x) =
g(x) g(x + T ) lin tc v tun hon vi cc chu k khng thng c T1 v
T2 . Theo kt qu ca bi 1.2.22, H l hm hng. iu ny c ngha tn ti
hng s c 2 R sao cho f (x + T ) = f (x) + c vi x 2 R. Gi s c 6= 0. Th x = 0
v sau x = T vo ng thc cui cng, ta c
f (2T ) = f (T ) + c = f (0) + 2c:
Bng quy np, c th chng minh f (nT ) = f (0) + nc, mu thun vi tnh b
chn ca f (xem, chng hn 1.2.9). T c = 0 v T l chu k ca f . Do
, T = nT1 vi n 2 Z no , mu thun.
1.2.28. Chng minh ca kt qu ny l ci bin ca kt qu c cho trong

li gii ca bi ton trc. Gi s T1 l chu k c bn ca f . Nh trong bi
ton trc, c th ch ra rng hm H c cho bi cng thc
H(x) = f (x + T ) f (x) = g(x) g(x + T )
ng nht bng khng. V vy, T l chu k chung ca f v g , mu thun.
1.2.29. Gi s, chng hn, f n iu tng. Gi x0 l im gin on ca
f . Theo kt qu ca bi 1.1.35, f (x+

0 ) f(x0 ) > 0. iu ny c ngha f gin
on n gin ti x0 . Vi mi im x0 nh vy, ta c th kt hp mt khong
+
(f (x
0 ); f (x0 )). T tnh n iu ca f v t kt qu trong 1.1.35, suy ra cc
140
khong kt hp vi cc im gin on khc nhau ca f l ri nhau. Ly

mt s hu t trn mi khong, ta c tng ng mt-mt gia tp cc im
gin on ca f v mt tp con ca Q.
1.2.30. V f lin tc u trn [0; 1], vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti n0 2 N sao
cho 2n > n0 v vi k = 1; 2; : : : ; 2n ta c

1
k
f
< ":
2n
2n
Vy nu 2n > n0 . th

2n
1 X
k "
jS2n j =
(1)k f
:
2n
2n 2
k=1
Ngoi ra,
1 2n+1
X
k
n
1
"+
jf (1)j:
jS2n1 j =
(1)k f
2n + 1
2n + 1 2n + 1
2n + 1
k=1
Suy ra rng
1X
(1)k f
n k=1

k
= 0:
n
1.2.31. Nh trong li gii ca bi ton trc, ch trc ht rng f lin tc

u trn [0; 1]. T , vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti n0 2 N sao cho nu n > n0
v k = 0; 1; 2; : : : ; n, th

f k f k + 1 < ":
n
n
Do , vi n > n0 ,
Sn

n
k
1 X
k n
f
= n
(1)
k
2 k=0
n
n1
k
k+1
1 X
k n1
(1)
f
f
:
= n
2 k=0
k
n
n
3.4. Chui Taylor
141
V vy
n1
" X n1
"
jSn j < n
= :
2 k=0
k
2
1.2.32. t M = lim sup f(x) v m = lim inf f(x). Gi s M > m. Khi

r!1 xr
r!1 xr
tn ti s thc k sao cho M > k > m, v tn ti a sao cho f (a) > k . Do tnh
lin tc ca f , tn ti b > a sao cho f (t) > k vi mi t 2 [a; b].
Ly p =
ab
.
ba
Khi
x
a
x
b
+ 1 bt c khi no x p. thc vy,
x x
1 1
x
=x
= 1:
a
b
a b
p
V vy, tn ti s nguyn n0 gia
ng a
x
n0
x
b
b. Theo gi thit,
f (x) = f
x
n0
n0
x
a
; tc l,
x
n0
x
a
n0 xb , hoc tng
vi mi x p, mu thun vi nh ngha ca m. Do m = M , tc l
lim f (x) tn ti v hu hn hoc v hn.
x!1
1.2.33. Cho f li trn (a; b) v a < s < u < v < t < b. T gii thch hnh hc
ca tnh li, suy ra rng im (u; f(u)) nm di ng thng qua (s; f (s))
v (v; f (v)). iu ny c ngha
f (u) f (s) +
(1)
f(v) f(s)
(u s):
vs
Tng t, im (v; f(v)) nm di ng thng qua (u; f (u)) v (t; f (t)). Vy
f (v) f (u) +
(2)
f(t) f (u)
(v u):
tu
Cc bt ng thc (1) v (2) suy ra
f (s) +
f(u) f(s)
f(t) f (u)
(v s) f (v) f (u) +
(v u):
us
tu
142
T cc bt ng thc trn v lut squeeze suy ra rng, nu fvn g l dy hi
t ti u t bn phi, th lim f (vn ) = f (u), tc l lim+ f (x) = f(u). Cng nh

n!1
x!u
vy, lim+ f (x) = f (u). Vy tnh lin tc ca f ti mi u trong (a; b) c

x!u
chng minh.
V d sau ch ra khng nh khng ng nu khong khng m :
(
x2
nu x 2 [0; 1);
f (x) =
2
nu x = 1:
1.2.34. Suy ra t tnh hi t u ca ffn g rng, vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti

n0 sao cho
1
jfn (x) f (x)j < " vi n n0 ; x 2 A:
3
C nh a 2 A. Do tnh lin tc ca fn0 ti a, tn ti > 0 sao cho
1
jfn0 (x) fn0 (a)j < " bt c khi no jx aj < :
3
Vy
jf (x) f (a)j jfn0 (x) f(x)j + jfn0 (x) fn0 (a)j + jfn0 (a) f(a)j < ":
1.3 Tnh cht gi tr trung gian

1.3.1. Ly f xc nh trn [a; b] bng cch t
(
1
sin xa
f (x) =
0
nu a < x b;
nu x = a:
R rng, f c tnh cht gi tr trung gian trn [a; b] nhng n gin on ti
a.
By gi, ta xy dng mt hm c tnh cht gi tr trung gian v c v hn
im gin on. K hiu C l tp Cantor. Nhc li rng tp Cantor c
xc nh nh sau. Chia on [0; 1] thnh ba phn bng nhau, b khong
3.4. Chui Taylor
143
( 13 ; 23 ), v k hiu E1 l hp cc khong [0; 13 ] v [ 23 ; 1]. Bc th hai, ta b cc

khong m mt phn ba gia ca hai khong cn li v t
1
2 3
6 7
8
E2 = 0;
[ ;
[ ;
[ ;1 :
9
9 9
9 9
9
Tin hnh tng t, bc th n, ta b hp tt c cc khong m mt phn
ba gia ca 2n1 khong cn li v k hiu En l hp ca 2n khong ng,
mi khong c di 3n . Khi
C=
1
\
En :
n=1
Ch rng nu (ai ; bi ); i = 1; 2; : : : ; l dy cc khong loi b th
C = [0; 1] n
Xc nh hm g bng cch t
(
0
g(x) = 2(xai )
1
bi ai
1
[
(ai ; bi ):
n=1
nu x 2 C;
nu x 2 (ai ; bi ); i = 1; 2; : : : :
T cch xy dng tp Cantor, suy ra rng mi khong [a; b] [0; 1] cha mt
khong con m khng giao vi C. Thc vy, nu (a; b) khng c cc im

ca C, th (a; b) l mt trong cc khong b loi b (ai ; bi ) hoc khong con
ca n. Nu tn ti x 2 (a; b) \ C, th c n 2 N v k 2 f0; 1; 2; : : : ; 3n 1g
(a; b). Khi , khong m mt phn ba gia ca

sao cho x 2 3kn ; k+1
3n
k k+1
;
, m thc ra l mt trong cc khong (ai ; bi ), l mt khong con m
3n 3n
khng cha cc im ca C.
Hm g gin on ti mi im ca x 2 C, v suy ra t trn rng g c
tnh cht gi tr trung gian.
1.3.2. Gi x0 2 (a; b) tu c nh. T tnh n iu ca f , suy ra rng

+
sup f (x) = f(x
0 ) f(x0 ) f (x0 ) = inf f (x)
ax<x0
x0 <xb
144
(xem, chng hn, 1.1.35). By gi gi s rng
f (x0 ) < f (x+

0 ):
Khi , tn ti dy gim thc s fxn g; xn 2 (x0 ; b], hi t ti x0 sao cho
+
f (xn ) = f(x+
0 ). V f tng thc s, f (xn ) > f (x0 ) > f (x0 ). Theo tnh cht
n!1
gi tr trung gian, tn ti x0 2 (x0 ; xn ) sao cho f (x0 ) = f(x+

0 ). Khi
inf
x0 <x<x0
f(x) inf f (x) = f (x0 ):

x0 <xb
Mt khc, do tnh n iu thc s ca f , inf 0 f (x) < f (x0 ), mu thun. Vy

x0 <x<x
ta chng minh rng f (x0 ) =
f (x+
0 ).
Cc ng thc f(x
0 ) = f (x0 ),f (a) =
f (a+ ), v f (b) = f (b ) c th c chng minh theo cach hn ton tng t.

1.3.3. Hm g c xc nh bi g(x) = f (x) x; x 2 [0; 1], l lin tc, v
f (0) = g(0) 0, v g(1) = f (1) 1 0. V g c tnh cht gi tr trung gian,
tn ti x0 2 [0; 1] sao cho g(x0 ) = 0.
1.3.4. Xt hm h(x) = f (x) g(x); x 2 [a; b], v quan st rng h(a) < 0
v h(b) > 0. Theo tnh cht gi tr trung gian, tn ti x0 2 (a; b) sao cho
h(x0 ) = 0.
1.3.5. Xc nh hm g bng cch t
T
g(x) = f x +
f(x):
2
Khi g lin tc trn R, g(0) = f( T2 ) f (0), v g( T2 ) = f (0) f( T2 ). Vy tn
ti x0 2 [0; T2 ] m g(x0 ) = 0.
1.3.6. t
m = minff (x1 ; : : : ; f (xn )g v M = maxff (x1 ; : : : ; f(xn )g:
Khi
1
(f (x1 ) + f(x2 ) + + f(xn )) M:
n
3.4. Chui Taylor
145
Do , tn ti x0 2 (a; b) sao cho
f(x0 ) =
1
(f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + + f (xn )):
n
1.3.7.
(a) t f (x) = (1 x) cos x sin x. Khi f(0) = 1 v f (1) = sin 1 < 0.
V vy tn ti x0 2 (0; 1) tho mn f (x0 ) = 0.
(b) Ta bit rng (xem, chng hn, 1.1.12)
lim exjP (x)j = 0 v
x!1
lim exjP (x)j = +1:
x!1
Do , tn ti x0 2 R sao cho ex jP (x0 )j = 1:
1.3.8. Ta hy quan st rng

sgn P (al ) = (1)l
sgn P (bl ) = (1)l+1 ;
l = 0; 1; : : : ; n:
Theo tnh cht gi tr trung gian, tn ti mt nghim ca a thc P trong

mi khong (bl ; al ); l = 0; 1; : : : ; n:
1.3.9. Khng. Xt, chng hn, f v g c xc nh nh sau :

(
1
sin xa
nu a < x b;
f (x) =
0
nu x = a;
v
(
1
sin xa
g(x) =
1
nu a < x b;
nu x = a:
1.3.10. t
g(x) = f (x + 1) f (x);
x 2 [0; 1]:
Khi , g(1) = f (2)f(1) = g(0). V th tn ti x0 2 [0; 1] sao cho f (x0 +1) =
f (x0 ). Vy, ta c th ly x2 = x0 + 1 v x1 = x0 .
146
1.3.11. Xt hm
1
g(x) = f (x + 1) f (x) (f (2) f (0));
2
x 2 [0; 1];
v dng l lun tng t nh trong li gii ca bi ton trc.
1.3.12. Xc nh hm g theo cng thc

g(x) = f(x + 1) f (x) vi x 2 [0; n 1]:
Nu g(0) = 0, th f (1) = f (0). Vy gi s, chng hn, rng g(0) > 0. Khi
f (1) > f (0). Nu cng th f (k + 1) > f (k) vi k = 1; 2; : : : ; n 1, th ta s c

f (0) < f(1) < f (2) < < f (n) = f (0):
Mu thun. Suy ra tn ti k0 sao cho g(k0 ) > 0 v g(k0 + 1) 0. Do g lin
tc, tn ti x0 2 (k0 ; k0 + 1] g(x0 ) = 0. Do , f (x0 + 1) = f (x0 ). L lun
tng t khi g(0) < 0.
1.3.13. Hm f c th c thc trin trn [0; 1) c chu k n. Ta vn k

hiu hm c thc trin l f . Vi k 2 f1; 2; : : : ; n 1g tu c nh, xc
nh
g(x) = f(x + k) f(x); x 0:
By gi, ta chng minh rng tn ti x0 2 [0; kn] sao cho g(0) > 0. Nu
g(j) > 0 vi mi j = 0; 1; 2; : : : ; kn k , th ta nhn c
f (0) < f (k) < f(2k) < < f (kn) = f (0):

Mu thun. Suy ra tn ti j0 sao cho g(j0 ) > 0 v g(j0 + 1) 0. Do g lin
tc, tn ti x0 2 (j0 ; j0 + 1] g(x0 ) = 0. Do , f (x0 + k) = f(x0 ). Trc ht
gi s x0 2 [(l 1)n; ln k] vi 1 l k no . T tnh tun hon ca f ,
suy ra f (x0 ) = f(x0 (l 1)n) v f(x0 + k) = f(x0 (l 1)n + k). V vy, ta

c th ly xk = x0 (l 1)n v x0k = x0 (l 1)n + k . Nu x0 2 [ln k; ln], th
x0 +k 2 [ln; (l +1)n]. Ta c f (x0 (l 1)n) = f(x0 ) = f (x0 +k) = f (x0 ln+k).

C th ly xk = x0 (l 1)n v x0k = x0 ln + k .
3.4. Chui Taylor
147
Khng ng rng vi mi k 2 f1; 2; : : : ; n 1g, u tn ti xk v x0k sao
cho xk x0k = k sao cho f (xk ) = f (x0k ). Thc vy, ch cn xt hm

f (x) = sin
vi x 2 [0; 4]:
x
2
D thy rng f (x + 3) 6= f (x) vi mi x 2 [0; 1]:
1.3.14. Li gii sau y l ca sinh vin ca ti egor Michalak.

Khng mt tng qut, c th gi s f (0) = f (n) = 0. Trng hp n = 1
l r rng. V gi s n > 1. Ta s xt trng hp m f (1) > 0; f (2) >
0; ; f(n 1) > 0. Vi k =; : : : ; n 1, ta t g(xk ) = f (x + k) f (x). Hm
gk lin tc trn [0; n k], v theo gi thit gk (0) > 0 v gk (n k) <. Do ,
tn ti xk 2 [0; n k] saoa cho gk (xk ) = 0, hay ni cch khc, f (xk + k) =
f (xk ). iu ny chng minh khng nh ca ta trong trng hp ny. Theo
cch hon ton tng t, ta c th thy khng nh ca ta cng ng nu
f (1) < 0; f(2) < 0; ; f (n 1) < 0. By gi gi s f (1) > 0 (tng ng
f () < 0), cc s f (1); f (2); ; f (n 1) khc nhau v khc khng, v tn ti
m; 2 m n 1, vi f (m) < 0 (tng ng f (m) > 0). Khi , tn ti cc s
nguyn k1 ; k2 ; ; ks gia 1 v n 2 sao cho
f (1) > 0; f (2) > 0; : : : ; f (k1 ) > 0;
f (k1 + 1) < 0; f (k1 + 2) < 0; : : : ; f (k2 ) > 0:
f (ks + 1) < 0; f(ks + 2) < 0; : : : ; f(n 1) < 0

(hoc f (ks + 1) > 0; f (ks + 2) > 0; : : : ; f (n 1) < 0)
(tng ng f (1) < 0; f (2) < 0; : : : ; f(k1 ) < 0; : : : ). By gi, l lun tng
t nh trong chng minh ca trng hp th nht, tn ti k1 nghim trong
[0; k1 +1], k2 nghim trong [k1 ; k2 +1], vn vn. R rng trong trng hp ny,
tt c cc nghim phi khc nhau v v vy khng nh c chng minh.
Cui cng, xt trng hp khi tn ti s nguyn k v m ,0 k < m n, vi
148
f (k) = f(m). Cng gi s cc s f (k); f (k + 1); ; f(m 1) khc nhau. T

trn suy ra c m k nghim trong khong [k; m]. Tip , xc nh
(
f (x)
nu 0 x k;
f1 (x) =
f (x + m k)
nu k < x n (m k):
R rng, f1 lin tc trn [0; n (m k)] v f1 (n (m k)) = f1 (0) = 0.
Nu f1 (0); f1 (1); : : : ; f1 (n (m k) 1) khc nhau, th theo phn th nht

ca chng minh, ta nhn c n (m k) nghim, v cng vi m k
nghim trn, ta c iu phi chng minh. Nu mt vi s trong cc s
f1 (0); f1 (1); : : : ; f1 (n (m k) 1) trng nhau, th tc trn c th lp li.

1.3.15. Gi s ngc li, tc l phng trnh f (x) = g(x) khng c nghim.
Khi hm h(x) = f (x) g(x) hoc dng, hoc m. T
0 = h(f (x)) + h(g(x))
= f (f(x)) g(f(x)) + f(g(x)) g(g(x))
= f 2 (x) g 2 (x):
Mu thun.
V d sau ch ra gi s lin tc l ct yu:
(p
2
nu x 2 R n Q;
f (x) =
0
nu x 2 Q;
(
0
nu x 2 R n Q;
g(x) = p
2
nu x 2 Q;
1.3.16. Gi s ngc li rng tn ti x1 ; x2 v x3 sao cho x1 < x2 < x3 v,

chng hn, f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) v f(x2 ) > f (x3 ). Theo tnh cht gi tr trung
gian, vi mi u sao cho f (x2 ) < u < minff(x1 ); f (x3 )g, tn ti s 2 (x1 ; x2 ) v
t 2 (x2 ; x3 ) tho mn f (s) = u = f(t). Do f l n nh, s = t, mu thun vi
x1 < s < x2 < t < x3 .
1.3.17. T kt qu ca bi ton trc, suy ra f hoc gim thc s, hoc tng
thc s.
3.4. Chui Taylor
149
(a) Gi s rng f tng thc s v tn ti x0 sao cho f (x0 ) 6= 0. Gi s,
chng hn, f (x0 ) > x0 . Khi f n (x0 ) > x0 , tri gi thit. L lun tng
t cho trng hp f(x0 ) < x0 .

(b) Nu f gim thc s, th f 2 gim thc s. Do f n (x) = x, ta nhn c
f 2n (x) = x, tc l php lp th n ca f 2 l php ng nht. V vy,

theo (a), f 2 (x) = x.
1.3.18. Ch rng f l n nh. Thc vy, nu f(x1 ) = f(x2 ), th x1 =
f 2 (x1 ) = f 2 (x2 ) = x2 . T , x1 = x2 . Suy ra t 1.3.16 rng nu f lin tc,
th n hoc tng ngt, hoc gim ngt. Trong c hai trng hp, f 2 s tng
ngt. Mu thun.
1.3.19. Nh trong li gii ca bi ton trc, c th ch ra f l n nh trn
R. L lun tng t nh trong li gii ca bi 1.3.16 rng f hoc tng ngt,
hoc gim ngt. Trong c hai trng hp, f 2k ; k 2 N tng ngt. Do , s
nguyn n trong iu kin f n (x) = x phi l. Nu f tng ngt, th f n cng
tng ngt, mu thun vi iu kin ca ta. Vy, f gim ngt. Ngoi ra, do
f (x) = f (f n (x)) = f n (f (x)) = f (x);
ta thy rng f l hm l (v mi php lp ca f cng vy).
By gi, ta s ch ra rng f (x) = x; x 2 R. Gi s rng tn ti x0
sao cho x1 = f (x0 ) > x0 , hay ni cch khc, x1 < x0 . Suy ra rng
x2 = f (x1 ) < f (x0 ) = x1 < x0 . C th ch ra bng quy np rng nu

xk = f(xk1 ), th (1)n xn < x0 , mu thun vi gi thit xn = f n (x0 ) = x0 .
L lun tng t cho trng hp f(x0 ) < x0 . T f (x) = x vi mi
x 2 R.
1.3.20. Gi s f gin on ti x. Khi tn ti dy fxn g hi t ti x sao
cho ff (xn )g khng hi t ti f (x). iu ny c ngha tn ti " > 0 sao cho
vi mi k 2 N, tn ti nk > k
jf (xnk ) f (x)j ":
150
Vy f(xnk ) f(x)+" > f (x) hoc f(xnk ) f(x)" < f (x). Gi s, chng hn,
bt ng thc th nht ng. Tn ti s hu t q sao cho f (x)+" > q > f (x).
Vy f (xnk ) > q > f (x) vi k 2 N. Do tnh cht gi tr trung gian ca f , tn ti
zk gia x v xnk sao cho f (zk ) = q , tc l zk 2 f 1 (fqg). R rng, lim zk = x.

k!1
T , f 1 (fqg) ng, x 2 f 1 (fqg), v v vy f (x) = q. Mu thun.
1.3.21. chng minh nh l, ch cn xt trng hp T > 0. t g(x) =

f (x + T ) f (x). Khi , c hai kh nng.
(a) Tn ti x0 > a sao cho g(x) dng hoc m vi mi x > x0 .
(b) Khng tn ti x0 nh vy.
Trong trng hp (1), nu chng hn, g l dng trn (x0 ; 1), th dy ff(x0 +
nT )g n iu tng. V f b chn, gii hn sau tn ti v hu hn :

lim f(x0 + nT ) = lim f (x0 + (n + 1)T ):
n!1
n!1
V vy c th ly xn = x0 + nT . Trong trng hp (2), do tnh cht gi tr

trung gian ca g , vi mi s nguyn dng n > a, tn ti xn > n sao cho
g(xn ) = 0.
1.3.22. t
8
>
<x + 2
g(x) = x
>
:
x2
nu 3 x 1;
nu 1 < x 1;
nu 1 < x 3;
v xc nh f bi cng thc
f (x) = g(x 6n) + 2n vi 6n 3 x 6n + 3; n 2 Z:

Hm f c tnh cht cn tm.
Khng tn ti hm lin tc trn R m t mi gi tr ca n ng hai ln.
Gi s ngc li rng f l hm nh vy. Gi x1 ; x2 sao cho f(x1 ) = f (x2 ) = b.
Khi f (x) 6= b vi x 6= x1 ; x2 . Vy hoc f (x) > b vi mi x 2 (x1 ; x2 ) hoc
f (x) < b vi mi x 2 (x1 ; x2 ). Trng hp trc, tn ti ch mt x0 2 (x1 ; x2 )
3.4. Chui Taylor
151
sao cho f (x0 ) = maxff (x) : x 2 [x1 ; x2 ]g. Thc vy, nu c hn mt im m
ti f t cc i ca n trn [x1 ; x2 ], th f nhn gi tr ca n hn hai ln

trn [x1 ; x2 ]. Do , tn ti ch mt im x00 (bn ngoi khong [x1 ; x2 ]) sao
cho c = f (x0 ) = f(x00 ) > b. Khi , do tnh cht gi tr trung gian ca f , mi

gi tr trong (b; c) t c t nht ba ln. Mu thun. L lun tng t cho
trng hp f (x) < b vi x 2 (x1 ; x2 ).
1.3.23. Gi s rng f n iu ngt trn mi khong [ti1 ; ti ], y i =

1; 2; : : : ; n v 0 = t0 < t1 < < tn = 1. Tp Y = ff(ti ) : 0 i ng gm
nhiu nht n + 1 on y0 ; y1 ; : : : ; ym . Ta gi s rng y0 < y1 < : : : < ym . t
z2i = yi ; 0 i m, v chn z1 ; z3 ; : : : ; z2m1 sao cho z0 < z1 < z2 < z3 < : : : <
z2m1 < z2m . t
Xk = fx 2 [0; 1] : f (x) = zk g;
X = X0 [ X1 [ [ X2m = fx1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xN g;
v t 0 = x 1 < x2 < : : : < xN = 1. Vi 1 j N , k hiu kj l phn t
duy nht ca tp hp f0; 1; 2; : : : ; 2mg sao cho f (xj ) = zkj . Khi k1 v kN
chn v kj kj+1 = 1; 1 j < N . Suy ra N , s cc phn t ca tp X, l
l. Do , mt trong cc tp Xk = f 1 (zk ) gm mt s l phn t.
1.3.24. Trc ht, ta ch ra rng c khng qu m c cc tr a phng

ca f . Thc vy, nu x0 2 (0; 1) v f(x0 ) l cc i (cc tiu) thc s
ca f , th tn ti khong (p; q) [0; 1] vi cc u mt hu t sao cho
f (x) < f (x0 ) (f (x) < f(x0 ))vi x 6= x0 v x 2 (p; q). Do , khng nh ca ta
c suy ra t s kin ch c m c khong vi u mt hu t.
V c khng qu m dc cc tr a phng thc s ca f , tn ti y
gia f (0) v f (1) m khng l gi tr cc tr ca f . Gi s f (0) < f(1) v t
f 1 (y) = fx1 ; x 2; : : : ; xn g, y x1 < x2 < < xn . Ngoi ra, t x0 = 0 v

xn1 = 1. Khi , hm x 7! f (x) y hoc dng , hoc m trn mi khong
(xi ; xi+1 ), v c du khc nhau trong cc khong k nhau. Ch rng hm

amm trong khong th nht v dng trong khong cui cng. V vy, s
cc khong l l. Do , n l l.
152
1.3.25. Xc nh dy fxn g bng cch t xn = f n (x0 ). Nu c mt s hng

ca dy l im c nh ca f , th fxn g l hng s bt u t gi tr no
ca ch s n. Vy n hi t. Nu c mt s hng ca dy ny l im gii
hn ca n, th theo gi thit, dy cng hi t nh trn. V vy, ch cn xt
trng hp khng c s hn no ca dy fxn g l im gii hn ca n. Gi
s ngc li, dy khng hi t. Khi
a = lim xn < b = lim xn :
n!1
n!1
Ly x0 2 (a; b). Do xk0 khng l im gii hn ca fxn g, tn ti khong
(c; d) (a; b) m khng cha bt k s hng no ca dy. Ngoi ra, c v

hn s hng ca dy trong mi khong (1; c) v (d; 1). Nu khng c s
hng no ca dy trong (a; b), th ta c th ly c = a v d = b. By gi, ta
xc nh dy con fxnk g ca fxn g sao cho xnk < c v xnk+1 > d vi k 2 N. V
vy, nu g l im gii hn ca xnk , th g c v f (g) d. iu ny mn
thun vi gi thit rng mi im gii hn ca dy l im c nh ca f .
f n (0)
n!1 n
1.3.26. [6]. Theo kt qa ca 1.1.42, ta bit rng lim
= (f ) tn ti.
Ta s ch ra rng tn ti x0 2 [0; 1] sao cho f(x0 ) = x0 + (f). Nu f (x)
x+(f)+" vi mi x 2 [0; 1] v vi " > 0 no , th, ni ring, f (0) (f )+".

Ta s ch ra bng quy np rng vi n 2 N; f n (0) n((f ) + "). Thc vy,
t r = f(0) [f(0)], ta c
f 2 (0) = f (f (0)) = f ([f (0)] + r) = [f(0)] + f (r)
[f (0)] + r + (f ) + " = f (0) + (f ) + "
2((f) + "):
L lun tng t chng minh rng f n (0) n((f ) + ") ko theo f n+1 (0)
(n + 1)((f ) + "). By gi, quan st rng nu f n (0) n((f ) + "), th (f)

(f ) + ", mu thun. Hon ton tng t, c th chng minh rng nu
f (x) x + (f ) " vi mi x 2 [0; 1] v vi " > 0 no , th (f) (f) ".
Li mu thun. Do theo tnh cht gi tr trung gian, tn ti x0 2 [0; 1]
3.4. Chui Taylor
153
sao cho F (x0 ) = f (x0 ) x0 = (f ). Ni ring, nu (f ) = 0, th x0 l im c

f n (0)
n!1 n
nh ca f . Mt khc, nu x0 l im c nh ca f , th (f) = lim
= 0.
1.3.27. Gi A = fx 2 [0; 1] : f (x) 0g; s = inf A, v h = f + g . V h gim, ta

c h(s) h(x) g(x) vi x 2 A. Do g lin tc, iu ny suy ra h(s) g(s).
Do , f(s) 0. T gi thit, suy ra g(0) > h(0) h(s) g(s). Do tnh
cht gi tr trung gian ca g , tn ti t 2 (0; s] sao cho g(t) = h(s). Khi
h(t) h(s) = g(t), suy ra f(t) 0. Theo nh ngha ca s, ta c t = s, suy ra
g(s) = h(s), hay tng ng f(s) = 0.
1.3.28. Ch rng f khng lin tc trn R. Nu f lin tc trn R, th
theo kt qu trong 1.3.16, n s n iu thc s, chng hn, tng thc s.
Trong trng hp , nu f (x0 ) = 0, ta c f (x) > 0 vi x > x0 , v f (x) < 0
vi x < x0 , mu thun vi gi thit f nh x R ln [0; 1). L lun tng t
ch ra f khng th gim thc s. Do , f khng lin tc trn R.
Gi s ngc li rng f c hu hn im gin on, chng hn, x1 < x2 <
: : : < xn . Khi f n iu ngt trn mi khong (1; x1 ); (x1 ; x2 ); : : : ; (xn ; 1).
Do , theo tnh cht gi tr trung gian ca f .
f ((1; x1 )); f ((x1 ; x2 )); : : : ; f ((xn ; 1))
l cc khong m i mt ri nhau. T
!
n1
[
[0; 1) n f ((1; x1 )) [
f ((xk ; xk+1 )) [ f ((xn ; 1))
k=1
c t nht n + 1 phn t. Mt khc, cc phn t duy nht ca
!
n1
[
R n (1; x1 )) [
(xk ; xk+1 ) [ (xn ; 1)
k=1
l x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn . V vy, f khng l song nh, mu thun. Vy, ta chng

minh f c v hn im gin on.
1.3.29. Ta ch ra rng nu I l khong con ca (0; 1) vi phn trong khc

rng, th f (I) = [0; 1]. lm vy, ch rng khong I nh th cha mt
154
khong con ( 2nk0 ; k+1

). Vy ch cn chng minh rng f ( 2nk0 ; k+1
) = [0; 1]. By
2n0
2n0
gi, quan st rng nu x 2 (0; 1), th hoc x =
j
m
2n0
vi m v n0 no , hoc
j+1
)
2n0
x 2 ( 2n0 ;
vi j no , j = 0; 1; : : : ; 2n0 1. Nu x = 2m
n0 , th f(x) = 1 v
k
k+1
gi tr ca f ti im gia ca ( 2n0 ; 2n0 ) cng l 1. Tip , nu x 2 ( 2nj 0 ; j+1
)
2n0
k
k+1
vi j no , th tn ti x0 2 ( 2n0 ; 2n0 ) sao cho f (x) = f (x0 ). Thc vy, mi s
trong ( 2nk0 ; k+1
) c cng n0 ch s u tin, v ta c th tm x0 trong khong
2n0
ny tt c cc ch s cn li nh trong khai trin nh phn ca x. V
lim
n
P
ai
i=1
n!1
= lim
n!1
n
P
ai
i=n0 +1
n n0
ta nhn c f(x) = f (x0 ). Do , ch cn chng minh rng f ((0; 1)) = [0; 1],
hay ni cch khc, vi mi y 2 [0; 1] tn ti x 2 (0; 1) sao cho f (x) y . Suy
t trn rng gi tr 1 t c, chng hn, ti x 12 . chng minh gi tr 0

cng t c, ly x = :a1 ; a2 ; : : : , y
(
1
nu i = 2k ; k = 1; 2; : : : ;
ai =
ngc li.
0
Khi
k
= 0:
k!1 2k
t c gi tr y = pq , y p v q l cc s nguyn dng nguyn
nguyeen t cng nhau, ly
f (x) = lim
x = : 00
: : : 0} 11
: : : 1} 00
: : : 0} : : : ;
| {z
| {z
| {z
qp
qp
y cc cm q p s khng xen k vi cc cm p s 1. Khi f (x) =
lim kp
k!1 kq
= pq . By gi, ta phi ch ra rng mi s v t y 2 [0; 1] cng l nhng
gi tr t c. Ta bit (xem, chng hn, I, 1.1.14) rng tn ti dy s

hu t
pn
,
qn
y mi cp s nguyn pn v qn l nguyn t cng nhau, hi t
ti y . t
x = : 00
: : : 0} 11
: : : 1} 00
: : : 0} : : : ;
| {z
| {z
| {z
q1 p1
p1
q2 p2
3.4. Chui Taylor
155
y cm p1 s 1 tip sau q1 p1 s khng, cm p2 s 1 tip sau q2 p2 s

khng, v tip tc. Khi
p1 + p2 + + pn
pn
= lim
= y:
n!1 q1 + q2 + + qn
n!1 qn
f(x) = lim
V lim qn = +1, dng thc th hai suy trc tip t kt qu trong I, 2.3.9
n!1
hoc t nh l Stolz (xem, chng hn, I, 2.3.11).
1.4 Hm na lin tc
1.4.1.
(a) t sup infff(x) : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < g = a. Trc ht, gi s a l
>0
s thc. Chng ta s ch ra rng a = lim f (x). Theo nh ngha ca

x!x0
suppremum, vi mi > 0
(i)
infff(x) : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < g a;
v vi mi " > 0, tn ti sao cho
(ii)
infff(x) : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < g a ":
Theo (ii),
(iii)
f (x) a > a " nu 0 < jx x0 j < :
By gi, gi fxng l dy im ca A khc x0 . Nu dy hi t ti x0 ,
th bt u t gi tr no ca ch s n, 0 < jxn x0 j < . V vy,
f (xn ) > a ". Nu ff (xn )g hi t, chng hn ti y , th ta nhn c

y a ", v do , lim f(x) a. chng minh rng lim f (x) a,
x!x0
x!x0
ta s dng (i). Suy ra t nh nghaca infimum rng, vi "1 > 0 cho

trc, tn ti x 2 A sao cho 0 < jx x0 j < v f (x ) < a + "1 . Ly
= n1 , ta nhn c dy fxn g sao cho

0 < jxn j <
1
4
v f (xn ) < a + "1 :
156
Kt hp vi (iii), thu c a " < f(xn ) < a + "1 . Khng mt tng qut,
c th gi s rng ff (xn )g hi t. Khi , gii hn nh hn hoc bng
a + ". T tnh tu ca "1 > 0 suy ra
lim f (x) a:
x!x0
Nu a = +1, th vi M > 0 cho trc, tn ti > 0 sao cho
infff (x) : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < g > M:

T , nu 0 < jxx0 j < , th f(x) > M . Do , nu fxn g hi t ti x0 ,
th bt u t mt ch s no ca n, f(xn ) > M . Vy lim f(x) = +1,

n!1
tc l lim f (x) = lim f (x) = +1. Cui cng, nu a = 1, th vi mi

n!1
x!x0
> 0,
infff (x) : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < g = 1:
V vy, tn ti dy fxn g hi t ti x0 sao cho lim f (xn ) = 1, suy ra
n!1
lim f(x) = 1.
x!x0
(b) Chng minh tng t nh trong (a).
1.4.2. Kt qu l h qu trc tip ca 1.1.35 v bi ton trc.

1.4.3. Suy ra t kt qu ca bi ton trc rng vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti
> 0 sao cho
0 y0 infff (x) : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < g < ":
Theo nh ngha ca infimum, iu ny tng ng vi iu kin (i) v (ii).
Theo 1.4.2(b), y~ = lim f (x) nu v ch nu vi mi " > 0, cc iu kin
x!x0
sau c tho mn :
(1) Tn ti > 0 sao cho f (x) < y~ + " vi mi x 2 A trong ln cn khuyt
0 < jx x0 j < .
3.4. Chui Taylor
157
(2) Vi mi > 0, tn ti x0 2 A trong ln cn khuyt 0 < jx0 x0 j <
f (x0 ) > y~ ".
1.4.4.
(a) Theo 1.4.2(a), lim f (x) = 1 nu v ch nu vi mi > 0
x!x0
infff (x) : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < g = 1:

iu ny c ngha vi mi > 0, tp
ff(x) : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < g

khng b chn di, suy ra iu phi chng minh.
(b) Chng minh tng t nh (a).
1.4.5. Gi fn g l dy cc s dng n iu gim, hi t ti khng. Suy t

1.4.2(a) rng
l = lim infff (x) : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < n g:
n!1
vi s thc l, iu ny tng ng vi hai iu kin sau

(1) Vi n 2 N, tn ti kn 2 N sao cho 0 < jx x0 j < k ko theo f (x) > l n1
vi k > kn .
(2) Vi n 2 N, tn ti kn > n v xkn 2 A sao cho 0 < jxkn x0 j < kn v
f (xkN ) < l + n1 .
Do , tn ti dy fxkn g hi t ti x0 sao cho lim f (xkn ) = l.

n!1
Nu lim f (x) = 1, th theo 1.4.4(a), vi mi n 2 N v > 0, tn ti

x!x0
xn 2 A sao cho 0 < jxn x0 j < v f (xn ) < n. V vy, lim xn = +1 v

x!x0
lim f (xn ) = 1.
x!x0
Nu lim f (x) = +1, th s tn ti ca fxn g suy ra trc tip t nh

x!x0
ngha.
158
1.4.6. Kt qa suy ra trc tip t I, 1.1.2 v t 1.4.1.

1.4.7. Ch cn p dng I, 1.1.4 v 1.4.1.
1.4.8. Ch rng
inf (f (x) + g(x)) inf f (x) + inf g(x);
(1)
x2A
x2A
x2A
sup(f (x) + g(x)) sup f(x) + sup g(x):
(2)
x2A
x2A
x2A
Tht vy, vi x 2 A,
f (x) + g(x) inf f(x) + inf g(x);

x2A
x2A
suy ra (1). Bt ng thc (2) c chng minh tng t.

Trc ht, ta ch ra rng
(3)
lim f (x) + lim g(x) lim (f(x) + g(x)):
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
Theo (1), ta c
infff (x) + g(x) : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < g

infff(x) : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < g
+ inffg(x) : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < g
Chuyn qua gii hn khi ! 0+ v kt qu ca 1.4.2(a) s c (3). Bt ng
thc
(4)
lim (f (x) + g(x)) lim f (x) + lim g(x)
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
c th c chng minh tng t. Hn na, suy ra t bi 1.4.6 v (3) rng
lim f (x) = lim (f (x) + g(x))

x!x0
x!x0
lim (f (x) + g(x)) + lim (g(x))

x!x0
x!x0
= lim (f (x) + g(x)) lim g(x):

x!x0
x!x0
3.4. Chui Taylor
159
C th chng minh theo cng cch nh vy rng
lim f(x) + lim g(x) lim (f (x) + g(x)):

x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
chng minh cc bt ng thc c th ngt, xt cc hm xc nh nh sau

:
(
sin x1
f(x) =
0
(
0
g(x) =
sin x1
nu x > 0;
nu x 0;
nu x 0;
nu x < 0:
Vi x0 = 0, cc ng thc cho c dng 2 < 1 < 0 < 1 < 2.
1.4.9. Quan st rng nu f v g khng m trn A, th

inf (f (x) g(x)) inf f (x) inf g(x);
(1)
x2A
x2A
x2A
sup(f (x) g(x)) sup f (x) sup g(x)
(2)
x2A
x2A
x2A
Phn cn li ca chng minh tng t nh trong li gii ca bi ton trc.

thy rng bt ng thc c th ngt, xt cc hm c cho bi
(
1
nu x > 0;
sin2 x1 +1
f(x) =
2
nu x 0;
(
3
nu x 0;
g(x) =
1
nu x < 0:
sin2 1 +1
x
Vi x0 = 0, cc ng thc cho c dng
1
4
<1<
3
2
< 3 < 6.
1.4.10. Ta c lim f (x) = lim f(x) = lim f (x). Vy, theo 1.4.8,
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
lim f (x) + lim g(x) lim (f(x) + g(x)) lim f(x) + lim g(x):
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
V vy,
lim (f (x) + g(x)) = lim f (x) + lim g(x):

x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
Cc bt ng thc khc c th c chng minh tng t.
x!x0
160
1.4.11. Nu = l hoc = L, th khng nh c suy ra trc tip t 1.4.5.

Vy gi s rng 2 (l; L). Khi , theo 1.4.5, tn ti dy fx0n g v fx00n g u
hi t n a sao cho
lim f (x0n ) = l v
n!1
lim f (x00n ) = L:
n!1
Suy ra rng f(x0n ) < < f (x00n ) bt u t gi tr no ca ch s n. V f

lin tc, n c tnh cht gi tr trung gian. T , tn ti xn trong khong
vi cc im mt x0n v x00n sao cho f (xn ) = . V fx0n g v fx00n g hi t ti a,
dy fxn g cng vy.
1.4.12. Hm lin tc ti k vi k 2 Z (xem, chng hn, 1.2.1). R rng,

(
nu sin x0 > 0;
sin x0
lim f (x) =
x!x0
0
nu sin x0 0;
v
lim f (x) =
x!x0
0
sin x0
nu
nu
sin x0 > 0;
sin x0 0;
Do , f na lin tc trn trn tp
!
!
[
[
Q\
(2k; (2k + 1)) [ (R n Q) \
[(2k 1); 2k]
k2Z
k2Z
v na lin tc di trn
!
!
[
[
((2k 1); 2k) [ (R n Q) \
[2k; (2k + 1)] :
Q\
k2Z
k2Z
1.4.13. Ta c
(
x20 1
lim f(x) =
x!x0
0
nu x0 < 1hocx0 > 1;

nu x0 2 [1; 1];
(
0
lim f(x) =
x20 1
x!x0
nu x0 < 1hocx0 > 1;

nu x0 2 [1; 1]:
3.4. Chui Taylor
161
Vy f na lin tc trn ti mi im hu t trong (1; 1) [ (1; 1) v ti
mi im hu t trong khong [1; 1]; f na lin tc di ti mi im hu

t trong (1; 1] [ [1; 1) v ti mi im hu t trong (1; 1).
1.4.14. Hm f lin tc ti 0 v ti mi im v t (xem, chng hn, 1.2.3).

Gi s rng 0 6= x0 = pq , ay p 2 Z v q 2 N nguyn t cng nhau. Khi ,
f (x0 ) = 1q v lim f (x) = 0 < 1q . T , f na lin tc trn trn R
x!x0
1.4.15.
(a) Hm f lin tc ti 0 v ti mi im v t dng (xem, chng hn,
1.2.3). Gi s rng x0 l s v t m. Khi lim f (x) = jxj = f (x0 ). V
x!x0
vy, f na lin tc trn ti 0 v ti mi im v t. Nu x0 =

th lim f (x) =
x!x0
p
q
>
p
q+1
p
q
> 0,
= f(x0 ). iu ny c ngha f na lin tc di
ti mi im hu t dng. Nu x0 = pq , th
p
p
= f (x0 )
lim f (x) = >
x!x0
q
q+1
v
lim f(x) =
x!x0
p
p
>
= f (x0 ):
q
q+1
Vy f khng na lin tc trn, cng khng na lin tc di ti cc

im hu t m.
(b) Ch rng vi x 2 (0; 1],
lim f(t) = x < f (x) < x = lim f (t):

t!x
t!x
Vy f khng na lin tc di, cng khng na lin tc trn trn (0; 1].
1.4.16.
(a) Nu x0 2 A l im c lp trong A, th khng nh hin nhin ng.
Nu x0 2 A l im gii hn ca A, th khng nh suy ra t
8
<a lim f (x)
nu a > 0;
x!x0
lim af (x) =
x!x0
:a lim f (x)
nu a < 0;
x!x0
162
(b) Gi x0 l im gii hn ca A v, chng hn, f v g na lin tc diti
x0 . Khi , theo 1.4.8,

lim (f (x) + g(x)) lim f (x) + lim g(x) f (x0 ) + g(x0 ):
x!x0
x!x0
x!x0
1.4.17. Gi s, chng hn, rng fn na lin tc di ti x0 . V sup fn fn

n2N
vi n 2 N, ta nhn c
lim sup fn (x) lim fn (x) fn (x0 ) vi n 2 N:
x!x0 n2N
x!x0
Do ,
lim sup fn (x) sup fn (x0 ):
x!x0 n2N
n2N
1.4.18. Ch cn quan st rng nu ffn g l dy tng (tng ng, gim), th

lim fn (x) = sup fn (x) (tng ng, lim fn (x) = inf fn (x)) (xem, chng hn,
n!1
n!1
n2N
n2N
I,2.1.1) v dng kt qu trong bi ton trc.
1.4.19. Theo 1.4.1. ta c

f1 (x) = maxff (x); lim f (z)g
z!x
= inf supff (z) : z 2 A; jz xj < g

>0
lim supff(z) : z 2 A; jz xj < g:
!0+
Tng t,
f2 (x) = lim+ infff (z) : z 2 A; jz xj < g:

!0
T ,
f1 (x) f2 (x) =
lim supff(z) : z 2 A; jz xj < g
!0+
lim+ infff (u) : u 2 A; ju xj < g

!0
=
=
lim supff(z) f (u) : z; u 2 A; jz xj < ; ju xj < g
!0+
lim supfjf (z) f (u)j : z; u 2 A; jz xj < ; ju xj < g
!0+
= of (x):
3.4. Chui Taylor
163
1.4.20. Gi x l im gii hn ca A, v gi fxn g l dy cc im ca A hi

t ti x. t n = jxn xj + n1 . Khi , jz xn j < n ko theo jz xj < 2n .
Do , t li gii ca bi ton trc,
f2 (x) =
lim infff (z) : z 2 A; jz xk j < n g
n!1
infff (z) : z 2 A; jz xk j < k g

infff (z) : z 2 A; jz xj < 2k g
Chuyn qua gii hn khi k ! 1 c lim f2 (xk ) f2 (x). Suy ra rng lim f2 (z)
z!x
k!1
f2 (x), v v vy tnh na lin tc di ca f2 c chng minh. Hon ton

tng t c th chng minh f1 na lin tc trn. By gi, theo kt qu ca
bi ton trc of (x) = f1 (x) f2 (x), iu ny cng vi 1.4.16 chng minh
tnh na lin tc trn ca of .
1.4.21. Chng ta s chng minh khng nh cho hm na lin tc di.
Trc ht gi s rng iu kin cho c tho mn. Khi , vi a < f (x0 )
tn ti > 0 sao cho f (x) > a bt c khi no jx x0 j < . Nu fxn g l dy
cc im ca A hi t ti x0 , th jxn x0 j < vi n ln.T f(xn ) > a,

suy ra lim f(xn ) a. Do tnh tu ca a, ta c lim f (xn ) f (x0 ). By gi,
x!x0
x!x0
gi s rng f na lin tc di ti x0 v vi tri vi iu kin ca ta, iu

kin cho khng c tho mn. Khi tn ti a < f (x0 ) sao cho vi mi
n 2 N, tn ti xn 2 A jxn x0 j < n = n1 v f (xn ) a. Vy dy fxn g hi

t ti x0 v lim f (xn ) f (x0 ), mu thun.
n!1
1.4.22. Gi s rngvi mi a 2 R, tp fx 2 A : f(x) > ag m. Gi x0 l phn

t ca A v ly a < f (x0 ). Khi , tn ti > 0 sao cho (x0 ; x0 + )
fx 2 A : f(x) > ag. Theo kt qu ca bi ton trc, suy ra f na lin tc

di.
Gi s f na lin tc di trn A. Ta s ch ra rng tp x 2 A; : f (x) a
ng trong A. Gi fxn g l dy cc im ca tp hp ny hi t ti a. Khi
f (xn ) a, v do , f(x) lim f (xn ) a, suy ra x cng l phn t ca
n!1
x 2 A : f (x) a. Vy, ta chng minh rng tp ny l ng, hay tng

ng, phn b ca n m trong A.
164
1.4.23. Gi s f na lin tc di trn R, v t B = f(x; y) 2 R2 : y f(x)g.

Ta phi ch ra rng B ng trong R2 . Gi (xn ; yn ) l dy im trong B hi
t ti (x0 ; y0 ). Khi
yo = lim yn lim f (xn ) lim f (x) f (x0 ):
nto1
n!1
x!x0
T , (x0 ; y0 ) 2 B.
By gi, gi s rng B ng v f khng na lin tc di ti x0 2 R. Khi
, tp Bc = f(x; y) 2 R : y < f (x)g m trong R2 v tn ti dy fxn g; xn 6= x0 ,
hi t ti x0 v sao cho y = lim f (xn ) < f(x0 ). Ly g sao cho y < g < f (x0 ).
n!1
Khi (x0 ; g) thuc Bc . T , tn ti hnh cu tm ti (x0 ; g) cha trong Bc .

iu ny c ngha vi n ln, (x0 ; g) thuc Bc , hay tng ng, g < f (xn).
V vy, g y , mu thun.
Nhc li rng f na lin tc trn trn R nu v ch nu f na lin tc
di trn R. Vy f na lin tc trn trn R nu v ch nu tp f(x; y) 2 R2 :
y f (x)g ng trong R2 .
1.4.24. [21]. Ta trc ht ch ra rng f na lin tc di nu v ch nu hm

g(x) = 2 arctg f (x) na lin tc di. lm vy, ta dng c chng c cho
trong 1.4.20. Gi s rng f na lin tc di. chng minh g cng na lin
tc di, ch cn ch ra vi mi s thc a, tp B = fx 2 A; 2 arctg f(x) > ag
m trong A. R rng, nu a 1, th B = A, v nu a 1, th B = ;. Nu
jaj < 1, th B = fx 2 A; f (x) > tg( 2 a)g; vy n m theo gi thit. By gi
gi s rng g na lin tc di. Khi fx 2 A : g(x) > 2 arctg ag m vi mi
s thc a. Do , tp fx 2 A : f (x) > a m.
Vi n 2 N; a 2 A, xc nh 'a;n bi
'a;n = g(a) + njx aj;
x 2 R;
v t
gn (x) = inf 'a;n (x):

a2A
R rng,
gn (x) gn+1 (x) vi x 2 R
3.4. Chui Taylor
165
gn (x) 'x;n (x) = g(x)
x 2 A:
T , vi mi x 2 A, dy fgn (x)g hi t. By gi, ta chng minh rng hm
gn lin tc trn R. Thc vy, vi x; x0 2 R,
j'a;n (x) 'a;n (x0 )j njx x0 j:

Suy rng
'a;n (x0 ) njx x0 j 'a;n (x) 'a;n (x0 ) + njx x0 j:

Do
gn (x0 ) njx x0 j gn (x) gn (x0 ) + njx x0 j;

v v vy tnh lin tc ca gn c chng minh. Suy ra t trn rng vi
x 2 A; lim gn (x) g(x). Ta phi chng minh rng lim gn(x) g(x). Gi
n!1
n!1
x 2 A v gi << g(x). V g na lin tc di ti x, tn ti > 0 sao cho

g(a) > nu jx aj < . T
(1)
'a;n (x) g(a) > vi jx aj < :
Mt khc,
(2)
'a;n (x) > 1 + n
vi jx aj < ;
kt hp vi (1) c
gn (x) = inf 'a;n (x) minf; 1 + ng:

a2A
V vy, gn (x) vi n ln, v do ta nhn c lim gn (x) . Cui

n!1
cng,, chuyn qua gii hn khi ! g(x), ta c lim gn (x) g(x).

n!1
1.4.25. Suy ra t nh l Baire (xem bi ton trc) rng tn ti dy gim

ffn g v dy tng fgn g cc hm lin tc hi t trn A ti f v g ,tng ng.
166
'1 (x) = f1 (x);
1 (x) = inff'1 (x); g1 (x)g;
:::
:::
'n (x) = maxfn1 (x); fn (x)g;
n (x) = inff'n (x); gn (x)g:
Khi f'n g gim, bi v cc bt dng thc n 'n v fn 'n suy ra
'n+1 = maxfn ; fn+1 g maxfn ; fn g maxf'n ; fn g = 'n :

Tng t, c th ch ra rng n tng. By gi quan st rng dy cc hm
lin tc f'n g v n ddeeuf hi t, chng hn ti ' v , tng ng. C th
ch ra rng '(x) = maxf(x); f(x)g v (x) = minf'(x); g(x)g (xem, chng
hn, I, 2.4.28). Vy nu '(x) 6= (x) vi x no , th '(x) = f (x); v t
f (x) g(x), ta cng c (x) = f(x), mu thun. V vy, cc dy f'ng v n

c cng gii hn, chng hn f , sao cho f (x) h(x) g(x). Theo 1.4.18, h
na lin tc trn v na lin tc di, do lin tc.
1.5 Tnh lin tc u

1.5.1.
(a) Hm c th thc trin lin tc trn [0; 1]. V vy, f lin tc u trn
(0; 1). V vy, f lin tc u trn (0; 1).

(b) Ch rng vi n 2 N,

1
1
=1
f
2n
2n + 2
1
2n+
mc d 2n
c th nh tu . Do , hm lin tc khng u
2
trn (0; 1).
(c) V tn ti thc trin lin tc ca f trn [0; 1], hm f lin tc u trn
(0; 1).
3.4. Chui Taylor
(d) Ta c
v ln1n
167
1
1
f
= jn (n + 1)j = 1
ln n
ln(n + 1)
1
ln(n+1)
! . T , f khng lin tc u trn (0; 1).
n!1
(e) V lim+ e x = 0, hm c th thc trin lin tc trn [0; 1]. Vy f lin

x!0
tc u trn (0; 1).

(f) Hm khng lin tc u trn (0; 1) bi v

1
1
1
1
f
= e 2n
f
+ e 2n+ > 2;
2n
2n +
n 2 N:
(g) thy rng hm khng lin tc u trn (0; 1), ch rng

1
f 1 f
= 1:
en
en+1
(h) Quan st rng

1
1
f
= j cos 1 + cos 1 j ! 2:
f
2n
2n + 1
2n
2n + 1 n!1
Vy hm khng lin tc u trn (0; 1).
(i) Nh trn, c th ch ra rng hm khng lin tc u trn (0; 1).
1.5.2.
(a) Chng ta s ch ra rng f lin tc u trn [0; +1). Thc vy, theo
bt ng thc
ta c
p
p
p
j x1 x2 j jx1 x2 j vi x1 ; x2 2 [0; 1)
jx1 x2 j <
p
p
ko theo j x1 x2 j < ":
168
(b) Ch rng
f (2n) f 2n + 1 ! 2:
n n!1
Vy f khng lin tc u trn [0; 1).

(c) V
j sin2 x1 sin2 x2 j = j sin x1 sin x2 j j sin x1 + sin x2 j 2jx1 x2 j;

hm lin tc u trn [0; 1).
(d) Hm khng lin tc u trn [0; 1) bi v
p
f
(
2n)
f
2n
+
=1
2
p
p
mc 2n 2n + 2 ! 0:
n!1
(e) Hm khng lin tc u trn [0; 1). Thc vy, suy ra t tnh lin tc
ca hm logorit rng
1
j ln n ln(n + 1)j = ln 1 +
! 0:
n n!1
Ngoi ra,
jf(ln n) f (ln(n + 1))j = 1:

(f) C th chng minh, nh trong (d), rng hm khng lin tc u trn
[0; 1).
(g) V
sin x1 sin x2
jx1 x2 j;
j sin(sin x1 ) sin(sin x2 )j 2 sin
f lin tc u trn [0; 1).

(h) Ch rng
1
f 2n +
f (2n)
2n

1
1
1
! sin 1:
= sin 2n sin
+
sin
2n 2n
2n n!1
3.4. Chui Taylor
169
Do , hm khng lin tc u trn [0; 1).

(i) Quan st rng
p
p
j sin x1 sin x2 j
p
p
p
p
x1 x2
x1 + x2
p
p
= 2 sin
cos
j x1 x2 j:
2
2
By gi l lun nh trong (a), ta chng minh c tnh lin tc u ca f .
1.5.3. Chng ta s chng minh rng lim+ f (x) tn ti. Do tnh lin tc u,
x!a
vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti > 0 sao cho jf(x1 ) f (x2 )j < " bt c khi no
jx1 x2 j < . R rng, nu a < x1 < a + v a < x2 < a + , th jx1 x2 j < .

Suy ra r nh l Cauchy (xem, chng hn, 1.1.37) rng gii hn tri ca f
ti a tn ti. Hon ton tng t, c th chng minh rng gii hn phi ca
f ti b tn ti.
1.5.4.
(a) Suy ra trc tip t nh ngha ca tnh lin tc u rng tng ca hai
hm lin tc u cng l hm lin tc u.
(b) Nu f v g lin tc u trn khong hu hn (a; b), th theo kt qu
ca bi ton trc, cc hm trn c th thc trin lin tc trn [a; b).
V vy, f v g b chn trn (a; b). Do , tnh lin tc u ca f g trn
[a; b] suy ra t bt ng thc

jf(x1 )g(x1 ) f(x2 )g(x2 )j
jf(x1 )jjg(x1 ) g(x2 )j + jg(x2 )jjf (x1 ) f ()x2 j:
Mt khc, cc hm f (x) = g(x) = x lin tc u trn [a; 1) nhng
f (x)g(x) = x2 khng lin tc u trn khong v hn.
(c) Theo (b), x 7! f(x) sin x lin tc u trn (a; b). Hm khng nht thit
lin tc u trn [a; 1), nh v d trong 1.5.2(b) ch ra.
170
1.5.5.
(a) Vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti 1 > 0 v 2 > 0 sao cho jf (x1 ) f (b)j <
nu 0 b x1 <
1
2
2 = minf1 ; 2 g, ta c
v jf(x2 ) f (b)j <
"
2
nu 0 x2 b <
2
.
2
"
2
jf (x1 ) f (x2 )j < " nu jx1 x2 j < :
(1)
Vi x1 ; x2 2 (a; b] hoc x1 ; x2 2 [b; c), (1) c tho mn vi s dng
> 0 no .
(b) Khng. Cho A = N v B = fn +

(
1
f (x) =
2
1
n
: n 2 Ng, v xt hm f xc nh bi
nu x 2 A;
nu x 2 B:
1.5.6. Nu f l hm hng, th n lin tc u trn R. Nu f l hm tun

hon khc hm hng, th chu k c bn T ca n tn ti (xem 1.2.23). R
rng, f lin tc u trn mi khong [kT; (k + 1)T ]; k 2 Z. Vy, nh trong
li gii ca 1.5.5(a), c th chng minh rng f lin tc u trn R.
1.5.7.
(a) t lim f (x) = l v lim f(x) = L. Khi , vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti
x!1
x!1
A > 0 sao cho jf(x) lj < 2" vi x 2 A v jf (x) lj < 2" vi x A.

T y, suy ra rng nu x1 ; x2 2 [A; 1) hoc x1 ; x2 2 (1; A], th
jf(x1 ) f(x2 )j < ". R rng, f lin tc u trn [A; A]. Cui cng,
nh trong li gii ca1.5.5(a), c th ch ra rng f lin tc u trn R.
(b) Chng minh tng t nh trong (a).
1.5.8. Ch cn p dng kt qu trong bi ton trc.

1.5.9. lim f (x) khng nht thit tn ti. thy iu ny, xt hm trong
x!1
1.5.2(c). Gii hn lim+ f(x) tn ti (xem 1.5.3).

x!0
3.4. Chui Taylor
171
1.5.10. Gi s rng I = (a; b) l khong b chn v, chng hn, f n

iu tng. Khi , nh trong 1.1.35, c th chng minh rng lim+ f(x) =
x!a
inf f(x) v lim f (x) = sup f (x). Do , f c th thc trin lin tc trn
x2(a;b)
x!b
x2(a;b)
[a; b]. Vy n lin tc u trn (a; b). Nu khong I khng b chn, th cc

gii hn lim f (x) v=hoc lim f (x) tn ti v hu hn. Theo 1.5.7, f lin
x!1
x!1
tc u trn I.
1.5.11. Khng. Hm sau y lin tc u trn [0; +1) nhng gii hn

lim f(x) khng tn ti :
x!1
8
x
vi x 2 [0; 1];
>
>
>
>
>
x + 2
vi x 2 [1; 2];
>
>
>
<
f(x) =
>
x n(n + 1)
vi x 2 [n(n + 1); (n + 1)2 ];
>
>
>
>
>
vi x 2 [n(n + 1); (n + 1)2 ];
x + (n + 1)(n + 2)
>
>
:
1.5.12. Gi " > 0 tu c nh. Chn > 0 sao cho vi x; x0 0

"
jx x0 j < ko theo jf (x) f (x0 )j < :
2
Gi x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xk l cc im trong khong [0; 1] sao cho vi mi x 2 [0; 1],
tn ti xi jx xi j < . V lim f (xi + n) = 0 vi i = 1; 2; : : : ; k . Gi s
n!1
x n0 + 1 v t n = [x]. Khi , tn ti xi sao cho jx (n + xi )j < . Suy ra

rng
jf (x)j jf(x) f (xi + n)j + jf (xi + n)j < ":
1.5.13. Do tnh lin tc u ca f trn [1; 1), tn ti > 0 sao cho jf (x)
f (x0 )j < 1 nu jx x0 j < . Mi x 1 c th vit di dng x = 1 + n + r,
y n 2 N [ f0g v 0 r < . T
jf(x)j jf (1)j + jf(x) f(1)j jf (1)j + (n + 1):
Chia cho x, c
fracjf (x)jx
jf (1) + 2j
jf(1)j + (n + 1)
= M:
x
172
1.5.14. Nh trong li gii ca bi ton trc, ta tm > 0 sao cho nu

x = n + r, th vi mi u 0
jf (x + u) f (u)j n + 1:
V vy,
n+1
2
f(x + u) f (u)
= M:
x+1
1 + n + r
1.5.15. Gi s fxn g l dy Cauchy gm cc phn t trong A; tc l, vi > 0

cho trc, tn ti n0 2 N sao cho jxn xm j < vi n; m n0 . Do tnh lin
tc u ca f , vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti " > 0 sao cho jf (xn ) f (xm )j < "
nu jxn xm j < " . Vy ff(xn )g l dy Cauchy.
1.5.16. Gi s ngc li, rng f khng lin tc u trn A. Vy, c " > 0 sao
cho vi mi s nguyn dng n, tn ti xn v x0n trong A sao cho jxn x0n j < n1
v jf (xn ) f (x0n )j ". V A b chn, tn ti dy con hi t fxnk g ca fxn g.
Suy t trn rng dy fx0nk g hi t ti cng gii hn. V vy, dy fzk g vi cc

s hng xn1 ; x0n1 ; xn2 ; x0n2 ; : : : ; xnk ; x0nk ; : : : hi t, v v vy, n l dy Cauchy.
Nhng jf (xnk f (x0nk )j ", v nh vy ff (zk )g khng l dy Cauchy. Mu
thun.
Tnh b chn ca A l khng b c. thy iu ny, xt hm f (x) = x2

trn (0; 1).
1.5.17. iu kin cn suy trc tip t nh ngha ca tnh lin tc u. By

gi, gi s rng iu kin cho c tho mn v f khng lin tc u
trn A. Khi , tn ti " > 0 sao cho vi mi s nguyn dng n, tn ti xn
v yn trong A sao cho jxn yn j < n1 v jf(xn ) f(yn )j ", mu thun.
1.5.18. Khng. Xc nh hm f bng cch t
8
1
>
vi
>
2
>
>
1
>
>
vi
< n
2
f (x) =
vi
n
>
>
1
>
xn+ n
vi
>
>
>
: n+2 x n 1 + 2
vi
(n+1)(n1)
n
n
x 2 [0; 2];
x = n; n 2;
x = n + n1 ; n 2
x 2 (n; n + n1 ); n 2;
x 2 (n + n1 ; n + 1); n 2:
3.4. Chui Taylor
173
Hm f lin tc trn (0; 1), lim f (x) = 0 v lim+ f(x) = 12 . Suy t 1.5.7 rng
x!1
x!0
f lin tc u trn (0; 1). Tuy nhin,
f(n + n1 )
= 2:
n!1
f (n)
lim
1.5.19. Do tnh lin tc ca f ti 0, vi " > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho jf(x)j < "
vi jxj < . T , tnh cng tnh di ca f suy ra rng, vi x 2 R v jtj < ,
f(x + t) f(x) f(t) < "
f(x) f (x + t) f(t) < ":
Do , jf (x + t) f(x)j < ", suy ra tnh lin tc u ca f trn R.
1.5.20. Quan st rng !f n iu tng trn (0; 1). Vy (xem 1.1.35)

lim !f () = inf !f () 0:
!0+
>0
Nu lim!0+ !f () = 0, th vi " > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho !f () < ". Do ,

nu jx1 x2 j < , th jf (x1 ) f (x2 )j !f () < ". iu ny c ngha f lin
tc u trn A.
By gi gi s rng f lin tc u trn A. Khi , vi " > 0, tn ti 0 > 0

sao cho jf (x1 ) f (x2 )j < " vi jx1 x2 j < 0 . T , lim+ !f (0 ) ". Do tnh
!0
tu ca " > 0, ta c lim+ !f () = 0.

!0
1.5.21. R rng, ch cn chng minh (b) suy ra (a). Ly " > 0 c nh tu .

V fg lin tc ti 0, tn ti 1 > 0 sao cho
jxj < 1
"
ko theo jf(x)g(x) f (0)g(0)j < :
2
Vy, nu jx1 j < 1 v jx2 j < 2 , th jf (x1 )g(x1 ) f (x2 )g(x2 )j < ". Vi jx1 j 1 ,
ta c
jf (x1 )g(x1 ) f (x2 )g(x2 )j

jg(x1 )j
jx1 jjf(x1 ) f (x2 )j + jf (x2 )jjg(x1 ) g(x2 )j:
jx1 j
174
Do ,
jf(x1 )g(x1 ) f (x2 )g(x2 )j

jg(x1 )j
(jjx1 jf (x1 ) jx2 jf (x2 )j + jf(x2 )jjx2 ) x1 j)

jx1 j
+jf(x2 )jjg(x1 ) g(x2 )j:
Kt hp vi kt qu trong 1.5.13, c
jf (x1 )g(x1 ) f(x2 )g(x2 )j M jjx1 jf (x1 ) jx2 jf (x2 )j

+M Ljx1 x2 j + Ljg(x1 ) g(x2 )j;
y
M = sup
jg(x)j
: jxj 1 ;
jxj
L = max sup fjf (x)j : jxj 1 g ; sup

jxjjf (x)j
: jxj 1 ; :
jxj
Vy kt qu cn chng minh suy ra t tnh lin tc u ca g(x) v jxjf (x)

trn R.
1.5.22. Gi s rng f lin tc u trn I. Khi , vi " > 0 cho trc, tn

ti > 0 sao cho
(i)
jx1 x2 j <
ko theo jf (x1 ) f (x2 )j < ":
Ta s chng minh rng vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti N > 0 sao cho vi mi
x1 ; x2 2 I; x1 =
6 x2 ,
f(x1 ) f (x2 )
(ii)
x1 x2 > N
ko theo jf (x1 ) f (x2 )j < ":
R rng, php ko theo ny tng ng vi
f(x1 ) f(x2 )
N:
jf (x1 ) f (x2 )j " ko theo
x1 x2
3.4. Chui Taylor
175
Theo (i), nu jf(x1 )f (x2 )j ", th jx1 x2 j . Khng mt tng qut, c th

gi s rng x1 < x2 v f (x1 ) < f (x2 ). V f(x2 )f (x1 ) ", tn ti 2 ["; 2"] v
mt s dng k sao cho f(x2 ) = f (x1 ) + k . By gi, t tnh cht gi tr trung
gian ca f trn khong [x1 ; x2 ], suy ra tn ti x1 = z0 < z1 < < zk = x2
sao cho f (zi ) = f(x1 ) + i; i = 1; 2; : : : ; k . Ta c jf (zi ) f (zi1 )j = ", vy
jzi zi1 j . t N = 2"

, ta nhn c
f (x1 ) f(x2 ) k
2"
x1 x2 k = = N:
By gi gi s (ii) c tho mn. Khi , vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti N > 0

sao cho
jf(x1 ) f (x2 )j " ko theo

Do ,
f (x1 ) f(x2 )
x1 x2 N:
jf (x1 ) f(x2 )j " ko theo jx1 x2 j

iu ny c ngha rng (i) c tho mn vi =
"
:
N
"
.
N
1.6 Phng trnh hm

1.6.1. R rng, hm f (x) = x lin tc v tho mn phng trnh hm
Cauchy. Ta chng minh rng phng trnh ny khng c nghim no khc.
Trc ht quan st rng nu f tho mn
(1)
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) vi x; y 2 R;
th f(2x) = 2f (x) vi x 2 R. C th chng minh bng quy np rng vi
n 2 N,
(2)
f (nx) = nf (x):
Nu trong (2), thay x bi nx , ta nhn c
(3)
x
n
1
f (x):
n
176
Nu r = pq , y p; q 2 N, th (2) v (3) suy ra

1
p
p
(4)
f (rx) = f
x = pf
x = f(x) = rf(x):
q
q
q
Suy ra t (2) rng f (0) = 0. Kt hp vi (1), ta c 0 = f (0) = f(x) + f (x),
hay ni cch khc, f (x) = f (x). Vy, theo (4), ta c rf(x) = f(rx) =
f(rx) vi mi s hu t m r. T , vi mi s thc , tn ti dy frn g

cc s hu t hi t ti , v v f lin tc, theo (4) ta c
f(x) = f( lim rn x) = lim f (rn x) = lim rn f (x) = f (x):
n!1
n21
n!1
t x = 1, c f () = f(1). Do , f(x) = ax, y a = f(1).
1.6.2.
(a) Ta s chng minh rng nu f lin tc ti t nht mt im v tho
mn phng trnh hm Cauchy, th n lin tc trn R. Vy, khng
nh suy ra t bi ton trc. R rng, nu f tho mn phng trnh
hm Cauchy cc ng thc (2)-(4) trong li gii ca 1.6.1 ng. ta trc
ht ch ra rng tnh lin tc ca f ti mt im x0 ko theo ttnh lin
tc ti 0. Thc vy, nu fzn g l dy hi t ti 0, th fzn + x0 g hi t ti
x0 . Ngoi ra, suy ra t ng thc
f (zn + x0 ) = f (zn ) + f (x0 )

v t tnh lin tc ca f ti x0 rng lim f (zn ) = 0 = f (0). By gi,
n!1
nu x l s thc tu v fxn g hi t ti x th fxn xg hi t ti 0.
ng thc f (xn x) = f (xn ) f (x) v tnh lin tc ca f ti 0 suy ra
lim f(xn ) = f (x).
n!1
(b) Ta trc ht ch ra rng nu f tho mn phng trnh hm Cauchy

v b chn trn trong khong (a; b), th n b chn trong mi khong
("; "); " > 0. lm vy, xt hm

g(x) = f(x) f (1)x; x 2 R:
3.4. Chui Taylor
177
R rng, g tho mn phng trnh hm Cauchy, v suy t li gii ca

1.6.1 rng g(r) = 0 vi r 2 Q. Vi x 2 ("; "), c th tm c s hu
t r sao cho x + r 2 (a; b). Khi , g(x) = g(x) + g(r) = g(x + r) =
f (x + r) f (1)(x + r), suy ra b chn trong khong ("; "), v do , f

cng vy. V f (x) = f (x), f b chn di trong ("; "). By gi, ta
phi ch ra f lin tc ti 0. Gi fxn g l dy hi t ti khng, v chn
dy frn g cc s hu t phn k ti +1 sao cho lim xn rn = 0. Khi ,
n!1
dy fjf(rn xn )jg b chn trn, chng hn bi M , v

1
1
M
jf (xn )j = f
rn xn = jf (rn xn)j
:
rn
rn
rn
T , lim f (xn ) = 0 = f (0). Vy khng nh ca ta suy t (a).

n!1
(c) Gi s, chng hn, rng f n iu tng. Suy t (2)(4) trong li gii

ca 1.6.1 rng vi n1 < x < n1 ,
1
1
f(1) f (x) f (1):
n
n
Vy f lin tc ti 0, v i hi ca ta suy t (a).
1.6.3. Quan st rng f (x) = f 2 ( x2 ) 0. Nu f nhn gi tr 0 ti x0 , th do
f (x + y) = f (x)f (y), f s ng nht bng 0, mu thun vi f (1) > 0. Vy f
dng trn R v hm g(x) = ln f (x) lin tc v tho mn phng trnh hm
Cauchy. Suy ra t 1.6.1 rng g(x) = ax, y a = g(1) = ln f (1). T ,
f (x) = bx ; x 2 R, vi b = f(1).
1.6.4. Vi x; y 2 (0; 1), chn t; s 2 R sao cho x = et v y = es . nh ngha g
theo cng thc g(t) = f (et ). Khi , g(t + s) = g(t) + g(s) vi t; s 2 R, v theo
1
1.6.1, g(t) = at. Vy, f (x) = a ln x = logb x, y b = e a .
1.6.5. Nh trong li gii ca bi ton trc, vi x; y 2 (0; 1), ta chn t; s 2 R
sao cho x = et ; y = es . Tip theo, ta xc nh hm g bng cch t g(t) = f (et ).
Khi f tho mn phng trnh cho nu v ch nu g(t + s) = g(t) + g(s)
vi t; s 2 R. Suy ra t 1.6.3 rng g(t) = at . T , f(x) = aln x = xb , y
b = ln a.
178
1.6.6. Nu f lin tc trn R v f (x) f (y) hu t vi mi x y hu t, th

g(x) = f (x+1)f (x) lin tc v gi s cj nhn gi tr hu t. Suy ra t tnh
cht gi tr trung gian rng g l hm hng. t f (x + 1) f (x) = q; q 2 Q.
Nu f(0) = r, th f(1) = r + q , v theo quy np, f (n) = nq + r; n 2 N.
Do f (x) = f (x + 1) q , ta nhn c f (1) = q + r, v theo quy np,
n
f (n) = nq + r; n 2 N. Vi s hu t p = m
, hm f(x + p) f (x) cng
l hm hng. Gi f(x + p) = f (x) + q~. Nh trn, c th chng minh rng
f (kp) = k q~ + r vi k 2 N. Ni ring, f (n) = f (mq) = m~
q + r. Mt khc,
n
n
n
f (n) = nq + r. T , q~ = m q v f m = m q + r. V p c th chn tu ,
f (x) = qx + r vi x 2 Q. Tnh lin tc ca f suy ra rng f c xc nh bi
cng thc ny vi mi x 2 R.
1.6.7. Quan st rng f (0) = 0. Ngoi ra, vi x 2 R, ta c
f (x) = f (qx) = f (q 2 x) = f (q 3 x):
C th chng minh bng quy np rng f (x) = (1)n f (q n x). Cho n ! 1 v
s dng tnh lin tc ca f ti 0, ta c f (x) = 0. Vy ch c duy nht hm
ng nht bng 0 tho mn phng trnh cho.
1.6.8. Ta c f(0) = 0 v
f(x) = f
2
2
2
2
x +x=f
x x + x:
3
3
3
C th chng minh bng quy np rng vi n 2 N,

n
n1
2
2
2
n
n1
f(x) = (1) f
x + (1)
x + x + x:
3
3
3
By gi, ta chuyn qua gii hn khi n ! 1 v s dng tnh lin tc ca f
ti 0, thu c f (x) = 35 x.
1.6.9. Nu trong phng trnh, t y = 2x, ta c

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
f (y) = f
y + 4 y + 2 y:
y + 2y = 2f
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3.4. Chui Taylor
179
C th chng minh bng quy np rng
1
1
1
1
1
f(y) = n f
y
+
y
+
y
+
+
y:
2
2n
22n
22(n1)
22
Cho n ! 1 v s dng f (0) = 0 v f lin tc ti 0, ta kt lun rng
f (y) = 13 y .
1.6.10. t f (0) = c. Trong phng trnh Jensen, ta c

x f (x) + f (0)
f (x) + c
f
=
=
:
2
2
2
T ,
x+y
f (x + y) + c
f (x) + f (y)
=f
=
;
2
2
2
suy ra f (x) + f (y) = f(x + y) + c. By gi, t g(x) = f(x) c. Khi g
tho mn phng trnh Cauchy (xem 1.6.1). V vy, g(x) = ax, hay ni cch
khc, f (x) = ax + c.
1.6.11. Trc ht, ta ch ra rng f tuyn tnh trn mi khong con ng
[; ] ca (a; b). Theo phng trnh Jensen,
1
1
f + ( ) = f () + (f () f ()):
2
2
Hn na,
+ +
1
2
= f
f + ( )
4
2
1
1
+
=
f () + f
2
2
2
1
= f() + (f () f ())
4
1
1
1
3
f + ( )
= f
+
+ ( )
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
=
f () + f + ( )
2
2
2
3
= f() + (f() f())
4
180
By gi, ta chng minh bng quy np rng
k
k
f + n ( ) = f() + n (f() f())
2
2
vi k = 1; 2; 3; : : : ; 2n v n 2 N. Gi s ng thc ng vi m n, ta chng
minh rng n ng cho n + 1. Thc vy, nu k = 2l; l = 0; 1; : : : ; 2n , th theo

gi thit quy np,
k
l
f + n+1 ( )
= f + n ( )
2
2
l
= f () + n (f () f ())
2
k
= f () + n+1 (f() f ()):
2
Tng t, nu k = 2l + 1; l = 0; 1; : : : ; 2n 1, th
k
1
l
1
l
f + n+1 ( )
= f
+ n1 ( ) +
+ n ( )
2
2
2
2
2
l
1
l
1
f + n1 ( ) + f + n ( )
=
2
2
2
2
k
= f() + n+1 (f () f ()):
2
V cc s
k
2n
to thnh tp tr mt trong [0; 1], tnh lin tc ca f suy ra
rng
f ( + t( )) = f () + t(f () f ()) vi t 2 [0; 1]:

t x = + t( ), c
f (x) = f () +
f() f()
(x ):
By gi quan st rng vi gi thit ca ta, cc gii hn mt pha ca f ti a

v b tn ti. Tht vy, chng hn, ta c
f (y)
x+b
f (x)
lim
=f
y!b
2
2
2
vi x 2 (a; b):
3.4. Chui Taylor
181
R rng,
(a; b) =
1
[
[n n ];
n=1
y fn g l dy gim cc im trong (a; b) hi t ti a, v fn g l dy tng
cc im ca khong ny hi t ti b. Vy vi x 2 (a; b), tn ti n0 2 N sao
cho x 2 [n ; n ] vi mi n n0 . Suy ra rng
f(x) = f (n ) +
Nu cho n ! 1, ta c
f (x) = f (a+ ) +
1.6.12. Vi x 2 R, t
f(n ) f (n )
(x n ):
n ) n
f (b ) f (a+ )
(x a):
ba
x1 = x v xn+1 =
xn 1
; n = 1; 2; 3; : : : :
2
Khi , lim xn = 1 v f(xn ) = f (2xn+1 ); n 2 N. T , f (x) = f (xn ). Cho

n!1
n ! 1, ta thy rng f (x) = f (1). Vy ch c hm hng tho mn gi thit

ca ta.
1.6.13. Ch rng g(x) = f (x) a2 x2 lin tc trn R v tho mn phng
trnh hm Cauchy (xem 1.6.1). Vy g(x) = g(1)x, suy ra
a
a
x vi x 2 R:
f (x) x2 = f(1)
2
2
1.6.14. Theo gi thit,
f (1) = f
1
1
= = = f (0) :
2
3
Ngoi ra, vi t 6= 0; 1; 12 ; 13 ; : : : , ta c
t
t
t
f (t) = f
=f
=f
= :
t+1
2t + 1
3t + 1
t
n!1 nt+1
V lim
= 0, tnh lin tc ca f ti 0 suy ra rng f (t) = f (0). Vy nghim
duy nht ca phng trnh cho l cc hm hng.
182
1.6.15. Khng. Thc ra, c nhiu hm nh vy. Vi a 2 (0; 1), gi g l hm

lin tc t [0; a] v [a; 1]. Khi , hm f c xc nh bi
(
g(x)
vi x 2 [0; a];
f (x) =
1
g (x)
vi x 2 (a; 1];
y g 1 l nghch o ca g , c tnh cht nh trong bi ton.
1.6.16. Gi s ngc li rng tn ti y0 2 R sao cho jg(y0 )j = a < 1. t

M = supfjf(x)j : x 2 Rg. Theo nh ngha ca supremum, tn ti x0 2 R sao
cho jf (x0 )j > M
. Theo gi thit,
a
jf(x0 + y0 )j + jf(x0 y0 )j jf (x0 + y0 ) + f(x0 y0 )j
M
= 2jf(x0 )jjg(y0 )j > 2 a = 2M:
a
T , jf(x0 + y0 )j > M hoc jf (x0 y0 )j > M , mu thun.
1.6.17. Ch rng g(x) = f (x)ex tho mn phng trnh hm Cauchy. Suy

ra t 1.6.1 rng f (x) = axex .
1.6.18. Theo gi thit, f(0) = 0 v f (2x) = (f (x))2 . Bng quy np,
x 2 x 22
x 2n
f (x) = f
= f 2
= = f n
:
2
2
2
T ,
p
f (x):
2n
2n
Nu f (x) > 0, th chuyn qua gii hn khi n ! 1, ta nhn c 0 = 1, mu
thun. Vy, ch c hm ng nht bng 0 tho mn phng trnh cho.
1.6.19. Thay x bi
x1
x
trong
f (x) + f
(i)
x1
x
=1+x
(ii)
x1
x
+f
1
x1
2x 1
:
x
3.4. Chui Taylor
183
1
x1
Tip tc thay x bi
trong (i), ta nhn c
(iii)
1
x1
+ f(x) =
x2
:
x1
Cng (i) vi (iii) ri tr i (ii), c
2f(x) = 1 + x +
x 2 2x 1
:
x1
x
T ,
f(x) =
x3 x2 1
:
2x(x 1)
C th kim tra d dng rng hm ny ttho mn phng trnh hm cho.
1.6.20. Vi cc s thc x v y , xc nh fxn g nh sau : x2k1 = x v x2k =

y; k = 1; 2; : : : . Khi ng thc f (C lim xn ) = C lim f (xn ) ko theo
n!1
nx + ny
lim
n!1
2n
n!1
nf (x) + nf (y)
;
n!1
2n
= lim
tc l f tho mn phng trnh Jensen f
x+y
2
f (x)+f (y)
.
2
Nh trong li
gii ca 1.6.11, c th ch ra rng
k
k
(i)
f x + n (y x) = f (x) + n (f (y) f(x))
2
2
vi k = 0; 1; 2; 3; : : : ; 2n v n 2 N. Vi t 2 [0; 1], c th tm dy f k2nn g hi t ti
t. V mi dy hi t cng l hi t Cesaro
` (ti cng gii hn), dy vi cc s
kn
hng xn = x + 2n (y x) hi t theo ngha Cesaro.
Theo (i) dy ff (xn )g hi
`
t ti f (x) + t(f(y) f (x)). Do ,
f (x + t(y x)) = f(x) + t(f (y) f(x))
Suy ra t 1.2.33 rng f lin tc trn R. Kt hp vi 1.6.10, iu ny ch ra
rng f(x) = ax + c.
184
1.6.21. V f(2x f (x)) = x v f l n nh, ta c f 1 (x) = 2x f (x). Vy

f (x) x = x f 1 (x):
(i)
Vi x0 2 [0; 1], xc nh bng quy dy fxn g bi xn = f (xn1 ). Suy ra t (i)

rng xn xn1 = xn1 xn2 . V vy, xn = x0 + n(x1 x0 ). V jxn x0 j 1,
ta c jx1 x0 j
1
n
vi n 2 N. Do , f (x0 ) = x1 = x0 .
1.6.22. Ta s chng minh rng cc nghim lin tc duy nht ca phng

(x)
trnh cho l cc hm f (x) = m(x c). Nu g(x) = 2x fm
, th g lin tc
v
g(g(x)) = 2g(x) x vi x 2 R:
(i)
Vy g l hm mt-mt. Thc vy, nu g(x1 ) = g(x2 ), th ta c g(g(x1 )) =
g(g(x2 )), suy ra x1 = x2 . Theo kt qu trong 1.3.16, g hoc tng thc s,

hoc gim thc s trn R. Ta s chng minh rng trng hp trc xy ra.
Theo (i),
g(g(x)) g(x) = g(x) x vi x 2 R:
(ii)
Nu g gim ngt, th vi x1 < x2 , ta c g(x1 ) > g(x2 ), v do , g(g(x1 )) <
g(g(x2 )). Mt khc, (ii) suy ra

g(g(x1 )) g(x1 ) = g(x1 ) x1 ;
g(g(x2 )) g(x2 ) = g(x2 ) x2 ;
mu thun.
T (i), suy ra bng quy np rng
g n (x) = ng(x) (n 1)x vi n 1;

g n (x)
n!1 n
y g n k hiu php lp th n ca g . T , lim
(iii)
= g(x) x. Ngoi ra,
g n (x) g n (0) = n(g(x) x g(0)) + x:
3.4. Chui Taylor
185
Vy, cho n ! 1 v dng tnh n iu ca g , ta c
g(x) x + g(0) vi x < 0;
(1)
g(x) x + g(0) vi x > 0:
suy ra g(R) = R. V vy, hm ngc g 1 (x) c xc nh trn R. Trong (i),

thay x bi g 1 (g 1 (y)), ta thy g 1 (g 1 (y)) = 2g 1 (y) y . V g 1 tho mn
(i), c th chng minh bng phng php tng t rng
g n (y) g n (0) = n(g n (y) y g n (0)) + y:

Tip theo, chuyn qua gii hn khi n ! 1, ta c (nh trn)
g 1 (y) y + g 1 (0) vi y < 0;
(2)
g 1 (y) y + g 1 (0) vi y > 0:
By gi, ta chng minh rng g 1 (0) = g(0). Thay x bi g 1 (y) trong (ii), ta
c
g(y) y = y g 1 (y);
suy ra g 1 (0) = g(0).
Gi s, chng hn, rng g(0) 0. Khi , g(x) > 0 vi x > 0. Theo (2), vi
y = g(x) > 0, ta thy x g(x) + g 1 (0) = g(x) g(0). Vy theo (1), vi x > 0,
ta nhn c g(x) = x +g(0). V g 1 (0) 0, ta c g 1 (y) < 0 vi y < 0, v nh
trn, ta c th chng minh rng g 1 (y) = y + g 1 (0), tc l g(x) = x + g(0) vi
x < 0. Vy, g(x) = x + g(0) hay tng ng, f (x) = m(x g(0)) vi x 2 R.
1.6.23. D kim tra rng cc hm cho tho mn cc iu kin ca bi
ton. By gi, ta s chng minh rng khng cn nghim no khc. Nu
trong phng trnh
(i)
f(x + y) + f (y x) = 2f (x)f (y)
ta t x = 0 v y sao cho f(y) 6= 0, ta c f (0) = 1. Ly y = 0 trong (i), ta thy

rng f (x) = f(x), tc f l hm chn. Do f lin tc v f (0) = 1, tn ti
khong [0; c] m trn hm nhn gi tr dng. Chng ta xt hai trng
186
hp : f(c) 1 v f(c) 1. Trng hp th nht, tn ti ; 0 < 2 , sao

cho f(c) = cos . By gi, vit li (i) di dng
f (y + x) = 2f(x)f(y) f (y x):
Thay ln lt x = c; y = c v x = c; y = 2c c f(2c) = 2 cos2 1 = cos 2 v
f (3c) = 2 cos cos 2 cos = cos 3. C th chng minh bng quy np rng
f (nc) = cos n By gi, p dng (i) vi x = y = 2c c
c 2 f (0) + f (c)
1 + cos
theta
2
=
f
=
= cos
:
2
2
2
2

V f 2c v cos 2 dng, phng trnh cui cng suy ra rng f 2c = cos 2

v bng quy np f 2cn = cos 2n vi n 2 N. Nu ta bt u vi phng
trnh f (nc) = cos n v lp li th tc trn, ta nhn c
mc
m
f
= cos
vi m; n 2 N:
2n
2n
Vy f(cx) = cos x vi x =
m
.
2n
V tp cc s dng
m
;
2n
m; n 2 N, l tp con tr
mt ca R+ , tnh lin tc ca f suy ra rng f (cx) = cos x vi x > 0. V f
chn, ng thc cng ng vi x m. Cui cng, f (x) = cos ax vi a = c .
Trng hp f (x) > 1, tn ti sao cho f(c) = cosh . ch ra rng
f (x) = cosh(ax), l lun tng t nh trng hp trn.
1.6.24. Nu ta t x = tanh u; y = tanh v , th
x+y
tanh u + tanh v
=
= tanh(u + v):
1 + xy
1 + tanh u tanh v
V vy, phng trnh g(u) = f (tanh y) tho mn phng trnh hm Cauchy
(xem 1.6.1) v lin tc trn R. Do , g(u) = au. T , f(x) = 12 a ln 1+x

vi
1x
jxj < 1.
1.6.25. Gi s P khng ng nht bng 0 v tho mn phng trnh. t
Q(x) = P (1 x). Khi , Q(1 x) = P (x), v phng trnh cho c th vit
li l Q((1 x)2 ) = (Q(x))2 hay
(i)
Q(x2 ) = (Q(x))2
vi x 2 R:
3.4. Chui Taylor
187
+ xm R(x), y a 6=
0; m; k 0, v R l a thc sao cho R(0) 6= 0. Vi Q nh vy, theo (i),
Nu Q khng l n thc, th n c dng Q(x) =
2k
+ x2m R(x2 ) = a2 x2k + 2axk+m R(x) + x2m R2 (x):
ng nht h s ca cc lu tha nh nhau, ta c Q(x) = axk ; a 6= 0 v a = 1.
Do , P (x) = (1 x)k vi k 2 N [ f0g. R rng, hm ng nht bng khng

cng tho mn phng trnh cho.
1.6.26. [S. Kotz, Amer. Math. Monthly 72 (1965), 1072-1075]. n gin

k hiu, ta s vit f m (xi ) thay v (f (xi ))m . Nu trong phng trnh
n
!
n
1X m
1X m
(i)
f
x
f (xi )
=
n i=1 i
n i=1
ta t xi = c; i = 1; 2; : : : ; n, ta c
f (cm ) = f m (c):
(ii)
Ni ring, f(1) = f m (1), suy ra f(1) = 0 hoc f(1) = 1; hoc f(1) = 1 trong
trng hp n l. Cng nh vy, f (0) = 0 hoc f (0) = 1; f(0) = 1 nu m l.

1
t c = x m ; x 0, trong (ii), ta nhn c

1
1
f x m = f m (x):
1
Thay xi bi xim trong (i) v dng ng thc cui cng, ta c

n
!
n
n
1X m
1X m
1 X m m1
(iii)
f
x
f (xi ) =
f (xi ):
=
n i=1 i
n i=1
n i=1
Ni ring, vi x3 = x4 = = xn = 0,
x1 + x2
1
1
n2
f
= f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) +
f (0) :
n
n
n
n
Nu trong (iii), ta t x2 = x3 = : : : = xn = 0, v thay x1 bi x1 + x2 , ta c
x1 + x2
1
n1
f
= f(x1 + x2 ) +
f (0) :
n
n
n
188
Do ,
f (x1 + x2 ) = f (x1 ) + f(x2 ) f (0):

Vy, hm g(x) = f(x) f(0) tho mn phng trnh hm Cauchy v lin tc
ti t nht mt im. Theo kt qa trong 1.6.2, g(x) = ax vi x 0. Vy
f (x) = ax + b;
y a = f (1) f (0); b = f(0):
Suy ra t trn rng b = 0 hoc b = 1; hay thm vo , nu m l, b = 1.
Vy, cc gi tr c th duy nht ca a l 2; 1; 0; 1 hoc 2. D kim tra rng
f (x) = 0;
f (x) = 1;
f (x) = x;
v, vi m l
f(x) = 1;
f (x) = x
l cc nghim duy nht.
1.6.27. Nu f tho mn iu kin cho, th vi mi s thc a; b; b 6= 0,

f(a + b) = f ((ab1 z + z)(z 1 b)) = f(ab1 z + z)f (z 1 b)
= (f (ab1 z) + f (z))f(z 1 b) = f (a) + f (b):
T f(0) = 0 v f (x) = f (x). Ngoi ra, f(n) = nf (1) vi mi s nguyn
n. Nu f khng ng nht bng 0, th tn ti c sao cho f (c) 6= 0. Nhng

f (c) = f (1)f (c), vy f (1) = 1. Nu x 6= 0, th 1 = f (x)f (x1 ), v do ,
0 6= f (x) = (f (x1 ))1 . T trn suy ra vi cc s nguyn p v q 6= 0,
f (pq 1 ) = f(p)f (q 1 ) = f (p)(f(q))1 = pq1 :
p
Ch rng vi x > 0, ta c f (x) = (f ( x))2 > 0. Vy nu y x > 0, th
f (y x) = f (y) f (x) > 0. iu ny c ngha f l n iu thc s, v

f (x) = x nu x 2 Q. Suy ra rng f(x) = x vi x 2 R.
1.6.28. Hm f c dng
(i)

1
f (x) = g(x) g
;
x
3.4. Chui Taylor
189
y g l hm thc bt k trn R f0g, tho mn phng trnh hm
cho. Mt khc, nu f tho mn phng trnh cho, th

f(x) f x1
f(x) =
;
2
Tc l f c dng (i).
1.6.29. Quan st rng nu f tho mn phng trng hm cho v nu ta

t

1
1
1
1
g(x) =
f(x) + f
; h(x) =
f (x) f
;
2
x
2
x
th cc hm g v h c tnh cht sau y :

1
(i)
g(x) = g
;
x
v
(i)

1
h(x) = h
;
x
h(x) + h2 (x) = 0;
h(x) = h(x):
By gi ch rng nu g v h tho mn (i) v (ii), th f=g+h tho mn

phng trnh hm cho. Vy ta cn tm cc hm g v h. Nh trong li
gii ca bi ton trc, c tth ch ra rng m hm tho mn (i) c dng

1
g(x) = k(x) + k
;
x
y k l hm xc nh trn R f0g. tm hm h, quan st rng (ii) suy
ra h(1) = 0. By gi, vi x > 1, t h(x) = s(ln ln x). Khi , s tho mn

phng trnh hm
s(ln ln x) + s(ln(2 ln x)) = 0;

hay c th vit li di dng
s(t) + s(ln 2 + t) = 0 vi t 2 R:
iu ny c ngha s c th l hm bt k sao cho s(t) = s(ln 2 + t) (ch
rng s l tun hon vi chu k 2 ln 2). C v hn cc hm nh vy, chng
hn, c th ly s(t) = cos lnt2 . Tip theo, ta thc trin hm f ln (0; 1) bng

cch t h(x) = h x1 , v sau ln (1; 0) bng cch t h(x) = h(x).
190
1.6.30. [S. Haruki, Amer. Math. Monthly 86 (1979), 577-578]. Nu trong

phng trnh cho ta thay x bi x + y v bi x y , ta c
f (x + y) g(x y)
= (x):
2y
(1)
By gi, thay y bi y trong (1), c
f (x y) g(x + y)
= (x):
2y
Do , vi u; v 2 R, ta c
1
(f (u + v + y) g(u + v y)
2y
+f (u v + y) g(u v y))
1
(f (u + v + y) g(u v y))
=
2y
1
+ (f(u (v y)) g(u + (v y))):
2y
(u + v) + (u v) =
Vy
(u + v) + (u v) =
1
(2(v + y)(u) 2(v y)(u)) = 2(u):
2y
Nu ta t s = u + v v t = u v , th iu ny c th vit li di dng
s+t
(s) + (t)
=
; s; t 2 R:
2
2
Gi A : R ! R c cho bi A(s) = (s) (0). Khi , A(0) = 0 v
(2)
A(t) + A(s) = (t) + (s) 2(0)
s+t
= 2
2(0)
2
s+t
= 2
:
2
t t = 0 c A(s) = 2A( 2s ). Tip tc, thay s bi s + t, ta nhn c
A(s + t) = 2A(
s+t
):
2
3.4. Chui Taylor
191
T y v (2) suy ra
A(s + t) = A(s) + A(t):
(3)
Vy phng trnh (1) c th vit di dng
f(x + y) g(x y)
= B + A(x);
2y
(4)
y B = (0) v x 7! A(x) l hm tho mn (3). Nu trong (4) ln lt t
y = x v y = x, th ta c
f (2x) = g(0) + 2Bx + 2xA(x) v g(2x) = f (0) + 2Bx + 2xA(x):

Thay 2x bi x v dng A(s) = 2A( 2s ), ta nhn c
1
1
f(x) = g(0) + Bx + xA(x) g(2x) = f (0) + Bx + xA(x):
2
2
Th nhng phng trnh ny vo (1) v p dng (3), ta i n
g(0) f (0) + 2By + xA(y) + yA(x)

= (x):
2y
t x = 1, ta c
A(x) = dy + f (0) g(0) y d = 2(1) A(1) 2B:

V A(0) = 0, ta c f(0) = g(0). T , A(x) = dx v f(x) = g(x) = f(0) + Bx +
1
dx2 .
2
D kim tra rng f (x) = g(x) = ax2 + bx + c v (x) = f 0 (x) = 2ax + b

tho mn phng trnh hm cho.
1.6.31. Tp R c th xem nh khng gian vector trn Q. C s Hamel cho

R trn Q l tp c lp tuyn tnh cc i. Tn ti c s Hamel H cha 1.
V vy, mi x 2 R c biu din duy nht
x=
h2H
!h(x)h;
192
y ch c hu hn h s !h (x) khc khng. Do ,vi x; y 2 R,
x+y =
!h (x + y)h =
h2H
(!h (x) + !h (y))h;
h2H
suy ra !h (x + y) = !h (x) + !h (y). Vy, ni ring, f = !1 tho mn (a). Ta s

chng minh n cng tho mn cc tnh cht khc.
Ch rng !1 = 1, bi v 1 = 1 1 v 1 2 H. By gi, ta ch ra rng
!1 (x) = x vi x 2 Q. Theo tnh cng tnh ca !1 ,
1 1
1
1
1 = !1 (1) = !1
+ + +
= q!1
:
q q
q
q
T

1
1
= :
!1
q
q
Li do tnh cng tnh, suy ra rng

p
p
=
!1
q
q
vi p; q 2 N:
Ngoi ra, !1 (0) = 0, bi v 0 = 0 1 v 1 2 H. Vy

p
p
p
p
+
= !1
+ !1
;
0 = !1 (0) = !1
q
q
q
q
hay ni cch khc

1
1
= :
!1
q
q
Vy ta chng minh rng !1 (x) = x vi mi x 2 Q. Cui cng, ta ch ra
rng !1 khng lin tc. Nu !1 lin tc, ta s c !1 (x) = x vi mi x 2 R.
iu ny mu thun vi gi thit !1 ch nhn gi tr hu t.
1.7 Hm lin tc trong khng gian metric

1.7.1. Trc ht, ta chng minh rng (a) =) (b). Gi F l tp ng trong
Y . Khi , nu dy fxn g cc phn t trong f 1 (F) hi t ti x, th f (xn ) 2 F,
3.4. Chui Taylor
193
v do tnh lin tc ca f , f(xn ) ! f (x). V F ng, f(x) 2 F, hay ni cch
khc x 2 f 1 (F). Vy ta chng minh rng f 1 (F) ng.
chng minh (b) =) (c), ch cn ch rng mi tp con m G ca
Y l phn b ca tp con ng F, tc l, G = Y F. Khi , ta c

f 1 (G) = X f 1 (F).
By gi ta s chng minh rng (c) =) (a). Gi x0 2 X v " > 0 tu c
nh. Theo gi thit, tp f 1 (BY (f(x0 ); ")) l m trong X. Do x0 l phn t
ca f 1 (BY (f (x0 ); ")), tn ti > 0 sao cho BX (f (x0 ); ") f 1 (BY (f(x0 ); ")).
V vy, ta c f (BX (x0 ; )) BY (f (x0 ); "), tc l f lin tc ti x0 .
Vy, ta chng minh rng ba iu kin u tin l tng ng.
Tip theo, ta chng minh rng (a) =) (d). lm vy, ly y0 2 f(A). Theo
nh ngha nghch nh ca mt tp di tc ng ca nh x f , tn ti
x0 2 A sao cho f (x0 ) = g(x0 ). Do tnh lin tc ca f ti x0 , vi " > 0 cho
trc, tn ti hnh cu BX (x0 ; ) sao cho
f(BX (x0 ; )) BY (y0 ; "):
V x0 2 A, ta thy BX (x0 ; ) \ A 6= ;. Vy
; 6= f (BX (x0 ; ) \ A) BY (y0 ; ") \ f(A);

tc l y0 2 f (A).
chng minh (d) =) (c), t A = f 1 (B). Khi
f (f 1 (B)) f (f 1 (B)) = B:
T f 1 (B) f 1 (B).
Cui cng, ta chng minh rng (c) =) (b). Nu F ng, th F = F. Theo
(c),
f 1 (F) f 1 (F);
tc l f 1 (F) ng.
1.7.2. K hiu B(X) l h tt c cc tp con Borel ca X, tc l, -i s

cc tp con ca X cha mi tp m. K hiu B~ l h cc tp B Y sao cho
194
f 1 (B) 2 B(X). Khi B~ l -i s cc tp con ca Y. V f lin tc, suy

ra t bi ton trc rng nghch nh ca mi tp m l m. Do , B~ cha
tt c cc tp con m ca Y . T , B(Y) B~, suy ra nu B 2 B(Y), th
~
f 1 (B) 2 B(X)
.
1.7.3. Cho X = Y = R c trang b metric Euclide thng thng d(x; y) =
jx yj. Xc nh f (x) = sin x v F = n + n1 : n 2 . Khi , F ng trong

khng gian metric X, v n ch cha cc im c lp. Mt khc,
n
o
f (F) = sin ; sin ; sin ; : : :

2
3
4
khng ng trong Y bi v n khng cha im im tch lu ca n, tc l
im 0.
Ly X v Y nh trn ng thi xc nh f (x) = x(x 2)2 v G = (1; 3).
Khi , f(F) = [0; 3).
1.7.4. Nu yn inf f(F), th yn = f (xn ), y xn 2 F; n = 1; 2; 3; : : : . Nu F

compact trong X, th tn ti dy con fxnk g ca fxn g hi t ti x 2 F. Do tnh
lin tc ca f , fynk g xc nh bi ynk = f(xnk ) l dy con ca fyn g hi t ti
f (x) inf f(F). Vy tnh compact ca f (F) c chng minh.
1.7.5. Gi fxn g l dy cc phn t trong F1 [ F2 [ : : : [ Fm hi t ti x. Khi
, tn ti t nht mt dy Fi cha dy con fxnk g. Do , dy fxn g c th
phn tch thnh hu hn dy con sao cho mi dy con c cha trong mt
tp Fi . Do Fi ng v f lin tc trn Fi , f (xnk ) = fjFi (xnk ) ! fjFi (x) = f (x).
Suy ra rng ff (xn )g c phn tch thnh hu hn dy con hi t ti f (x),
tc l ff (xn )g hi t ti f(x).
thy rng khng nh khng ng trong trng hp v hn tp, xt

Fi xc nh nh sau : F0 = f0g; Fi = 1i ; i = 1; 2; 3; : : : . Hm cho bi
(
1
vi x 2 Fi ; i = 1; 2; 3; : : : ;
f (x) =
0
vi x 2 F0 ;
lin tc trn mi Fi ; i = 0; 1; 2; 3; : : : , nhng khng lin tc trn tp
1
S
i=0
Fi .
3.4. Chui Taylor
195
1.7.6. Ly tu x0 2 [ Gt . Khi , tn ti t0 2 T sao cho x0 2 Gt0 . V Gt0

t2T
m v gii hn ca f trn Gt0 l lin tc, vi " > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho nu
x 2 B(x0 ; ) Gt0 , th f (x) = fjGt0 (x) 2 B fjGt0 (x0 ); " , tc l f lin tc ti
x0 .
1.7.7. Gi s rng vi m tp compact A X, fjA l lin tc. Nu dy fxng

cc phn t ca X hi t ti x, th tp A = fx; x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; : : : g l compact
trong X. Vy, f (xn ) = fjA (xn ) ! fjA (x) = f (x). Vy f lin tc trn X. Bao
hm ngc li l r rng.
1.7.8. Tnh lin tc ca f 1 tng ng vi iuf kin f (G) m trong Y
vi mi G m trong X. Nu G m trong X, th GC = X G, coi nh tp
con ng ca khng gian compact X l compact. Theo kt qu ca 1.7.4,
f (GC ) = bY f (G) cng compact, v do ng. iu ny c ngha f(G)
m.
ch ra tnh compact l gi thit ct yu, xt f : (0; 1) [ f2g ! (0; 1] cho
bi f (x) = x vi x 2 (0; 1) v f(2) = 1. R rng, f l song nh lin tc t
(0; 1 [ f2g) ln (0; 1]. V f 1 (x) = x vi x 2 (0; 1) v f 1 (1) = 2, hm ngc
khng lin tc trn (0; 1].
1.7.9. Gi d1 v d2 ln lt l cc metric ca X v Y. Do tnh lin tc ca
f , vi " > 0 cho trc v x 2 X, tn ti (x) > 0 sao cho
"
(1)
d1 (y; x) < (x) ko theo d1 (f (y); f (x)) < :
2
1
V h cc hnh cu B x; 2 (x) : x 2 X l ph m ca khng gian compact

X, tn ti ph con hu hn

1
(2)
B xi ; (xi ) : i = 1; 2; : : : ; n :
2
t =
1
2
minf(x1 ); (x2 ); : : : ; (xn )g v ly x v y trong X sao cho d1 (x; y) <

. V h (2) l mt ph ca X, tn ti i 2 f1; 2; : : : ; ng sao cho d1 (x; xi ) <
1
(xi ). Khi
2
1
d1 (y; xi ) < d1 (y; x) + d1 (x; xi ) < + (xi ) (xi ):
2
196
Do , theo (1),
d2 (f (x); f(y)) d2 (f (x); f (xi )) + d2 (f (xi ); f (y)) < ":

1.7.10. Vi x0 ; x 2 X v y 2 A,
dist(x; A) d(x; y) d(x; x0 ) + d(x0 ; y):
Vy dist(x; A) d(x; x0 ) + dist(x0 ; A). T
dist(x; A) dist(x0 ; A) d(x; x0 ):

Cng nh vy, dist(x0 ; A) dist(x; A) d(x; x0 ). Do
jdist(x; A) dist(x0 ; A)j d(x; x0 );

v v vy f lin tc u trn X.
1.7.11. Nu f (X) khng lin thng, th tn ti cc tp con m ri nhau, khc

rng G1 v G2 sao cho G1 [ G2 = f (X). Tnh lin tc ca f suy ra rng
f 1 (Gi ); i = 1; 2, l m. R rng, chng khc rng, ri nhau v hp ca
chng bng X, mu thun.
1.7.12. Gi d1 v d2 ln lt l cc metric trn X v Y . Gi s f lin
tc ti x0 2 A. Khi , vi " > 0 cho trc, c th tm > 0 sao cho
f (x) 2 Bf (x0 ); "=2 bt c khi no x 2 B(x0 ; ) \ A. Do ,, d2 (f (x); f (y)) < "
vi mi x; y 2 B(x0 ; ) \ A. Suy ra rng of (x0 ) = 0. Ngc li, nu of (x0 ) = 0,
th vi " > 0, tn ti " > 0 sao cho
0 < < "
ko theo
diam(f (A \ B(x0 ; ))) < ":
T d1 (x; x0 ) < ko theo
d2 (f(x); f(x0 )) diam(f (A \ B(x0 ; ))) < ":
3.4. Chui Taylor
197
1.7.13. t B = fx 2 A : of (x) "g v gi fxn g l dy cc im ca B hi

t ti x0 . V B A; x0 2 A. V vy, of (x0 ) c xc nh ng n. Ngoi
ra, vi mi > 0, tn ti n 2 N sao cho B(xn ; =2) B(x0 ; ). T
diam(f (A \ B(x0 ; ))) diam(f (A \ B(xn ; =2))) of (xn ) ":
Suy ra rng of (x0 ) ", hay ni cch khc, x0 2 B.
1.7.14. Theo kt qu ca 1.7.12, tp C cc im lin tc ca f bng tp cc

im m trn dao d trit tiu. t
Bn = fx 2 X : of (x) < frac1ng :
Suy ra t bi ton trc rng Bn m trong X. Mt khc,
C=
1
\
Bn ;
n=1
tc l, tp cc im lin tc ca f c kiu G . Suy ra rng tp X n C cc

im gin on ca f c kiu F trong X.
1.7.15. Xt hm nh ngha bi (so snh vi 1.2.3 (a))

8
>
nu x hu t.
<0
f (x) = 0
nu x = 0;
>
:1
nu x = pq ; p 2 Z; q 2 N; v p; q nguyn t cng nhau.
q
1.7.16. [S. S. Kim, Amer. Math. Monthly 106 (1999), 258-259]. Gi A c

kiu F trong R, tc l
1
[
Fn = A;
n=1
y Fn ng. Khng mt tng qut, c th gi s rng Fn Fn+1 vi
n 2 N. Thc vy, ch cn thay Fn bi F1 [ F2 [ Fn . Nu A = R, th, chng

hn, f (x) = Q (x) gin on ti mi x 2 R. Nu A 6= R, th ta nh ngha
hm g bng cch t
8P
1
<
nu x 2 A;
2n
n2K
g(x) =
:0 nu x 2 R A;
198
y K = fn : x 2 Fng, v ta t
1
f(x) = g(x) Q (x)
:
2
Trc ht, ta ch ra rng mi im ca A l im gim on ca f . Thc

vy, nu x 2 Ao , th mi ln cn ca x cha mt im m ti du ca f
khc du ca f (x). Nu x 2 @A \ A, th f (x) 6= 0 v mi ln cn ca x cha
mt im m ti f trit tiu. V A = Ao [ (@A \ A), hm f gin on
trn A. By gi, ta phi ch ra rng f lin tc trn R A. Ta c f (x) = 0
nu x 2
= A. Nu dy fxk g hi t ti x v xk 2 A, th vi mi n, tn ti kn sao
cho xk 2 Fn vi k kn . (Nu c v hn xk trong Fn no , th x cng nm
trong Fn .) Do , vi k kn ,
g(xk ) =
1
2n+1
1
2n+2
+ ::: =
1
;
2n
tc l lim g(xk ) = 0 = g(x).

k!1
1.7.17. Khng. Mi hm xc nh trn khng gian metric ri rc l lin tc.

1.7.18. Trc ht gi s rng x 2 @A = A \ X n A. V mi hnh cu B(x; )
cha cc im ca A v cc im ca X n A, ta c oA (x) = 1.
By gi, gi s rng oA (x) > 0. iu ny c ngha vi mi > 0,
sup A(x) A(y) : y 2 B(x; ) = oA (x; ) > 0:
Do , mi hnh cu B(x; ) pha cha cc im ca A v cc im ca X nA.
T , x 2 @A = A \ X n A.
R rng, nu A va m, va ng, th @A = ;. V vy, theo 1.7.12, A
lin tc trn X. Ngc li, nu A lin tc trn X, th @A = ;. By gi,
ta chng minh rng A A. Nu khng, tn ti x 2 A n A X n A, mu

thun. C th chng minh hon ton tng t rng X n A cng ng.
1.7.19. Vi x 2 A v > 0 ta c
of (x; ) = supfd2 (f (x); f(y)) : y 2 B(x; )g
= supfd2 (f (x); f(y)) : y 2 A \ B(x; )g
+ supfd2 (f (x); f (y)) : y 2 (X n A) \ B(x; )g
3.4. Chui Taylor
199
Vy
of (x; )
supfd2 (g1 (x); g1 (y)) : y 2 A \ B(x; )g
+ supfd2 (g1 (x); g2 (y)) : y 2 (X n A) \ B(x; )g
og1 (x; ) + supfd2 (g1 (x); g2 (y)) : y 2 (X n A) \ B(x; )g
og1 (x; )
+ supfd2 (g1 (x); g2 (x)) + d2 (g2 (x); g2 (y)) : y 2 (X n A) \ B(x; )g
og1 (x; ) + d2 (g1 (x); g2 (x)) + og2 (x; ):
V g1 v g2 lin tc, ta c, theo 1.7.12,
of (x) d2 (g1 (x); g2 (x)):
(1)
By gi, ta phi chng minh rng vi x 2 A.
of (x) d2 (g1 (x); g2 (x)):
(2)
Gi fn g l dy cc s dng hi t ti 0. V Ao = ;, tp X n A tr mt trong
X. Vy mi hnh cu B(x; n ) cha mt im yn ca X n A. Do ,

supfd2 (f (x); f (y)) : y 2 B(x; n )g
supfd2 (g1 (x); g2 (y)) : y 2 B(x; n ) \ (X n A)g
d2 (g1 (x); g2 (yn )):
Kt hp vi tnh lin tc ca g2 suy ra
lim supfd2 (f (x); f (y)) : y 2 B(x; n )g d2 (g1 (x); g2 (x)):
n!1
T suy ra (2). Suy ra t (1) v (2) rng ng thc cn chng minh ng

vi x 2 A. Theo cch tng t (dng tnh tr mt ca A) c th chng minh
n thc ny cng ng cho x 2 X n A.
200
1.7.20. Gi s rng ffn g l dy cc hm lin tc trn X sao cho f(x) =

lim fn (x). Vi " > 0, t
n!1
v G(") =
1
S
Pm (") = fx 2 X : jf(x) fm (x)j "g

(Pm ("))o . Ta s chng minh rng C =
m=1
1
T
G(1=n) l tp cc
n=1
im lin tc ca f . Trc ht ta s chng minh rng nu f lin tc ti x0 ,

th x0 2 C. V f (x) = lim fn (x), tn ti m sao cho
n!1
"
jf (x0 ) fm (x0 )j :
3
Suy ra t tnh lin tc ca f v fm ti x0 rng tn ti mt hnh cu B(x0 ; )
sao cho vi x 2 B(x0 ; ),
"
"
v jfm (x) fm (x0 )j :
3
3
Do , jf (x) fm (x)j " nu x 2 B(x0 ; ). iu ny c ngha x0 2 (Pm ("))o
G("). V " > 0 c th chn tu , ta c x0 2 C.
By gi nu
1
\
x0 2 C =
G(1=n);
jf (x) f (x0 )j
n=1
th, vi mi " > 0; x0 2 G("=3). Vy tn ti s nguyn dng m sao cho
x0 2 (Pm ("))o . Do tn ti hnh cu B(x0 ; ) sao cho nu x 2 B(x0 ; ), th

"
jf(x) fm (x)j :
3
V fm lin tc, iu ny ch ra rng f lin tc ti x0 . By gi, ta phi chng

minh rng X n C thuc phm tr th nht. lm vy, xc nh
Fm (") = fx 2 X : jfm (x) fm+k (x)j " vi mi k 2 Ng:

Tnh lin tc ca fn ; n 2 N, suy ra rng Fm (") ng. V f (x) = lim fn (x); x 2
n!1
1
S
X, ta thy rng X =
Fm (") v Fm (") Pm ("). Do ,
m=1
1
[
(Fm ("))o G("):
m=1
3.4. Chui Taylor
201
By gi ch rng vi mi F X, phn trong ca F n Fo bng rng, bi v
(F Fo )o n Fo n (Fo )o = ;. Ngoi ra, nu F ng, th F n Fo ng v v vy

F n Fo tr mt khp ni. V rng
Xn
tp X n
1
S
1
[
(Fm ("))o
m=1
1
[
(Fm (") n (Fm ("))o );
m=1
(Fm ("))o thuc phm tr th nht. Cui cng, quan st rng
m=1
XnC=Xn
1
[
G(1=n) =
n=1
1
[
n=1
(X n G(1=n)):
V vy, tp X n C cc im gin on ca f thuc phm tr th nht.
1.7.21. Ta s dng k hiu ca li gii ca bi ton trc. Ta c

X n G(1=k) X n
T ,
1
[
1
[
m=1
(Fm (1=k))o
(X n G(1=k))
k=1
1
1 [
[
1
[
(Fm (1=k) n (Fm (1=k))o ):
m=1
(Fm (1=k) n (Fm (1=k))o ):
k=1 m=1
Vy, X n C l tp con ca hp m c cc tp ng v khng u tr mt
(cc phn b ca chng m v tr mt trong X). Suy ra rng C cha giao

m c cc tp m v tr mt. Theo nh l Baire, C tr mt trong X.
1.7.22. Vi " > 0, t

Fk = f0g [
\n
nk
x
o
x > 0 : f
" ;
n
k = 1; 2; 3; : : : :
V f lin tc, cc tp l ng (xem, chng hn, 1.7.1). Theo gi thit,
Fk =
k=1
[0; 1). Theo nh l Baire, t nht mt trong cc tp Fk c phn trong khc

rng. Do , tn ti a > 0; > 0, v k 2 N sao cho (a ; a + ) Fk . Khng

mt tng qut, c th gi s rng ka . Nu 0 < x v n = xa , th
202
a a x < nx a < a + , v n k . Vy nx 2 Fk , v theo nh ngha

ca Fk ,
nx
f (x) = f
";
n
suy ra lim f (x) = 0.
+
x!0
1.7.23. nh ngha Fn nh sau :

Fn = fx 2 X : jf (x)j n vi mi f 2 Fg:
Suy ra t tnh lin tc ca f rng Fn ng. Theo gi thit, vi mi x 2 X,
tn ti s nguyn dng nx sao cho jf (x)j nx vi mi f 2 Fnx . Do ,

1
S
X =
Fn . V (X; d1 ) thuc phm tr th hai, tn ti Fn0 c phn trong
n=1
khc rng. t G = Fon0 . V vy, jf (x)j n0 vi mi f 2 F v mi x 2 G.
1.7.24. Ta bit rng

f
1
\
n=1
Fn
1
\
f(Fn ):
n=1
By gi, ta chng minh rng nu f lin tc, th

1
!
1
\
\
f (Fn ) f
Fn :
n=1
Ly y 2
1
T
n=1
f (Fn ). Khi , vi mi s nguyn dng n; y 2 f (Fn ), hay ni cch
n=1
khc, y = f (xn ). theo nh l v cc tp lng nhau ca Cantor,
1
T
f (Fn ) =
n=1
fx0 g vi x0 2 X vi x0 2 X no . Do tnh lin tc ca f , y = lim f(xn ) =

n!1
1
T
f(Fn ) .
f (x0 ). Vy y 2 f
n=1
1.7.25. Vi u; v 2 X ta c
d(fu ; fv ) = supfjd1 (u; x) d1 (v; x)j : x 2 Xg d1 (u; v):

Ngoi ra,
d(fu ; fv ) = supfjd1 (u; x) d1 (v; x)j : x 2 Xg

jd1 (u; x) d1 (v; x)j = d1 (u; v):
3.4. Chui Taylor
203
1.7.26. Gi s trc ht rng X l khng gian metric compact v f : X ! R

lin tc. Khi , vi " > 0 cho trc v x 2 X, tn ti x > 0 sao cho
jf (y) f (x)j < " vi jy xj < x . V h fB(x; x ); x 2 Xg l ph m ca
X, tn ti ph con hu hn B(x1 ; x1 ); B(x2 ; x2 ); : : : ; B(xn ; xn ). V vy vi
x 2 X, tn ti i 2 f1; 2; : : : ; ng sao cho x 2 B(xi ; xi ). Suy ra rng
jf (x)j jf (x) f (xi )j + jf(xi )j " + maxff(x1 ); f(x2 ); : : : ; f (xn )g;
tc l f b chn trn X.
By gi gi s rng hm thc lin tc trn X b chn v gi s ngc li
rng X khng compact. Khi , c th tm dy fxn g cc phn t trong X m
khng cha bt k dy con hi t no. Khi , F = fxn : n 2 Ng ng trong
X. Hm f cho bi f(xn ) = n lin tc trn F. Theo nh l thc trin Tietze,

tn ti thc trin lin tc ca f xc nh trn ton X. Vy, ta xy dng
mt hm lin tc v khng b chn, mu thun.
1.7.27. Trc ht, ta chng minh rng (a) suy ra (b). Gi s (a) ng, tc
lim (xn ) = 0 v gi s ngc li rng fxn g khng cha dy con hi t. Khi
n!1
tn ti dy fyn g cc phn t trong X sao cho lim d1 (xn ; yn ) = 0 v yn 6= xn

n!1
vi n 2 N. Nu fyn g cha dy con hi t ynk , th do lim d1 (xnk ; ynk ) = 0, dy

k!1
con fxnk g cng hi t. Suy ra rng khng c s hng no ca dy fxng v
fyn g c lp li v hn ln. V vy, tn ti mt dy tng thc s fnk g cc s

nguyn dng sao cho cc tp v hn F1 = fxnk : k 2 Ng v F2 = fynk : k 2 Ng
ng v ri nhau. Theo b Urysohn, tn ti hm lin tc f : X ! R sao
cho f bng 1 trn F1 v bng 0 trn F2 . Vy
jf (xnk ) f(ynk )j = 1 v
lim d1 (xnk ; ynk ) = 0:
k!1
T f lin tc nhng khng lin tc u trn X, muthun (a).

ch ra rng (b) suy ra (a), k hiu A l tp cc im gii hn ca X.
Theo (b), mi dy cc phn t trong A c dy con hi t ti phn t trong
A. V vy, A compact. Nu X 6= A, th vi 1 > 0, t 2 = inff(x) : x 2

X; dist(x; A) > 1 g. Ta s chng minh rng 2 > 0. Nu 2 = 0, th tn ti
204
dy fxn g cc phn t trong X sao cho lim (xn ) = 0 v dist(xn ; A) > 1 .

n!1
theo (b), fxn g c dy con hi t ti mt phn t trong A, mu thun. Gi
f : X ! R l hm lin tc v ly " > 0 tu c nh. Khi , vi x 2 A, tn

ti x > 0 sao cho nu d1 (x; y) < x , th jf (x) f(y)j < 12 ". V A compact, tn
ti x1 ; : : : ; xn 2 A sao cho
n
[
1
A
B xk ; xk :
3
k=1
t 1 =
1
3
minfx1 ; : : : ; xn g v 2 > 0 nh trn. t = minf1 ; 2 g v

ly x; y 2 X sao cho d1 (x; y) < . Nu dist(x; A) > 1 , th (x) > 2 , vy
d1 (x; y) < 2 ch nu x = y . Khi , r rng, jf(x) f (y)j < ". Nu
dist(x; A) 1 , th tn ti a 2 A sao cho d1 (x; a) 1 . Suy ra t trn rng
tn ti k 2 f1; 2; : : : ; ng d1 (a; xk ) < 13 xk . Do ,
1
d1 (y; xk ) d1 (y; x) + d1 (x; a) + d1 (a; xk ) < + 1 + xk xk :
3
T
1
1
jf (x) f(y)j jf(x) f (xk )j + jf(xk ) f (y)j < " + " = ":
2
2
iu ny chng minh tnh lin tc u ca f trn X.
1.7.28. Bit rng, xem, chng hn, 1.7.9, mi hm lin tc trn khng gian
metric compact l lin tc u. Nu X l compact, th mi tp fx 2 X :
(x) > "g; " > 0, l hu hn. Mt khc, gi s rng tn ti mt s " > 0 sao
cho tp fx 2 X : (x) > "g l hu hn. V h cc hnh cu B(x; "); x 2 X l
ph m ca X, n c ph con hu hn, mu thun vi (x) > " vi v hn x.
Bygi gi s mi hm thc lin tc trn X l lin tc u v tp x 2
X : (x) > " hu hn. Ta s chng minh rng X compact. Gi fxn g l dy
cc im ca X. Nu mt s hng ca dy ny c lp li v hn ln, th
r rng tn ti mt dy con hi t. Nu khng, th lim (xn ) = 0, v tp
n!1
fx 2 X : (x) > "g l hu hn. Theo kt qu ca bi ton trc, fxn g cha

mt dy con hi t.
3.4. Chui Taylor
205
1.7.29. Ch cn xt X = [0; 1] [ f2g [ f3g [ f4g [ : : : c trang b chun

Euclide d1 (x; y) = jx yj.
206
Chng 2
Php tnh vi phn
2.1 o hm ca hm s thc
2.1.1.
(a) Ta c
(
x2
f (x) =
x2
x 0;
x < 0:
Suy ra
(
2x
x 0;
f 0 (x) =
2x x < 0;
bi v
f+0 (0) = lim+

h!0
h2 0
= 0 = f0 (0):
h
(b) Ta c
0
f (x) =
Bi v
1
p
2 x
2p1x
x 0;
x < 0:
p
h0
f+0 (0) = lim+
= +1;
h!0
h
207
Chng 2. Vi phn
208
nhng
f0 (0)
p
h 0
= lim
= 1
h!0
h
nn o hm ca f ti im 0 khng tn ti.
(c) f 0 (x) = n sin(2x) vi x 2 (n; n + 1); n 2 Z. Hn na vi n 2 Z ta c
n sin2 (x) 0
n sin2 (x n)
= lim+
= 0;
x!n
x!n
xn
xn
(n 1) sin2 (x) 0
0
= 0;
f (n) = lim
x!n
xn
f+0 (n) = lim+
suy ra f 0 (x) = [x] sin(2x):

(d) T cu (c) suy ra
f 0 (x) = (x sin2 (x))0 ([x] sin2 (x))0
= sin2 (x) + (x [x]) sin(2x):
(e) f 0 (x) =
1
x
(f) f 0 (x) =
p1
x x2 1
vi x 6= 0.
khi jxj > 1.
2.1.2.
(a) V logx 2 =
ln 2
ln x
nn ta c
f 0 (x) =
ln 2
log 2 logx e
= x
:
2
x
x ln x
(b) T (a) suy ra
tan x ln x x1 ln cos x
f (x) =
ln2 x
1
= tan x logx e logx cos x logx e:
x
0
2.1.3.
209
(a) R rng
f 0 (x) =
1
1+x2
1
2
jxj < 1;
jxj > 1:
Ta cn phi kim tra tnh kh vi ti cc im x = 1 v x = 1. Ta c
x1
4
1
2
= lim+
= ;
x!1
x1
2
arctan
x
1
4
f0 (1) = lim
= arctan0 (1) = :
x!1
x1
2
f+0 (1)
Do f 0 (1) = 12 . Ta li c
arctan x + 4
1
= arctan0 (1) = ;
x!1
x+1
2
x1
2 4
= +1;
f0 (1) = lim 4
x!1
x+1
f+0 (1) = lim +
Suy ra f khng kh vi ti im 1.
(b) Ta c
0
f (x) =
2xex (1 x2 ) jxj < 1;

0
jxj > 1:
Hn na
1
e
1e
= lim+
= 0;
x!1 x 1
0
x2 ex 1e
0
2 x2
f (1) = lim
= xe
= 0:
x!1
x1
x=1
f+0 (1)
V f l hm chn nn f 0 (1) = 0.
(c) Ch rng f lin tc ti 0. Hn na
arctan x1 2
t =2
= lim
1
x!)
t!=2
x
tan t
= lim t
tan t = 1
t!=2
2
f+0 (0) = lim+
Chng 2. Vi phn
210
f0 (0)

arctan x1 2
t =2
= lim+
= lim
1
x!)
t!=2
x
tan
t
= lim t
tan t = 1;
t!=2
2
suy ra f khng kh vi ti im 0.
2.1.4. Trc ht ta thy rng
x2 cos x
f (0) = lim
= 0:
x!0
x
0
R rng vi x 6=
2
2n+1
ta c
, n 2 Z th f 0 (x) tn ti, vi xn =
2
;n
2n+1
= 0; 2; 4; : : : ;
x2 cos x
0
2
= lim+
= x cos
= ;
x x=xn
x!xn x xn
x2 cos x
0
f0 (xn ) = lim
= x2 cos
= ;
x x=xn
x!xn x xn
f+0 (xn )
2
,
2n+1
n = 1; 3; 5; : : : th f+0 (xn ) = v f0 (xn ) = . V f

l hm chn nn f khng kh vi ti cc im xn , n 2 Z.
Tng t vi xn =
2.1.5.
(a) V f lin tc nn c = 0 v a + b = 1. V f0 (0) = 4, f+0 (0) = b suy ra b = 4
v a = 3. D thy rng vi a; b; c c tm ra trn hm f s kh vi
trn R.
(b) a = d = 1; b = 0; c = 1.
(c) b = c = 1; a = 0; d = 1=4.
2.1.6.
(a) Vi x 6= 0 ta c
n
X
k=0
kx
1 e(n+1)x
=
:
1 ex
211
o hm hai v ta c
n
X
kekx =
k=0
ne(n+2)x (n + 1)e(n+1)x + ex
:
(1 ex )2
(b) o hm n ln hai v ng thc

2n
X
k 2n
(1)
ekx = (ex 1)2n
k
k=0
ta c

2n
X
(n)
k n 2n
ekx = (ex 1)2n
(1) k
:
k
k=0
tnh c v phi ti im 0 ta xt hm g(x) = ex 1 v ch rng
o hm cp n ca g 2n (x) l mt tng m cc thnh phn cha mt lu

tha ca g(x) vi bc t nht l n (xem 2.1.38), do o hm cp n
ca hm x 7! (ex 1)2n ti 0 bng 0. T suy ra

2n
X
k n 2n
(1) k
= 0:
k
k=0
(d) o hm ng thc
n
X
sin (n+1)x
sin nx
2
2
sin(kx) =
;
x
sin 2
k=1
x 6= 2l; l 2 Z;
ta c
n
X
k cos(kx) =
k=1
Vi x = 2l ta c
n sin x2 sin (2n+1)x

sin2
2
2 sin2 x2
n
X
nx
2
1
k cos(kx) = n(n + 1):
2
k=1
x 6= 2l; l 2 Z:
Chng 2. Vi phn
212
2.1.7. t f (x) = a1 sin x + a2 sin 2x + + an sin nx ta c
f (x) f(0)
0
ja1 + 2a2 + + nan j = jf (0)j = lim
x!0
x
f(x) sin x
f (x)
= lim
1:
= lim
x!0 sin x x
x!0 sin x
2.1.8.
(a) Ta c
xf (a) af (x)
(x a)f (a) a(f(x) f (a))
= lim
x!a
x!a
xa
xa
0
= f (a) af (a):
lim
(b) Theo (a) ta c
f (x)g(a) f(a)g(x)
x!a
xa
(f (x) f (a))g(a) f(a)(g(x) g(a))
= lim
x!a
xa
0
0
= f (a)g(a) f (a)g (a):
lim
2.1.9.
(a) V f lin tc ti a v f (a) > 0 nn f a + n1 > 0 vi n ln. Hn na

v f kh vi ti a nn hm x 7! ln(f (x)) cng kh vi ti a, t suy ra

!1=n
f a + n1
1 ln f a + n1 ln f (a)
lim ln
= lim 2
1
n!1
n!1 n
f(a)
n
= 0 (ln f (x))0jx=a = 0:
Vy

!1=n
f a + n1
lim
= 1:
n!1
f (a)
213
(b) T (a) suy ra
1
ln f (x) ln f (a)
f (x) ln xln a
xa
f 0 (a)
lim ln
= lim
=
a:
x!a
x!a
f (a)
xa
ln x ln a
f (a)
2.1.10.
(a) T 2.1.8(b) cho g(x) = xn ta c
an f (x) xn f (a)
= nan1 f (a) + anf 0 (a):
x!a
xa
lim
(b)
f (x)ex f (0)
x
f (x)ex f (0)
lim
= lim
x!0 f (x) cos x f (0)

x!0
x
f (x) cos x f (0)
1
= (f (x)ex )0jx=0
(f (x) cos x)0jx=0
=
f 0 (0) + f (0)
:
f 0 (0)
(c)
1
2
k
lim n f a +
+f a+
+ + f a +
kf (a)
n!1
n
n
n

f a + n1 f(a)
f a + n2 f (a)
= lim
+2
1
2
n!1
+ + k
f a+
k
n
k
n
f(a)
= (1 + 2 + + k)f 0 (a) =
(d) Vi k 2 N ta c
lim
n!1
f a+
k(k + 1) 0
f (a):
2
k
n2
k
n2
f (a)
= f 0 (a):
Vy vi mi " > 0 tn ti n0 sao cho vi n n0 th
k 0
k
k
k
k
f (a) 2 " < f a + 2 f (a) < 2 f 0 (a) + 2 "
2
n
n
n
n
n
Chng 2. Vi phn
214
vi k = 1; n: Cng cc bt ng thc trn theo k ta c
n
X
k
n(n + 1) 0
n(n + 1)
f a + 2 f (a)
f (a)
"<
2n2
2n2
n
k=1
n(n + 1) 0
n(n + 1)
f (a) +
":
2
2n
2n2
T suy ra gii hn cn tm l 12 f 0 (a):
<
2.1.11.
(a)
(n + 1)m + (n + 2)m + + (n + k)m

lim
kn
n!1
nm1
(n + 1)m nm + (n + 2)m nm + + (n + k)m nm
= lim
n!1
nm1
m
1 m
2 m
1+ n 1
1+ n 1
1 + nk 1
= lim
+2
+ + k
1
2
k
n!1
k(k + 1)
m:
2
Hy so snh vi 2.1.10(c).
=
(b) T 2.1.10(c) ta c
lim ln
a+
n!1
Suy ra
lim
n!1
(c) Ch rng
a+
1 n
n

1 n
a
n
n
n !
+ n2 a + nk
k(k + 1) 1
=
:
nk
a
2
a
a + n2 a + nk
k(k + 1)
= exp
:
ank
2a
a
2a
na
lim ln 1 + 2
1 + 2 1 + 2
n!1
n
n
n
2a
a
na
= lim ln 1 + 2 + ln 1 + 2 + + ln 1 + 2
n!1
n
n
n

1
1
1
1
1
= lim ln
+ 2 + + ln
+ 2 n ln
:
n!1
a n
n n
a
215
S dng 2.1.10(d) suy ra
a
2a
na
lim
1+ 2
1 + 2 1 + 2
= ea=2 :
n!1
n
n
n
2.1.12. Ta c
x
x
x
1
f(x) + f
+f
+ + f
x!0 x
2
3
k
f (x) f (0) f (x2) f (0)

f (xk) f(0)
= lim
+
+ +
x!0
x
x
x
1
1 1
= 1 + + + +
f 0 (0):
2 3
k
lim
2.1.13.
(a) Khi f (x) = xm ; m 2 N th
f (xn ) f (zn )
xm znm
= lim n
= mam1 = f 0 (a):
n!1
n!1 xn zn
xn zn
lim
(b) Xt hm
(
x2 sin x1
f(x) =
0
Cho
xn =
2
(4n + 1)
vi x 6= 0;
vi x = 0:
v zn =
1
2n
ta c
lim
n!1
Mt khc vi
f (xn ) f(zn )
2
= 6= 0 = f 0 (0):
xn zn
g(x) =
x3=2 sin x1
0
vi x 6= 0;
vi x = 0:
v cc dy fxn g v fzn g nh trn th ta li c
g(xn ) g(zn )
= 1:
n!1
xn zn
lim
Chng 2. Vi phn
216
2.1.14. T gi thit ta c
trong
f (xn ) f(zn )
f(xn ) f(a) xn a
f(zn ) f (a) a zn
=
+
;
xn zn
xn a
xn z n
zn a
xn z n
0<
a zn
< 1;
xn zn
0<
xn a
<1
xn z n
a zn
xn a
+
= 1:
xn zn xn zn
T suy ra gi tr ca biu thc
f (xn ) f(zn )
xn zn
s nm gia
f (xn ) f (a)
xn a
S dng nguyn l kp ta suy ra
f(zn ) f (a)
:
zn a
f(xn ) f (zn )
= f 0 (a):
n!1
xn z n
lim
2.1.15. [W. R. Jones, M. D. Landau , Amer. Math. Monthly 76 (1969),

816-817]
(a) Trc tin ta nhn thy rng f ch lin tc ti 1. Nu fxn g l mt dy
cc s hu t khc 1 v hi t v 1 th
f(xn ) 1
= lim (xn + 1) = 2:
n!1 xn 1
n!1
lim
Nu dy fxn g l dy cc s v t hi t v 1 th
f (xn ) 1
= lim 2 = 2:
n!1 xn 1
n!1
lim
Suy ra f 0 (1) = 2. R rng f l nh x mt mt trn (0; 2). Hm ngc
f 1 c xc nh trn (0; 3) ngoi tr cc s hu t c cn bc hai v

t, iu ny c ngha l ta khng nh ngha c im trong trong
min xc nh ca f 1 . Vy khng tn ti (f 1 )0 .
217
(b) Thy rng f c xc nh trn (0; 2) [ B, vi B (2; 7=2). ng thi
ta cng thy rng hn ch ca f trn (0; 2) chnh l hm f c nu
(a), v vy f 0 (1) = 2: V f (B) = A nn min gi tr ca f cha (0; 3).

Tuy vy (f 1 )0 cng khng tn ti v mi ln cn ca 1 = f (1) cha
nh ca mt im no trong (0; 2) v trong B qua f . Bn cnh
ta c kt lun rng gii hn ca f 1 ti im 1 cng khng tn ti.
2.1.16. Theo nh l Louville ta c mi s v t x bc k u cxp x khng
1
tt bi cc s hu t, theo ngha tn ti mt s M > 0 sao cho x pq > Mq
k
vi mi s hu t p=q . T suy ra

f p f (x)
M q k jaq j:
p
T v vi gi thit f 0 (x) = 0 ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Ta c mt nhn xt rng vi aq = 2q th f kh vi ti tt c cc im v
t.
2.1.17. t P (x) = a(x x1 )(x x2 ) (x xn ), ta c

n
Y
P 0 (x) = a (xk xj ); k = 1; 2; : : : ; n:
j=1
j6=k
iu phi chng minh

n
tng ng vi
Q(x) X
Q(xk )
=
0
P (x) k=1 P (xk )(x xk )
Q(x) =
n
X
k=1
Ta vit biu thc di dng
Q(x) =
n
X
k=1
Q(xk )P (x)
:
0
P (xk )(x xk )
Q(xk )
n
Q
j=1
j6=k
n
Q
j=1
j6=k
(x xj )
(xk xj )
Chng 2. Vi phn
218
V Q l a thc c bc khng qu n 1 nn ta ch cn chng minh rng

ng thc ng vi n im phn bit. R rng ng thc ng vi cc gi
tr x = xk ; k = 1; 2; : : : ; n. Cho Q(x) 1 ta c
1=
n
X
k=1
n
1 Y
(x xj ):
P 0 (xk ) j=1
j6=k
Tnh ton h s ca xn1 ta c

n
X
k=1
1
P 0 (xk )
=0
vi n 2:
2.1.18. S dng cc kt qu bi trc vi

(a)
(b)
P (x) = x(x + 1)(x + 2) (x + n) v Q(x) = n!;
P (x) = x(x + 2)(x + 4) (x + 2n) v Q(x) = n!2n :
2.1.19. R rng o hm ca jf j tn ti ti mi im x tho mn f(x) 6= 0.

Nu f (x) = 0 th f 0 (x) = 0, tc l jf j0 (x) = 0.
2.1.20. Tn ti mt ln cn ca x sao cho ti mi hm fk u khng i
du, t suy ra jfk j kh vi ti x v ta c
0
n
Q
!0
n
jfk j
n
Y
X
jfk j0 (x)
k=1
jf
j
(x)
=
:
(x)
=
ln
k
n
Q
fk (x)
k=1
k=1
jfk j
k=1
Ch rng jfk j0 (x) = sgn(fk (x))fk0 (x) ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
2.1.21. S dng kt qu bi trn, thay th fk bi fk =gk :

2.1.22.
(a) R rng f v jf j lin tc ti x = 0. Hn na f 0 (0) = 1 v jf j0 (0) khng
tn ti (xem 2.1.19).
219
(b) f v jf j ch lin tc ti cc im xk = 3=2k ; k = 2; 3; : : : . R rng
f 0 (xk ) = 1 v jf j0 (xk ) khng tn ti.
2.1.23. Cho " > 0. T nh ngha ca f+0 (x0 )

(1)
(f+0 (x0 ) ")(x x0 ) f (x) f(x0 ) (f+0 (x0 ) + ")(x x0 )
vi x > x0 v gn ti x0 . Tng t cho f0 (x0 )
(2)
(f0 (x0 ) ")(x x0 ) f (x) f(x0 ) (f0 (x0 ) + ")(x x0 )
vi x < x0 v gn ti x0 . T (1) v (2) ta suy ra f lin tc ti x0 .
2.1.24. V f (c) = maxff(x) : x 2 (a; b)g nn ta c f(x)f (c) 0 vi x 2 (a; b),

suy ra
f (x) f (c)
f0 (c) = lim
0:
x!c
xc
Lp lun tng t c f+0 (c) 0.
Nu f (c0 ) = minff (x) : x 2 (a; b)g th ta li c f+0 (c0 ) 0 v f0 (c0 ) 0.
2.1.25. R rng khng nh ng khi f l hm hng. Gi s rng f khng
l hm hng, khng gim tng qut ta gi s rng f (a) = f (b) = 0, th th
tn ti x1 2 (a; b) sao cho f (x1 ) > 0. Ly k l s thc tho mn 0 = f (b) <
k < f(x1 ). t c = supfx 2 (a; b) : f (x) > kg. th th f (x) k vi x 2 [c; b].
Hn na tn ti dy m fhn g hi t v 0 sao cho f (c + hn ) > k . V f0 tn ti
nn
f(c + hn ) f (c)
f0 (c) = lim
0;
n!1
hn
t suy ra infff0 (x) : x 2 (a; b)g 0. Lp lun hon ton tng t ta c
supff0 (x) : x 2 (a; b)g 0.
Cc kt qu nhn c i vi f+0 l hon ton tng t. Ta c
infff+0 (x) : x 2 (a; b)g 0 supff+0 (x) : x 2 (a; b)g:
2.1.26. Ta p dng kt qu bi trn cho hm
x 7! f(x)
f (b) f (a)
(x a):
ba
Chng 2. Vi phn
220
Tng t ta c kt qu cho f+0 (x), tc l
f (b) f (a)
supff+0 (x) : x 2 (a; b)g:
ba
infff+0 (x) : x 2 (a; b)g

2.1.27. T bi trn ta c
f (x + h) f (x)
h
supff0 (z) : z 2 (x; x + h)g:
infff0 (z) : z 2 (x; x + h)g
vi x 2 (a; b) v h > 0 nh sao cho x + h 2 (a; b). V f0 lin tc trn (a; b)

nn khi cho h ! 0+ ta c f0 (x) = f+0 (x):
2.1.28. T bi trn ta suy ra hm nh vy khng tn ti.

2.1.29. T gi thit suy ra f bng 0 ti t nht mt im trong khong m
(a; b). t
c = inffx 2 (a; b) : f (x) = 0g;
ta c f(c) = 0. V f 0 (a) > 0 nn f (x) > 0 vi x 2 (a; c). Hn na v f 0 (c) tn
ti nn
f 0 (c) = lim
h!0
f (c + h) f (c)
f (c + h)
= lim
0:
h!0
h
h
2.1.30. R rng (1 + x2 )f 0 (x) = 1, t suy ra (1 + x2 )f 00 (x) + 2xf 0 (x) = 0:

S dng quy np suy ra
(1 + x2 )f (n) (x) + 2(n 1)xf (n1) (x) + (n 2)(n 1)f (n2) (x) = 0:
Cho x = 0 ta c f (2m) (0) = 0 v f (2m+1) (0) = (1)m (2m)!.
2.1.31. S dng php quy np.

2.1.32.
(a) S dng cng thc Leibniz
(n)
(f (x)g(x))
n
X
n
k=0
v ng thc (a) trong bi trn.
f (nk) (x)g (k) (x)
221
(b) S dng cng thc Leibniz v ng thc (b) trong bi trn.
2.1.33. R rng nu x > 1 th f(x) > 0, f 0 (x) > 0 v f 00 (x) < 0. o hm

hm s
(f(x))2 = x2 1
n ln (n 3) v s dng cng thc Leibniz ta c
2f(x)f
(n)
n1
X
n (k)
(x) +
f (x)f (nk) (x) 0:
k
k=1
S dng php quy np ta c iu phi chng minh.
2.1.34. Ta c
2n
X
2n
f2n (x) = ln 1 + x
ln(x !k );
=
k=1
trong !k = cos (2k1)

+ i sin (2k1)
. V
2n
2n
(2n)
f2n (x)
= (2n 1)!
2n
X
k=1
1
:
(x !k )2n
t x = 1 ta c
(2n)
f2n (1)
= (2n 1)!
2n
X
k=1
1
;
(1 + !k )2n
tng ng
2n
(2n)
f2n (1)
(2n 1)! X
(1)k
=i
:
2n (2k1)
22n
cos
k=1
4n
(2n)
(2n)
V f2n (1) thc nn suy ra f2n (1) = 0.
2.1.35. K hiu L(x) v R(x) l v tri v v phi ca ng thc trong

bi, r rng L v R l cc a thc bc n + 1 v L(0) = R(0) = 0. Do ta
Chng 2. Vi phn
222
cn chng minh rng L0 (x) = R0 (x); x 2 R. Ta c

0
L (x) =
n
X
P (k) (0)
k=0
k!
xk = P (x);
n
n
(k)
X
(0) k X
P (k+1) (0) k+1
0
kP
R (x) =
(1)
x +
(1)k
x
k!
(k + 1)!
k=0
k=0
= P (x) + (1)n
P (k+1) (0) k+1

x
= P (x):
(k + 1)!
Ta c iu phi chng minh.
2.1.36. Tn ti mt ln cn ca 0 f dng, do
(ln f (x))0 =
f 0 (x)
1
n
=
+ +
= g(x):
f (x)
1 1 x
1 n x
Do f 0 (x) = f (x)g(x) v f 0 (0) = 1 + 2 + + n > 0. Hn na
i+1
i+1
1
n
(i)
(1)
g (x) = i!
+ +
:
(1 1 x)i+1
(1 n x)i+1
S dng cng thc Leibniz ta c
(k)
k
X
k 1 (i)
(x) =
g (x)f (k1i) (x):
i
i=1
T (1) suy ra f (k) (0) > 0 vi mi k 2 N.
2.1.37. Ta chng minh bng quy np. Vi n = 1 th ng thc l hin nhin,

gi s iu phi chng minh ng vi k n, ta chng minh n cng ng
vi n + 1. Tht vy, ta c
(n+1)
0 (n)
1
1
n+1
n
n
n
(1)
x f
= (1) x f
x
x
(n)
(n)
1
1
n+1
n1
n+1
n2 0
x f
= (1) n x f
(1)
x
x

(n)
n
1
1
= n+1 f (n)
:
(1)n1 xn2 f 0
x
x
x
223
Hn na
(n)
(n1) !0
1
1
(1)n1 xn2 f 0
= (1)n1
:
xn2 f 0
x
x
Theo gi thit quy np vi f 0 v k = n 1 ta c

(n1)
1 (n) 1
1
n1
n2 0
= (1)
x f
f
;
n
x
x
x
t suy ra
n+1
(1)

0
(n+1)
1 (n) 1
1
n (n) 1
x f
= n+1 f
f
x
x
x
xn
x

1
1
= n+2 f (n+1)
:
x
x
n
2.1.38. Chng minh di y c da theo bi bo ca S. Roman [Amer.

Math. Monthly 87 (1980), 805-809], mc d tc gi s dng nhng kin thc
gii tch hm nhng chng minh kh s cp. Ta xt phim hm tuyn tnh
L : P ! R xc nh trn tp P cc a thc h s thc. K hiu hL; P (x)i l
gi tr ca phim hm L ti a thc P (x). Xt phim hm tuyn tnh Ak
nh sau
k n
A ; x = n!n;k ;
trong
n:k =
1 vi n = k;
0 vi n 6= k:
(k)
Ta k hiu gi tr ca Ak ti xn l (xn )jx=0 . K hiu

hm tuyn tnh sau
*1
X
k=0
ak A ; P (x)
1
X
k=0
1
P
k=0
ak Ak ; ak 2 R l phim
ak Ak ; P (x) :
V Ak ; P (x) = 0 vi hu ht k nn tn ti hu hn cc thnh phn khc 0

trong tng v phi ca ng thc trn, by gi ta cn i chng minh rng
Chng 2. Vi phn
224
nu L l mt phim hm trn P th
1
X
L; xk k
L=
A :
k!
(1)
k=0
Tht vy, vi n 0 ta c
*1
+
1
k
X L; xk
X
L;
x
Ak ; xn =
Ak ; xn = hL; xn i :
k!
k!
k=0
k=0
V L v A tuyn tnh nn
hL; P (x)i =
*1
X L; xk
k=0
k!
Ak ; P (x)
vi mi a thc P , ta c (1). Vi php t trn gi tr ca Ak ti xn l

(k)
(xn )jx=0 th ta nh ngha c php ton trn Ak nh sau

Ak Aj = Ak+j :
Theo (1) ta m rng c php ton ny thnh php ton i vi L; M : P ! R
bt k nh sau:
1
1
1
X
L; xk k X hM; xj i j X
LM =
A
A =
cn An ;
k!
j!
j=0
n=0
k=0
trong
1
1
X
L; xk M; xnk
1X n
cn =
=
L; xk M; xnk :
k!
(n k)!
n n=0 k
k=0
Do theo (1) ta c
1
X
n
L; xk M; xnk :
hLM; x i =
k
n=0
n
(2)
S dng php quy np suy ra
(3)
hL1 Lj ; xn i
X
n!
=
L1 ; xk1 L2 ; xk2 Lj ; xkj :
k1 ! kj !
k ;::: ;k =0
1
k1 ++kj =n
225
Ta nh ngha o hm hnh thc L0 ca L l
(A0 )0 = 0;
v
(Ak )0 = kAk1
vi
k2N
1
X
L; xk
L =
kAk1 :
k!
k=1
0
Ta cn chng minh rng vi mi P 2 P,
hL0 ; P (x)i = hL; xP (x)i :
R rng ta ch cn chng minh rng (Ak )0 ; xn = Ak ; xn+1 . Ta c
k 0 n k1 n
(A ) ; x = kA ; x = kn!n;k1 = (n + 1)!n+1;k = Ak ; xn+1 :

(4)
chng minh cng thc Fa di Bruno ta t
hn = h(n) (t);
gn = g (n) (t);
fn = f (n) (u)u=g(t) :
R rng
h1 = f1 g1 ;
h2 = f1 g2 + f2 g12 ;
h3 = f1 g3 + f2 3g1 g2 + f3 g13 :
Dng quy np chng minh c

n
X
(5)
hn =
fk ln;k (g1 ; g2 ; : : : ; gm );
k=1
trong ln;k (g1 ; g2 ; : : : ; gn ) c lp vi fj ; j = 1; 2; : : : ; n. xc nh ln;k (g1 ; g2 ; : : : ; gn )
(n)
ta chn f (t) = eat ; a 2 R, ta c fk = ak eag(t) v hn = eag(t)
. T (5) suy ra
(6)
ag(t)
ag(t) (n)
n
X
ak ln;k (g1 ; g2 ; : : : ; gm ):
k=1
(n)
Xt Bn (t) = eag(t) eag(t)
, n 0 th theo cng thc Leibniz ta c
(n1)
Bn (t) = eag(t) ag1 (t)eag(t)
n1
X
(nk1)
n1
ag(t)
gk+1 (t) eag(t)
(7)
=ae
k
k=1
n1
X
n1
gk+1 (t)Bnk1 (t):
=a
k
k=1
Chng 2. Vi phn
226
Vi t 2 I cho trc, t Bn = Bn (t) v xt phim hm L v M xc nh
trn P nh sau : hL; xn i = Bn ; hM; xn i = gn , khi hL; 1i = B0 = 1 v
hM; 1i = g0 = g(t). Hn na theo (1) ta c

L=
1
X
Bk
k=0
k!
Ak
v M =
1
X
gk
k=0
k!
Ak :
Kt hp (7) vi (2) v (4) ta c
n1
X
n1
hL; x i = a
M; xk+1 L; xnk1
k
k=0
n1
X
n 1 0 k
=a
M ;x
L; xnk1
k
k=0 0
= a M L; xn1 :
n
Do hL0 ; xn1 i = hM 0 L; xn1 i hay ni cch khc
L0 = aM 0 L:
Phng trnh vi phn dng chnh tc ny c nghim L = cea(Mg0 ) , trong
c l mt s thc. S dng iu kin ban u ta c 1 = B0 = hL; 1i =
a(Mg )
0
ce
; 1 = c, do L = ea(Mg0 ) , t suy ra
1
a(Mg0 ) n X
ak
Bn = hL; x i = e
;x =
(M g0 )k ; xn
k!
k=0
n
1
X
ak
j1 ;::: ;jk =0
j1 ++jn =n
n!
(M g0 ); xj1 (M g0 ); xjk
j1 ! jk !
1
X
ak
n!
gj gj gjk :
j1 ! jk ! 1 2
k=0
k=0
k!
k!
j1 ;::: ;jk =0
j1 ++jn =n
227
Tnh ton h s ca ak (6) ta c
ln;k (g1 ; g2 ; : : : ; gn ) =
n!
k!
n!
=
k!
j1 ;::: ;jk =1
j1 ++jn =n
gj1 gj2
gj
k
j1 ! j2 !
jk !
k1 ;::: ;kn =0
k1 ++kn =k
k1 +22 ++nkn =n
g kn
g k1
k!
1
n
:
k1 ! kn ! 1!
n!
Cui cng ta c
n
X
fk ln;k (g1 ; : : : ; gn ) =
k=1
n
X
fk
k=1
k1 ;::: ;kn =0
k1 ++kn =k
k1 +22 ++nkn =n
g kn
g k1
k!
1
n
:
k1 ! kn ! 1!
n!
2.1.39.
(a) Ta c
f 0 (x) =
1 1=x2
e
x3
vi x 6= 0;
vi x = 0;
v (xem 1.1.12)
2
21=x
= 0:
lim
x!0
x
T suy ra f 0 lin tc trn R. Hn na vi x 6= 0 th
4
23
00
1=x2
f (x) = e
4 :
x6
x
S dng kt qu ca bi 1.1.12 ta c f 00 (0) = 0, t suy ra f 00 cng
lin tc trn R. Cui cng ta c
(

2
e1=x P x1
vi x 6= 0;
(n)
f (x) =
0
vi x = 0;
trong P l mt a thc, do vi mi n 2 N f (n) (x) lin tc trn R.
Chng 2. Vi phn
228
(b) Tng t cu (a) ta c g (n) (0) = 0 vi n 2 N, ng thi ta c g 2 C 1 (R).

(c) Hm s ang xt l tch ca hai hm f1 v f2 thuc C 1(R); qu vy,
ta thy rng f1 (x) = g(x a) v f2 (x) = g(b x) vi g c xc nh
cu (b).
2.1.40. Ta c
f 00 (x) = g 0 (f (x))f 0 (x) = g 0 (f (x))g(f (x));
f 000 (x) = g 0 (f (x))(g(f (x)))2 + (g 0 (f (x)))2 g(f(x)):
Do f 00 v f 000 u lin tc trn (a; b). S dng quy np ta c f (n) vi
n 3 u l tng ca cc o hm g (k) (f); k = 0; 1; 2; : : : ; n 1, t suy ra

chng lin tc trn (a; b).
2.1.41. Nu 6= 0 th
f 00 (x) =
f 0 (x) f(x)
;
T suy ra
f 000 (x) =
f 00 (x) f (x)
( 2 )f(0 (x) + f(x)
=
:
S dng quy np suy ra o hm th n l mt biu din tuyn tnh ca f

v f 0 . Vi = 0 th 6= 0 v f 0 (x) = f (x): S dng quy np ln na suy
ra
f (n) (x) = (1)n
n
f (x):
n
2.2 nh l gi tr trung bnh

2.2.1. Xt hm ph h(x) = ex f (x); x 2 [a; b] tho mn iu kin ca nh l
Rolle, do tn ti x0 2 (a; b) tho mn
0 = h0 (x0 ) = (f(x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ))ex0 :
T suy ra f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ) = 0:
2.2. nh l gi tr trung bnh
229
2.2.2. Hm h(x) = eg(x) f (x); x 2 [a; b] tho mn iu kin ca nh l Rolle,

do tn ti x0 2 (a; b) tho mn
0 = h0 (x0 ) = (g 0 (x0 )f(x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ))eg(x0 ) ;
do g 0 (x0 )f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ) = 0:
2.2.3. S dng nh l Rolle i vi hm h(x) =
f (x)
;x
x
2 [a; b]:
2.2.4. S dng nh l Rolle i vi hm h(x) = f 2 (x) x2 ; x 2 [a; b]:

2.2.5. S dng nh l Rolle i vi hm h(x) =
f (x)
;x
g(x)
2 [a; b]:
2.2.6. Ch rng a thc

Q(x) =
a0 n+1 a1 n
x
+ x + + an x
n+1
n
tho mn iu kin nh l Rolle trong khong [0; 1].
2.2.7. Hm
h(x) =
an
a2
a1
a0
lnn+1 x + + ln3 x + ln2 x + ln x;
n+1
3
2
1
x 2 [1; e2 ];
tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l Rolle.
2.2.8. S dng nh l Rolle ta suy ra gia hai nghim thc ca a thc P

tn ti t nht mt nghim thc ca P 0 . Hn na mi nghim ca a thc
bc k P l mt nghim ca P 0 bc k 1, do tn ti n 1 nghim ca P 0 .
2.2.9. S dng nh l Rolle i vi f trong [a; b] ta c tn ti c 2 (a; b) sao
cho f 0 (c) = 0. Tip s dng nh l Rolle i vi f 0 trn [a; c] ta suy ra
rng tn ti x1 2 (a; c) (a; b) sao cho f 00 (x1 ) = 0:
2.2.10. Lp lun tng t bi tp trn.
2.2.11.
Chng 2. Vi phn
230
(a) t P (x) = x13 + 7x3 5, ta c P (0) = 5 v lim P (x) = +1. S dng

x!1
nh l gi tr trung gian ta c tn ti nghim dng ca P (x) = 0.
Nu tn ti hai nghim dng khc nhau th t nh l Rolle ta suy

ra tn ti x0 sao cho P 0 (x0 ) = 0 vi x0 dng no , iu ny tri vi
gi thit P 0 (x) = 0 khi v ch khi x = 0. Cui cng ta c nhn xt rng
P (x) < 0 vi x < 0.

(b) Xt hm
x x
3
4
f (x) =
+
1:
5
5
Ta c f (2) = 0. Nu phng trnh ang xt c nghim khc 2 th theo

nh l Rolle o hm ca n phi c t nht mt nghim, iu ny
mu thun vi gi thit v f 0 (x) < 0 vi mi x 2 R.
2.2.12. Ta s dng phng php quy np. Vi n = 1, phng trnh a1 x1 = 0

khng c nghim trong (0; 1). Gi s vi n 2 N no , phng trnh
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + an xn = 0;
c nhiu nht l n 1 nghim trong (0; 1). Xt phng trnh
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + an xn + an+1 xn+1 = 0;
ta vit di dng
a1 + a2 x2 1 + + an+1 xn+1 1 = 0:
Nu phng trnh cui cng ny c nhiu hn n nghim trong (0; 1) th s
dng nh l Rolle ta suy ra o hm ca hm trong v tri s c n nghim

dng, iu ny tri vi gi thit quy np, ta c iu phi chng minh.
2.2.13. S dng bi tp trn, thay x bi ex.

2.2.14. R rng F (a) = F (b) = 0 v F lin tc
trn (a; b) v
0
f (x) g 0 (x)
0
F (x) = det f(a) g(a)
f (b) g(b)
trn [a; b]. Hn na F kh vi
h0 (x)
h(a) :
h(b)
231
S dng nh l Rolle ta suy ra tn ti x0 2 (a; b) sao cho F 0 (x0 ) = 0. Chn
g(x) = x v h(x) = 1 vi x 2 [a; b] th

0
f (x0 ) 1 0
F 0 (x0 ) = det f (a) a 1 = 0;

f (b) b 1
tc l f (b) f (a) = f 0 (x0 )(b a), ta nhn c nh l gi tr trung bnh.
tng qut ho nh l ny ta ch cn cho h(x) 1:
2.2.15. S dng nh l gi tr trung bnh ta suy ra tn ti x1 2 (0; 1) v

x2 2 (1; 2) sao cho
f 0 (x1 ) = f (1) f (0) = 1 v f 0 (x1 ) = f(2) f(1) = 1:
S dng nh l Rolle i vi f 0 trong khong [x1 ; x2 ] ta c iu phi chng
minh.
2.2.16. V f khng l hm tuyn tnh nn tn ti c 2 (a; b) sao cho

f (c) < f(a) +
f(b) f (a)
f (b) f (a)
(c a) hay f (c) > f (a) +
(c a):
ba
ba
Gi s rng
f (c) < f (a) +

Th th
f(c) f (a)
f (b) f (a)
<
ca
ba
f (b) f(a)
(c a):
ba
v
f (c) f (b)
f (b) f (a)
<
:
cb
ba
S dng nh l gi tr trung bnh suy ra iu phi chng minh. Ta lp

lun tng t cho trng hp
f (c) > f (a) +
f (b) f(a)
(c a):
ba
2.2.17. Gi s rng x0 6= 12 , khi mt trong hai khong [0; x0 ] v [x0 ; 1]

khng hn 12 . GI s rng on l [x0 ; 1], s dng nh l gi tr trung
bnh ta c
1
f(1) f(x0 )
=
= f 0 (c);
1 x0
1 x0
Chng 2. Vi phn
232

suy ra jf 0 (c)j > 2. Gi s rng x0 = 12 v f tuyn tnh trong khong 0; 12 ,

th th f (x) = 2x vi x 2 0; 12 . V f 0 12 = 2 nn tn ti x1 > 12 sao cho
f (x1 ) > 1, trong trng hp ny s dng nh l gi tr trung bnh trn

khong [x1 ; 1] ta suy ra iu phi chng minh. Nu tn ti x2 2 0; 12 sao
cho f (x2 ) > 2x2 , s dng nh l gi tr trung bnh i vi khong [0; x2 ] ta
suy ra iu phi chng minh. Nu f(x2 ) < 2x2 th s p dng nh l gi
tr trung bnh cho khong x2 ; 12 .

2.2.18. S dung nh l gi tr trung bnh tng qut cho hm x 7!
x 7! x1 trn [a; b] ta c
bf (a) af (b)
=
ba
f (b)
b
1
b
x1 f 0 (x1 )f (x1 )
x21
x12
1
f (a)
a
=
a1
f (x)
x
= f(x1 ) x1 f 0 (x1 ):
2.2.19. The nh l gi tr trung bnh , vi x1 ; x2 2 [0; 1),

j ln(1 + x1 ) ln(1 + x2 )j =
1
jx1 x2 j jx1 x2 j:
x0 + 1
j ln(1 + x21 ) ln(1 + x22 )j =
x20
Tng t
j arctan x1 arctan x2 j =
x20
2x0
jx1 x2 j jx1 x2 j:
+1
1
jx1 x2 j jx1 x2 j:
+1
2.2.20. C nh x0 2 (a; b), th th vi mi x 2 (a; b) ta c tn ti c nm gia

x0 v x sao cho f 0 (x) f 0 (x0 = f 00 (c)(x x0 ). Do
jf 0 (x)j Mjx x0 j + jf 0 (x0 j M (b a) + jf 0 (x0 )j;
tc l f 0 b chn, t (nh kt qu bi trc) ta suy ra f lin tc u trn
(a; b).
2.2.21. Xt hm x 7! arctan f(x), s dng nh l gi tr trung bnh ta c
vi a < x1 < x2 < b, x2 x1 > ,
jf 0 (x0 )j
(x2 x1 ):
j arctan f (x2 ) arctan f (x1 )j = 2
f (x0 ) + 1
Do
t suy ra
233
jf 0 (x0 )j
(x2 x1 );
f 2 (x0 ) + 1
jf 0 (x0 )j
< 1:
2
f (x0 ) + 1
x2 x1
2.2.22. Ta c
arctan f (x2 ) arctan f (x1 ) =
f 0 (x0 )
(x2 x1 )
f 2 (x0 ) + 1
vi a < x1 < x2 < b. T (ii) suy ra
arctan f (x2 ) arctan f(x1 ) (x2 x1 ):

Cho x2 ! b v x1 ! a+ , s dng (i) ta c (b a):
2.2.23. S dng nh l gi tr trung bnh suy ra

f0 (b) = lim
h!0
f (b + h) f (b)
= lim f 0 (b + h) = A:
h!0
h
2.2.24. V f 0 (x) = O(x) nn tn ti M > 0 v x0 2 (0; 1) sao cho jf 0 (x)j M x

vi x x0 . S dng nh l gi tr trung bnh ta c
jf (x) f (x0 )j = jf (0 x0 + (x x0 ))j(x x0 )
M (x0 + (x x0 ))(x x0 ) M x(x x0 ) M x2
vi x x0 .
2.2.25. S dng nh l Rolle cho hm
n
X
fk (b) fk (a)
h(x) =
fk (x) fk (a) (gk (x) gk (a))
:
gk (b) gk (a)
k=1
2.2.26. Gi s f kh vi u trn [a; b], khi vi mi

n dy fhn gohi t v 0
sao cho hn 6= 0 v x + hn 2 I vi x 2 [a; b], dy hm f (x+hhnn)f (x) hi t u
v f 0 trn [a; b]. Theo bi 1.2.34 th f 0 lin tc trn [a; b].
Chng 2. Vi phn
234
By gi gi thit rng f 0 lin tc trn [a; b], s dng nh l gi tr trung

bnh ta c vi mi x 2 [a; b]; x + h 2 I,
f (x + h) f (x)
f 0 (x) = f 0 (x + h) f 0 (x)
h
vi 0 < < 1. V f 0 lin tc u trn [a; b] nn f kh vi u.
2.2.27. V f lin tc trn [a; b] nn n b chn, tc l tn ti A 0 sao cho
jf (x)j A vi x 2 [a; b]. Theo gi thit ta c
jg 0 (x)j
1+A
jg(x)j:
jj
By gi xt [c; d] [a; b] c rng khng ln hn
1 jj
2 1+A
B
2
v tho mn
g(c) = 0. Vi x0 2 [c; d] ta c
jg(x0 ) g(c)j = jg(x0 )j = (x0 c)jg 0 (x1 )j
B jg(x1 )j
:
2 B
Lp li qu trnh trn ta tm c dy fxn g cc im thuc [c; d] sao cho
1
1
jg(x0 )j jg(x1 )j n jg(xn )j :
2
2
T suy ra g(x0 ) = 0. kt thc chng minh ta chia on [a; b] thnh

hu hn on con c rng khng qu
B
.
2
Ta c nhn xt rng gi thit f lin tc trn [a; b] c th thay th bi tnh

b chn ca n trn [a; b].
2.2.28. S dng nh l gi tr trung bnh tng qut ta c

f (2x)
2x
1
2x
f (x)
x
1
x
= f () f 0 ();
vi x < < 2x. T suy ra
f (2x) f(x)
f()
0
=
f ()
:
2x
x
2x
Tc l
f(2x) f (x) f()
:
0 jf ()j 2
+
2x
x
0
Cho x ! 1 ta c iu phi chng minh.
235
2.2.29. Suy ra t bi 1.6.30.

2.2.30. T gi thit suy ra
f 0 (px + qy) = f 0 (qx + py) vi x 6= y:
(1)
Nu p 6= q th f 0 l hm hng. Tht vy, nu f 0 (x1 ) 6= f 0 (x2 ) th t
x=
p
p1
x1 +
x2
2p 1
2p 1
v y =
p1
p
x1 +
x2 ;
2p 1
2p 1
th ta c x1 = px + (1 p)y v x2 = py + (1 p)x, tri vi (1). T suy ra
vi p 6= q th f l hm tuyn tnh, nu p = q =
1
2
th theo kt qu bi trc,
f s l mt a thc bc hai.
2.2.31. Vi [a; b] I, gi s rng f 0 (a) < f 0 (b). t l s tho mn f 0 (a) <

< f 0 (b). Xt hm g(x) = f (x) x, th th g 0 (a) < 0 v g 0 (b) > 0. Do g
t cc tiu trn [a; b] ti im x0 2 (a; b), tc l g 0 (x0 ) = 0, hay f 0 (x0 ) = .
2.2.32.
(a) Cho " > 0 sao cho jf (x) f 0 (x)j < " vi x a. Theo nh l gi tr
trung bnh tng qut, tn ti 2 (a; x) sao cho
ex f (x) ea f (a)
= f () f 0 ():
x
a
e e
Do
jf (x) f (a)eax j < "j1 eax j;

hay
jf(x)j < jf (a)jeax + "j1 eax j:

T suy rajf (x)j < 2" vi x ln.
(b) S dng nh l gi tr trung bnh tng qut i vi hm x 7! e
v x 7! e
p
x
v lm nh cu a.
p
x
f (x)
Chng 2. Vi phn
236
2.2.33. T gi thit suy ra hm x 7! ex f (x) c t nht ba nghim phn bit

trong [a; b], do theo nh l Rolle o hm ca n x 7! ex (f 0 (x) f (x))
phi c t nht hai nghim phn bit trong [a; b] v o hm cp hai ca n
c t nht mt nghim , tc l phng trnh ex (f(x) + f 00 (x) 2f 0 (x)) = 0 c
t nht mt nghim trong [a; b].
2.2.34. Ch rng Q(x) = F (x)G(x) vi
x2 =2
F (x) = P (x) + xP (x) = e
2
0
x =2
e P (x) ;
G(x) = xP 0 (x) + P (x) = (xP (x))0 :
Xt cc nghim 1 < a1 < a2 < < an ca a thc P , theo nh l Rolle F
c n 1 nghim, k hiu l bi ; i = 1; 2; : : : ; n 1 v G c n nghim, k hiu

l ci ; i = 1; 2; : : : ; n, c th gi thit rng
1 < a1 < b1 < a2 < b2 < < bn1 < an ;

0 < c1 < a1 < c2 < a2 < < cn < an :
Nu bi 6= ci+1 ; i = 1; 2; : : : n 1 th a thc Q c t nht 2n 1 nghim. By
gi gi thit rng tn ti i sao cho bi = ci+1 = r, th th P 0 (r) + rP (r) = 0 =
rP 0 (r) + P (r), do (r2 1)P (r) = 0. V r > 1 nn P (r) = 0 v l.

2.2.35. Gi cc nghim ca P l x1 < x2 < < xm , theo gi thit ta
c P 0 (xm ) > 0, P 0 (xm1 ) < 0 v P 0 (xM2 ) > 0,.... Hn na ta thy rng
Q(xm ) < 0 , Q(xm1 ) > 0, .... Nu m l th Q(x1 ) < 0, nu m chn th
Q(x1 ) > 0, suy ra theo nh l Rolle Q c t nht m + 1 nghim thc khi m l
v t nht m nghim thc khi m chn. Ta cn ch ra rng cc nghim ca Q l
phn bit. V cc nghim ca P l thc v phn bit nn (P (x))2 > P (x)P 00 (x)
vi mi x 2 R. Tht vy, v
P (x) = am (x x1 )(x x2 ) (x xm );
nn thy rng vi x 6= xm , ta c
P 0 (x) X 1
=
:
P (x)
x
x
j
j=1
V vy
P (x)P 00 (x) (P (x))2 = P 2 (x)

Hn na vi x = xj
237
m
X
j=1
1
< 0:
(x xj )2
(P (xj ))2 > 0 = P (xj )P 00 (xj ):

Do bt ng thc (P 0 (x))2 > P (x)P 00 (x) ng, t suy ra
P (x)Q0 (x) = P (x)(2P (x)P 0 (x) P 00 (x))
= 2P 0 (x)(P 2 (x) P 0 (x)) + 2(P 0 (x))2 P (x)P 00 (x)
> 2P 0 (x)P 2 (x) (P 0 (x))2 :

Tc l
(1)
P (x)Q0 (x) > 2P 0 (x)Q(x):
Vy cc nghim ca Q u l nghim n, Nu y1 v y2 l hai nghim lin

tip ca Q th Q0 (y1 ) v Q0 (y2 ) tri du nhau, do t (1) ta suy ra P (y1 ) v
P (y2 ) cng tri du nhau, v ta c kt lun rng gia hai nghim lin tip
ca Q lun c t nht mt nghim ca P , vy vi m l, nu Q c hn m + 1
nghim thc th P c nhiu hn m nghim, v l, twong t nu vi m chn
Q c nhiu hn m nghim th n phi c m + 2 nghim, tc l P c nhiu
hn m nghim, v l.
2.2.36. [G. Peyser, Amer. Math. Monthly 74 (1967), 1102-1104]. Ch
rng nu mi nghim ca a thc bc n P u thc th theo nh l Rolle,
mi nghim ca P 0 cng u thc, v nm gia cc nghim ca P , do P 0
c dng nh cho trong bi, ta ch cn chng minh khng nh u, cc
khng nh sau chng minh tng t. R rng P (x) = Q(x)(x an ), do
()
P 0 (x) = Q0 (x)(x an ) + Q(x):
Xt trng hp ai < ai+1 , gi s rng P (x) > 0 vi x 2 (ai > ai+1 ) khi
Q(x) < 0 vi x 2 (ai > ai+1 ). Hn na t () ta suy ra Q0 (x) < 0 vi
x 2 (ai ; ai+1 ) v Q0 (ci ) < 0, do di > ci , iu phi chng minh.
Chng 2. Vi phn
238
2.2.37. [G. Peyser, Amer. Math. Monthly 74 (1967), 1102-1104]. Gi s

rng an1 < an v " > 0. R rng
S(x) = P (x) "R(x);
vi R(x) = (x a2 ) (x an ). Khng mt tng qut gi s rng P (x) < 0
vi x 2 (an1 an ), khi S(x) < 0 v R(x) < 0 vi x 2 (an1 an ). V
S 0 (x) = P (x)(x an ) "R0 (x);
(1)
nn S(cn1 ) = "R0 (cn1 ). Theo kt qu bi trc ta c R0 (cn1 ) > 0. Theo (1)

ta c S 0 (cn1 ) < 0. V S 0 i du m sang dng ti mt im thuc (an1 ; an)
nn fn1 > cn1 . Khng nh cn li c chng minh tng t.
2.2.38. [G. Peyser, Amer. Math. Monthly 74 (1967), 1102-1104]. t

W (x) = (x ai )i (x ai+1 ). Nu i = 2; 3; : : : ; n 1 th W 0 (x) = 0 ti cc
im x = ai v ti
x=c=
iai+1 + ai
ai+1 ai
= ai+1
:
i+1
i+1
Nu i = 1 th W 0 ch bng 0 ti c. S dng kt qu u ca 2.2.36 ni1 ln

v tip n l kt qu bi trn n 1 ln vi " bng ai a1 ; ai a2 ; : : : ; ai ai1
lin tip ta c
ai+1 ai
:
i+1
chng minh bt ng thc bn tri ta s dng phn th hai ca hai bi
tp trn mt cch tng t.
ci c = ai+1
2.2.39. Ch rng theo nh l gi tr trung bnh, vi mi x 2 (0; 1=K)\[0; 1]

ta c
jf (x)j Kxjf (x1 )j K 2 xx1 jf (x2 )j K n xx1 xn1 jf(xn )j;
trong 0 < xn < xn1 < < x1 < x. Do jf (x)j (Kx)n jf (xn )j. V f
b chn nn f (x) 0 trn (0; 1=K) \ [0; 1]. Nu K 1 ta cng c kt lun

tng t f (x) 0 trn [1=K; 2=K]. Lp li qu trnh trn nhiu ln suy ra
f (x) 0 trn [0; 1].
239
2.2.40. Vi x1 2 J1 v x3 2 J3 ta c
f (k1) (x3 ) f (k1) (x1 )
= f (k) ()
x3 x1
vi 2 (x1 ; x3 ). Do
(k1)
1
jf
(x3 )j jf (k1) (x1 )j
x3 x1
1 (k1)
(x3 )j jf (k1) (x1 )j :
jf
2
mk (J)
Ly cn di ng theo x1 2 J1 v x3 2 J3 ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
2.2.41. Quy np theo k . Vi k = 1 ta suy ra bt ng thc t nh l gi tr

trung bnh v jf (x)j 1. Gi s bt ng thc ng vi k no , theo kt
qu bi trn ta c
1
(mk (J1 ) + mk (J3 ))
2
1
1 k(k+1) k
1 k(k+1) k
2
2
2
k + k2
k
2 k1
3
k(k+1)
1
1
k
2
k
+
=2
:
k1 2 k3 2
mk+1 (J)
t 1 = 3 =
k
2(k+1)
v 2 =
k+1
ta c
mk+1 (J)
(k+1)(k+2)
2
(k + 1)k+1
k+1
iu phi chng minh.
2.2.42. Ta c
P (p1) (x) = (p 1)!ap1 +
(p + 1)!
n!
ap+1 x2 + +
an xnp+1 :
2!
(n p + 1)!
Theo nh l Rolle ta c gia hai nghim thc lin tip ca P tn ti ng

mt nghim thc ca P 0 , t suy ra a thc P (p1) c n p + 1 nghim
thc phn bit v P (p) c n p nghim thc phn bit, ng thi nh trn
Chng 2. Vi phn
240
ta c gia hai nghim lin tip ca P (p1) c ng mt nghim ca P (p) . Gi

s phn chng rng ap1 v ap+1 c cng du, khng gim tng qut ta c
th gi thit chng c du dng, khi tn ti " > 0 sao cho P (p1) gim
trong khong ("; 0) v tng trong khong (0; "). R rng P (p) (0) = 0. Nu
khng tn ti mt nghim khc ca P (p) th ta c P (p1) (x) > P (p1) (0) > 0
vi x 6= 0, v l. Nu P (p) c nghim khc 0 vi th k hiu x0 6= 0 l nghim
gn khng nht ta nhn thy rng gia 0 v x0 c mt nghim ca P (p1) ,
mt khc P (p1) (x) > 0 trong khong m c hai u l 0 v x0 , v l. iu

phi chng minh.
2.3 Cng thc Taylor v quy tc LHpital

2.3.1. Ch rng vi n = 1 ta c iu phi chng minh t nh ngha
ca f 0 (x0 ). Vi n > 1, t
f 0 (x0 )
f (n) (x0 )
n
rn(x) = f (x) f (x0 ) +
(x x0 ) + +
(x x0 ) :
1!
n!
Th th rn (x0 ) = r0 (x0 ) = = r(n) (x0 ) = 0. Theo nh ngha ca o hm
th n
r(n1) (x) = r(n1) (x) r(n1) (x0 ) = r(n) (x0 )(x x0 ) + o(x x0 );
t suy ra r(n1) (x) = o(x x0 ). S dng nh l gi tr trung bnh ta c
r(n2) (x0 ) = r(n2) (x) r(n2) (x0 ) = r(n1) (c)(x x0 );

vi c l mt im thuc khong m c hai u mt l x v x0 . V jc x0 j <
jx x0 j, ta suy ra r(n2) (x0 ) = o((x x0 )2 ). Lp li qu trnh trn n ln ta

c rn (x) = o((x x0 )n ):
2.3.2. Vi x; x0 2 [a; b] t
f 0 (x0 )
f (n) (x0 )
n
rn(x) = f (x) f (x0 ) +
(x x0 ) + +
(x x0 ) :
1!
n!
241
Khng mt tng qut ta gi thit x > x0 . Trn on [x0 ; x] xt hm trung

gian
f 0 (z)
f (n) (z)
n
'(z) = f (x) f (z) +
(x z) + +
(x z) :
1!
n!
Ta c
'(x0 ) = rn (x0 ) v '(x) = 0:
(1)
Hn na '0 (x) tn ti v
'0 (z) =
(2)
f (n+1) (z)
(x z)n :
n!
Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh tng qut
'(x) '(x0 )
'0 (c)
= 0 ;
(x) (x0 )
(c)
trong lin tc trn [x0 ; x] c o hm khc khng trn (x0 ; x). Kt hp
vi (1) v (2) ta c
rn (x) =
(x) (x0 ) f (n+1) (c)
(x c)n :
0 (c)
n!
Chn (z) = (x z)p v vit c = x0 + (x x0 ) ta c
rn (x) =
f (n+1) (x0 + (x x0 )
(1 )n+1p (x x0 )n+1 :
n!p
2.3.3. Ch rng kt qu trong bi ny chnh l cc trng hp ring ca

bi trc vi
(a)
p = n + 1,
(b)
p = 1.
Chng 2. Vi phn
242
2.3.4. Tch phn tng phn

Z x
Z x
x
0
0
f (x) f(x0 ) =
f (x)dt = [(x t)f (t)]x0 +
(x t)f 00 (t)dt:
x0
Do
x0
f 0 (x0 )
f (x) = f(x0 ) +
(x x0 ) +
1!
x0
(x t)f 00 (t)dt:
Lp li qu trnh trn n ln ta s suy ra dng cng thc Taylor cn chng

minh.
2.3.5. Vi n = 1
R2 (x) =
x Z t2
x0
(2)
(t1 )dt1 dt2 =
x0
x0
0
(f 0 (xt2 ) f 0 (x0 ))dt2
= f (x) f (x0 ) (x x0 )f (x0 ):

S dng quy np ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
2.3.6. S dng cng thc Taylor vi phn d dng Lagrange (xem 2.3.3 (a)),
ta c
p
1
3
1
1 + x = 1 + x x2 +
(1 + x)5=2 x3
2
8
3!8
vi 0 < < 1 no , suy ra
p
3
p
1
1
3jxj
2jxj3
1
1 + x 1 + x x2
< jxj3 :
=
5=2
2
8
4
2
48 12
2.3.7. S dng cng thc Taylor vi s d dng Lagrange i vi f (x) =

(1 + x) , ta c
(1 + x) = 1 + x +
( 1)(1 + x)2 2
x
2
vi 0 < < 1. c iu phi chng minh ta ch cn ch rng
( 1)(1 + x)2
> 0 vi > 1 hay < 0;
2
v
( 1)(1 + x)2
< 0 vi 0 < < 1:
2
243
2.3.8. Theo cng thc Taylor

f 0 (0)x + 12 f 00 (1 (x))x2
f (x) f (0)
:
= 0
g(x) g(0)
g (0)x + 12 g 00 (2 (x))x2
Mt khc theo nh l gi tr trung bnh
f 0 (0) + (x)f 00 (3 (x))

f 0 ((x))
= 0
:
g 0 ((x))
g (0) + (x)g 00 (4 (x))
S dng cc ng thc trn v tnh lin tc ti 0 ca f 00 v g 00 ta d dng
suy ra
lim+
x!0
(x)
1
= :
x
2
2.3.9.
(a) Theo cng thc Taylor
f 0 (x)
f 00 (x)
(x) +
(x)2
1!
2!
f (n) (x)
f (n+1) (x 1 x
+ +
(x)n +
(x)n+1 :
n!
(n + 1)!
f(0) = f (x + (x)) = f(x) +
Cho = 1 1 ta c iu phi chng minh.

2
x
x
(b) Ch rng f 1+x
= f 1+x
, lm nh cu (a).
2.3.10. Ta c

x f0 x x
f (2n) x2 x 2n
x
2
f (x) = f
+
=f
+
+ +
2 2
2
1!
2
(2n)!
2
x 2n+1
(2n+1) x
f
+ 1 2
x
2
+
;
(2n + 1)!
2
x
tng t

x f0 x x
f (2n) x2 x 2n
x
2
f(0) = f
=f
+ +
2 2
2
1!
2
(2n)!
2
x 2n+1
(2n+1) x
f
2 2
x
2
:
(2n + 1)!
2
x
Chng 2. Vi phn
244
Tr v vi v hai ng thc trn ta c
2 0 x x 2 (3) x x 3
f
+ f
1!
2
2
3!
2
2
x 2n1
2
(2n1) x
+ +
f
(2n 1)!
2
2
f (2n+1) x2 + 1 x2 + f (2n+1) x2 2 x2 x 2n+1

+
:
(2n + 1)!
2
f (x) = f (0) +
V o hm tho mn nh l gi tr trung gian (xem 2.2.31) ta c iu phi

chng minh.
2.3.11. S dng kt qu bi trn vi f(x) = ln(x + 1), x > 0 v ch rng

ohm l ca f nhn gi tr dng vi x > 0.
2.3.12. S dng cng thc Taylor vi s d dng Peano (xem 2.3.1),
(a)
f (x + h) 2f (x) + f (x h)
h!0
h2
(
2
f (x) hf 0 (x) + h2 f 00 (x) + o(h2 )
= lim
h!0
h2
lim
2f (x) f(x) + hf 0 (x)
h2
h2 00
f (x)
2
+ o(h2 )
= f 00 (x):
(b)
f (x + 2h) 2f(x + h) + f (x)

h!0
h2
2 00
h f (x) + o(4h2 )o(h2 )
= lim
= f 00 (x):
h!0
h2
lim
2.3.13. Tng t cch gii bi trn, ta p dng cng thc Taylor vi phn
d dng Peano.
2.3.14.
245
(a) Theo cng thc Taylor vi x > 0 ta c

x
e =
n
X
xk
k=0
xn+1 x X xk
+
e >
:
k! (n + 1)!
k!
k=0
(b) Vi x > 0 ta c
ln(x + 1) = x
x2 x3 x4 x5
1
x2 x3 x4
>
x
+
+
:
2
3
4
5 (1 + 1 x)5
2
3
4
Tng t vi x > 1; x 6= 0
x2 x3 x4
1
x2 x3
>
x
+ :
2
3
4 (1 + 2 x)4
2
3
p
(c) S dng cng thc Taylor cho hm x 7! 1 + x ta c
p
1
1
1
1
1 + x = 1 + x x2 + x3
(1 + 1 x)7=2 x4
2
8
16
128
1
1
1
< 1 + x x2 + x3
2
8
16
v
p
1
1
1
1
1
1 + x = 1 + x x2 + (1 + 2 x)5=2 x3 > 1 + x x2 :
2
8
16
2
8
ln(x + 1) = x
2.3.15. Theo 2.3.1

f(x + h) = f (x) + hf 0 (x) + +
hn (n)
hn+1 (n+1)
f (x) +
f
(x) + o(hn+1 ):
n!
(n + 1)!
Mt khc
f(x + h) = f (x) + hf 0 (x) + +
hn1 (n1)
hn
f
(x) + f (n) (x + (h)h):
(n 1)!
n!
Tr ng thc trn cho ng thc di ta c
f (n) (x + (h)h) f (n) (x)

f (n+1) (x) o(h)
=
+
:
h
n+1
h
T suy ra
(h) =
f (n+1) (x)
+ o(h)
n+1
h
f (n) (x+(h)h)f (n) (x)
(h)h
Ch rng f (n+1) (x) tn ti v khc 0 ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Chng 2. Vi phn
246
2.3.16. Vi 0 < x 1 ta c
f (0) = f (x x) = f (x) f 0 (x)x + f 00 (x 1 x)
(1)
x2
;
2
v vi 0 x < 1,
f (1) = f(x + (1 x))
(2)
= f(x) + f 0 (x)(1 x) + f 00 (x + 2 (1 x))

Thy rng t (1) suy ra jf 0 (1)j
A
,
2
(2) cho (1) ta c
(1 x)2
:
2
v t (2) ta c jf 0 (0)j
A
.
2
Hn na tr
1
f 0 (x) = (f 0 (x 1 x)x2 f 00 (x + 2 (1 x)2 ) vi 0 < x < 1:
2
Do
jf 0 (x)j
A
A
(2x2 2x = 1) < ;
2
2
0 < x < 1:
2.3.17.
(a) Vi x 2 [c; c],
(1)
f (c) f(x) = f 0 (x)(c x) +
f 00 (x 1 (c x))
(c x)2
2
f (c) f(x) = f 0 (x)(c + x) +
f 00 (x 2 (c + x))
(c + x)2 :
2
Do
f (c) f (c)
2c
(c x)2 f 00 (x + 1 (c x)) (c + x)2 f 00 (x 2 (c + x))
:
4c
f 0 (x) =
T suy ra
jf 0 (x)j
M0
M2
+ (c2 + x2 )
:
c
2c
247
(b) T (1) trn, vi x 2 [c; c) ta c
f 0 (x) =
f (c) f(x) f 00 (x + 1 h)
h;
h
2
0
2 Mh0
1
M2 h.
2
+
trong h = c x > 0. Do jf (x)j
p
p
0
c jf (x)j 2 M0 M2 , ko theo M1 2 M0 M2 .
Chn h = 2
M0
M2
ta
p
2.3.18. Bt ng thc M1 2 M0 M2 c chng minh trong cu (b) bi
2.3.17, du ng thc t c, v d nh hm
(
2x2 1 vi 1 < x < 0;
f(x) = x2 1
vi 0 x < 1:
x2 +1
Tht vy, ta c M0 = 1 v M1 = M2 = 4:
2.3.19. Vi h > 0 v x 2 R, ta c
f (x + h) = f (x) + f 0 (x)h + f 00 (x + h)
h2
2
f (x h) = f(x) f 0 (x)h + f 00 (x 1 h)
h2
:
2
T suy ra
f 0 (x) =
1
h
(f (x + h) f (x h)) (f 00 (x + h) f 00 (x 1 h));
2h
4
tc l
Chn h =
jf 0 (x)j
M0 h
+ M2
h
2
vi h > 0:
0
2M
ta c iu phi chng minh.
M2
2.3.20. Vi p = 2 iu phi chng minh c suy ra t bi tp trn. Ta s

dng phng php quy np. Gi s khng nh ng vi 2; 3; : : : ; p. Ta i
chng minh rng n cng ng vi p + 1. Ta c
f (p1) (x + h) = f (p1) (x) + f (p) (x)h + f (p+1) (x + h)
h2
2
Chng 2. Vi phn
248
f (p1) (x h) = f (p1) (x) f (p) (x)h + f (p+1) (x 1 h)
h2
:
2
Do
1 (p1)
(x + h) f (p1) (x h))
(f
2h
h
(f (p+1) (x + h) f (p+1) (x 1 h)):
4
f (p) (x) =
T suy ra
Mp1 h
+ Mp+1 ; h > 0:
h
2
q
p
M
Chn h = 2 Mp1
ta c Mp 2Mp1 Mp+1 . Theo gi thit quy np, vi
p+1
k = p 1 v mt vi tnh ton ta c
jf (p) (x)j
p+1
Mp 2p=2 M0p+1 Mp+1
:
(1)
Vy ta chng minh c bt ng thc vi k = p. By gi ta i chng

minh n vi 1 k p 1. Theo gi thit quy np ta c
Mk 2
k(pk)
2
1 kp
M0
+ Mpp ;
kt hp vi (1) ta c
Mk 2
k(p+1k)
2
k
1 p+1
M0
+ Mpp+1 :
iu phi chng minh.
2.3.21. Gi s jf 00 (x)j M (M > 0), vi x 2 (0; 1). Theo cng thc Taylor
cho x; h 2 (0; 1) ta c
f (x + h) = f (x) + f 0 (x)h + f 00 (x + h)
T suy ra
jf 0 (x)j
jf (x + h) f(x)j M h
+
:
h
2
h2
:
2
249
V lim f (x) = 0, chn " > 0 th tn ti x0 sao cho

x!1
" Mh
+
vi x > x0 ; h > 0:
h
2
p
ta c jf 0 (x)j 2"M , x > x0 , tc l lim f 0 (x) = 0:
jf 0 (x)j
Chn h =
2 M"
x!1
2.3.22. Vi x > 0,
1
f (x + 1) = f (x) + f 0 (x) + f 00 () vi 2 (x; x + 1):
2
Do
xf 0 (x) =
x
1 x
(x + 1)f(x + 1) xf(x) f 00 ():
x+1
2
T suy ra lim xf 0 (x) = 0:

x!+1
2.3.23. Vi u; x 2 (0; 1), u > x , theo cng thc Taylor ta c

1
f (u) = f(x) + f 0 (x)(u x) + f 00 ()(u x)2
2
vi 2 (x; u). Chn u = x + "(1 x); 0 < " < 12 , ta c
1
f (u) f (x) = "(1 x)f 0 (x) + "2 f 00 (x + "(1 x))(1 x)2
2
vi 2 (0; 1). Cho x ! 1 ta c
1 00
0
2
0 = lim (1 x)f (x) + "f (x + "(1 x))(1 x) :
(1)
x!1
2
Theo nh ngha gii hn, nu "1 > 0 th
1
(1 x)jf 0 (x)j "1 + "jf 00 (x + "(1 x))j(1 x)2
2
1 M"
"1 +
2 (" 1)2
vi x gn 1. V " chn tu nn (1 x)jf 0 (x)j "1 , t suy ra lim (1
x)f 0 (x) = 0:
x!1
Chng 2. Vi phn
250
2.3.24. Ta c
f
v
a+b
2
f 00 (x1 )
= f (a) +
2!
ba
2
2
a+b
f 00 (x2 ) b a
f
;
= f (b) +
2
2!
2
vi x1 2 a; a+b
v x2 2 a+b
; b , do
2
2
2
b a 1 00
ba
00
jf (b) f (a)j =
jf 00 (c)j;
jf (x2 ) f (x1 )j
2
2
2
trong jf 00 (c)j = maxfjf 00 (x2 )j; jf 00 (x1 )jg:
2.3.25. Theo cng thc Taylor ta c

1
f 000 (x1 )
1
f 000 (x2 )
1 = f(1) = f 00 (0) +
v 0 = f(1) = f 00 (0)
2
3!
2
3!
vi x1 2 (0; 1) v x2 2 (1; 0). Do
f 000 (x1 ) + f 000 (x2 ) = 6;
tc l f 000 (x1 ) 3 hoc f 000 (x2 ) 3. Ch rng ta c th nhn c du ng
thc vi v d f(x) =
1
2
(x3 + x2 ).
2.3.26. Vit
f (t) = t(x) + (t x)Q(t):
(1)
o hm hai v ng thc trn theo t ta c
f 0 (t) = Q(t) + (t x)Q0 (t):
(2)
Thay th t bi x0 ,
(3)
f (x) = f (x0 ) + (x x0 )f 0 (x0 ) + (x x0 )2 Q0 (x0 ):
o hm (2) theo t v cho t = x0 , s dng (3) ta c
1
1
f (x) = f (x0 ) + (x x0 )f 0 (x0 ) + f 00 (x0 )(x x0 )2 + (x x0 )3 Q00 (x0 ):
2
2
Lp li qu trnh trn n ln ta c ng thc cn chng minh.
251
2.3.27. Theo cng thc Taylor 2.3.1,

f(yn ) = f (0) + f 0 (0)yn + o(yn );
f(xn ) = f (0) + f 0 (0)xn + o(xn ):
Do
f 0 (0) =
(1)
f (yn ) f (xn ) o(yn ) o(xn )
:
yn xn
yn xn
(a) V xn < 0 < yn nn
o(yn ) o(xn )
jo(yn )j
jo(xn )j
jo(yn )j jo(xn )j
yn xn yn xn + yn xn yn + xn :
T suy ra
lim
n!1
o(yn ) o(xn )
= 0;
yn x n
kt hp vi (1) ta c lim Dn = f 0 (0):

n!1
(b) T (1) ta suy ra ch cn chng minh rng lim
n!1
o(yn )o(xn )
yn xn
= 0. Ta c
o(yn ) o(xn )
n!1
y xn
n
o(yn )
yn
o(xn )
xn
= lim
= 0;
n!1
yn
yn xn
xn
yn x n
lim
ng thc cui cng c suy ra t tnh gii ni ca cc dy

n
o
n
v ynxx
.
n
yn
yn xn
(c) Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh ta c Dn = f 0 (n ); trong xn < n < yn .

S dng tnh lin tc ti 0 ca f 0 ta c iu phi chng minh.
2.3.28. Ch rng P l a thc c bc khng vt qu m, o hm ng

thc
m+1
X m + 1
m+1
(1 y)
(1)k y k ;
k
k=0
Chng 2. Vi phn
252
ta c
(1)
(m + 1)(1 y) =
m+1
X
k=1
m+1
(1)k ky k1 :
k
Cho y = 1 ta c
0=
(2)
m+1
X
m+1
(1)k k:
k
k=1
T ng thc trn suy ra P (m1) (0) = 0. o hm (1) ri cho y = 1 ta li

thy rng (theo (2)) P (m2) (0) = 0. Lp li qu trnh trn ta suy ra rng
P (j) (0) = 0 vi j = 0; 1; 2; : : : ; m 1. Hn na P (m) (0) = 0, v

m+1
0 = (1 1)
m+1
X
k=1
m+1
(1)k :
k
S dng cng thc Taylor ta suy ra P (x) 0.
2.3.29. [E. I. Poffald, Amer. Math. Montly 97 (1990), 205-213] Ta s dng

nh l (gi tr) trung bnh tch phn sau.
nh l. Cho f v g l hai hm lin tc trn [a; b], g c du khng i trong
khong . Khi tn ti 2 (a; b) sao cho
Z
f(x)g(x)dx = f()
g(x)dx:
a
Chng minh. t
m = minff(x) : x 2 [a; b]g v M = maxff (x) : x 2 [a; b]g:

Gi s rng, iu ny khng lm mt tnh tng qut ca bi ton, g(x) > 0,
khi mg(x) f (x)g(x) M g(x): Tch phn bt ng thc kp ta c
b
a
g(x)dx
b
a
f (x)g(x)dx M
g(x)dx:
Do
253
Rb
a
f (x)g(x)dx
M:
Rb
g(x)dx
a
V f tho mn nh l gi tr trung gian trong [a; b] nn ta c iu phi chng

minh.
By gi ta chng minh cng thc ca bi. S dng cng thc Taylor
vi phn d dng tch phn (xem 2.3.4)
(n)
x
n+1
x
= f (n) (0) + f (n+1) (0)
n+1
Z x
n+1
x
(n+2)
f
(t)
t dt:
+
n+1
0
Do
x
f 0 (0)
f (n1) (0) n1 f (n) n+1 n
f(0) +
x + +
x
+
x
1!
(n 1)!
n!
f 0 (0)
f (n1) (0) n1
= f (0) +
x + +
x
1!
(n 1)!
! n
Z x
n+1
x
x
x
+ f (n) (0) + f (n+1) (0)
+
f (n+2) (t)
t dt
n+1
n+1
n!
0
f (n+1) (0) n+1
f 0 (0)
x + +
x
= f (0) +
1!
(n + 1)!
Z x
n+1
xn
x
(n+2)
t dt :
+
f
(t)
n+1
n!
0
Mt khc cng theo cng thc Taylor vi phn d dng tch phn ta c
f (n+1) (0) n+1

f 0 (0)
x + +
x
1!
(n + 1)!
Z x
1
+
f (n+2) (t)(x t)n+1 dt:
(n + 1)! 0
f (x) = f (0) +
Chng 2. Vi phn
254
T suy ra
x !
f (n1) (0) n1 f (n) n+1 n
f 0 (0)
f (x) f (0) +
x + +
x
+
x
1!
(n 1)!
n!
Z x
1
=
f (n+2) (t)(x t)n+1 dt
(n + 1)! 0
Z x
n+1
x
xn
(n+2)
f
(t)
t dt
n+1
n!
0
Z x
n+1
n+1
1
(x t)
x
(n+2)
n
=
f
(t)
x
t
dt
n! 0
n+1
n+1
Z x
1
+
f (n+2) (t)(x t)n+1 dt:
x
(n + 1)! n+1
Xt hm
(x t)n+1
xn
g(t) =
n+1
x
t
n+1
vi t 2 [0; x]:
R rng g 0 (t) > 0 vi mi t 2 (0; x) v g(0) = 0, do g dng trn ton
khong m (0; x). Theo nh l trung bnh tch phn trn ta c
x
n+1
(x t)n+1
f
(t)
xn
n+1
0
Z x
n+1
g(t)dt
= f (n+2) ()
(n+2)
x
t
dt
n+1
f
x
n+1
(n+2)
n+1
(t)(x t)
dt = f
(n+2)
()
x
x
n+1
(x t)n+1 dt:
T suy ra
x !
f 0 (0)
f (n1) (0) n1 f (n) n+1 n
f (x) f(0) +
x + +
x
+
x
1!
(n 1)!
n!
Z x
Z x
n+1
1 (n+2)
1
(n+2)
= f
(1 )
g(t)dt +
f
(2 )
(x t)n+1 dt:
x
n!
(n
+
1)!
0
n+1
1 =
x
n+1
g(t)dt
255
v 2 =
x
x
n+1
(x t)n+1
dt
n+1
ta s thy rng
1 + 2 =
xn+2 n
:
2(n + 1)2 (n + 2)
S dng nh l gi tr trung gian ta c

R x
Rx
f (n+2) (1 ) 0n+1 g(t)dt + f (n+2) (2 ) x
n+1
xn+2 n
2(n+1)2 (n+2)
(xt)n+1
dt
n+1
= f (n+2) ();
vi gia 1 v 2 . T suy ra
x !
f 0 (0)
f (n1) (0) n1 f (n) n+1 n
f(x) f (0) +
+
x + +
x
x
1!
(n 1)!
n!
=
t =
1 (n+2)
xn+2 n
xn+2
n
(n+2)
()
()
f
=
f
:
n!
2(n + 1)2 (n + 2)
2(n + 1)
(n + 2)!
ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
2.3.30. Theo gi thit v p dng cng thc Taylor cho f (n) ta c

f (n) (x0 + (x)(x x0 ))
=f
(n)
f (n+p) (x0 + 1 (x)(x x0 ))

(x0 ) +
((x)(x x0 ))p :
p!
Suy ra
f 0 (x0 )
f (n) (x0 )
(x x0 ) + +
(x x0 )n
1!
n!
f (n+p) (x0 + 1 (x)(x x0 ))
+
(x x0 )n+p ((x))p :
n!p!
f(x) = f (x0 ) +
Mt khc
f 0 (x0 )
f (n) (x0 )
(x x0 ) + +
(x x0 )n
1!
n!
f (n+p) (x0 + 2 (x x0 ))
(x x0 )n+p :
+
(n + p)!
f(x) = f (x0 ) +
Chng 2. Vi phn
256
T hai ng thc trn suy ra
f (n+p) (x0 + 1 (x)(x x0 ))

f (n+p) (x0 + 2 (x x0 ))
((x))p =
:
n!p!
(n + p)!
V f (n+p) l hm lin tc ti x0 v f (n+p) (x0 ) 6= 0 nn khi cho x ! x0 ta c
1
(n+p)!
1
lim ((x))p .
n!p! x!x
0
Trng hp p = 1 chnh l bi 2.3.15.
2.3.31. Theo cng thc Taylor

h
p1
x
(1)
k=1
p1
x
X
1 00
0
2 2
f (kx) =
f (0)kx + f (kx)k x
2
k=1
h i h i
p1
p1
+
1
x
x
+ (x);
= f 0 (0)x
2
trong
h
1 X 00
f (kx)k 2 x2 :
2 k=1
(x) =
(2)
p1
x
V f 00 b chn trong ln cn ca 0 nn
h
p1
x
X
k=1
k2 =
p1
x
i h
p1
x
+1
h i
2 p1x + 1
T (2) ta suy ra lim+ (x) = 0, cn t (1) ta c

x!0
lim+
x!0
p1
x
X
k=1
f(kx) =
f 0 (0)
:
2
2.3.32. Theo nh l Bolzano - Weierstrass (xem I, 2.4.30) ta c tp nghim

ca f c t nht mt im gii hn, k hiu l p trong [c; d]. R rng f (p) = 0.
Xt dy nghim fxn g ca f hi t v p, theo nh l Rolle ta c gia hai
257
nghim ca f s tn ti t nht mt nghim ca f 0 , v vy p cng l im

gii hn ca tp cc nghim ca f 0 . T suy ra, theo cng thc Taylor
f(x) =
f (n) (p + (x p))
(x p)n
n!
vi 2 (0; 1). V supfjf (n) (x)j : x 2 (a; b)g = O(n!) nn tn ti M > 0 sao cho
jf (x)j M jx pjn vi n ln, do vi x 2 (a; b) m jx pj < 1 th f (x) = 0.

2.3.33. Tng t bi tp trn, ta chng minh c f (k) (0) = 0 vi k 2 N,
theo cng thc Taylor ta c
f (n) (x) n
x ; n 2 N:
n!
= 0 nn ta suy ra f (x) = 0 vi mi x 2 R:
f (x) =
xn
n!1 n!
V x cho trc v lim
2.3.34.
(a) 1.
(b) e=2.
(c) 1=e.
(d) e1=6 .
2.3.35. chng minh rng

x
a
2
x ln f pax
p
lim f
= lim e
= ea =2 ;
x!+1
x!+1
x
ta s dng cng thc Taylor vi phn d dng Peano (xem 2.3.1), c
f (x) = 1
x2
+ o(x2 );
2
tip theo s dng 1.1.17(a). Ta cng c th s dng quy tc LHpital trong

trng hp ny:
lim x ln f
x!+1
a
p
x
p
p
ln f (a t)
af 0 (a t)
p
= lim
= lim p
x!+1
x!+1 2 tf (a t)
t
p
a2
a2 f 00 (a t)
p
p
p = :
= lim
x!+1 2f (a t) + 2a tf 0 (a t)
2
Chng 2. Vi phn
258
2.3.36. Gi s rng a > 1, theo quy tc lHpital ta c

1=x
x
a 1
lim
= a:
x!+1 x(a 1)
Nu 0 < a < 1 th
lim
x!+1
ax 1
x(a 1)
1=x
= 1:
2.3.37.
1cos x
x!1 2+cos x
(a) V lim
khng tn ti nn khng s dng quy tc lHpital trong
trng hp ny.
(b) Khng s dng quy tc lHpital, v o hm ca hm di mu bng
0 ti cc im =2 + 2n; n 2 N. Mt khc ta c th chng minh c
rng gii hn ny khng tn ti.
(c) tm gii hn ca biu thc dng f (x)g(x) khi x ! 0+ ta ch cn tm

gii hn lim
+
ln f (x)
x!0
1
g(x)
. Tuy nhin gii hn ny khng tnh c bng quy
tc lHpital v gii hn ca biu thc phn thc o hm khng tn

ti. Theo 1.1.23(a) ta c gii hn cn tm bng 1.
(d) Gii hn bng 1 (xem 1.1.23(b)). Gii hn khng th tnh c bng
quy tc lHpital.
2.3.38. Ta c
lim
x!0
1
x ln 2
1
2x 1
1
2
1
1t
ln(1+t)
lim
ln(1+t)
t!0
ln 2
1
2
ln 2(2t 2 ln(1 + t) t ln(1 + t))

t!0
2t ln2 (1 + t)
ln 2
=
;
12
= lim
ng thc cui cng c tnh bng cch s dng quy tc lHpital mt vi

ln lin tip. T suy ra f 0 (0) = ln122 .
259
2.3.39. S dng 2.3.28 ta chng minh c rng

(

n
X
0 vi r = 0; 1; : : : ; n 1;
n
(1)k
kr =
k
n! vi r = n:
k=0
chng minh ng thc trong bi ta p dng quy tc lHpital n ln
lin tip.
2.3.40. G s rng lim+ g(x) = +1 v L 2 R. Theo (iii) , vi " > 0 cho trc
x!a
tn ti a1 sao cho vi x 2 (a; a1 ) ta c
(1)
L" <
f 0 (x)
< L + ":
g 0 (x)
V g 0 tho mn nh l gi tr trung gian trong nn t (1) suy ra g 0 khng i

du trn (a; b), t suy ra g n iu thc s trn (a; b). Vi x; x1 2 (a; a1 ),
x < y , theo nh l gi tr trung bnh tng qut ta c

f (x) f (y)
f 0 (x0 )
= 0
g(x) g(y)
g (x0 )
vi x0 2 (x; y) (a; a1 ). C nh y , theo (1) ta c
L"<
f (x)
g(x)
f (y)
g(x)
g(y))
g(x)
< L + ":
Khng mt tng qut ta coi g l thc s tng trn (a; b), khi
g(y)
f (y)
f (x)
g(y)
f (y)
(L ") 1
+
<
< (L + ") 1
+
:
g(x)
f (x)
g(x)
g(x)
g(x)
Cho x ! a+ ta c
L " lim+
x!a
f(x)
L + ";
g(x)
ta c iu phi chng minh cho mt trng hp. Cc trng hp khc

c chng minh tng t.
2.3.41.
Chng 2. Vi phn
260
(a) S dng quy tc lHpital ta c
eax f (x)
eax(af(x) + f 0 (x)
L
lim f (x) = lim
= lim
= :
ax
ax
x!+1
x!+1
x!+1
e
ae
a
(b) Tng t:
lim f(x) =
x!+1
p
ea x f(x)
p
lim
x!+1
ea x
ea
= lim
x!+1
p
0
x
a
p
f(x)
2 x
p
a
p
ea x
2 x
f (x) +
p
1
L
(af (x) + 2 xf 0 (x)) = :
x!+1 a
a
= lim
Cc phn v d chng minh rng (a) v (b) khng cn ng khi a

m l cc hm f (x) = eax v f (x) = ea
p
x
tng ng.
2.3.42. S dng quy tc lHpital c chng minh trong 2.3.40 ta c
0
f 0 (x)
x f 00 (x)
f 0 (x)
f 0 (x)f 000 (x)
= lim
lim 1 00
=
lim
= c:
x!1
x!1
x!1 (f 00 (x))2
xf (x)
x0
Do
f 0 (x)
= 1 c:
x!1 xf 00 (x)
lim
Theo gi thit c c 1. R rng khi c 6= 1 th
xf 00 (x)
1
=
:
0
x!1 f (x)
1c
lim
(1)
By gi ta chng minh rng lim f(x) = +1: Theo cng thc Taylor ta c
x!1
h2
; h > 0:
2
Do f (x + h) > f x) + f 0 (x)h. Cho h ! 1 ta c lim f(x) = +1. S dng
f(x + h) = f (x) + f 0 (x)h + f 00 ()
x!1
quy tc lHpital ln na
xf 0 (x)
f 0 (x) + xf 00 (x)
1
= lim
=1+
;
0
x!1 f(x)
x!1
f (x)
1c
lim
kt hp vi (1) ta c
1
f (x)f 00 (x)
xf 00 (x) f(x)
0
=
:
=
lim
0
0
2
x!1 (f (x))
x!1 f (x)
xf (x)
2c
lim
261
2.3.43. Vi x 6= 0, theo cng thc Leibniz ta c
g
(1)
(n)
(nk)
n
X
n (k)
1
f (x)
(x) =
k
x
k=0
n
X
n!
1
=
(1)nk f (k) (x) n+1k :
k!
x
k=0
t g(0) = f 0 (0), s dng quy tc lHpital ta c
g(x) f 0 (0)
f(x) xf 0 (0)
= lim
x!0
x!0
x
x2
0
0
00
f (x) f (0)
f (0)
=
:
= lim
x!0
2x
2
g (n) (0) = lim
Do g 0 (0) tn ti. Ta cn ch ra rng g 0 lin tc ti 0. Theo (1) v s dng

quy tc lHpital ta c
f 0 (x) g(x)
xf 0 (x) f (x)
= lim
x!0
x!0
x
x2
00
xf (x)
= lim
= g 0 (0):
x!0
2x
lim g 0 (x) = lim
x!0
Suy ra g thuc lp C 1 (1; 1). By gi ta s dng quy np chng minh,

gi s rng bi ton c chng minh n n tc l g (n) (0) =
f (n+1) (0)
n+1
Chng 2. Vi phn
262
g 2 C n (1; 1), th th t (1) v s dng quy tc lHpital ta c

g (n) (x) g (n) (0)
x!0
x
n
P
(1)nk n!
f (k) (x)xk xn+1 g (n) (0)
k!
= lim k=0
x!0
xn+2
n
P
(n+1)
(1)nk n!
f (k) (x)xk xn+1 f n+1(0)
k!
= lim k=0
x!0
xn+2
n
( n!(1)n f 0 (x) + P (1)nk n! f (k+1) (x)xk
g (n+1) (0 = lim
(n + 2)xn+1
x!0
n
P
k=1
n!
(1)nk (k1)!
f (k+1) (x)xk1 xnf (n+1) (0) )
= lim
k=1
(n + 2)xn+1
n
( n!(1)n f 0 (x) + P (1)nk n! f (k+1) (x)xk
k!
k=1
x!0
n
P
k!
k=1
= lim
(n + 2)xn+1
(1)n1k n!
f (k+1) (x)xk xn f (n+1) (0) )
k!
(n + 2)xn+1
f (n+2) (0)
xn (f (n+1) (x) f (n+1) (0))
:
=
x!0
(n + 2)xn+1
n+2
= lim
By gi ta ch cn phi chng minh rng g (n+1) lin tc ti 0 na l xong.

Ta li s dng (1) v quy tc lHpital c
lim g (n+1) (x) = lim
x!0
= lim
x!0
x!0
n+1
P
k=0
n+1
P
k=0
(1)n+1k (n+1)!
f (k) (x)xk
k!
xn+2
(1)n+1k (n+1)! (n+1)

f
(x)xk
k!
f (n+2) (x)
= lim
= g (n+1) (0):
x!0
n+2
n+1
P
k=0
(1)n+1k (n+1)! (n+1)

f
(x)xk1
(k1)!
(n + 2)xn+1
2.4. Hm li
263
T nhng lp lun va nu ta thy rng hm g c nh ngha nh trn

s thuc lp C 1 (1; 1) v g (n) (0) =
f (n+1) (0)
;n
(n+1)!
= 0; 1; 2; : : : :
2.4 Hm li
2.4.1. Gi s f li trn I, ta c vi x1 < x < x2
f (x) f (x1 )
f (x2 ) f(x1 )
x x1
x2 x1
(1)
(xem (1) trong li gii ca 1.2.33). Mt khc v
x=
nn ta c
f(x)
t suy ra
x2 x
x x1
x1 +
x2 ;
x2 x1
x2 x1
x2 x
x x1
f (x1 ) +
f (x2 );
x2 x1
x2 x1
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
f (x2 ) f (x)
:
x2 x1
x2 x
Kt hp vi (??) ta c
f(x) f (x1 )
f(x2 ) f(x)
:
x x1
x2 x
(2)
Cho x ! x+
1 ta c
f 0 (x1 )
Tng t cho x ! x
2 ta c
f 0 (x2 )
f(x2 ) f (x1 )
:
x2 x1
f(x2 ) f (x1 )
;
x2 x1
T suy ra f 0 (x1 ) f 0 (x2 ), tc l f 0 l hm tng.
Gi s rng f 0 tng trn I, xt x1 < x < x2 , theo nh l gi tr trung
bnh
f (x) f (x1 )
= f 0 (1 );
x x1
f(x2 ) f(x)
= f 0 (2 );
x2 x
Chng 2. Vi phn
264
trong x1 < 1 < x < 2 < x2 , t v s dng tnh n iu ca f 0 ta c

(??). By gi ta chng minh rng t (??) ta suy ra tnh li ca f . Tht vy,
t x = x1 + (1 )x2 , x1 < x2 v 2 (0; 1), ta c x 2 (x1 ; x2 ),
x x1 = (1 )(x2 x1 ) v x2 x = (x2 x1 ):
T s dng (??) ta c f (x) f (x1 ) + (1 )f (x2 ). Ta nhn thy r
rng bt ng thc (??) tng ng vi tnh li ca f . Vi ch rng f 0
tng cht trn I ta suy ra f li chttrn I.
2.4.2. Ch iu kin f 00 (x) 0 vi x 2 I tng ng vi f 0 tng, s dng

kt qu bi trn ta c iu phi chng minh.
2.4.3. S dng quy np. iu kin c t vi n = 2 chnh l nh ngha
tnh li ca f , v vy gi thit rng bt ng thc c chng minh vi
n 2, ta i chng minh rng n cng ng vi n + 1. Xt 1 ; 2 ; : : : ; n ; n+1
l cc s khng m sao cho 1 + 2 + + n + n+1 = 1. V c th
biu din
n+1
n
n xn + n+1 xn+1 di dng (n + n+1 ) n +n+1 xn + n +n+1 xn+1 , nn theo
gi thit quy np ta c
f(1 x1 + 2 x2 + + n xn + n+1 xn+1 )
1 f (x1 ) + 2 f(x2 )
+ + (n + n+1 )f
n
n+1
xn +
xn+1 :
n + n+1
n + n+1
V hm f li nn theo nh ngha hm li ta c iu phi chng minh.
2.4.4. V ln00 (x) = x12 nn hm x 7! ln x li trn (0; 1), do

p
x
xq
1
1
ln
+
ln xp + ln y q = ln(xy):
p
q
p
q
2.4.5. V x 7! ln x li trn (0; 1) nn ta c
x
x2
xn 1
1
ln
+
+ +
(ln x1 + ln x2 + + ln xn )
n
n
n
n
1
= ln(x1 x2 xn ):
n
2.4. Hm li
265
2.4.6. Hm x 7! ex li chttrn R.
Hnh v
Gi s vi a 0 ta c f 00 (x) = x1 > 0 nn f li. T suy

ra
x+y x+y
x
y
ln
ln x + ln y:
2
2
2
2
2.4.8. Ch rng hm x 7! x ; > 1 l hm li trn (0; 1).
2.4.9.
+
1
li trn (0; 1), do f 00 (x) > 0 , s dng bt
x
ng thc Jensen ta suy ra iu phi chng minh (xem 2.4.3).
n
P
xk = 1 th ta c bt
Ch rng nu pk = n1 vi k = 1; 2; : : : ; n v
(a) Hm f (x) = ln
k=1
ng thc cho trong I. 1.2.43 (a).
(b) S dng bt ng thc Jensen cho hm
1+x
f (x) = ln
; 0 < x < 1:
1x
Ch rng nu pk =
1
n
vi k = 1; 2; : : : ; n v
ng thc cho trong I. 1.2.45.
2.4.10.
n
P
k=1
xk = 1 th ta c bt
Chng 2. Vi phn
266
(a) Xt hm f (x0 = ln sin x vi x 2 (0; ), v f 00 (x) = sin12 x < 0 nn f lm

trn (0; ). p dng bt ng thc Jensen cho f (xem 2.4.3) ta c
iu phi chng minh.

(b) Xt hm
f(x) = ln sin x ln x;
Ch rng f 00 (x) = sin12 x +
1
x2
x 2 (0; ):
< 0 v p dng bt ng thc Jensen
cho f .
a
2.4.11. Ch rng hm f (x) = x + x1 li trn (0; 1) v
2
a2
!
1
1
2
1
00
f (x) = a x +
(a 1) 1 2 + 3 x +
> 0:
x
x
x
x
Theo bt ng thc Jensen ta c
0
2
a
n
B1 X
n +1
B
=@
xk +
n
n
k=1
Vy
1
n
1
n
P
k=1
1a
xk
a
n
X
C
1
1
C
xk +
:
A
n k=1
xk
a
n
X
1
(n2 + 1)a
xk +
:
a1
x
n
k
k=1
2.4.12. p dng bt ng thc Jensen cho hm x 7! ln x; x > 0 ta c
1
22 1
23 1
2n 1
ln 1 + ln
+ ln
+ + ln n1
n
2
22
2

2
3
n
1
2 1 2 1
2
1
2 1
ln
1+
+
= ln 2 + n1 :
+ + n1
n
2
22
2
n n2
2.4.13.
(a) p dng bt ng thc Jensen i vi hm f (x) = x1 , x > 0 ta c
1
x
n 1
1
x
n 2
1 1
1 1
1 1
1

+
+ + :
1
n x1 n x2
n xn
+ + n xn
2.4. Hm li
267
Vy
n2
1
1
1
+
+ + :
x1 + x2 + + xn
x1 x2
xn
(b) p dng bt ng thc Jensen i vi hm f (x) = ln x, x > 0 ta c
ln(x1 1 x2 2 xnn ) = 1 ln x1 + 2 ln x2 + + n ln xn
ln(1 x1 + 2 x2 + + n xn ):
T suy ra
(1)
x1 1 x2 2 xnn 1 x1 + 2 x2 + + n xn :
Thay xk trong (1) bi
1
xk
ta chng minh c bt ng thc cn li.
(c) Nu tn ti xk hay yk bng 0 th ta chng minh c bt ng thc.

Gi s rng xk ; yk > 0 vi k = 1; 2; : : : ; n, ta vit bt ng thc di
dng
x1 1 x2 2 xnn + y11 y22 ynn

1:
(x1 + y1 )1 (x2 + y2 )2 (xn + yn )n
T (b) ta suy ra
x1 1 x2 2 xnn + y11 y22 ynn

(x1 + y1 )1 (x2 + y2 )2 (xn + yn )n
x1
x2
xn
y1
1
+ 2
+ + n
+ 1
x 1 + y1
x2 + y2
x1 + y1
x 1 + y1
yn
+ + 1
+ = 1:
xn + yn
(d) S dng quy np theo m v (c).
2.4.14. Gi s phn chng rng f khng phi l hm hng trn R, khi

tn ti x1 < x2 sao cho f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) hoc f (x1 ) > f (x2 ). Xt x tho mn
x1 < x2 < x ta c
x x2
x2 x1
x x2
x2 x1
f (x2 ) = f
x1 +
x
f (x1 ) +
f (x):
x x1
x x1
x x1
x x1
Chng 2. Vi phn
268
Khi
f (x)
(1)
x x1
x x2
f (x1 )
f (x1 ):
x2 x1
x2 x1
1
Nu f(x2 ) = f (x1 ) + A vi A > 0 th t (1) suy ra f (x) > A xxx
+ f (x1 ), v l
2 x1
v f l hm b chn trn. Tng t nu f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) th f (x1 ) = A + f (x2 ),

chn x < x1 < x2 ta c
f (x)
x2 x
+ f(x2 );
x2 x1
mu thun vi gi thit f b chn trn.
2.4.15. Khng. Xt hm f (x) = ex , x 2 (a; 1) v f (x) = ex , x 2 (1; a):

2.4.16. Gi s rng f khng n iu, khi tn ti a < x1 < x2 < x3 f (x2 ) v f(x2 ) < f (x3 );
hoc
f(x1 ) < f (x2 ) v f(x2 ) > f (x3 ):

V f li nn f (x2 ) maxff (x1 ); f (x3 )g, suy ra trng hp sau khng xy
ra. T tnh lin tc ca f (xem 1.2.33) ta suy ra tn ti c 2 [x1 ; x3 ] sao cho
f (c) = minff(x) : x 2 [x1 ; x3 ]g, s dng gi thit f li ta suy ra f(x1 )

maxff(x); f (c)g vi x 2 (a; x1 ), t suy ra v f (c) f (x1 ) nn f (x1 ) f (x),
vy nu x; y 2 (a; c] th
t x < y < x1 suy ra f (y) maxff (x); f(x1 )g = f (x),
t x < x1 y suy ra f(y) maxff(c); f (x1 )g = f (x1 ) f(x);
t x1 x < y suy ra f(y) maxff(c); f (x)g = f (x);
suy ra f l hm gim trn (a; c], lp li lp lun trn ta suy ra f l hm

tng trn [c; b).
2.4.17. y l h qu trc tip ca bi tp trn.
2.4. Hm li
269
2.4.18. V f b chn nn s dng bi tp trn ta suy ra gii hn mt pha

ca f ti cc im a v b tn ti hu hn, vy kt hp vi 1.2.33 v 1.5.7 ta
c iu phi chng minh.
2.4.19. Cho x1 < x2 l hai im thuc (a; b), khi vi a < y < x1 < x < x2
ta c (xem (1) v (2) trong 2.4.1)
f(y) f (x1 )
f (x) f (x1 )
f (x2 ) f(x1 )
;
y x1
x x1
x2 x1
()
t suy ra hm x 7!
f (x)f (x1 )
xx1
tng v b chn di trn (x1 ; b), vy o
hm phi f+0 (x1 ) tn ti v
f+0 (x1 )
()
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
:
x2 x1
Ch rng vi x1 < x2 < t < b ta c
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
f (t) f (x2 )
;
x2 x1
t x2
vy
f (x2 ) f(x1 )
f+0 (x2 ):
x2 x1
Kt hp bt ng thc trn vi () ta c f+0 (x1 ) f+0 (x2 ). Lp lun tng
t ta chng minh c rng o hm tri ca f cng tn ti v tng trn
(a; b), hn na t () suy ra vi x1 2 (a; b) ta c f0 (x1 ) f+0 (x1 ). Nhc li

rng theo (2) ca 2.4.1 ta c nu x1 < x < x2 th
f(x2 ) f(x)
f(x) f (x1 )
:
x x1
x2 x
Suy ra
f+0 (x1 ) f0 (x2 ):

Nh vy ta c
f0 (x1 ) f+0 (x1 ) f0 (x2 ) f+0 (x2 ) vi x1 < x2 :
Chng 2. Vi phn
270
Cc bt ng thc trn cho ta thy rng nu mt trong cc o hm mt pha

ca f lin tc ti mt im ca (a; b) th ta c du ng thc ti im .
V hm n iu ch c cng lm l m c im gin on (xem 1.2.29)
nn cc o hm mt pha s bng nhau bn ngoi mt tp m c (c
o 0).
Cc khng nh trn u ng i vi hm lm.
2.4.20. V f 0 tng cht nn hm ngc (f 0 )1 tn ti v
f (b + x) f(a x)
0 1
(x) = (f )
:
b a + 2x
T suy ra hm kh vi trn (0; 1). o hm ng thc trong bi ta
c
f 0 (b + x) + f 0 (a x) 2f 0 ()
= f 00 () 0 (x):
b a + 2x
(1)
Ch rng f 00 (x) 0 v v f 00 tng cht nn f 0 li cht (xem 2.4.1), v vy
(xem hnh v bn di)
f 0 (b + x) f 0 (a x)
(b a + 2x)
>
2
b+x
ax
f 0 (t)dt = f (b + x) f(a x):
Hnh v
Do
f 0 (b + x) + f 0 (a x)
> f 0 ();
2
vy theo (1) ta c 0 (x) > 0 vi x > 0.
n
n
P
P
2.4.21. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s rng
jxi j > 0 v
jyi j > 0. Theo
i=1
2.4.4 ta c
n
P
i=1
jxi j
jxi jp
1=p
n
P
i=1
jyi j
jyi jq
1=q
1p
i=1
1q
C
C
1B
1B
jxi j
jyi j
C
C
B
B
B
C + B
C :
1=p
1=q
n
n
p@ P
q@ P
A
A
jxi jp
jyi jq
i=1
i=1
2.4. Hm li
271
Cng v vi v bt ng thc trn theo i = 1; 2; : : : ; n ta c
n
P
n
P
i=1
jyi xi j
n
P
i=1
1=p
jxi jp
0
i=1
jyi jq
1=q
1p
1q
n
n
C
C
1 XB
jxi j
1 XB
jyi j
B
C
B
C
+
B
C
B
1=p
n
1=q C
n
p i=1 @ P
q i=1 @ P
A
A
jxi jp
jyi jq
i=1
n
P
1
= i=1
n
pP
i=1
jxi jp
jxi jp
i=1
n
P
1
+ i=1
n
qP
i=1
jyi jq
jyi jq
1 1
+ = 1:
p q
2.4.22. Vi p = 1 ta c iu phi chng minh. Vi p > 1 xt q tho mn

p
1
+ 1q = 1, khi q = p1
, do
p
n
X
i=1
jxi + yi j =
n
X
i=1
n
X
i=1
jxi + yi jjx1 + yi jp1

jxi jjxi + yi jp1 +
n
X
i=1
n
X
jxi jp
jyi j
! p1 n
X
i=1
! 1p n
X
i=1
jyi jjxi + yi jp1
jxi + yi j(p1)q
jxi + yi j(p1)q
! 1q
! 1q
i=1
0i=1
n
! p1 n
! p1 1 n
! 1q
X
X
X
=@
jxi jp
+
jyi jp A
jxi + yi jp
:
i=1
T suy ra
n
X
n
X
i=1
jxi + yi jp
i=1
! 1p
n
X
i=1
jxi jp
i=1
! p1
n
X
i=1
jyi jp
! 1p
Chng 2. Vi phn
272
2.4.23. Theo bt ng thc Holder ta c

N
X
jan j
4
n=1
n5
N
X
! 14 N
!3
X 1 4
a4n
:
16
15
n=1
n=1 n
1
2.4.24. t s1 = x1 + x2 + + xn , s2 = y1 + y2 + + yn v S = (sp1 + sp2 ) p ,

khi
p1
S p = xp1 + sp2 = x1 sp1

+ y1 sp1
+ x2 s1 + y2 sp1
1
2
2
+ + xn sp1
+ yn sp1
:
1
2
T suy ra theo bt ng thc Holder

1
S p (xp1 + y1p ) p (sp1 + sp2 ) q + (xp2 + y2p ) p (sp1 + sp2 ) q

1
+ + (xpn + ynp ) p (sp1 + sp2 ) q
p
1
1
1
= S q (xp1 + y1p ) p + (xp2 + y2p ) p + + (xpn + ynp ) p :
2.4.25. t
si =
m
X
xi;j
j=1
n ! p1
X
v S =
si
:
i=1
Theo bt ng thc Holder ta c

p
S =
n
X
si sp1
i
i=1
= S p1
n
m
X
X
j=1
i=1
xpi;j
! 1p
xi;j sp1
i
i=1 j=1
n
m
X
X
j=1
m
n X
X
xpi;j
i=1
t suy ra iu phi chng minh.
! p1 n
X
i=1
m
X
j=1
spi
! p1
p
si=1 nxi;j sp1

i
2.4. Hm li
273
2.4.26. Xt x; y 2 I sao cho x < y . Vi n = 0; 1; 2; : : : t
i
n
Tn =
: i = 0; 1; : : : ; 2 :
2n
Ta s s dng quy np chng minh rng vi n = 0; 1; : : : v s 2 Tn th
f ((1 s)x + sy) (1 s)f(x) + sf(y):

Tht vy, vi n = 0 bt ng thc l hin nhin vi s = 0 hoc s = 1. Gi
s ta chng minh c bt ng thc n n v vi s 2 Tn , ta i chng minh
n vi n + 1. Xt s 2 Tn+1 , ta nhn thy ch cn chng minh i vi trng

hp s 2
= Tn . V tn ti ; 2 Tn sao cho s =
+
2
nn
+
+
x+
y
(1 s)x + sy = 1
2
2
(1 ) + (1 )
+
=
x+
y
2
2
((1 )x + y) + ((1 )x + y
:
=
2
V f li nn
f ((1 s)x + sy)
f ((1 )x + y) + f ((1 )x + y)
:
2
S dng gi thit quy np ta c
(1 )f (x) + f (y) + (1 )f (x) + f(y)

2
+
+
= 1
f (x) +
f (y)
2
2
= (1 s)f (x) + sf (y):
f ((1 s)x + sy)
Xt t 2 [0; 1] no , v tp
T=
1
[
n=0
Tn
Chng 2. Vi phn
274
tr mt trong [0; 1] nn tn ti dy im fsn g T sao cho t = lim sn , do

n!1
v f lin tc nn
f ((1 t)x + ty) = lim f ((1 sn )x + sn y)

n!1
lim ((1 sn )f(x) + sn f(y))

n!1
= (1 t)f (x) + tf(y):

2.4.27. Tn ti f : R ! R cng tnh v khng lin tc (xem 1.6.31). Nu f
l mt hm th vi mi x 2 R ta c
x x
x
x
x
f(x) = f
+
=f
+f
= 2f
:
2 2
2
2
2

Vy f x2 = 12 f (x), t suy ra vi x; y 2 R ta c
x y 1
x+y
1
f(x) + f(y)
=f
+
= f (x) + f(y) =
:
f
2
2 2
2
2
2
Nu f li trn R th n phi lin tc (xem 1.2.33), v l.
2.4.28. Khng gim tng qut, gi s rng x < y . Vi t 2 (0; 1) t z =

(1 t)x + ty th x < z < y v tn ti a 2 (x; z) v b 2 (z; y) sao cho z = a+b
.
2
Tng t tn ti ta 2 (0; t) v tb 2 (t; 1) sao cho
a = (1 ta )x + ta y
V z =
a+b
2
nn t =
ta +tb
,
2
v b = (1 tb )x + tb y:
s dng kt qu ca 2.4.26 ta suy ra f li trn I, ta
cn chng minh rng f li thc s. Ta c
f (a) + f (b)
2
f ((1 ta )x + ta y) + f ((1 tb )x + tb y)
=
2
(1 ta )f(x) + ta f (y) + (1 tb )f(x) + tb f (y)
ta + tb
ta + tb
= 1
f (x) +
f (y)
2
2
= (1 t)f(x) + tf (y):
f((1 t)x + ty) = f (z) <
2.4. Hm li
275
2.4.29. V f lin tc trn I (xem 1.2.33) nn n b chn a phng. Xt

x0 2 I v " > 0 sao cho khong [x0 2"; x0 + 2"] vn nm trong I, v f b chn
a phng nn tn ti M > 0 sao cho
(1)
jf (x)j M
vi x 2 [x0 2"; x0 + 2"]:
Xt x1 6= x2 trong x0 "; x0 + "], im x3 = x2 +
2"; x0 + 2"] v
x2 =
"
(x2
jx2 x1 j
x1 ) thuc [x0
"
jx2 x1 j
x1 +
x3 :
jx2 x1 j + "
jx2 x1 j + "
V f li nn ta suy ra
f (x2 )
"
jx2 x1 j
f(x1 ) +
f (x3 ):
jx2 x1 j + "
jx2 x1 j + "
T suy ra
jx2 x1 j
(f (x3 ) f(x1 ))
jx2 x1 j + "
jx2 x1 j
(f(x3 ) f (x1 ))
"
f (x2 ) f(x1 )
Kt hp vi (??) ta c f (x2 ) f(x1 )
2M
jx2
"
x1 j: Cui cng v vai tr ca

x2 v x1 bnh ng nn ta c jf (x2 ) f(x1 )j 2M
jx2 x1 j:
"
2.4.30. Xt x1 < x2 , x1 ; x2 2 (0; 1). Nu 0 < x < x1 th
x1 =
V f li nn
f (x1 )
Cho x ! 0+ ta c
2.4.31.
x2 x1
x1 x
x+
x2 :
x2 x
x2 x
x1 x
x2 x1
f (x) +
f (x2 ):
x2 x
x2 x
f (x1 )
x1
f (x2 ):
x2
Chng 2. Vi phn
276
(a) T tnh n iu ca hm x 7!
f (x1 + x2 ) = x1
ta suy ra vi x1 ; x2 0
f(x1 + x2 )
f (x1 + x2 )
+ x2
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ):
x1 + x2
x1 + x2
(b) Gi s 0 < a < b v t p =

cng tnh ca f ta c
Suy ra
f (x)
x
a
b
v q = 1 p, s dng tnh li v di
f(b) = f (pa + q(a + b)) pf (a) + qf (a + b)
a
pf(a) + q(f (a) + f (b)) = f (a) + 1
f(b):
b
f(a)
f (b)
:
b
a
2.4.32. Gi s phn chng rng f khng li thc s hoc lm thc s, th

th tn ti cc im < trong khong (a; b) sao cho ng thng i qua
cc im (; f ()) v (; f ()) giao vi thi ca f ti im (; f()) sao cho
< < . T gi thit suy ra tn ti duy nht 1 2 (; ) v 2 2 (; ) sao
cho
f () f ()
f() f()
= f 0 (1 ) v
= f 0 (2 ):
V (; f()), (; f ()) v (; f ()) thng hng nn f 0 (1 ) = f 0 (2 ), iu ny l
v l.
Hnh v
2.4.33. Ta c nhn xt rng o hm Dini

f (x + t) f (x)
;
t!0
t
f(x + t) f (x)
;
D f (x) = lim
t!0
t
D+ f (x) = lim+
f (x + t) f(x)
;
t
t!0+
f (x + t) f (x)
D f (x) = lim
t
t!0
D+ f (x) = lim
2.4. Hm li
277
lun tn ti hu hn hoc v hn. Hn na v gd kh vi nn ta lun c (xem

1.4.10)
D+ f(x + d) = D+ f (x) + gd0 (x);
D+ f (x) = D+ f (x) + gd0 (x);
D f(x + d) = D f (x) + gd0 (x);
D f (x) = D f (x) + gd0 (x)
vi x 2 R, v vy o hm Dini ca f ti im x + d c biu din qua o
hm Dini ca f ti im x. Xt a < b l cc s bt k, t m =
f (b)f (a)
ba
v F (x) = f(x) m(x a), th th F (a) = F (b) = f (a), v do F t cc

tr trn [a; b] ti mt im c no thuc (a; b0. Khng gim tng qut ta
gi s F (c) l cc i ca F . Nu c + t 2 (a; b) th F (c + t) F (c); hay

ni cch khc f (c + t) f (c) mt, t suy ra D+ f(c) m D f(c).
V cc o hm Dini ca f ti x c biu din qua o hm Dini ca
f ti c nn ta c ngay D+ f (x) D f(x) vi mi x. Nu f l hm lm

trn [a; b] th f kh vi hu khp ni trn [a; b], tr ra mt tp m c
(xe, 2.4.19), t suy ra f kh vi trn (a; b). Nu f khng lm trN(a; b)
th f s t cc tiu trn [a; b] ti mt im no thuc khong (a; b),
theo trn ta chng minh c D f(x) D+ f (x) vi mi x, t suy ra
D+ f (x) D f(x) D f (x) D+ f (x) vi mi x, tc l ta chng minh c

tnh kh vi ca f trn R.
By gi ta i chng minh rng f 0 l hm lin tc. Gi s phn chng
rng tn ti x0 sao cho f 0 gin on ti , khi tn ti dy fzng hi t
v x0 sao cho dy ff 0 (zn )g hi t v f 0 (x0 ) + r vi r 6= 0 hoc dy ff 0 (zn )g
khng b chn. Trong trng hp th hai ta ch ra c mt dy fyn g sao
cho ff 0 (yn g phn k, gi s n tin n +1, khi
f (x0 ) f(yn )
= f 0 (yn ) + o(1);
x0 yn
cho n ! 1 ta c f 0 (x0 ) = +1, v l. Trong trng hp cn li v f 0 tho
mn nh l v cc gi tr trung gian (xem 2.2.31) nn tn ti dy fyn g sao
cho f 0 (yn ) = f 0 (x0 ) + r=2. R rng ta c th gi thit rng dy hi t mt
pha v x0 , gi s l hi t phi, theo gi thit vi mi x ta u tm c
Chng 2. Vi phn
278
mt dy nh vy vi r khng i. Tht vy v x = x0 + (x x0 ) = x0 + d v
f 0 (zn + d) gd0 (zn ) = f 0 (zn ) = f 0 (x0 ) + r = f 0 (x0 + d) gd0 (x0 ) + r:

nn khi chuyn qua gii hn ta c
lim f 0 (zn + d) = f 0 (x) + r:
n!1
S dng nh l gi tr trung gian cho f 0 ln na ta ch ra rng tn ti dy
f~
zn g sao cho f 0 (~
zn ) = f 0 (x) + r=2. By gi ta i xy dng dy fxn g nh sau:
Xt x bt k, chn x1 tho mn x1 < x + 21 v f 0 (x1 ) = f 0 (x) + r=2, tip theo
ly x2 sao ch x1 < x2 < x1 + 22 v f 0 (x2 ) = f 0 (x1 ) + r=2,
r
xn < xn+1 < xn + 2n v f 0 (xn+1 ) = f 0 (xn ) + :
2
Khi dy va nhn c s hi t, gi s v a. Hn na t ng thc cui
cng trn ta c f 0 (xn ) = f 0 (x1 ) + (n 1)r=2, t suy ra dy ff 0 (xn)g phn
k v +1 hoc 1, iu ny l v l v f kh vi ti a. Vy ta chng minh

c rng f 0 lin tc v tho mn cc tnh cht ca f , nh vy n cng kh
vi lin tc, lp lun tng t nh vy ta chng minh c rng mi cp o

hm ca f u c tnh cht nh vy, tc l f 2 C 1 .
2.4.34. Vi n = 2 ta suy ra ng thc mt cch d dng. Gi s n > 2 v

xt dy tng fan g. t
n1
X
Sn = (f(an)a1 f (a1 )an +
(f (ak )ak+1 f(ak+1 ak ):
k=1
Ta cn chng minh rng Sn 0. Tht vy, v f li nn
an an+1
a1 an
f (an ) = f
a1 +
an+1
a1 an+1
a1 an+1
an an+1
a1 an
f (a1 ) +
f (an+1 )
a1 an+1
a1 an+1
Do
(an+1 a1 )f (an ) + (an an+1 )f (a1 ) + (a1 an )f(an+1 ) 0;

tc l Sn+1 Sn 0, t suy ra Sn S2 = 0.
2.4. Hm li
279
2.4.35. [M. Kuzma, A. Simajdor, Amer. Math. Monthly 74 (1967), 401-402].

V f tng thc s v a < f (x) < x nn ta c
a < f n+1 (x) < f n (x) < x
vijquadn 2 N v x 2 (a; b):
T suy ra dy ff n (x)g hi t v l (l c th bng 1). Ta s chng minh

rng l = a. Tht vy, theo kt qu ca 1.2.33 ta c f n u lin tc, vy nu
l 2 (a; b) th ta c
f (l) = f
lim f n (x) = lim f n+1 (x) = l;
n!1
n!1
tri vi gi thit f (x) < x vi mi x 2 (a; b), vy l = a vi mi x 2 (a; b). Theo
2.4.19 o hm phi ca f tn ti v gim trn (a; b), suy ra vi a < t1 < t0 < b
th (xem 2.4.19)
f+0 (t0 )
(1)
f (t1 ) f (t0 )
f+0 (t1 ):
t1 t0
Cho t0 = f n (x) v t1 = f n+1 (x) ta c
f+0 (f n (x))
f n+2 (x) f n+1 (x)

f+0 (f n+1 (x)):
f n+1 (x) f n (x)
T lim+ f+0 (x) = 1 ta suy ra

x!a
f n+2 (x) f n+1 (x)

= 1;
n!1 f n+1 (x) f n (x)
lim
v t suy ra vi k 2 N
(2)
k1
Y f n+i+2 (x) f n+i+1 (x)
f n+k+1 (x) f n+k (x)
=
lim
= 1:
lim
n!1
n!1
f n+1 (x) f n (x)
f n+i+1 (x) f n+i (x)
i=1
V f+0 l hm gim nn t ng thc lim+ f+0 (x) = 1 ta suy ra f+0 (x) 1, do

x!a
theo (??) ta c hm x 7! f (x) x gim trn (a; b). V f (v) v < 0 nn
f(u) u
1 vi v < u; u; v 2 (a; b):
f (v) v
Chng 2. Vi phn
280
Xt a < y < x < b, t u = f n (x) v v = f n (y) ta c
f n+1 (x) f n (x)

1:
f n+1 (y) f n (y)
Mt khc tn ti k 2 N sao cho f k (x) < y < x , suy ra f n+k (x) < f n (y). V
hm x 7! f(x) x gim nn ta c
f n+1 (y) f n (y) f n+k+1 (x) f n+k (x):

T suy ra
f n+1 (x) f n (x)

f n+1 (x) f n (x)
;
f n+1 (y) f n (y)
f n+k+1 (x) f n+k (x)
kt hp vi (??) ta c iu phi chng minh.
2.5 Cc ng dng ca o hm
2.5.1.
(a) S dng nh l gi tr trung bnh tng qut cho hm f (x) = 1 cos x
v g(x) =
x2
2
ta c
1 cos x
x2
2
sin
<1
vi x 6= 0:
(b) Vi x 0 xt hm f (x) = x sin x v g(x) =
x3
,
3!
s dng nh l gi tr
trung bnh tng qut v (a) trn ta c
x sin x
x3
3!
1 cos
2
2
< 1;
t suy ra iu phi chng minh. Ch rng i vi x < 0 bt ng

thc s tr thnh sin x < x
x3
:
3!
281
(c) Dng nh l gi tr trung bnh tng qut cho cc hm
x2
x4
; g(x) =
2
4!
trn khong c hai u mt l 0 v x, v (b) ta c iu phi chng
minh.
f(x) = cos x 1 +
(d) Dng nh l gi tr trung bnh tng qut cho cc hm
f (x) = sin x x +
x3
;
3!
g(x) =
x5
;
5!
x 0;
v (c).
2.5.2. S dng quy np v lp lun tng t cu trn.

2.5.3. S dng nh l gi tr trung bnh tng qut cho hm f v g(x) = x,
g(x) = x2 v g(x) = x3 lin tip ta c
f (b) f (a)
f 0 (x1 )
=
;
ba
1
f 0 (x3 )
f (b) f (a)
=
:
b3 a3
3x23
f 0 (x2 )
f (b) f (a)
=
;
b2 a2
2x2
2.5.4. t f(x) = f1 (x)+if2 (x) v = a+ib, a > 0. T gi thit lim (f(x)+

x!+1
f 0 (x)) = 0 ta suy ra
lim (af1 (x) + f10 (x) bf2 (x)) = 0
(1)
x!+1
lim (af2 (x) + f20 (x) + bf1 (x)) = 0:
(2)
x!+1
Ch rng
eax+ibx f (x)
x!+1
eax
eax+ibx (f1 (x) cos bx f2 (x) sin bx)
= lim
x!+1
eax
ax+ibx
e
(f2 (x) cos bx + f1 (x) sin bx)
+ i lim
:
x!+1
eax
lim eibxf (x) = lim
x!+1
Chng 2. Vi phn
282
S dng quy tc lHpital (2.3.40) , t (1) v (2) ta c
eax (f1 (x) cos bx f2 (x) sin bx)

x!+1
eax
cos bx(af1 (x) + f10 (x) bf2 (x)) sin bx(af2 (x) + f20 (x) + bf1 (x))
= lim
x!+1
a
= 0:
lim
Tng t ta chng minh c rng
eax (f2 (x) cos bx + f1 (x) sin bx)

lim
= 0:
x!+1
eax
Do ta c lim eibx f(x0 = 0, suy ra lim f(x) = 0:
x!+1
x!+1
Cui cng ta c mt nhn xt rng kt qu trn c th c tng qut

nh sau: Nu lim (f (x) + f 0 (x)) = L th lim f (x) = L=. Tht vy, trong
x!+1
x!+1
trng hp ny ta c lim (f (x) L=) + (f (x) L=)0 ) = 0 v s dng

x!+1
nhng kt qu va t c trn ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
2.5.5. Ly 1 =
1
2
p
3
i
2
v 2 =
1
2
p
3
i
2
ta c
f (x) + f 0 (x) + f 00 (x) = 1 2 f(x) + (1 + 2 )f 0 (x) + f 00 (x)

= 2 (1 f(x) + f 0 (x)) + (1 f(x) + f 0 (x))0 :
S dng kt qu bi trc (xem phn nhn xt phn li gii) ta c
lim (1 f (x) + f 0 (x)) = L=2 v lim f (x) = L=(2 1 ) = L:
x!+1
x!+1
2.5.6. Khng. V d hm f (x) = cos x; x > 0.

2.5.7.
(a) t g(x) = f (x) ex ; x 0, ta c g(0) = 0, g(x) 0 v lim g(x) = 0.
x!1
Nu g(x) 0 th f 0 (x) = ex vi x 2 (0; 1), do gi s tn ti a > 0

sao cho g(a) < 0, khi vi x ln, gi s x > M th g(x) > 12 g(a), t
suy ra g nhn gi tr nh nht ti x0 2 (0; M ), tc l g 0 (x0 ) = 0:
(b) Lp lun hon ton tng t nh (a).
2.5.8. Ta c
f (x)
g(x)
283
g 0 (x)
=
g(x)
f 0 (x) f (x) f (0)
:
g 0 (x)
g(x) g(0)
Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh tng qut ta c
f (x)
g 0 (x) f 0 (x) f 0 ()
=
0
;
g(x)
g(x) g 0 (x)
g ()
vi 0 < < x a. V f 0 =g 0 n iu tng nn
0
f(x)
> 0 vi x > 0:
g(x)
2.5.9. t f (x) = sin(cos x) x, ta thy rng f (0) = sin 1 v f (=2) = =2.

Theo nh l v gi tr trung gian ta c tn ti x0 2 (0; =2) tho mn
f (x1 ) = 0. V f 0 (x) < 0 trong (0; =2) nn khng tn ti nghim ca f trong
khong ny. Mt cch hon ton tng t ta chng minh c rng tn ti
duy nht mt nghim, gi l x2 ca phng trnh cos(sin x) = x.
Hnh v
Hn na ta c
x1 = sin(cos x1 ) < cos x1 ;
x2 = cos(sin x1 ) > cos x2 ;
nn x2 > x1 :
2.5.10. Gi s phn chng rng tn ti x 2 (a; b] sao cho f (x1 ) 6= 0, khi

t tnh lin tc ca f ta suy ra f(x) 6= 0 vi x 2 (; ). Gi s rng f (x) > 0
vi x 2 (; ), f () = 0; a v f() > 0. Khi theo nh l gi tr trung
bnh, vi 0 < " < ta c
0
f ()
( ") C( "):
j ln f () ln f ( + ")j =
f()
Cho " ! 0+ ta c +1 C( ), v l, ta c iu phi chng minh.
Chng 2. Vi phn
284
2.5.11. Cho 0 
=
;
x
x
x
1
+
1
+
0
1
q
p
q
trong 0 2 0; xq , 1 2 xq ; xp . Do
x x
p q
x
x
x
x
ln 1 +
>
ln 1 +
ln 1 +
:
q
q
p
q
T suy ra
x
x
x
x
ln 1 +
> ln 1 +
;
p
q
q
p
hay ni cch khc,
x
q ln 1 +
q
x
> p ln 1 +
:
p
2.5.12. Ta suy ra bt ng thc ex 1 + x, x 2 R bng cch s dng nh

l gi tr trung bnh. Tht vy, ta c
ex 1
= e > 1 vi x > 0;
x
v
ex 1
= e < 1 vi x < 0:
x
Nu x = 0 th xy ra du ng thc. K hiu
v
u n
n
X
uY
1
n
An =
ak v Gn = t
ak
n
k=1
k=1
ln lt l trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn ca cc s khng m a1 ; a2 ; : : : ; an .

Nu An 6= 0 th
ak
e An 1
Do
0
1=e =e
n
P
ak
0 vi k = 1; 2; : : : ; n:
An
( Aakn 1)
k=1
n
Y
k=1
ak
1
An
n
Y
Gnn
ak
= n;
An
An
k=1
285
tc l An Gn . Nu An = 0 th An = Gn = 0. V du ng thc trong bt
ng thc ex 1 + x ch xy ra khi x = 0 nn ta c An = Gn khi v ch khi
a1 = a2 = = an :
2.5.13. Nu trong bt ng thc et 1 + t ta thay th t bi x z th c

xez ex + ez (z 1) vi x; z 2 R:
Thay th z bi ln y ta c iu phi chng minh.
2.5.14. Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh ta c tn ti a 2 (2; 0) sao cho

jf 0 (a)j =
jf(0)j jf (2)j
jf (0) f(2)j
1:
2
2
Tng t tn tai b 2 (0; 2) sao cho jf 0 (b)j 1. t F (x) = (f (x))2 + (f 0 (x))2 .
Hm F t cc i trn [a; b], tc l ti x0 2 [a; b], v F (0) = 4 , F (a) 2

v F (b) 2 nn x0 2 (a; b), do F 0 (x0 ) = 2f 0 (x0 )(f (x0 ) + f 00 (x0 )) = 0. Ch
rng f 0 (x0 ) 6= 0 v t f 0 (x0 ) = 0 ta rt ra F (x0 ) = (f (x0 ))2 1 v l, vy
f (x0 ) + f 00 (x0 ) = 0:
2.5.15.
(a) Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
f (x) = (x2 + 1) arctan x x > 0;
x > 0:
V f 0 (x) = 2x arctan x + 1 1 > 0 nn f (x) > f (0) = 0 vi x > 0.

(b) Theo cng thc Taylor vi s d dng Lagrange ta c
3
2 2
sin 1 1 sin 1
2
(1)
2 tan x = 2x + x 2
+
x4 > 2x + x3
5
3
3
cos 1 2 cos 1
3
v
(2)
sinh x = x +
1 e2 e2 4
1 e=2 e=2 4
x3
x3
+
x <x+
+
x:
6
4!
2
6
4!
2
Chng 2. Vi phn
286
Ta li c e=2 < 8. Tht vy, ch rng (xem I. 2.5.3) ln(1 + x) >
2x
x+2
vi x > 0, do ln 8 = 3 ln 2 = 3 ln(1 + 1) > 2, suy ra 8 > e2 > e=2 , do

vy
e=2
e=2 e=2
<
< 4;
2
2
kt hp vi (1) v (2) ta c
2
x3 x4
+
< 2x + x3 ;
sinh x < x +
6
6
3
v x + 12 x3 16 x4 > 0 vi 0 < x < 2.
(c) t f (x) = ln x
x
e
vi x > 0 v x 6= e. Ta c f 0 (x) =
ex
,
xe
suy ra
f 0 (x) > 0 khi 0 < x < e v f 0 (x) < 0 vi x > e. Do f(x) < f (e) = 0
vi x 6= e.
(d) Vi x > 1 , bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
f(x) = 2x ln x x2 + 1 < 0:
V f 0 (x) = e ln x + 2 2x v f 00 (x) =
v do f (x) < f(1) = 0.
2
x
2 < 0 ta c f 0 (x) < f 0 (1) = 0
Vi 0 < x < 1 vic chng minh bt ng thc u bi s tng ng

vi chng minh f (x) = 2x ln x x2 + 1 > 0. V f 00 (x) =
0
c f (x) > f (1) = 0 v do f (x) > f(1) = 0:
2
x
2 > 0 nn ta
2.5.16.
(a) S dng (c) bi trn ta c ln < e , tc l e > e :
(b) S dng (d) bi trn ta c
(c) Xem 2.5.15 (b).
2.5.17.
p
p
p
2 ln 2 < 12 , t suy ra 2 2 < e.
287
(a) Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng
ln 1+ x
b ( a)
1+
< eb=a :
x
V ln(1 + t) < t vi t > 0 nn
ln 1+ x
x=a
x=a !b=a
b ( a)
b
b
1+
< 1+
=
1+
< eb=a :
x
x
x
(b) Vi n; m nguyn dng ta xt hm
x n
x m
f (x) = 1 +
1+
;
m
n
jxj < minfm; ng:
Khi f 0 (x) < 0 khi x > 0 v f 0 (x) > 0 khi x < 0, vy f (x) < f(0) = 1
vi x 6= 0 v jxj = minfm; ng.

p
(c) t f(x) = ln( 1 + x2 + 1)
1
x
ln x, x > 0. Ta c
p
(1 x)( 1 + x2 + 1) + x2
0
p
f (x) =
:
x2 ( 1 + x2 + 1 + x2
R rng f 0 (x) > 0 khi < 0x 1. Khi x > 1 ta c

p
(1 x)( 1 + x2 + 1) + x2 > 0
khi v ch khi
p
x2 > (x 1) 1 + x2 + 1);
bt ng thc ny tng ng
p
x2
1 > 1 + x2 :
x1
Vy f 0 (x) > 0 vi mi x > 0, hn na v

!
p
2
1+ 1+x
= 0;
lim ln
x!1
x
nn lim f (x) = 0, t suy ra f (x) < 0 vi x > 0.
x!1
Chng 2. Vi phn
288
2.5.18.
(a) t
ta c
x
f (x) = ln(1 + x) p
;
1+x
x > 0;
p
2 1+x2x
p
f (x) =
< 0;
2(1 + x) 1 + x
0
p
1 + x < 1 + x2 , x > 0. Do f (x) < f (0) = 0:
(b) Vi x > 1 bt ng thc c suy ra t (a) khi thay x bng x 1. Nu
x 2 (0; 1) th ta s dng (a) vi
1
x
> 1.
2.5.19.
(a) S dng cng thc Taylor cho hm f (x) = (1 + x) ln(1 + x).
(b) Theo cng thc Taylor ta c
ln(1 + cos x) = ln 2
x2
x3
sin
x2
<
ln
2
:
4
(1 + cos )2 3!
4
2.5.20.
(a) t f (x) = ex 1 xex ta c f 0 (x) = xex < 0, suy ra f(x) < f (0) = 0:
(b) t f (x) = ex 1 xex x2 ex , s dng (a) ta c
f 0 (x) = ex 1 2xex x2 ex
< 1 + xex 1 2xex x2 ex = xex (1 + x) < 0:
(c) Nu f (x) = xex=2 ex + 1 th
x
f 0 (x) = ex=2 1 + ex=2 < 0;
2
v ex > 1 + x vi mi x > 0.
289
(d) Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi bt ng thc
x < (1 + x) ln(1 + x):

(e) Ta i chng minh bt ng thc tng ng
(x + 1)(ln(x + 1) ln 2) x ln x:
Xt hm f (x) = (x + 1)(ln(x + 1) ln 2) x ln x. Hm ny t cc i
ti x = 1, do f (x) f (1) = 0.
2.5.21. Ly loga hai v, ta vit bt ng thc cn chng minh di dng

(ex) ln(e+x) > (e+x) ln(ex). Xt hm f (x) = (ex) ln(e+x)(e+x) ln(ex)
ta c f 00 (x) > 0 vi x 2 (0; e), do f 0 (x) > f 0 (0) = 0, t suy ra f (x) >
f (0) = 0.
2.5.22. t f (x) = ex1 + ln x 2x + 1 ta c
f 0 (x) = ex1 +
Vy vi x > 1 th f 00 (x) = ex1
1
x2
1
2:
x
> 0, v ex1 > 1 v
1
x2
< 1:
2.5.23.
tan x + 23 sin x x, ta c
p
2(1 cos x)2 cos x + 12
0
f (x) =
x
2
0; 2 :
>
0
vi
3 cos2 x
i
(a) Xt f (x) =
1
2
Tc l f n iu tng, do d f(x) > f (0) vi 0 < x < 2 .

(b) Xt f (x) = x
3 sin x
,
2+cos x
ta c
f 0 (x) =
x vi 0 < x < 2 ta thy rng

p
1 + cos2 x 2 cos x cos x
(1 cos x)2
0
p
f (x) =
> p
> 0:
2 cos x cos x
2 cos x cos x
(c) t f(x) =
psin x
cos x
(cos x 1)2
0:
(2 + cos x)2
Chng 2. Vi phn
290
2.5.24. Ly f (x) = x + (1 x) th f 0 (x) = 0 ch khi x = 12 , hn na f t

1
cc tiu 21
ti im ny v cc i bng 1 ti cc u mt ca [0; 1]
2.5.25. Chia hai v cho x th iu phi chng minh tng ng vi vic
chng minh rng
(1 + t) < 1 + t
vi t > 0:
Nu f (t) = (1 + t) 1 t th f 0 (t) < 0, do f (t) < f (0) vi t > 0.
2.5.26. Xt hm
f (x) = (1 + x) 1 x
( 1) 2
x;
8
x 2 [1; 1]:
Ta c f (0) = 0, f 0 (0) = 0 v vi x 2 (1; 1) th
(1 )
4
(1
)
< 22 (1 ) +
4
1
= (1 ) (1 2 ) < 0:
4
f 00 (x) = (1 )(1 + x)+2 +
T suy ra f 0 gim trn (1; 1), vy f 0 (x) > 0 vi x 2 (1; 0) v f 0 (x) > 0
vi x 2 (0; 1), ng thi f t cc i ti 0. V f (0) = 0 nn f (x) 0 vi
x 2 [1; 1].
2.5.27. [D. S. Mitrinovic, J. E. Pecaric, Rendiconti del Circolo Mat.

Palermo 42 (1993), 317-337]. Xt hm
f (x) = (1 + x) 1 x
( 1)
(1 + B)2 x2 ;
2
x 2 [1; B]:
Ta c
f 0 (x) = (1 + x)1 ( 1)(1 + B)2 x

v
f 00 (x) = ( 1) (1 + x)2 (1 + B)2 :
di
291
(a) Nu 0 < < 1 v x 2 (1; 1) th f 00 (x) < 0, tc l f 0 gim, do
0 = f 0 (0) < f 0 (x) vi x 2 (1; 0) v 0 = f 0 (0) > f 0 (x) vi x 2 (0; B]. Vy

f t cc i ti im 0, suy ra f(x) f (0) = 0 vi x 2 [1; B], thm
na v (1 + B) 1 nn ta c
(1 + x) 1 x
( 1) 2
x f (x) f(0) = 0:
2(1 + B)2
(b) Nh (a), khi 1 < < 2 v x 2 [1; B] th f(x) f (0) = 0, do
(1 + x) 1 x
( 1) 2
x f (x) f(0) = 0:
2(1 + B)2
2.5.28.
(a) Xt hm
f (x) =
sin x
x
vi x 2 0; 2 ;
vi x = 0:
Thy rng f gim trn 0; 2 , tht vy, theo nh l gi tr trung bnh

ta c
cos x sinx x
x cos x sin x
cos x cos
f (x) =
=
=
;
2
x
x
x

trong 0 < < x, t suy ra f 0 (x) < 0 trn 0; 2 . V f 2 =
0
nn
(b) Ta vit bt ng thc cn chng minh di dng
sin x
3
x3
x 4 3:
h i
h i
x3
3
x 4 3 ; I = 0;
v J =
;
:
4
4 2

Ta c f (0) = f 2 = 0 v f 4 > 0, hn na f 00 (0) = 0, f 00 4 < 0 v
f (4) (x) 0 vi mi x 2 I. T suy ra f 00 (x) 0 trn I v do vy f

l hm lm trn I. V f (0) = 0 v f 4 > 0 nn suy ra f (x) 0 vi
f (x) = sin x
Chng 2. Vi phn
292
x 2 I. By gi ta i chng minh rng f 0 l hm li trn J. Tht vy ta

c f (3) 4 > 0 v f (4) (x) > 0 vi x 2 4 ; 2 nn o hm cp ba ca f

s dng trn J, hn na v f 0 4 < 0 v f 0 2 = 0 nn f 0 (x) 0 trn

bJ , kt hp vi f 2 = 0 ta suy ra f (x) 0 trn J.

3 3
2.5.29. Gi s rng x 2 0; 12 , ta c 3!x < x2 , vy t bt ng thc sin x >
3 3
3 3
x 3!x (xem 2.5.1 (b)) ta c sin x > x 3!x > x(1 x). chng

minh bt ng thc cn li ta xt hm f (x) = 4x 4x2 sin x, x 2 0; 12 .
Ta c f 0 (x) = 4 8x cos x v f 00 (x) = 8 2 sin x. Do
f 00 (x0 ) = 0
khi v ch khi
x0 =
8
1
arcsin 2 ;

v f 00 (0) = 8, f 00 12 = 2 8 > 0, do f 0 (x) < 0 vi x 2 (0; x0 ) v f 00 (x) > 0
vi x 2 x0 ; 12 , hay ni cch khc f 0 thc s gim trn (0; x0 ) v thc s

tng trn x0 ; 12 , hn na v f 0 (0) = 4 > 0 v f 0 12 = 0 nn ta suy ra
f 0 (x) < 0 vi x 2 x0 ; 12 , v do vy f 0 (x0 ) < 0, suy ra tn ti x1 2 (0; x0 )

sao cho f 0 (x1 ) 0 nu x 2 0; 12 sao cho f 0 (x1 ) = 0. S dng tnh n iu

ca f 0 ta suy ra f tng trn (0; x1 ) v gim trn x1 ; 12 . V f (0) = f 12 = 0

nn f (x) 0 vi x 2 0; 12 . Vy ta chng minh c bt ng thc vi

x 2 0; 12 . R rng bt ng thc cng ng i vi x = 12 . Cui cng ta
chung s rng bt ng thc khng thay i khi thay th x bi 1 x.
2.5.30. t f (x) = ex
n
P
k=0
xk
k!
nx (ex 1), x > 0, ta c
n
X
xk1
x
1
1
f (x) = e
ex ex + ;
(k 1)! n
n
n
k=1
0
f (l) (x) = ex
n
X
xkl
x
l
ex ex ;
(k l)! n
n
k=1
l = 2; 3; : : : ; n:
Hn na ta c f (l) (0) = nl < 0 vi l = 2; 3; : : : ; n, f 0 (0) = 0 v f (0) = 0. V
f (n) (x) < 0 vi x > 0 nn o hm f (n1) s gim thc s, tc l f (n1) (x) <
f (n1) (0) < 0, t suy ra tnh n iu ca f (n2) v f (n2) (x) < 0 vi x > 0.
Lp li nhng lp lun va nu trn ta c f (x) < f (0) = 0 vi x > 0.
293
2.5.31. V f 0 (x) = xn! ex nn ta suy ra n ch bng 0 ti gc to , hn

na nu n chn th f 0 (x) < 0 vi x 6= 0, do trong trng hp ny f khng
c cc tr. Mt khc nu n l th f 0 (x) > 0 khi x < 0 v f 0 (x) < 0 vi x > 0
nn vi cc gi tr n l ta c f(0) = 1 l cc i ca f .
m
2.5.32. o hm f 0 (x) = (m + n)xm1 (1 x)n1 m+n
n bng 0 ti duy
m
nht x0 = 0 khi m > 1, ti x1 = 1 khi n > 1 v ti x2 = m+n
. Ta d dng th
m
n
m n
rng f (x2 ) = (n+m)
m+n chnh l cc i a phng ca f , hn na nu m l
th f(x0 ) = 0 l cc tiu a phng ca f . Mt khc nu m l th 0 khng
l cc tr ca f . Hon ton tng t ta c khi n chn, f (x1 ) = 0 l cc tiu
a phng ca f v khi n l th x1 khng th l im cc tr ca f .
2.5.33. T bi trn ta c f t cc i f(x) =
phng trnh
m
sin2 x =
:
m+n
mm nn
(m+n)m+n
ti im x tho mn
2.5.34. Vi x 6= 0; 1 ta c
f 0 (x) =
1
x
1
3
p
:
3
9
x2 (1 x)

Vy f 0 (x) = 0 ti x = 13 : Hn na f 0 (x) > 0 khi x 2 0; 13 v f 0 (x) < 0 khi
p

3
x 2 13 ; 1 , do f 13 = 34 l cc i a phng ca f . Hm f khng kh
vi ti 0 v 1. Bn cnh do f (x) > 0 vi x 2 (0; 1) v f (x) < 0 vi x < 0
nn f khng t cc tr ti 0, nhng f (1) = 0 l cc tiu a phng ca f ,

v f (x) > 0 = f (1) vi x > 1 v vi x 2 (0; 1):
Hnh v
2.5.35. Ta c f 0 (x) = arcsin x, suy ra im cc tr chnh l nghim ca f , v

f (0) = 1 v f (1) = f (1) = 2 nn 2 l gi tr cc i v 1 l gi tr cc tiu
ca f trn [1; 1].
Chng 2. Vi phn
294
2.5.36. Vi x > 1 ta c f 0 (x) < 0, suy ra f (x) < f (1) = 32 . Vi x 2 (0; 1)

ta c f 0 12 = 0, f 0 (x) < 0 nu x 2 0; 12 v f 0 (x) > 0 vi x 2 12 ; 1 , vy

f 12 = 43 l cc tiu a phng ca f . Vi x < 0 o hm f 0 dng, suy ra
3
= f(0) > f (x).
2
Vy gi tr cc i ca f l f(0) = f (1) = 32 . Mt khc v lim f (x) =
x!1
lim f(x) = 0 v f (x) > 0 vi mi x 2 R nn cn trn ng ca f R) l 0,
x!1
nhng hm f khng c cc tiu trn R.
2.5.37.
(a) Gi tr cc i ca hm x 7! xex , x 0 l f(1) = 1e , vy
n
1X
1
1
1
ak eak n = :
n k=1
n
e
e
(b) Nh (a) ta ch cn tm gi tr cc i ca hm
x 7! x2 ex ;
x 0:
(c) Nu mt trong cc h s ak = 0 th ta suy ra ngay bt ng thc cn

chng minh, gi s ak > 0 vi mi k , ly logart hai v ta c bt ng
thc tng ng
1 X
ak
ln ak
ln 3 1:
n k=1
3
n
V ta i tm gi tr cc i ca hm
x
x 7! ln x ;
3
x > 0:
2.5.38. Ta c
f 0 (x0 =
1 1=jxj
e
x2
2 + sin p1x sgn x cos x1

vi x 6= 0;
vi
x = 0:
295
p
1
sin cos 1 2
x
x
nn f 0 (x) 0 vi x > 0 v f 0 (x) 0 vi x < 0, vy khng tn ti cc tr a
phng ca f ti cc im x 6= 0, hn na 0 = f(0) l gi tr cc tiu ca f

v f (x) > f (0) = 0 vi x 6= 0.
2.5.39. Ch rng f(x) > f (0) = 0 vi x 6= 0, thm na

(
vi x 6= 0;
x2 8x + 4x sin x1 cos x1
0
f (x0 =
0
vi x = 0:
T suy ra nu n 2 Znf0; 1g th
1
1
4
0
f
= 2 2
1 < 0;
2n
4n
n
v nu n 2 Znf1g th
1
1
8
0
=
+ 1 > 0:
f
(2n + 1)
(2n + 1)2 2 (2n + 1)
2.5.40. Ch rng sinh x > 0 v tanh x > 0 vi x > 0 nn bt ng thc
c vit li thnh
sinh x
p
< tanh x
sinh2 x + cosh2 x
1
sinh2 x + cosh2 x
<
1
:
cosh x
D dng chng minh c bt ng thc ny. Cc bt ng thc cn li

c chng minh tng t.
2.5.41. Vi 0 < a < b t x = ln
2
Chia cho
ba
2
ba
q
a2 +b2
2
b
a
ba
<
< ln
b=a
ta c
1 b2 a2
b
ba
< p <
:
a
2
2ab
2 ab
Chng 2. Vi phn
296
2.5.42.
(a) Ta c
lim
p!0
xp + y p
2
1=p
= lim e p ln
p!0
xp +yp
2
= e 2 xy =
p
xy;
v theo quy tc lHpital ta c
xp +yp 0
ln 2
1 xp + y p
1
= lim
lim ln
= xy:
0
p!0 p
p!0
2
p
2
(b) Vi p 6= 0 t f (p) =
xp +yp 1=p
2
, ta ch cn chng minh rng hm
F (p) = ln f (p) =
1 xp + y p
ln
p
2
tng thc s. Ta c
1
F (p) = 2
p
0
G(p) =
p
xp + y p
p
p
(x
ln
x
+
y
ln
y)
ln
xp + y p
2
p
xp + y p
p
p
(x
ln
x
+
y
ln
y)
ln
xp + y p
2
ta c
0
G (p) =
xp ln2 x + y p ln x2 y (xp + y p ) (xp ln x + y p ln y)2

:
(xp + y p )2
Ta cn chng minh rng
xp ln2 x + y p ln x2 y (xp + y p ) (xp ln x + y p ln y)2 0:
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy
(x1 y1 + x2 y2 )2 (x21 y12 )(x22 + y22 )

thay
x1 = xp=2 ;
x2 = y p=2 ;
y2 = xp=2 ln x;
y2 = y P p2 ln y;
297
ta c
xp=2 xp=2 ln x + y p=2 y p=2 ln y
Suy ra
(xp + y p ) xp ln2 x + y p ln2 y :
(xp ln x + y p ln y)2 (xp + y p ) xp ln2 x + y p ln2 y ;
tc l G0 (p) 0 vi p > 0. Vy trong trng hp ny ta c G(p) =
p2 F 0 (p) > G(0) = 0. Khi p < 0 th G0 (p) < 0 v do G(p) = p2 F 0 (p) >
G(0). T nhng lp lun trn ta c kt lun rng hm p 7! p tng thc
s trn mi khong (1; 0) v (0; 1), theo nh ngha ca M0 (x; y)
(xem 2.5.42) ta suy ra f tng thc s trn R.
2.5.43. Vi 1 ta xt hm
f () =
xn + y n + ((x + y)n xn y n )
2 + (2n 2)
S dng bt ng thc
(x + y)n 2n1 (xn + y n );

ta chng minh c rng f 0 () 0, vy f gim trn [0; 1). Kt hp vi
f (1) = (x + y)n =2n ta chng minh c bt ng thc bn phi. chng

p
minh bt ng thc cn li ta ch cn chng minh rng lim f() ( xy)n .
!1
p dng bt ng thc lin h gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn ta
(x + y)n xn y n
lim f () =
n2
!1
n n1 n 22 n2
n n1
xy
x y
+ 2 xy
+ + n1
1
=
2n 2
q
n
n
n
p
2n 2
(xy n1 )( 1 ) (x2 y n2 )( 2 ) (xn1 y)(n1) = ( xy)n ;
bt ng thc cui cng c suy ra t ng thc

n
n
n
);
+2
+ + (n 1)
= n(2n1
1
1
2
n1
Chng 2. Vi phn
298
chng minh ng thc trn ta s dng cng thc

n
n1
k
=n
; k 1:
k
k1
2.5.44.
(a) t f (x) = sin(tan x) x vi x 2 0; 4 , ta c

f(0) = 0
v f 0 (x) = cos(tan x)
1
1;
cos2 x
suy ra
f 0 (x) 0 khi v ch khi
cos(tan x) cos2 x:
Ch rng cos(tan x) 1 12 tan2 x (xem 2.5.1(a)) nn ta ch cn chng
minh rng 1 12 tan2 x cos2 x vi x 2 0; 4 . Bt ng thc cui cng
c vit li di dng hin nhin ng
h i
2 cos4 x 3 cos2 x + 1 0 vi x 2 0;
:
4
(b) Vi x 2 0; 3 xt hm f (x) = tan(sin x) x ta c

f(0) = 0 v f 0 (x) =
cos x
1:
cos2 (sin x)
T suy ra f 0 (x) 0 khi v ch khi
cos x cos2 (sin x) =
1 + cos(2 sin x)
:
2
Bi ton tr v chng minh bt ng thc va nu trn. S dng

2.5.1(c) ta c bt ng thc
1 + cos(2 sin x) 2 2 sin2 x +
2 4
sin x 2 cos x
3
vi x 2 0; 3 , t suy ra iu phi chng minh.
2.5.45. Xt hm f(x) =
khi
1
sin2 x
299
1
,
x2
vi x 2 (0; =2) ta c f 0 (x) > 0 khi v ch
1
cos x
>
;
3
x
sin3 x
tc l khi v ch khi
sin x
p
x > 0:
3
cos x
sin x
g(x) = p
x
3
cos x
ta c
1
g 0 (x) = (cos x)2=3 + (cos x)4=3 sin2 x 1
3
4
g 00 (x) = (cos x)7=3 sin3 x:
9
00
V g (x) > 0 vi x 2 (0; =2) nn ta c g 0 (x) > g 0 (0) = 0, t suy ra
g(x) > g(00 = 0 vi x 2 (0; =2); tc l hm f ang xt s tng trn khong

, suy ra f(x) f 2 = 1 42 :
2.5.46. Ch rng
arctan x
3x
p
1 + 2 1 + x2
2
p
1 + x2 1
p
=
>0
(1 + x2 )(1 + 2 1 + x2 )2
2.5.47. Nu ak = bk vi mi k th ta c ngay iu phi chng minh, gi

s tn ti k k 6= bk , t
f(x) =
n
Y
k=1
(xak + (1 x)bk ) v g(x) = ln f(x):
Khi
0
g (x) =
n
X
k=1
ak bk
xak + (1 x)bk
00
v g (x) =
n
X
k=1
ak bk
xak + (1 x)bk
Chng 2. Vi phn
300
V g 00 (x) < 0 nn hm g , v do hm f , c cc i trn [0; 1] ti mt trong

hai u mt khi v ch khi g 0 (0) v g 0 (1) cng du, tc l g 0 (0)g 0 (1) 0. Bt
ng thc cui c vit chi tit l
n
! n
!
X ak bk
X ak bk
k=1
ak
k=1
bk
0:
2.5.48. Theo 2.5.1 (a) v (c) ta c

1
x2
x2 x4
cos x 1
+ ;
2
2
24
x 2 R:
Do chng minh bt ng thc u bi ta ch cn chng minh rng
x2 x4
y2 y4
x2 y 2
+
+1
+
1+1
;
2
24
2
24
2
hay tng ng
x4 + y 4 + 12x2 y 2 12(x2 + y 2 ) 0 vi x2 + y 2 :
Trong h to cc ; r bt ng thc trn c vit li nh sau:
(1)
r2 (2 + 5 sin2 2) 24 vi r2
v 2 [0; 2]:
r2 (2 + 5 sin2 2) 7 < 24;

nn ta chng minh c (1).
2.5.49. Bt ng thc l hin nhin khi x 1 hoc y 1, vy gi s

x; y 2 (0; 1) v t y = tx, v tnh i xng nn ta ch cn chng minh bt
ng thc cho 0 < t 1, ta c
xy + y x = xtx + (tx)x = (xx )t + tx xx :
V hm x 7! xx c cc tiu e1=e = a ti
1
e
v v tx t nn xy +y x at +ta. Hn
na hm F (t) = at + ta, t 2 R ch c mt cc tiu a phng t0 = 1 e < 0
v F tng thc s trn (t0 ; 1) v F (0) = 1 nn ta suy ra xy + y x > 1:
301
2.5.50. Vi 0 < x < 1 bt ng thc cn chng minh c vit di dng

p
1 2xn + xn+1 < (1 xn) 1 xn ;
hay
1 xn
1 (1 xn )
p
:
<
1x
1 n 1 xn
V hm t 7! 1t
tng thc s trn (0; 1) nn ta ch cn chng minh rng
1t
p
1
1 n
x < n 1 xn hay 0 < x 2 vi n 2,
n . Cui cng ch rng
n
2
tc l
1
p
n
2
>
n
.
n+1
2.5.51. Vi 0 < x < 1 xt hm

g(x) =
f (x)
x2 x3
1
= 1
+
sin :
x
6
24
x
V g 0 (x) < 0 vi 0 < x < 1 nn ta c g tng thc s trn (0; 1), vy g(y + z) <
g(y) v g(y + z) < g(z), t suy ra

yg(y + z) + zg(y + z) < yg(y) + zg(z);
tc l f (y + z) < f (y) + f (z).
2.5.52. Ta c cng thc khai trin nh thc Newton

n
X
n k nk
n
(1)
(x + y) =
x y :
k
k=0
o hm (??) theo x v nhn hai v ca ng thc nhn c vi x ta c

n
X
n k nk
n1
(2)
nx(x + y)
=
k
x y :
k
k=0
By gi o hm (??) hai ln v nhn hai v ca ng thc mi nhn c

vi x2 ta c
(3)
n(n 1)x (x + y)
n2

n k nk
=
k(k 1)
x y :
k
k=0
n
X
Chng 2. Vi phn
302
Nu trong (??), (??) v (??) ta thay y bi 1 x th s c

n
X
n k
1=
x (1 x)nk ;
k
k=0

n
X
n k
nx =
k
x (1 x)nk ;
k
k=0

n
X
n k
2
n(n 1)x =
k(k 1)
x (1 x)nk :
k
k=0
T suy ra

n
X
n
2 n
xk (1 x)nk = nx(1 x) :
(k nx)
k
4
k=0
2.5.53. T gi thit phng trnh f (x) = 0 c nghim duy nht 2 [a; b]
Hnh v
0
00
Gi s rng f (x) > 0 v f (x) < 0 vi x 2 [a; b], t x0 = a theo cng thc
Taylor vi phn d dng Lagrange ta c
1
0 = f () = f (xn ) + f 0 (xn )( xn ) + f 00 (c) ( xn )2 ;
2
trong cn l phn t thuc khong c hai u mt l xn v . T nh
ngha ca dy fxn g ta c
xn+1 = xn +
f(xn )
( xn )2 > 0:
f 0 (xn )
Vy fxn g b chn trn bi , t suy ra f (xn ) < 0, vy
xn+1 = xn +
f(xn )
< xn ;
f 0 (xn )
tc l fx ng tng thc s, do vy n hi t v lim xn = . Cc trng hp

n!1
cn li c chng minh tng t.
303
2.5.54. R rng m v M dng, t kt qu bi trn ta suy ra

1
0 = f () = f (xn ) + f 0 (xn )( xn ) + f 00 (cn )( xn )2 ;
2
trong l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh f (x) = 0 trn [a; b] v cn l
mt phn t nm gia xn v . Do vy ta c
)
jf 00 (cn )j
f
(x
M
n
jxn+1 j = xn 0
=
( xn )2
( xn )2 :
0
f (xn )
2jf (xn )j
2m
2.5.55. Ta s chng minh rng supfex + e1=x : x > 0g = 1. Xt hm

f (x) = ex + e1=x ; x > 0 ta c f (1) = 1 v f (x) = f x1 , suy ra ta ch cn
chng minh cho trng hp x > 1, lc f(x) < 1 hay ni cch khc ta c
1
(1)
21=x
Theo 2.3.7 (a) ta c
<1
1
;
2x
vi x > 1:
x
1
x
1 x
> 1 x:
2
2
By gi ta chng minh rng
(2)
x
1
x
2
2
vi x 2:
chng minh iu ny ta vit (??) di dng g(x) = 2x1 x 0. Ch

rng g tng thc s trn [2; 1) v g(2) = 0 ta s chng minh c (??)
vi x 2, tc l f (x) < 1 vi x 2. By gi ta chng minh f(x) < 1 trong
khong (1; 2). Xt hm
h(x) = ln f (x) = ln 2 + 2
V
h0 (x) = ln 2
1=x
1
x+
ln 2:
x
21=x + x12 2x
;
2x + 21=x
ta c nhn xt rng h0 (x) < 0 khi v ch khi (x2 1) ln 2 < 2x ln x. chng

minh bt ng thc va nu ta xt hm
k(x) = (x2 1) ln 2 2x ln x;
x 2 (1; 2)
Chng 2. Vi phn
304
c k 0 (x) = 2x ln 22 ln x2 v k 00 (x) = 2 ln 2 x1 nn k 00 (x) < 0 vi x 2 1; ln12
v k 00 (x) > 0 vi x 2 ln12 ; 2 . V k 0 (1) = k 0 (2) < 0 nn ta c k 0 (x) < 0 vi mi
x 2 (1; 2), tc l k l hm gim trn (1; 2), suy ra k(x) < k(1) = 0, vy
h0 (x) < 0 khi x 2 (1; 2), suy ra h(x) < h(1) = 0, hay (x) < 1 vi x 2 (1; 2): Vy
bt ng thc (??) ng vi mi x 2 (1; 1).
2.5.56. [5] Chng minh ca bi ny da vo nh l phm tr Baire. Vi

n 2 N xt tp An = fx 2 [0; 1] : f (n) (x) = 0g. T gi thit ta suy ra [0; 1] l
hp ca cc An , vy theo nh l Baire tn ti An tr mt khp ni trong
[0; 1], tc l tn ti on I v n sao cho I An. V f (n) lin tc nn f (n) (x) = 0
vi mi x 2 I, t suy ra trn I f s trng vi mt a thc. Nu I = [0; 1] ta
suy ra ngay iu phi chng minh. Ngc li nu khng phi th lp lun
tng t trn i vi phn cn li trong [0; 1]. Lp li cch lm trn ta ch
ra mt h cc khong m giao ca chng tr mt trong [0; 1], hn na trn
mi khong hm f s trng vi mt a thc, ta cn chng minh rng trn
mi on f s trng vi ch mt a thc m thi. Xt tp B l phn cn li
ca h cc khong ni trn sau khi b i phn trong ca chng, r rng B
ng, thm na B nu B khc rng th mi phn t ca B u l im gii
hn ca B. Tht vy, gi s x0 2 B khng l im gii hn ca B th x0 l
giao im ca hai khong I1 v I2 m f (n1 ) (x) = 0 vi x 2 I1 v f (n2 ) (x) = 0
vi x 2 I2 , t suy ra f (n) (x) = 0 vi x 2 I1 [ I2 v n maxfn1 ; n2 g. V f (n)
lin tc nn f s trng vi mt a thc no trn I1 [ I2 , v suy ra x0 62 B,
v l. V B ng nn nu n khc rng ta li p dng nh l phm tr ca
Baire. Vy tn ti An sao cho An \ B tr mt trong J \ B, trong J l mt
khong no , tc l f (n) (x) = 0 trn B \ J, mt khc tn ti K J l phn
b ca B, suy ra tn ti m 2 N sao cho f (m) (x) = 0 vi x 2 K. Nu m n th
f (n) (x) = 0 vi x 2 K. Nu m > n th f (n+1) (x) = f (n+2) (x) = = f (m) (x) =
= 0 vi x 2 B \ I v mi im ca B u l im gii hn, t suy ra
f (n+1) (x) = f (n+2) (x) = = f (m) (x) = = 0 vi x 2 B \ I ti cc u mt
ca K, v d nh ti a v b. Do vi mi x 2 K ta c
Z x
0=
f (m) (t)dt = f (m1) (x) f (m1) (a) = f (m1) (x):
a
305
Lp li qu trnh trn ta c f (n) (x) = 0 vi mi x 2 K v m > n, v v
K ly tu trong J nn khng tn ti phn t ca B thuc J, suy ra v l.

Vy ta c B rng, tc l I = [0; 1], kt hp vi kt qu t c trn ta
c iu phi chng minh.
2.5.57. t
(

0
vi x 2 0; 12 ;

2
f (x) =
x 12
vi x 2 12 ; 1 :

Vy f 0 (x) = 0 vi x 2 0; 12 v f (3) (x) = 0 vi x 2 12 ; 1 .
Xt hm
x
f (x) = sin ; x 2 [0; 1]
2
ta thy hm ny khng tho mn khng nh 2.5.56 khi lim f (n) (x) = 0
n!1
vi mi x 2 [0; 1].
2.6 Kh vi mnh v kh vi theo ngha Schwarz

2.6.1. S dng nh ngha 1 khi cho x2 = a. iu ngc li khng ng
(xem 2.1.13).
2.6.2. [M. Esser, O. Shisha, Amer. Math. Monthly 71 (1964), 904-906] Xt
" > 0 cho trc v > 0 sao cho
B = fx : jx aj < g A
v vi x1 ; x2 2 B, x1 6= x2 ta c
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
f (a) < ":

x2 x1
By gi nu x 2 A1 (tc l nu f 0 (x) tn ti) v nu jx aj < =2 th vi mi
x2 sao cho jx2 xj < =2 ta c
f(x2 ) f (x)
< ":
(a)
f
x2 x
Chng 2. Vi phn
306
Cho x2 ! x ta c jf 0 (x) f (a)j ". Do x!a

lim f 0 (x) = f (a) = f 0 (a). V
x2A1
A A nn ta c
lim f (x) = f (a) = f 0 (a):
x!a
x2A
2.6.3. [M. Esser, O. Shisha, Amer. Math. Monthly 71 (1964), 904-906] V

f 0 lin tc ti a nn theo nh l gi tr trung bnh ta c
f (x1 ) f (x2 )
=
lim
f 0 (x1 + (x2 x1 )) = f 0 (a):
(x1 ;x2 )!(a;a) x1 x 2
(x1 ;x2 )!(a;a)
lim
x1 6=x2
x1 6=x2
2.6.4. [M. Esser, O. Shisha, Amer. Math. Monthly 71 (1964), 904-906]

Khng. Ta ch ra phn v d. Xt hm f trn (1; 1) sau
Z x
f (x) =
g(t)dt;
0
trong
g(t) =
8
>
>
<0
>
>
:t
nu t 2 (1; 0) [
nu t 2
Khi f lin tc trn (1; 1) v
1
S
1
k=1
1
S
k=1
; 1
2k 2k1
1
; 1
2k+1 2k
f (x1 ) f(x2 )
1
=
lim
lim
(x1 ;x2 )!(0;0) x1 x 2
(x1 ;x2 )!(0;0) x1 x2
x1 6=x2
x1 6=x2
x1
g(t)dt = 0:
x2
ng thc cui cng c suy ra t bt ng thc sau
x1
x2
g(t)dt
x21 x22
2
vi x2 < x1 :
Do f kh vi mnh ti im 0. Mt khc o hm f 0 khng tn ti ti cc

im n1 ; n = 3; 4; 5; : : : :
2.6.5. Suy ra t 2.6.2 v 2.6.3.
307
2.6.6. [C. L. Belna, M.J. Evans, P. D. Humke, Amer. Math. Monthly 86

(1979) 121-123]. Ch rng f 0 thuc lp phm tr (Baire) th nht, v
1
f
x
+
f (x)
n
f 0 (x) = lim
;
1
n!1
suy ra tp cc im gin on ca f 0 thuc lp phm tr th nht, (xem

1.7.20). Kt hp vi 2.6.3 ta c iu phi chng minh.
2.6.7. Xt thc sao cho f (a) < < f (b), v k hiu c = inffx 2 (a; b) :
f (x) > g. R rng c 6= a v c 6= b. T nh ngha cn trn ng ta c f (x) c
vi x 2 [a; c], v tn ti dy dng fhn g hi t v 0 sao cho f (c + hn ) > . V
f kh vi Schwarz ti c nn
f (c + hn ) f (c hn )
0:
n!1
2hn
f s (c) = lim
Ta c nhn xt rng khi f(a) < f (b), vi lp lun tng t ta c tn ti
c 2 (a; b) sao cho f s (c) 0.

2.6.8. [C. E. Aull, Amer. Math. Monthly 74 (1967) 708-711]. Nu f = 0
trn [a; b] th ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.Gi s tn ti c 2 (a; b) sao
cho f (c) > 0, theo bi trn tn ti x1 v x2 sao cho a < x1 < c < x2 < b ,
f s (x1 ) 0 v f s (x2 ) 0.
2.6.9. [C. E. Aull, Amer. Math. Monthly 74 (1967) 708-711]. R rng hm
trung gian
f (b) f (a)
F (x) = f(x) f(a)
(x a)
ba
tho mn cc gi thit ca bi tp trn.
2.6.10. [C. E. Aull, Amer. Math. Monthly 74 (1967) 708-711]. V f b chn
trong (a; b) nn tn ti M 0 sao cho sao cho jf s (x)j M vi mi x 2 (a; b).
Theo bi trn ta c
M
f(x) f (t)
M
xt
T suy ra jf(x) f(t)j M jx tj.
vi x; t 2 (a; b); x 6= t:
Chng 2. Vi phn
308
2.6.11. [C. E. Aull, Amer. Math. Monthly 74 (1967) 708-711]. Theo 2.6.9,
tn ti x1 v x2 nm gia x v x + h (x; x + h 2 (a; b)) sao cho
f s (x2 )
f (x + h) f (x)
f s (x1 ):
h
Mt khc t tnh lin tc ca hm f s suy ra tn ti x3 nm gia x v x + h

sao cho f s (x3 ) =
f (x+h)f (x)
.
h
Cho h ! 0 ta c f s (x) = f 0 (x).
2.6.12. Nu x; z 2 I v x < z th theo 2.6.9 tn ti x2 2 (x; z) sao cho

f (z) f (x)
f s (x2 ) 0:
zx
2.6.13. Tng t bi trn.
2.6.14. Khng. Xt hm f (x) = x 2jxj , x 2 (1; 1). D dng kim tra c
rng f s (0) = 1 v f (0) l cc i ca f trong (1; 1).
Hnh v
2.6.15. [C. L. Belna, M.J. Evans, P. D. Humke, Amer. Math. Monthly 86

(1979) 121-123]. Ta i chng minh rng tn ti tp cc thng d tho mn
ng thc u l , khi thay f bng f trong ng thc th hai ta s c
iu phi chng minh. Theo nh ngha ta c Ds f(x) D f(x). Ta cn
chng minh rng
A(f) = fx : Ds f (x) > D f(x)g
thuc phm tr th nht. Ch rng A(f ) l hp m c ca cc tp
A(f; ) = fx : Ds f(x) > > D f (x)g;
2 Q:
Do ta i chng minh rng mi tp ni trn u thuc phm tr th nht.

V A(f; ) = A(g; 0) vi g(x) = f (x) x nn ta ch cn chng minh rng
309
bA(f; 0) thuc phm tr th nht. Ta c

A(f; 0) =
=
1
[
An (f; 0)
n=1
1
[
n=1
1
x : f (x h) f (x + h) vi 0 < h <
n
\ A(f; 0) :
Vy ta i chng minh rng cc tp An (f; 0) u thuc phm tr th nht.

Gi s phn chng rng tn ti n 2 N sao cho An (f; 0) thuc phm tr th
hai, khi tn ti khong m I sao cho An (f; 0) cng thuc phm tr th

hai trong mi khong m con ca I, thm na ta gi s rng ca I nh
hn
1
n
v a; b 2 I , a < b. Xt tp thng d S R sao cho fjS lin tc v chn
c 2 S \ (a; b), ly " > 0 bt k. Khi tn ti tp con J ca (a; b) sao cho

c 2 J v
(1)
f (x) > f(c) " vi x 2 S \ J:
= 2K b = fy : y = 2x b; x 2
Xt K l khong m con ca (a; b) sao cho K
Kg J. V tp
1
Sn = x : f (x h) f (x + h) vi 0 < h <
n
nn suy ra tp
thuc phm tr th hai trn K v S l tp thng d trn K
cng thuc phm tr th hai, v vy khc rng. Ta chn
(2Sn b) \ (S \ K
sao cho
c x
~ 2 S\K
x
~+b
2
x
2 Sn , t h = b~
(hin nhin 0 < h < 1=n) ta
2
c f (~
x) f (b). Hn na t (1) suy ra f (c) " < f(~
x). V " > 0 bt k nn
ta c f (c) f (b). Lp lun tng t ta chng minh c rng f (a) f(c),
suy ra f tng trn I, suy ra D f (x) 0 vi x 2 I, do A(f; 0) \ I = ;, v l.
2.6.16. y l h qu ca bi ton trn, ch rng y chnh l bi ton

tng qut ca 2.6.6.
2.6.17. [J. Swetits, Amer. Math. Monthly 75 (1968), 1093-1095]. Gi s
rng f b chn a phng trn [x1 ; x0 ) v x x0 < < 1: t trung im
Chng 2. Vi phn
310
ca [x1 ; x0 ) l x2 , khi tn ti M > 0 sao cho jf (x)j M vi x 2 [x1 ; x2 ].
Chn h, 0 < h < =2 sao cho
jf (x2 + h)j > 1 + M + jf s (x2 )j:

Khi
f(x2 + h) f (x2 h)
s
f (x2 )
2h
f (x2 + h) f (x2 h)
jf s (x2 )j

2h
jf (x2 + h)j jf (x2 h)j jf s (x2 )j
jf (x2 + h)j M jf s (x2 )j > 1:
Vy f khng kh vi Schwarz u trn [a; b].
2.6.18. S dng kt qu trong bi 2.6.9 v lp lun tng t nh bi 2.2.26

2.6.19. Xt hm
f (x) =
0 vi x 2 Rnf0g;
1 vi x = 0:
Khi f s ng nht bng 0 trn R, vy n lin tc, nhng f khng kh vi

Schwarz u trn mi khong cha im 0.
2.6.20. [J. Swetits, Amer. Math. Monthly 75 (1968), 1093-1095]. Gi s

rng f kh vi Schwarz u trn mi on [a; b] I. Xt x0 2 (a; b) v 1 > 0
sao cho [x0 1 ; x0 + 1 ] (a; b). t I1 = (x0 1 ; x0 + 1 ): V f b chn a
phng trn I nn tn ti M > 0 sao cho
jf (x)j M
Xt > 0 sao cho
vi x 2 I1 :
f(x + h) f(x h)
<1
(x)
2h
vi jhj < v x 2 [a; b], khi vi x 2 I2 = x0
311
1
; x0
2
minf; =2g ta c
f (x + h1 ) f(x h1 )
< 1 + 2M :
jf (x) < 1 +
2h1
2jh1 j
1
2
v jh1 j <
Vy f s b chn a phng trn I. By gi ta cn chng minh rng f lin

tc trn I. Gi s phn chng rng tn ti im gin on ca f trn [a; b]
l im x0 2 [a; b] I, khi tn ti " > 0 sao cho vi mi > 0 tn ti
x0 2 [a; b] \ (x0 ; x0 + ) m jf(x0 ) f (x0 )j > ". V f s b chn a phng

nn tn ti M1 > 0 sao cho jf s (x)j M1 vi x thuc khong c cc u mt
l x0 v x0 , t suy ra
f (x0 ) f (x0 )
x
+
x
"
0
s
M1 ;
f
x0 x0
0
2
jx x0 j
iu ny tri vi gi thit rng f l kh vi Schwarz u trn [a; b], do vy f
lin tc trn I v s dng kt qu bi 2.6.18 ta suy ra f s cng lin tc trn
I. Kt hp vi 2.6.11 ta chng minh c rng f 0 tn ti v lin tc trn I.

iu ngc li chnh l mt h qu ca 2.6.18.
312
Chng 2. Vi phn
Chng 3
Dy hm v chui hm
3.1 Dy hm, s hi t u
3.1.1. Gi s trc ht rng fn f . Khi , vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti n0
sao cho
jfn (x) f (x)j < "
vi mi n n0 v mi x 2 B. T , vi n n0 ,
dn = supfjfn (x) f (x)j : x 2 Bg ";

v do , lim dn = 0.
n!1
By gi gi s rng lim dn = 0. Khi

n!1
jfn (x) f (x)j supfjfn (x) f (x)j : x 2 Bg < "

vi n ln v vi mi x 2 B, tc l ffn g hi t u trn B ti f .
3.1.2. Vi " > 0 cho trc, ta c

jfn (x) f(x)j <
"
2
v jgn (x) g(x)j <
"
2
vi n ln v vi mi x 2 A. Vy
jfn (x) + gn (x) (f (x) + g(x))j jfn (x) f (x)j + jgn (x) g(x)j < "
313
Chng 2. Vi phn
314
vi n ln v vi mi x 2 A.
thy rng khng nh tng t khng ng cho tch ca hai dy hi
t u, xt cc hm sau y :
1
fn (x) = x 1
n
v gn (x) =
1
;
x2
Ta c fn f v gn g , y f (x) = x v g(x) =
(0;1)
(0;1)
x 2 (0; 1):
1
.
x2
Mt khc,
1
1
1
:
fn (x)gn (x) =
x
n
Vy ffn gn g hi t im trn (0; 1) ti hm x 7! x1 . V
1
dn = sup fn (x)gn (x) : x 2 (0; 1) = +1;
x
n 2 N;
s hi t l khng u.
3.1.3. Trc ht ch rng nu fgn g hi t u trn A ti hm b chn g ,

th tn ti C > 0 sao cho vi n ln,
jgn (x)j C
vi mi x 2 A:
Vi " > 0 cho trc, do ffn g v fgn g hi t u, ta c
jfn (x) f(x)j <
"
2C
v jgn (x) g(x)j <
"
2M
vi n ln v vi mi x 2 A. T , vi n ln v vi mi x 2 A,
jfn(x)gn (x) f(x)g(x)j

jfn (x) f(x)jjgn (x)j + jgn (x) g(x)jjf (x)j < ":
3.1.4. T tiu chun Cauchy cho s hi t ca dy s thc, suy ra rng ffn g
hi t im trn A, chng hn ti f . Ta phi chng minh rng s hu t l
u. Ly tu " > 0. Theo gi thit, tn ti n0 sao cho nu n; m > n0 , th
1
jfn (x) f (x)j < "
2
315
vi mi x 2 A. Do tnh lin tc ca hm gi tr tuyt i, ta nhn c
1
lim jfn (x) fm (x)j = jfn (x) f (x)j " < "
m!1
2
vi mi x 2 A v vi mi n > n0 .
3.1.5. Gi ffn g l dy cc hm b chn hi t u trn A ti f . Khi , vi

" > 0 cho trc, tn ti n0 2 N sao cho
jf (x)j jfn0 (x) f (x)j + jfn0 (x)j < " + jfn0 (x)j
vi mi x 2 A. V fn0 b chn trn A, f cng b chn trn A.
Hm gii hn ca dy hi t im cc hm b chn khng nht thit b chn.
thy iu ny, chng hn ly
1
;n ;
fn (x) = min
n
x 2 (0; 1); n 2 N:
Dy ffn g hi t ti hm khng b chn x 7! 1=x; x 2 (0; 1).
3.1.6. Vi x 2 R; limn!1 fn (x) = 0. Dy khng hi t u trn R bi v

d2n = +1. R rng, dy con f2n1 hi t u trn R.
3.1.7. Chng minh nh trong 3.1.4.
3.1.8.
(a) Ta c
1
! f (x);
1 + (nx 1)2 n!1
y
f(x) =
(
0
1
2
vi x 2 (0; 1]
vi x = 0:
V hm gii hn khng lin tc, s hi t l khng u (xem, chng

hn, 1.2.34).
Chng 2. Vi phn
316
(b) Ta c
x2
! 0
x2 + (nx 1)2 n!1

v dn = supfjfn (x) 0j : x 2 [0; 1]g = fn n1 = 1. Theo 3.1.1, s hi t
l khng u.
(c) V
xn (1 x) ! 0
n!1
n
v dn = supfjfn (x) 0j : x 2 [0; 1]g = fn n+1
=
ffn g hi t u trn [0; 1].
nn
,
(n+1)n+1
ta thy rng
(d) Dy hi t khng u v
dn =
(e) V rng dn = f
n
n+1
nn+1
1
! :
n+1
n!1 e
(n + 1)
! 0, dy hi t u.
n!1
(f) Dy hi t u bi v
dn = supfjfn (x) xj : x 2 [0; 1]g = 1 fn (1) =
1
! 0:
n + 1 n!1
(g) Dy hi t im ti
f (x) =
(
1
vi x 2 [0; 1);
vi x = 1:
1
2
Vy hm gii hn khng lin tc v v vy dy khng hi t u (xem,

chng hn, 1.2.34).
3.1.9.
(a) D thy rng fn (x) ! 0 v dn = 14 . Vy dy khng hi t u trn A.
n!1
Mt khc,
supfjfn (x)j : x 2 Bg =
1
p
2
v v vy dy hi t u trn B.

1 n
1 p
;
2
n 2;
317
(b) Dy hi t u trn R ti hm khng, v nh vy n cng hi t u

trn mi tp con ca R.
3.1.10.
(a) V dn = arctg p1n3 , ffn g hi t u trn R ti 0.
p
(b) fn (x) ! x2 , v v fn( n) n = n(ln 2 1), chui khng hi t trn R.
n!1
(c) Ta c fn (x) ! x1 . Dy khng hi t u trn (0; 1), bi v f

n!1
n(ln 2 1).
(d) fn (x) ! f(x), y

n!1
f(x) =
t un =
(
1
1
2
1
n
n =
vi jxj 1;
vi jxj > 1:
p
1 + x2n . Khi , vi x > 1,
2n
p
1 + x2n = un x =
2n
2n
u2n
n x
u2n1
+ u2n2
x + + x2n1
n
n
1
1
:
= 2n1
2n2
2n1
un
+ un x + + x
2n
Suy ra rng
dn sup jfn (x) f (x)j + sup jfn (x) f (x)j

x2[0;1]
x2[1;1)
2n
21+
tc l ffn g hi t u trn R.
(e) Nh trong (d), c th ch ra rng dy hi t u trn R ti
(
2
vi jxj 2;
f (x) =
vi jxj > 2:
jxj
(f) Ta c
p
dn = sup j n + 1 sinn x cos xj =
Vy dy hi t khng u trn R.
n
n+1
1
! p :
n!1
e
1
;
2n
Chng 2. Vi phn
318
(g) Dy hi t im ti ln x (xem, chng hn, I, 2.5.4). Theo cng thc

Taylor,
sup jn( n x 1) ln xj = sup n e n ln x 1 ln x

x2[1;a]
x2[1;a]

ln2 a 1
ln x n
1
= sup n 1 + ln x
an ;
e
ln
x
2
n
2n
2n
x2[1;a]
dn =
bi v 0 < n <
ln a
.
n
Do , lim dn = 0, suy ra fn f , y f (x) = ln x.

n!1
[1;a]
3.1.11. Ta c [nf(x)] = nf (x) pn (x), y 0 pn (x) < 1. T
pn (x) 1
;
sup jfn (x) f (x)j = sup
n n
x2[a;b]
x2[a;b]
v v vy fn f .
[a;b]
3.1.12. V
r
p
sin 4 2 n2 + x2 = sin 2n 1 +
x2
+ 2n 2n
4 2 n2
r
!
x2
= sin 2n
1+ 2 2 1
4 n
x2
;
= sin p
4 2 n2 + x2 + 2n
ta thy rng lim n sin

n!1
ng thc sin x x
p
4 2 n2 =
x2
.
4
x3
Ngoi ra, nu x 2 [0; a] th, dng bt
, ta nhn c
0
1
2
2
6
p
2
n sin 42 n2 + x2 x a @1 q
A+ n a :
2
4 4
3! 8n2 2
1 + 4n2 n2 + 1
3!
iu ny suy ra s hi t u ca dy trn [0; a].
Vi x 2 R, theo bt ng thc j sin xj jxj, ta c

0
1
2
2
p
2
n sin 4 2 n2 + x2 x x @1 q
A
4 4
n2
1 + 42 n2 + 1
suy ra dy hi t khng u trn R.
319
3.1.13. Trc ht, ta chng minh bng quy np rng, vi mi n nguyn

dng,
p
p
2
2 x
p < ; x 2 [0; 1]:
0 x Pn (x)
2+n x
n
Vi n = 1, bt ng thc l hin nhin. By gi, gi s bt ng thc ng
vi n, ta s chng minh ng thc ng vi n + 1. Theo gi thit quy np
p
p
x Pn (x) x:
T , theo nh ngha ca Pn+1 ,
p
p
1 p
x Pn+1 (x) = ( x Pn (x)) 1 ( x + Pn (x)) :
2
Vy
p
x Pn+1 (x) 0. Ngoi ra,
p
p
2 x
x
p
1
2+n x
2
p
p
2 x
x
p
p
1
2+n x
2 + (n + 1) x
p
2 x
p :
=
2 + (n + 1) x
p
x Pn+1 (x)
p
x2 , suy ra t cc bt ng thc chng minh rng dy cc a
thc fPn (x2 )g hi t u trn [1; 1] ti hm gi tr tuyt i jxj.
V jxj =
3.1.14. Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh,

f x + 1 f (x)
0
n
f
(x)
= jf 0 (n ) f 0 (x)j;
y n 2 x; x + n1 . V o hm f 0 lin tc u trn R, vi " > 0 cho trc,
tn ti n0 sao cho nu n n0 , th
jf 0 (n ) f 0 (x)j < " vi mi x 2 R:
Chng 2. Vi phn
320
Vy ta chng minh dy hi t u trn R.

Xt f (x) = x3 ; x 2 R. Khi

f x + 1 f (x)
0
n
3x + = +1;
dn = sup
f
(x)
=
sup
1
n n2
suy ra dy hi t khng u. Vy gi thit lin tc u ca f 0 l khng b

c.
3.1.15. Gi " > 0 tu . T tnh lin tc u ca dy trn R, suy ra rng

tn ti n0 2 N sao cho
jfn0 (x) f(x)j <
"
3
vi mi x 2 R:
By gi, do tnh lin tc u ca fn0 , tn ti > 0 sao cho jfn0 (x)fn0 (x0 )j <
"
3
bt c khi no jx x0 j < . Do ,
jf(x) f(x0 )j jfn0 (x) f(x)j + jfn0 (x) fn0 (x0 )j + jfn0 (x0 ) f(x0 )j < "
bt c khi no jx x0 j < .
3.1.16. t gn (x) = fn (x) f (x) vi x 2 K. Ta s ch ra rng fgn g hi t u

ti 0 tren K. Gi " > 0 tu . V fgn g hi t im ti 0 trn K, vi x 2 K,
tn ti nx sao cho
"
0 gnx < :
2
Suy ra t tnh lin tc ca gnx v t tnh n iu ca dy fgn g rng tn ti
ln cn O(x) ca x sao cho
(1)
0 gn (t) < " vi n nx
v t 2 O(x):
V K compact, tn ti hu hn im x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn 2 K sao cho K O(x1 ) [
O(x2 ) [ [ O(xn ). By gi, nu
n0 = maxfnx1 ; nx2 ; : : : ; nxn g;
321
th (1) ng vi mi n > n0 v mi x 2 K.
thy tnh compact ca K l khng b c, xt
fn (x) =
1
;
1 + nx
x 2 (0; 1); n = 1; 2; : : : :
Khi , dn = sup jfn (x) f(x)j = 1, v v vy dy hi t khng u.

x2(0;1)
Tnh lin tc ca hm gii hn cng khng b c. Thc vy, dy
fn (x) = xn ;
x 2 [0; 1]; n 2 N;
khng hi t u trn [0; 1].

V d sau ch ra gi thit v tnh lin tc ca fn khng b c. Cc hm
(
0
nu x = 0 hoc n1 x 1;
fn (x) =
1
nu 0 < x < n1
khng lin tc. Chng to thnh dy n iu hi t im ti 0 trn [0; 1],
nhng dy hi t khng u. Cui cng, cc hm xc nh bi
8
1
2
>
vi 0 2n
;
<2n x
1
1
fn (x) = n 2n2 x 2n
vi 2n < x n1 ;
>
:
0
vi n1 < x 1
lin tc v to thnh dy hi t im ti 0 trn [0; 1]. Ch rng dy ffng

khng n iu v dy hi t khng u.
3.1.17. Gi ffn g l dy cc hm lin tc hi t u trn tp compact K ti

hm gii hn f . Ly " > 0. Chn n0 sao cho (xem 3.1.7)
jfn (x) fn0 (x)j <
"
3
vi n > n0
v mi x 2 K:
Tip theo, v mi hm fn lin tc u trn K, c th chn > 0 sao cho nu
x; x0 2 K v jx x0 j < , th
(1)
jfk (x) fk (x0 )j <
"
3
vi
1 k n0 :
Chng 2. Vi phn
322
V vy, ta nhn c
jfn (x) fn (x0 )j jfn (x) fn0 (x)j + jfn0 (x) fn0 (x0 )j
+jfn0 (x0 ) fn (x0 )j < "
vi jx x0 j < v n > n0 . T y v (1), suy ra tnh lin tc ng bc ca
dy ffn g trn K.
3.1.18. Gi ffnk g l dy con ca ffn g, v fxn g l dy cc phn t ca A hi

t ti x 2 A. Ta xc nh dy fym g bng cch t
8
>
x1
vi 1 m n1 ;
>
>
>
>
>
vi n1 < m n2 ;
<x2
ym =
>
>
>
xk
vi nk1 < m nk ;
>
>
>
:
Khi , dy fym g hi t ti x, v th lim fm (ym ) = f (x). Vy lim fnk (ynk ) =

m!1
k!1
lim fnk (xk ) = f (x).
k!1
3.1.19. Trc ht ch rng nu ffn g hi t lin tc trn A ti f , th ffn g

hi t im ti hm gii hn f . thy iu ny, ch cn xt dy hng m
tt c cc s hng ca n u bng mt phn t ca A. Chn tu x 2 A
v gi fxn g l dy cc phn t trong A hi t ti x. Vi " > 0 cho trc, s
hi t im ca dy suy ra tn ti n1 (c th ph thuc x1 ) sao cho
"
jfn1 (x1 ) f(x1 )j < :
2
Tng t, tn ti n2 (c th ph thuc x2 ), n2 > n1 , sao cho
"
jfn2 (x2 ) f(x2 )j < :
2
Tip tc qu trnh ny, ta nhn c dy fnk g sao cho
"
jfnk (xk ) f (xk )j < ;
2
k 2 N:
323
Ngoi ra, theo kt qu trong bi ton trc,
"
jfnk (xk ) f(x)j < ;
2
k k0 :
Do , jf (xk ) f (x)j jfnk (xk ) f (xk )j + jfnk (xk ) f (x)j < " vi k k0 .
3.1.20. Gi fxn g l dy cc phn t trong A hi t ti x 2 A. Gi " > 0 cho

trc. T tnh hi t u ca ffn g, suy ra rng
jf (xn ) fn (xn )j sup jf(y) fn (y)j <
y2A
V f lin tc,
"
2
jf (xn ) f (x)j <
"
2
vi n n0 :
vi n n1 :
T , nu n maxfn0 ; n1 g, ta c
jfn (xn ) f (x)j jfn (xn ) f (xn )j + jf(xn ) f(x)j < ":
V d sau ch ra iu ngc li khng ng. Gi A = (0; 1) v fn (x) = xn .
D thy ffn g khng hi t u ti 0 trn (0; 1). Tuy nhin ffn g hi t lin
tc trn (0; 1). Tht vy, nu fxn g l dy cc im trong (0; 1) hi t ti
x 2 (0; 1), th tn ti 0 < a < 1 sao cho xn < a. V vy, lim fn (xn ) = 0.
n!1
3.1.21. (i) =) (ii) c chng minh trong bi ton trc. Ta phi chng
minh (ii) =) (i). Ta bit rng hm gii hn f lin tc trn K. Gi s ngc
li rng ffn g khng hi t u trn K. Khi , tn ti "0 > 0, dy fnk g cc
s nguyn dng, v dy fxk g cc phn t trong K sao cho
jfnk (xk ) f (xk )j > "0 :
V K compact, khng mt tng qut, c th gi s rng fxk g hi t, chng
hn, ti x 2 K. Mt khc, theo 3.1.18,
jfnk (xk ) f(x)j <
"0
3
vi k > k0 :
Ngoi ra, do tnh lin tc ca f
jf (xk ) f (x)j <
"0
3
vi k > k1 :
Chng 2. Vi phn
324
Vy, vi k ln,
2
"0 < jfnk (xk ) f (xk )j jfnk (xk ) f (x)j + jf(x) f(xk )j < "0 ;
3
mu thun.
3.1.22. Gi s, chng hn, rng hm fn tng trn [a; b]. R rng, f lin tc
u trn [a; b]. Ly " > 0. Do tnh lin tc u ca f , tn ti > 0 sao cho
jf (x) f (x0 )j <
"
2
bt c khi no jx x0 j < ; x; x0 2 [a; b]. By gi, chn a = x0 < x1 < x2 <
< xk = b sao cho jxi xi1 j < ; i = 1; 2; : : : ; k . V

lim fn (xi ) = f (xi );
i = 1; 2; : : : ; k;
n!1
tn ti n0 sao cho nu n > n0 th
jfn (x i) f(xi )j <
(1)
"
2
i = 1; 2; : : : ; k:
R rng, vi mi x 2 [a; b], tn ti mt i sao cho xi1 x < xi . By gi, t
tnh n iu ca fn v (1) suy ra
f (xi1 )
"
"
< fn (xi1 ) fn (x) fn (xi ) < f(xi ) +
2
2
vi n > n0 . V f tng, ta c f (xi1 ) f (x) f (xi ). Kt hp vi tnh lin tc

u ca f , c
" < f (xi1 ) f (xi )
"
"
fn (x) f (x) f(xi ) f(xi1 ) + < ":
2
2
Vy ta chng minh ffn g hi t u trn [a; b].
3.1.23. Trc ht, ta chng minh rng tn ti dy con ffn g hi t trn tp

s hu t Q. V Q m c, ta c th vit Q = fr1 ; r2 ; : : : g. Dy ffn (r1 )g b
chn, vy n cha dy con hi t ffn;1 (r1 )g. Tip theo, v ffn;1 (r2 )g b chn,
tn ti dy con hi t ffn;2 (r2 )g. R rng ffn;2 (r2 )g cng hi t. Lp li qu
trnh trn, ta thu c dy cc dy ffn;1 g; ffn;2 g; : : : vi cc tnh cht sau :
325
ffn;k+1 g l dy con ca ffn;k g vi k = 1; 2; : : : ,

dy ffn;k (ri )g hi t vi k 2 N v i = 1; 2; : : : ; k .
Vy dy ng cho ffn;n g hi t trn Q. Theo cch ny, ta xy dng dy
con ffnk g hi t im trn Q, chng hn, ti f . R rng, f tng trn Q. By

gi, ta thc trin f ln R bng cch t
f (x) = supff(r) : r 2 Q; r xg:

Hm thc trin f cng lin tc trn R. By gi, ta chng minh rng
nu f lin tc ti x, th lim fnk (x) = f (x). lm vy, xt hai dy hu t
k!1
fpn g v fqn g hi t ti x sao cho pn < x < qn . Tnh n iu ca fnk suy ra

fnk (pn ) fnk (x) fnk (qn ). By gi, cho k ! 1, ta c
f(pn ) lim inf fnk (x) lim sup fnk (x) f (qn ):
k!1
k!1
Tip theo, chuyn qua gii hn khi n ! 1 (xem, chng hn, 1.1.35), ta c
f (x ) lim inf fnk (x) lim sup fnk (x) f (x+ ):

k!1
k!1
Suy ra rng f (x) = lim fnk (x) ti mi im lin tc x ca hm f . Ta bit

k!1
rng tp D cc im gin on ca hm n iu l m c (xem, chng

hn, 1.2.29). Vy ta c f(x) = lim fnk (x) trn tp R n D, v do ffnk g b chn
k!1
trn tp m c D, ta c th dng phng php ng cho mt ln na

chon dy con ca ffnk g hi t im trn D. R rng, dy con ny hi t
trn ton R.
3.1.24. Nu K l tp con compact ca R, th tn ti khong ng [a; b] sao

cho K [a; b]. R rng f lin tc u trn [a; b]. Theo kt qa trong 3.1.22,
ffnk g hi t u trn [a; b], v v vy n cng hi t u trn K.
V d sau ch ra rng ffnk g c th hi t u trn R. t

n
1
fn (x) =
; x 2 R:
arctg x +
Chng 2. Vi phn
326
Mi fn n iu thc s trn R, v ffn g hi t im ti f(x) 0. Tuy nhin,
s hi t l khng u.
3.1.25. Trc ht, ta chng minh rng nu fPn g l dy cc a thc hi t

u trn R, th bt u vi gi tr no ca ch s n, mi Pn c cng bc.
Thc vy, nu iu ny khng ng, th vi mi k 2 N, tn ti nk > k sao
cho bc ca Pk khc bc ca Pnk . Do ,
sup jPnk Pn (x)j = +1;
x2R
mu thun vi tiu chun Cauchy cho s hi t u (xem, chng hn, 3.1.7).

T , tn ti n0 2 N sao cho nu n n0 , th
Pn (x) = an;p xp + an;p1 xp1 + + an;1 x + an;0 :

Li theo tiu chun Cauchy cho s hi t u, ta thy nu n n0 , th cc
h s an;i ; i = 1; 2; : : : ; p, l hng s (c lp vi n), tc l,
Pn (x) = ap xp + ap1 xp1 + + a1 x + an;0 :

R rng, dy a thc nh vy hi t u trn R ti a thc
P (x) = ap xp + ap1 xp1 + + a1 x + a0 :

y a0 = lim an;0 .
n!1
3.1.26. R rng, (i) =) (ii). By gi ta chng minh rng (ii) =) (iii). Thc
vy,
an;0 + an;1 c0 + + an;p cp0 = Pn (c0 );
an;0 + an;1 c1 + + an;p cp1 = Pn (c1 );
(1)
an;0 + an;1 cp + + an;p cpp = Pn (cp ):
327
V nh thc Vandermonde
1 c0 c2
0
1 c1 c2
1
det .. .. ..
. . .
1 cp c2p
: : : cp0
: : : cp1
.
: : : ..
: : : cpp
khc khng, h phng trnh tuyn tnh (1) c duy nht nghim v an;i ; i =
0; 1; 2; : : : ; p, c th c xc nh bng qui tc Cramer. Do , (ii) suy ra s

hi t ca mi dy an;i ; i = 0; 1; 2; : : : ; p. D chng minh (iii) =) (i).
3.1.27. V ffn g lin tc ng bc, vi " > 0 cho trc, c th chn > 0 sao
cho vi mi n 2 N
jfn (x) fn (y)j <
(1)
"
3
bt c khi no jx yj < ; x; y 2 K. Cho n ! 1, ta c
jf (x) f (y)j
(2)
"
3
(Ch iu nu ch ra rng f lin tc u trn K.) V K compact, tn ti

hu hn khong m (xi ; xi + ); i = 1; 2; : : : ; k; xi 2 K, ph K. Do tnh
hi t im ca ffn g, tn ti n0 sao cho nu n > n0 , th
"
jfn (xi ) f (xi )j < ;
3
(3)
i = 1; 2; : : : ; k:
R rng, vi x 2 K, tn ti i sao cho jx xi j < . Vy theo (1), (2) v (3), nu
n > n0 , th
jfn (x) f(x)j jfn (x) fn (xi )j + jfn (xi ) f (xi )j + jf (xi ) f (x)j < ":
3.1.28. Quan st rng ffn g lin tc ng bc trn [a; b]. Thc vy, theo nh
l gi tr trung bnh,
jfn (x) fn(y)j = jfn0 ()jjx yj M jx yj
vi mi x; y 2 [a; b] v n 2 N. T bi ton trc, ta c iu phi chng minh.
Chng 2. Vi phn
328
3.1.29.
p
dy hi t u trn R. Ta c fn0 (x) = n cos nx. T
p
lim fn0 (0) = lim n = +1. Ngoi ra, nu x 6= 0, th gii hn lim fn0 (0)
(a) V jfn (x)j

n!1
p1 ,
n
n!1
n!1
khng tn ti. Thc vy, nu lim fn0 (0) = l, th vi n ln, ta s c

n!1
j cos nxj < 12 . Vy j cos 2nxj = 1 2 cos2 nx > 12 , mu thun. Vy ffn0 g

khng hi t ti bt c im no.
(b) V jfn (x)j
1
,
2n
dy hi t u trn [1; 1]. Mt khc,

(
2 2
1
vi x = 0;
1
n
x
lim fn0 (x) = lim
=
2
2
2
n!1
n!1 (1 + n x )
0
vi x =
6 0:
Gii hn im ca ffn0 g gin on ti 0, v v vy ffn0 g khng hi t
u.
3.1.30. Trc ht gi s rng lim f(x) = l. Ly " > 0. Khi tn ti > 0

x!x0
sao cho nu 0 < jx x0 j < , th jf(x) lj < 2" . Do ffn g hi t u trn A,
jfn (x) f(x)j <
"
2
vi n n0 ; x 2 A:
T ,
jf (x) lj < "

bt c khi no 0 < jx x0 j < v n n0 . V lim fn (x) tn ti, suy ra
x!x0
lim lim fn (x) = l.
n!1 x!x0
By gi, gi s rng lim lim fn(x) = l. t lim fn (x) = gn (x0 ). Vy ta

n!1 x!x0
x!x0
c lim gn (x0 ) = l. Ly " > 0. Do tnh hi t u ca ffn g, tn ti n1 sao cho

n!1
n > n1 ko theo
(1)
"
jfn (x) f (x)j < ;
3
x 2 A:
Theo trn, tn ti n2 sao cho nu n > n2 , th
(2)
jgn (x0 ) lj <
"
3
329
C nh n0 > maxfn1 ; n2 g. V lim fn0 (x) = gn0 (x0 ), ta c

x!x0
"
3
jfn0 (x) gn0 (x0 )j <
(2)
nu jx x0 j < n0 . Theo (1), (2) v (3), ta thy rng lim f (x) = l.

x!x0
ng thc lim lim fn (x) = lim f (x) c th c thit lp tng t.

n!1 x!1
x!1
3.1.31. Ly " > 0. Chn n0 sao cho nu n; m n0 , th

jfn (x0 ) fm (x0 )j <
(1)
"
2
"
;
2(b a)
0
jfn0 (t) fm
(t)j <
(2)
t 2 [a; b]:
Kt hp vi nh l gi tr trung bnh p dng cho hm fn fm , ta c
jfn (x) fm (x) fn (t) + fm (t)j <
(3)
"jx tj
"
2(b a)
2
vi n; m n0 v x; t 2 [a; b]. By gi, theo (3) v (1),
jfn (x) fm (x)j jfn (x) fm (x) fn(x0 ) + fm (x0 )j

jfn (x0 ) fm (x0 )j < ":
Tiu chun Cauchy cho s hi t u c tho mn (xem, chng hn, 3.1.7).
Chn tu x 2 [a; b]. Xc nh cc hm h v hn bi
h(t) =
f (t) f(x)
;
tx
hn (t) =
fn (t) fn (x)
;
tx
t 2 [a; b]; t 6= x:
Khi , lim hn (t) = fn0 (x); n = 1; 2; : : : . Theo (3),

t!x
jhn (t) hm (t)j <
"
;
2(b a)
n; m n0 ;
tc l fhn g hi t u (hin nhin ti h) trn [a; b] n fxg. p dng kt qu
trong bi ton trccho dy fhn g v tp [a; b] n fxg, ta nhn c lim fn0 (x) =
lim h(t) = f 0 (x).
t!x
n!1
Chng 2. Vi phn
330
3.1.32. ng thc
n
X
n k
1 = (x + (1 x)) =
x (1 x)nk
k
k=0
n
suy ra

n k
f(x) =
f(x)
x (1 x)nk :
k
k=0
n
X
Do ,
(1)

n
X
n k
f
jBn (f; x) f (x)j
f
(x)
x (1 x)nk :
n
k
k=0
Do tnh lin tc ca f trn [0; 1], vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti > 0 sao cho
jf (x) f(x0 )j < "

bt c khi no jj < ; x; x0 2 [0; 1]. R rng, tn ti M > 0 sao cho jf (x)j M
vi x 2 [0; 1]. Ly x tu trong [0; 1]. Khi , tp f0; 1; 2; : : : ; ng c th phn

tch thnh hai tp
A= k
Nu k 2 A, th
v nh vy
(2)
: x <
n
v B =
k : x :
n
k
f
< ";
f
(x)
X k
X n
f(x) < "

xk (1 x)nk ":
n
k
k2A
Nu k 2 B, th
k2A
(k nx)2
1;
n2 2
v theo bt ng thc cho trong 2.5.52, ta c

X k
n k
f
f (x)
x (1 x)nk
n
k
k2B

2M X
M
2 n
2 2
(k nx)
xk (1 x)nk
:
n k2B
k
2n 2
331
Kt hp vi (1) v (2), c
M
; x 2 [0; 1]:
2n 2
3.1.33. Nu [a; b] = [0; 1], th ta ly P (x) = Bn (f; x). Nu [a; b] 6= [0; 1], th ta
c th p dng kt qu trong bi ton trc cho hm g(y) = f(a+(b a)); y 2
jBn (f; x) f (x)j " +
[0; 1]. Vy, vi " > 0, tn ti a thc Bernstein Bn (g; y) sao cho
jg(y) Bn (g; y)j < ";
y 2 [0; 1]:
t x = a + y(b a), ta c
a
f (x) Bn g;
< ":
ba
3.2 Chui hm, s hi t u

3.2.1.
1
2
n!1 1+x
(a) Nu x 2 (1; 1], th lim
6= 0. Vy chui phn k theo iu kin
cn cho s hi t. Nu jxj > 1, th jxjn 2 vi n ln. T
1
1
2
1 + xn jxjn 1 jxjn ;
v chui hi t theo tiu chun so snh.
(b) R rng, chui hi t nu x = 0. Nu x 6= 0, th

xn
1
=
1 :
1 + xn
1 + xn
V vy, theo (a), chui hi t vi 1 < x < 1.
(c) Nu x = 0, chui phn k. Nu x 6= 0, th
2 n
+ 31n
2n + xn
3x
=
:
1 + 3n x n
1 + 3n1xn
2
< 1,
Vy s hng th n ca chui hi t ti 0 nu v ch nu 3x
tc l, nu jxj >
2
.
3
Theo tiu chun so snh, chui hi t nu x 2
(1; 2=3) [ (2=3; 1).
Chng 2. Vi phn
332
(d) Ta c
xn1
1
=
(1 xn )(1 xn+1 )
x(1 x)
1
1
1 xn 1 xn+1
T ,
N
X
xn1
(1 xn )(1 xn+1 )
n=1
1
1
1
:
=
x(1 x) 1 x 1 xN+1
SN (x) =
Do ,
lim SN (x) =
N!1
1
(1x)2
1
x(1x)2
nu jxj < 1;
nu jxj > 1:
Vy chui hi t trn R n f1; 1g.

(e) Ta c
1
1
x2n1
=
2n :
2n
2n1
1x
1x
x
lim SN (x) =
N!1
x
1x
1
1x
nu jxj < 1;
nu jxj > 1:
Vy chui hi t trn R n f1; 1g.

(f) Nu x 0, th chui phn k v iu kin cn cho s hi t khng c
tho mn. Vi x > 0, theo tiu chun c c Cauchy (xem, chng hn,
1
P
nx
hi t. Theo tiu
I, 3.2.28) chui cho hi t nu v ch nu
2n(x1)
n=2
chun cn, chui th hai hi t nu x > 1 v phn k nu x < 1. Nu
x = 1, th chui phn k. Tm li, min hi t l (1; 1).

(g) V xln n = nln x , chui hi t nu ln x < 1 v phn k nu ln x 1.

Vy min hi t l 0; 1e .
333
(h) Ta c
0
p
sin2 2 n2 + x2 = sin2 @2n q
x2
n2
1+
x2
n2
2 4
A x :
n2
+1
Theo tiu chun so snh, chui hi t vi mi x.
3.2.2.
(a) V arctg x + arctg x1 =
vi x > 0, ta c
1
1
1
arctg(n2 (1 + x2 )) = arctg 2
< 2
2:
2
2
2
n (1 + x )
n (1 + x )
n
Theo tiu chun Weierstrass (tiu chun hi t tri), chui hi t u
trn R.
(b) Vi x 2 [2; 1),
1
1
ln(1 + nx)
n1 n1 ;
n
nx
x
2
v do , chui hi t u theo tiu chun Weierstrass.
n
o
2 2 n2 jxj
(c) V sup n x e
: x 2 R = n24e2 , chui hi t u trn R theo tiu
chun Weierstrass.
(d) Chui hi t im ti
(
1
S(x) =
01
nu x 2 [1; 1] n f0g;
nu x = 0:
V S khng lin tc, chui khng hi t u trn [1; 1].

(e) Ch rng
1
P
n=1
n2
n2
n
n
sup p (x + x ) p (2n + 2n ) = p 2n+1 :
n!
n!
n!
1=2jxj2
n2 n+1
p
2
n!
hi t, chng hn theo tiu chun t s, chui hi t u
trn A theo tiu chun Weierstrass.
Chng 2. Vi phn
334
(f) Chui khng hi t u trn A theo tiu chun Cauchy. Thc vy, nu
0<
1
3n x
2 , th
jSn+m (x) Sn (x)j = 2n+1 sin
1
3n+1 x
+ + 2n+m sin
1
3n+m x
2 1
2 1
+ + 2n+m sin
n+1
3 x
3n+m x
2
= 2n+1 n+1 :
3 x
= 2n+1 sin
t x =
1
,
3n
ta thu c
1
1 2n+2
23
Sn+m
:
n
3n
3n
3
3
(g) S hi t u ca chui suy ra t tiu chun Weierstrass. Ta c
x2
x2
a2
ln 1 +
<
;
n ln2 n
n ln2 n
n ln2 n
v chui
1
P
n=2
a2
n ln2 n
3.2.3. t S(x) =
1
P
hi t theo tiu chun c c Cauchy.
fn (x) v Sn (x) =
n=1
n
P
fk (x). Khi
k=1
supfS(x) Sn (x) : x 2 [0; 1]g = 1=(n + 1);

suy ra chui hi t u trn [0; 1]. V supffn (x) : x 2 [0; 1]g = 1=n, tiu chun
Weierstrass khng th p dng.
3.2.4. Ta c
n
X
x
((k 1)x + 1)(kx + 1)
k=1
n
X
1
1
1
=1
:
=
(k
1)x
+
1
kx
+
1
nx
+
1
k=1
Sn (x) =
f (x) = lim Sn (x) =

n!1
R rng, f khng lin tc ti 0.
0
1
nu x = 0;
nu x > 0:
335
3.2.5.
(a) Chui hi t tuyt i trn R, v
1 n
1
X
x sin(nx) X
jxjn
= ejxj :
n!
n!
n=0
n=0
R rng, chui hi t u trn mi khong b chn. Vy, tnh lin tc

ca tng suy t kt qu trong 1.2.34.
(b) V
1
X
n=0
n2
jxj
1
X
n=0
jxjn =
1
;
1 jxj
chui hi t tuyt i trn (1; 1). Ngoi ra, chui hi t u trn mi

khong con compact ca (1; 1). Vy tng lin tc trn (1; 1).
(c) Chui hi t tuyt i vi 1=2 < x < 1=2, v nh trong (a), c th
chng minh rng tng ca n lin tc trn (1=2; 1=2).
(d) Chui hi t tuyt i vi 1=e 1 < x < e 1, v tng ca n lin tc

trn (1=e 1; e 1).
3.2.6. R rng, chui hi t vi x = 0. S dng, chng hn, kt qu trong

I, 3.2.16, ta thy rng chui hi t nu 0 < jxj < 1. Nu jxj 1, chui phn
k. L lun tng t nh trong li gii ca bi ton trc, tng lin tc trn
min hi t.
3.2.7. Trc ht ch rng chui
1
X
sin(n2 x)
n=1
n2
hi t u trn R, vy tng S~ ca n lin tc trn R. Ngoi ra, nu Sn (x) =

x sin(k2 x)
~ . Do , tng ca chui cho cng lin tc
, th lim Sn (x) = xS(x)
2
k
trn R.
n!1
Chng 2. Vi phn
336
3.2.8. Gi s
1
P
fn (x) hi t u trn A ti S . iu c ngha rng
n=1
dn = sup jSn (x) S(x)j ! 0;

n!1
x2A
y Sn (x) =
n
P
fk (x). V f b chn, ta cng c
k=1
d0n = sup jf (x)Sn (x) f (x)S(x)j ! 0:

n!1
x2A
thy rng tnh b chn ca f l khng b c, ly A = (0; 1]; f (x) = x1 ,

1
1
P
P
1
1
v fn (x) = 2n1
. Khi , chui
fn (x) hi t u trn A, nhng
f (x)
x n
n=1
n=1
khng hi t u trn A, bi v
X 1
2
sup
= +1:
fk (x) = sup
x2(0;1) x2n
x
x2(0;1)
k=n+1
D thy rng nu
1
f
3.2.9. Vi x 2 A, chui
b chn trn A, th chiu ngc li ng.

1
P
(1)n fn (x) hi t theo tiu chun Leibniz. Ngoi
n=1
ra, theo kt qu trong I, 3.4.14,

1
sup jrn (x)j = sup

(1)k+1 fk (x) sup fn+1 (x):
x2A
x2A
x2A
k=n+1
Kt hp vi iu kin (3), suy ra tnh hi t u ca chui cho trn A.
3.2.10. Ba chui (a),(b) v (c) tho mn gi thit ca bi ton trc.

3.2.11. Theo bt n thc Cauchy,

!1=2
n+m
!1=2
n+m
n+m
X
X
X
2
2
sup
ck fk (x)
ck
sup
fk (x)
:
x2A
x2A
k=n
k=n
k=n
Vy ch cn p dng tiu chun Cauchy cho s hi t u.
3.2.12.
(a) A =
337
1 1
1 1
1
;
v
B
=
;
.
Chui
hi
t
u
trn
; , bi v
6 2
6 2
6 3
1
X 1
j6x 2jn+1
1
sup
2k (3x 1)k sup
=
:
x2[ 1 ; 1 ] n + 1
k
n+1
x2[ 1 ; 1 ] k=n+1
6 3
6 3
(b) A = 1; 12 v B = 1; 12 . Chui hi t u trn [2; 1], bi

v
1
X 1 x + 1 k
X
1
sup
:
x
k2k
x2[2;1] k=n+1 k
k=n+1
3.2.13. Tch phn tng phn, c

Sn (x) =
n
X
fk (x)gk (x) =
k=1
n
X
k=1
Gk (x)(fk (x) fk+1 (x)) + Gn (x)fn (x):
iu ny cng vi gi thit (3), suy ra
jSn+m (x) Sn (x)j
n+m1
=
Gk (x)(fk (x) fk+1 (x)) + Gn+m (x)fn+m (x) Gn (x)fn (x)
k=n
n+m1
!
X
M
jfk (x) fk+1 (x)j + jfn+m (x)j + jfn(x)j :
k=n
By gi vi " > 0 cho trc. Khi , t (1) v (2) suy ra rng, vi m 2 N v

vi n ln
sup jSn+m (x) Sn (x)j

x2A
n+m1
!
X
M sup
jfk (x) fk+1 (x)j + jfn+m (x)j + jfn (x)j < ":
x2A
k=n
Vy c th p dng tiu chun Cauchy cho s hi t u i vi
1
P
fn (x)gn (x).
n=1
chng minh tiu chun Dirichlet cho s hi t u, ch rng tnh

n iu v s hi t u ti 0 ca ffn (x)g ko theo (1) v (2). Ngoi ra,
Chng 2. Vi phn
338
v dy cc tng ring ca
1
P
gn (x) b chn u trn A, ta thy iu kin (3)
n=1
cng c tho mn. Do , chui
1
P
n=1
3.2.14. Ta dng tiu chun Dirichlet cho s hi t u.

(a) Ly fn (x) =
1
n
v gn (x) = (1)n xn :
(b) y, ta ly
fn (x) =
v ch rng
1
n
v gn (x) = sin(nx)
X
1
1
sin(kx)
:
sin 2
sin
2
k=1
(c) V
n
n
X
2
sin(k 2 x) sin(kx) =
cos(k(k 1)x) cos(k(k + 1)x)
k=1
k=1
= j1 cos(n(n + 1)x)j 2
1
n+x2
gim v hi t u ti khng, chui hi t u trn R theo
tiu chun Dirichlet.

(d) Ta c
1
X
sin(nx) arctg(nx)
n=1
()
1
X
n=1
1
P
n=1
sin(nx)
n
sin(nx) arctg(nx) 2
sin(nx)
n
hi t u trn [; 2 ] (xem (b)), dy cc tng ring
b chn u. Ngoi ra, dy farctg(nx) =2g v tho mn tiu chun
339
Cauchy cho s hi t u trn [; 2 ], bi v
mx
1 + (m + n)nx2
mx
arctg
(m + n)nx2
1
arctg :
n
arctg((m + n)x) arctg(nx) = arctg
Vy farctg(nx) =2g hi t u ti 0. Theo (), suy ra chui cho

hi t u trn A.
(e) Ta c
1
1
X
X
1
1 1
(1)n+1 x =
(1)n+1 x :
n
n 2 n2
n=1
n=1
V
n
1
P
(1)n+1 12 hi t, dy cc tng ring b chn. Ngoi ra, dy

n
n=1o
1
gim v hi t u ti 0 trn [a; 1).
x
2
(f) Ch rng vi x 2 [o; 1),

n
X
1 (1)n
1
nx
(1)k+1 kx = x e 1:
e e +1
k=1
Ngoi ra, dy
p 1
n+x2
gim v hi t u ti 0 trn [0; 1).
3.2.15. Tch phn tng phn, c

Sn (x) =
n
X
fk (x)gk (x) =
k=1
y Gn (x) =
1
P
n
X
k=1
Gk (x)(fk (x) fk+1 (x)) + Gn (x)fn (x):
gk (x). Do f1 b chn trn A, iu kin (2) suy ra tn ti
n=1
M > 0 sao cho jfn (x)j M vi mi x 2 A v mi n 2 N. V fGn g hi t u
Chng 2. Vi phn
340
trn A, chng hn, ti G, ta c
Sn+m (x) Sn (x)

n+m1
X
Gk (x)(fk (x) fk+1 (x)) + Gn+m (x)fn+m (x) Gn (x)fn (x)
=
=
k=n
n+m1
X
k=n
(fk (x) fk+1 (x))(Gk (x) G(x))
+(Gn+m (x) G(x))fn+m (x) (Gn (x) G(x))fn (x):

Kt hp vi (2) v tnh b chn u ca ffn (x)g, suy ra fSn g tho mn tiu
chun Cauchy cho s hi t u.
chng minh tiu chun Abel cho s hi t u, ch cn ch rng

tnh n iu v tnh b chn u ca ffn g suy ra s hi t theo tng im
ti mt hm b chn, v nh vy, cc iu kin (1) v (2) c tho mn.
3.2.16.
(a) Dy farctg(nx)g tho mn cc iu kin (1) v (2) trong tiu chun
1
P
(1)n+1
hi t u trn R (xem
Abel cho s hi t u. Ngoi ra,
n+x2
n=1
3.2.10(a)).
(b) Tiu chun Abel cho s hi t u c th c p dng, bi v chui

1
X
(1)n+1
p
n + cosx
n=2
hi t u trn A (xem 3.2.10(c)) v dy cos nx b chn v n iu
vi n >
(c) Chui
2R
.
p
n]
1
X
(1)[
n=1
hi t (xem, chng hn, I, 3.4.8) v dy
p o
n
p
n+x
n iu v b chn
trn [0; 1). Vy c th dng tiu chun Abel cho s hi t u.
341
3.2.17. Kt qu suy trc tip t 3.1.30.

3.2.18. chng minh (a) v (b), c th dng kt qu trong 3.2.14, 3.2.17,
v trong I, 3.1.32(a).
(c) V
1
X
(xn xn+1 ) =
n=1
ta nhn c
(
x
0
vi x 2 [0; 1);
vi x = 1;
1
X
lim
(xn xn+1 ) = 1:
x!1
(d) Trc ht ch rng
1
P
n=1
n=1
1
2n nx
hi t u trn [0; 1) theo tiu chun
Weierstrass. Vy, theo bi ton trc
lim
x!0+
1
X
X 1
1
=
= 1:
2n nx
2n
n=1
n=1
(e) V
sup
chui
1
P
n=1
ta c
x2
1+n2 x2
x2
1
= 2;
2
2
1+n x
n
hi t u trn R. By gi, dng kt qu trong 3.1.30,

1
X
X 1
x2
2
lim
=
=
:
x!1
1 + n2 x2
n2
6
n=1
n=1
3.2.19. Trc ht quan st rng
1
P
an xn hi t du trn [0; 1]. iu ny suy
n=1
ra trc tip t tiu chun Abel cho s hi t u c pht biu trong 3.2.15,
1
P
an .
vi fn (x) = xn v gn (x) = an . By gi, theo 3.2.17, ta thy gii hn l
n=1
3.2.20. V fn lin tc trn [0; 1], ta thy rng

sup
n+m
X
x2[0;1) k=n
fk (x) = sup
n+m
X
x2[0;1] k=n
fk (x)
Chng 2. Vi phn
342
Vy theo tiu chun Cauchy, s hi t u ca

s hi t u ca
1
P
fn(x) trn [0; 1) ko theo
n=1
1
P
fn (x) trn [0; 1].
n=1
3.2.21. A = (0; 1). S hi t l khng u. Thc vy, nu chui hi t u

trn A, th theo kt qu trong bi ton trc, n s hi t vi x = 0, mu
thun.
3.2.22. Ch rng
rn (x) =
1
X
k=n+1
fk (x) = f (x) Sn (x);
y Sn (x) l tng ring th n ca
1
P
fn (x). Theo gi thit, dy frn (x)g n
n=1
iu v hi t ti 0 ti mi x c nh trong [a; b]
3.2.23. Khng. Xt
1
X
(1)n (1 x)xn ;
A = [0; 1]:
n=0
Theo kt qu c pht biu trong 3.2.9, chui ny hi t u trn A. Mt

1
P
(1 x)xn l
khc, tng ca chui
n=1
S(x) =
1
0
vi x 2 [0; 1);
vi x = 1:
V S khng lin tc, s hi t l khng u.
3.2.24. V fn n iu trn [a; b],

1
1
1
X
X
X
jrn (x)j =
fk (x)
jfk (x)j
maxfjfk (a)j; jfk (b)jg:
k=n+1
k=n+1
k=n+1
iu ny ch ra rng nu chui hi t tuyt i ti caca im mt ca khong
[a; b], th n hi t tuyt i v u trn ton khong [a; b].
343
3.2.25. Gi A l tp b chn khng cha cc phn t ca fan g. V
1
P
n=1
1
jan j
hi t, ta c lim jan j = +1. Do , c th chn n0 sao cho nu n n0 , th

n!1
jx an j 1 vi x 2 A. T , vi n ln,
1
1
1
1
1
=
x
;
jx an j
jan j j an j 1
jan j 1 jaMn j
y M = supjxj. Cui cng, quan st rng nu
x2A
cng hi t.
3.2.26. Vit
1
X
an
n=1
nx
1
X
an
n=1
1
P
n=1
1
,
jan j
th
1
P
n=1
1
jan j
1
1 jaM j
n
nx nxx0
v dng tiu chun Abel cho s hi t u (xem, chng hn, 3.2.15).
3.2.27. Ta ch ra trong li gii ca bi 3.2.7 rng chui cho hi t ti

mt hm lin tc trn R. By gi, ta chng minh rng s hi t l khng
u trn R.
Trc ht quan st rng nu n0 l, th tng
1
X
sin(n2 x)
n2
n=n
0
khc khng ti mi im xk =
+ 2k; k 2 N. Ngoi ra,
1
1
X
sin(n2 x) X sin(n20 2 )
=
:
n2
(n0 + 2l)2
n=n
(1)
Nu chui
1
P
n=n0
l=0
x)
x sin(n
hi t u ti f trn R, th vi " > 0 cho trc, tn
n2
ti s l n0 sao cho
nX
0 1
2
sin(n x)
x
f(x)
< " vi mi x 2 R:
n2
n=1
Chng 2. Vi phn
344
Ni ring, ta s c
0 1
f (x ) nX
2
sin(n
)
k
2
<
2
xk
n
n=1
v do ,
Mt khc, theo (1),
"
;
+ 2k
nX
0 1
sin(n2 2 )
f (xk )
lim
=
:
k!1 xk
n2
n=1
1
1
nX
0 1
X
sin(n2 2 )
f(xk ) X sin(n2 xk )
1
2
=
=
+
sin
n
;
0
2
2
2
xk
n
n
2
(n
+
2l)
0
n=1
n=1
l=0
mu thun vi
1
X
1
2
sin n0
6= 0:
2 l=0 (n0 + 2l)2
3.2.28. Khng nh suy trc tip t kt qu trong 3.1.31.

3.2.29. Theo nh l Weierstrass, chui
1
P
n=n0
ra, v
1
P
n=n0
1
n2 +x2
1
n2 +x2
hi t u trn R. Ngoi
2x
1
1
n2 + x2 = (n2 + x2 )2 n3 ;
cng hi t u trn R. T , theo kt qu trong bi ton trc,
f kh vi trn mi khong compact v do kh vi trn R.

3.2.30. Ch trc ht rng
1
P
n=n0
cos(nx)
1+n2
0
1
X
cos(nx)
n=1
1 + n2
hi t u trn R. Chui
1
X
n sin(nx)
n=1
1 + n2
hi t u trn khong c ch ra theo tiu chun Dirichlet cho s hi t

u c pht biu trong 3.2.13. V vy, tnh kh vi ca f suy t 3.2.28.
3.2.31. Chui
1
P
n=n0
345
(1)n+1 ln 1 + nx hi t, chng hn, vi x = 0. Chui
1
1
X
1
x 0 X
n+1
(1)
ln 1 +
=
(1)n+1
n
n+x
n=1
n=1
hi t u trn [0; 1) theo kt qu c pht biu trong 3.2.9. Vy theo kt
qu trong 3.2.28, f kh vi trn [0; 1) v

1
X
1
f (0) =
(1)n+1 = ln 2;
n
n=1
0
1
X
f (1) =
(1)n+1
0
n=1
1
= 1 ln 2:
n=1
Cui cng, p dng 3.1.30, ta c lim f 0 (x) = 0:

x!1
3.2.32. Theo tiu chun Abel cho s hi t u (xem, chng hn, 3.2.15).
1
1
P
P
(1)n+1
(1)n+1 p1n arctg pxn hi t u trn R. Chui
cng hi t u
n+x2
n=1
n=1
trn R (xem 3.2.10(a)). Vy c th p dng 3.2.28.
3.2.33. R rng, chui
1
P
sin(nx2 )
1+n3
n=1
hi t u trn R. Chui
1
P
2nx cos(nx2 )
n=1
1+n3
hi
t u trn mi khong b chn. V vy, theo 3.2.28, f 0 lin tc trn mi

khong b chn v nh vy f 0 lin tc trn R.
3.2.34. Theo tiu chun Weierstrass, chui cho v chui

1
X
p
n n(tg x)n1
n=n0
1
cos2 x
hi t u trn mi khong con compact ca (=4; =4). V vy, theo 3.2.28,
f 0 lin tc trn (=4; =4).

3.2.35. Theo tiu chun Weierstrass, chui cho hi t trn [0; 1). Li
theo tiu chun Weierstrass, ta thy chui
1
X
nenx
n=0
1 + n2
Chng 2. Vi phn
346
hi t u trn mi khong [a; 1); a > 0. Vy f thuc C 1 (0; 1). Lp li

1
P
(1)k nk enx
hi t u trn mi
qa trnh trn k ln, ta kt lun rng
1+n2
n=n0
1
[a:1); a > 0. iu ny ch ra rng f 2 C (0; 1).

Nu f 0 (0) tn ti, th do
1
X enx 1
f (x) f(0) X enx 1
=
x
x(1 + n2 ) n=0 x(1 + n2 )
n=0
vi x > 0 v N 1, ta nhn c
N
f (x) f (0) X n
lim+
:
x!0
x
1 + n2
n=0
Chuyn qua gii hn khi N ! 1, ta thu c f 0 (0) 1, mu thun.
3.2.36. R rng, chui hi t u trn mi khong b chn. Vy f lin tc

trn R. Ngoi ra, vi x 6= 0,
0 X
1
1
X
jxj
n2 sgn(x) xjxj
=
:
x2 + n2
(x2 + n2 )2
n=1
n=1
Vy chui hi t u trn mi khong b chn khng cha 0. Do , f 0 lin
tc ti x 6= 0. By gi, ta ch ra rng f 0 (0) khng tn ti. V
!
1
f (h) f (0)
jhj X
1
=
h
h n=1 h2 + n2
v (xem, chng hn, 3.2.17)
lim
h!0
gii hn lim
h!0
f (h)f (0)
h
1
X
n=1
X 1
1
2
=
=
;
h2 + n2
n2
6
n=1
khng tn ti.
3.2.37. Trc ht quan st rng chui
1
P
n=1
1
nx
hi t u trn mi khong
[x0 ; 1); x0 > 1 (xem, chng hn, 3.2.26). Vy hm Rieman lin tc trn
(1; 1). Vi k 2 N, chui
347
1
k
X
k ln n
(1)
nx
n=1
(1)
cng hi t u trn mi [x0 ; 1); x0 > 1, bi v

x0 1
lnk n
n 2
1
= x0 +1
x
n
nx0
n 2
vi n ln. Do , mi o hn cp k ca hm Rieman lin tc trn
(1; 1).
3.2.38. Theo (1), tn ti x0 2 (0; 1] sao cho f (x0 ) 6= 0. By gi, theo (2) v
theo cng thc Taylor vi phn d dng Lagrange, ta c
f (x0 ) =
f (n) (n )xn0
;
n!
y n 2 (0; 1). T ,
n!f (x0 )
:
xn0
By gi, (3) suy ra rng sup an f (n) (x) ! 0. iu ny c ngha vi " > 0
()
f (n) (n ) =
n!1
x2[0;1]
cho trc, tn ti n0 sao cho nu n > n0 , th jan f (n) (n )j < ". T () suy ra
rng
jn!an j <
"xn0
:
jf (x0 )j
3.2.39. R rng, vi x 2 Z, ta c fn (x) = 0. Vy
1
P
fn (x) = 0. By gi, t
n=1
x = rs , y r; s nguyn t cng nhau v s > 1. Nu p l s nguyn t khc

s, th fp (x) p1s . Thc vy, vi mi a 2 Z,
r a jrp asj
1
=
:
s p
sp
sp
Do ,
1
X
n=1
fn (x)
X 1
;
sp
p2P
Chng 2. Vi phn
348
y P k hiu tp cc s nguyn t khc s. Vy (xem, chng hn, I, 3.2.72)

1
P
fn (x) phn k vi mi x 2 Q n Z. Vi x v t, t
chui
n=1
A=
1
1
n 2 N : < nx [nx] <
;
4
2
A(m) = ]fn 2 A : n < mg;
y ]B l s cc phn t ca tp B. Do vi x v t, s nx [nx] phn
b u theo modulo 1(xem, chng hn, nh l 25.1 trong P. Billingsley,
Probability and Measure, Wiley, New York, 1979, pp. 282-283), suy ra rng
P 1
1
lim A(m)
=
.
Do
,
= +1. Ch rng vi n 2 A,
m
4
4n
m!1
n2A
fn (x) = x
Suy ra rng
1
P
[nx]
1
:
n
4n
fn (x) phn k vi mi x 2 R n Q.
n=1
3.2.40. V g b chn, chui hi t u trn R ti f . T , f lin tc trn R.

Ta phi ch ra rng f khng u kh vi. Chn tu s thc x v s nguyn
dng n. Nu tn ti s nguyn trong 4m x; 4m x + 12 , th khng tn ti s

nguyn trong (4m x 12 ; 4m x). Vy ta lun tm c n = 12 4m sao cho khng
tn ti s nguyn trong khong m vi cc im mt 4m x v 4m (x+m ). Theo
nh ngha ca g ,
n
(
g(4 (x + m )) g(4m x)
= 0
m
4m
nu n > m;
nu 0 n m:
Ch y rng, vi m c nh,
g(4n (x + m )) g(4m x)
m
349
c cng du vi n = 0; 1; : : : ; m. T
1 n
n
n
f (4n (x + m )) f (4m x) X
g(4
(x
+
))
g(4
x)
3
m
4
m
n=0
m n
X
3
g(4n (x + m )) g(4n x)
n=0 4
m
m n
X
3
=
4n
4
n=0
3m+1 1
:
2
f (x+h)f (x)
h
h!0
V lim m = 0, suy ra t trn rng lim

m!1
khng tn ti. iu
ny ch ra rng f khng u kh vi. th ca ba tng ring u tin
S0 (x); S1 (x); S2 (x) ca chui xc nh f c v phc di y.
3.3 Chui lu tha

3.3.1. Xc nh R l supremum ca tp cc s r 2 [0; 1) sao cho fan jrn g l
dy b chn. Nu R dng, th vi 0 < R, tn ti hng s dng, chng
p
hn C , sao cho jan jn C . T , lim n jan j 1 . V bt ng thc cui
n!1
ng vi mi 2 [0; R), ta c
(i)
lim
n!1
p
n
jan j
1
:
R
Ch rng bt ng thc (i) cng ng vi R = 0. ch ra bt ng thc

ngc li cng ng, gi s rng R < 1; th vi > R, dy fan jn g khng
b chn. Do , n cha mt dy con sao cho jank jnk 1. Vy
q
p
1
n
nk
lim jan j lim
jank j :
n!1
n!1
V > R c chn tu , ta nhn c
(ii)
lim
n!1
p
n
jan j
1
:
R
Chng 2. Vi phn
350
Ch rng (ii) hin nhin ng vi R = 1. Kt hp (i) v (ii), ta c R1 =

1
p
P
lim n jan j. By gi, theo tiu chun cn, chui
an (x x0 )n hi t tuyt
n!1
n=0
i vi jx x0 j < R v phn k vi jx x0 j > R.
3.3.2.
(a) Bn knh hi t ca chui l 1, v v vy chui hi t vi jxj < 1, phn
k vi jxj > 1. Vi x = 1; 1, chui phn k. Vy khong hi t l
khong m (1; 1).
(b) Bn knh hi t l +1, v v th chui hi t vi mi x 2 R.

(c) Min hi t l khong ng [1=2; 1=2].
(d) Ta c
p
1
= lim n (2 + (1)n )n = 3:
R n!1
Vy chui hi t trn (1=3; 1=3). R rng, chui phn k ti cc im

mt ca khong hi t.
(e) V
1
2 + (1)n
3
= lim
= ;
n+1
R n!1 5 + (1)
4
chui hi t trn (4=3; 4=3). Ti cc im mt, chui phn k.
(f) V
p
p
1
n2
2n = 1;
= lim n jan j = lim
n!1
R n!1
ta c th d dng tm ra khong hi t l (1; 1).

(g) V
p 2
p
1
n!
2n = 1;
= lim n jan j = lim
n!1
R n!1
ta c th d dng tm ra khong hi t l (1; 1).
(h) Ta c
351
(1)n n
p
1
1
n
= lim n!1 jan j = lim n!1 1 +
= e:
R
n
V vy, chui hi t trn (1=e; 1=e). Ti cc im mt, chui phn k

v khng tho mn iu kin cn cho s hi t. Thc vy, nu x = 1=e,
th
2
lim a2n
n!1
1 4n
(1 + 2n
)
= lim
= e1=2
2n
n!1
e
v nu x = 1=e, th lim ja2n j = e1=2 .

n!1
3.3.3.
(a) Bn knh hi t l
p
p
p
2 v khong hi t l [1 2; 1 + 2].
(b) Bn knh hi t ca
1
P
n=1
n
yn
n+1
l 1. Vy chui
1
P
n=1
n
n+1
2x+1 n
x
hi t trn
(1=3; 1=3). R rng n phn k ti x = 1 v x = 1=3.

(c) Bn knh hi t ca
1
P
n4n
n=1
3n
y n l 3=4. Do , chui
1
P
n4n
n=1
3n
xn (1 x)n hi
t trn (1=2; 3=2). Ta c th d dng thy rng n phn k ti cc

im mt.
(d) V bn knh hi t l 4, chui hi
n t2 trn
o (3; 5). Vi x = 5, chui phn
4n n iu tng. Vi x = 3, ta
k v dy cc s hng ca n (n!)
(2n)!
1
P
2
nhn c chui
(1)n (n!)
4n , phn k v khng tho mn iu kin
(2n)!
n=1
cn cho s hi t.
(e) Bn knh hi t ca
trn tp
1 p
1 p
P
P
ny n l 1. V vy, chui
n(tg x)n hi t
n=1
n=1
+ n; + n :
4
4
n2Z
Nu x = 4 + n hoc x =
+ n , chui phn k.
Chng 2. Vi phn
352
(f) Min hi t l
(1; tg 1) [ (tg 1; 1)
.
3.3.4.
(a) Gi s rng, chng hn, R1 < R2 . Khi , vi jxj < R1 , chui
1
P
(an +
n=0
bn )xn hi t v n l tng ca hai chui hi t. Vi R1 < jxj < R2 ,

chui phn k v n l tng ca chui hi t v chui phn k. Vy,
R = R1 = minfR1 ; R2 g. Nu R1 = R2 , th r rng R R1 . ch ra bt
ng thc c th ngt, t an = 1; bn = 1 vi n = 0; 1; 2; : : : . Khi ,
R1 = R2 = 1 v R = 1.
(b) V rng (xem, chng hn, I, 2.4.16)
p
p
p
1
1
1
= lim n jan bn j lim n jan j lim n jbn j =
;
n!1
n!1
R n!1
R1 R2
ta thu c R R1 R2 . V d sau y ch ra rng bt ng thc c th
ngt. t
a2n = 0; a2n+1 = 1;
b2n = 1; b2n+1 = 0;
n = 0; 1; 2; : : : :
Khi , R1 = R2 = 1 v R = 1.
3.3.5.
(a) Suy ra t
an =
an
bn
bn
v t (b) trong bi ton trc rng R1 RR2 . thy rng bt ng

1
1
P
P
an xn v
bn xn , y
thc c th ngt, xt, chng hn, chui
n=0
(
1
an =
2n
vi n chn;
vi n l:
n=0
(
2n
bn =
1
353
vi n chn;
vi n l:
Khi , R1 = R2 = R = 1=2.
(b) Ch cn chng minh rng nu jxj < minfR1 ; R2 g, th theo nh l
1
P
an xn
Mertens (xem, chng hn, I, 3.6.1) tch Cauchy ca cc chui
v
1
P
n=0
bn x
n=0
hi t. V d sau y ch ra rng bt ng thc R
minfR1 ; R2 g c th ngt. Tch Cauchy ca

n
3
a0 = 1; an =
;
2
l
1
P
3
n=0
1
P
an xn v
n=0
1
P
bn xn , y
n=0
n1
3
1
n
b0 = 1; bn =
2 + n+1
2
2
xn (xem, chng hn, I,3.6.11). Ta c R1 = 2=3; R2 = 1=3 v
R = 4=3. V d tip theo ch ra R c th v hn mc d c R1 v R2

u hu hn. Nu
(
2
nu n = 0;
an =
n
2
nu n = 1; 2; : : : :
v
bn =
1
1
nu n = 0;
nu n = 1; 2; : : : :
th R1 = 1=2; R2 = 1 v R = +1.
3.3.6. Ta s dng 3.3.1(2).

(a) Vi 0 < " < L, tn ti n0 sao cho nu n n0 , th
r
r
p
n L "
n L + "
n jan j
:
n
n
p
T , lim n jan j = 1 v R = 1.
n!1
Chng 2. Vi phn
354
(b) Nh trong (a), c th ch ra rng R = .

(c) R = 1.
3.3.7.
(a) V lim
n!1
p
n
j2n an j = n2 , bn knh hi t bng 12 R.

1
R
(b) Nu " > 0 nh sao cho
n
Do , lim
n!1
(c) V lim
n!1
n
p
n
n!
p
n
" > 0, th vi v hn n,
1
jan j > n
" :
R
p
n
jan j = +1 v R = 0.
= e, ta thy rng bn knh hi t l R=e (xem, chng hn,
I, 2.4.20).
(d) Do tn ti dy cc s nguyn dng fnk g sao cho
1
= lim
R k!1
nk
jank j;
ta kt lun rng bn knh hi t l R2 .
3.3.8. Suy trc tip t kt qu trong 3.1.25 rng nhng chui lu tha duy
nht nh vy l cc a thc.
3.3.9. Bn knh hi t ca chui l +1. o hm tng t, ta c
0
f (x) =
1
X
n=0
x2n+1
(2n + 1)!!
!0
=1+
1
X
n=0
x2n
= 1 + xf (x):
(2n 1)!!
3.3.10. Nh trong li gii ca bi ton trc, vi x 2 R, ta c

00
f (x) + f (x) + f (x) =
1
X
xn
n=0
n!
= ex :
355
3.3.11. Vi x 2 (1; 1), t

g(x) =
f(xx0 ) f (x0 )
:
x1
Khi , lim g(x) = x0 f 0 (x0 ). Ngoi ra (xem, chng hn, I, 3.6.4),

x!1
X
1
1
g(x) =
(f (x0 ) Sn (x0 ))xn :
f (x0 )
f (x0 x) =
1x
1x
n=0
Vy nu 0 < x < 1 v m = 0; 1; 2; : : : , ta nhn c
1
X
g(x) =
(f (x0 ) Sn (x0 ))xn > (f (x0 ) Sm (x0 ))xm :
n=0
Do , x0 f 0 (x0 ) = lim g(x) f (x0 ) Sm (x0 ) > 0:

x!1
3.3.12. Trc ht ta chng minh rng
1
P
an xn;
n=0
1
P
Sn xn v
n=0
1
P
(n + 1)Tn xn hi
n=0
t vi jxj < 1. Do fTn g b chn, tn ti C > 0 sao cho jTn j C vi mi n.
Khi , vi jxj < 1,
1
1
X
X
n
(n + 1)jTn x j
(n + 1)Cjxjn =
n=0
S hi t ca
1
P
n=0
C
:
(1 jxj)2
Sn xn vi jxj < 1 suy ra t ng thc
n=0
N
N
X
X
(n + 1)Sn xn = S0 +
((n + 1)Tn nTn1 )xn :
n=0
Tng t, v
N
P
n=0
an xn = a0 +
n=0
theo s hi t ca
1
P
N
P
n=0
n
(Sn Sn1 )xn , s hi t ca chui
an x vi jxj < 1.
1
P
Sn xn ko
n=0
n=0
Cc ng thc pht biu suy t nh l Mertens (xem, chng hn, I,

3.6.1).
Chng 2. Vi phn
356
3.3.13. Ta c
1
X
jxj
jf 0 (x)j
1 jxj
n=0
jxjn
[log2 n]
= @
X
k=0
1
X
1
X
2k x2 =
n=1
k=0
A jxjn
njxjn = 2
n=1
1
X
0
@
A jxjn
2k n
jxj
:
(1 jxj)2
Vy bt ng thc cn chng minh c tho mn vi M = 2.
3.3.14. S hi t u ca
1
P
an xn trn [0; 1] suy t tiu chun Abel cho s
n=0
hi t u (xem li gii ca 3.2.19). chng minh (2), ch cn p dng

3.1.30 (cng xem li gii ca 3.2.19).
3.3.15. Chng ta trc ht ch ra rng

lim f (x) lim Sn :
(1)
x!1
n!1
Ta c (xem 3.3.12)
f (x) = (1 x)
(2)
1
X
Sn xn
vi jxj < 1:
n=0
Nu lim Sn = +1, th (1) l r rng. Nu lim Sn = S 2 R, th theo (2), ta c

n!1
(3)
n!1
1
X
S f (x) = (1 x)
(S Sn )xn :
n=0
Gi " > 0 cho trc. Khi , tn ti n0 sao cho Sn < S + " bt c khi no
357
n > n0 . Vy, theo (3), vi x 2 (0; 1),

n0
1
X
X
n
S f (x) (1 x)
(S Sn )x "(1 x)
xn
= (1 x)
(1 x)
n=0
n0
X
n=n0 +1
(S Sn )xn "xn0 +1
n=0
n0
X
n=0
(S Sn )xn "
Do ,
f (x) S + " (1 x)
n0
X
(S Sn )xn :
n=0
V tn ti > 0 sao cho nu x 2 (1 ; 1), th
n0
n
(S Sn )x < ";
(1 x)
n=0
ta thy rng f(x) S + 2". Vy (1) c chng minh trong trng hp
lim Sn . By gi, nu lim Sn = 1, th r rng, lim Sn = 1. Vy vi
n!1
n!1
n!1
M 2 R, c th chn n1 sao cho nu n > n1 , th Sn < M . Do , vi x 2 (0; 1),

ta c
1
n1
X
X
n
M f (x) = (1 x)
(M Sn )x + (1 x)
(M Sn )xn
n=0
n=n1 +1
n1
X
= (1 x)
(M Sn )xn :
n=0
Vy f (x) M (1x)
n1
P
(M Sn )xn . V tn ti > 0 sao cho nu x 2 (1; 1),
n=0
th
n0
(M Sn )xn < "

(1 x)
n=0
ta thu c f(x) M + ". T
lim f(x) lim f (x) M:
x!1
x!1
Chng 2. Vi phn
358
V M c th c chn tu , suy ra lim f (x) = 1. iu ny kt thc

x!1
chng minh ca (1). Bt ng thc
lim Sn lim f (x)
x!1
x!1
c thit lp tng t.
3.3.16. t
An =
1
P
k=0
kjak j
n
Khi , lim An = 0 (xem, chng hn, I, 2.3.2). Theo gi thit, nu xn = 1 n1 ,

n!1
th lim f(xn ) = L. Vy, vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti n0 sao cho nu n n0 ,

n!1
th
t Sn =
"
jf (xn ) Lj < ;
3
n
P
An <
"
3
"
v njan j < :
3
ak , ta c
k=0
1
n
X
X
k
Sn L = f (x) L +
ak (1 x )
ak xk ;
k=0
k=n+1
jxj < 1:
By gi, ch rng nu x 2 (0; 1), th
(1 xk ) = (1 x)(1 + x + + xk1 ) k(1 x):

Do ,
n
X
jSn Lj jf(x) Lj + (1 x) kjak j +
k=0
Cui cng, ly x = xn, ta c
jSn Lj
3.3.17. Xt, chng hn, chui
1
P
" " "

+ + = ":
3 3 3
(1)n xn .
n=0
"
:
3n(1 x)
359
3.3.18. T nh l Abel (xem 3.3.14), suy ra rng nu chui
1
P
an hi t,
n=1
th gii hn lim f (x) tn ti. ch ra chiu ngc li ng, gi s rng

x!1
lim f (x) = g 2 R. Khi , theo gi thit, vi 0 < x < 1, ta nhn c
x!1
k
X
n=1
T ,
k
P
n=1
an = lim
x!1
3.3.19. Xc nh
k
P
an xn f (x) g;
k 2 N:
an xn g , suy ra s hi t ca
n=1
b0 = 0;
bn = a1 = 2a2 + + nan ;
1
P
an .
n=1
n 2 N:
Khi
f (x) = a0 +
1
X
bn bn1
n=1
= a0 +
= a0 +
1
X
n=1
1
X
n=1
bn
bn
= a0 + (1 x)
bn
n!1 n+1
V lim
xn
xn+1
xn
n
n+1
xn xn+1
xn
+
n+1
n(n + 1)
1
1
X
bn n X
bn
x +
xn :
n
+
1
n(n
+
1)
n=1
n=1
= 0, c th chng minh rng
lim (1 x)
x!1
1
X
bn n
x = 0:
n
+
1
n=1
By gi, p dng nh l Tauber, ta nhn c

1
X
n=1
bn
= L a0 :
n(n + 1)
Chng 2. Vi phn
360
Ngoi ra
lim
N!1
N
X
n=1
bn
=
n(n + 1)
lim
N!1
lim
N!1
Vy
1
P
lim
N!1
N
X
bn
n=1
1
1
n n+1
N
X bn bn1 )
n
n=1
N
X
bN
N +1
an :
n=1
an = L.
n=0
3.3.20. Suy ra t s hi t ca chui
1
P
na2n v kt qu trong I,3.5.9(b) rng
n=1
a21 + 22 a22 + + n2 a2n

= 0:
n!1
n
lim
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy
n
X
kak
k=1
!2
n
X
k 2 a2k
k=1
Do ,
lim
n!1
Pn
k=1
kak
Pn
k=1
k 2 a2k
= 0:
kt qu cn chng minh suy t bi ton trc.
3.3.21. Ly " > 0. Theo gi thit, tn ti n0 2 N sao cho nu n > n0 , th
361
jan Abn j < "bn . Vy, vi x 2 (0; 1),

1
jf(x) Ag(x)j = (an Abn )xn

n=0
n
1
0
X
X
(an Abn )xn +

(an Abn )xn
n=0
n0
X
n=0
n0
X
n=0
n=n0 +1
jan Abn j + "
1
X
bn xn
n=n0 +1
jan Abn j + "g(x):
V lim g(x) = +1, vi x gn 1, ta c

x!1
n0
X
n=0
jan Abnj + "g(x):
T , jf (x) Ag(x)j < 2"g(x) vi x gn 1.
3.3.22. Ch rng theo nh l Mertens (xem, chng hn, I, 3.6.1),

f (x) = (1 x)
1
X
n=0
Sn x
v g(x) = (1 x)
1
X
Tn xn
n=0
vi jxj < 1. Vy t kt qu trong bi ton trc, ta c
f(x)
=
lim
x!1 g(x)
f (x)
1x
g(x)
1x
= A:
3.3.23. Xt
1
X
1
f (x) =
(n + 1)x2n
= (1 x)
(1 x)2 (1 x)
n=0
1
X
(n + 1)(x2n x2n+1 )
n=0
Chng 2. Vi phn
362
Khi , lim
x!1
lim Sn
n!1 Tn
f (x)
g(x)
X
1
g(x) =
xn :
=
1 x n=0
= 14 . Mt khc, v S2n=1 = 0; S2n = n + 1 v Tn = n, gii hn
khng tn ti.
3.3.24. Vi x 2 (0; 1),

f (x)
(1)
n
X
k=0
ak xk xn Sn ;
1
bi v tt c cc h s an khng m. t x = e n , ta c
1
e1 Sn f e n :
Vy, theo gi thit, vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti n0 sao cho nu n n0 , th
e1 Sn
A+"
1
1 e n
< 2(A + ")n:
Bt ng thc cui cng suy ra t lim ln 1

n!1
(1)
1 n
2n
= 12 > 1. Vy ta c
Sn A2 n vi A2 2(A + ")e no :
By gi, theo (2), ta c
f (x) = (1 x)
1
X
Sn xn
n=0
n1
X
< (1 x)Sn
k=0
x + A2 (1 x)
< Sn + A2 nxn +
n+1
A2 x
:
1x
1
X
k=n
Nu trong (1) t x = e=n ; > 0, ta nhn c

A"
n
f e n =
> (A ") :
1e n
kxk
363
Bt ng thc cui suy t e n > 1 n . Do ,
(A ")
n
2A2 ne
< Sn + A2 ne +
;
hay ni cch khc
Sn > n
A " 2A2 e A2 e
:
Nu ly n ln, ta nhn c Sn > A1 n vi hng s dng A1 no .
3.3.25. Ta bt u vi mt s kin thc chun b s dng trong chng minh

ca nh l. Gi s rng ' lin tc trn [0; 1] tr im c 2 (0; 1) m ti
cc gii hn mt pha '(c+ ); '(c ) tn ti v '(c) = '(c+ ) hoc '(c) = '(c ).
By gi, ta s ch ra rng vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti cc a thc P1 v P2
sao cho
Z 1
Z 1
(P2 (x) '(x)) dx < " v
('(x) P1 (x)) dx < "
0
lm vy, gi s, chng hn, rng '(c ) < '(c+ ) v '(c) = '(c+ ). R

rng, c th chn 1 > 0 nh sao cho bt ng thc j'(c 1 ) '(x)j < "=4
ng vi x 2 (c 1 ; c). t
M = supfj'(x) '(c)j : x 2 (c 1 ; c)g

v ly < minf1 ; "=(4M ); c; 1 cg. By gi nh ngha
(
'(x)
nu x 2 [0; c ] [ [c; 1];
g(x) =
maxfl(x); '(x)g
nu x 2 (c ; c);
y l(x) l hm tuyn tnh sao cho l(c ) = '(c ) v l(c) = '(c). Khi
, g lin tc v ' g trn [0; 1]. Theo nh l xp x ca Weierstrass (xem,

chng hn, 3.1.33), tn ti a thc P2 sao cho
jg(x) P2 (x)j <
"
2
vi x 2 [0; 1]:
Chng 2. Vi phn
364
Cng nh vy, ta nh ngha

(
'(x)
h(x) =
minfl1 (x); '(x)g
nu x 2 [0; c] [ [c + ; 1];
nu x 2 [c; c + );
y l1 (x) l hm tuyn tnh sao cho l1 (c) = '(c ) v l1 (c + ) = '(c + ).

R rng, h lin tc v h ' trn [0; 1]. Theo nh l xp x ca Weierstrass,
tn ti a thc P1 sao cho
jh(x) P1 (x)j <
"
2
(g(x) '(x)) dx =
vi x 2 [0; 1]:
Ngoi ra, ta c
(c;c)
(g(x) '(x)) dx:
Nu t
A = fx 2 (c ; ) : g(x) = l(x)g v B = (c ; c) n A;
th ta nhn c
Z
Z
(g(x) '(x)) dx =
(g(x) '(x)) dx
(c;c)
A
Z
jl(x) '(x)j dx
(c;c)
Z
(j'(x) '(c )j + j'(c ) l(x)j dx

(c;c)
<
"
"
+M < :
4
2
2
Suy ra t trn rng
(P2 (x) '(x)) dx

Z 1
Z 1
(P2 (x) g(x)) dx +
(g(x) '(x)) dx < ":
=
0
365
Hon ton tng t, c th chng minh rng
('(x) P1 (x)) dx < ":
By gi, ta chng minh nh l ca Hardy v Littlewood. Khng mt tng

qut, c th gi s rng A = 1. Trc ht, ta ch ra rng
lim (1 x)
x!1
1
X
an x P (x ) =
n=0
P (t) dt
0
vi mi a thc P . R rng, ch cn chng minh ng thc ng cho P (x) =
xk . Ta c,
lim (1 x)
x!1
1
X
1
X
1x
k+1
(1
x
)
an x(k+1)n
x!1 1 xk+1
n=0
Z 1
1
=
=
tk dt:
k+1
0
an xn+kn =
n=0
lim
By gi, xc nh ' bi
'(x) =
(
0
vi 0 x < e1 ;
vi e1 x 1:
1
x
Ta phi chng minh rng
lim (1 x)
(1)
x!1
1
X
an x '(x ) =
'(t) dt = 1:
n=0
Suy ra t cc chun b phn u li gii rng, vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti

cc a thc P1 v P2 sao cho
P1 (x)
v
"
"
h(x) '(x) g(x) P2 (x) +
2
2
(P2 (x) '(x)) dx < ";
('(x) P1 (x)) dx < ":
Chng 2. Vi phn
366
V an 0, ta thu c
lim (1 x)
x!1
1
X
n=0
an x '(x )
lim (1 x)
x!1
Do ,
lim (1 x)
x!1
1
X
n=0
1
X
an xn P2 (xn ) +
n=0
"
P2 (t) dt + <
2
an x '(x )
"
2
'(t) dt +
0
3"
2
'(t) dt:
Theo ng cch nh vy, c th chng minh rng

Z 1
1
X
n
n
lim (1 x)
an x '(x )
'(t) dt:
x!1
n=0
Vy (1) c chng minh. V vy,
1 = lim (1 e1=N )
N!1
1
X
n=0
an e1=N '(e1=N ) = lim (1 e1=N )

N!1
N
X
an :
n=0
V lim (1 e1=N ) = 1, ta thu c

N!1
lim
N
P
an
n=0
N!1
= 1:
3.3.26. Nu jnan j C , th vi mi x 2 (0; 1),

0
jf (x)j
1
X
n=2
n2
n(n 1)jan jx
1
X
C
(n 1)xn2 = C
n=2
1
:
(1 x)2
Theo 2.3.23 suy ra rng

0
lim (1 x)f (x) = 0 = lim (1 x)
x!1
By gi, v
x!1
1
X
nan xn1 :
n=1
1
X
1
nan n1
f 0 (x)
F (x) =
=
1
x
;
C
1x
C
n=1
367
ta thu c lim (1x)F (x) = 1. Kt hp vi nh l ca Hardy v Littlewood

x!1
trn, c
n
P
k=1
lim
n!1
T ,
lim
kak
C
n
P
= 1:
kak
k=1
= 0:
n
kt thc chng minh, ch cn p dng kt qu cho trong 3.3.19.
n!1
3.3.27. Gi s ngc li rng lim an = 0. Khi , vi " > 0 cho trc, tn

n!1
ti n0 sao cho nu n > n0 , th jan j < "=2. Vy,
n0
"
X
j(1 x)f(x)j (1 x)
ak xk + ;
2
k=0
suy ra
lim j(1 x)f (x)j = 0;
x!1
tri gi thit.
3.4 Chui Taylor

3.4.1. Gi s rng jf (n) (x)j M vi n 2 N v x 2 [a; b]. Theo cng thc
Taylor vi phn d dng Lagrange (xem, chng hn, 2.3.3 (a)), ta c
f (x) =
n
X
f (k) (x0 )
k=0
k!
(x x0 )k + rn (x);
(n+1)
(x0 + (x x0 ))
(b a)n+1
n+1
jrn (x)j =
(x x0 ) M
:
(n + 1)!
(n + 1)!
T , lim rn (x) = 0. Do ,
n!1
f(x) = lim
n!1
n
X
f (k) (x0 )
k=0
k!
(x x0 ) =
1
X
f (k) (x0 )
k=0
k!
(x x0 )k :
Chng 2. Vi phn
368
3.4.2. Khng, v f (n) (0) = 0 vi n = 0; 1; 2; : : : , v f(x) 6= 0 vi x 6= 0.

3.4.3. Theo tiu chun M ca Weierstrass, chui
1
P
n=0
cos(n2 x)
en
1
P
n=0
n2 sin(n2 x)
en
hi t tuyt i v u trn R. Vy f 0 lin tc trn R. Lp li l lun

trn, ta thy f thuc C 1(R). Ngoi ra, c th tm c f (2k1) (0) = 0 v
1 4k
P
n
f (2k) (0) = (1)k
. Vy
en
n=0
jf (2k) (0)jx2k
>
(2k)!
n2 x
2k
2k
en ;
x 6= 0;
n = 0; 1; 2; : : : :
Nu ly n = 2k , ta nhn c
jf (2k) (0)jx2k
>
(2k)!
2kx
e
2k
e

> 1 vi x 6= 0 v k > :
2x
V vy, chui Taylor ca f hi t v 0 vi x 6= 0 v ng thc khng ng
nu x 6= 0.
3.4.4. Gi s trc ht rng x > 0. Phn d dng Lagrange trong cng thc
Taylor ca f(x) = (1 + x) l
rn (x) =
Vi jxj < 1, ta c
( 1) ( n) n+1
x (1 + x)n1 :
(n + 1)!
( 1) ( n) n+1
= 0:
x
n!1
(n + 1)!
lim
thy iu ny, c th p dng, chng hn, I, 2.2.31. Do , chng

minh rng lim rn (x) = 0, ch cn chng minh rng f(1 + x)n1 g l dy b
n!1
chn. iu ny suy r t cc bt ng thc r rng sau
1 (1 + x) (1 + x) 2
vi 0
2 (1 + x) (1 + x) 1 vi < 0
369
v (1 + x)n 1. Vy, ta chng minh ng thc cho ng vi
0 < x < 1. By gi, ta xt trng hp x < 0. Phn d dng Cauchy trong

cng thcTaylor ca f (x) = (1 + x) (xem, chng hn, 2.3.3(b)) l
rn (x) =
( 1) ( n) n+1
x (1 )n (1 + x)n1 :
(n + 1)!
Nh trn, ch cn chng minh rng f(1 )n (1 + x)n1 g l dy b chn.
V x 2 (1; 0), ta thy rng
(1 )
1
1 + x
< 1:
Ngoi ra,
1 (1 + x)1 (1 + x)1
nu 1
(1 + x)1 (1 + x)1 1 nu 1:
iu ny chng minh ng thc ng vi x 2 (1; 0).
3.4.5. Trc ht gi s rng x 6= 0. Khi ng thc

p
jxj = 1 (1 x2 )
v cng thc nh thc Newton vi = 1=2 (xem bi ton trc) suy ra

1
X
1
1 3 (2n 3)
(1 x2 )n
jxj = 1 (1 x2 )
n n!
2
2
n=2
1
X
1
(2n 3)!!
2
= 1 (1 x )
(1 x2 )n :
2
(2n)!
n=2
Ngoi ra, ch rng chui
1
P
(2n3)!!
n=2
(xem, chng hn, I, 3.8.38)
(2n)!
hi t, bi v theo cng thc Wallis
(2n3)!!
(2n)!
lim
1 p
n!1
(2n1) n
1
=p :
n
V vy, theo nhl Abel (xem, chng hn, 3.3.14), ng thc cng ng vi
x = 0.
Chng 2. Vi phn
370
3.4.6. Vi phn tng s hng suy ra f thuc C 1(R; R). Ngoi ra,
f (k) (x) =
1
X
n=k
n(n 1)(n 2) (n k + 1)an xnk :
T , f (k) (0) = k!ak vi k = 0; 1; 2; : : : .
3.4.7. Quan st rng

f (x) =
1
X
n=0
1
X
an ((x x0 ) + x0 )n
n
X
n
(x x0 )k xnk
0
k
n=0
k=0
n
!
1
X
X n
=
(x x0 )k :
an xnk
0
k
n=0
=
an
k=0
thy bt ng thc cui cng ng, ch rng

X
1 X
1
n
X
n
k
nk
an
(x x0 ) x0 =
jan j(jx x0 j + jx0 j)n :
k
n=0
n=0
k=0
Do , chui kp v tri ca ng thc hi t tuyt i vi jxx0 j+jx0 j < R,
v v vy c th p dng kt qu trong I, 3.7.23. By gi, vi phn tng s

hng, ta nhn c
(k)
1
X
n
an xnk
(x0 ) =
k! vi k = 0; 1; 2; : : : :
0
k
n=k
Vy
1
f (k) (x0 ) X n
an xnk
=
0
k
k!
n=k
vi k = 0; 1; 2; : : : :
3.4.8. t cn = an bn v
(1)
f (x) =
1
X
n=0
cn xn ;
x 2 (R; R):
371
Khi , f (x) = 0 vi x 2 A. By gi, gi B l tp tt c cc im gii hn ca
A thuc (R; R), v t C = (R; R) B. Khi , C m. Theo gi thit, B

khc rng. R rng, (R; R) = B [ C. By gi, ta phi chng minh rng B
cng m. lm vy, ly x0 2 B. Theo (1) v kt qu trong bi ton trc,
f(x) =
(1)
1
X
n=0
dn (x x0 )n ;
jx x0 j < R jx0 j:
By gi, ta chng minh rng dn = 0 vi n = 0; 1; 2; : : : . Nu iu ny khng

xy ra, th s tm c t nht mt s nguyn khng m k dk 6= 0 v ta
nhn c
f (x) = (x x0 )k g(x)
y
g(x) =
1
X
n=0
dk+n(x x0 )n
jx x0 j < R jx0 j:
V g lin tc ti x0 v g(x0 ) = dk 6= 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho g(x) 6= 0 vi
jxx0 j < , mu thun vi gi thit x0 thuc B. Vy dn = 0 vi n = 0; 1; 2; : : : ,

v do , f(x) = 0 vi jx x0 j < R jx0 j. Vy ta chng minh rng B m.
V (R; R) l tp lin thng, ta c C = ; v B = (R; R).
3.4.9. Ta s p dng kt qu trong 3.4.6.
(a) V
ta c
1
X
x2n+1
sin x =
(1)n
;
(2n
+
1)!
n=0
x 2 R;
1
X
x6n+3
sin x =
(1)n
;
(2n
+
1)!
n=0
x 2 R;
(b) Dng ng nht thc sin3 x =

1
3
4
sin x 14 sin 3x; x 2 R, ta c
3X
x2n+1
sin x =
(1)n+1 (32n 1)
;
4 n=0
(2n + 1)!
3
x 2 R:
Chng 2. Vi phn
372
(c) Ta c sin x cos 3x = 12 (sin 4x sin 2x); x 2 R. Vy

1
1X
x2n+1
sin x cos 3x =
(1)n (42n1 22n+1 )
;
2 n=0
(2n + 1)!
(d) Ta c sin6 x + cos6 x =
5
8
x 2 R:
+ 38 cos 4x; x 2 R, v
cos x =
1
X
x2n
(1)n
;
(2n)!
n=0
x 2 R:
Do ,
1
2n
5 3X
n 2n x
;
sin x + cos x = +
(1) 4
8 8 n=0
(2n)!
6
x 2 R:
(e) V
1
X
xn
ln(1 + x) =
(1)n+1 ;
n
n=0
ta c
x 2 (1; 1);
X x2n+1
1 1+x
1
ln
= (ln(1 + x) ln(1 x)) =
;
2 1x
2
2n
+
1
n=0
1
x 2 (1; 1):
(f) R rng, ln(1 + x + x2 ) = ln 1x

; x 2 (1; 1). V vy, nh trong (e), ta
1x2
c
ln(1 + x + x2 ) =
1
X
an xn ;
n=1
an =
(g) V
1
15x+6x2
3
13x
n2
vi n = 3k; k = 1; 2; 3; : : : ;
vi n =
6 3k; k = 1; 2; 3; : : : :
1
n
2
,
12x
x 2 (1; 1);
ta c
1
X
1
=
(3n+1 2n+1 )xn ;
1 5x + 6x2
n=0
x 2 (1=3; 1=3):
373
(h) Ta bit rng

x
e =
1
X
xn
n=0
n!
x 2 R;
X
1
=
xn ;
1 x n=0
x 2 (1; 1):
Theo nh l Mertens (xem, chng hn, I, 3.6.1) tch Cauchy ca hai

chui hi t vi jxj < 1, v
1
X
1
1
1
ex
1 + + + +
=
xn :
1 x n=0
1! 2!
n!
3.4.10.
(a) Ta c
x+1
f (x + 1) = (x + 2)e
1
X
e(n + 2)
n=0
T ,
f(x) =
1
X
e(n + 2)
n=0
n!
n!
(x 1)n;
x 2 R:
(b) Nh trong 3.4.9(h), c th chng minh rng
!
1
n
k
X
X
(1)
f (x 1) = e
(1)n
xn ;
k!
n=0
k=0
Vy
f(x) = e
1
X
n=0
(1)n
n
X
(1)k
k=0
k!
x 2 R:
(x 1)n ;
x 2 (1; 1):
x 2 (0; 2):
(c) S dng ng nht thc
cos 1 cos(x 1) sin 1 sin(x 1)

cos x
=
:
x
1 + (x 1)
Chng 2. Vi phn
374
(d) L lun tng t nh trong li gii ca 3.4.9(h), c
!
1
n
X
ln x X
1
n+1
(1)
=
(x 1)n ; x 2 (0; 2):
x
n
n=1
k=1
3.4.11.
(a) Theo 3.4.4,
vi jxj < 1. T
1
X
1
(1)n (2n 1)!! n
p
=1+
x
(2n)!!
1+x
n=1
1
X
1
(2n 1)!! 2n
p
=1
x :
(2n)!!
1 x2
n=1
S(x) = x +
1
X
n=1
(2n 1)!!
x2n+1
(2n)!!(2n + 1)
p 1
1x2
v ch rng (arcsin x)0 =
= S 0 (x). Vy arcsin x = S(x) + C .

Ngoi ra, v S(0) = 0 = arcsin 0, ta c S(x) = arcsin x.
(b) t
1
X
S(x) =
(1)n
n=0
1
x2n+1 :
2n + 1
Theo ng nht thc bit
X
1
=
(1)n x2n ;
1 + x2
n=0
ta nhn c (arctg x)0 =
1
1+x2
jxj < 1;
= S 0 (x). Vy S(x) = arctg x + C . V
arctg 0 = S(0) = 0, ta c C = 0.
c bt ng thc u, ch cn t x = 12 trong (a). c bt ng
1
P
1
thc th hai, quan st rng
(1)n 2n+1
hi t v dng nh l Abel
n=0
(xem, chng hn, 3.3.14) cho chui lu tha (b).
375
3.4.12.
(a) Dng khai trin Taylor cho arctg x ( c trong bi ton trc) v cho
ln(1 + x2 ), ta c
1
X (1)n1 x2n
1
x arctg x ln(1 + x2 ) =
;
2
2n(2n 1)
n=1
x 2 (1; 1):
(b) Dng khai trin Taylor cho arcsin x ( c trong bi ton trc) v cng
thc nh thc Newton (xem 3.4.4), ta nhn c
1
p
x2 X (2n 3)!!
2
x arcsin x + 1 x = 1 +
+
x2n ;
2
(2n)!!(2n
1)
n=2
x 2 (1; 1):
3.4.13.
(a) t
f(x) =
1
X
n=1
Khi
1
xn+1 ;
n(n + 1)
1
X
1 n
f (x) =
x ln(1 x);
n
n=1
0
Vy
jxj < 1:
jxj < 1:
f (x) = (1 x) ln(1 x) + xvi jxj < 1:

By gi, dng nh l Abel c
1
X
(1)n+1
= 2 ln 2 1:
n(n + 1)
n=1
(b) Vi x 2 R, ta c
1
1
1
X
(1)n n 2n+1
1 X (1)n 2n 1 X (1)n 2n+1
x
x
x
x
=
(2n + 1)!
2 n=0 (2n)!
2 n=0 (2n + 1)!
n=0
1
(x cos x sin x):
2
Chng 2. Vi phn
376
t x = 1, ta c
1
X
1
(1)n n
= (cos 1 sin 1):
(2n + 1)!
2
n=0
(c) Suy ra t ng thc
1
1
=
2
n +n2
3
1
1
n1 n+2
rng nu 0 < jxj < 1, th

1
X
n=2
1 X (1)n n1 1 X (1)n n1
(1)n
n1
=
x
x
x
n2 + n 2
3 n=2 n 1
3 n=2 n + 2
1
1X
xn
1 X
xn
=
(1)n1 + 3
(1)n1
3 n=1
n
3x n=4
n
1
1
x2 x3
:
= ln(1 + x) + 3 ln(1 + x) x +
3
3x
2
3
Kt hp vi nh l Abel, c
1
X
n=2
(1)n
2
5
= ln 2 :
2
n +n2
3
18
(d) Tng l =2 ln 2. thy iu ny, p dng 3.4.12(a) v nh l Abel.

(e) Theo cng thc nh thc Newton (xem 3.4.4),
1
X
1
(1)n (2n 1)!! 2n
=
1
+
x
1 + x2
(2n)!!
n=1
v t , theo nh l Abel,
1
X
(1)n (2n 1)!!
n=1
(2n)!!
1
=p
2
jxj < 1;
(f) R rng,
1
X
(3x)n+1
n!
n=0
Vy
1
X
(3x)n (n + 1)
n=0
t x = 1 c
n!
377
= 3xe3x ;
= (3xe3x )0 = e3x (3 + 9x):
1
X
3n (n + 1)
n=0
x 2 R:
n!
= 4e3 :
3.4.14. Khong hi t ca chui l (1; 1). Gi S(x) l tng ca chui trong

khong . Khi
0
S (x) = 2
1
X
((n 1)!)2
n=1
v
00
S (x) = 4
1
X
((n 1)!)2
n=1
Suy ra rng
(2n 1)!
(2n 2)!
(2x)2n1
(2x)2n2 :
(1 x2 )S 00 (x) xS 0 (x) = 4;
jxj < 1:
Nhn c hai v ng thc ny vi (1 x2 ) 2 c
p
0
4
1 x2 S 0 (x) = p
:
1 x2
Do ,
4
C
S 0 (x) = p
arcsin x + p
;
1 x2
1 x2
v v vy, S(x) = 2(arcsin x)2 + C arcsin x + D. V S 0 (0) = S(0) = 0, ta c
S(x) = 2(arcsin x)2 .

Nu x = 1, ta nhn c chui
1
X
((n 1)!)2
n=1
(2n)!
4n :
Chng 2. Vi phn
378
hi t theo tiu chun Gauss (xem, chng hn, I,3.2.25). Thc vy, ta c

1
an+1
6
+O
:
=1
an
4n
n2
Vy theo nh l Abel
1
X
((n 1)!)2
n=1
(2n)!
4n =
2
:
2
3.4.15. Vi a 2 I,
f (x) = f (a) +
f 0 (a)
f (n) (a)
(x a) + +
(x a)n + Rn (x);
1!
n!
1
Rn (x) =
n!
f (n+1) (s)(x s)ds:
dng cng thc i bin hai ln, ta c

Ap
Z
1 xa (n1)
Rn (x) =
f
(u + a)(x u + a)du
n! 0
Z
(x a)n+1 1 (n+1)
=
f
((x a)t + a)(1 t)n dt:
n!
0
Tnh n iu ca f (n+1) suy ra rng nu a < x < b; b 2 I, th
Z
(x a)n+1 1 (n+1)
0 Rn (x)
f
((x a)t + a)(1 t)n dt
n!
0
n+1
xa
=
Rn (b):
ba
R rng, Rn (b) f (b). Vy
n
xa
0 Rn (x)
f (b) vi a < x < b; a; b 2 I;
ba
v v vy, lim Rn (x) = 0. iu ny ch ra rng chui Taylor hi t u ti
n!1
f trn mi khong con compact ca I. V a 0 sao cho
f (x) =
1
X
f (n) (x0 )
n!
n=0
(x x0 )n
vi jx x0 j < r:
o hm m ln, c
(m)
(x) =
1
X
f (n) (x0 )
n!
n=0
jf
(m)
(x)j
n(n 1) (n m + 1)(x x0 )nm :
1
X
jf (n) (x0 )j
n!
n=0
n(n 1) (n m + 1)jx x0 jnm :
Suy ra t nh ngha bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha (xem, chng hn,

3.3.1) rng vi o < % < r, tn ti s dng C sao cho
jf (n) (x0 )j
C
n:
n!
Do ,
jf (m) (x)j
1
X
C
n(n 1) (n m + 1)jx x0 jnm :
n
n=0
V vy, theo ng nht thc

1
X
n=m
n(n 1) (n m + 1)xnm =
m!
;
(1 x)m+1
jxj < 1;
ta i n
jf
(m)
(x)j
1
X
n=m
C
nm
n(n 1) (n m + 1)jx x0 jnm
Cm!
Cm!
m+1
( 1 )m
0j
m 1 jxx
vi jx x0 j < 1 < . Vy ta c th ly J = (x0 1 ; x0 + 1 ); A = C v
B = 1 .
Chng 2. Vi phn
380
3.4.18. [18].t
f (x) =
1
1 A(x 1)
g(x) =
Khi ,
1
1t
vi
f (x) =
1
X
n=0
Ngoi ra,
1
A
vi jtj < 1:
h(t) = (f g)(t) =
R rng,
jx 1j <
1t
:
1 (A + 1)t
A (x 1) ;
g(t) =
1
X
tn :
n=0
1
t
1 (A + 1)t 1 (A + 1)t
1
1
X
X
n n
=
(1 + A) t
(1 + A)n tn+1
h(t) =
n=0
= 1+
n=0
1
X
A(1 + A)n1 tn :
n=0
V g (n) (0) = n!; f (n) (g(0)) = f (n) (1) = n!An v h(n) (0) = n!A(1 + A)n1 , dng
cng thc Fa di Bruno, ta c ng thc cn chng minh.
3.4.19. [18]. Chn x0 tu trong I v t y0 = f(x0 ). Suy ra t 3.4.17 rng

tn ti cc khong I1 I v J1 J (ln lt cha x0 v y0 ) v cc hng s
dng A; B; C v D sao cho
n!
Bn
vi x 2 I1
n!
Dn
vi x 2 J1 :
jf (n) (x)j A
v
jg (n) (y)j C
Theo cng thc Fa di Bruno,
(n)
(x) =
(1) k1 (2) k2
(n) kn
n!
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
(k)
:::
;
g (f (x))
k1 !k2 ! kn !
1!
2!
n!
381
y k = k1 + k2 + + kn v tng ly trn tt c cc k1 ; k2 ; : : : ; kn sao cho
k1 + 2k2 + + nkn = n. iu ny cng vi kt qu trong bi ton trc cho

ta
k k
kn
X
n!
Ck! A 1 A 2
A
(n)
jh (x)j
k
1
2
k1 !k2 ! kn ! D
B
B
Bn
X
Ck! Ak
Ck!
n!
n!C X
n!
=
=
k1 !k2 ! kn ! Dk B n
Bn
k1 !k2 ! kn ! Dk
n1
n!C A
A
=
1+
n
B D
D
By gi, suy t kt qu trong 3.4.16 rng h gii tch thc trn I.
3.4.20. Suy t 3.4.15 rng g(x) = f(x) gii tch thc trn khong I. V
x 7! x gii tch thc, kt qu suy ra t bi ton trc.
p
1
3.4.21. [18]. Xt g(t) = 1 1 2t; jtj < 1=2, v f (x) = 1x
; jxj < 1. Khi
1
= g 0 (t):
h(t) = f (g(t)) = p
1 2t
Vy g (n+1) (t) = h(n) (t). Ngoi ra, theo cng thc nh thc Newton (xem 3.4.4),
1 1
X
2 (2t)n :
g(t) =
n
n=1
R rng, f(x) =
1
P
n=0
1
xn . Do , g (n) (0) = n! n2 (2)n v f (n) (g(0)) = n!. Cui
cng, theo cng thc Fa di Bruno ,

1
2
(n + 1)!
(2)n+1 = g (n+1) (0) = h(n) (0)
n+1
1
k1
kn
1
X
k!
2
2
= n!
(2)
(2)

k1 !k2 ! kn !
1
n
1 k1
1 kn
X
k!
n
2
= (2) n!
2
k1 !k2 ! kn ! 1
n
y k = k1 + k2 + + kn v tng ly trn tt c cc k1 ; k2 ; : : : ; kn sao cho
k1 + 2k2 + : : : + nkn = n.
Chng 2. Vi phn
382
3.4.22. [18]. Trc ht quan st rng nu f tho mn cc gi thit c

pht biu trong bi ton, th nghch o g ca n tn ti trong mt khong
m cha f(x0 ). Ngoi ra,
g 0 (y) = h(g(y));
y h(x) =
1
f 0 (x)
R rng, v f thuc C 1 nn g cng vy. By gi ta phi chng minh rng g

tho mn cc gi thit ca 3.4.16. Theo 3.4.19, ta bit rng h gii tch trong
mt khong m no cha x0 (hp ca hai hm gii tch). V vy, theo
3.4.17, tn ti cc hng s dng A v B sao cho
jh(n) (x)j A
(1)
n!
Bn
trong khong m I0 I no cha x0 . By gi, php quy np s ch ra
rng tn ti khong m K cha f(x0 ) sao cho

1
n
(n)
n1 2 (2A)
(2)
jg (y)j n!(1)
n B n1
vi y 2 K:
Ta chn K sao cho g(K) c cha trong I0 . Khi , theo (1), ta c jg 0 (y)j =
jh(g(y))j A, tc l (2) ng vi n = 1. Gi s (2) ng vi k = 1; 2; : : : ; n,

ta s chng minh n ng vi n + 1. Theo bi ton trc, ta c
=
=
=
jg (n+1) (y)j = (h g)(n+1) (y)

1 k1
1 kn
X
k!
A
n1
2
2
n!
: : : (1)
k1 !k2 ! kn ! B k
1
n
1 kn
n
X (1)k k! 1 k1
n (2A)
2
(1) n! n A
::: 2
B
k1 !k2 ! kn ! 1
n
1
n
(2A)
2
(1)n n! n A2(n + 1)
B
n+1
1
(2A)n+1
n
2
:
(1) (n + 1)!
Bn
n+1
iu ny kt thc chng minh ca (2). V vy, tnh gii tch ca g trn K

suy ra t 3.4.16.
383
3.4.23. Suy ra t f 1 (x) = f 0 (x) rng f nh x khong (0; 1) ln chnh n

v f thuc C 1 trn khong ny. T , f 0 (x) > 0 v f tng thc s tren
(0; 1). o hm ng thc f (f 0 (x)) = x, ta c f 00 (x) > 0 vi x 2 (0; 1) v
n 2. Ta s chng minh iu ny bng quy np, dng cng thc Fa di
Bruno (xem 2.1.38). Gi s rng (1)m f (m) (x) > 0 vi m = 2; 3; : : : ; n. Khi
,
00 k1 (3) k2
n!
f (x)
f (x)
(k) 0
f (f (x))
k1 !k2 ! kn !
1!
2!
kn1
(n)
f (x)
+ f 0 (f 0 (x))f (n+1) (x);

(n 1)!
X
0=
y k = k1 + k2 + + kn1 v tng ly trn tt c cc k1 ; k2 ; : : : ; kn1 sao

P
cho k1 + 2k2 + : : : + nkn1 = n. Du ca mi s hng di
l
sgn((1)k (1)2k1 (1)3k2 (1)nkn1 ) = (1)n ;
ta nhn c
sgn f 0 (f 0 (x))f (n+1) (x) = sgn f (n+1) (x) = (1)n :
By gi, kt qa trong 3.4.20 ch ra rng f gii tch trn (0; 1).
3.4.24. Theo bi ton trc ta bit rng mi hm f tho mn gi thit l

gii tch trn (0; 1). Trc ht, ta chng minh rng tn ti duy nht s a
sao cho f(x) < x nu x 2 (0; a), v f (x) > x nu x > a. lm vy, quan
st rng do tnh n iu ca f , ta c lim+ f (x) = 0, cng vi ng thc
x!0
f 0 (f (x))f 0 (x) = xf 0 (x), ta c

(1)
f (f(x)) =
tf 0 (t)dt:
By gi, nu f (x) ln hn x vi 0 < x < 1, th (1) suy ra

Z x
f 0 (t)(t 1)dt > 0;
0
Chng 2. Vi phn
384
Mu thun vi gi thit f 0 (x) > 0 vi x > 0. Mt khc, nu f (x) < x vi mi
x 2 (0; 1), th (1) suy ra

f (x) > f (f(x)) =
x
0
tf (t)dt >
x
0
1
f(t)f 0 (t)dt = (f (x))2 ;
2
suy ra f (x) < 2 vi x > 0, ngc vi gi thit f ((0; 1)) = (0; 1). Do , theo
tnh cht gi tr trung gian, tn ti im bt ng a ca f . V f (x) < x vi
x 2 (0; a), ta c f 0 (y) = f 1 (y) vi y 2 (0; a). Cng nh vy, f 0 (y) < y vi
y > a.
By gi, ta chuyn qua chng minh tnh duy nht. Gi s ngc li, tn
ti hai hm nh vy, f1 vf2 . Gi a1 v a2 ln lt l cc im bt ng
ca f1 v f2 . R rng, ta c th gi s rng a1 a2 . t g = f1 f2 . Nu
a1 = a2 = a, th g(a) = 0 v f 1 = f 0 suy ra g (n) (a) = 0 vi n 2 N. V g gii

tch, g l hm hng (bng 0) trn (0; 1). Nu a1 > a2 , th f1 (x) < x f2 (x)
v f10 (x) > x f20 (x) vi x 2 [a2 ; a1 ). V vy, g(x) < 0 v g 0 (x) > 0 vi
x 2 [a2 ; a1 ). V lim+ g(x) = 0, tn ti b 2 (0; a2 ) sao cho g 0 (b) = 0 v g 0 (x) > 0
x!0
vi x 2 (b; a1 ), vg 0 (x) < 0 vi x 2 ([; a2 ). t f10 (b) = f20 (b) = b0 . Khi ,
b0 2 (b; a2 ), bi v b < f20 (b) = b0 < f20 (a2 ) = a2 . T , g 0 (b) < 0. Mt khc,
f1 (b0 ) = f1 (f10 (b)) = b v f2 (b0 ) = f2 (f20 (b)) = b, mu thun.
1
3.4.25. Nu f(x) = axc , th f 0 (x) = acxc1 v f 1 (x) = a c x c . T y c

p
c = 1+2 5 v a = c1c .
3.4.26. Theo cngg thc Taylor chng minh rong 2.3.10,
2n+1
N
X
1
x
ln(1 + x) = 2
+ Rn (x);
2n
+
1
2
+
x
n=0
y
x 2N+3
2
:
(2N = 1)(1 + x)2N+3 2
R rng, lim Rn (x) = 0 vi x 2 (0; 2). Do
Rn (x) =
N!1
ln(1 + x) = 2
1
X
n=0
1
2n + 1
x
2+x
2n+1
385
3.4.27. [Tung-Po Lin, Amer. Math. Monthly 81(1974), 879-883]. Theo nh

ngha,
xy
L(x; y)
21=p (x y)
ln xln y
= xp +yp 1=p = p
Mp (x; y)
(x + y p )1=p ln xy
( 2 )
vi x v
py dng, khc nhau v vi p 6= 0. Chia t s v mu s cho y v t
x
z = y , ta c
21=p (z 1=p 1)
L(x; y)
=
:
Mp (x; y)
(z + 1)1=p ln z 1=p
By gi vit
1+!
z=
1!
v nhn c t v mu vi
(1!)1=p
,
2!
L(x; y)
Mp (x; y)
z1
!=
; 0 < j!j < 1
z+1
ta i n
1+! 1=p
1=p
p2
=
1+!
1=p
ln 1+!
1!
p((1+!)1=p (1!)1=p )
f (!; p)
2!
:
=
ln(1+!)ln(1!)
g(!)
1!
1!
+1
2!
R rng,
g(!) =
1
X
n=0
V theo 3.4.4,
f (!; p) = 1 +
1
X
n=1
1
2n 1
1
1
p
1
! 2n;
2n + 1
1
1
1
2
2n
! 2n :
p
p
(2n)!
Do , chng minh rng f(!; p) < g(!), ch cn ch ra vi mi s nguyn

dng n,
1
1
1
1
1
2
2n
1
p
p
p
(2n)!
v bt ng thc ngt xy ra vi t nht mt n. Vi n = 1, ta c
1
1
1
1
1
2 1 vi p ;
p
p
2
3
Chng 2. Vi phn
386
bi v
1
1
1
3
+1=1
3
< 1;
2p2 2p
2p
p
Qn =
1
p
1
p
nu 0 <
1
< 3:
p
3 1p 2n
1
p
(2n)!
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
p
2p
3p
2np
{z
}|
{z
}
|
<1
Q1
Vi p 13 . Vy, Q1 1 vi p 13 , v cng thc cui cng chng minh rng
Qn < 1 vi n = 2; 3; : : : .
3.4.28. [Tung-Po Lin, Amer. Math. Monthly 81(1974), 879-883]. Ta dng

nhng k hiu t li gii ca bi ton trc. Ta c, Q1 > 1 vi p < 13 . Vy
tn ti 0 < h < 1 sao cho nu 0 < ! < h, th f (!; p) > g(!). By gi, quan
st rng bt ng thc 0 < ! < h c th vit li di dng
1=p
1=p
1+h
x
p
1 < z < r ; y r =
v z =
:
1h
y
iu ny c ngha tn ti r > 1 sao cho L(x; y) > Mp (x; y) nu 1 <
x
y
< r.
3.4.29. [Tung-Po Lin, Amer. Math. Monthly 81(1974), 879-883]. t

(1+!)2
;
(1!)2
0 < j!j < 1, ta nhn c

xy
x
1
y
ln x
y
4(
L(x; y)
ln xln y
=
=
=
1=2
M0 (x; y)
(xy)1=2
x
(1+!)2
1
(1!)2
!+ 13 !3 + 15 !5 +
1+!
1!
1
1
+
1 2
2
1 ! 1 + 3 ! + 15 ! 4
1 + !2 + !4 + !6 +
=
> 1:
1 + 13 ! 2 + 15 ! 4 + 17 ! 6 +
Kt hp vi 2.5.42 v 2.5.43 suy ra iu phi chng minh.
x
y
Ti liu tham kho
387
3.4.30. [Tung-Po Lin, Amer. Math. Monthly 81(1974), 879-883]. Dng cc

k hiu a ra trong li gii ca 3.4.27, ta c
p (1 + !)1=p (1 !)1=p
L(x; y)
=
! 0:
!!1
Mp (x; y)
ln 1+!
1!
V z =
p
x
y
1+!
,
1!
ta nhn c L(x; y) < Mp (x; y) vi z ln.
388
Ti liu tham kho
Ti liu tham kho

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Bài tập giải tích Nowak - Tập 2

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Mc lc

ging dy hoc hc gii tch.

4. Bi tp gii tch. Tp II: Lin tc v Vi phn (W. J. Kaczkor, M.

Tp I v II ca sch ch bn n hm s mt bin s (tr phn khng gian

Xin chn thnh cm n.

Cc k hiu v khi nim

(2n)!! = 2 4 6 ::: (2n 2) (2n);

(2n 1)!! = 1 3 5 ::: (2n 3) (2n 1):

n; k 2 N; n k, l h s ca khai trin nh thc

Cc k hiu v khi nim

Nu A R khc rng v b chn trn th ta k hiu sup A l cn trn ng

nu fan g khng b chn trn;

dy fan0 an0 +1 ::: an0 +ng hi t khi n ! 1 ti mt gii hn P0 6= 0. S

1.1.1. Tm cc gii hn hoc chng minh chng khng tn ti.

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

(b) lim f (x) = l th lim f (jxj) = l. iu ngc li c ng khng ?

Chng minh rng lim f (x) = 1.

1.1.5. Chng minh rng nu f l hm b chn trn [0; 1] tho mn f (ax) =

lim (x([ x1 ] + [ x2 ] + + [ xk ])); k 2 N.

1.1.7. Tnh lim

y P (x) l a thc vi h s dng.

1.1.8. Ch ra bng v d rng iu kin

khng suy ra f c gii hn ti 0. Chng minh rng nu tn ti hm ' sao

0 v lim '(x) = 0 , th () suy ra lim f (x) = 0.

lim (f (x)f (2x)) = 0

v lim f (x) khng tn ti.

(b) Chng minh rng nu trong mt ln cn khuyt ca 0, cc bt ng

< < 1; v f(x)f(2x) jxj c tho mn, th

1.1.10. Cho trc s thc , gi s lim

Chng minh rng tn ti c sao cho g(a) = ca .

1.1.11. Gi s f : R ! R l hm n iu sao cho lim

minh rng lim

1.1.12. Chng minh rng nu a > 1 v 2 R th

1.1.13. Chng minh rng nu > 0, th lim

1.1.14. Cho a > 0, chng minh lim ax = 1. Dng ng thc ny chng

lim (cos x) sin2 x ;

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.1.19. Tm cc gii hn sau:

1.1.21. Gi s rng lim+ g(x) = 0 v tn ti 2 R , cc s dng m; M sao

M vi nhng gi tr dng ca x trong ln cn ca 0. Chng

lim g(x)(f (x) 1) = , th lim f(x)g(x) = e .

1.1.24. Cho f : [0; +1) ! R l hm sao cho mi dyf (a + n); a 0; hi t

1.1.25. Cho f : [0; +1) ! R l hm sao cho vi mi s dng a, dyff(an)g,

1.1.26. Cho f : [0; +1) ! R l hm sao cho vi mi a 0 v mi b > 0,

1.1.28. Gi s f xc nh trn (a; +1), b chn trn mi khong hu hn

1.1.29. Cho f xc nh trn (a; +1), b chn di trn mi khong hu

1.1.30. Cho f xc nh trn (a; +1), b chn trn mi khong hu hn

1.1.31. Cho f xc nh trn (a; +1), b chn trn mi khong hu hn

lim (f (x)) x = lim

1.1.32. Gi thit rng lim f

= 0. T c suy ra lim f (x) tn ti

1.1.33. Cho f : R ! R sao cho vi mi a 2 R, dy f( na ) hi t ti khng.

1.1.35. Chng minh rng nu f n iu tng ( gim ) trn (a; b), th vi

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.1.36. Chng minh rng nu f n iu tng trn (a; b), th vi mi x0 2

1.1.37. Chng minh nh l Cauchy sau y. f c gii hn hu hn

B vi gi thit (g f )(x) = g(f (x)) c xc nh v f khng nhn gi tr A

lim g(f (x)) 6= B .

1.1.40. Gi s f : R ! R l hm tng v x 7! f (x) x c chu k 1. K hiu

1.1.41. Gi s f : R ! R l hm tng v x 7! f (x) x c chu k 1. Ngoi

1.2 Cc tnh cht ca hm lin tc

(Hm nh ngha (a) c gi l hm Riemann.)

1.2.4. Chng minh rng nu f 2 C([a; b]), th jf j 2 C([a; b]). Ch ra bng v

1.2.6. Cho f(x) = [x2 ] sin x vi x 2 R. Nghin cu tnh lin tc ca f .