• Embed Doc
  • Copy Link
  • Readcast
  • Collections
  • CommentGo Back
 
Damodar:
Hi, Krupakar, I couldn't see you thewhole of yesterday. What were youdoing?(
éπ%-§ƒéπ®˝, E†oçû√ †’´¤y éπE°œ çîª-™‰-ü¿’, àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?)
Krupakar:
Busy playing the game - making asmany sentences as we could - withmy sister and prabhakar.(
´÷
Sister, prabhakar
ûÓ éπLÆœ
Game
-Ç-úø’-ûª÷ áEo 
Sentences
O©®·ûËÅEo 
Form
îËÆæ÷h
Busy
í¬ÖçúÕ-§Úߪ÷)
Damodar:
What game was that? (
àç
Game?)
Krupakar:
You find the game in the hundredthlesson of spoken english. It's a sim-ple game - forming sentences, asmany as we can by adding suitablewords after 'be' forms and actionwords - sentences to be not onlystatements but also questions, bothtypes, 'wh' and 'non wh' questions,with not and never too...
(î√-™«
Simple game
ÅC.
sub + verb-verb 'be' form
Ŵa,
action word
Ŵa, ü∆E ûª®√yûª´÷ô©’ îË®Ω’aèπ◊çô÷ §Ú-´ôç–
Sentences statements
´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈,
Questions,Exclamations
èπÿú≈.
Questions
È®çúø ’®Ω鬩
Questions – 'wh' words
ûÓ
'nonwh' words
ûÓ èπÿú≈. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈,
not
ûÓ
never
ûÓ èπÿú≈)
Damodar:
Was that so? O I missed the game.How many sentences were you ableto frame?
(Å™«í¬? Å®·ûË؈’
game miss
Åߪ÷u†’. O’È®Eo 
Sentences
îËߪ’-í∫-L- í¬®Ω’?)
Krupakar:
We didn't count, but we were able tomake a good number. We haveunderstood that we can improve ourenglish by this kind of practice morethan by reading books on spokenenglish.
(™„éπ\°ôd-™‰ü¿’ é¬F î√™«ØË î˨»ç.
Spoken english
O’ü¿
books
îªü¿-´ôçéπçõ‰É™«çöÀ 
practice
ü∆y®√ØË 
English
¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´Ææ’hçü¿E Å®Ωn-¢Á’i çC) °jÆæ ç¶µ«≠æù™ ņ’èπ◊çô’†oô’d,
practice
´©x
confidence
°®Ω-í∫-ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈,
English
Ææ£æ «ïçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç Å©¢√-ô´¤-ûª’çC. v°æA®ÓW
Friends
ûÓ Ñ
game practice
îËߪ’çúÕ.Ñ
Lesson
™ éÌClí¬ ûËú≈ûÓ É™«çöÀ 
game
ÉçéÓöÀîª÷ü∆l ç.O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’–
verbs
™ È®çúø ’®Ω鬩’. ¢Á ·ü¿-öÀC
'love'
™«çöÀN. OöÀéÀá´JE, üËEE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’- èπ◊çõ‰¢√∞¡x†’ ÅØÓ, ü∆EE ÅØÓ Ææ´÷-üµ  ∆†ç ´Ææ ’hçC. È®çúÓ ®Ωé¬-E-N
- walk
(†-úø-´ôç) ™«çöÀN. á´JE †úø-´ôç, üËE-E †úø-´ôç Åçõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ  ∆†ç ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ
game
™ ¢Á ·ü¿öÀ®Ωéπç
verbs
ûÓ
sentences
îËߪ’çúÕ.
state-ments
´÷vûª¢Ë ’ é¬èπ◊çú≈,
questions, exclama-tions
ûÓ Ææ£æ …,
Not/ never
ûÓ èπÿú≈ O’èπ◊ûÁL-Æœ-†Eo 
verbs
ûÓ á†o-®·ûËÅEo.
eg:1)
Vineet boughta book
2)
When did Naresh meetyou?
3)
She doesnotlikeme(at all)
4)
How well Rupa singsthat song!
5)
The teacher never madea joke
É™« áEo 
Sentences
îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úø çúÕ. ûª®√yûªÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô©’ îËJa 
Sentences extend
îËߪ’çúÕ.
eg: 1)
Vineet bought a book at the collegestores.
2)
When did Naresh meet you to give youthe book.
3)
She does not like me because I do notlike her.
4)
How well Rupa sings that song from themovie, nuvvu naaku nachau.
5)
The teacher never made a joke whileteaching.
É™«çöÀ 
sentences
O’®Ω ’ O’
friends etc.,
ûÓ
practice
îËߪ’çúÕ.
I, We, You, he, she, it andthey
ûÓ èπÿú≈
sentences
îËߪ’çúÕ.
u u u
Renuka:
Urmila, why don't you lend me thebook. I have to preparefor the examthe day after tomorrow.
(Ç °æ¤Ææ  héπç é¬Ææ  h É≤ƒh-¢√? á©’x çúÕ 
exam
èπ◊
prepare
Å¢√Lq ÖçC.)
Urmila:
Sorry Renuka, Bhoomika has taken itaway. She has to preparefor the examas well. You are a little late.(Sorry,
¶µº÷N’éπ Ç °æ ¤Ææ  héπç BÆæ ’Èé-R}çC. ûª†’- èπÿú≈
exam
èπ◊
prepare
Å¢√y-©E.)
Renuka:
I thought of buying the book yester-day, but I had to takemom to hospital,so I didn't find the time. I mustget thebook somehow. Otherwise I'll bedoing very badly in the exam.
(E†oØË 
book
éÌØ√-©E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o†’, é¬E´÷ Å´’t†’
hospital
èπ◊ BÆæ ’Èé∞«}Lq´*açC. é̆-™‰-éπ§Úߪ÷. ᙫíÓ äéπ™«í¬ Ç °æ¤Ææ  héπç ûÁaéÓ¢√L ؈’. ™‰éπ§ÚûËá©’x çúÕ
exam
-¶«í¬ ®√-ߪ’-™‰éπ§Ú-û√--†’-.)
Urmila:
I mustpay the fees today. Today is thelast date. I should goto the bank andget the money.
(É¢√∞¡
fees
éπö«dL؈’. -É¢√-∞Ï -*´J ®ÓV.
Bank
èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL, úø•’s ûÁaéÓ¢√L.)
Renuka:
That's true. We must submitexamapplications by tomorrow. That's therule.
(Eï¢Ë ’.
Exam applications
 Í®°æöÀ™°æ©
submit
îÁߪ÷uL. ÅüË
rule.)
Urmila:
The applications should havethe sig-nature of the parent or the guardian,shouldn't it?(Application
™
parent/ guardian
Ææ çûªéπç Öçú≈L, éπü∆?)
Renuka:
Yes, that's the rule. Further we mustmentionthe amount paid, andenclose the fee receipt.
(ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈, áçûªúø•’s éπöÀ  d çD
clear
í¬ûÁ-©§ƒ-L,
fee receipt
ü∆-E-ûÓ ïûª-°æ®Ω-î√L.)
Urmila:
OK then. Bye. I must hurry.
(´≤ƒh Å®·ûË. ؈’ -ûª y®ΩΩ-°æ-ú≈L.) Ñ Ææ ç¶µ «≠æù™E
sentences
†’ í∫´’-EççúÕ.
1) I have toprepare 2) She has toprepare 3)I had to take4) I must get5) I mustpay 6) Wemust submit7) The application should havethe signature 8) We must mention.
°j 
sentences
™E
verbs: have to + 1stRDW;has to + 1st RDW;had to + 1stRDW; must + 1st RDW;should + 1st RDW
.
Have to/ has to, had to, must, should
É´Fo èπÿú≈ NCµí¬,
rule
v°æ鬮Ωç, ûª°æ p-E-Ææ-Jí¬ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’°æ ¤û√®·. OöÀ 
'be' forms. Have to be, has to be,must be, should be.(Have to be/ has to be - I, we, you andthey subjects
ûÓ
have to be
´Ææ ’hçC.
He,she and it subjects
ûÓ
has to be
´Ææ’hçC.)-OôEoçöÀéÀÅ®Ωn ç – Öçú≈L – ÅE. ÅC äéπJ Çïc
(command)
鬴a, NCµ
(duty)
鬴a,
necessity
(Å´Ææ®Ωç) 鬴a.
Have to be, has to be, should be, must be=
Öçú≈L,
present
™í¬F,
future
™í¬E.
Vinod:
Let me go. I have to beat home in tenminutes. Dad will be angry if I am late.
(††’o ¢Á∞¡xF. ؈’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ™x Éçöx Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ éÓ°æ ç ´Ææ ’hçC)
Suman:
Hari too has tobe at homeinten minutes. Hedoesn't like tomiss the serial.Isn't it so, Hari?
(£æ «J èπÿú≈ 10EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ ÉçöxÖçú≈L. Åûª-úÕéÀ
serial miss
Å´ôç É≠æ  d ç™‰ü¿’. ÅçûËéπü∆ £æ «J?)
Hari:
That's right. I have to hurry now. Bye.(
Eï¢Ë ’. ؈’ -ûª y®Ω Ω-°æ-ú≈L)
Suman:
Don't forget tomorrow's exam time.You have to beat the centre by 9.45
(Í®°æ ¤
exam time
´’®Ω-*§Ú-éπçúÕ. O’®Ω-éπ\úø 9.45 éπ™«xÖçú≈L)Ééπ\úøîª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
Present
™í¬F,
future
™í¬F'Öçú≈L— ÅØËÅ®Ω  nçûÓ
have to be/ has to be
¢√ú≈ç. äéπ
Order / Command
´©x, NCµ´©x(Åçõ‰ 
Duty),
™‰éπ§ÚûËÅ´Ææ®Ω ç
(Necessity)
´©xÖçú≈Lq´ÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø ’
Have to be/ has to be
¢√úøû√ç.
a)
O’®Ω’ 10éπ™«x 
office
™ Öçú≈L.
You have to beat office by 10 (Command)
b)
v°æA ÖüÓuT 10 †’ç* 5´®Ωèπ◊
Office
™ Öçú≈L
Every employee has to bein the officefrom 10 to 5 (Command)
c)
I have to beat office by 10.
؈’ 10éπ™«x 
office
™ Öçú≈L.
(Duty =
NCµ)
d)
She has to beat office for a minimum ofSix hours.
(-Ç¢Á’ éπFÆæ ç 6 í∫ çô©ÊÆ-°jØ√
Office
™ Öçú≈L=
Duty/ 
NCµ)
e)
I have to beat the station at 2 or I shallmiss the train.
؈’
station
-™ È®çúÕ çöÀéÀÖçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰
train miss
Å´¤-û√†’. (ÉC
necessity,
Åçõ‰Å´Ææ®Ω ç éπü∆)
f)
He has to be here atleast by tomorrow.Otherwise he will miss the chance.
(éπFÆæ ç Í®°æ-öÀ-ÈéjØ√ -Å-ûª-úø ’ -Åéπ\-úø ’çú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Ŵ鬨¡ç éÓ™p-û√úø ’. –
necessity.)
ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫´’-EççúÕ.
Pramod:
I am happy to have got the job, Sir.When have I to be hereto report forduty, Sir?(Job
´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC.
Report
îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ/
Duty
™
Join
Å´ö«EéÀá°æ ¤- púø ’ ®√-¢√-©çúŒÉéπ\-úÕéÀ?)
(Have to be
Ééπ\úø 
duty
E ûÁ©’°æ ¤ûª’çC.)
Prasanth:
You have to behere by 9.30 every-day.
(9.30 éπ™«xÉéπ\-úø ’çú≈L-†’´¤y.
You have to behere till 5.30 in theevening. (
5.30 ´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈L– ÑÈ®çúø ÷
commands.) Your colleaguetoo, has to behere at the same time.
(F Ææ£æ «ÙüÓuT èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.
has to be
Ééπ\úø 
command.)
Pramod:
I will start work now itself sir,because I have to bethorough withmy job.
(؈’ É°æ ¤púËv§ƒ®Ω çGµ≤ƒh†’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰Ø√ °æE ؈’ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ ’- éÓ¢√L éπü∆ (Ééπ\úø 
have to be - neces-sity)
.
I understand I have to be atoffice for atleast 6 hours. (
éπFÆæ ç 6í∫ çô©ÊÆ°æ-®·Ø√
office
™ Öçú≈©E Ø√èπ◊ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ééπ\úø
have to be
NCµEûÁ©’°æ ¤ûÓçC éπü∆.)
Now practice the following in English:Kranthi:
†’´¤y éπFÆæ ç ´’üµ  ∆u£æ«oç È®çúø ’ í∫ çô© ´®Ω-ÈéjØ√ Ééπ\-úø ’çú≈L, Å®Ωn-´’-®·çü∆?
Shanthi:
Yes, Madam.
Ñ®Óñ‰é¬ü¿’, Í®°æ ¤ -èπÿú≈ ÉüË ¢Ë∞¡™xÉéπ\-úø ’çú≈©E ûÁ©’Ææ’
madam.
Kranthi:
Watchman
ûÓ îÁ°æ ¤p, Åûª-Eçé¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûª  hí¬ Öçú≈L ÅE;
pass
Ö†o¢√∞¡’x´÷vûª¢Ë ’ ™°æ© Öçú≈©F.
Shanthi:
Ok, Madam.
Åûª-E-éπ\úø8 í∫ çô©´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈©E èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒh†’.
Kranthi:
OK.
ñ«ví∫ûªh. Ø√èπ◊
meeting
ÖçC. Åéπ\úø؈’ 1.30 éπçû√ Öçú≈L. ØËØÌîË a ÆæJéÀ 
files
ÅFo 
ready
Å®·-Öçú≈L. ûÁL-Æœ çü∆?
Shanthi:
Ready
í¬ Öçö«®·,
madam.
Answer:Kranthi:
You have to behere till atleast 2 in theafternoon, understand?
Shanthi:
Yes, Madam. I Understand too, thatnot only today, but also tomorrow Ihave to behere during the same time.
Kranthi:
Tell the watchman that he has to bealittle more careful, that only those whohave passes have to be here.
Shanthi:
Ok, Madam. I will tell him too that hehas to be here till 8 o'clock.
Kranthi:
Ok. Be careful. I have a meeting. Ihave to be there by 1.30. By the time Ireturn all the files must be ready.
Shanthi:
They shall be, madam.
 
I have to prepare
-Ççí∫x- ¶µ  «- ≠æ-ù
101
Ççí∫    x- ¶µ  «- ≠æ-ù
M. SURESAN
Spoken English
- §ƒûª- ¢√u≤ƒ©éÓÆæç - éÀ   x é˙-îË -ߪ ’ç- úÕ ..
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
    i    i
II
 Ñ-Ø√- úø ’ £j   «- ü¿ ®√- ¶«- ü˛--≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 23 ----- ï- †-´-J 2006
 
Hitesh:
Hi Mallesh, I coludn't see you thewhole of yesterday. What happened?
(
E†oçû√ éπE°œ ç-‰ü¿’. àç ïJTçC?)
Mallesh:
(I was) Busy at home. I had to beathome attending to some repairs forthe house. Dad was out of town.
(Éçöx 
busy
í¬ ÖØ√o. ÉçöÀ 
repairs
îª÷Ææ’éÓ´ö«EéÀÉçöxØËÖçú≈Lq ´*açC. Ø√†o-Ü∞x™‰®Ω’.)
a)
Attend = College/ School/ Class
™«çöÀ¢√öÀéÀ,
functions/ meetings/ marriages
™«çöÀ¢√öÀéÀ£æ …ï-®Ω-´ôç.
b)
attend to =
äéπ °æE îË°æ-ôd-ôç / ¶«üµ  ¿u-ûªí¬ îËߪ’ôç;
'I am attending to the repairs'.
c)
Attend on =
ÅA-ü∑  ¿’-©èπ◊, ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ-®Ω u©’ îËߪ’ôç,
When I was ill, my sister, attended on me.
Hitesh:
You remember we have to go toNaresh's for his birthday party. It'salready 5. Shall we start?(Naresh birthday party
Èé∞«x-©E í∫ ’®Ω’hçC-éπü∆? É°æ p-öÀ Íé 5 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. •ßª’-©’- üË®Ω-ü∆-´÷?)
Mallesh:
But we should buy some gift for him.
(àüÓ
gift
éÌØ√-L-éπü∆?)
Hitesh:
We must hurrythen. We shouldn't belate.
(ûª y®Ω-°æ-ú≈L ´’J.
late
Å´èπÿúøü¿’.)
Mallesh:
What, do you think, is Naresh's agenow?
(ÉçûªéÆͮ≠ˇ´ßª’Ææ’q áçûª’çúÌ-açö«´¤? ÉC ÅûªE áØÓo 
birthday?
– DEéÀ
English
™‰ü¿’.)
Hitesh:
He must be 18 now. I think it is his18th birth anniversary.
(18 à∞¡Ÿx çú≈L. ÉC ÅûªE 18´
birthday
ņ’-èπ◊çö«.
Anniversary-
¢√J{-éÓûª q´ç)
Mallesh:
We are all the same age then, give ortake a few months.
(Å®·ûË´’†-´’çû√ ØÁ©© ûËú≈ûÓ äÍé ´ßª’Ææ’q™ ÖØ√o´’-†o-´÷ô.)
Hitesh:
Ok. Let's start.
Mallesh:
We must get back home early. Don'tforget our exams from the day aftertomorrow. Because of the change inthe exam hours, we must be at col-lege 10 minutes before nine.
(´’†ç ûª y®Ωí¬ ÉçöÀéÀAJT ´îË aߪ÷L. á©’x çúÕ†’ç* ´’†èπ◊
exams
ÅE ´’®Ω-*§Úèπ◊. ´÷J† ¢Ë∞¡© v°æ鬮Ωç
College
™10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ûªèπ◊\´ 9 éπ™«x-Öçú≈L-.) éÀ çü¿-öÀ 
lesson
™
have to be/ has to be
Ö°æ-ßÁ ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? äéπ-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁaèπ◊çü∆ç.
a)
I, We, You, They subjects
Å®·ûË 
have to.
b)
He, She, It
Å®·ûË 
has to.
c)
be form: have to be/ has to be
(Öçú≈LÅØËÅ®Ω  n çûÓ).
d)
Action word: have to + 1st RegularDoing Word, has to + 1st Regular DoingWord. (Have to go, have to do, has togo, has to do etc,
¢Á∞«}L, îËߪ÷L ÅØËÅ®Ωn çûÓ)Éçé¬ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†oC–
a)
´’†ç àüÁ  jØ√ °æ J-Æœn- ûª ’© ´©x Öçúø-´-©Æœ- †- °æ  ¤púø ’, îËߪ ’-´-©Æœ- †- °æ  ¤púø ’
–
have to be/ has to be;have to + 1st RDW/ has to + 1st RDW.eg:1)
I have to beat home by 8.
؈’ 8 éπ™«xÉçöxÖçú≈L. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰´÷ Ø√-†o- éÓ°æ p-úøû√®Ω’)
2)
He has to behere by 10. Otherwise wecan't start.
(Åûª-E-éπ\úø10éπ™«xÖçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰•ßª’-™‰  l-®Ω™‰ ç)
3)
They have to seethe doctor today. Theappointment is for today.
(É¢√∞¡ ¢√-∞¡Ÿx
doctor
ü¿í∫  _-®Ω-Èé-∞«xL. Çߪ’† Ñ ®ÓVèπ◊
appointment
Éî√aúø ’)– Ééπ\úø 
'haveto'
(Åçõ‰ 
has to
èπÿú≈) ´’†ç ´·çü¿’ E®Ωg-®·ç-èπ◊†o °æEéÀ¢√úø ’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí–
4)
He has toreturn my book today. He saidhe would.
(Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ -Ñ®Ó-V °æ ¤Ææ  héπç ÉîË aߪ÷L. É≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø ’.)
b)
Éûª-®Ω ’© •©´çûªç´©x-í¬F, àüÁ  jØ√ E•ç-üµ  ¿- †© ´©xí¬F
(Rules)
´’†ç îËߪ ÷-Lq- †- °æ  ¤púø ’/ Öçú≈- Lq- †- °æ  ¤púø ’
have to/ has to
 ¢√úø û√ç.
1)
You have to showthe ticket on demand.Keep it safe until the journey is over.[
ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’
Ticket
(öÀÈéö¸– öÀ ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) îª÷§ƒL. v°æߪ÷ùç °æ ‹®Ωh-ßË ’- u´®Ωèπ◊ ñ«ví∫-ûª  hí¬ Öç.
On demand =
ÅúÕT†°æ ¤púø ’-
]
2)
Kumar has to paythe fees tomorrow.(kumar
 Í®°æ ¤
fees
éπö«dL.)
3)
The boss has asked us to be at office halfan hour earlier than usual. We have to beat office at 9.(Boss
´’†Lo ã Å®Ω-í∫ çô ´·çü¿’
office
èπ◊®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†ç 9 éπ™«x 
office
™Öçú≈L.)
Have to/ has to
á°æ ¤púø ÷
present/ future situ-ations
èπ◊ ´Jh-≤ƒh®·. ÅüË 
past
™ ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-©†’-èπ◊çõ‰
had to
¢√úøû√ç.
lesson
v§ƒ®Ω ç¶µ ºÆæ ç¶µ«≠æù™
Mallesh
-à´’-Ø√oúø ’?
I had to beathome (Yesterday - past)
ÅE. Åçõ‰ØËEçöxÖçú≈Lq ´*açC. 鬕öÀ  dí∫ûª ç™–
a)
-
-à-üÁ  j-Ø√ °æ J- Æœn-ûª’©´©x-í¬E, E•ç-üµ¿-†©´©x-í¬E, Éûª-®Ω’©•©´ç- ûªç-´©xí¬E áéπ \úÁ  jØ√ Öçú≈Lq ´ÊÆh,
hadto be,
àüÁ  jØ√ îËߪ ÷-Lq-´ÊÆh
had to + 1stRegular Doing Word (RDW)
 ¢√úø û√ç.
1.
He had to beat station by 8, as his friendwas coming.(Station
™ Åûª†’ 8 éÀÖçú≈Lq ´*açC, ¢√∞¡x
friend
á´®Ó ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ 鬕öÀ  d)
2.
Santhi had to goto Vijayawada lastSunday to attend a marriage.
(éÀ çü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ¨»çA Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø, °RxéÀ ¢Á∞«}Lq ´*açC.)
3.
Vishal had to paythe fees yesterday; hehad no money, so I had tolend him theamount.
(N¨»™¸ E†o 
fees
îÁLx çî√Lq ´*açC. ÅûªE ü¿í∫  _®Ω úø•’s™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ØË-†’ Å®Ω’--´¤ É¢√yLq ´*açC.)
b)
í∫ ûªç™Éûª-®Ω ’© •©´çûªç´©x-í¬F, E•ç-üµ  ¿- †© ´©xí¬F ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/Öçú≈-Lq†°æ  ¤púø ’ π  ÿú≈
had to
 ¢√úø û√ç.
1)
Lord Rama had to goto forests to honourhis father's word.
¢√∞¡x-Ø√†o ´÷ô E©-¶„-ôd-ö«-EéÀ X®√-´·úø’Åúø-´¤©èπ◊ -¢Á∞«x-Lq ´*açC.
2)
He had to livein the forest for 12 years
°æØÁ oçúË∞¡x´†-¢√Ææ ç îËߪ÷Lq ´*açC.
3)
He had to paya fine of Rs. 250/- for driv-ing the wrong way.
(Åûª†’
wrong direction
™
drive
îËÆœ-†çü¿’èπ◊
250
®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’© -ï-J--´÷-Ø√ éπö«dLq ´*açC.)
4)
Pramila had to submit the application theday before yesterday. She submitted ityesterday, so she had to paya late fee ofRs. 10/-.
(v°æO’© ¢Á·†oØË
application submit
îËߪ÷-LqçC – é¬F E-†o îËÆœ çC, Åçü¿’-éπE 10 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’
late fee
îÁLx çî√Lq ´*açC.)´’Sx 
lesson
¢Á ·ü¿öxÖ†o Ææ ç¶µ «≠æù ã≤ƒJ îª÷úø çúÕ:
Mallesh:
We should buysome gift for him.
Hitesh:
.... We shouldn't (should not) be late.
Ééπ\úø 
'should'
Ö°æ-ßÁ ÷í∫ ç îª÷ü∆l ç. ÉC èπÿú≈
have to/ has to
èπ◊ î√-™« ü¿í∫  _®Ωí¬ Öçô’çC. DEéÀ
'be' form should be =
Öçú≈L ÅØËÅ®Ωn çûÓ;
Action word, should + 1st RDW (should go,should know, should do, etc.) =
¢Á∞«xL,ûÁL-ߪ÷L/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ¢√L, îËߪ÷L,
etc.
Å®√n-©ûÓ)
should
á°æ ¤púø ÷ ´’†ç Öçú≈Lq† ÆæÈ®j†B®Ω’†’ í∫’-Jç-*, ÆæJí¬îËߪ÷Lq† °æEE í∫’-Jç-*ûÁ©’°æ ¤ûª’çC.
a)
You should behere at 10 everyday.
†’´¤y ®ÓW °æ-CçöÀéÀ-Ééπ\-úø-Öçú≈L.
b)
He should understandthat we are his wellwishers.
´’†ç ÅûªE v¨ÏßÁ ÷-Gµ™«≠æ fl©´’ØËN≠æߪ’ç Åûª†’ Å®Ωn ç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L.
c)
You should refer to the dictionary whenyou are in doubt.
FÍé-üÁjØ√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç Ö†o-°æ¤púø’
Dictionary
îª÷ú≈L. (îª÷úøôç ÆæÈ®j† °æE)
E•ç-üµ  ¿- †© v°æ鬮Ωç Ææ È®j†D, é¬E-D ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿ ’π◊   πÿú≈
should
 ¢√úø´îª ’a.
a)
You should not driveat more than 20 kmphalong this road.
(Ñ
road
™ O’®Ω’ 20 éÀ-™O’-ô®Ω  x¢Ëí¬Eo --N’ç* -†-úø°æ®√-ü¿’.)
(Kmph = KPH = Kilometres per hour)
b)
Passengers should beat the airport halfan hour before the flight departure.
(N´÷†ç •ßª’-™‰  l-®Ω-ö«-EéÀÅ®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ v°æߪ÷---ùÀèπ◊©’
airport
™ Öçú≈L.)
flight =
N´÷-†-ߪ÷†ç/ °æéÀ  ~ áí∫-®Ωôç,
Departure =
•ßª’-™‰  l-®Ωôç
c)
Before you build a house, you should sub-mit the plan for approval.
(É©’xéπõ‰d´·çü¿’, ÉçöÀ 
plan
Ç¢Á ÷-ü∆-EéÀ 
sub-mit
îËߪ÷L)
´
Should
èπ◊ èπÿú≈
past form 'had to'
ØË,
haveto/ has to
©èπ◊ ™«í¬. Ñ éÀ çC
sentences
†’§Ú©açúÕ.
a)
The Players should beat the field by 9 AM
ûÌN’t-CçöÀ-éπ™«xvéÃú≈鬮Ω ’©’
field
™ Öçú≈L.ÉC
present/ future
Ŵa.
b)
The players had to beat the field by 9 AM.Players
9 éÀ 
field
™ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC–ÉC
Past.
´·êu í∫´’Eéπ:
E•ç-üµ¿- †©’, Å´-Ææ-®√-©π◊
have to/has to, should
 ¢√úÕ- †- °æ  ¤púø ’,
should
éπçõ‰
have to/ has to
áπ◊\´
powerful.
You have todo it =
O’JC îËߪ÷L=
Youshould doit.
Ééπ\úø 
youhave to do it
èπ◊,
youshould do it
éπØ√o 
force
áèπ◊\´, Åçõ‰ÉçéÌçîÁ çí∫öÀ  dí¬ îÁ°æpôç.
Now practise the following in English:Prema:
´’†ç á°æ ¤púø ’ -•-ߪ’-©’-üË®√-L?
Preethi:
ÉçéÓ í∫ çô™/ 9 í∫ çô©éπ™«x´’†ç
airport
™ Öçú≈L.
Passport, visa,
Éûª®Ω
docu-ments
Åçû√
ready
í¬ Öç-éÓ¢√L. ¢√-∞¡Ÿx-Å-úøí∫ çí¬ØËîª÷°œ çîª-í∫-©í¬L.
Prema:
´‚úø ’ Ø√©’í∫ ’ ´çü¿-© *©x-®Ω èπÿú≈ Öç- éÓ¢√L éπü∆. àüÁ  jØ√ Å´Ææ®Ωç ®√´îª’a.
Preethi:
Airport entrance ticket
é̆’-éÓ\-¢√-©E O’
friends
ûÓ îÁ§ƒpL †’´¤y. ¢√∞¡Ÿx
lounge
™ØËèπÿ®Óa¢√L.
Prema:
OK.
Answer:Prema:
When have we to start? / When shouldwe start?
Preethi:
In an hour from now. We have to beatthe airport by 9. We have to haveourpassport, visa and other documentsready. We should be able to showthem when they ask for it.
Prema:
We have to have / should have threehundred to four hundred rupees inchange in case of need.
Preethi:
You should tell your friends that theyhave to buy the airport entrance ticket.They have to sit all the time in thelounge.
Prema:
OK.
 
You have to do it
-Ççí∫    x- ¶µ  «- ≠æ-ù
102
Ççí∫    x-¶µ  «- ≠æ-ù
M. SURESAN
Spoken English
- §ƒûª- ¢√u≤ƒ©éÓÆæç - éÀ   x é˙-îË -ߪ ’ç- úÕ ..
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
- v    °æ-¨¡   o: 
1) 
¢√£æ«Ø√© ¢Á †éπ ®√ÊÆ
'please sound horn' 
Å®Ω   nç N´JççúÕ.
2) 
¢Á  ·£æ «-´÷-ö«EéÀ Ææ´÷† Å®Ωnç ´îËa ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü¿ç à¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆?
– >™«E, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø 
-ï- ¢√- •’:
1)
Please sound horn
Åçõ‰
horn
¢Á ÷TççúÕ ÅEÅ®Ωn ç. äéπ ¢√£æ «†ç ¢Á†-éπ´¤†o ¢√£æ «†ç, ´·çü¿J ¢√£æ «Ø√Eo ü∆öÀ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©†’-èπ◊çõ‰,
horn
¢Á ÷TÊÆh, ´·çü¿J ¢√£æ «†ç, ¢Á†éπ ¢√£æ «Ø√-EéÀ ü∆JÆæ’hçü¿E îÁ°æ p-ö«EéÀÅ™« ®√≤ƒh®Ω’.
2)
'¢Á ·£æ «´÷ôç— Å†o-´÷-ôèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ü¿í∫  _-®Ωí¬ Å†-í∫-L-TçC
'unassertive'. 'assertive'
Åçõ‰E®Ìt-£æ «´÷-ôçí¬ Öçúøôç, 鬕öÀ  d,
'unassertive'
Åçõ‰¢Á ·£æ «´÷ôç í∫© ÅØËÅ®Ωn çûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
    i    i
II
 Ñ-Ø√- úø ’ £j   «- ü¿ ®√- ¶«- ü˛-- •’- üµ   ¿ ¢√®Ωç 25 ----- ï- †-´-J 2006
 
Vipula:
Hi Klupta, what's new?
(àçöÀN¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?– ÉC É°æ ¤púø ’ ¶«í¬ ¢√úø ’-éπ ™éÀ´Ææ’h†o °æ©éπJç°æ ¤ ´÷ô)
Klupta:
O nothing. Just getting on.
(àç ™‰´¤. àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T§Ú-ûÓçC)
Vipula:
Is your application for the job ready?(job
èπ◊ °æ秃-Lq†
Application
Æœü¿l¥çî˨»¢√?/
ready
í¬ Öçü∆?)
Klupta:
What's the hurry, Vipula? We haveplenty of time, haven't we?
(àçöÀûÌçü¿®Ω? 鬢√-Lq†çûª
time
ÖçC,éπü∆?
Plenty of =
î√™«)
Vipula:
What are you talking? Only four daysare left, you know. You must hurry.
(àçöÀ ´÷ö«x-úø ’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Ééπ Ø√©’í∫’®ÓV™‰í¬ ÖçC?ûª y®Ω-°æ-ú≈L)
left =
N’TLçC
Klupta:
Dad's going to fill it in tonight and it willbe ready by tomorrow afternoon.
(´÷ Ø√†o É¢√∞¡ ®√vA
application
°æ ‹JhîË≤ƒh®Ω’. Í®°æ ¤ ´’üµ  ∆u-£æ…o-E-éπ™«x 
ready
í¬Öçô’çC.)
Vipula:
Klupta, don't talk like a child. Don't youknow that the application must be in thecandidate's own hand writing? It mustbe complete in with all particulars. Nocolumn must be blank. If a column doesnot apply to us, we must write in it,Does not apply / Not applicable' Nodashes either.
(*†o-°œ-©x™« ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊. O’ Ø√†o 
fill
îËߪ’ôç (Eç°æôç) àN’öÀ?
Application
Ŷµ ºuJnÆæ yü¿-Ææ ÷h-JûÓ Öçú≈L. ÅEo N´®√-©ûÓ °æ ‹Jhí¬ Öçú≈L. à
column
èπÿú≈ ë«Sí¬Öçúø-èπÿúøü¿’. ´’†èπ◊ ´JhçîªE
column
àüÁ  j-Ø√ Öçõ‰ 
Does not apply/ Not appli-cable
ÅE ®√ߪ÷L.
Dash
©’ ™«çöÀNèπÿú≈ Öçúø-èπÿúøü¿’.)
Candidate
(é¬uEf-úÁ-ß˝’ö¸ – é¬u,
bank
™
b
™«í¬é¬u ØÌéÀ \ °æ©’èπ◊û√ç) = Ŷµ ºuJn 
particulars
(°æöÀ-èπ◊u-©ñ¸ öÀØÌéÀ \ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç,
r silent,
*´J ñ¸,
size
™
z
™«í∫) = N´®√©’.
blank =
-ë«S.
Does not apply/ Not applicable =
´Jhçîªü¿’.
No... either = 'no'
-ûÓ é¬F,
not
ûÓ é¬F
also
¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø ’,
No/ not either
Åçö«ç.
Column =
鬩ç =
Application
™ÅúÕ Íí Å稻©’ – Åçü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç ®√ߪ’-ö«EéÀÖüË  l-Pç*† ë«S Ææ  n©ç)
Klupta:
I don't know how to fill in properly.
(´’J-Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ Eç°æôç ®√ü¿’.
Properly =
v§ƒ°æ-L = ÆæJí¬_)
Vipula:
Take your dad's help. Remember toothat you must enclose all the certifi-cates. The application must reach theoffice on or before the 31st January.
(O’ Ø√†o ≤ƒßª’çûÓ
fill
îÁß˝’. ÅEo 
certifi-cates
ïûª-°æ-®√aL.
Application,
Ç
office
èπ◊,31
st Jan
™‰ü∆ Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’í¬F îË®√L.
Certificate -
ÆæöÀ°∂œÈé-ß˝’ö¸ – Èé ØÌéÀ \ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
Klupta:
I must hurry up.
(Å®·ûË Øˆ’ ûª y®Ω°æ-ú≈L) °jÆæ ç¶µ «≠æù™
must
¢√úÕ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ îª÷úø çúÕ
1)
The application must be in the candidate'sown handwriting =
Ææ yü¿-Ææ ÷h-J™ Öçú≈L
2)
No column must be blank =
ë«Sí¬ Öçúø-èπÿúøü¿’.
3)
We must write =
´’†ç ®√ߪ÷L.
4)
You must enclose =
ïûª-°æ-®√aL.
5)
must reach =
îË®√L.´’†™ î√-™« ´’çCéÀûÁ©’Ææ’ –
must
Åçõ‰ûª°æ pEÆæJÅE.
Must be - be form =
Öçú≈L;
Must + 1st RDW - Action word (Must go, mustwrite, etc,) =
¢Á∞«xL, ®√ߪ÷L,
etc.)
éÀ çü¿öÀ 
Lesson
™
have to/ has to, should
èπ◊
must
èπÿ î√-™« ü¿í∫  _®Ω Ææ ç•çüµ  ¿ç ÖçC – Å®Ωn ç™, Ö°æßÁ ÷-í∫ ç™. °jÆæ ç¶µ «≠æù™ N°æ ¤©
must
†’E•çüµ¿-†©’, Åçõ‰ûª°æ p-E-Ææ-Jí¬ Öçú≈Lq†O
(mustbe) / 
îËߪ÷-Lq†O
(must + 1st RDW)
¢√úøôçí∫´’-Eçî√®Ω’ éπü∆. éÀ çCN èπÿú≈ îª÷úø çúÕ.
a)
Voters must show their ID cards to the pollingOfficers =Voters polling officers
èπ◊ ûª´’ í∫’Jhç°æ ¤
cards(ID cards = Identity cards)
îª÷§ƒL. (E•çüµ  ¿†)
b)
Students must get their own geometry box tothe exam =
°æK-éπ~èπ◊ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ¢√∞¡x≤Òçûª
Geometry box
ûÁaéÓ¢√L. (E•çüµ  ¿†)
Varun:
When will yoube back,Kuber?
(èπ◊¶‰®˝, á°æ¤púø’AJ-íÌ≤ƒh¢˛?)
Kuber:
Only after 5. Tillthen I must beat office. I mustclose the accounts before I leave office.
(5 í∫ çô© ûª®√yûË. Åçûª-´®Ωèπ◊
office
™ØËÖçú≈L.
Office
´C-™‰-´·çü¿’,
accounts
èπÿú≈
close
îËߪ÷L)Ñ Ææ ç¶µ «≠æù™
kuber, must
†’ ûª†
duties
îÁÊ°pçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø ’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆?
(office
™ Öçú≈Lq† Æ洒ߪ’ç, îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ†’©’ – É™«çöÀNüµ¿’©’/
duties)
ÉN
must
èπ◊ -Ö†o È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ ÷í∫ ç –
Must expresses duties.
Udaya:
May I go now Madam?
(¢Á-∞Ôx-î√açúŒ?)
Sandhya:
No. You must stay here for anotherhour; understand? You must finishthe work I have given you and thenonly leave.
(™‰ü¿’. ÉçéÓ í∫ çô Öçú≈L †’Ny-éπ\úø. ØËE-*a† °æE °æ ‹JhîËÆœ† ûª®√yûË¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y. -ûÁ-LÆœ çü∆?) Ééπ\úø 
Sandhya
´÷ô©Fo 
commands/ orders=
Çïc©’. Åçõ‰ÇïcL-´y-ö«EéÀèπÿú≈
must
¢√úøû√ç.É°æ pöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o 
must uses:1) Rules
(E•çüµ¿-†-©èπ◊)
2) duties
(Nüµ  ¿’-©èπ◊)
3) commands/ orders
(Çïc©èπ◊)
Now practice the following in English:a)Karthik:
†’´¤y
ready
Ø√? •ßª’-™‰  l-®Ω’--ü∆´÷?
Sravan:
é¬Ææh Çí∫’. ؈’ Ñ®Ó-V °∂  ‘V-éπ-ö«dL. Åçü¿’-éπE úø•’s ûÁaèπ◊çö«†’.
Karthik:
 Í®°æ ¤ éπôd-èπÿúøü¿÷?
Sravan:
 Í®°æöÀ†’ç* ®ÓVèπ◊
Rs 10/-
ïJ-´÷† éπö«dLqÖçô’çC.
Karthik:
´’†ç
lab
™ 9 éπ™«xÖçú≈L. àN’öÀÇ©Ææ uç? úø•’s
ready
í¬ØËÖçC-éπü∆?
Sravan:
Éçöxá´®Ω÷-™‰®Ω’. ´÷ Å´’t ´îË aü∆é¬ Çí¬L ؈’. ûª†’ ´îË aü∆é¬ Öçúø-´’E ´’K í∫öÀ  dí¬ îÁ°œ pçC.
Karthik:
´’-†ç
9
éπ™«x 
lab
™ Öçú≈L, éπ*aûª çí¬.؈’ ¢Á∞¡xØ√?
Sravan:
Åçûª-éπçí¬È®çü¿’èπ◊? °æéπ\ØËÖØ√oúø ’í¬ ÅPyE. ¢√úÕ 
bike
O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«l ç.
b)police officer:
É°æ¤púø ’
time
áçûª
?
Shopkeeper:
10.30
ü∆öÀ çC.
Police officer:
10.30
éπ™«x 
shop
´‚ÂÆ-ߪ÷u-©E--ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü∆? ´‚ÂÆ-ߪ÷u-L- O’-J-°æ ¤púø ’.
Shopkeeper:
•ßª’ô
showcase
ÖçC. ü∆Eo -™°æ©Â°ö«dL.
Police officer:
؈’ ´’SxO’
shop 10.30
ûª®√yûªûÁ®Ω* Öçúøôç îª÷úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’,ûÁL-Æœ çü∆?
Shopkeeper:
ÉçéÓ
police officer
à¢Ó é̆-ú≈EéÀ´î√a®Ω’. ÅC é̆ôç °æ ‹®Ωh-ßË ’u-ü∆é¬
shop
ûÁJ-* -Öçîª-´’E Çïc Éî√a®Ω’,
sir.
Police officer:
Governor
´*aØ√ ®√vA 10.30èπ◊
shop
éπõ„  d-ߪ÷uL. ´’Ja§Úèπ◊.
Answers:a) Karthik:
Are you ready? Shall we start?
Sravan:
Wait I must pay the fees today. Let meget the money.
Karthik:
Why can't you pay tomorrow?
Sravan:
From tomorrow, we must pay a fine ofRs.10/- per day.
Karthik:
We must be at the lab by 9. What's thedelay? You have the money.
Sravan:
No one is at home. I must/ have to waittill mother comes back. She has toldme that I must wait till she is back.
Karthik:
We must be at the lab at 9. Shall I go?
Sravan:
Why are you so worried? Aswini ishere. We can go on his bike.
b) Police officer:
What is the time now?
Shopkeeper:
Past 10.30
Police officer:
Don't you know that you mustclose shop by 10.30? you mustclose it now.
Shopkeeper:
The showcase is outside. Imust keep it in.
Police officer:
I must not see the shop openafter 10.30 again; understand?
Shopkeeper:
Some other Police Officer camehere to buy something. Heordered me to keep the shopopen until his purchases arecomplete, sir.(Purchases =
é̆’-íÓ©’)
Police Officer:
Even if the Governor comes,you must close shop by 10.30.Don't forget.
É°æ ¤púø ’ Ñ *†o 
game practice
îËߪ’çúÕ.
Infinitive
Åçõ‰ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆– Éçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿’
les-sons
™ N´Jçî√ç–
to + Ist Regular DoingWord. eg: to go, to come, to know, etc,
OöÀE´‚úø ’ Nüµ  ∆©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.
1)
¢Á∞¡xôç, ®√´ôç, ûÁ-L-ߪ’ôç/ ûÁ©’Ææ ’-éÓ´ôç, ÅØË Å®Ωn çûÓ.
To go now will be the right thing
É°æ ¤púø ’ ¢Á∞¡xôç ÆæÈ®j çCí¬ Öçô’çC.
2)
¢Á∞«x-©E, ®√¢√-©E, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ¢√-©E ÅØËÅ®Ωn çûÓ
I want to go =
¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-èπ◊çô’-Ø√o†’.
3)
¢Á∞¡x-ö«EéÀ, ®√´ö«EéÀ, ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ö«EéÀÅØËÅ®Ω  nçûÓ
a)
He is getting ready to go
¢Á∞¡x-ö«EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø ’
she is going out to buy a book
°æ ¤Ææ  héπç é̆-ö«EéÀ¢Á∞hçC. É°æ ¤púø’
game.
É™«çöÀ 
infinitives
Ö°æ-ßÁ ÷-Tç*
sentences form
îËߪ’ôç – áEo îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûËÅEo, áEo 
varieties
Å®·ûËÅEo –
statements &questions, negative sentences (no/ not/ never
ûÓ, O©®·ûË 
dialogue form
™.
eg:
1)
She wants to sing
§ƒú≈©E ņ’-èπ◊çöçC
2)
To smoke is not good for health.( smoke
îËߪ’ôç Ç®Óí¬u-EéÀ´’ç*Cé¬ü¿’)
3)
She has came to borrow a book from me
(Ø√ ü¿í∫  _®Ω°æ ¤Ææ  héπç BÆæ ’éÓ´ö«EéÀ´*açC)
4)
Where do you want to go now?
É°æ ¤púø ’ áéπ\-úÕéÀ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-èπ◊çô’-Ø√o´¤?
5) Vasanth:
Which college do you want to join?
Hemanth:
I have come to consult you.
Vasanth:
To join our college will be thebest.
Hemanth:
But to join your college will beexpensive, won't it?
É™«çöÀN Ñ
game
™
practice
îËߪ’çúÕ.
 
 You must finish the work 
-Ççí∫    x- ¶µ  «- ≠æ-ù
103
Ççí∫    x- ¶µ  «-≠æ-ù
M. SURESAN
Spoken English
- §ƒûª- ¢√u≤ƒ©éÓÆæç - éÀ   x é˙-îË -ߪ ’ç- úÕ ..
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
- v    °æ- ¨¡  o:
†’-´¤y -´’®Ω-*§Ú-û√-¢Ë-¢Á ÷-†-E í∫ ’®Ω’h -îË-¨»-†’.
'Lest you should forget that I havereminded you'
Ñ ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-†-üËØ√?
Lest
´ÊÆ h
should
®√¢√-L -éπü∆?
i)
¢√úÕûÓ Øˆ’ îÁ§ƒpE îÁ°æ ¤p Fèπ◊ Ç °æE-îËƜ°úø-û√úø ’.-
ii)
†’´¤y Å™« ņ’-èπ◊çö«´E Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüËûÁ©’Ææ’. -OöÀ-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?
iii) old boy
Åçõ‰ 
close friend
ÅØËÅ®Ωn ç éπÈ®- ÍédØ√?
– ®√ñ¸-π◊-´÷®˝, ü¿Jz
- ï- ¢√- •’:
1.
†’´¤y ´’Ja§Ú-û√-¢Ë¢Á ÷†E í∫’®Ω ’h î˨»†’ – DEéÀ 
correct English - I have reminded youlest you (should) forget.'That I have reminded you;
ûª°æ ¤p
2. Start early lest you should be late
Ç©Ææ uç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË çü¿’èπ◊ ûª y®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰  l®Ω’.
3. He carried an umbrella lest he (should) getdrenched
ûªúÕ-Æœ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË çü¿’èπ◊ íÌúø ’í∫’ BÂÆ\-∞«xúø ’.
No 1, No 3 sentences
™
should omit
îËߪ’-´îª’a.
No. 2
™ èπÿú≈
should
BÊÆÆœ,
lest you be late
ņ-´îª’a.
Lest = so that not.i) Tell him it is from me. He will do it.(It is from me =
؈’ îÁ§ƒp-†E îÁ°æ ¤p)
ii) I knew that you would think so.iii) Close friend
†’,
old boy
ņôç
correct,
Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ  ∆-®Ωùç.
    i    i
II
 Ñ-Ø√- úø ’ £j   «- ü¿ ®√- ¶«- ü˛--- ¨¡ Ÿ- v     éπ ¢√®Ωç 27 ----- ï- †-´-J 2006
of 00

Leave a Comment

You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...
You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...