Gii thiu chng trnh

1. Gii thiu mn hc Bn chuyn (thematic map) l mn hc c s ca chng trnh o to SV ngnh a l - Du lch. Mn hc nhm cung cp kin thc v k nng c bn thnh lp v s dng cc loi bn chuyn khc nhau. Sau khi hc xong SV c th vn dng cc phng php th hin ni dung bn , bit qui trnh xy dng bn v c th xy dng bn phc v cng tc nghin cu, ging dy, du lch v nhng mc ch khc 2. Yu cu mn hc SV hc xong mn bn c th: - Hiu v gii thch nhng khi nim, thut ng c bn v bn ni chung - Hiu c nhng c im, yu cu ca bn : c s ton hc, h thng k hiu v tng qut ho - Nm r ni dung v phng php biu hin cc loi bn chuyn khc nhau - Thnh lp bn chuyn ng nguyn tc, yu cu. 3. Phn phi chng trnh Chng trnh phn thnh 45 tit, trong c 30 tit l thuyt bao gm cc chng: - Chng 1: Cc khi nim c bn - Chng 2: Gii php th hin ni dung bn : Nguyn l, kh nng din t ca cc phng php th hin bn - Chng 3: Xy dng bn chuyn bng phn mm MapInfo - Chng 4: Qui trnh, phng thc xy dng bn chuyn 4. Cc hc phn cn trang b trc - Bn hc i cng - H thng thng tin a l (GIS) (s dng MapInfo) 5. Cch nh gi Chia lm 3 phn: - Bi tp 40% - Seminar 20% - Kim tra L thuyt 40% 6. cng chi tit 1 Chng 1: Cc khi nim c bn 1. Bn 2. Bn chuyn 3. Cc loi bn chuyn Bi tp 1: M t`c im bn chuyn v cc thnh phn chnh 2 Chng 2: Gii php th hin ni dung bn 1. Khi nim 2. c im 3. La chn cc gii php th hin ni dung bn Bi tp 2: Trnh by cc phng php th hin ni dung mt bn chuyn tu chn: Phng php g? Th hin i tng no? Th hin nh th no? Th
1 Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Bn chuyn

hin loi d liu no? D liu c thu thp nh th no? 3 Chng 3: Phn mm MapInfo thnh lp bn chuyn 1. Cc bc c bn 2. Cc thao tc c th Bi tp 3: S dng MapInfo xy dng bn chuyn c th (kt qu c s dng cho bi tp 4) 4 Chng 4: Qui trnh, phng thc xy dng bn chuyn , bin tp cng thit k 1. Quy trnh chung 2. Chun b bin tp 3. Bn cng chi tit 4. Bin v Bi tp 4: Bin tp v thit k mt bn chuyn

7. Ti liu tham kho 1. Terry A. Slocum (1999) Thematic Cartography and Visualization, Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 2. K. A. Xalisep (1986), Nhp mn Bn hc, NXB i hc Tng hp Lomonoxop Mascova 3. Ng t Tam, Nguyn Hu Cu (1089), Bn hc, NXB Gio dc 4. PGS. TS L Hunh (1998), Bn hc, NXB i hc S phm, H Ni 5. PGS. TS. L Hunh, PGS. TS. L Ngc Nam (2001), Bn chuyn , NXB Gio dc 6. TS. Lm Quang Dc (2002), Bn chuyn , NXB Gio dc 8. Lin lc a ch lin lc: Trn Th Phng H, MSc B mn a l - Du lch Khoa S phm - i hc Cn Th ttpha@ctu.edu.vn hay ha.tranthiphung@wur.nl Tel: 0710 839 783 0939 017 678 L Minh Vnh, PhD Khoa a - i hc Khoa hc X hi Nhn vn, TP H Ch Minh

Bn chuyn

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Chng 1: Khi nim chung

1. Khi nim v bn
Gii thiu
Bn l khi nim phc tp bao gm khng gian, thi gian, phng hng, khong cch xa gn, hnh tng s vt trong khng gian v mi tng quan gia cc s vt y. Hin tng a l bao gm nhiu loi, phn b trong khng gian, nhn thy c, khng nhn thy c, cm nhn c khng cm nhn c v thay i theo thi gian. Phi chng do ni dung bn (cc id tng, hin tng a l) phc tp nh vy nn bn c nhng i hi v c s ton hc, v phng php biu th c th v c cch chn la i tng ni dung ring bit

Mc tiu
Sau khi hc xong phn ny SV c th 1 Hiu c nhng c im ca bn 2 Nm c nhng yu t ni dung cn phi c trn bn t i n vic thnh lp v s dng bn cho hiu qu. 3 Phn bit nhng loi bn khc nhau trong i sng hin nay.

Mc lc
1. nh ngha bn 2. c im 3. Ni dung bn 4. Phn loi bn

1. nh ngha bn
Trc y ngi ta thng quan nim: bn a l l s biu hin thu nh mt phn hay ton b b mt tri t ln bn v. Quan nim trn cha y v chnh xc v bn . Bn khng phi l mt bc nh chp hng khng hay bc tranh phong cnh v thu nh ton b tri t m n cn c kh nng gii thch ton b tnh cht ca cc i tng c trn bn . Mt khc ni nh trn, bn ch hn ch trong vic biu hin nhng i tng c trn b mt tri t, trong khi n cn biu hin nhng i tng hin tng phc tp phn b trn b mt, trong khng gian, di lng t v c nhng hin tng c th bin i theo thi gian. T vic phn tch nhng c tnh c bn v nhng yu t ni dung ca bn a l m cc nh ngha v bn ngy cng chnh xc v hon chnh hn. nh ngha ca nh bn hc ngi Nga K.A. Salisev c mi ngi tha nhn l y v hon chnh nht: Bn a l l m hnh k hiu hnh tng khng gian ca cc i tng, hin tng t nhin v x hi, c thu nh, c tng hp ho theo mt c s ton hc nht nh, nhm phn nh v tr, s phn b khng gian v mi

Bn chuyn

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

tng quan gia cc i tng v hin tng v nhng bin i ca chng theo thi gian tho mn mc ch yu cu nh trc. Mun nh vy, bn a l cn phi c 3 c im c bn: c s ton hc, h thng k hiu v tng qut ho bn Cu hi bi tp 1. Bn khc vi bc tranh phong cnh hoc nh hng khng nhng im no? Cho v d.

2. c im
2.1 C s ton hc L phng php ton hc nhm m bo nguyn tc v quy lut chuyn b mt t nhin ca tri t ln mt chiu hnh, thu nh kch thc ca mt chiu hnh ri dng php chiu hnh khai trin b mt thnh mt phng (bn ). Mt chiu hnh l b mt ton hc ca tri t n nhn hnh chiu. Mt chiu hnh phi c t st vi b mt t nhin ca tri t, trng vi b mt nc bin trung bnh. Tu thuc vo din tch khu vc cn chiu v chnh xc ca t l bn , ngi ta c th chn mt chiu hnh l nhng mt khc nhau: mt phng, mt cu hoc elipsoid. Nu o v bnh t l ln cho mt khu vc nh, cong tri t l khng ng k, tt c cc im u c xem nh trn mt mt phng, mt chiu hnh c chn l mt phng, khng tnh n nh hng cong tri t. Mt chiu hnh l mt cu (R=6.371.116 m) trong trng hp o v cho khu vc c bn knh khong 200km. Nu khu vc o v rng ln v cn chnh xc cao, th phi dng mt chiu hnh l elipsoid. Qu trnh trn c minh ho theo hnh 2 v 3. C s ton hc bn bao gm: 1 C s trc a: h thng cc im khng ch, kch thc elipsoid, to v cao cc im. 2 T l bn 3 Php chiu bn 4 Chia mnh v danh php bn 5 B cc v khung bn C s ton hc bn cho php ta c c ti liu ng n v v tr, hnh dng, kch thc cc yu t biu hin trn bn .

Chiu thng gc xung mt cu hoc elipsoid

Chiu thng gc xung mt phng Thu nh theo t l

Thu nh theo t l

Biu th bng phng php bn

Bn chuyn H1: Qu trnh xy dng bnh

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc H2: Qu trnh xy dng bn

2.2 H thng k hiu bn L phng tin phn nh ton b hay mt kha cnh no ca vt th, i tng hin tng. H thng k hin bn (ngn ng bn ) bao gm cc dng ho, mu sc, ch ci, con s v c t ng ghi nhn v tr khng gian ca cc i tng, ng thi phn nh qui lut pht trin ca hin tng theo thi gian. Ngi ta cn c vo c tnh c bn ca cc yu t ho v mu sc phi hp chng vi nhau theo nhng quy tc v phng php trong mn k hiu hc, ngn ng hc, l thuyt v mu sc v c xt n kha cnh tm l, thm m to nn k hiu bn . Trn bn , k hiu phn lm 2 loi: k hiu nt v k hiu nn 1 K hiu nt: cc phng php th hin k hiu nt gm: phng php k hiu, phng php tuyn tnh, phng php ng chuyn ng, phng php ng ng tr ... l nhng phng php th hin cc i tng nh v theo im hoc ng ngoi thc t 2 K hiu nn: cc phng php th hin k hiu nn gm: nn cht lng, vng phn b, gii ... dng th hin cc i tng phn b theo din ngoi thc t. 2.3 Tng qut ho bn Tng qut ho bn l qu trnh la chn, phn cp cc i tng cn th hin ln bn , trong c s cn i hi ho gia cc thnh phn ca mt yu t v gia cc yu t vi nhau. Mc ch ca tng qut ho bn l phn nh chnh xc bn cht ca i tng v p ng ti u yu cu t ra. Cc nhn t nh hng n qu trnh tng qut ho bao gm: ch , t l, mc ch s dng, c th khu vc thnh lp bn v phng php biu hin bn Cc dng tng qut ho l: tng qut ho chn lc i tng, tng qut ho v mt s lng, cht lng ca hin tng, tng qut ho v mt hnh hc v tng qut ho tp hp cc i tng. (Trnh by chng 5) Tm li Ta thy rng bn l hnh nh thu nh ca b mt tri t ln mt phng. Hay ni cch khc bn l hnh chiu thu c khi ta thc hin chiu b mt a l ca tri t ln b mt ton hc no . Php chiu c thc hin theo li ca cc ng kinh v tuyn. H thng kinh v tuyn trn bn to thnh li chiu bn . B mt n nhn hnh chiu rt a dng, n c th l hnh nn, hnh tr hoc hnh cu. Cc qui lut ton hc dng chiu gi l cc php chiu bn cng rt a dng. Chnh v vy m hin nay ngi ta xy dng rt nhiu li chiu bn khc nhau. Trong mi php chiu s bin dng v mt hnh hc ca cc lnh th thnh lp bn v gi tr sai s chiu hnh l khc nhau. l mt trong nhng vn c bn ca ton bn . Da vo cc li chiu, chng ta, nhng ngi s dng bn c th tin hnh o c, tnh ton to cc im hay cc vt th trn bn . Cc vt th, i tng, hin tng t nhin v KTXH c th hin trn bn thng qua h thng cc k hiu qui c. H thng cc k hiu bn , hay cn gi l ngn ng bn l cc dng mu sc, ch vit, con s, ho nhm th hin ni dung bn . Cc bn khc nhau th c ni dung khc nhau. Yu t ni dung bn bao gm cc yu t v TN v KTXH. Cc yu t TN bao gm: a hnh, h thu vn, lp ph thc - ng vt Cc yu t KTXH bao gm: cc im dn c, cc i tng KT-VH-LS-XH, mng li cc ng giao thng, ranh gii hnh chnh.

Bn chuyn

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

1 2 3

5 6

a hnh (dng t) bao gm: dy ni, cao nguyn, i, ng bng, vch , khe su, b l, bi bi, im cao. H thu vn bao gm: ao, h, sng ngi, bin, knh rch, mng mn, cc loi h cha nc t nhin v nhn to, cc ngun nc v cc ging nc Lp ph thc vt bao gm cc vng rng, m ly qua c v khng qua c, sa mc, cc loi thc vt khc nhau phn b trn khu vc thnh lp bn . Ngoi ra c th phi hp vi cc yu t kh hu (nhit , lng ma, gi) hnh thnh thm thc vt . V ng vt, th hin cc khu vc qui t cc loi ng vt khc nhau. Cc im dn c bao gm cc thnh ph, cc khu vc lng x, cc im dn c dc theo ng giao thng hoc l t trn cc vng ni cao. Cc i tng KTVHXH nh: cc trung tm cng nghip, nh my ln, x nghip, khu ch bin, khu chn nui, sn bay, cc cng trnh vn ho cng cng, rp chiu phim, nh ht, trng hc, bnh vin, lng tm, cha, nh th, ngha trang, tng i. H thng ng giao thng bao gm cc loi ng st v i tng ph thuc nh nh ga, sn ga, cu vt cc loi ng t: ng nha, t, , ng mn qua lng, qua rng Mng li a gii hnh chnh chnh tr: ranh gii quc gia, tnh, huyn, x

Tt c cc yu t ni dung trn c biu th nhiu hay t, chi tit hay s lc (hoc khng biu th) ph thuc vo mc ch, ni dung v t l bn cn thnh lp. Tng t, kch thc ca cc i tng trn bn c la chn ph thuc vo t l, mc ch s dng, phng php biu hin v c th a phng ca khu vc thnh lp bn .

3. Ni dung bn
Mi mt bn a l bao gm 3 yu t: yu t ni dung, yu t ton hc v yu t h tr. 1 Phn gii hn trong khung bn l yu t ni dung bn , tc l s th hin bn thun tu. Yu t ni dung bao gm s truyn t v TN v KT-XH khc nhau. Cc yu t TN nh a hnh, thu h, th nhng, lp ph thc vt v cc yu t VH-XH nh cc im dn c, a gii hnh chnh, cc i tng KT cng nghip, h thng giao thng, cc di tch vn ho, lch s Cc yu t ni dung nhiu hay t khng nhng ch ph thuc vo t l bn m cn ph thuc vo mc ch thnh lp bn . Yu t ni dung bn khng th thng nht trn cc bn khc nhau. 2 Sau yu t ni dung th yu t ton hc gi vai tr quan trng. Yu t ton hc chnh l nhng nguyn tc ton hc trong vic thnh lp bn . Yu t ton hc bao gm: phng php chiu , t l bn , h thng li trc a c bn. H thng li trc a m bo vic chuyn t b mt t nhin sang mt elipsoid m vn m bo chnh xc. Mi bn khc nhau c ni dung, mc ch s dng khc nhau nhng khng th khc nhau v yu t ton hc. 3 Yu t ph, h tr bao gm bn ch gii, bn ph, th, lt ct, s liu tra cu Yu t ph nhm b sung, gii thch v lm phong ph thm hnh tng bn , lm cho vic s dng bn c d dng thun li.

Bn chuyn

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Cu hi bi tp 1. Dng bt k bn no bn c, tm hiu v phn bit cc yu t ni dung, yu t ton hc v h tr trn bn 2. Hai loi bn khc nhau v ch nhng cng mc ch s dng, v d nh bn giao thng v bn kh hu dng cho dy v hc (bn gio khoa) th chng khc nhau c bn nhng im g? 3. V d cng bn giao thng nhng 2 t l khc nhau th chng s khc nhau c bn nhng im g?

4. Phn loi bn
hiu r cc loi bn khc nhau ta tin hnh phn loi. Phn loi bn c ngha quan trng trong vic lu tr, bo qun, s dng v thnh lp bn . Cc bn c phn loi theo: t l, lnh th thnh lp, mc ch s dng v ni dung bn . 4.1 Phn loi theo t l Nhng bn c t l khc nhau s biu din phm vi lnh th khc nhau. T l bn cn quyt nh mc chi tit ca ni dung bn . Phn loi bn theo t l gm: 1 Bn t l ln c t l > 1:200.000 2 Bn t l trung bnh c t l t 1:200.000 n 1:1.000.000 3 Bn t l nh c t l < 1:1.000.000 4.2 Phn loi theo lnh th Bn a l c th phn loi theo lnh th nh sau: Bn th gii (gm lc a v i dng), bn bn cu: ng Ty Nam Bc. Bn cc lc a chia thnh bn cc vng t nhin, cc min, cc khu vc quc gia. Nu chia theo du hiu hnh chnh th t bn th gii chia thnh bn cc chu, quc gia, tnh huyn, x ... 4.3 Phn loi theo mc ch Bn phc v cho cc tng s dng khc nhau 1 Bn phc v cho cng tc nghin cu khoa hc, gio dc vn ho 2 Bn phc v cho nn kinh t quc dn 3 Bn phc v cho qun s quc phng Trong mi nhm li c phn loi su hn na. Mc ch s dng bn quyt nh vic la chn cc yu t ni dung, phng php biu hin v c t l bn . Hai bn c ch (ni dung) khc nhau nhng ging nhau v mc ch s dng th ging nhau c v mc khi qut, hnh thc biu hin v t l bn . Vd: Bn gio khoa treo tng a l t nhin v ng thc vt Ngc li c nhng bn ging nhau v ni dung nhng khc nhau v mc ch s dng th cc yu t nu trn (t l, phng php biu hin, mc tng qut ho) s khc nhau. Vd: bn kinh t dng trong qui hoch v ging dy 4.4 Phn loi theo mc Cn c vo ni dung chuyn mn ca bn , bn a l c phn thnh 2 nhm chnh: nhm cc bn a l chung v nhm bn chuyn a. Bn a l chung Bn a l chung th hin cc i tng TN, KTXH mt cch ng u, khng
Bn chuyn 7 Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

nhn mnh u tin th hin i tng no. Ni dung ca bn i l chung bao gm: dng t, thu vn, mng li cc ng giao thng, a gii hnh chnh, cc im dn c, lp ph thc vt. Bn a l chung (a l khi qut) c t l ln c gi l bn a hnh. Bn a hnh t l ln (>1:200.000) c phn thnh 3 nhm chnh. 1 >1:5000 (gm 1:200; 1:500; 1:1000; 1:2000; 1:5000) gi l bnh (bn a chnh, bn gii tha thuc nhm ny) 2 1:5000 n 1:50.000 bn i hnh t l trunng bnh 3 1:50.000 n 1:200.000 bn i hnh. Cc bn ny c thnh lp bng cch o v trc tip ngoi thc a hoc t nh hng khng hoc kt hp c 2 cch. Bn a hnh thng c t l t 1: 1.000, 1:10.000, 1:25.000, 1:50.000 v 1:100.000 1 Nhm bn a hnh khi qut c t l t 1:200.000 n 1:1.000.000 v c thnh lp t phng php bin son bn , ni dung khng t m nh bn a hnh, nhiu i tng th hin phi t l 2 Bn khi qut c t l nh hn 1:1.000.000 thng dng cc k hiu phi t l. V th bn loi ny khng c dng tnh ton, thu thp cc gi tr s lng Tt c cc bn t a hnh ti khi qut u phn nh thc t mt thi im nht nh. Trong khi , thc t khch quan lun lun c s thay i theo khng gian v thi gian. Chnh v th bn lun lun c hiu chnh, iu chnh v b sung sao cho ni dung bn ph hp vi thc t b. Bn chuyn Cc bn chuyn l nhng bn m ni dung ca n ch th hin mt, hai i tng hin tng a l. Khc vi bn a l chung, bn chuyn tp trung th hin nhng hin tng ring bit ca t nhin , kinh t x hi So vi bn a l chung bn chuyn phong ph v a dng hn v ch , th loi v phng php biu hin. Theo mc, bn chuyn c phn thnh 4 nhm +Bn chuyn v hon cnh t nhin (a l t nhin) Bao gm: 1 Bn a cht (a tng, nham thch, kin to, trm tch t, thu a cht, khong sn c ch ... ) 2 Bn a vt l 3 Bn a hnh b mt tri t (bn a mo, bn cao ... ) 4 Bn cc hin tng kh quyn (bn kh tng, kh hu ... ) 5 Bn thu quyn (thu quyn i cng, nc trn lc a ... ) 6 Bn th nhng 7 Bn ng thc vt + Bn dn c Bao gm: 1 Bn phn b dn c 2 Bn thnh phn dn c (dn tc, ngh nghip, tn gio, tui tc, gii tnh ... ) 3 Bn vn ng t nhin (sinh t) 4 Bn di c, nhp c + Bn kinh t 1 Bn ti nguyn t nhin cng vi s nh gi chung v mt kinh t 2 Bn cng nghip, lm nghip, nng nghip ...

Bn chuyn

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

3 4

Bn giao thng vn ti v cc phng tin lin h Bn thng nghip: ni thng, ngoi thng

+ Bn vn ho, k thut 1 Bn hnh chnh chnh tr 2 Bn lch s 3 Bn du lch Nh vy bn chuyn rt phong ph v a dng nhng chng u c nhng c im ni dung sau: 1. Trn bn chuyn c s phn chia thnh phn chnh v ph. Nhng i tng thuc thnh phn chnh c u tin th hin, nhng i tng ph c tnh cht lm r nt hn cc thnh phn chnh hoc gip cho vic c bn c d dng th s c tng qut ho cao hn 2. Bn chuyn thng i su vo ni dung bn trong ca hin tng, trong khi bn a l chung ch phn nh ng nt bn ngoi ca hin tng 4. 5 Phn loi theo c tnh khc C th phn loi theo mt s c tnh ph khc nh: theo s mu in (bn 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 mu), theo s mnh (2, 4 mnh), theo tnh cht s dng (bn treo tng, bn, b ti), theo mc ch s dng (nghin cu, ging dy, du lch) Cu hi bi tp 1. Nguyn tc phn loi bn l phi lin tc v nht qun ngha l sao? 2.Nu tn cc nhm bn theo hnh v

Bn a l t

3. Cc bn sau y thuc nhm no trong h thng phn loi: bn du lch v bn hnh chnh, bn a l t nhin v bn a hnh, bn ng vt v th nhng, bn t v hin trng s dng t.

Bn chuyn

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

2. Bn chuyn
Gii thiu
hiu r v bn chuyn v tin n vic thnh lp bn c ng cch, phn ny s trnh by khi nim v bn chuyn : nh ngha bn chuyn , c im, cch phn loi bn v cc loi bn chuyn thng gp.

Mc tiu
Sau khi hc xong phn ny SV c th 4 Nm c khi nim v bn chuyn . 5 Phn bit c bn chuyn v nhng bn a l khc 6 Nm c cc yu t ni dung ca bn chuyn , phn bit yu t chnh, yu t ph trn bn . 7 Phn bit cc dng bn chuyn khc nhau

Mc lc
1. nh ngha bn chuyn 2. Ni dung bn chuyn v phn loi

1. nh ngha bn chuyn
Tt c bn a l c phn theo mc ra lm 2 loi: bn a l chung v bn chuyn Khi bn a l chung th hin ng u cc yu t ni dung th ngc li, bn chuyn bao gi cng c s phn chia r rt ni dung chnh cn lm sng t v yu t ph phc v cho vic lm r ni dung chnh. Khi bn a l chung trnh by nhng yu t bn ngoi ca i tng th bn chuyn i su vo ni dung bn trong ca i tng. V vy vic vn dng cc phng php biu hin bn chuyn thng trnh pht trin cao hn. Bn a l chung bao gm bn a hnh (t l ln) v bn a l khi qut (t l nh). Bn a hnh (topographic map) l bn m mc tiu chnh l miu t v xc nh thc th ca b mt tri t mt cch trung thc nht m n c th trong s gii hn ca t l bn . Thc th ny c l t nhin hay nhn to. Cc thc th c trnh by trn bn a hnh di dng v tr, hnh dng v cao . Bn a hnh thng thng c s dng cho nhiu mc tiu v d nh: - Qun l hnh chnh quc gia - Qun s - Du lch v gii tr - Qui hoch - Qun l ti nguyn - a chnh hay nh c - Gio dc

Bn chuyn

10

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

H1: Bn a hnh t l ln

H2: Bn a l khi qut t l nh

Bn chuyn l bn c thit k nhm trnh by cc thc th hay cc khi nim c th, bn ch thng c dng khi mun nhn mnh mt hay nhiu ch no . Ty theo ni dung bn ch thng c dng trong vic: - Tm phng hng, hoa tiu - Qui hoch - D on s pht trin - Khai thc ti nguyn, khong sn - Qun l - Phn tch khoa hc v so snh - Gio dc,v.v...

H3: Bn dn s

H4: Bn kh hu

2. Ni dung bn chuyn v phn loi bn chuyn

2.1 Ni dung Bn chuyn th hin rt chi tit mt mt, mt b phn ca i tng hin tng. Nhng i tng hin tng ny tn ti trn mt t, trong lng t, trong bu kh quyn hoc trong x hi loi ngi. Ni dung bn chuyn thng hp hn bn a l chung nhng n i su biu hin ni dung bn trong ca cc i tng, hin tng v nhng c im chi tit ca n u c th hin r rng chi tit trn
Bn chuyn 11 Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

bn . Ni dung ca bn r rng lin quan n mc tiu s dng ca n. Ni dung trong bn chuyn bao gm: - Ni dung chnh (ch chnh) - Ni dung th hai (bn nn, thng tin c bn ca bn ) - Yu t ph tr ( thng tin l nh ch thch, t l, tiu ...) Ni dung chnh bao gm cc yu t ni ln trn vn ch ca bn . V d ni dung chnh ca bn kh hu bao gm nhit , lng ma, gi ca bn giao thng bao gm cc loi ng, cc im dn c (u mi giao thng) chnh Ni dung th hai bao gm nhng yu t a l c s th hin ni dung chnh. V d: li to , a hnh, song ngi, a mo Yu t ph, h tr thng gm cc thng tin ngoi khung nh tn bn , bn ch gii, thanh t l, biu , tranh nh minh ho 2.2 chnh xc Ba vn ca chnh xc cn quan tm l: - Chnh xc v v tr - Chnh xc v ch - Chnh xc v cch th hin 1 Chnh xc v v tr chnh xc ca v tr c v trn bn lin quan n v tr thc t ca n trn thc t. chnh xc ny nh hng bi: - Php chiu - chnh xc ca vic thu thp d liu v vic v bn - T l ca bn - Cng c v n nh ca vt liu c s dng trong vic v bn 2. Chnh xc v ch chnh xc v ch lin quan n thng tin ch c th hin. chnh xc ny nh hng bi: - Vic thu thp thng tin thuc tnh: cht lng ca d liu thng k v phng php thng k - Vic chuyn i d liu: D liu ca mt phn ca vng i khi c dng th hin cho ton vng, v d nh trng hp bn mt dn s (mt huyn c mt 50 ngi/km2 khng c ngha mi km2 ca huyn u c 50 ngi. 3. Chnh xc v cch th hin S th hin ca cc biu tng trn bn rt quan trong, nu dng sai biu tng th c th nh lc hng ca ngi s dng, hay lm m ranh gii ca cc vng trn bn . 2.3 Phn loi Phn loi bn phi m bo tnh h thng v nht qun. Tnh h thng th hin ch khi phn khi nim chung thnh khi nim hp th tng cc khi nim hp phi bng dung lng ca khi nim chung. Tnh nht qun th hin ch phn loi phi theo mt tiu ch nht nh ngha l ch da vo mt tiu chun trong sut qu trnh phn loi. Phn loi bn chuyn theo 1. Phn loi theo phm vi lnh th: Bn th gii, bn bn cu, i lc v i dng, quc gia, vng, tnh, huyn x

Bn chuyn

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

2. 3 4

Phn loi theo ni dung Nhm bn hon cnh t nhin: Nhm bn dn c Nhm bn kinh t Nhm bn vn ho, hnh chnh, lch s, khoa hc, gio dc, y t, th thao v du lch

Phn loi theo mc ch: phc v nghin cu khoa hc, phc v nn kinh t quc dn, phc v ngnh gio dc v vn ho, phc v quc phng Phn loi theo t l 2.4 Phn kiu bn chuyn

C nhiu tiu ch phn kiu bn chuyn 1 Theo tm m rng ca ti: Bn th hin y tnh cht ca hin tng a l gi l bn i cng. V d bn nng nghip chung, bn kh hu. Bn th hin mt phng din no ca hin tng gi l bn ngnh. V d: bn la, chn nui bn gi, ma

Khi nim ny cng mang tnh cht tng i. V d bn luyn kim l bn ngnh ca bn cng nghip. Bn cng nghip li l bn ngnh ca bn kinh t. 2 Theo mc tng qut ho ni dung: 3 Nhng bn th hin c tnh c th, v d: bn nhit khng kh ca mt a phng. Nhng bn th hin nhng ch s c trng, v d bn kinh t x hi chung. Nhng bn th hin mt s hin tng lin quan mt thit vi nhau, v d: bn gio khoa kinh t

Theo mc khch quan ca thng tin: Bn quan trc, iu tra o c trc tip ngoi thc a Bn dn xut hoc chnh l t nhng bn xut bn.

Theo xu hng thc tin: Bn kim k phn nh trng thi hin ti. Bn nh gi Bn ng thi th hin s bin ng hin tng
13 Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Bn chuyn

Bn d bo

Cu hi bi tp 1. Phn bit bn a l chung v bn chuyn 2. Bn chuyn du lch c nhng yu t ni dung g?

3. Cc loi bn chuyn
Gii thiu
Bn chuyn phn theo mc ra lm bn chuyn v a l t nhin v v kinh t x hi. Trong mi bn chuyn cha ni dung khc nhau. Mi yu t ni dung tng ng vi phng php thnh lp v cch biu th khc nhau.

Mc tiu
Sau khi hc xong phn ny SV c th 1 Phn bit cc dng bn chuyn khc nhau 2 Nm r nhng ni dung cn c trong bn chuyn 3 Hiu c cc phng php biu hin ni dung bn

Mc lc
1. Cc loi bn a l t nhin 2. Cc loi bn kinh t, vn ho, x hi

1. CC LOI BN A L T NHIN
Cc thnh phn ca mi trng a l t nhin l a cht, a hnh, kh hu, thu vn, th nhng, thc vt v ng vt.

1.1 Bn a cht
Bn a cht , theo ngha rng, bao gm nhiu loi bn : a tng , nham thch, kin to, trm tch t, thu a cht, khong sn c ch Trong cc loi bn a cht quan trng nht l bn a cht i cng hay cn gi l bn a tng. Ni dung c bn ca bn ny l nhng ng ranh gii ca cc loi t l ra trn mt t c tui khc nhau trc thi k t. B sung cho bn a tng l cc bn thch hc, trn phn bit cc loi khc nhau v thnh phn vt cht ca chng. Cng tc o v, thnh lp bn a cht gn lin vi s pht trin ca khoa hc a cht. Vit nam, cng tc nghin cu v thnh lp cc bn a cht c bt u t nm 1925 bi cc nh a cht Php, thnh lp bn ng Dng t l 1:500.000. Cho n nm 1980, Lin on a cht tin hnh thnh lp bn a cht thng nht trn c nc t l 1:500.000. Bn a cht l xp loi cc loi theo tui v xc nh ranh gii ca cc loi y

Bn chuyn

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

trn mt lnh th nht nh. Thu thp s liu thnh lp bn a tng gm nhiu cch: thu thp s liu thc a, s dng nh my bay, v tinh, s dng bn a hnh t l ln nghin cu thc t. V d: khi i nghin cu xy dng bn a cht t l 1:500.000 ngi ta ch tm hiu kt cu a cht qua cc vt l t nhin hoc nhn to kt hp vi suy lun thng qua a hnh, v phong ho, c tnh th nhng, thnh phn thc vt Khi nghin cu thnh lp bn t l ln hn, ngi ta kt hp vi o h, khoan v kt hp vi phng php a vt l. Thnh lp bn ch gii cho bn a cht cn c vo k hiu quy c thng nht c thng qua ti hi ngh a cht hc ti Italia nm 1881. Ni dung bn a cht c biu hin bng phng php nn cht lng, k hiu v mu sc c qui dnh nh sau (H5):

H5: Bn ch gii bn a cht Bn cnh dng mu ch k ngi ta dng con s th hin thng. V d: thng Devon gia l D2. Ngi ta dng k hiu ch thng ch cc t. V d tng Devon gia t Efeli l D2e. Cc ranh gii a tng c biu hin bng mt ng mnh d mu en. Khi c s gin on a tng (tng tr tui nm khng khp u ln tng c tui gi hn) ngi ta phi thm mt ng chm trn ng mnh d mu en.. ranh gii ca cc ng t gy kin to c biu din bng ng mu . Th nm ca c biu hin bng k hiu sau: Th nm ngang (+), thng ng (?), nghing (). Bn a cht thng km theo mt hay nhiu ct a tng v lt ct a cht. o Ct a tng minh ho cho bn a cht v tnh lin tc, dy, tui v thnh phn ca cc lp c biu hin trn bn . Ct a tng bao gm 4 ct dc. Ct th nht ghi tui ca , ct th 2 c k hiu gch ghi thnh phn ca , ct th 3 ghi dy ca cc lp tnh bng mt, ct 4 m t c tnh ca . Ct a tng c t l ln hn t l bn , nhng nu dy ca cc lp t chnh lch nhau qu nhiu th cng khng nht thit c phi l thuc vo t l. o Lt ct a cht c xy dng trn c s lt ct a hnh. Sau khi v trc din a hnh, ngi ta da vo bn a cht m vch ranh gii ca cc lp trn b mt a hnh . Ngi ta t mu, dng k hiu ch biu hin tui ca cc lp . Lt ct a cht vch ra mt cch c th s lin tc ca cc lp di su, dy thc v th nm ca cc lp

Bn chuyn

15

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

H6: Bn a cht

1.2 Bn kh hu
a. c im Hu ht cc bn kh hu c thnh lp bng phng php ng ng tr. S liu thu thp c t qu trnh quan trc trc tip hoc c tnh ton b sung t s liu thu

Bn chuyn

16

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

thp c. Vic chn la mc chnh lch v tr s gia 2 ng ng tr k nhau cn phi quan tm. Vic chn la ny ph thuc vo: mt cc trm quan trc, tnh hnh s liu quan trc, c im ca cc ch s o, c tnh phn b theo lnh th ca cc ch s v.vMt ng ng tr cng dy, mc chnh xc cng cao. Tuy nhin mt cng dy c bn cng gim. tng tnh thm m v kh nng c bn , ngi ta t mu khong gia 2 ng ng tr k nhau. Mu sc t phi c la chn hi ho trong nhng tn mu gn nhau. b. Mt s bn kh hu Mt s bn m t cc hin tng kh hu nh sau:

1. Bn ng ng nhit - ng ng nhit l ng ni nhng im c cng nhit trung bnh hng thng hoc hng nm. C 2 loi ng ng nhit: ng ng nhit thc t l ng ng nhit trn b mt mt t v ng ng nhit suy din l ng ng nhit mc nc bin. - ng ng nhit thc t chim vai tr quan trng hn v do ngha ca n i vi i sng v hot ng thc t ca con ngi (c bit l i vi sn xut nng nghip). - Mt khc, ng ng nhit suy din cho php nghin cu nhng quy lut kh hu chung nht khng chu nh hng a hnh b mt tri t, n ch ra s ph thuc ca ch nhit vo v, vo s di chuyn ca cc khi kh v hot ng ca cc dng bin. - S lin quan gia 2 loi ng ng tr c tnh bng gradient theo chiu thng ng (0,50 C trn 100m). Vic tnh ton gradient theo chiu thng ng ngoi ra cn chu nh hng ca v tr a l, hng, nh nng v dc ca sn.

H 7: Bn nhit 2. Bn ng ng v ng ng v l ng ni nhng im c cng lng ma tng ma v tng nm. Vic xy dng ng ng v da vo s liu quan trc hoc tnh ton b sung bng phng php ni suy hoc ngoi suy. Trong vic xy dng bn ng ng v, vn quan trng phi tnh n l nh hng ca a hnh, s phn b a l nh hng n
17 Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Bn chuyn

lng ma khng u. S thay i lng ma cc vng ni cao khng phi ch do nh hng ca cao tuyt i, m cn do hng phi, n gi ca sn tc l vai tr chng ngi ca a hnh. Ngi ta phn ra cc nguyn nhn sau y ca s thay i lng ma theo sn: 1) hon lu a phng gy ra s vn chuyn hi nc t thung lng ln ni (ch yu vo ma nng ca nm), 2) s vn chuyn ca cc khi kh v cc front qua ni gy ra s khc nhau t ngt v m cc sn n gi v khut gi, 3) s vn ln ca cc khi kh, do gp tr ngi b chn li gy ra ma ti a sn n gi.

3. Bn ng ng p - Bn ni nhng im c cng ch s v p sut khng kh. Nu nh ng ng v thng c xy dng bng s liu thc t trn b mt tri t, bn ng ng p c xy dng theo s liu suy din ti mc nc bin. Quy lut thay i kh p theo cao t chu nh hng ca iu kin a l t nhin a phng cho nn c th chnh tu s liu quan trc theo mt cng thc thng nht. Cc ng ng p trn bn thng l nhng ng cong thay i rt nhp nhng v thng c thnh lp bn t l nh. 4. Bn gi 1 Mc ch ca bn l biu hin hng gi, tc gi thuc cc cp khc nhau v tn sut gi. Vic xc nh hng gi v tc gi ch c th thc hin c ngoi bin khi, cn trn lc a, do nh hng ca a hnh, s vn ng ca cc dng kh thng rt phc tp nn vic s dng s liu ca cc trm thng gp nhiu kh khn. Dng biu nh v th hin gi. Cnh hoa biu hin hng gi. Chiu di cnh hoa biu hin tn sut gi tnh theo phn trm ca tng s ln quan trc. Tc gi c biu th bng nt gch sng ti khc nhau trn mi cnh hoa, mu cng m, vch cng dy th tc gi cng ln. Tm ca hoa gi c t ng vo v tr quan trc. V vy hoa gi ch c tnh gi ti tng im ring bit ch khng biu th tnh lin tc cho ton khu vc. H 8: Bn lng ma

Bn chuyn

18

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

H 9: Bn gi Bn tc gi trung bnh thng lp cho 4 thng I, IV, VII v X ; quan trc vo cc thi im lc 1, 7, 13, 19g trong ngy. Tn sut lng gi ch s phn trm s ln quan st lng gi vi tng s ln quan trc.

5. Bn cn cn nhit Cn cn nhit l lng cn bng v nhit gia phn thu v phn chi. Phn thu bao gm ton b bc x mt tri trc tip (I) v bc x mt tri khuych tn (i) dn xung mt t Q1 = I + i Phn chi bao gm phn mt t hp thu (q1), phn mt t phn hi li kh quyn (q2) v phn xuyn qua mt t (q3) Q2 = q1 + q2 + q3 Nu phn thu ln hn phn chi th cn cn bc x dng v ngc li. Sau khi tnh ton cn cn nhit, ngi ta da vo s liu m khoanh cc vng theo tnh hnh cn cn nhit, v la chn mu t theo bc thang. Hin nay s liu quan trc cn qu t, ngi ta ch c th thnh lp bn cn cn nhit t l nh.

6. Bn kh hu tng hp C rt nhiu tc gi da trn nhng quan im khc nhau phn loi kh hu. Cch 1: Copen (c) phn loi kh hu trn ton th gii ra lm 5 kiu da vo nhit v lng ma trung bnh, l: o Kh hu nhit i m (A): Nhit thng lnh nht > 18oC. Lng ma hng nm >750mm o Kh hu nhit i (B) l kh hu kh nng. Nhit trung bnh thng nng nht > 20oC. Lng ma TB nm tnh bng cm < 2 (T+7) . (T l nhit TB nm). o Kh hu n i (C): Nhit thng lnh nht < 18oC nhng > -3oC. Lng ma nm ln nht t 2(T + 14) o Kh hu hn i (D): Nhit TB thng m nht > 10oC, thng lnh nht < -3oC. Ma ng tuyt ph lin tc. o Kh hu cc i (E) l i bng tuyt, nhit ca thng m nht cng <10oC Trong cc i A, C, D rng pht trin mnh cn i B th ng c v hoang mc chim u th. cc i A, B, C, D tc gi li phn tip thnh cc kiu kh hu: m c nm, kh ma h, kh ma ng Cch 2: Alisop (Nga): cn c vo hon lu chung ca kh quyn phn loi kh hu. Trn mi bn cu tc gi chia ra 4 i kh hu chnh. l: i xch o chung cho c 2 bn cu, nhit i, n i v cc i. Gia 2 i chnh l i chuyn tip (hay i),

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

vy trn mi bn cu c 3 i. Vy mi bn cu c 7 i (4 chnh v 3 ph), cc i c phn cch vi nhau bi v tr ca cc front kh hu thng 1 v thng 7

H10: Bn kh hu Cch 3: Bn kh hu Vit nam t l 1:4.000.000 hoc 1:9.000.000 (atlas Vit Nam c) phn thnh 4 kiu kh hu o Kiu kh hu nhit i c ma ng lnh, nhit thng I di 17.5oC, bin nhit nm trn 11oC o Kiu kh hu nhit i c ma ng lnh va, nhit thng I: 17.5oC 21oC, bin nhit nm 8oC 11oC o Kiu kh hu nhit i c ma kh m p, nhit thng I: 21oC 24.5oC, bin nhit nhit nm 5oC 8oC o Kiu kh hu nhit i nng quanh nm, nhit thng I trn 24oC, bin d nhit nm di 5oC Bn kh hu Vit Nam t l 1:9.000.000 (atlas Vit Nam, 2004) phn thnh 3 vng kh hu o Kh hu pha Bc o Kh hu ng Trng Sn o Kh hu pha Nam Bn phn vng kh hu th hin ging nh kiu kh hu. Khc nhau cn bn gia 2 bn l, bn phn vng kh hu khng c s lp i lp li trong khng gian cn kiu kh hu c th c nhiu khu vc khc nhau trn bn .

Bn chuyn

20

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

H 11: Bn kh hu Vit nam. Chia lm 4 kiu kh hu (a) v 3 kiu kh hu (b)

1.3 Bn thu vn
Nc, c bit nc trn lc a l mt ti nguyn v cng qu gi, n l tin ca qun c v hot ng sn xut ca con ngi a. Phng php xy dng bn thu vn Xy dng bn thu vn da vo ti liu quan trc cho c 1 vng (khc vi bn kh hu, s liu quan trc c trng cho tng im). Di y trnh by cc ch s o c c t cc trm quan trc a ln bn thu vn. 1. Lu vc sng: Din tch t ai cung cp ton b lng nc cho mt con sng. Ranh gii gia cc lu vc sng khc nhau l ng phn thu. 2. Mt sng ngi: L t s gia tng di cc cn sng sui ln nh v din tch lu vc (km/km2) 3. Modun dng chy, hay dng chy n v, l lng nc m sng ngi c th cung cp c trong 1 n v thi gian (s) trn 1 n v din tch (km2). L t s gia lu lng sng v din tch lu vc. (m3/s/km2) 4. c: L s lng ct bn cha trong 1 n v th tch (m3). i lng c biu th bng (gr/m3) 5. H s xm thc hay modun dng chy ct bn l lng ct bn b xm thc (tn) vn chuyn i trong 1 n v thi gian (nm) v mt n v din tch (km2). i lng c tnh l: Wbc/F (Wbc l tng lng ct bn, F l lu vc) (tn/nm/km2) - Khi c cc ch s c trng thng nht v y , ngi ta a cc gi tr y ln bn bng cc phng php khc nhau: ng ng tr, biu nh v, bn biu v phng php nn cht lng.

Bn chuyn

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

b. Mt s loi bn thu vn: Trnh by cc loi bn thu vn sau y: 1. Bn lu lng TB - C th biu th bng phng php biu v k hiu chuyn ng dng bng. Ngi ta biu th cc con sng di hnh thc 1 ci bng c chiu rng t l vi lu lng. Bn lu lng TB c ngha v mt minh ho nhng km v ngha khoa hc. 2. Bn modun dng chy - Biu hin lng nc trung bnh tnh bng lt chy qua n v din tch 1 km2 trong n v thi gian 1 giy. Bn modun dng chy rt c ngha khi thnh lp cho nhng min kh hu kh hn ca n i hoc cn nhit i. N ni ln iu kin tch nc ca cc lp t trn mt v cc yu t t nhin ca khu vc. Trong cc nc n i, mdun dng chy lun t l thun vi cao ca a hnh. Trong iu kin min ni Vit nam, quan h ny khng phi thng xuyn t l thun. 3. Bn h s dng chy - Biu hin lng nc chy trung bnh so vi lng ma trong 1 nm, 1 ma hoc 1 thng. H s dng chy cng cao bao nhiu th lng bc hi cng nh v kh nng tch nc ca khu vc cng km by nhiu. Ch s h s dng chy tnh trong khong thi gian ngn th rt kh v cn do nh hng ca lng ma trc thi gian tnh ton. - Biu hin h s dng chy bng cc phng php: ng ng tr, biu hoc gii.

1.4 Bn th nhng
Bn th nhng l c s khoa hc iu tra cht lng t, t k hoch t chc v qun l nng nghip, nghin cu cc bin php k thut lm tng ph ca t. a. Phng php xy dng bn th nhng Bn th nhng c thnh lp t kt qu nghin cu th nhng ngoi thc a kt hp vi phn tch mu t phng th nghim. Bn th nhng c thnh lp trn c s h thng phn loi th nhng. H thng ny gm 5 nhm t chnh: t feralit, t macgalit-feralit, t ph sa v t bi ven bin, t ly, t mn. Sau khi h thng ho cc n v th nhng, ngi ta th hin cc n v phn loi bng phng php nn cht lng. Ngi ta cng phi hp vi phng php k hiu th hin a hnh, kh hu v thnh phn c gii ca t. Hin nay, bn th nhng Vit nam 1:2.500.000 phn lm 10 loi: t ct ven bin, t mn, t phn, t ph sa, t ly v than bn, t xm, t en nhit i, t feralit, t mn vng trn ni v t xi mn tr si . Phng php biu hin trn bn th nhng l phng php nn cht lng. Mu nn c chn gn vi sc mu t nhin ca chng. Tuy nhin c nhng loi t ta dng vi tnh cht truyn thng. Vd: mu lc dng cho t ph sa, dng cho nhng loi t vng kh hu nng v kh, mu l ch m ly, tm ch t mn. Cc loi t ph c thay i bng cng mu t nhm mu chnh.

Bn chuyn

22

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

b. Mt s loi bn th nhng 1. Bn nng ho Cn thit cho nhng vng thm canh cn dng phn bn, nu khng c bn nng ho ngi ta khng th bit ni no cn bn phn g v bn bao nhiu hiu qu cao. Thng c 5 nm ngi ta xy dng li cc bn nng ho c bin php thch hp. Cng vic quan trng thnh lp bn nng ho l ly mu t v phn tch phng th nghim. Khi ly mu phi quan tm n thi im v mt ly mu. Thnh phn ca cc loi t c th khc nhau trong tng thi im khc nhau, iu ny c th dn n sai lm trong vic phn tch t. Mt ly mu v cch b tr cc h phi da vo cc yu t a hnh, a mo. Thng thng 0.5 3 ha/h. Vic phn tch mu t nhm pht hin ra ch s v chua pH, pht p ht (P2O5) v hm lng kali (K2O). Ngi ta phn chia cc ch s ni trn thnh 6 bc: Loi pH trong KCl l lng P2O5 K2O Nn mu 1 <3 <5 4.0 2 4.0 4.5 <8 < 10 Cam 3 4.6 5.0 8 15 10 15 Vng 4 5.1 5.5 15 20 15 20 Xanh l cy 5 5.6 6.0 20 30 20 30 Da tri 6 > 6.0 > 30 > 30 L m - nhng vng t khng dng phn bn th ranh gii ca cc loi t trn bn nng ho v bn th nhng thng trng nhau. iu ny khng ng trong trng hp t c bn nhiu phn. 2. Bn s dng t C ngha rt ln trong vic nh gi cht lng t v vch ra cc bin php s dng t hp l. H thng phn loi trn bn hin trng s dng t hin nay nh sau: 1 t nng nghip: phn thnh 10 loi 1.1 t sn xut nng nghip a. Cy hng nm b. Cy lu nm 1.2 t lm nghip a. t rng sn xut b. t rng phng h c. t rng c dng 1.3 t nui trng thy sn 1.4 t lm mui 1.5 t nng nghip khc 2.t phi nng nghip: phn thnh 28 loi 2.1 t 2.2 t chuyn dng a. t tr s c quan, cng trnh s nghip b. t quc phng an ninh c. t sn xut kinh doanh phi nng nghip d. t c mc ch cng cng 2.3 t tn gio, tn ngng

Bn chuyn

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

2.4 t ngha trang, ngha a 2.5 t sng sui v mt nc chuyn dng 2.6 t phi nng nghip khc 3. Nhm t cha s dng: c 3 loi 4. t c mt nc ven bin 3. Bn a l thc vt Th hin s phn b cc qun th thc vt trn b mt t. Cc bn a thc vt cn thit khi phn vng a t nhin v kinh t mt lnh th, nh gi iu kin t nhin 1 vng c xc nh kh nng ci to t v bo v mi trng. Ni dung bn thm thc vt ph thuc nhiu vo t l bn . Bn t l cng ln biu th nhng n v cng nh ca ca lp ph thc vt. Cng vic quan trng khi thnh lp bn l xy dng bn ch gii. Bn ch gii gm 3 phn c bn: nn cht lng th hin cc qun x thc vt theo bc thang phn loi; k hiu ch th hin nhng bin dng c tnh cht a phng ca cc n v phn loi: phng php k hiu th hin v tr ca 1 s nhm thc vt c tnh cht a phng, khng biu th theo ng t l bn .

4. Bn rng Bn rng th hin s phn b rng, cc loi cy, cc kiu rng, tnh hnh khai thc v trng rng. biu th s phn b rng, ngi ta dng phng php vng phn b khoanh nhng din tch c rng bao ph hoc phng php cartogram th hin mt rng. Cc khonh rng c phn chia theo hnh dng, thnh phn, tui, cp rng, dy ca rng v nhng du hiu khc. Hnh dng rng c 1 tng hay nhiu tng. Thnh phn rng c xc nh theo cht lng g, chi, l, tng quan v hnh chiu ca tn l. Tui ca rng c xc nh theo cp. i vi rng cy l nhn v cng th mi cp tui bng 20 nm, cy l mm l 10 nm, i vi cy mc nhanh l 5 nm. Cp rng c tnh theo s tng quan v cao v tui ca cy g, khng ph thuc vo loi. Mc dy c ca cy g c gi l dy ca rng.

5. Bn a l ng vt Bn a l ng vt phn nh c tnh v ngun gc, cc quy lut phn b ca h ng vt. Bn cc vng phn b ng vt thng c xy dng t l nh. Ranh gii ca cc vng phn b ch xc nh mt cch s lc. Ngi ta dng phng php nn cht lng th hin cc vng phn b ng vt: h ng vt i nguyn, ng vt rng taiga, h ng vt rng nhit i, tho nguyn, hoang mc v.v Trn nn cht lng ca bn , ngi ta dng phng php vng phn b hay k hiu ngoi t l th hin phm vi c tr ca 1 vi loi ng vt c bit. Dng k hiu ng chuyn ng th hin ng di chuyn theo ma ca 1 s loi ng vt.

6. Bn a l t nhin Bn a l t nhin cp n tnh a dng v c im a phng ca iu

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kin t nhin trong qu trnh t chc v khai thc lnh th m trc ht l khai thc nng nghip. Bn a l t nhin thng thy l bn cnh quan v bn phn vng t nhin. Bn cnh quan th hin cc yu t a l t nhin: nham thch, a hnh, cc lp khng kh gn mt t, th nhng, thc vt ng vt. Bn phn vng t nhin nghin cu iu kin t nhin v cc ti nguyn thin nhin.

H 13: Bn a l t nhin

2. CC LOI BN KINH T
Bn kinh t x hi c nhim v biu hin s phn b , nhng c im sn xut, i sng, s pht trin v hot ng ca tng lnh vc kinh t. Theo ni dung, bn kinh t c chia lm: Cc bn dn c Bn nng nghip Bn cng nghip xy dng

Bn chuyn

25

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Bn giao thng vn ti- thng tin lin lc Bn dch v thng mi Bn gio dc y t vn ho Bn lch s Bn du lch Nguyn tc thnh lp: o Mc ch bn phi c xc nh r rng o Chnh xc v hin i o Cc i tng phi c phn loi 1 cch khoa hc, ng n v thng nht. Nht qun v phng php biu hin o Chnh xc v mt a l

2.1 Bn dn c
c im ca bn dn c: t chc, iu chnh phn b dn c, thnh lp nhng khu cng nghip mi, t chc mng li phc v Gm: bn phn b dn c, thnh phn dn c, bn s bin ng dn c. Bn phn b dn c: o Phng php chm im, ng ng tr (ng ng mt , khng phn bit theo n v hnh chnh) o Phng php cartogram th hin mt phn b dn c. o Phng php k hiu, biu : phn b thnh th, nng thn theo cp bc, n v hnh chnh. Bn thnh phn dn c: thnh phn dn tc, ngh nghip, nam n, tui th hin bng: o Phng php nn cht lng: th hin cc dn tc khc nhau. Nu trong 1 khu vc c nhiu dn tc khc nhau th hin bng phng php biu (%) o Phng php chm im: cc dn tc khc nhau chm bng nhng mu khc nhau. Bn bin ng dn c o Phng php k hiu mu khc nhau: th hin s thay i s dn cc im qun c o Phng php cartogram, cartodiagram biu hin bin chuyn v mt dn c trong mt thi gian nht nh o ng chuyn ng biu hin cc dng nhp c, di c o D bo dn s P2 = P1 (1 + r)t P2: S dn ca nm d bo P1: S dn ca nm gc r: t l gia tng dn s hng nm t: s nm d bo

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

H 14: Bn mt dn s

2.2 Bn cng nghip

Trong cc bn kinh t, bn cng nghip chim v tr quan trng. Bn cng nghip c chia thnh bn cng nghip chung v bn cng nghip ngnh o Phng php biu hin: Phng php k hiu cho tng x nghip ring l thng dng cho bn t l ln. Biu cu trc th hin lin hip cc x nghip, dng cho nhng bn gio khoa. Mu sc ca cc ngnh cng nghip theo quy c sau: in lc (trng) CN khi thc nhin liu (hung sm) CN ho (tm) CN vt liu XD (cam) CN luyn kim ()

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CN ch to c kh () Lm nghip, CN ch bin g : lc Thuc da, ng giy (hung nht) CN thc phm (vng) CN khc (xm) Mc chnh xc v v tr a l ca cc k hiu ph thuc vo t l bn . C th dng phng php vng phn b th hin cc khu cng nghip trn bn t l nh. Nu bn cng nghip c thnh lp theo n v hnh chnh th dng phng php cartogram hay cartodiagram th hin ni dung. Cc ch tiu, ch s thnh lp: Da vo cc ch tiu phn loi Th hin theo lnh vc sn xut: Chia thnh 2 nhm: khai thc v ch bin. Th hin theo ngnh cng nghip: c phn thnh 19 ngnh v phn ngnh Theo hnh thc s hu: s h quc gia, tp th, c nhn Theo mc tp trung: sn xut cng nghip, sn xut tiu th cng nghip. Theo t chc qun l: S ph thuc vo cc c quan qun l: trung ng, tnh, a phng Ch s v tng khi lng sn phm: phn nh bng hin vt/ nm hoc bng tin. Ch s gi tr thun li cho vic phn tch v so snh cc i tng cng nghip khc nhau. Ch s v cng nhn Ch s v gi tr u t c bn Phng php thnh lp: bn cng nghip th hin v tr cc im cng nghip trn bn v tnh hnh sn xut cng nghip ca tng i tng . Mun vy phi c 2 ngun ti liu phong ph: bn a ch v cc ti liu thng k. T cc ngun ti liu ta lp danh mc cc x nghip theo cc ngnh sn xut, v tr x nghip, khi lng sn xut v. vSau phn tch, x l cc s liu theo cc ch tiu, ch s cn biu hin, la chn hnh thc, kch thc k hiu v son bn ch gii thnh lp bn .

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

H 15: Bn cng nghip

2.3 Bn nng nghip

Khi nim y v lnh vc sn xut nng nghip cn phi c h thng cc bn t nhin v KT-XH tc ng n sn xut nng nghip. o t ai, a hnh, kh hu, thu vn nh hng n vic chn la cy trng, vt nui, nh hng n phng hng v hiu qu sn xut nng nghip. o Ngun lao ng, trnh sn xut, cc c s vt cht phc v nng nghip cng nh hng n tnh hnh sn xut nng nghip Bn nng nghip chung phn nh ton b nn sn xut nng nghip ca lnh th trn c s cc iu kin TN v KT-XH Sn xut nng nghip gm 2 ngnh sn xut: trng trt v chn nui. Mi ngnh li c chia nh hn cho tng vt nui v cy trng. Mi loi nh vy c bn nng nghip ngnh tng ng.

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29

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

H 16: Bn nng nghip chung a. Mt s loi bn nng nghip Nhng bn v iu kin t nhin: Yu t TN tc ng trc tip ti tnh hnh sn xut nng nghip l: a hnh, kh hu, ngun nc. Bn a hnh nng nghip: dc v dng a hnh nh hng trc tip n phng thc sn xut v b tr cy trng. Bn c th hin bng phng php ng ng tr phn tng mu kt hp vi m t bng cc nt chy gch hoc ghi ch: a hnh thoi, dc <10o ph hp lm bi chn th, a hnh thung lng bi bi c th trng cy hoa mu, thc thm, a hnh ng rung: cao, thp Bn t: Bn t nng nghip th hin: lng t, cht t v vic s dng t. o Bn vn (lng) t: c 2 ni dung c bn l tng lng t v bnh qun t nng nghip chia theo u ngi (hoc theo t t nhin). Vn t nng nghip tnh theo tng DT t t nhin hoc ch l tng DT t nng nghip. Tng vn t c biu th bng phng phap cartodiagram v bnh qun t nng nghip bng phng php cartogram

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30

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Bn phn loi t nng nghip (cht t): c thnh lp trn c s bn th nhng (nhng khng phi l bn th nhng). Bn th hin: loi t, thnh phn c gii, thnh phn ho hc, ph t nhin, kh nng gi nc v.vLoi t c chia ra: t canh tc, t ng c, t vng, t rng, cy bi, m ly t canh tc li chia ra : t nhim phn, mn, ngt, t si , t, kh hn, ngp ngv.v bn phn loi t c thnh lp bng phng php nn cht lng, vng phn b v cn tham kho nhiu bn khc: bn a hnh, th nhng. Bn kh hu nng nghip: Th hin nh hng kh hu n sn xut nng nghip. V d nhit, m , ma (tha, , thiu) trong tng thi k trong nm i vi mt s cy trng chnh. Bn nc cho sn xut nng nghip: Bao gm: o Mng li thu vn: Nu c im thu vn: lu lng dng chy, mc nc trung bnh, cao nht, thp nht v cc tnh cht ca nc: nc ngt, mn, hm lng ph sa. o Mng li thu li: h thng cc cng trnh thu li, trm bm, cng, p o S m bo nc ti theo vng: th hin nhng vng b ngp ng, kh hn, nhng vng khng c iu kin ti tiu. Bn v iu kin kinh t x hi o Bn lc lng lao ng nng nghip th hin bng phng php biu . Trong biu xc nh c cu nng nghip theo ngnh, ngh, trng trt, chn nui, dch v nng nghip. Mc m bo lao ng cho sn xut nng nghip c phn nh bng phng php gii.: bnh qun rung t canh tc cho 1 lao ng nng nghip, s ngy lao ng nng nghip trung bnh. o Cc bn c s vt cht- k thut cho sn xut nng nghip. Th hin tng vn sn xut hoc gi tr vn sn xut c bn tnh theo 100ha t nng nghip. C s vt cht phc v sn xut nng nghip nh: vin, trung tm nghin cu ging, cc tri th nghim, kho hng, cc c s ch bin nng sn. Bn nng nghip chung: th hin ton b c im chung ca nn sn xut nng nghip ca mt lnh th: c im phn b, qui m sn xut v s chuyn mn ho nng nghip. Bn nng nghip ngnh: chn nui, trng trt hay nhng bn ngnh hp hn. o

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

H 17: Bn nng nghip ngnh

2.4 Bn giao thng

Bn giao thng biu hin s phn b cc loi ng, cht lng k thut, s

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lng hnh khch v hng ho vn chuyn. Trn bn t l ln biu th c im k thut ca ng. Vd: ng st l ch s v chiu rng ng (1.0; 1.4; 1.435m), loi u my. ng thu l loi tu trng ti nht nh. ng t l loi ng, chiu rng, trng ti v.v Phng php th hin l k hiu ng. Hnh dng, mu sc, cu trc thay i th hin cc loi ng khc nhau. rng ca k hiu th hin th hin kch thc, kh nng vn chuyn v ngha kinh t ca n. Dng phng php k hiu chuyn ng th hin lung vn chuyn hng ho. t nhng di bng c ch hng vn cuyn, rng ch lng hng ho vn chuyn.

H 18: Bn giao thng

2.5 Bn vn ho, gio dc, y t

Bn vn ho, gio dc, y t c xy dng t nhng kha cnh v mc m bo vn ho v sinh hot cho dn c, gm: bn gio dc, di tch lch s, khoa hc, vn ho, bo v sc kho, th dc-th thao

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33

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Ni dung ca bn vn ho gio dc, y t: o Bn gio dc ph thng: s phn b cc trng ph thng thuc cc cp khc nhau, t s hc sinh so vi tr em n tui i hc, t s hc sinh so vi tng s dn, s lng hc sinh theo loi trng, theo ngn ng dy, s % c trnh tt nghip PT so vi s dn ca tng khu vc. o Bn gio dc chuyn nghip: mng li cc trng H, cc ngnh chuyn mn, s hc sinh theo ngnh tt nghip hng nm. S trng t chc h sau H o Bn mng li cc c s khoa hc: phn nh trnh pht trin mng li khoa hc. Trnh by cc c s khoa hc, vin nghin cu, trm nghin cu, i quan st, phng th nghim Cc ch s v tnh hnh cn b khoa hc nh s phn b, s lng, trnh chuyn mn. o Bn cc c s vn ho: phn nh trnh vn ho t tng, trnh t chc gii tr cho nhn dn. Vd: s phn b th vin, nh vn ho, rp ht, cu lc b. o Bn bo ch: S lng bo ch xut bn tng a phng, tng th ting, tng loi (vn hc, khoa hc, truyn thiu nhi) o Bn truyn thanh truyn hnh: phn b i pht thanh, truyn hnh, mc ph bin s dng (s lng/1.000 ngi dn) o Bn th thao du lch: phn b cng trnh th thao (sn vn ng, cu lc b) bn th hin khu danh lam thng cnh, di tch lch s, vn ho, kin trc. o Bn bo v sc kho: phn b cc c s y t, thnh ph ngh mt bi tm, nh an dng, s ngi mc bnh v.v Phng php biu hin: Phng php k hiu, phng php biu v cartogram (th hin ch s tng i)

2.6 Bn lch s
Cc i tng t nhin trn bn lch s c th hin khi qut . Yu t a hnh, ng giao thng, cc im dn c l ni dung th yu trn bn lch s. Thnh phn th nhng, sinh vt: ng ly, khu rng rm khu cy bi, lau sy c th hin khi c ngha lch s quan trng. Cc im qun c th hin cc iu kin t nhin nh hng n s tp trung dn c. Cc im qun c phn bit theo ngha hnh chnh- chnh tr. Theo dn s ch c trn nhng bn lch s hin i. ng giao thng: b, thu, ng st knh o c th ghi ch ngy xy dng. Th hin trung tm ni dy: ngn la, mi tn cng: mi tn, hoeing di chuyn khi ngha: ng chm chm. Yu t a l chnh tr: thay i a gii, ranh gii chnh tr.

2.7 Bn hnh chnh chnh tr

Phc v cho tra cu cc n v hnh chnh, v tr cc trung tm hnh chnh, a im cc ng giao thng chnh chy qua. Lm c s cho vic xy dng nhng bn , biu th hin s liu thng k. Mc chi tit khc nhau tu vo mc ch, t l v khu vc lnh th thnh lp bn

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Php chiu m bo t sai lch: Gauss hay hnh nn ng khong cch. Thnh phn ch yu o Ranh gii: th hin chnh xc y , ng vin ranh gii nhm tng c bn . rng v cu trc khc nhau th hin s khc nhau cc cp hnh chnh. Tn gi n v hnh chnh khc nhau: thay i kiu v kch thc ch o Dn c: khuyn trn, mt 30-50/dm2. rng k hiu thay i theo s dn ti im dn c . o Ch th hin ng giao thng ln. o Thu vn chnh xc nhng khi lc so vi bn a l t nhin. o a hnh l th yu Yu t ph: bng thng k din tch, dn s, bn gii thiu ngy quc khnh, l ln, c ca cc nc, tn th , bng ghi tn cc n v hnh chnh nm no. Cu hi bi tp 1. Chn mt bn chuyn bt k m bn bit. trnh by c im thnh lp, yu t ni dung v phng php biu hin bn y. Phng php g? Th hin i tng no? Th hin nh th no? Th hin loi d liu no? D liu c thu thp nh th no?

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35

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Chng 2: Gii php th hin ni dung bn

Gii thiu
Chng ny trnh by cc c im ca ngn ng bn v c gii php th hin ni dung bn

Mc tiu
Sau khi hc xong phn ny SV c th - Nm c c im ca ngn ng bn v c th c hiu bn c d dng hn. - Vn dng c cc phng php th hin ni dung bn v th hin c bn cho trc

Mc lc
1. Khi nim chung 2. Cc gii php biu hin ni dung bn

I.

Khi nim chung

I.1 Ngn ng bn l g? Bn l phng tin truyn tin ca con ngi v mc ch ca vic lm bn l truyn thng tin n ngi c. Trn mi bn u cha lng thng tin nht nh. Cc thng tin truyn i bao gm c khng gian v d liu s. Vai tr ca bn ngoi vic m t trc quan mt khu vc m cn phn tch khng gian v th hin d liu a l. Ngn ng th hin trn bn mang ngha trc quan v c m hnh ho. Ngn ng bn khng phi l ngn ng ca nh a l m l mi quan tm ca nhiu nh khoa hc thuc cc lnh vc khc nhau. Ngn ng bn bao gm nhng hnh v, mu sc, ch vit... tng trng dng th hin trn bn nhng i tng, hin tng thin nhin, kinh t x hi cng nhng c trng ca chng. Ngn ng bn l mt ngn ng ngh thut v khoa hc chng c c im, yu cu sau:

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

1. 2 c im, yu cu C th thu nh rt nhiu kch thc tht ca b mt tri t. Khi thu nh, cho php ta c th khi qut c ton b th gii hay mt a phng bt k trong mt thi gian ngn nht. C th biu hin c s khng bng phng, mp m ca b mt tri t ln mt phng m vn r rng, trc quan. Khng ch biu hin c mt ngoi ca hin tng s vt m cn nu c nhng thuc tnh bn cht ca chng Vd: Khi biu hin mng li giao thng khng nhng ch a ra hnh dng kch thc ca cc lai ng m cn nu c c tnh cht lng, sc vn chuyn v ga tr kinh t ca chng. Biu hin c cc hin tng, nhn thy c, khng nhn thy c, cm nhn v khng cm nhn c. Vd: T trng, p sut, nhit , lng ma. Nh vo k hiu bn ta c th loi b nhng kha cnh khng cn thit v lm ni bt nhng yu t cn thit, c ngha.

V nhng c im trn, k hiu phi c nhng yu cu sau: Dng ca k hiu phi gi cho ta lin tng n dng ca i tng cn phn nh. Vd: nt di, thng biu th ng giao thng; hnh vung, mu en biu th ngi nh... Bn thn ca k hiu phi cha trong n mt dung no v s lng, cht lng, cu trc hoc ng lc pht trin ca i tng cn phn nh trn bn . Vd: mt nt di v 2 nt song song th hin 2 cp ng khc nhau. Vng trn nh v ln th hin s dn 2 a im khc nhau... V tr ca cc k hiu trn bn phi th hin ng v tr ca cc i tng trong khng gian v v tr tng quan ca n vi cc yu t khc

Tng ng vi nhng c tnh ca hin tng (ch yu l hin tng a l) vi nhng tnh cht v c im ca ha v mu sc, cc k hiu bn thng k hiu im, k hiu tuyn v k hiu din tch

II.

Cc gii php th hin ni dung bn

Khi th hin bn ta cn ch n 3 vn : - Chn la phng php th hin ni dung

Bn chuyn 37 Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Chn la phng php x l s liu (chun ho, phn nhm, ni suy ) Chn la hnh thc biu hin (k hiu, kch thc, mu sc)

Phng php

X l d liu

Chn hnh thc

Phng php th hin ni dung

Phng php th hin ni dung bn l nguyn tc, cch thc vn dng h thng k hiu din t i tng hin tng a l khc nhau v ni dung cng nh v mt phn b khng gian. V mt ni dung: cc i tng a l c th l i tng t nhin hay kinh t x hi; cc gi tr ny thay i lin tc hay gin on, ri rc; cc gi tr c thay i theo thi gian hay khng, tng hay gim. V mt phn b khng gian: cn c vo s phn b thc t ca hin tng: theo im, theo ng, theo din (u ho hay cc b) Ngi ta dng cc phng php sau y th hin ni dung bn : - Phng php k hiu - Phng php biu nh v - Phng php k hiu tuyn tnh - Phng php k hiu chuyn ng - Phng php ng ng tr - Phng php khoanh vng - Phng php nn cht lng - Phng php chm im - Phng php biu - Phng php gii
Bn chuyn 38 Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

X l d liu
X l d liu l lm cho d liu ph hp vi vic th hin ni dung, ph hp vi phng php la chn. X l d liu bao gm chun ho d liu v phn nhm d liu. Chun ho d liu l a d liu v dng chun, dng tng i hay dng tuyt i. Phn nhm d liu l chia dy d liu cn th hin ra thnh tng nhm v gn gi tr chung cho tt c d liu nm trong 1 nhm. V d da vo mt dn s phn ra thnh 5 thang bc, chn gi tr cho mi thang bc v cch biu hin. Phan nhm th hin cng hin tng. Ch s cng ny i din cho 1 bc s ch khng phi 1 gi tr ring l. Khi phn nhm d liu nh vy cc gi tr phn b lin tc c cm li theo ng gy khc.

b. Trc khi phn nhm

a. Sau khi phn nhm

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Vic phn nhm nh vy s lm bn n gin d c hn v vy y cng c xem nhng hnh thc tng qut ho bn . Cu hi: Phn nhm nh vy th c g? Hi g? Nn phn nhm nh th no? Lm bn no th cn phn nhm? Ni dung g? V d

La chn hnh thc biu hin

- La chn hnh thc k hiu: im, ng hay vng - Cc k hiu khc nhau v: kch thc, sng ti, mu, bo ho, hng hnh dng, cu trc

Kch thc sng Mu sc bo ha Hng Hnh dng Cu trc

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Chng 3: Xy dng bn chuyn bng phn mm MapInfo

Gii thiu
MapInfo l phn mm d s dng c th thnh lp c nhng bn p, nhanh chng, qun l d liu, rt trch thng tin hiu qu v vy c xem nh cng c cn thit trong qu trnh thnh lp bn

Mc tiu
Sau khi hc xong phn ny SV c th - Hiu c cch s dng phn mm - Phi hp kin thc 2 chng u v k nng s dng MapInfo thnh lp bn chuyn t chn

Mc lc
1. Gii thiu chung v phn mm MapInfo 2. Cc thao tc c bn 3. Cc bc thnh lp bn chuyn

1.Gii thiu chung v MapInfo

Thanh thc n

1. Thanh tiu (Title Bar): Nm dng trn cng ca mn hnh, c biu tng ca Mapinfo v dng tiu Mapinfo Professional.
Bn chuyn 41 Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Thanh thc n (Menu Bar): Nm dng pha di thanh tiu

cha cc mc ca lnh. Cc mc trong thanh thc n bao gm cc Menu chun l ( File, Edit, Object, Query, Table, Option,) v cc Menu b sung ng vi cc cng vic c th ang thc hin.

2. Cc hp cng c: Hp main

Chn i tng

Zoom, thu phng tm nhn Ly thng tin Dn nhn Lp thng tin

Di nh

o di

Bng ch gii

Lp (layer)

Bn chuyn

42

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Hp Drawing

V k hiu im V k hiu din tch

V k hiu ng v polygon

Vit ch (text)

nh dng k hiu im, n, din tch v ch vit

Hp tools: Chy chng trnh MapBasic, thc hin lnh: Tools/ Run
Map Basic Program. Khi s c mt ca s lit k cc chng trnh MapBasic

To li to

To thc t l

3. Ca s lm vic ca Mapinfo:
Khi mt Table ang m trong Mapinfo ta c th cc loi ca s sau: - Ca s Map: Ca s bn , trnh by d liu ho. - Ca s Browses: Duyt bng d liu thuc tnh - Ca s Graph: Ca s trnh by biu . - Ca s Layout: Trnh by trang in. - Redistrict: Ca s phn nhm i tng.

Bn chuyn

43

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Ca s Browser

Ca s Map

Ca s Graph 4. Cc kiu d liu ca Mapinfo: a./Kiu d liu khng gian:

Ca s Layout

im (Point): M t cc thc th m ta ch quan tm n v tr m khng quan tm n kch thc, hnh dng. ng (Line): M t cc thc th m ta ch quan tm n chiu di ca chng. C th l ng thng, ng gp khc hoc cc cung. Vng (Region): M t cc thc th c s khp kn hnh hc v bao ph mt vng din tch nht nh.

b./ Kiu d liu thuc tnh:

K t (Character): Dng cho cc thuc tnh m t nh tn, k hiu, S nguyn (Integer): Dng cho cc thuc tnh ri rc, c th t hoc khng th t nh s dn, s th t, s lng gia sc, S thc (Real): Dng cho cc thuc tnh l thng s k thut, cc gi tr ca i tng, Ngy, thng (Date): Lu tr ngy thng Logic: (Logical): Lu tr cc thuc tnh ch c 2 gi tr ng ( true) hoc sai ( False).

Bn chuyn

44

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

II.

Cc thao tc c bn

II. 1. Bin tp bn khi c file nh qut - M mt tp tin nh qut

- Chy chng trnh MapInfo, chn File/ Open Table. Trong hp thoi Open Table, ti mc Type of File (kiu file) ta chn Raster Imager, sau chn tn ca nh qut mun m. V nhp OK. Khi hp thoa s xut hin vi hai nt chn: Display (hin th hnh nh) v Regiter (ng k to v php chiu cho bn ).

II.2 t cc im khng ch cho nh qut:

Hp thoi Image Registration: Khi ta chn Registration th hp thoi Image Registration s c m vi cc ni dung sau:

Bn chuyn

45

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Trong hp thoi ny ta thc hin cc bc nh sau: + Chn php chiu (Projection): Khi chn lnh Projection th hp thoi Choosen Projection s c m. Ta c th chon php chiu (Category) v v tr chiu (Category Members). Sau khi chn xong nhp OK.

+ Chn n v o: (Units):

Tu theo tng loi php chiu m c hai loi n v o l :Degrees () v Meters (Mt), hoc ch c mt trong hai n v ny. Ta c th chn mt trong hai n v ny. V cui cng nhp OK . Khi nh qut s tr thnh mt Table ca Mapinfo. Trong trng hp nh qut c ng k nu mun thay i vic ng k th ta dng lnh Table/ Raster/Modify Image Registration.

II. 3. Tch lp i tng:

Sau khi ng k to th mt nh qut c chuyn thnh mt Table (tp tin c s) ca MapInfo. Tuy nhin tp tin ny cha phi l mt Table chun, ta khng th thc hin vic hi p, tim kim d liu hay nhp cc d liu thuc tnh cho tp tin ny. Mun xy dng h thng d liu t tp tin ny ta phi thc hin vic tch lp cc i tng theo cc bc nh sau:

Bn chuyn

46

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

+ To mt Table mi: Dng lnh File/ New Table, khi mn hnh s xut hin hp thoi New Table. trong hp thoi ny ta chn :Open New Mapper (m ca s bn mi) v nhp Create m hp thoi New Table Structure (To cu trc cho Table). Trong hp thoi New Table Structure cho table mi hay Modify table structure cho table ang c:

Cc thuc tnh

Thm bt thuc tnh

nh dng thuc tnh

Nhp d liu vo cc mc khung: Field Information (thng tin v cc trng d liu), Name: Tn trng, Type: Kiu d liu, Width: rng trng. Cc tham s v cc trng s c th hin ca s pha trn. Pha bn phi c cc nt lnh: Up: Di ln, Down: Di xung, Add Field: Thm trng, Remove Fieid: Loi b trng, Projection: chon php chiu. Cui cng nhp Create kt thc vic to cu trc cho Table. Khi s xut hin hp thoi yu cu t tn cho Table v lu li. + V cc i tng bn : Thng thng cc lp thng tin mi ny s c chng ln lp nh qut ang m v n c sn thuc tnh Editable (chnh l c). Ta c th m hp thoi Layer Cotrol xem v iu chnh li nu cn. Cui cng nhp OK v ca s Map.

Bn chuyn

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Trn ca s Map ta dng cc cng c v (Drawing) to cc i tng bn . Cc i tng bn c sp xp trong cc lp thng tin do ngi thnh lp la chn. Cc lp thng tin c th c to ra nhiu ln, c th chnh sa, thm bt ni dung cc lpKt thc chn File/ Save Table lu li.

III. Cc bc thnh lp bn chuyn

I. Chun b d liu
- Xc nh v m cc lp bn nn - Xc nh v xy dng (m) lp cha d liu khng gian s dng xy dng lp chuyn - Xc nh v xy dng (m) lp cha d liu thuc tnh - Nu d liu ly t cc phn mm khc (Dbasse, Excel, Access..) th m file di dng File -> Open table ri xc nh vng d liu xy dng bn - Dng lnh Map -> Creat thematic map Thc hin qua cc bc 1.Bc 1: Chn phng php th hin ni dung (Type) v b k hiu mu (Template)

2. Bc 2: Xc nh d liu dng xy dng lp chuyn

Bn chuyn

48

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Xc nh table v field cha d liu ang dng

3. Chnh sa hnh thc

-

Chn mu, k hiu, kch thc Trnh by bng ch gii Lu : phi save li bng workspace

II. Cc phng php thnh lp bn chuyn trn MapInfo 1. Ranges

Dng mu th hin cng hin tng, thng c dng khi xy dng bn bng phng php gii - Chn Ranges v chn b mu mu - Xc nh table v fiels d liu dng th hin cng mu - Bin tp hnh thc Xc nh cch phn chia d liu Phng php chia S khong Gi tr cc khong chia

Bn chuyn

49

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Xc nh mu chn Style

Xc nh cch trnh by bng ch gii chn Legend Tn bng ch gii

Tn tng khong chia

2. Bar chart Xy dng biu ct ti 1 im hay 1 vng. Ph hp thnh lp bng phng php biu bn (Cartodiagram) th hin s liu - Chno Barchart v chn b mu mu

Bn chuyn

50

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Xc nh table v cc field d liu xy dng tng ct Bin tp hnh thc Xc nh mu v cao ca ct Chn mu

Xc nh cao

3. Pie chart Cng ging nh bar chart, xy dng theo phng php biu hay k hiu theo im 4. Graduate Th hin i tng c kch thc ln nh khc nhau ty theo s lng. C th p dng cho thnh lp bn theo phng php biu hay k hiu theo im - Chn graduate v chn mu k hiu - Xc nh table v field d liu dng th hin s lng - Bin tp hnh thc: xc nh kiu, mu v kch thc k hiu

Chn k hiu

Chn gi tr

Bn chuyn

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

5. Dot density Dng cc chm nh u nhau th hin s lng hin tng trong vng (p dng cho phng php chm im) Chn Dot density v chn mu du chm Xc nh table v field d liu c dng th hin s lng hin tng Bin tp hnh thc Xc nh trng ti du chm chn setting

Gi tr ca 1 chm Chn mu Chn kch thc

6. Individual Dng mu khc nhau phn bit cc i tng im ng hay vng (mu nn) - Chn Individual v chn b mu mu - Xc nh table v filed d liu s dng phn bit hin tng - Bin tp hnh thc, xc nh mu dng setting 7. Grid Ni suy nhng vng c gi tr tuuwong ng nhau t gi tr ban u theo im tng t nh phng php ng ng tr (kt qu cui cng l file raster) - Chn Grid v chn b mu mu - Chn table v field d liu dng ni suy v table kt qu - Bin tp hnh thc IV. Chnh sa mt lp chuyn Map -> Modify thematic map Chun b trang in bng cch sp xp bn v vo Windows > New Layout windows in

Bn chuyn

52

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Chng 4: Qui trnh thnh lp bn

Gii thiu
Vic thnh lp bn chuyn l qu trnh vn dng tng hp kin thc v bn hc v cc khoa hc lin quan: a l, ton hc, hi ho, kin thc chuyn ngnh. Qui trnh thnh lp bn l cc bc thc hin ch bin cc thng tin khng gian v m hnh ho cc thng tin khng gian y thnh m hnh bn .

Mc tiu
Nm c qui trnh tng qut trong vic xy dng bn Bit v vn dng cc qui trnh bin tp v thnh lp bn Ni dung Gii thiu chung v vic xy dng bn chuyn Cc bc c bn trong xy dng bn chuyn Cc cng vic c th trong bc chun b bin tp

1. Gii thiu chung v vic xy dng bn chuyn

Xy dng bn chuyn l qu trnh thu thp thng tin v chuyn bin thng tin thc t thnh m hnh bn theo nh ch quan ca ngi thnh lp. Khi thnh lp bn chuyn ch n 4 vn sau: - La chn cc yu t ni dung: Thuc yu t t nhin hay kinh t x hi. Trong khi chn la cc yu t ni dung ph hp vi ch ta cng cn ch phn bit cc yu t a l chung v cc yu t chuyn . - c im ca d liu: lin tc hay gin on, hp nht hay ri rc V d: t trng, kh hu, a hnh l nhng d liu lin tc. S phn b rng c, dn c, dn tc, ngnh ngh l nhng d liu ri rc - Ngun d liu: thng thng d liu c ly t s liu o c, nh hng khng nh vin thm, bn c sn, s liu thng k - Chn la phng php thnh lp bn ng vi ch v ni dung cn biu hin Thnh lp bn chuyn i hi 3 mt kin thc sau: - Kin thc bn gip thnh lp bn chnh xc, thm m - Kin thc chuyn ngnh gip bn ng n v mt ni dung - K nng s dng phn mm gip vic thnh lp bn c nhanh, r, p

Bn chuyn

53

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

2. Cc bc c bn trong xy dng bn chuyn

Xy dng bn gm 4 bc sau: Bc chun b bin tp: L bc u tin ca qu trnh thnh lp bn . Ni dung l xc nh mc tiu, nhim v thnh lp bn , thu thp ti liu, t liu lin quan. Da vo nhng ti liu t liu ny quyt nh o v b sung hoc la chn cc yu t ni dung (yu t a l chung (c s) v yu t chuyn ). T cc yu t ni dung tin hnh chn la phng php thit k bn . Kt qu ca bc chun b s l cng bin tp bn Bc 2: Bin v. L qu trnh nghin cu cng bin tp tin hnh v chuyn cc yu t ni dung. Kim tra v hiu chnh. Kt qu ca bc bin v l bn bin v Bc 3: Chun b in. L qu trnh xy dng bn thanh v, tch mu, lm bn in v in th Bc 4: In bn . Kim tra v in hng lot. Xc nh nhim v Nghin cu i tng Thu thp t tiu a l chung Chuyn Thit k cng bin tp Thit k bn

B1: Chun b bin tp

B2: Bin v Kim tra

Nghin cu cng V chuyn ni dung

B3: Chun b in In th, kim tra

Xy dng bn thanh v Tch mu, lm bn in

B4: In

In bn

Kim tra

Qui trnh thnh lp bn chuyn

Bn chuyn

54

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Cc cng vic c th trong bc chun b bin tp

Chun b bin tp l qu trnh quan trng trong vic thnh lp bn . Kt qu qu trnh ny l bn tc gi v cng bin tp. Bn tc gi c th l 1 phn ca bn v bn cng bin tp l tng hp tt c cc Bc 1: Xc nh nhim v. M t: - Tn bn - Ni dung ch (cc vn chung) - Lnh th thnh lp - T l, khun kh, kch thc - Mc ch, i tng s dng - Phng thc s dng - C s, cht lng in, thi gian - Yu cu chung

Bc 2: Thu thp ti liu, d liu

Thu thp ti liu, t liu gm c ti liu s cp (primary) v th cp (secondary) Ti liu s cp (nguyn thy) tn ti trong tng i tng hin tng m cha c thu nhn. V d: o c a hnh; o c chuyn (a cht, th nhng, rng); quan trc kh tng, thy vn, a cht; iu tra thng k. Ty theo mc ch thnh lp bn , bc o v c th l o v trc tip, dng nh chp hng khng, nh vin thm v.v. Thng d liu ny dc dng thnh lp bn t l ln, c chnh xc, tin cy cao v dng lm c s cho vic nh gi tip theo. Quy trnh thu thp d liu s cp bao gm: xc nh ni dung thu nhp, xc nh khu vc, tin hnh thu nhp (o c, ghi chp), x l v lu tr. Ti liu/d liu th cp c ch bin, x l, lu tr cc dng khc nhau (bn , phim nh, bng biu, vn bn) thng c dung thnh lp bn t l nh hn. Quy trnh thu thp d liu th cp: phn tch, nh gi tnh cht v xc nh cc s dng. Lp bng thng k cc d liu th cp Tn ti liu a. b. c. d. e. f. Bn Biu S liu Hnh nh T liu vit Khc Nm XB, Nh XB M t ni dung, nh gi chnh xc, tin cy, tnh cp nht, y , nht qun Hng dn s dng T liu chnh T liu ph

STT

Bc 3: Nghin cu i tng
Nghin cu i tng thuc c im a l chung hay ni dung chuyn ngnh Lp nn bn chuyn c th c cc lp ni dung c th hin mc khc nhau - a hnh - Thy h Ta cn xc nh lp v mc - Dn c th hin - Thc vt - Giao thng - a gii
Bn chuyn 55 Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Quyt nh lp ni dung th hin cn c vo s nh hng ca ni dung n chuyn . Quyt nh mc th hin cn c vo - c im, quy lut phn b ca i tng - Bn cht ca hin tng/i tng - Cc yu t cu thnh hin tng - Cch phn b - Cch thu thp d liu - c im d liu: S lng (n v o, phn b cp ), cht lng (h thng phn loi) T vic chn la ny a n quyt nh - i tng th hin - Mc phn cp/chi tit - Phng php th hin - Hnh thc th hin

Bc 4: Thit k bn
Thit k bn gm cc vn sau y: Thit k c s ton hc Thit k ni dung Thit k hnh thc

T l

Li chiu B cc

Yu t b sung

Yu t h tr

Ch K hiu

Mu

Ni dung chnh

cng thit k

4.1 Thit k c s ton hc:

m bo bn c chnh xc (v kch thc, hnh dng, v tr) ta cn thit k c s ton bn . Thit k c s ton hc l to khung sn thch hp ti ni dung bn sao cho chnh xc. Thit k c s ton hc bao gm thit k t l, li chiu, b cc bn 4.1.1 Chn t l Chn t l bn cn phi cn nhc cc mt sau: - Kch thc bn - Ni dung bn - Mc ch s dng - T liu bn nn 4.1.2 Chn li chiu Cc loi li chiu khc nhau v hnh dng, sai s v hng ca li chiu. Vic chn li chiu cn c vo cc c im - V tr a l -> dng ca mt hnh hc h tr - Ni dung chuyn -> dng sai s - Hnh dng lnh th -> hng li chiu
Bn chuyn 56 Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Tuy nhin vic xy dng li chiu mi rt cng phu, phc tp, i khi khng t c yu cu v chnh xc. V vy s dng li chiu c sn l thch hp. 4.1.3 Cch thit k b cc B cc bn l s sp xp khoa hc, hp l cc thnh phn ca mt bn . B cc bn phi cn i m bo tnh d c v thm m - Cc ni dung lin quan vi nhau: bn chnh, bng tra cu, bn ch gii) nn nm mt pha d s dng - Phi phn bit ni dung chnh v ph - Phi th hin hi ha, khng n iu, nhm chn, khng lng ph trang giy Cch chn b cc Xc nh bn chnh, ph, cc yu t c lin quan Xc nh cc yu t cn li Cn nhc v hnh thc bn : 2 mt hay 1 mt Lm s b cc (s phn b cc thnh phn, yu t bn t l bng hoc nh hn bn tht)

4.2 Thit k ni dung

Thit k ni dng l xc nh yu t ni dung chnh, yu t h tr, yu t b sung. - Yu t ni dung chnh gm phn nn (phn c s a l) v phn chuyn - Yu t h tr gm bng ch gii, thc t l, cc ch dn, bn ph, biu , bi vit, tranh nh 4.2.1 Yu t ni dung - Bn nn Bn nn y l bn a l chung bao gm cc yu t: a hnh, thy h, thc vt, ranh giwois hnh chnh, giao thng, dn c to lp nn cho bn chuyn cn lc bt cc ni dung nu trn. Ch: Gi li cc yu t c lin quan nh hng nhiu n ni dung chuyn . VD: i vi bn khong sn cn cc yu t giao thng, dn c, thy h. i vi bn du lch cn giao thng, dn c

Bn chuyn

57

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Gi li cc yu t khc vi tnh cht nh hng bn Cc lp nn c chn lc cn nu ra ch tiu c th c th a hnh: ng ng mc no, mc cao no Thy h: nu c th tn sng hay sng c di >. cm Thc vt: nu c th thc vt c din tch >.m2 Dn c: nu tn c th im dn c hay im c s dn >.ngi hay mt im dn c trn 1 dm2 Giao thng: loi ng hay tn c th Ranh gii: loi, cp Phng php th hin lp nn thng l phng php bn a l truyn thng, khng cn phi chn phng php mi. Lp chuyn

Trn c s phn nghin cu ni dung chuyn , lit k ni dung ca vn , trong phn bit ni dung chnh, ph ng vi ni dung, nu phng php biu hin Tnh cht phn b (im, ng, vng), c im s liu (loi, dng) chn phng php biu hin c im th hin: h thng phn loi, phn cp, cch phn chia nhm, yu cu v hnh thc th hin (xem thm phn thit k hnh thc) Ch : 2 ni dung khng nn dng cng mt phng php. Nu phi dng cng 1 phng php th khng nn dng cng 1 cch th hin (VD: ni dung ny dng nt k gch th ni dung kia dng chm, mu. Ni dung ny dng biu trn th ni dung kia dng biu ct) Tm tc theo bng sau
c im c im phn b Phng php th hin Phn cp c im phn loi, phn cp Hnh thc

Tn ni dung

4.2.2 Thnh phn h tr: a. Bng ch gii

Bng ch gii khng nhng ch gii thch cc k hiu m cn l s phn loi, phn cp, l c s o tnh gip ngi c hiu c ni dung vi cc c trng v s lng, cht lng, cu trc, cc mi tng quan khng gian v bin i theo thi gian Yu cu bng ch gii phi y cc k hiu trn bn Phn nh ton din, r rng, rnh mch, li vn ngn gn gii thcihs ngha Sp xp v phn nhm k hiu 1 cch logich Theo chuyn ngnh (theo mc quan trng, theo i tng im, ng, din) Theo c s a l chung

b. Thc t l
Cc hnh thc th hin t l: T l s: 1:250.000 T l ch: 1cm trn bn tng ng vi 2.500m ngoi thc t

Bn chuyn

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Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

T l thc:

c. Cc bng ch dn: trn bng ch dn c cc thng tin Nh xut bn, nm xut bn Ngun t liu Cc bng ch dn c bn (bng tra tn ng, tn cc im c bit)

d. Bn ph
Bn ph dng th hin ni dung m bn chnh cha truyn ti c hay m rng ni dung tham kho thm Cc bn cng ni dung nhng t l ln hn nhm chi tit ha ni dung khng din t ht c trn bn chnh Cc bn ph c t l nh hn cho thy mi quan h ca vng th hin trong khng gian tng qut Cc bn cng chuyn nhng t l nh hn cho thy tnh hnh chung khu vc v vn y Cc bn chuyn khc c nh hng n chuyn chnh m rng ni dung chuyn chnh

e. Biu
Cc biu so snh qua cc thi k Cc biu so snh cc i tng khng gian trong vng th hin Cc biu so snh tng cc i tng khng gian trn ton vng Cc biu so snh vi cc vng khng gian khc

a. Bi vit tranh nh
Bi vit phi ngn gn, c ghi ch c th, nu a danh trn bn

4.3 Thit k hnh thc

4.3.1 Mu
Mu sc gip phn bit cc k hiu vi nhau. Rt kh khn cho ngi c nu nh bn ch c v bng mt mu Nh mu sc bn s c hin tng nhiu lp, c mu sc m nht khc nhau, cc lp c mu m s ni bt ln (thng l yu t c ni dung quan trng) Mu sc gip ta lin tng n dng tht ca i tng: mu xanh lc -> bn rng, mu -> nng, mu xanh lnh Mu sc to bn p, thm m cao

Bn chuyn

59

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

Nguyn tc chn mu: Cc mu ha hp i vi nhau l cc nhau cch u nhau trong vng mu Mu i xng nhau trong vng mu l 2 mu tng phn (ni bt khi ng cnh nhau). Tnh tng phn cng ni r hn nu thm vo s tng phn v m nht Chn mu tng ng vi thc t lm tng tinhd hnh tng ca bn Cc mu nng cho ta cm gic gn mu lnh cm gic xa dn

4.3.2 K hiu
Nt trn bn l yu t cn bn to thnh k hiu ni dung bn . C nhiu loi k hiu: im, ng v din tch. Cc k hiu ny khc nhau v mu sc, dng, cu trc, hng. Cc gi tr c biu hin c th l lin tc hoc gin on, tuyt i hoc tng i. Thng phn nhm i tng ch phn thnh 4 hoc 5 nhm

4.3.3 Ch
Ch vit l thnh phn rt quan trng trn bn , nu khng c ch vit bn s tr thnh bn cm. Ch vit gii thch ni dung bn gip ngi c hiu r c ni dung. Ch vit gii thch bn lm bn d c, d hiu. Ch vit khc nhau : kiu, kch thc, mu sc, nghing, lc nt, in thng phn nh thuc tnh ca i tng Nguyn tc chn ch: o D c, r rng o Khng dng qu nhiu kiu ch hoc c kch thc gn nhau gy ri rm bn o Cc ch c hnh thc (kiu dng, kch c, mu sc) lin h vi nhau v vi cp bc ni dung. VD: Kiu ch c chn, nghing, mu xanh dng cho i tng thy vn. Kiu ch thng in (hoc thng), c chn (hoc khng chn) dng cho im dn c Cch ghi ch o Ch thch cho i tng im phi nm gn im , trnh nhm ln, khng nm ln cc i tng khc, thng nm song song vi v tuyn o i vi cc i tng theo tuyn ch vit dc theo i tng, hng v a hnh cao (nu ghi chu sng ngi), nh hng bn o Ch thch cc i tng theo din ri u din tch cn ghi ch

Bn chuyn

60

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc

6 4 3

2 1

4.4 cng thit k

L t liu cn thit trong qu trnh thnh lp bn , l c s thc hin cc bc tip theo Ni dung: Cc c im chnh T liu s dng Kt qu nghin cu i tng Xy dng c s ton hc Ch dn bin v cc yu t (bn chnh, cc yu t h tr) v ni dung v hnh thc

Bn chuyn

61

Tran Thi Phung Ha, MSc