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epeuvnrngrou ncpe8vrog, nou 8o ppo UCrn pcpo. Oenocr cf,roLopnocr. vo ro xpovrx rng ALroong exer orn rcrBeon rou vov evruuooro.xq peyoo crprBpo.n nnyeg. Errg o.n opycrrov roroprr<vrng Aoong (Opovrzng, oxog, Xo..xoxovung, Kpuouog)KCllrnv eurorooypogicrrou fepyrou lewcrrou Xxocrprou, uou 8o on' ovrnoerxupiurglo eopvoLouo roLoprxE. uncrpxouvror uogxoroypogg-poprupieg o.r npor'ruo,pe norxin e0vrr<nnpoeuon,nou eixov ro iro ouglreLoxnoro ycyovro xot xoryporpov, qn rn rxn rou oxouro o xo8vog, ro xoputpoioour roroprx ycyovg. Au ug uuxg poprupieg, uourrlrn nnyn eivcrr rc Hpepoyto rou Nicol Barbaro, evg Beveronrvouyrorpou nou eixe f,epnopxoper ornv rln iyeg ppegnptv opxioer n orevn noropxio.ITouulreg eivor eniong xcrr or nnpotpopieE fevouctn opxremor<nou rou Lng Munnvng, eovcrpou, nou nepropovovrot oe pro enrolrepn ovoeopo rou npos rov uono NrxooE. fro rougo ouLog ouLnrcg popLupeE yiveLor ref,oxrcpn o.voqopooro onlreprv po.grexog u,rv <Ioroprxv>. yro rn Belrorrxn pog, or.of,royor ,1 ournreg eivor o Angelo 7:I Uoprupes ctorrur,ni r,o,n"riino, podesta rt-rv .|L fevouqrov oro flepov' o enrxeqcrngtou rcrypcrog rcovEpoyxroxovv povoxv' o Oropevrrvg proBoEpogTetaldi' or levozor Montado xor Cristoforo Riccherio. Oorcrutoireoooov pe rcr yponLcrrougnourrpeg enlolrepereg on Lnv <xoBnpeprvrruo) rov npepv rng noropr<iog. flnpoqopieg yro uS npreg pepegrng noLropxicrgneprLopovovtcrr eniong oro pyo rou Ubertino Pusculus, Uro spUerpnef,rorpnonrcrv yeyovrcov. Evo epyo, tooroo, pe op.qreypevn roroprr<nof;io, enern o ouvror<rngrou ev onoxpnrer rnv ueprEpvnonrou onevcvTlorous Pt-rptoug ftng. rng ftcr ug roDpKlKeS nnyes Kor rnv roroprKn rous of,io 0o nnpoqopn8ei o ovoyvtioLng neproorepeg enroppereg ro opOporou ouv. ou A[n Xoin oro rexogour. Epeig 0o. ovoqrepBoqree pe ouwolrio oe or1rn uo pyo uou nopouomzouv eniong xcrnoregevroEpouoeg cnropepereg lou lpoepxowor on ro Kor oorx xo1ro.H nprn, ro <Eo$rxXpovrx>, nt-rg xerxoBrepo0eivo ovolrozeLor. xer ouwcrrrn rng xouoro Nouoooo, m8crvcig Bouycrpo, ocirzerot rpets yrooorrg xcrr oe nopooyeg:outryoprxn, poorxn qo rcrr poqrovrxn. IIop' trn rn xpovrKn ovqxolou8io nou uopouorozcr oplopcvclonpcio rou. UoS oc rqozer rnv neprypoqn opropvc,rv enerooir,lv on rnv uoropxio Kor rnv Aoon nou neprypttrrowcrr rerores zovroves emolrepereg, Ue nou onyouv oro orJUrrepoolro ovotppovroroe u yeyovro. Euvrcrxrng rng pcoorxng upcrypcmxcr ucrpcroyng Norrop-Iskander, Eperorxcrnorog Tou vopo nrSovS clpxlKououvroxrn ro <Eorxo Xpovrxou>. vog Eepogqu rnv Ostrovica, o MxonL Kovorovrivorrs, rrou nopnoec'lg rTou feviLoopogUCrcl oTporcDporcl Trcpooov on rnv Kepxnopro.,pog oEnoe Urcrzovrcrvn neprypotpn on rn qprxroolxn npoyporrxrnro rc,rvnp(^iv nlreptilv rng Atoong. To <Auolrvnpoveulroro evg fevitoopoD), rroD ro8nxov xupicogc,rg ovoyvcoopo. orov xo1rorov uur<cilv Eorovxor ozovrur os Urcr oepouor,rvrxnyooorrn uopotroyn, qo xor oe 1uo roexrKn, exrg crnrnv roroprxn roug of,,io, onoxounlouvxonoregnLuxgon Lovcot-rtcprr r<opoxprouovo nou, nopo rn Ononrou, nopnoeoro neup rcovTopr<iov xnroxrnrdv. H Aorcn xopof,e ptogo0ro ro onporo rng ornv roroprxn ouveinon rou uotrunlnSorepou ppoug rou oorxor<opou: PiDoio.Eri pizrooeyro orn Loxoo oLoxol4rorr cr<civo, uou ovolrooopcoc pog nponyopevoongeit-r1ro <xopo Lou lloorrou>. Eivcrr n Beropioexeivn nou Bo ef,el.rx8ei oro uvqoux ypo tng Mooxoicrg,ro nou, pero 11ro rng <Tpirng Ppng>, tng Moxcrg, ro rrpooKDvnpomg Necrg P1rngoroug Aorivoug rcrqucrooer onrn rnv <opOof,n> uopooon. Evo po, n enrxorprnro rou ouoiou owrxo.ronLpizcror oTrS UCpcS ou ro nuxvo UoS oweEn rrou Kuprcpxov oug oxeoergrou Poorxou llcnpropxeiou pe ro @ovcrpr.

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xcrOevog Urropouos vo er n n Kovdrovrlouon nrov xororxcropvn, ou Uro cruror<potopio, rou rnv crnoreouoe pvo xou nopcruovorcrn pro nn uou ee8rve, ev p.nopouoevo oroBeiorov oyritvo evovriov rng OSopovrxng Auroxpnropicrg... rroDr8erernv xo}urepn orpc[torrKn pnxovn rng enoxng rng... X' nurn tnv roropio.,nowcrtg, e),l,nvrxg og o eivor o tpoyrxg npoo.g>(Xriev Povo4rov,H Aroon rng Korvotovrlouner,lg,ex. Mnepyon, o. 56-7). O,u eixe onolreiver ou rn Buzqvrrvn Auroxporopio rucrv n Kc,rvorqvrlounon xcrr pro orevn oupio yng Ue peprxg nergornv flpouovrio Kcu rof/ truf,,evo flvro. (Durozroouoov oxpn n neproxn rng Tponezovros Kor o Muorpog. Ao xor n fln n ircr,poo oro 14 piro. rr,tv rerxv rng, ev nrov nov ro r<ooponol.irrro Kevrpo rrtv xpvr,lv rng oKUnS,rov rnv KcrolKouocrv 800.000 1.000.000 g crv0pouor.Movoxo 60.000-80.000 rguxeg poproi, orrepelvovo' ournv. Kr ouroi nrov pro novoneppio ou Eueg: poyouzoior, Appevneg, Epoior, Beverorovor,fevoezor, (Dr,rpevrrvoi, Ayrr,rvireg, Kcuo.l,ovoi,Iouovoi, leppovoi, Xoor.orpn xor Toupr<or. llor orn uzovrrvn oproror<porio noporcrooovrov rovreorq rov o fevozr,tv -uou eixov rxn roug roixnon xor rxoug roug vpoug-, o nrog rrov Beverorovotv-pe rxcr roug npovpro-, o npiyxrnog Opxov rr,rvTopxctv r<.o.Ko.r or ryooroi Potproi nrqv oBurororxoopevoroe evorlKous xqr ovBevouKous Kcrrrrprv Kcrrpero rnv Drrovpo{pn TnS oulrgoviog yro rnv Evroon rrov Exxnorv rng @epopo.-@r,pevriog (5.6.143e). H fln ouopo.zovrov on Bpnoxeuuxeg preg.To xupro Oporo rrou rous onooxoouoov rre -nepo on rnv npotror<oOepio nqno- rucrv yro rou rnv er<npeuon Ayiou flvepctog (Filioque) Kol yro rnv uopcroxeun rou roD oprou rng OeiogEuxoproriog(pe zqrn n crzulrog). Xto euineo rrov ueproorepopopEctpvov,ros,unnpxe evogoog roxopropg. Ncrr orn xpnorlronoinon nqrovrnc;)v pcovxnr oprororerxng peBoooyicrs, eyovor Uev. Oxr o' ournv, eyovpupoxro xupir,tgor onuoi rns c[rogouKng <groooEicrs>, Drroornprzovu n ov8prburvn rroD ruvoro eivor ovixovn vo troer Beio nponpoto, Uro Kor o Oeg pioxero.ruepo on rnv ovBpr,rurvn yvon. Tnv ll1rurn 5 Anpriou 1453o ooul,rovog,pe orpor 1b0.000 ovpv, eixe EBooerf,o ou ro reixn. lliool on ro reixn or 8.000olruvlrevoreixov xorocrer Beoerg ug nou eixe opioer o ouroKporopos. Tzrouorrvrovrorn <O Xopioro llLn pe rous fevoucrresrou... Kcuo ot rov Innpopo or Korocrvoipe rov llepe Xorq...o trverg crrog Mrvro nor ro enne-.eio Iou orct ovoKrop0 rrrtvBoxepvv... Kovro oro rpovr rou Eeuoepiouo npiyr<rncrg Opxov xor or Toupxor rou...))(Povo4rov,.u., o. 144-5) Or opuvpevorcrvref,ovyro 53 ppeg.H eerryn ouoroour<ng onOerog on rn uon, ro <peyooxovvr> rou oourovou(. <E>-Ioroprxo,r. 82) Kor n Uero(popon f,npog on rov B xp. ioxo rrrtv 70 roupxrxv -orr ro Botopo orov Keporro- norf,ov onpovux uoeprxv noic,tv po. Nixog Baptapnaong

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Xfprqq r4g vcr Kovorovrrvo- eixe euiong oroei r<oryro ouoynenvrr<civ xroiNc'rv on vo.ougr<orpovoornpro. Apxeroi reroqg nou nou ppioxeror roror rr,rrr<eg, eixov onperiogvoro voporou, orq rnv Ncrr Mupxrovli npepopnvio, rov ruo, rov rpuo cryopcrg oe rLroBmeg. BrBroBfxrl rnv rrlrn roug,pBnNcrv rcr<popeg 14g crvcrqopo zon Ko.rrn oTn BeveriogMero ro 1430ev uucrpxer rou (uvriyporpo poon rou ucpcr pvo n cvcrqropo Tz. Tzxopur orqv (G. rou E0ur{Brpro0{x11 Jacobi) (1930)yro rnv rcrqruerpo nou prEriog, A0rivo)oxrov orov xnno rou Mouoeiourng Pou.Xro vnoi our o xoproypoqos eUerve oxLt-r xpvro xor cni f,r xpvro rof,ierireoro Booooro envrxxpo. Mnptupouvrot ouxvcr rof,,iro roD ornv Kpnrn (1415-1418), Ippo Kor ornv Avporo 1479, ornv evcbro 1420,to 1423xcrrro 1430pioxercrrno.rorn Po. AIcr eNrgon rq vnoro.rou Aryoiou neprypctEer epYo rq vnoto Kor ro urKpovnolo rou olo rou Ioviou crnrnv Kepxupo.cig ro K8npo -rrou rpotpovgeuroxeqBnxexnro rn ropr<ero rof,rrou tou rou crn rnv Itoiq rpos rn Po, rn Xepovnoo rou ABco, Enonovro,rnv Kcovotovrrvonon. rov Koprg rcovrof,rrv crurv uou upcrypcnouornBnxav pera xtvvav... xat Baaooic'tvxAuvav, nrov ro o of,royo epyo:
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roDsloroprKoDs. pero rn ouvropn roroprKn crvcrErnv neprypcrqn, popn xor rn ncoon n Korvorovrrvouuon u ev eivor vnoi cro. npner vo ovoEep8ouvoiya uvo, rrporoooovror or yeoypoqrKes unpoEopieg nou xopoKrnpizouv ro oxnUo rns oS rptycDvrx pe rrepiLrerpo prirrtvNnr nvovtor or onoorcroerg 18 tov rerxv crn rov Ay. npnrpro pexpr rn Bcrxpvo oe 6 piro, pe 110nupyougxcrrou exei ucrr pxpr rn Xpuon lln 5 piro ge rn reixog Nor xovoxo (oouo)yepcrro vcp. Ef,oror ro reixog onveror nercro nou nruv rroro ro rpovr rou Boyr<o-xor exei or trnveg Bcrvcnooov, eire crn go eire ou <p8vo, 0 Bu(ovrrvdg 50.000@poyxoug npoorppovrcrg roug tyolri quoy- yrog Movou{, pevo ou ooeorn n yuryo xor oepr.Aurdv rotv Xpuootrlpoq ovBpniov ro ooro poprupouv oS onpepo rn ougtpopcr.Kovro eivcrr xot ro ovopozpevo Kovroor<or, rou o vouoto8pog Kor frcrporrepo ntgrcpav!r orurou 'ro 'Iouorwtayo na),attov inva niv rery,tbv pn yuo 0aupLaoiou novctpaloplrou fiu uou'Evvia, g rfi re )"ctpnqrryrL oixoopr1g rryg xai rfi ix yquou t/tqE[avyQaEi, nqEi xai n1 ro

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yp r nepi arv &.nawa xai eig r icp9apqoau ro 1rqu fiL)ou.Tyov d"n iaEougpiyqdjgxoquEfiEEoEtgtxoura xai xaru nqgrcTE tlooaqot ni1yeov ioil, xai dn rotirou nLu piypt rfig ii ro ?epeTlou intcpaveiag, xai nu9pfir,iorr.rfiEiu ttit uaQ xuor!.quag,o xai elmooL. ' n yavlaE eig T yavtav pfixoEro vao xatu xai ttxoow' Euco

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ffix xqexNma${&* xmq fSelffimq *vffi$ nx&me, ffi*vcx g$ffi Kffi!ffix&p{xealw onoiouq &mxcd{}w,xee$q ffimr& &v ffis t*xmaxw {rryffirtrl lpmvn

oqoyyAog,xta rctpycouoE ).outuyl trtu yvet.A77ag v dpxowaEi$etneivoIE ylvou rc ro riTurr, noqEuqu pagpagatv nout"icty rv xai 77av rv nawotoq yqdtpaot xai ygaEaiEyguov pryElouqu9rcpvavparryta; dnop yS qt wt n9tv ga xai gfapat. Xto xrilpo f,,r0 o.r ro vq uEvero.r evog xiovo.g Us uqros70 nnxerg, rrou oTnv KopDEnrou eeepero xor<rvo crvprovtcrtou Iouotrvrcvo, o ooios nrov eqrnnog Kor orpopUevosrrpos tnv Avmon, xporooe oro oprorepxpr xpuo 1:.n,o pe ro xor ef,i onerooe.Ee prxpn qnorqon DrrnpxovKor otror ireynor xioveg oe oerpg,Kor ncrporrepo, ilpog ro Nro o Innpo1rog. E o Mnouovre1r-

wr ovoEepero.r errevororo oro xriopcr, rrou eKrervrcrvoe 190 nnxerg ro pnrog roD Kor 120 ro rLoros rou, xor crnoreooe xpo ouyr<evrpoong rcov euyevv yrcr Kovrcrpolroxieguovr.l oe ooyo, povopoxieg xor oougoyvegpupooro oro u.l,n8og. rnv xerpon rou Iuuoppou uovro oe 24 roveg nrov n Oon rou crorroKor rov opxvrrov (n yvann ooi.,erog xo8epo) ror ef,,roxor oprorepo xo8rqv oe poppoprvn xipoxo ro un8og. Oo ro orxoornprzrv oe uuyeregxovegyrori on UnUo r<orouunpxe xtvotpva (ef;c4revn)yeporn o.proro vep, uou xoroo1roveioou peyeSougxpo. O

10

fxpopopo r4g Kovmovlvono49 1450 rou ur Tov Inndpopo xor pv4pefo ro r4gn649 nog orir(ovrol ofUepo

Tlr[Us
xlotv fieL[oq u rprnxovrao rov ret;1trlv r4g xor xovro rng rpio nsprrreypevo giro pe crvorxrcr Boortreouoog ro orporo, orr'rrou ug ppegrov oyvotv eppee yoo xor xpooi yro roug oyovrzpevoug (ppogrou xpuooDTpiuocron rougeEoug). llavro oro roxroprour< teixog uunpxe xor qLn pro. nupopio, on urpeg,ryoug58 nnxeog pe 4 xopnogxioves oro reeiropcr yrcl vo.xcrSeror rng unepxouoan ooirooo rrg ppegrov coprdrv. Ero onpeio our onperveror u: Tara inouTotv @eoong rqv nqrcpaufiutrryun).u xai treeig

YxNexpxrxx w{:* Ktr r{*ff${fuxs{: Kpr"xpffi{x v#&"e{{3 V*ffi

x#ffiq rffiw3p{:fuffiffi[Jq ffi{xvgpee$T:ffiKi{x\f Sffiv ffi*eJ K{:$ x3 $t#x'ffi\sx&trffi,-d xpCIwq* w{*{trffi{yT}w ${5tcp

Inupopogxr,tprzrov xoro pnxog oe o ppn pe evoxolrn), reixog,nou qn ro ppogrng Ayio.gXoou' uou or yuEiog eixe ovopiSpnro.uopo.Supo, voireg eenov rougupor<oooe ,u euxopiornon. Ernv opxn ourorou reixougDlnpxe to aAaveiov (rpxeto.r yrcrro nepiEnpo ourporou Zeuf,,inuou) yro vo ouoBerouv roDSn),nyolrevoug xoro roug oyveg. Eueto qn our enoqre pro uupolrio (rov oryuuuox oel,ioxo) povor8rxn, on pcrppo.po(ypovirn), ornprypvn o0 4 xoxrvoug xuoug40 nnxeov n xo8e ueupo,Ue rnv elrypcten: K[ovo.retqanleugov, ni y0ovi xelpevov y0og, povog d.u crorrioat @eu tog 13 o ao"e E roLpfioag,Ilgxla Bnex6x)"eto, roog orr1 xai

ga ox "iya inalvou fn. Kor ouvexizeror n ouopiBpnon rov pvnpeirrtv pe rnv rropouotoonrov rrevr peyoureprov xrvrovuou Koopouocrvrnv rrn. Ilprog ourg rou Iouorlrovo, pe qog 65 unxerg,eurepog rou Eroupouuou o nororovrov on ooug 4 rropeDpou xppnrog rroDeqepovrous xpDoclpvoug inloug, rougouoioug or Beveroi Uere(popov ornv uorpio rous Kcu roog ornov oro vo rou Ay. Mopxou, rpitog xor rroprog oro psoov oxev rng nng xor eixqv ypo14rveg oug ooergrous uS npof,ergnov oorr,tv. rog, neUrrrog, o xovro oro vq rov Ay. Anoorcovnou eqrepe xoll<rvo oyyeo ornv xopuqrn roD Kor yovunern ro oorLro.KrDvorqwivo orn cronrou. )

11

Xp. MnOYONTEAMONTI
Tolpuoo ooyo roulnnopripou E' ourn rnv nn nverqr u unopxouv Kcrr1reflou

yoegxrvo6pveg txvng uvg ap4tmou rou exouv

peruqfp0qxov E0opei on ro xpvo r<orrpo uno.pxouvexei qureon roug pvcrc4rueronou ivouv r<o8e xpvo reooepo mBopro orouporpripoug xpooi. Aureg eivcrrn r<rvorepvorou Ay. Itoown, pero 1204 ro orq n rou llovtoxpnropog, n rrrrv Ay. Anoorc,rvr<qrn Beveriorou Mtonpe8 (upoqrcrvg ovolrooio ogeieror oe pen
rcryeveorepn upooBnxn), ornv onoio or xioveg eivor. pe rcncrypevor enrn rxvn. Eniong, or Krvorepves pe crproro vep xor noo8 uu8pvo rou vcrourov Ay. Teooopoxovro Moprpov Kor rng Ayiog Eorpicrg. Ernv Kc'rvorovrrvononEuoooovrov,KcrrKcrroBeter yr' ourcrrn poprupio rou o Mrouovrelpvu, xerlrnrq rou xprouovropo, nou o pionouo.io. oKovrcrvooEo).n oe oxuproro rno: oro vo rcov Ay. Anoorrov uou nrqv E0oppevog on ro xpvo xai of nd,uteTg tv l3aot7avrEot eioiv ix pappLqou nopcpuqo klaroprypttvot xcti ov aroiE xai ro KrouoravtivouptyLog iorw, iu arQ xcti Xgorg eoptu9eig iEgayyeTxtau ixeluoguQ 11 rou 7l0oqE'o \cb?ry.Erf:lpovn llcrvroxporopog 'IrooqErv Xporv ctrvpn onvog vnriTLlt xa9apagrot otn povn rou Ay. Icoowourng llrpog tioi, r ipitrru (ro Xptorott) ituapLEtBLa4 xai ov xai aroiE xLapog,xai onyyoE,xai f7Lyyry,

yffi*J #q*}#x,ffiq ffi rxpcxmmweffilff$i*q x*::pxrc#wffi* #K*1u# K43$ ffiKffiifi5sffi{r$"**q mmc}&6&ffir i!}v{e}v$4# ffi # X$iiV K*31fT{*XebV '3{}&"} r'*#g}$Km#{m#W rV*ffim

c1.x(w0uog oriEauoq xai at n rc mityauogrgtytE. An roug Boupoorougvcrougrns Kovorovrlounong,pero rov npro xai trtlyrcrodigAyiag 2o'lrog "lxrrct 510, unop'Iouorwrcwgr Eiag no xoDVKo.roor nooi nou rotpepouvperof, roug Kol oro peyeBogKcrroro xaog,uorgrou Ay. le rnE opyiou rov Mcryxcrvr,rv, Ay. Erpnvng, rou Ay. ozo.pou, rng Oeorxou, rng Neog trNrnoicrg (Evvea), rc,rvAy. llerpou xor lloou, rorv Ayic.rv rng Teooopor<ovro Mo.prpc.rg Ay. Avcrotctoiog, rng lleprenrou,rou Ay. Ioown (Bonuorn rng povng) rou Xrouiou,rou Ay. Avpeou,rcov Boxepvtiv(Oeorr<og) 77ot no77oi negmalior ar ot eig r fiv n exai grytaufirarittyv nLn nyv Krovorawlvou, og nagt?piToao?at ncn piv uoyqlq ipoi i pab xcri "40{vo xot ora rQ ELLoaniqeigarqv veaori acpryplvot. Eporo", ltipr4g llcrpevBeuxo, oro ontrreioour o Mnouovre1rvu nou ouveru[e ro rovBizer rnv [eprypcr(pnpe oxro r<or npooiver 1420 o yro rous EnvegKl rnv oe Buondelmonti [pooo]rrrKgxpioerg xorcroroonrng Kovorovrrvonong: Ooot t<otott<ouv (Mopnovf o' qurn rnv nn eivor no iyor ror ex8poi rov Brpro0rjxq, Beverfo)orivov, Ur rous onoiouguore ev Bcrexouv ootpon

Kl erpnvn ourt Kor Bcrrnv rnpnoouv ot<1rn ctv rnv Ynnpf,e,ornv n nn uuooxeSouv UDpreS eopes. xui auh panrrry xai oogiog naoryg otpvtqrog oyeTov, rtilpo pog, oeou or trAnvegf,xooovrnv no.rcr roug f,crror eyrvov rpoxeig, oxev yro rinoro cv qpovrizouv nopo pvo yro vo rKovololnooDVrnv onqcryio roug. fr' our n peyon xorovcroon qcprv r<orxpectov uou ouvqle ornv Ktovorcrvrrvouuon nrov n otio tou ro vo rerpro crnrnv repo voo rou nnBuopou npoonBnr<e (enpo). E6u).Iou, eyxoreerqrov rrs rooxoKcrr ieg rr,rvAyir,rv florptov, rou koown rou XpuooorUou, rou opooxnvo Kcll rov otry flcrrtpov nol) rAolryovylo rnv opcrn xor rn ooqio roug. Ero rogrng oEnynong, o Muouowe-\1rvu cvo.qperor oro fooro, rnv nn tlurvlevouuv, nou onxer on rnv fln B ororo xor xc,rpizeror on fl)rnv Ue rov Kepcnro xno. An rov xno our Uxpr ro orpro rou truf,eivou llvrou n qnorqon eivor 18 piro Nor eivcrr roo orevo uou o rq noio nou sroepxovrorrov rooxizouv pe nopevoo xivuvo. Kovro ornv un rov fevouctv u-

L2

ropxouv uo xovegnou orxovrcrr rcr noio.nou yrcr ero4rozovror crvo.xpnon. ErrSxoveg unopxer Kor vcrKluo yepgro xpnpc[cr ylcl roue ovBpoltous rrou rcrvrpeurnKcrvKor ev ro pernvrcooovpoo orov iro xpvo. To xeipevo exerrn xcrpo.Krnprouxn xqtonxrnpto gpcton:Kai navrs rara eioiy il,r70t7. Xprorpopog Mnouovre1rwtoDprrnpooe rnv rreprypoqn rng Kotvorovrrvouuong pe ronoypcrqrrx oxeioopcr,nou pe cv cxcr orAurn rcrurron ro xcipcvo. exer ErorexvnBeiot roqopeux oxeroorn oroug roEopougxcbrr<eg uopouorozer xor norrieg rcnpopeg ornv crnornoton. opropeveg Ee repruroergoxerozovrorrcrpvnpeicroucr,oe oegneproorepoevrexvo, os UeprKous xopreg onpervovroreniong uoropro, orriuo, ppor,evrpo. O npooovororopg xoprn eivcrrooorS Kor o rou oxeroopg onoier ro rpryttvrx oxnpo rorv relxrilvuou neprxeiouvrnv rrn,n onoio exreiveror Koro LrnKoS rou Booupou Kor xopizror o.n ro

llepov pe tov Kepono xuo. Nuo neproercrr on rn Soi.oooorou Mcrppopoxor ovororNcr neprpexetcrrrt ro xcrvcrNn rtxolv. ru,v Ero peroppogrou xnptn roypogovror rcrreixn rou fnqro (llepov) KCrr Ueoo o' cruronpooropizovrcrror vooi rou Ary.olrivrr<ou xvrpo, rng oro llovoyiog, rou Ay. Iorown, rou Ay. Kc,rvorovrivou Kcu rou Ay. (Drlr<o, xoBg Ncrrro no.ou rou KDp Aouxo [rotoErou rrrn Aoxo Korovo (Luc cattaneo) or rn lvool. Ef,o o.nro reixn onpervovro.rro rpovl rnor<rvro Nor o crpoovcls Kclr ornv onvovrr clorculKnoKrn ro .orrurpr upos ms nng),Toupr<ioKor xoKnvo.

Beverorvor epnopor, "To on prpio rov 0ouporov"rou Mfpxo llo(1509 ottivog),oro Xpug Kepog r4g Ktlvorovrtvonolqg (E0vtxli !t!$elig f0iug, l-lopiot)' Irqv xopuqli:"H :'-"-t-qt-:]1s

(n Er<ouropr Xpuonoh, onoreouos rpiro ::liTll11l ^ rou ro K0ulluvl0q rov ut

tpiovo eouzlr,rriarNovrno Innpo1rog. Tpryupo Eovolgou orovo roonoproror vo.oi rou Ay. npnrpiou, rou Ay. le- ,u lo* Moreno copyiourr,rv Moyxovcov,rou Ay. ozo.pou,rou Ay. Carbonero Ioown (rng povng) rou Erouiou,rou Ay. Avpeo (ev rn xpioer), rng Ay. Mop8crg, llovroxpctopcr, rou rou Ay. llerpou, rcovAy. Anoorov, rou Ay. koovvn rng llerpcrg, mg Boxpvog,rng Onynrprog, )

Nourepo,KcrrvorovrlonolnrnvAyioEo- ffl;JrtJ::;tlrr-. n trre

13

,i:'! . , a.
.:
,t

-l
i:#

Ao lfpregr4g rc,rvAy. Xopovro (Moprupiov), rng fleprnrou. Kovgrovrrvo- reixn eivor oxerqop.veg nouoprOpeg Etcr or lluno49 nou egxor ovolrorizovro.rn llor<opio, n Epoixn (fluppfoxovror .A.nrou llepoporog), rou Ay. npnrpiou, n floolo or4v EOvrxr{ Brpro0rix4 Xpuon lln, n lloreiq llpro., roD rnv nvo<pper orollopior. ag MeonKan Meoeia xor upoyporr pioxeror orn pe 0 npdrog pon rng rcrpolrngrou Keporrou xuou ou rn yptilrporo oruxri Bcrxpvotbgrnv oxpn rou Boonpou, n lln rou pe xoro erepog Necopiou, llpro rou Boyxo (n Meyon llpro), n opoprxri rou Ay. Iorqwn, rng Bo.xpvog n llpro r<apiKcrr (ovriypogo or4v n xopit (nrOovvn Xopoio n n Ouuoprcr uou E0vrxr{ Brptrro0rixrl evove rnv upoxupoio pe ro npooouo Koopirov). Eoq, A0livo)
Etrg crxregxoroypoEovro.r rlrovrorou Bouxeero ovros oS tpavt rcu llaattou, ro Kovroor<crr, xo0g Ncrr Evq TLLtvt no x,araorgacpr1xe d"n rog TopxouE.Teoguuoerr<vovrorro lloouo rou Krovorovrivou, rou Iouorlrovo, rr,rvAuroxporpr,rv xcrr o oir<ogrou ncruo. Tnv fln rooxizer o rrorcrpg uxog, rlou rn xorpizerBeorpnrrxcr uo pepn, oe r<o.Bg ppor-ef,oor xor npos uS flueg. H erxvcr nou nopouomzero XprorEopog Muouovrepvu yro rnv Korvorcrvrrvouuon, oov Uro Ueycrn oe xrcronun, oxupi'rlrevn oIo eperfro-

pevn, yeporn ef,oxoug vooDs, pvnpeicr xor noo pyo rxvng, qnoreei pio onpovuxn crvoyurpn poprupio ylo rnv fln iyo xpvro nprv on rnv Acoonrng.
BIBAIOfPAOIA To ouvropeuuvo xeipevo rou 1422 npooiruoe flporos, oro orrvrxo, o G. R. Ludovicus De Sinner <Christophori Buondelmonti florentini Librum insularum archipelagi e codicus Parisinis regiis nunc primum fofum>, Lipsiae et Berolini, 1824. -on ovovulro- oro c\nvrxo To pFroepcropevo ouvrolreulrevo xeipevo rou 1422,Vazi Ue Ueroepoon or yo..rxo xo.r oxro.,npooieuoe nprog o Emile Legrand <Description des Iles de I' Archipel>, Paris, Ernest Leroux. Iy /. Reinach Salomon, La description de Constantinople par Buondelmonti oro <O ev Kt'rvorovrrvounerE-,nvrxg Orooyrxg Eoyog>, rp. XVIII. Ev Krovorovrrvoun-Ler, 1888. Gerola Giuseppe, Le vedute di Costantinopoli di Cristoforo Boundelmonti oro <Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici>, rp. III, Roma, 1931. Garand M. C., <La tradition du Liber Archipelagi Insularum la Bibliothque Nationale de Paris>, oro Scriptorium,29 (\973) Van der Vin J. P. 4.. <Travellers to Greece and Constantinoplu. Istanbul, 1980. Turner HiIIary L., Christopher Buondelmonti: adventurer, explorer and cartographer aro Monique Pelletier (ed.) (Geographie du Monde au Moyen Age et la Renaissance>.Paris, CTHS, 1989. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani oro .\nppo Buondelmonti. I

M msxq*vm ffi## i:3{3pffiir.;iqp${x{# * &#Tm?,;rq}wxwffip*wNx pfm er;tx6,xetlv:r{K*T {3:rT*#ff.*# iruw ll.,${:};1}:r,*p{{:e !i3##tT v8lt;x ffi$yex xg:*w:trrx iruprvffi$:iffi &r3{,*{y*x snw enlrq

74

1261 O Muon H llooroyog ovaxto tnv Krovotqvtrvounon xcrr ozer tog Aorlrxn AuLoxporopio oLn 1274 Euvoog Arv: o Mxon H rng exerorrnv vcoon rcovExr<norv 1308 Or O8opovoi Toupxor roroopovouvrnv Eqreooo 1321.2A EpEurog perof, ne1rog AvpvrxouB ror Avpvrxou I 1329 Or Topxorr<upreouv Nixoro. rn 7337 Or Toupxor noipvouv rn Nrxotrrnero 1341.47 EpErog nepogovcrpeoo orov Io:ovvn E r<qt rov Icoovvn Xt Kovroxouznv.o Kovrqxouznvgpe rn onOero Ereqrovou rou Aouoov Bq oveeiyrcr 7 xpvro ornv ef,ouoio 1347 O MoupogOovorog(enrqrio novtioug;.nou npopxerqron rnv Avoron,Sepizerrov nnBuop rou BuzovriouKqr rng unxng Eupnng 1348 Or fevouoreg rou fooro epxovror oe oDYKpOuOn TOV oDroKporopo Ue KqvLoxouznv. nupnoouvro uzovuv oroxo.r roronpoyouvoe opogrcovxcnoir<otv rng Krr-rvo lovtlonong. rpue or ro r eonorororou Mopotgpe pn ro MuoLpo'eonrnE yivcr o 0o Movoun Kcrvrqxouznv opxizer g. n oveYcponrt^rvexxnorv xot Ueyopov rou Muorpo 1354 Or Toupxor xcuo.).o1rovouv rnv Kol.iuon t355 O rooxog Kovroxouznvo, rou Ioowng E, pe xpuoouo npog rov rrcrnqIwor<vno Er' ovoyvropizer npotreiorng ra Pr,rpoixngExxnoiog t365 Ot Topxor orpiyyouv rov xor yuproon rnv Krovorovrrvouon. eyxoBrorouvrnv rporcuouoo roug ornv Aprovoulon

1376.79 O Avpvrxog' o<perepizerot ro Bpvope tn on8erq rtiv fevouorv rou foqro Kot rov OBr,tpovv. Ee cvrooypo rng unoornprf,ng nopcrxcopei Teveo oroug rnv fevouoreg Kor rnv Kcrinonoroug Topxoug 1387 H Oeooqovixn uopoieror orous Toupxoug.or onorot LnScKxrupouv upovolnor<xcrBeorg ourooixnong

r393
To rogrou ouyo.prxou r<poroug. Or Topxor r<oroolrovouvrn Oeooo.io 1394 O conrngrnE lleonovvnoou Oeorr-rpog oroyog .tTcr crrlpc[cl Lnv eyKorcroroon0.000olKoyvelv 1 Aovv ornv fleonwnoo 1396 O Boyroznr erooAer ornv Ileouvvnoo.or orouporppor pe opxnyo rov Ilylopovo xqr nycTCS rov Itoovvn xpn rou Nep,rov qDirnno ApLouoKor ro oTporopxn Lou Muouorx nrrvror crnroug OBorpovog Nrxnon. o orn Movoun Xpuoot-rpog opxizcr ro pcrOnporov Envrxtiv orn @i.opevricr 1397.14o.2 O Bcryroznr noropxei tnv Kovorovrrvouuon

14o,o-o.2
Or Toupxor vrBouv rnv onern rou

goxeg orn Eupio, orn Tolrepovou: Xpupvn Kor rnv Ayxupa 1422 O Moupcu noropxei rnv KcDvorqvrrvounon 1427 H llcorvvnoog cxtg rnEncproxns rng llorpog pioxcror oLnv Kcrroxn rcovBuzuvrrvv 1430 H OeooooviKnKol r0 frovvwo reerouv orcr xopro totv Toupxcov r439 H ouvoogrng OotpcvL.iog cvoKnpuooerrnv voon totv trNxnorv 1440'42 Or Toupxor noropr<ouv uo Eopeg oe roornpo rprv xpvc'tv ro Berypor' o Ionwng Ouvrong exrcixer roug Toupr<oug on rnv Tpovouovio 1443 O Kovorovrivo g llooroyoE crvrucrooer pe rreproxS rov oetp rou Oeolpo:loipver eoEn rng lleonownoou Kor ro Muorpcr xor exxtopei ug nergtou Ef,ervou llvrou xor rn Enupio 1444 Or Toupxor vrxov roug Oyypoug Kor roDSoroDpo(popoug Bcrpvo orn 1449 O Kr,rvorqvrivog llooroyog oreercnouroKporopos Muorpo oro 1451 Oclorog rou MoupcnB-oro oourcwrxOpvoovcoiver o Moopc0 B'o lfop0nrng.o o urorporopog Kt -rvorov rivog orcvelnpcoeioorov lono Nrxoo E oe pro reeuroiq upoouoOerovcruerxer onOercr rng uong ornv c[rKpouonrov Toupxov I 453 Xug 29 Moiou or Topxor xorcropovouvrnv KurvotovLrvouuon-BovoLog rou Ktovoruvrivou lloo.royourog rng Buzovuv ng A ororporopiog 1460 Or Toupxor r<otoo1rcwouv ro Muorpo 1461 Or Topxor r<oroo1rovouv rnv Tpouezovrcr

Tonoyporgio rnqKovoTovlvoronq onri lerpdypogo (1420) Mnouovrepdvrr rou

: :; :rffi{*{,eaf" t'*g*$tr$fi &Bwwgwemq . :r #*ruq lryftffi r*{E?F$$ nnwut*magtf,fffttq ffi#fl $u,w#n" {at $
orcrrS nnyS (. ro oxertx oerepolro InS <E>,/Ioroprxcr, oxeap.32,25-5-2000), or oeg ev oppcroDpKrKeS, nKeSnnyes (uuxeg,ooovrxg, vrxg x.cr.)ivouv pvo oqrnnpr,rlrorrxootorxeio, nou oore pev oupni.npovouv Kol elrnourizouv ouxvcrpog ovuKpououv xot ouoxotizouv rnv 0IooLoycyovNvorng neprypoqngLouxopurpoiou xr op8cr)oqrorootei rog, rrou yro noog(iocog ro reogrou envrr<o Meooiovct. ortg UroS, oflizer pro neprrooon Our,:onnore, [nysg yro rnv Aroon onpovur<repeg oBolrcrvrxes ylo Bcr rou 1453,creoun reeuroicr onporoornoet roug O8orlrovoug<rnv evcrpf,nUroSvcrgueprou, uou n nonrxn roug reooyicrpnopei oveto uro xot otxoulrcvx vo cyxonu-rBei ouroxpcrtoprx Lo <Bu reeg>,evtirn ircr roDSn roroproypctEio eyr<oro.eiqernBprcricrro xopor<rnpo rng onl,ng xpovoyporpiog nou eviore neproptztovvcl ovorgcper uS KcrrcrKrnoels O8coptovriv prcroerpovtrov og (rztr<v oro reooyrxnoioro rou tpou no),e1rou xovr)> xnr orcrroxarn 8on totv xpovrxoypo<pttv <uou ypotpouv oe 8o nopouv yrorroroproypoqror, pro exeuruotrrvn, yoEupnxqr nornrrxn ytiooo retioug>(M. Xopn' oro e(os rou cnJToKporoprKou yrcrwng, <lkig eicrv or O0opovoi rnv Aoon>, Ka1npepwn rng Kupruxng/ truro Hppeg:H Air,tAv oo. on rns flng, 28-5-2000, 18-19,e o. 1B). rng xcrr crpxrxon ouyKsKprpevnnctpctoon np4rng euoe ornv oqnynoBr,rlrcrvrxng roroproypotpictg on qrol,xoprxv ororxeiov Kor e\!S rrrunouof oxoeov xo Eougpe rnv onerxvron rcovopeoc.rv ovcrtrreoo oro ooulrnvo Kor orous olooug rou, ev ortrororgon ro 16o r. n uroBrnonrou ourxo Tou d\E;H f.K. Ieesnu tolo' rzcrpropevou goug rng ouyxpovng nEpoIKnS loropicE oro E.I.E. epeur'rrrirBu(or''rrvi-rg er.rerotrp6r'ou proypoqrxng ropooong eKcve rous O0tlpovoug xr ouyypoEeig<vo eixvouv evroEepov pvoyto o' ug npof,erg rorv oourovolvKclr rorv ezipncov, rnv uS crpxg nou r<oOopizouv ovooxot q Kqr Vro rroon rov xporv> (R.S. Humphreys, <Historiography, Islamic>, Dictionary of the Middle oo. e v Kcrror O0t'rlrovoi roroproypoqor Kor xpovrKoypcr- Ages6,1986, 249-255, o.251). OBurovolreoootoug ncrorog O onpcrvur<repog eor yrcl rnv Aroonrou 1453xouvoe yevrKesypctppeernreg eLer- FcrvoDS yrcr peg xoroxprBeicrnverepoug xpovrxoypoEoug nrov o Aoix-flooo'Zoue (nep. 1400-nep.1486),r<nroypevog crn rnv ApoouvorrlKorruo, oe Urn npororurriog xo.r urrpUerpn oero rou llvrou xor yvoorg ornv euoxn rou ctg oxeon pe rn onouorrruorou yeyovrognou oen<epiong Axpr, yros rou Aoix llctoo> (ornv ynBnxnv (. Mooxnouog, 21, Er. Ptloqrcv, I{ o. npoypour<rnro toyyovogroD ovopoorouUuorlA0nvo 1979,o. AAaon rng Kavoravrwouneag, 269), ev rourors crvopeoo orre Un oxerrKesenvr- Krorn onxoupyo Aoix llcron, nou znoepeto[ nrcw o itog norqg H noropxfo KeSnnyS rcr ororxeio nou nopxouv or oBr,rlrovrxeg 1272r<u"1333).Ko8S rpoivercrr, pv ornv Acoonrng Krrrvorcrvrrvonong, uou rnyes rng neproucrnro 15o g ro 17o orvo iKovorovrrvotou xpvro. Ero ououoiog znoe Kor ro reeuroicr unpovouv rcnpopes xpnolUesoulrnnpr,rlrcnrxeg no49 ro ond onpcroiogxpovrr<rou rou tpper,nog ef,oou uMeytio Xpovtx qopieg -ov Kor ouxvo uponporrKegyo rng nexpocrnro npcbrlro oOc,rpovrxo op(pr- Kcrrro rreploorepo rqg foiog' vrxprnrog rng npooEopogroug.ev Drropxel rns vrxo, ro xopoKrnprorrx riro <Teapix-t a-t Buzovrrvoi roroproypcteor (E0vrxt{ oio u or reooeprg rnq BrFro0ixn Acoong(XEpowzng, Aoxag, Kptouog, Xo-L- Ooltav> (=<Ioropicrrou oit<ourou Oopov>,n}on tou crpxnyrn rng oBopovrxng uvooreiog)t<otro l-oioq, l-lupior) xoxovng) onoreouv oorxeg Ncrrovovrtxoro-

f*u es*w

YmwmffimffiffiffiY-

18

ouoio roc'toe oxev cruroDolo peroyevorepog o Neopi, o Aoix-llooo Zovre oEnyeiror Ue evo xcrpcrrrnprour<oornpn eporoonoxpioeov Kcun8rxv oup[epoopcrrov ug npreg peyoeg oOr,rlrcvu<g KoroKrnols otlro r],n rou 13ouorrilvqg to 1486. lro rnv nepioo orr ro t420/2I xor ef,ng o ouyypoEogqoizerqr onoxerouxo ong rreg rou, poprupieg,ev ylcr rnv npoyeveorepn rlpooonrKes uepioo croiornxe oro Fn ouroreegoozpevo xpovrx rou hoxoi-Ooxix (yrcr rnv uepioo ren lSov -1402/3), ro onoio evoolrorcloe oro rx rou epyoUe opropveg rpooSnxeg r<orenef,,nynpouxcr oxroKol rou onoiou uuopxer rdlpo envrxn pero.Epoonor rnv roupr<oyo Eroder Zoxoptobv (Ioropia xat 1puAot rav naauitv oouravrov, 1300-1400, A0nvo 1991,oo. l2g-21.g). Iroirepn onpooio exer,eoro, n ovogopo rou Aoir<-llooo-Zqvro ornv Kcovotqvrlouuon, nou eyrve n veo oBr,t(Iorovpuou) peto rnv AproUovrKnrrporeuouocr vounon (Evripve) -ov Kcrl n ovoEopo.ourn xopoKrnprornKuevrxpn (Karayannopulos-Weiss, o. 534,op. 572).To uopoxoro onouoopo iver pro erKvo. neprypogngourng (. per. A. Eoing, rng <To epyo rou Topxou xpovrroypoEou Aoix-flqoo-

ffi wm4xexwxtt pffi ffi tr1i$ffi xiq mca x K* q w{x {$i{3 s,$ex mx.xq; ffiffi pcvnuq xxlvr c** K#vprrysuq " ep &ry$m*f,trmqpxx*ffimwxffi, ffixffiw $xffipebw {rxffiw &ffic*wsx

Zo.eog lnyn rng uorepouzovrrvnsKor nprpng o0opovrr<ng neprou>, AeAriov Kevrpou Mtxpaotaurcbv Enouv 3, 1982,aa. 57-70,ecb 66oo. 67' up. xqr ro exrevn ouooncrolroro e.per. oe qn rov A. Ilonozoytrou, <O Mrocrpe8 o flop8nB rng xoro rov Topxov roroprxv Aoix-flqoo-Zovte>>, Enernpig Eratpeiag Buzavrwv Enoutbv 16, 1940,aa.2II-246.nnpng yeppovrxn Uer. rou opyoD crlnorov R. Kreutel, Vom Hirtenzelt zur hohen Pforte. Frhzeit und Aufstieg des Osmanenreiches nach Chronik <Denkwrdigkeiten und Zeitla{ifte des Hauses Osman> vom Derwisch Ahmed, gennant Ashik-Pasha-Sohn. lporg Brvvn-Koovio 1959). <H1av xat orpatoneuoav VDpa an ra teixn rng loravpnou xat rnv anxAercav cvreg xat)

*Hxsrftrnn rnS Kovorovrrvono49" ond rppoyxrxli lrrxpoyporpiu enoyfg

19

TOypT<TKEI TIHIE:

ltlttKouE rou Klt toog cp$av otn touaxn... Me ouvto-

pia tnv nprirn flapqoKeun pem Lnv KaLlKLnon (2-61453) qaav Ltg uxaploueg
LODq OtnV

Ayia Eorpia. H rcapmn napaxnon anayye0nK OtO OVO-

And oOropovrx xpvog rorv omoli(Kponxd loroprx Mouoeio, Mriolo. 0oroyporpio Claude Blair)
an rn yn KaJ an tn 1aaooa 1tt ta noia rcug. Eixav 400noia otn 1aaooaxat aa 70noD La rpepav an rc laarc pultouxvrag ta navut ornv $npa. >Ot noelttottg mav navLoipor xat f,einaoov LJg onpaieg rcug. Kovra ora 1e1terctav ttxv pnnxav otn 1aaooa xat erprta{av veeupeE xavovrag eni1eon. O nepog t{axoo1noe yn 50 ltepvuxra. Zrnv 57nppa o ooumvog atoe yid tnv aen LoD eeuBepn enaoia ("ytaypa"= crqupcr tprnpepn enl,croicr). on Exavav vea peyaAn eniBeon Kai ornv 51n ppa, pta llepmn (sic: Tpirn 29-5-1453)nnpav rnv axpnoLn. Ynnpxav noa nAourn yta AenAaoia: xpuoatpt, aonpt, nltavuxa xat apaia utpaopata xat aAAa axpta avrtxeilteva tono1etn1nxav otnv avopa tou orparcnou. Mera apxtoav va ta nouAov. Et<ar'toav toug xaroixoug mg IIng, oNtaoav rov autoxparcpa rcug Kai oi yazneg (=no}.eptores ylcr rnv ef,oni.coonrng pouooupovrr<ng uiarng) eaav xpt ota poprpa xopitota (rcovxprotrovriv). Thv Teraptn (30-5-1453) ouvaav tov (ezipn) XaAi llaoa pe rcDgVloDg Kat rcug af,ta-

pa rcu oouravou Mexptt Xav Ta2i... H vixn autn entteeOTNKC AIIO LO

ooutavo Mexltr Xav oro rog Eyi-

pag 857(-I4

u.x.)).

Hrylry

llepiuou ouyxpovos rou Aoix-llooqZovre nrov o ourxg of,rorlrorouxog Kcll xpovrroypo<pog Toupoov Mnng (pero ro 14251499 7500),oor/ Kn frnyn yro rn oourovio rou <Ilop8nrn> MopeE B (1451-1481) Kcrryrcr rcr e<prcr nprcr xpvrcr oourovicrgrou Boyroznr B (148114BB). ovri8eon pe Ee crl,o o8r,rtrrclrNcr xpovrxo rng nprpng neprou,ro rx rou, n <Ioropiorou llop8nrn> (Teapix-t apno- @arx>)eivcrrypolrpevn oe oyorexvrx urpog,ivoyro vrog perof,, otovxpno4regunpo<popieg rnv qoKqr yro rnv enorxrouxn uomxn rou Acoon, <flop8nrn> oourovouorn vo uporeuouoo.Oncog xor oAorO8t-rpovoi xpovrKoypoeor loroploypoKor rpor (n.x. Aoix-llcrocr-Zcrvre, Neopi), o Toupoouv ro B, ci Kwwf'ttre3{$mffw Kffi gm#ll;q #ir.$d x# xm*,. ffi*ffi*ry*,, Mueng uopouorcrzer ezipn rou McocrlreB Xoi.L IIqo, vo exel upcrygcuouornoertrruouxgouvewonoerg Ue rous noropxnpvoug Buzovrrvoug yqx&{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{n$mq pepn rng ogn*ferfcxv K6*pe{:r:rf e*6x*pr* eqfWey.fsf* nprv crn rnv Ar,ron, ev oe cro ynons rou Noveryo yro ro Bovoro rou Krovorowivou flo-.oroyou,yro ro nooro AoEupo nou -

20

-T

,t;*{i

[eocl oTcl xepr0 IOV O0ropovv xor crvcruuxcr-yrcr rnv Ayio EoEicr,uou rou npof,evnoe peyon evrDnon (qyV. lrer. rov H. Inalcik-R. Murphey, The History of Mehmet the Conqueror dy Tursum Beg, Mrveqnon-Erxoyo 1978).

ffi!

Auonorxic
oouovrKec ^ "

*Tn
F, I'

f I I' Wt
i

rnyes, uepinou oyxpoveg ro)v

rlcrocrnqvo. otr

oozouvs ovovDpcr elvcn rcr leyOpevo <Toupxrxo nlrepoyro> (<Toxrpcrp>), rov crrolvov 14ou Kqr IsoD.nou oruxog nopooc uevoDvopcrotppooro x.onorounxn yooc xcrr tootrzouv pveicg yro ro<popcr onpovur<o yeyovrcr, perof,, roug Kor yro rnv Aroon (Ocr to xpnoruofrotnoouvor iyo Ueroycveorcpor OopouLz Ncopi) r<or ror -rroirepcr- n ouoyn rr,rv <<ToUpXrKv ovovgrov nprprrlv xpovlxu> (euiong rcov orvr,,rv14ou-15ou). troulreroqpcroUevcr yeplrovlKcr qu rov O. fkiorcr ze(F. Giese) (ovoqrpovror crnroug epsuvruesKor <AvvulroS fkizu) onoreouvonpcvuxn uncog yn rnpoEoprv oe xogr <rneypoqrrr<) DeoS,exovros npoeovrdg npoLun og roDS fipocrvoespo_ rcr pevo npepoyro.Eivot nrOovv vo ro xpnotUonoinoe o Aoix-floocr-Zovre, oo oS rrpog rnv Aroon 1453or orvryUorrKeg rou unpogopiegroug eeyxovror yro rnv of,,rolrorio rous (Karayannopoulos-Weiss, 582,op. 569)(yepp.per. F. o. Giese, Dje Altosmanischen anonymen Chroniken/ Tevarih-i al-i Osman,2 rpor, Mnpeocrou-^or{rio 19221925).

l-lcpfrelvo xprivog T0u 00ouovtKo rrrflrK0 otiloxi Tov rou15ou orrirvs (trorrrxli ouoyf). Irq pfoq, d{erg r4g sqfpTUonq 00opovo rqg rnneo enol{g eneoe nou 4 Korvorovnvono4 (M4rponolrrx Mouoeio Neog Yripx4g)
H oerpo rc'tv eurqrovv O0opovv toroproypnou eoy nou f,,e<peyouv ro orevo pro rng [eprypo(plxng xpovoypoqriog(ivovro.g, perof,u or,tv, ororxeioyro rnv Aoon rou 14bB), eyNolrcrzerorcrn rnv uepioo nep. I4B4/B[ rnv n nprn peycrAn qoon rotv oOcopovrxvenextouxov noelrrrtv eixe xeioer rov Nuxo rng (H. Inalcik, oroug Lewis-Holt, oo. 164,165-166). llopcr ro yeyovg n ouxvcro rirog rc,tvroroptoypoerKdrvouvBeoecov rng veogneprouev f,epeuyerqn ro ncrioro rirrou ou <Ioropio rou oixou rou Oopov>, ev rourorge cxoulrcyevrxo nro cxnAcnruopvnroLoproypotpio. crv K(rl or clQnynols rrrtvo [prov xpovrKo sKfrpooonov rne, rou Ouporz Kctr rou pouxr, eivur poov nevrxpgoS npos rnv Aoon. O Ouporz rpnv Awi (poo l5ou -clpxes16ou or.) orn rxn rou (oKopn clperoepoorn) <Ioropio rou oixou, N.n.>xouurer rnv uepioo o.nrq rn rou 13ou or. g ro 1467(ir xur'noug rooxeuoopevo ro g 1493/94).fro rnv nepioo ag rc 1422yvcbprze xcrrrorcr Kolvn unyn pe rov <Aviitvupofxize>, ev yro rnv nepioo arrc rc 1422xnr ef,ngqroiverorn xpnollroroino (lrog xor ppeoo o percryevotspos >

* .ffiuffiffi**m*v{,{, {; A {dqrir.rp#q, s'i: {yL$NW{.sws x*v 74**pa, ei,ffiw {yK#W##tr F$p*K{sli}ffis*$w vffi W#. y$tq ffi*ftmq ry*. ry.Ly'#m*w*ffir*gnxrz ffitrpffi*#ffi$} Kffir

27

TOypxTKEIIIHTET
Eovrouvriv) ro <Toupxrxo npepoyro>(. V.L. Menage, <On the recensions of Uruj's History of the Ottomans>>, Bulletin, SchooL of Oriental and African Studies 80, 1962,oo. 314-322). An pornv crnneupo,o <pel,ovo>(roor<oog) xr Ewrpvei (=o eE Aprovouneog/Evtrpv) (' proo 15ou or. -n8. pero ro 1b11)orn rxn rou <Ioropicrrou oixou...> (nepropropevoyvoorn ornv rpeuvcrrog<Topix-r Poxu>,oEou ev exer crxpn exoBei xovovrxcr) xonter trreyourepn nepioo, og ro 1511xor xpnoipeuoeog nnyn yro rov oUeocJS erropevo ouyxpov rolF roroproypogo, rov Neopi. Ee oxon pe rnv Acoonrou 1453rcrozeror evpe roEepovn nnpoEopio (nou ev unopxer oe xoprcr oi.l,n lnyn) u o Kolvorovrivog llooroyog eixe opvn8ei vo ncrpoo0eiorov OBr,tlrovnoropKrun rng ll).ng, xovrogepuroroovn oro r<eilrevo rorv Euoyyeir,rvnepi rou <onoprou>rng uzovtrvns frpujreuoDocrs. Av xor o Mexg6r Neopi EEwng (' pro 15ou or.-neO.perof,u I5I2/1520) 0er,tpeiror rov onpoeK vtrxrepov OScopovvroroproyporpurv, rourors n v pvn nl,npng pernqrpoon rou orozpevourpnporos rou epyou rou. rou noyxoprou xpovrr<ope riro <Kttapn-t Tztxav-voupri.ri(<Brio rou xoopopo-

r't

g.i{ wgxry*s*vm rt3w p;l;lxw Kwg.xmffi, {:r,ffiK*q s<a";$*xqpq lW i il4"i] #e.f ntr3#pffimxsrx Kmw u*xxa$x&w &xwxffi &ffiea:rq:rm llx ffi mgw{s*}mq &a*xcl*< vffi gxexx#*:} Ks}w$:}ffig-$ q 6ffi {i e.$ $

,ffi

Bu(ovlvoi noepror{g xol riplovrogond TOUq Braun Kol (1861Schneider

Uoros)), eivor n qrlrxn rrou lpctyUcrronoinoe ro 1591o Aeouvxdrog (Leunclavius)! O Neopi uunpf,e yrog roroproypoEogxor rooxoos rng rolotrrxng nopooong(<poueppng>>) oro orozxor Fevo 60 rio rou [pocrvoqeppevouepyourou (yro ro oiloro xpnorlrouoinoe exrevdlgrov Aoix-lloocr-Zovre Kor ro roupxxo qrepoyro) xo}urer rnv roupxrxn roropio crnro po8u<yevcrpxnrov OBo4rovrirv (ntogef,oour<ornov crl,r.lvnpooSr,4rovrxtitv roupxrxv Eov), rov Oyoz-xov, g rnv crpxnrng oouroviog Bcryroznr rou B,ro l4B4/85(n xor'o ougro 1492)(V.L. M6nage, Neshri's History of the Ottomans: the sourses and development of the text, Ofirppn1964).OSrpos rnv Aoton, o[,t]oyo eivcrr ro. onoonooporo pe ug enrolrpereg yro rrg Klvnorgrou oBr,tlror,rr<ou orouxorcrtnv loropxio, yrcr rov onoxeqroroprou reeuroiouflocrroyou rnv reeurolo rcuo eniSeonrng 2g-S-1453, yro. ro xcuourv oypro rogrou <peyoor<o> Aouxd Notoln xor -rroirepo- yro rcrlepi erxo.zpevng perof,,urotv Aorivotv proBorppcov Burogr,rvicrg rou

zovriou Kcu rov Kr,tvorcrvrivou lloloroyou xor Aourn Noro.pcr, oqrouor reeuroior,oupeovo pe rov Neopi, eixov oNeEOei npoxcopnoouv ouv8nxovo oe ynon xor nopooon rng IIng! npovuxn nnyn onoreei xcrr n ovvu1rn (xor ornn) xpovoypngio pe ro oupcurx riro <Xpovrx rou Moulnr B'> (15ou-16ou or.), ov xo.r n n rng enexreiveror nou nepcron rnv enoxn nyepoviog rou Moulnt E (1421-1451), xouurovros rnv nepioo on ug Bpurxgcruo.pxg o0r,rlrcrvrxnguopouoiog orn rng Mrxpo Aoio (o pro 13ou or.) 69 to 7484,pe ovoutrxog nivor<eg rov uprov O8tolrovrilv nyepvr,rv. Exovrog upoEcrvgoulroueureitov Aoir<llooa-Zoyre Kor rov <Avvupo fxize>, ro xpovrr our ovogperor Kcu ornv Aoton rng Kcivorovuvonong, rnv onoio pororo ovoeepet xr r,lg <Iorovpuou>,ql,o r,tg<Konstantin> (!), ex rou runou <Kouorovrrviyro> rcovApo.iovouyypoErov (olreoo oxeuzpevoueoro pe rov rou MeooicLrvo

22

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ril llr,;1lloito !i-iti taari:trrt. ,.ilt I irli.t itr, i:tr-i 1 r :'f[ r i j r , a i l r i tut i5i,16 litilttri.lr:pit,'r:;li.ial t"ri-1Ld! it:iio :o -::iitL (il'tir.t '-11 : ir i l , l t , i '1 i i 'r LVft,rt.tl-icf) ll'rt iitLcltjo,,:t'r lEl,irtr/x,i-tL1 1:..iir0,;r-r1'-_l 1-.1q, L i-].!rlir,rl. fjlJViiltr-ill \/ri-l(lL){}i)[r Ori]!111 lili(ilCit."ri'[|L]1.1r:ii" filti.::Ll.l I I L r , i,tl i) r nrn,'v 1l i0 ol 4-ttniilt,'.1:l l-h-[tr,t.titr Lirr Iii)lJ]ilQ i.ltili.C.; iiLlrrl , r rl'i l|l lou <llo;lllilLti:'r 1-it:lr,i.r-t'v AJrl,llitit ult.tLi-rg,i: ,:i\,ralll:l 1l [tx] Lllll Airto,{{.pc;l.t4ir'.1q6.66ir 3-ft1]r;];i;),i)l t0 -a_tL ii.t,;-cl L_.1 lf 1tl-lUCittilr'rlffril r-,tt,;t<ilni.pCt' T ll' f l L t O Ellil,-if r li j,l.air-rirat 'ir !,[ ]rr[ LL, I i;-rj l - 1 1 1 ir . i q l l i l ' l K ! - l 1]i / r t \ / f l I " ' [ L t l ] /
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H *tr6nq nyUovegKcrr orporrouxoi opxnyoi rou uzcrvrrvopernou, 13o 15og aL>>, uzavr taNa 17, KovorqvrrvogroDpKrKou B noqu, Pto 1997, 365-378, o. 378). on oo. e urrx{ onerxvloq Tnv opoo rng erepng crurngpeyong Kornyoypo 1500 piog tr'rv np tptrr-rv -rlrovrxtrv rotoptoypoqrrxov oro o8t
nnyv xeiver o Eowewiv n Eovrouwiv Xrzog EEvmg (1536-1599), ourNg o crf,rorlroroxog rou proou roD 16ouqrvo, uou r4rn8nxe pororo pe rov ovroro riro rou <oeixouroopn>. Booropevos orov Ouporz xor (eppeoo) oro roupNrNcr npepoyro,o Eovrouvtiv neprypoqerrnv nepioo re-

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# tr3ffixyrm T**!i1*pnf{z*W{&H#,s r:Q*r*ffi*g* oxn 1879). Evo opBpo uog ro no.pvupeuer xovovrKo vcl tr##fT#pffi#s#ffr ffivrx#ffi!'r, r*raq*q *r*w w"xx*, r<eioer crvopopooro yvotorrepoOBr,tlrov v[# pe neprnynrn roD 17oDcrro.rvo., Eryro Toee1rui ffi rov *#q trfr #ilis#i#xq u*{*vya\i *n3\&*. *w{,
(1611/14-1683/84),rrcu exorolroepyorou <Broro io rr,rv rof,rrv> (<Xeioxor-vcrpe>) eNoveexrevg yo,perof,, or,rvKcll ornv Ai.toon rou 1453 (up.H. Turkova, <La prise de Constantinople d' aprs le Seyahatame d' Evliya Chelebi>, Byzantinoslavica 30, 1969,oo. 42-72). r unpogopies ]rog oureg,nouLreroyeveorepesIoD Y0yovoros, ervctlKclrclQopTs on puOonoouxcr qror<oprxo xcrr ororxeio. yto ro onoio. nt-rgunoornprf,co Pvorpov (.u., o. 270), <go.iveroru ornpixrnxe oe r<ouroolrnoro enUegxor xr oe Ko.r ypourg [nyS). ev exer yiver orrpoyevorepeg yro noexrn o.nrnv peuvcr, uopoerypo, n pop-

n 13oucrr.- 1520(Oovorog oourcrvou EeipA') oro ontrrovrrN epyo <Tau ouA'Teapixr (<Ereppo rou rcovroropnilv>>), 0eovrogecrrovo ef,rovrxeoer ug o8r,rpovrNeg xoro.xrnoetg rng ueprou 14ou16ou orvcrrv.Eto rpnpo rou epyoDnoD ovcreepercrr ornv Aclon rou 1453,no.r,o Eovrouvriv ouxvo eureorcbver roug cvriororxoug Buzcrvrrvousroroproyporpoug. Kol cxcl Kcrrourgxopoxrnprorci ov pn (Karayannopulos-Weiss, o. cog of,,rconpeiorog 533, op. 570) (oyVA. per. E. Glbb, The capture of Constantinople from the Taj-t-Tevarih, lLa-

24

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l3ou/opxeg 14ou crrvo cbgrnv enoxn rou (reln 16ou). Av, novrog, Bo npener vq rooorei o Eryro Toeepui oS npos ro rpnUo rou epyourou yro rnv Atoon rou 1453,our crf,izer yiver yrcr ro nouvo r4rcr ororxeio uou o uonerpogcrurgrcrf,rrrng rropxer,erlrprrovros crf, royooulrnepcroporoyro rnv noeoo1rio roug orKropougrng IIng, xor uog 0o enperrevo nrov xorcr roug reeurcrioug uzovrlvous cllovs.
BIBAIOfPAOIA F. Babinger, Die Geschichtsschreiber der Osmanen und ihre Werke, ^elqrio 1927. H. Inalcik, <The policy of Mehmed II toward the Green Population of Istanbul and Byzantine buildings of the City>>, Dumbarton Oaks Papers2B-24 (1969-20),oo. 231249. H. Inalcik, (How to read Ashik-Pasa-Zade's History> oroug C. Heywood-C. Imber (en4r.), Studies in Ottoman history in honour of V.L. M6nage, Kovorovrlounon 1995,oo. 139-156. J. Karayannopulos G Weiss, Quellenkunde zur Geschichte von Byzanz, 324-1455,2r1rorpe ouvexn oeropiBpnon, BroFnovrev 1982. B. Lewis P. Holt (emp.), Historians of the Middje East. Aovivo 1962 (xetpncrio rov H. Inalcik xor V. M6nage). A. Mpvrtrrov, H Atootg tng Kavoravttvouneotg un rav Toupxav ev trct 1453, Al.hva 1859(ovorur. 1893). N. Mooxnouog,(H Aoo1Srns KovorovTrvouneogxoro rcrsroupKrKosnnyng>, rpog <<Ilevtaxootootn enrcrcg an mg Aoea4 mg KovoravLtvounea4> (L' Hell1nisme Contemporain), ABnvo 1953,oo. 21-89 (onoonoopor<roe e.per.). A. Pertusi, La caduta di Constantinopo_li 2 rpor, ppnMrovo 1976,rir,rgA', oo. 302-331(Toupoouv Mneng) xor B', aa. 259-266(Neopi) Kol 280-289(Eovrouvriv) (<rnoonooporo oe to. per.). I

(1453) Ixopirp4po ovrrrvpou Evero To Ue Pouuri Xrotip 6 xur

K0vvr0 lI0u

onU0rouv Tnv Ktovorovrrvo(BrBro0rix4 noq Trivulziana, Mttrfvo, xrrr. 641)

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IDprorou ou onpovuKo rpnUo rng flng Koro rnv noropxioouvOnxoynoexcrr uc.pcrOnxe orov IlopBnrn' pvo o frovrmg Koporog xove exrevtig yoyro rnv onoqrn ourn oe ouvuooppe ro oo yporyeo iyo peroyevoreposrou Eryrcr Toeepui, MoLog roroproypcrqrog nonrxog xor npnrprog Kawelrip (1679-1728) (. oxeuxo A. Xoing, npmprog Kcrvrepipxor n oqron <O Iou orn veotepn roroproypogicr>, A,/enEoct IB4, rex.1.587,1993, 1071.-1074, o. 1023). oo. e Ao o Kovrepip eixe ooioer rq ororxeio ouro oe oxeuxn nnpogopio rou oyxpovou rou Eqvrouvriv O0opovouroroproypoeouAr Toeelrni E<pvrn (1541 1599),rou nou popgopvou ypopporecrrng oourcvrrng ourNng repopxioE ouyypcrecr Kot rou tpyou<Kouxv a-axpnap> (<llnyeg rng roropiog>) (olreroEpoorou ouro oe xonorcr uuxn yoru oo),pe notroororxeio oro 4o xor reeurcrio ppog yro rnv oBrrtlrovrxnroropio, on ro tel.n rou IOU

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(1405-1453)
O Opurx6q re^euraioq Bu(ovrrv6q duro(propoq. fet vnonK orrq 7 Oepouopiou rou I 4O5 xor rirov yroq rou ouroxp6ropo Movouri B', HTov opxovrqq rou AonorTou rou Muorp Kqr ovnOe oro ep6vo orrq 1 2 Mapriou rou 1449, Fer To O6vqro rou ouroxpdropo lr,r6wn ]l'. Ynlipq,c ywoioq, uno(poororr[q xol ouverg qorr6q. Apxrx6 npoonOnoe vo e{oogoAioer rn orioero rnq Aonq Kol rou nnr: Kdr vc ronpoyporeu0ei ;re rov MoFEe. (lo16oo, or Krvrioerq rou ev onroqv nop6 gvo Fro Hr|(pn orporrorrrxh orieero on rn Aon. O Kovorovrivoq, Tov ^o rpolvrov nurq eixov xoei, nporipnoc vo ovrroroei Frixpr 16 ouq. An6 ro Bevey NrKo6 MnopFnopo lixouue rnv nnpogopio yro Tnv dvOeon on rov Kurvorovrivo oe Beveroq o{rorporlxog rnS .pldqnS rGrv nu^drv rnq nnq, rnq Xdpioroq, TnS Aerepng n^nq, rnq n^nq r(|)v nnydrv l(qr rou =u^o[6pou. O l'evouornq louorrvr6vnq dv6^de rnv !lAn rou AYiou Ptrudvo, Or xpovrxoyprpor rxupi(owor nt|tq p6enKe ro veKp odrgo rou ouroxpTopo on rov MooFeO xor ero(pn ilc rrFq orn Movir Ilepr6nrou, avd, Kdnoteq o0tapovlxq nny6q Fr^ov yro onoxelpotop. :Tn ^oixh nop6oon o Kovorowivoq n6pooe t S o (MopFap('Fvoq Boort6S" rot nvTts xor(Pepe vo ^aFnpver Fe ro yo ltor rn oroon rou rrq reeuroieq Fy6^q orryFq rou peoorrovrxo E^ nvroFo.

Moape0 B'
o flopOntng
(1430-1481)
() xoroxrnrft g rnq Krvorowrvononq K(rr enoF6v(t)q o onpavrrxorepog oou^rvoq rng ootopovrxnq toropioq. Hrov yroq rou oouTvou Moupr B' xol ov6nKe oro epvo (r(Po s4,rrr(t)oTov 06^<p rou Axpr, nvrp{rc rn gnrEpo rou F olo xor lr,rfe rny An yuvoiKo rou norpo rou, rn xprcrilovfi Mdpo. Hrovrre 21 ertiv. Eruxe 4orperrKnS n(|raioq, Mrooe E^nvtn xor ooOrx6, Evdr ovonooE rroirepo rnv roropio l(trr rn y<,rypo<pid.HTov qrn^6q rqr enrnrrx6q oro nop6<rrngd Kql rroirspo uguriq. KpiotFo onFEio ornv npocTorFooio rnq Alronq unnpq n K(|rool(eun on rov Mogeo rou epoupiou Poupei Xrodp. Ot AurlKoi xpovrKoyp(Por nepryp6gouv rn uocvcoyio rov o mponvn xoOrg ror rrq Kpiorpeq lttvnoelq rou Mr6Fe, KUpirS orov roFSo rt,rv peydAov nuporv t<qr ro vourtx6 unoxelop. O Mr.rdpe0 Fer Tnv A ron Enq,6Tetverlq KoroKThoerq rou p6xpl rnv Ouyyopio, rnv KprHoio, rn Eepio Kor rnv lroio, Eivor o eFnveuornq rrv OpnoKeurr[drv npovopirv orrs Korot<"n$6veq neptoxq, o 0eperr'rrrigrnq oOrUovrxnSroiKnonq, n6eovs evt oxeic(e rny xtrrAuon rou nonrxo Kporouq.

Icrlornmg

lt\

rouoTrvrovns
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(1400-1453)
:TporrorrK6q on6 rn fvoon yewnp6voq <rrn Xio. ltpoo6rpele oe otiertr rou ouTorpdropo Kovorowivou Fa(i pe 700 rrrpeq. Av6^oe on rov Kovorowivo rn eqEn rns n^nq rou Po;rovo ror noAepnoe ywoio F6xpr rou. tl('r6oo, xnoror xpovrxoypdrpor, |(upioq o Beverq NrKo^ Mn6pFnopo, roxupi(ovTor nt|rq o louorrvrovns evxor6o! on6 er^iq rnv xpiorFn 6po rn Oon rou, o(privowoq (|xunrn rnv n^n rou PoFovo, n onoio eix xoei ro roxupTpq nupd dn To reporro Kovvr rou Mropeo. H onoxdlpnon rou louorrvrvn oKpnroE rov novrx orrq r{erg rtlv unepdonrorrirv rnq n^nq. (loroo, n oftOero eivor nt|tc o vewoioq louor|vrdvnq rpouporiornxD opt oro nr orrq 29 Moiou, ^iyeq pes nprv ono rnv A ron, Evd, neprrpxe ro reixn ivovrqq rordy6q, To yyovq our rov ovyxoo vo onoxtopnoer. Aur, eqo ou, To enreord)verKdr n ouvxEro, Kaed)q nO(|ve on y6yyporvtr, ^iyo pard rnv A ron, orn Xio. O rc<pog rou pioxror oro No6 Tou Aviou AoFrvifiou.

26

Iornrng If
floqroyoS
(1391-1448)
O nporeleuroiog ouroKporopdq rou Bu(owiou (1423-744A1. Fro vo onc6{er Tnv Kovorowlvonon on6 rnv nieon rtov Toprtv, n onoid ixe fin opxioel cni Oool^eics Tou nor6po rou Movouli^, 6KovEouvenl<n ;re rov Moup6r, nopoxrpdrwoq no^69 neproxq rnq Op6xng xol rng Moxeovioq. H {ivnon oufli ro (.|oe ro onopoiTnTo xpovrxd nspredrpto, droTe yo nttdr4t rn oftecto rov Aurtl(drv. Ilp6yporl, cnt|(e(PonS o lrrr6wng [ey6nq ovrhpooonioq, npoyForonoanoG To nepignFo rolir rou ornv lroio arrq,27 NoeFpiou I 432. ETnv onooro^n ourn FETeixe oxev ro ovolo rnq nveuForlKns xol nolrlx6g e^ir rou Bu(ovriou, vrpq Uey^ou rpouc, n(oq o n^tie.||v, o Exo^6ploq Kor o Mproq Euyevlx6q. O lrltwnq npoo6gepe orov nno rnv 6voon rurv EKxlnoldrv oq ovrdoypd yro rnv orropevn oriOero 6vovrr rou o0olpovrxo l(rvvou. n^nv, ilarrs,n enrruxeeioq ouFervio orn O^topctrrio ro Oepoupro rou 1439 ouv on6roe,xoedrq ore o ndnos orienoe onpowrx6n evril xcr n 6vuron prixe [Ey^n ouTioroon, Too qn Tov opeooqo x6opo ornv Avoro^h 6oo ror on rouq Enlgov6orpouq lep6pxeg, ol onoio! Fs enrne(Po^ftg rov M6pxo Euycvrx nup6pelvov ntoroi ornv opoo[n nopooon.

Ieurorog Xxoaprog
(-1 4 6 8)
Kopugoioq Bu(owlv6g ^oyroq, gr^oogoq, oeoAyoq, voFrKS, |(doofuK6q |(ptrh$ Tou nodrto xdl norprpxnq Koyorqwrvono^nq. Boeq yv6orng rnq ehx^noroortxnq, Tnq opxqioq rot rnq Aorlvrxrig ypoFUorEioq, o:xo^opros Far6gpoo oro eAnvrx ro pyo rou xopugoiou Aurrro et^oogou Oop Axlvrn. Ynlipqe oplororelxq orn oKn hor owino^oq rou nAorurvlxo fer,lpyiou nfiO(||voqn evdr ftrnv ror o fiopulpoioq ov0evrrrrS. Exotpe Feynq KTignonq ornv Kotvrrrviq rnq Krovorowrvono^nq Kor ;rareix ornv onooro^n nou per6n ornv lTo^io ro 1437, npoxelpvou vo apuvnoet ro (rirnpo rnq v(,)onq rrv ErK^nordrv. AxooOnoe rnv non rou Mpxou Euyevrxo xcr Fer To evor6 rou 6yrve opxnyg rov ovoevorlxdrv. lorq eq ouro rou you vo enc6vn rol on rov Mrope0 yro norpl6pxnq. Iltipe onFovrtK6 npov6prc on ro oour6vo, d^ 6 o"pd an6 5 xpovlo nqpotrnonKe l(dr onooponxe orn Movn npopFou orrq :6ppes, nou Kot n6eove.

Nmoog E'
(1398-1455)
Ilnog rnq Pdpng, Kor Tnv ncpioo rnq A )onq. AvliOe orov nonlx6 Op6vo "o 1447, roexoFevos rov nono Euy6vro A'. Yn6ypdrlr ro xovxop6ro rng Bl6wng ro 1448. :rrq 12 AeKIpiou rov 1452, ndnrl<li ovrtnpooroneio nou proxrov ornv ll6/|n, ylo vo puoyioel rrq enrop6pereg rnq voronq r@v Exxlnoldrv -(q onor6 eoFo rng ouvoou rng tDropevrioq- ouFFereixe ornv lrotvn Aenoupyio n onoio dvo|(npu4e rnv 6voron. Moq rnq ovrtnpooorneioq irov xdl o ^qrivos opxtenioKonos Murlnvnq ^eovdpos, o onoios FoS 6xct 6roel ror xpovrxo Tnq A ronS, xogdrg Bp6onxe exei qnorelop6voq Krrrd rnv nolopxio Kr 6orrle xcr6nlv rnv ovogop6 rou orov nno NtKoo E'. O NtK6ooq, (.01600, npoononoe ;rer6 rnv A^oon vo opyqv{irocr lrouporpopio yld rnv cneeuo6poron rnq Kovorowtvono^ns, x{rpiq 6pr|)q onor6eopo. Hrov deC ouildylortis, xolepyngfvos Kot n6pooe qrnv toropio otq npoorrng r(,)v rExvd)v, rolv ypopgrov Kot Ev y6vel rng npr6ou rnq lrolKnq Avoywnong, IpuoE, roq, rn BrtoeliKn rou Bonrovo.

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Aroon rng Kovorovrrvonoi,ng Betopn8me yeyovog xoopororoprxng onpooicrExr pvo crn rov Envrop,ylcr rov onoio oro Lreoo 15ouqrcbvo rou n uzqvrln rrp(Dreuouocr onoreooe povorx ro of,royonorux. 0pnoxcuux xor orxovolrrx Kvrpo (trroovuorov rveupclux xqr xo.l,lexvrKo rolr0o n onpooio rng eixe opxioer vo roooxe,Lrzeror crnro Muorpo), oo xo.rqn rn ouxn Euprinn. Tnv ircr uepioo pror<rovoe ef,,erf,n ornv Iroio Kor orn @ovpo Avoyevvnon xor ein xcl opxioer vo crvoovro.r verepo ouyKvrpo)ro uxo r<porn, ro onoio ouvropo enpNetrovcr qclf,ouv rnv nopcio rou xopou pe rn xpnon nporToeutpovrzpevc,tv (nc,_rg uupoo oegeupoer,tv ro ncrr<qrn tuuoypcrqio) xor rnv of,ronoinon rov ovoxcrurperrtv vr,tv xcopv xot epuoprxctv ppcov. llopn roro ornv ovrimpn uov uuxv n Kr,rvorovrlonon ef,oxoou8ooevo rornpei Lnv oiyn rou nooroucnixcvtpou rou pt,rlrcrlxou Koopou,rou xropouorov onoio oxnpn n uuxn Eupun Eereug uolrour<grng xoroog. To xoopcloD eixe upox.\.nOeiperof,u rou uzovrrvou KoolrouKor rns Aong crnro Xxiopo.rov Exx).norov (1154) Kot rnv Acoon rnc uzo-

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28

MIIAPMIIA
mg nng. |ro rn zon rou ouyypopo ev uncrpxouv nol.gnnpogopieg.Eivqr yvtoor n xqroyrov on uocrrq xor roxexprpvn eveuxn orKoyevelcr, ouoio oveerf,e n crpxeroenrEovn pn. O irog yewn8nxe nepi ro 1400xo.r ouoooerorprxn, rnv onoiq ooxnoe og peogrou nnpopcrog yoeptbv nou er<reooov po1royroUerofiu rng Beveriog Kcll rov quorxrv rns orcrncrporcr Erou llvrou. To exepprorou 1452urrnprouoe f,ervou orn yopcrpe xuepvrun rov Tzrxopo KKo, n onoicrenorpeEe crurnv Tponezovro.Korcrrnv oqrf,n rou ornv Kcuvorovrrvonon (oug 4 exeppiou rou 1452)ro noio xpornBnKe ornv nn eilelr orro orreoon rtov rorru<v eveuxcjv opxv (onargeixe oqrei Kctr pe o}cr eveuxo n),oio) rlpoKerpsvouro nnp<opcr vcrouvpcrlrerornv orou Lruvoev olyer rng,rnK[revng norcpxiog on roug OBr,rpovoug. nopouoio rou Mnoppnopo ornv nH n xor ro yeyovg u n rrrnrq rou rov xporooe poxpro orr uS noeprxgeurxerpnoerE, enupnovrcrgrou pog vo oDpperexcr rooueoers oe yto xoipro opuvur<o Seporo, rou eooqv rn uvcurnro vo xcnoypcrEeropxerg rrclpooKnvroKg nruxeE rov yeyovorov nou ropolxniornxov ornv uoropr<npevn un, xupiog oc'rv oxerizovrcl clUeoo roDS Fe Beverog.Eror ro npepoyrorou Mnoppncrpo onoreeipio on ug onpovuxrepeguuxeg unyeg yro Lnv uoropr.io xor )

Avonop6orooq Tnq Kovmovrrvonons rou roropKsiror ofld 0ooo4g ro onrl [ro rpr,lpevrrv Xpovrx (Mqrponomxd Mouoefo Neog Ydp14q)

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00tl1.tovtxti rou ono0rf 15ou (Mouoeio urrivo Irporo, Kovorovlvonoq. 0trlroyporpio David Nicolle)
rnv Aoon rng Kr'tvorovrrvouong,evdtn o.f,io tou ouf,,overorueproorepo eov nE0ei emu.Leov unqn to yeyovg n xoroypnqer tnv on.trouxiorr,rv yeyovrr.lvpe rroirepo crf,rmororpuo. Tn onlrooio rng poprupiog tou Mnoppnopo emonpoiver eoroxcro louoroog Doulrnepz,o ouoiog Beopei ro npepoyr rou <pvnlreiov crvexrrlrntou of,ing>. E6ol,ou o Edev Pvorlrov xopoxrnpizer ro ouYypotpo <uopornpnrrx r<or f,,uuvo>. onlreprvh H uovttog popEn rou xerlrvouev eivcrrexeivn pe rnv oloio ypoErnxe ef,opxng. O ouyypotpo.g Eo.iveror rou o Mnoppilq)o xmtx {v xeeJ F{wux6*6x*xexn-! &,em&uffi*xtxryesq Ernv opxn rou pyouPoulrei Xroo.poufleprYporov Mcl' Eel rnv xorooxeun rou ffipmT{&qge8 B', rnv uepioo petof,, rou Mopriou Kol roD we! c&&q$rymwSa*v*x'c:xmxm KffiKeypst*en xm n r&)v YYOvTolvAuyootourou 1452.Apeoog trrerooxoouOei uenTUX*q nopffKnvroKq pryporpn uloiou pe xu-

yorxri euef,,epyoornKe npepooyroxeg onperoerg rrg u Ir4 p6o4, nou lrxpoypogio rou rouoxrorov vu etog pero rnv Aloon rng Kcrvroug orqvtrvonong, ivovrog rous rn Uop(pnouvexous ovonoprorf noropx4reg Kerpevournv onoiq exouv onpepq. Tnv nuyn rng xor r0uq 29ng Moiou 1453o Mroppuopo reEuyeon rnv 14g unepoonrordq un pe ro uoio rou. H perueuc progzon rou eipe Booreouoogvor cyvoorn, ev ro xeipev rou rao8nr<eoe vq gpoyxtxli xerpypoEo ypoUUevo on rov iro otn eveuxn e{pruon rqexro. (Brpro0rix4 Ero npepo}yr rou o Beverg xpovoYpq(pog rou KoNouo160gou, roypoger ro yeyovro uou ouvenoqv otnv Kovflopior) Kor otov ncpiyup rng o.nuS opxes
orovLrvonotrn Mopriou rou 1451pxpr rnv pa tou onuou rou, xoro rn rrpxero rng Lentrooicg rng nng. H neprypoqn rou roxpiveror qu oxooouxn xoroypo.En rov yeyovrrov Kcn rov npotoyotvrorv rous. lre onoreopo vo onoreei oxev povorxn poprupio yro rn pon roLv on ourog,rictgperof, rotv Beverv, xo8g o Mnoppuopo unnpf,,eo pvog Beverg nou oeppog oro yeyovro, rou onoiou n poprupia roozerurpxpr onpepo.

mg 8rong rou eveuxo epvnrn rov Awvro Pirzo, oug 26 exeppiou 1452,nouEcvnxe vq emeorverpe rpoyrx rporo rnv exripnon rou ouyypotpou <o pvog l,yog rrou KcrrooKruqornKelro gpoupro] ntv Yrctvct KDpreurei n Korvorovrlouon>. Ern ouvxeroef,,rttt-rv rns oLopouvrclr qrooerg Tlpoeloructoictg xototor Ko)v rng Kcrvorcrvrrvono),ng,Envr'lv xor Eevrov, yro rnv cvopf,n rng uoropxicrg. pxrxo o Mroppnopo Uvnpoveuer ug oEinoiov UCcvloxuoers, rnv f,etgto.rppt'.rv Noeppiou 1452xor 26 Iouepioo perof,,u vouopiou 1453,npepopnvio r<orornv ouoio ro xocg8ooeorn uzqvtln npoLeouoo prrp oo.rroirepc of,rpnxo opo rou Ioown Iouorrvrrm. Evrolreoo o ouyypeeog ueprypoEet vo. r<pio4ro oqroro rng eveuxng ucrporniag (14-15Aereppiou) oro ouoio ouoqrooiornxen nopopovn ornv un ov ralv eveur<vuoir,tvnou nn pioxovrov o' outnv. O Mnoppnopo npoonope rpuotn oupOeiouornpourxovo er<8rer Beur< on rc,lvBeverv ornv olruvo. flopo toro. ev rvo oro.zer pvnpoveoer rnv enoveirorn <onpoon> qrr rnv n].n rou oulrnorprrn rou Il6tpou

30

Mrxp pnpow(rvo peverorvrxo xovriu 15ou rou ordvo nou loutrf04xe oroug 00trlltovog (lmoprxri Mouoeio Kopolrriv, 0toroypogio David Nicolle)
rng Kr.ivorovrrvonong:rng Xo.piorog(o Koropivo Kowopivr), rng erepng nng (o Oognporor Kopvp), rng nng tov llnyv (o Nrxo)r Mowoeviyo) Kor rng nng rou Euoxepr<ou Nte.L(o Eivo Ntegiv, o ouoiog oug 29 Aupriou ovuKcrrooro0nr<e qu rov Iod.vrm Aopewv). H onpcroio. rng oqrol,ng ornv olruvcr rc,rv reooopc,rvovpov KCU rorvonoonooport-rvrougrovizelor cl4reoo on ro ouyypoEo oro rogrou epyoD,uou ro ovporo. Aov (ul,nv rou Nrerpiv,nou xcupScooe roguvo yer) pvnpoveuovrot perof,, rotv Beverv rrou olxNroowoope erpronoio r<oreEroxoroug ovpeg, rn vxro rng 26nS@epouopiou 1458.Xopn orov Mroppno.po ef,oou yvr,tpizoulre ro ovporo rtov teooopovBeverv of,rotlroroxr,tvor onoior ovl.oov,orepo on ouvewnon Ue rov Kr,rvotowivo Ilo.},otoyo,rn rpcrf,n reooopr,tvKuprov nul.v

{3 *Wrucrppxc"t{i:$3ffi e $jffiw{::}q a;axx"x$xffirm ffimwcsaxq p**$:&*xq VVffiv{:ffi u *ffi*lrJ rxeptx *fficxff$ {rxffi Kt ({xK{3*.*q*Kp ffi p}{3 m M{x $:} ffx *ex s cxspc{p | ffi $ie $}Tr,

pocoriornxov r<orqrnv Aorcn xor exreornrov qr ro oourovo. Xopoxrnprouxn ef,oou rng oulrongrov Beverrtv ornv c4ruvonrov n ovoBeon rng Eof,ngrou ovcrxrpour,rv Boxepvv oro Bever orlo Mrvro KctrroDScrvpeg rou. H ef,rodpnon rotv yeyovrov nou ouvnoov on ug 20 Anpriou xor ef,ng nopexer rn uvorrnro prog ro.repngovriLmpng rov lpooo]urxcitv oupuo8ercbvKor npor4rnoeov roD ouyyporpo.trror, yro rn voulroxio rou oroior<ourou rrpoKrUvoD Oowove pe rov roupxrx oro, o Mnopplopo, poovuev onoxpuurer rn yevozrxn upoeuonrolv rprv nn ro reooeponoio, xorcrrnv ef,,rorpnon rc'tv yeyovrr,tv ovogeperor o.proro oe (xplouovrKo noio). AvriBerq, oov oEopo rnv entoxcun evgxoreorpoppvou ppougrttv xepooiov rerxv rrou rrpoypcrronorn8nr<e rnv euolrvn cru Beveroug, eivor ovorxro eyxcolnoouxS ror;S yrct oulrnorprreg rou, ovogpovrcrsxclpoKrnprouxcr ro. ef,ng:<Onog oe qro pepn rou r<opou oulro.iver vo pioxer xoveig of,royougovpeg pe rpuxn. )

Xfpr4q r4g Kovorovrrvono4q ppioxeror nou oeprpro0r{x4 classense r4g Popevog (ovriypogo or4v E0vrxri Brpro0rix4 Efoq, A0rivo)

31

TO HMEPoAofIo
npoypcurxn peSnxov peprroi of,ror xor yewoior ovpegKol ornv Ktovorovrrvouon onoior nrcrv or Beveroi euyeveigr<orxr Enveg.Or Beveroi Aornv quroi f,er<ivnoovvo oxupoouv rcr reixn orcr yeporo onpeio uou eixov xoroorpoqei, pe opero. nrpesxor xcipo>. To eueroro progoe oxon pe ro ouoio n poprupicr rou exer rroirepn of,io, oro noioto tou onoiou pioxer rnv oeoppn. ursyvnorogBeverg,vo xornyopnoerovorxrcrroug cvriznougrou fcvo0czoug.eivor n onnerpo r-I.r flpnopou ol rrorxo noio rnE poipog rou roupNrxou orou nou eixe uepooer orov Kepono xno eucrvco crn rn ioxo uou rorooxeooe o MocrpeB.Ogyvc,rorv Knq rn ropxerorng enrxeipnong(nou xorenf,,eoe uoroyn cruoruxicr)nviynxe o oxercrKerorforng rng, o ouoiog ouve0orvevo eivor o xuepvnneprxeqoAoio rng rou noiou rou Mnnppnopo, o Tzrxogo Krou 15ou or6vo nou xo. O Muoppnopo cruoier)rn rnv opvnrrxn eppe04xe f,etf,noe upoooicrrc'rvlevoezov rou llpcry xor or4 (loroprxrierrxrepoxonorou @o.ioroo, rov onoio erXorio ylcr Mouoeio, A0rivu.u upoeronoinoe eyxcriporg MrocrlreB. rov Etor o' Ooroyporpio crurntnv nepinroron or xopoKrnpropoi rou yrcrrous David Nicolle)fevoezougeivcrrrroirepo oxnpoi, crqrou rev orcrzer roug onoxooer<exBpoug xprouovrvq rng

***exqrsxq/rffivffi, ry'wwv*z ry* 'JJ"i:'ffitil1iffi:Jji:1ffi;::B1?.," *ro*&i##wr#{, r.**

S*gffii* ffiffi* *K* {Y* ##mffiW* TW{3t3WffiT.WW* T.{.\q} yl(lli or Enveg tlngnrov ryoqruxor. rng Auroi pozi rougxooxovvro or rproxoror clpeg eixcrv
r<orxoogoKoneures opKTS Kol crio4eg xor (Kc[opoUeBu(ovrrv <uporeg>, xng niorng>, <oxoug>, nou rns {uriyunro voug levoezoug roD fooro, ef,,ropreg xpronerxovi(er oucrvrKngniorng>, <exBpougrng niorng rou Xprrqv noropxfo nd49oro, nou nporipnoov vo npooouv roDSxproucr(;1r xor'ovyx4 vous, yro vcl eovoDv Eior orov Toupxo cruBevrn>. Tnq Kovorovil- Koro ug mo xpio4reg <pooerg noropNiog,orn rng vono49) ropxercrrou Molou, o Mloppuopo neprypcr<per on pe peyfo noeprxri tcroutrxornrcl olrvcficrcg ns xupiog rurvouvexurv ordo ro roupxrxv xovovrooropv yro rnv ef,,ooBevnon xor qrr1rqxe onoio rng crpuvcrg, ev iver evrogpouoegeurolrepereg r4vnepioo r4g yro rov roponrop o everxv yoepv xcrrrn (Mouoeio Aooqg petooro.Speuon rerpoxooirrrvBeverv vcrurov orcr Epp116(, Ayio reixn. H vroon rov neplypcreov rrrtvreeuroiov nl-lerpono4) peptiv rng noropxicrg rcrvBizerqrr<orno.rpe oxrcryrcr roug oulrnoeproresrou, rcr ouoin npoiouv ug nporrpnoergrou. Eivcrr evrorpepov o u xpovoypcrqog nnoorouo rnv uopouoicrrou Iououvtovn orov xpio4ro roUso.rng nng rou Ayiou Popovo. Exorcrzovrcrg, n.x., ro. yeyovro mS 14nS <X' Molou crvoeepr: exeivn rnv nn [rou Ayiou Pcotrrovoul, rucrv uro croovropvn cru' egug rrou yrcr creg, eixolreronoBernoer npoorooio.rproxor-

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rn rnv rrepirrrcDon Mncrppnopo npoEclg ucrpeo eqernv everort'lv xoroixt-rvKol rnv oytrvicrrouE yrcrrn oxonef,ooEoron enroorou rou ous ouvOnxegrng noropxio.g. ooo.prepn H ncrpcruoinon ysyovorov nou epgovizerol oro xeipevo orpopoug ouvBnxegonoxtitpnongrou Iouorrvrcrvncrnro neio rng pnxng r<orcr ropxero rng rerxng roDpKtrn xng eniBeong. Mucrppnopoonoier rn Euyn rou fevozouxovroupou oe eriq rou, crrNvrcrsTov xororpovg,crEouev Uvnpoveuer oe Kclevo onpeio roD pyou ro ooop rou rroucixc onorer-opo ro 4rouporrop Ocrvor neuo cruiyeg nppeg.H crqrnynon rou rou Mntrppnopo xopurpotverorUe rnv neprypotpn rotv uponporrxv ouvBnxov rou ounou rov xproucrvrxv (xupiog evenxtirv) loiov crnro rpovr rng Kotvorovrrvounong.O npoooprvg crrroKeropg rou Bevero opxnyou rng poipcrg,A-Loiorou Nuvro, pcrzi pe rov Mncppnopo oro llepcv, uou erxov ncrer npoKrUevovcr ouvevvonBouv Fe rov fevoezo novreorcrAvrzeoopeivo yrcr ro crvorypo rng ouoioenou epo.ze eiooorou Keporirnv ou, epunveuerolclllo ro oDyypoQe(r ononerporov os fevozcov vo ucrpoiioouv ng yopeg Kor rcr Dnopxovro rov BeverorvorougToupxoug.Qgyvoorv, rerxo ro xproucrvrxo noio oueueuoov xropig vcr nopepnororouv oDrclrr roug Toupxoug oure crno toug fevoezoug. Me ro yeyovg our reerverouorcrotrxon neprypcrqrn yeyovn-rvrng AcoonE rov nno rov Mnoplr[cpo, togeuioyogrotv ouoicovucrpori8evror Aeuropepeigxorcroyorrov Beverv elrnpov Kor v)rlKov nou uoe1rnonv, orxpocoriornxov n oxorBnxov rorcr rn mpr<ero noropxiog. rng
BIBAIOfPAOIA To npc,truno xeipevo rou Mnoppnopo xouv exoer or E. Cornet, Giornale dell' assedio de Constantinopoli 1453, Brwn 1856,Ko1 A. Pertusi, ato La caduta di Constantinopoli r. A, Ppn Mrovo 1976,B-38.Ayyrxn Usroepoon rou epyou on rov J.R. Jones, Diarv of the Siege of Constantinople, No Ypxn 1969,Kor etrnvrxn on rn Boveooo onna, Xpovrx tng norcpxiag rng Kttvotavrwouno,{nE, ex. <Nn Xvopo>, ABnvo 1993 (pcrzi Ue ro xpovrx rou f. Opovrzn). B.\. eniong: Oxford D ictionary of Byzantium, nppo (Barbaro Nicol>. 253. Lexikon den Mittelalterg r. A, 1439. I. Kopoyrownouog - G. Weiss, Quellenkunde zur Geschichte von Byzanz (324-1153), B, BroUrovrev 1982, r. N. Nrxotrong, Aavrcou Xaxoxovn, Buzavou Aao4, ABnvo 1997',120-1. t. Povo4rov, H A^aon rng Kavoravuvouzri,\earg, ABnvcr 1979(ovor. ABnvcr2001).268.passim. f. Eoulrnepze, Kavotavtivog llaatoyog xat n Attotg rng Kavoravrwouneag uno Lov TopKav ro 1453, ABnvo 1914 (crvor. 1996),passim. I

oonooyr' our ro oNon>.trfi,crou orong KoS, Kor nproploUeveg crv enrxpioergrou yro rous Enveg xoroiNoug rng, prtopei vo upooreOei rng Korn Kornyopin yro <prcpyupio nou roug cruoier oe oxeonpe rnv npvnon rous v(r Froqpouvorpcluc,nrx ef,onrop reixn xr,rpig oro unpotrrn.E' ou-

lrorx rpfvog Tou 15ou or6vo (Mouoe io Irporo, Kovorovrrvonotrq. Ooroyporpio David Nicolle). ypreq Irq peo4, Tnq Kovorovrrvoronq, To Us TeiXoS To Kor xuprdrepo
KTiOp0T0, IIOU

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eivcrr Acuivog trpxrenior<onog Murinvng eovctpog yvoorg r,lg eovopog o Xiog (Leonardus Chiensis), enein n Xiog nrcrvo rnogrng yevvnongrou (ypco oro 1395/6).Or onrepegpizcg rng orKoyeu verogrou ruov ytvouc[rNeg.(Doivcrcrr equyeotro rn Xio oe prxpn nmio Kor nnye ornv ftcrio,nou xor oug rof,ergu'-rv oonoucroe Beooyicr eron.L8e prvrl<ovr,rvpovoxcjv. iof,e orn lvoo Kclr orlrv (sacrarum litterarum professor, xoOnflepourzro, ynrne rorv reptjv ypc4qntr,-rv).Trw ln Iou^iou 1444 mov crveae lrnrpnon Muunvng xor. ur,rg tn rng euorKoyto Beongrou, rornpouoeorevougeopoug Us roug uvcrores rou vnorou loreozot4 (Gattilusi). Ern rcroyrNn rpoyporeio tov De vera nobilitate (nepl rng on8oug euyeveiqs)-n onoicr ypoqrnxe rc 1446Nor onoreeioncvrnon oe ovtiororxo epyode nobilitate rou oyiouflrzro Mnpoevo roloivl (Poggio Bracciolini) (1380-1459)- on ro npotoncrnou otrvroeyovtoreivcrrxcrr o Aouxirou vog foreozos (Lucchino Gattilusi), oeqrE uvoorn rou vnoro Ar'lpivou tou A (1428-1455). on enropelleproorepoeaicog ug unorueg | 0 Hu(ovilo - --1il. Tou peresrns zcong eovupou, eviorpeper yetou ro ucts ;; rng --.0 ^ r 0 p K r 0 Tvovoqtr ntov qururngpctprupog Ationg rng - --,, " -' |f :o. u ..":^" Ktuvotovtlouuong' llpeBnxe exei crpNero xorpo Meyriou nprv opxioer n noropxio, ou ng 26 Oxro-rpiou Tooxou,. nou eixe qrng Mrxpoyporpfo 1452.rogpog rornKne npeoeicte tnv cruooron ouznrnBouvor enropevo (150q orrirvoq) vcroer nouKoouti(T0 peresrns evoons rorvENxnorv. OgyvioorV enrrng opctog ourngnrov o lomxg onoKpl0oooorv ro{iru xetpong (eycuog) IoiftopoS, xopworog Porpoirng orcrprog rou Bertrandon de la Broquiere xng ENxnoins Kor lrruponoirngKrou.O Aeo-

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vopog nopeuprorrcrvxcrr ourgorn euoupyicrrng l 2 n g A r N c p p i o u 4 5 2r < o t o n v o n o i oo v o x n p u 1 . l x0nNe n svoon rov ENNnortiv. An xr xoro pnves c;uvxroe ilclpopever rous snopevoue vcl ornv Krlvorovrrvonon xor rerrcr eperve crnoNeropevog exei xcucrrn ropxero rng noropxicrg.Otov oriOnxen fIn, ouvenq8nxor uurgorxpotorog. -oyvtroro pe rorov rpnoKorp0ooevo crnopooer qrooer orn Xio. llepinou f,r e8opcreg Nor vo prero rtrv Ao.ronouvernf,e cvueopcr yrcr ro rpoyrxo outricrvrcr npog rov nono Ntx.Lqo rov E. To xeipevo ouro, p nlrepoUnvro16 Auyouorou1453,xer rcroo8ei orclorrvrxnponruno(ro ouoio exerouprrpn<pOeiatnv Patrologia Graeca rou J.P. Migne, -pe ntrpcrrop. 159, ar.923-944xnr enavex8nNe eiryn opropevc.rv rpnirorrlv- on rov A. Pertusi, tra caduta di Costantinopctl| tyt. 1, Verona 1976, I25-l7I), rcr0cJg oe tatrrxn percrqrpoon. xor H ef,torpnon rou Aeovopoue8aitlg err eivor ouvleroYuevn pe flpoollrrKn roroproypoQlKorj pyou, oo NoBdrg npoepxcrcrr on ourorrn lrcrprupcl rolv yeyovorclv eivtu xcrr ourn nor,rrlrn yro rnv clvctouvOeon toroplKoD rou noroiournE euoxng.Oo rnynOei,nog n).ver, o eovnpoE, xoiyovrcrg xcrt orevozovrog(ef lTens et gemens), rn oulreopo rnE Korvorovrrvouuong Bcref,roropnoercrxprxor g oo eie pe ro iro rou ro pcLrro (his cernentibus oculis). Aev oprptol.er xor crot u uprv crucrurveixcrvnLnpogopnoer rov uovrigrxo yro rcr rpnyrNo exeivo yeyovro, crcr eNprveu n leprypoen rou irou oup$ovrog on roEopoug poprupes Kcrlpe nn upoonuxn eivcrromoonrTorc nroqeng.O ouyypopeag onoier perouNogxopoKrnpropousorous Enveg:roug elxe Kupreuoel n pororoofio, nrcv ou8crug(pertinaces homines), eixcl nepooel nooxpvto xcrrpig nveuporrKn zon Kor nc4lspervov oxnpxcrpor. llpoono8ei o eovcrpog ovooxeucroel orroqrnopropEvov vo rnv ruxrov u uticl rng Arrrongruov n rvoon tcv trxxnorv Nnr exOrcrrnv npoypmrKn, Kclrornv nnoqrn rou, trnin, uou nrov xr n vtoon,oo ro yeyovg u ouenr-ireeywr flpoyporrKn evoJon. Enrxerpei trrcr-\.roro ps oyoucriyvro rous cnrvixog rnouEfacta xor ficla (non ergo unio facta, sed unio Iicta ad fatale urbem trahebat excidium'. xr ouveng n evoon nolJ eyrv,an n rrpoonornrn evcdon onynoetnv nn orn porpoio nron). H nnoqrn ourn encrvepxeror ouopnrxo ornv exOeon )

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[ou Tt L\[M.dxoY ^oYf I'l-l reu0ul'rri cpeuvdx E0r'rx6 oro IpupoEpe uvtirv nv llepurn, upcirn ppo rou Noeppiou, or nvoqep8g vreg npeoeur npooov ornv KtovotovrrvouoLn xnr pnxcrv rov crvcrEep0vro xpro Ipro xor oougopxovreEon rov oixo rou ouroxporopo nou roug nepilrevovornv nun rou Quinigo (Kuvnyou) xor inneuoov xcn unyov vo ouv pro exxnoio Ayio Mopicr de la Cherne, Kol n nou ovotrrozeror eNKnoiqourn eivqr Ucoo ornv un, Novro oe evcr Kclrcorpclppevo uvarropo uou ncrrqepevcrvor oDouLonporopeg l]ou KoroorpoQnKC cvcrv Kcrr crro roNporopo,enern exei rw ouvcre yrog rou, o rcogBo ovoEepBeioe iyo>. crvnH rnynon ourn, uou porozerncrpolruBevrcr, xer oe vov Iorov rnntn pe Lo vopo Por fov8eB we K-Laixo (Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo). lng 26 Moiou rou 1403fexivnoe, pozi pe croug o npeoeureg, ou rcrfoerpcr(Cadix) rng Ionoviog pe roroyn rou nyepvcr rou, Eppixou I rng llpoopropogrng Koc;ring Kqr rns Aev (1390-1406). npeoeicrg nrov n nporeDoDoorou Topepvou, xcvou rov Moyycov, Xcqroprcrvnoro Toupxeorov, ocr, xcr8ti.rg qroroon nrov repnouo, o Ko.ixo n K{u or ouvtpotpoi rou eKovov oroBpoug peyong quo ropr<erog ornv uopein.Tov ONrprorou 1403, rn Aeoo quoroornxov ornv Kc,rvorcrvtlounon nou ooieueo Mqvoun B'Ilq-,uloyos(1391 1425).Ontogucrpornpnoe nn ono ro 1841o flpoonp Meprp (Prosper Merim6e), o Kojxo ev nrnv oure npxoroyogore opxuexrov, crnnrtrv unpcLrnpnrng. DeoSrng rnynong tou noTo xo.g oxei on ro earrtilproro enoxng rou: ro.poylrsvll rns gopegvonpo oxorerv,encwonyn pcprKeg <ppcron,

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rnv on n onorcroneivor f,r piro, eror o yupos oxnpngrng r..ng opr8pei exooxr piro, cruEror, uo ueupg rpryvou rou r eivor ef,r euyeg. Aeuouvrn Boqoooxcrrn crnneupornv f,npcr uou ev Yelrovtuerlre Kor oe ulo oxpn rng yc,rving rn Bcrcrooo pioxeror ro ncrourou ouroxptnopo. Kcrr oo Kl cw n nAn eivor Ueyon xtn peyong eivcrroporo (roxct) Kc[olKnxr'rpnrrxrntos, UoS pvn, enern orn Ueon nerxoveig qougxor xorcregnou unopxouv Nnlor xot xopcr{proorcrprou. Kor crvc4reoo unopxouv ortrlcl, oroDgKnnoDS oulroiver oro ucog xoprcr(npooouo). Ko.rcrur orcr KCVTpo rng nl,ng. H nto xototNnUevn [cploxn rpn1ro,orn cronrou uepipioxeror oro xorcirrepo *rtq ir*f3mq *** rfrsxs {3?,rwe rrou rorpxerrn Boctoorcr N yllpou crxrn. >Eurneov,unopxouv peocrornv Kovorovrtvouro#Ke**d ##.*ffi*r*{,T*zt{, v* &m$**m$}V##{v* n peycroxripn, peynpcr,povcrornproxor exxnY{zt, tv tr${{sffiY#4 *txffiw'## r6'i"3yv4qoieg, rcrneproorepoou tcr onoio eivor neopevn Nor u, Ao rpoivetor NcrBopo rovuurn n eperur,4revo. oro vtoto rng (: en sujuventud. O un proNrov Ko.ixo yivercrr e geoyxo}rxo nornrrxg), npeorov Koolcr KOI nro ouopQn froD urropxtr, voprzcD, orov xuer vo nrov on ug nro crf,rolrvnpveureg rou uuxo ovOptiopo>. Avunxpnog Boupoopg opo. Kor yerot tr Ncrronpepo crKopn uncrpxouv prr<pg peycteg>. roD rroD,ncog Breopouivogro 1204,ev pnoo xor rproxoreg er<xnoieg, pouoe vo Eovroorei tvo reroro peyo.eioncrvtoorn trv oro llepov, rn pero oxtn rou Kepouou ueprnon prcl poKpooK..eorcnn xnouuou pioxercrrn xoltnrcr n ouvorxio rov In. Eneuo pt^lg ynon oe exxnoicg.unyctcg Klvotepvcs. Uovclorn- fevoezov, ro onirtq eivor uouoro xot t<ooxupro x.n. pxerorn orporou rerxocruooyropou: oUevoKor ro reixog, ctvKcttnouprxprepo on eneprxeiercrr xeivo rng Krlvorovtlounong, eivor xoorornpn<H nAn rng Ki'rvorcrvrrvonong crnvo.reixog rpn xor roxup, qJn^repoKor rLrvo,n Kc.rvorovrlounon eivcrr yeporn on qrroBnxeg, nou or eUnoporoopcuouv ro Unopeupctro oxuprepo cruo ro. reixn, xor ro oxnlrct rng eirt pio yr,tvicrotE roug.Eivcrr rrpoecrvcs to epnproour civot pevor uepinou rpryr,rvrx.Kor on rn

topogieg orov Inupo1ro,xoveig ev Bupo.ror ro nepiEnpo upoyoyeio rou Ouaevrog,roD crrroKoeiror rpo <ypupo>npoqovg ou rn pop<pn rou Kcurrou xer,eoro, xr our eyr<oroerqrSei. <Ern pon rou ppounou exouvto poycrzro rous ol crpyupcqroroiunopxouv orepevrorrpio).orproouSropevor oro eoEog (neouxo oocrvrornpicov), uou npoopizovror yto eNeivoug uou unoninrouv oe Kotlorcl norvn quoxrong n ncrpooivouv Koltoro xovovrop n xcruoro rcuof,n rng nng, ucogxar yro. oougutoouvro Kpeosn ro rpotpi LreqJeuuKo zuyr. TerorougovBpdnoug ronoOetouvoe crurro orous Lprooug rouso{pnvouv Kol cxci. pUCpoS pcr-vuxrcr, poxn Kcrrorov ovepo, xopig xouor, orn og vo ropnoer vo nnorooer exei. Kcrr n Kr,:vorovrrvouon pioxeror ornv crxrn rng 8oooocrg, nog ocrseiucr.uo rpnporo rng nngoyyizouv rn 0ooooo xor otevcrvu pioxercrr n rrn rou flepo\r,KcrrovclUeoq oug uo nergpioxerqr ro rpovr. Kol ror, n Kovorcrvrryouuoln eivor ncog n Xein, rcrr n un rou flepov nog n Tprcrvo, xor ro rUovrxor ro Noporopioxovrcrrorn peon. Kor or trnvegev ouoxoouv rnv Kcovorcrvrrvonon nog rnv ovolrozoulreepeig, oo rnv ovolroIctllporlKKcrrcrvnKerIIro nouos croonous, crzouv Escomboli (erErnv llrv)>. (pou rrnBuopS KcovorovrrvounonE o rng eixver Avef,oprnro orr rov ctv o KUptoSIcrprognou crovorprrg Nor pcrovoypour<g. <Ero eoclreprx vo<pep0nxe ornv opxn, fevoezog Kclr oDyyevng rng ungunopxouv nnyoro Kctrrrnyes yuNouvepou:errxcr xorcocrnrnv eNxnoicrrrou ovo]rclzro.r (ycrUupS)rou Movoun llocrroyou,xoOg xnr rou f,evoyg Koixo ornv Kovorovrrvounon,erAyror Anoroor (ong nopurpegrng) unopxer evo ve crxpreig xr nnpoqropieg n orov Iouov qrroyeDpos nou epxrcrvo.npro xorcro Unpcl trllo.S f,evoulrevrou, n erxvo prog ung nou onver eoeUrovon ovopeooorousclvcreep8vrS xnnoug xovros enrxeqro.ng evov cruror<poropo ro rns on Korro orlrrcl, Kcltorlo tnv cvorpep8eioo yeEupcr epuopeOvrrperrervcr nproupyouoeoxev oe oxLovuoro ro vep pc Lo onoio rronzcrv cluTous rougrnnoug>. trror or<prg ucog pe uS oppcr- oug roug erloKenres rnv elr0upio rng Euyng. O Kctr Koixo rpsrrer vo e(puyeqn rnv Kovorovrrvonon yupr,toro Uoct Noeppiou rou 1403.

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BIBAIOIPAOIA To Ke{levo exBnxe yro nprn gopo orn Eein (en Sevilla, in-fol.) ro 1582on roV Argote de Molina: Historia deJ gran Tamorlan- Itinerario y enarcion del viage y relacion de }a embajada que Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo )e hizo por mandado del muy poderoso rey y senor clon Enrique Tercero de Castilla. tnUepo xpnorpoloreirr n exoon Clavijo Ruy Gonzalez de, Embajada a Tamorlatt, ekd. F. Lopez Estrada, Madrid 1943.Pooxn percrepoon ono rov I. Sreznevski, St. Petersburg 1881Ko1 oyyrxn on rov G. Le Strange, London 1928.Evcr rlrntrrcr rng nepryporpng rrou oqopo rnv Kovorovrwonon peroEpoornxe on rov J. G7ll, John VIII Palaeologus: A Character Sfudy, Studi bizantini e neoellenici 9, 1959,152-170, evtr o Prosper M6rime6 oupnepreoe oro epyo rou lifudes sur les arts du Moyen Age, Paris 1875,exeivo ro rpnpo nou o Clavijo leprypcresr enropepds ro pvnpeio xor ng exxnoieg rng Kovorovrrvonong. llp. A. M. Schneider, Dje Bevlkerung Konstantinopels im XV. Jahrhundert. Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Gttingen, Phil.-Hist. Klasse 1949,233-244. I

0 Mtrt6pe0 o B' or0Tsixn urpooT Tnq ndnq. (1909 Fxpopopo or6voq) rou Gustave Dore

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A. H o^uoio Kepdrou rou B. flodrrov Boxepvcirv f. :rporneo ModueO, Mdrene Kovorowivoq rou A. O owor<pdropoq ornvnn Ay.Pouovo E.O0u.rprovrxq (100 m^oq n^oio)uerorrnrh lVlnorytrou rov yodpeq rn roirnon ZovBevd Z. 9-10 un rou rou Nrdwo H.16u(owrvq noio rn roirnon Af(e un O.Bulowrvg eqeprK6q uvdusrq, Noq Ay.Anoorrov rov pe nupotr0 rov AouKo Norop l. Bu(owrv6q eepeieq xrvnrd un un K,O0ro;rovrrd mporeuoro rov Zoydvnoo ^. :nueionou ronooerhenKe yrywro ro ooto;rovrx Kovvr 11Anpr^iou oflq Avyxo M, l-evod(rKo orpfieporounrov louonvdvr

erp. TouoypoEio rng K<ovorowrvonong XI:

H KrDvotqvrrvononproxtov novo oe pro xepovnoo oro vouorpiyrovo pe rn oon uur crrpo rou Boonpou. Htcrv vo rooor<eg rou [pos rn orepro.H pio neuporou oprzrovou rov Moppopo ror n o.Ln on ro Xpuo Kpog. llepro.rov qu reixn, uou xoro ro ppogrougozovror oxpn. To npog rn 8oooooreixn npeyotepo rcrv Kuopccr uolu xovrq oro vep. To xepooio reixn, nou eixov pnxog rooepo piro, xorooxeuuornxov xupir,rgqn tov Oeooro B. An rov Moppopo npos ro Kpcrgrcrr xorq ro geyourepoppog roug (3,5 Ui}ro) nrov rpruo. To Eor^l reixog eixe uqog 40 uro (12,2p.) xor evroxurovou upyoDS urtrrous uoriv (18,3U.) qvo 180uro (54,9U.). To Ef,roreixog 60 eixe qog 25 uro (7,6U.) pe uopporous, Kor iyo xolrnrepoug, cw nDpyoDS. xpog petof, torv o terxv eyrovIlepioog.MnpoO orq oro Ef,,ro reixog uunpxe rcQpognloroug 60 uov (18,3U.). Merorng rogpou Kcurou Ef,,o reixoug, ora pro rng rcrEpou,uunpxe npf,,u xolrq rrou.,euoupyooe rpiro reixog. O xpog perofi,rou npoxo4 Kor rou Ef,,r.r reixoug eyrov lloporeixrov. Ucrros To xepooio reixog eixe o ein uul,v: ng llonrrg lleg uou onoreoooveroougornv nn pe yEupeg,or ouoieg Kcncrorpeqovrcw oe rorp noropriog, r<o.r Xrporrour<g,uou onyooov qu ug rnv nn orov llepioo ror pxpr ro npxro1ro.Au ug flourxeg fleg or rrro onUcrvuKgnrov n lln Xoproiou n Aprovouneorg -oro qnrepo onpeio rng ung-, n IIn Tou Koui n lln tou Kovovro uoorrepo yvroorn o4 fln Ayiou Propovo- rcor n fln rov llnyv n Entrupio ll}.n. Or Xrporx,nrrg fleg mov oprSlrnlreveg ou rov Moppopo rrpos ro Kpog xor or nro of,,roonlreioregnrov n IIn rou Tpirou ror n fln rou llpnrou. Merof,,mg llng Ton Koni vuo xot mg llng Aprovouneog pero unnpxe prc prrpn xoraq nou eixe ro vo1roKoroo rou prrp nonlr. O uorolrg ourg) KoDKol rorpexrovon rov o1rvu1ro

H reNxh gon rnq noropxiog Mqibu14531 126-29

H refuxri eni0eon O0topovrirv rov el,qno0nxe orrq29Maiou
28Moiou: oro rou Tov enioeon rei;1n notroflo Bloxepvdlv. rov O Zoydvnoo6q onyi uvdperq npoq flq rou ofliprqn noo6 nou uv6leov Pouuioq rov Kopor(6 rnq un ,.ri xor Xoproiou 66ouv Bqx6pveq 6q rnv ntrn fls 27-29 Moiou: orgorsnou o unepooni(eror xepooio ro reixn pfyForo enrrop06ver nrouey6o ro

29Moiou: nptirrn eniOeon cn O0oUdvoq orKrouq rn un6 roil(non Mouorogd rou pro noo. {npepryoro To O0ouov6v !rKpriuovdo 6pioKer ovorxrfTnv Kepx6nopro ero6p;1eror, xor Yq,6vEr d6dpo ndvooro reixn,od ueroni(erql ovfl oflrouqunepoonlor6q rouq

O ouroxpropoq Kord Kovorovrivoq n6oo nrOovrnro oKordrverot on6 O0ouovoq, evd) vo npoonoOei rogyer fltrn nposrnv 0nio0ro yro rou Xproro vo 6per xdnoro ntroio

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H np6rn goon rnq noropxiqq l2-2OAnpriou14531

9,12 Anprtriou: oventruXEiq entOr;oetq rou o0r,lpovrxo orou ornvoluoio Koolou rou I Anptiou: Ogouovoi orcvovrot xoro66ouv vo ro 0eponel6

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pero6r66(er 0 louorrvrdvng Avyxo rn roiKnon ro!60oefevo66(ouq TooOopovrxo rou orpore;loro ero6p;lovror Btro1pveq. orrq Or o{rropcrrxoq unepoonrorq rrixouq Keporrou rou rou onro0olropov. nnp6Uoro ro o0ropovrxo orovKeoqrro on noio pnoivouv Kovorowtvonon 28Md'[ou:oeopqvtKq o ornv oroq n6er ro npoq nnp6Uoro oooUovtK6v rov noiov ornv unoivouv peor;1o vo qn Kovorovflvonon ofl^eS. EveT|Ko nnpdJuoroArnoxrvrov ovonrul0ei prixoq xoro togeyouv npoqrq n^oio rouq ,,ir,j rns ouoioq rov Kot rrx6v Mopuopo rou trXpl
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pn6nq O XoU(6 onyEi ntroio !eprrdoOtopovrxo orovKpono Kol , orXlordri(et ro vono!eivovro nloio XproflovtK6 O ooutrrovoq MJ6!e0 nptopi(El to orporeporo oro reiln ;lepocio Auoio Kepdlou rou K^nou B. IorrBoXepvrrtv f. Irporneo oourdvou l\4opeO, Morene A. AuroKporopoq K(l)vorowivoq yequpo E. l-lorn Z, :^rvn oxopo Koe^Kuonq pn H.Irporneo poloptlvrov O0rrrpovrirv

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NTOxOyMENTO
Mioon no ng np6rpegeroepxerorornv nn uepvvrcrgr<cto on ro reixog 14g onerxovfoerg xcrr ou evcv m)pyo orn Ueon rng crnoroongperoxorfxrqo4g f,,ullung Ton Koni r<qrllng AprovouuLeog.To r4g Kovorovrrvonorpnpo uov rerxv perof, rorvo ourv uuv nrov nq pooprxri oe yvcoorog Meooreixrov r<orro vo1roour qrcrivercrr povoor{pr B. u eixe o8ei oe oxnpn rnv xorocr. or4 Pou;rovfo Xrnv ueproxn ourn ro reixn eixov xotooreuootei (qoroyporpio iro rcrcrurogxor ouounuore oo, Kcu oro ro David Nicolle)porr rou xorvo nopornpnrn n lln npootcteurcrv ornv Koroo rov Ar<ov txqvonornrrxo. Olrros exBpog crutro ppog eixe Seopn0ei o.r noog rng ung og ro ooOevorepo onpeio rng. O Nreuep (Dethier) xor o IIp. Bov Mitrrvyxev (Pr. Van u Millingen) oulrEr,rvov nrov n oxierogntepvo mg llng. llotroi uponyopevor erooeii, pe reeuroio rov Moupot ro 1422, eixcrv orporoueeoer oro Meooreixrov Setopvrogro oS ro rlo Kcrrono onpeio yrq vo enteBov ornv fln. To Eocoreixog rnv euoxn nprv crnrnv noropr<io nrov ev ppei yxpepropevo crl rnv eyr<oroerqrn ror nrqv Kor uS oxnpg KrprKeS ouvBnxeg r<crr crxpnoro yro eurxerpnoergevovriov tou exBpo.Av eixe enroxeuooreixor Epoupn0ei 0o eixe urroreeoer plcr eEepeiooorpolerogyro rnv lln. O rpxrenioxouog Muunvng Aeovpog f,,eonoerpe oyovoxrnon evovriov uo npooniov, rou Ioypou (Jagarus) r<nrevg xcryepou nou eyrov Nerougu eixov xoroxpoorei to Kornyopcivrog lpurog, xpnporo ro onoio. eixov xl,npoomBei yro tnv emoxeun rcovrerxv r<ornriver tr n lln xoOn-

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0 Kovorovrivog xe ef,oticrg rng ovevrrlrrnrog npooic'rv norv. Aycomg arrlricrg ourng, Aer, or uoropxnpvor elA'o lloAoroyog oeyxpopopo vonOeoqv tregug erieg rous oro Ef,coreixog enoy{g Kor ornv roEpo. IlpooSrer e u or Epoior nrov uro ouvetoi rcrv xoro rnv noropxio rng Iepouoctoro Anp nrrn8nxov oro uprilroreixog, unoxcirpnoov Kor UCrov rpro out curcpoxor pero olo LpiLo xoroEepnv vo noporeivouv rnv noropxio rov Beonoorovo r<orTitou cni rcoocpo xpvrcr. H rro!,n rou otporo rou Mcl1re0 O Mr^lolreBrouoBernoe rov Zayv (Zagan) uooo enrr<eEo.ng evg orporou nou eixe rnv euBvn vu ueprEpoupei ro flpov -n rreproxn pero rou Xpuoo Kporog vo ncrpoxoou8eiroug levouoreg otov locro ror oxnpn rn pero oxtn rou Xpuoo Kpnrog, pozi pe vo pepog rng vno.gnxrng pxpr rnv Euuoprcr,rrou pror<rovornv o-

Kpn rou xepoo.ioureixoug. O irog rc[oxOnxe vq xtioer pro ye(pupo uovr,r on ro trvo crxpo rou Kporog,ror oore or uvc4rerg vo ntqv oe Oeonvo rou ncrpouvUepogornv eniOeonxoro rng IIng. H eni8eon xuro rou xepooiou reixoug oro rUnlro perof,u rng Ounopros Kor rov ovo.xrporv rov Boxepvv Kcu roD llopEupoyewnrou xor pxpr rnv fln Xoproiou (lln Aprovouneog)nvoreBnxe orov Kolnrz (Caraja) ncoo, eurretpongrng Euponoixng Xrpoucrg.Opropvo ou rq uupoo Onxov o' ourv pe oxou vo xrunnoet ro reixog oe evcrou ro ooBeveorepoonpeio tou, urOovo exei nou ucrervo eivor rpru xor reerdvern roqpog. rcovoororrxv uO Ioox noog, eurxeEcrng volrecov, xor o Moxlror, ovpeg rot ot uo uererpopevor otov nepo, rorxouoqv tnv Aotortxn Xrpcnro,n onoio r<ouure xpo, perof, Tou Kctro

-il

H IIn ror nrov exreBe4revnoe eniBeon crn uo neupeg.H rpirn ouyKKprpvo exeivn nou eixe proruorrpos ro Xpuo Kpog- upoororeurcrv cu ro uor<ppoypcr rpos ro uopv ev nrov Kor upoooorlrn yro rov roupxrx ortro. uor<oicr uuooyropou rou crpr0lrou xor rng rorof,ng rov Kcrvovlov rou Mroc4re8 nou pioxovrov onvovrr on ro xepooio relxn poepxeror crnro yeyovEu n Beon oploUevov on' cruro crozeKol o opr8pg roug mBcrvonoixre. O Opowzng crvoEeper exoroeprg ouororxiegrrovreoooprov nupor,tv, n xo.0epio r<orcr pnxog rou reixoug. O Mnppnopo prcrer yro ewcr ouororxieg.O Mowd-,wo (Montaldo) eru or Topxor eixcrvouvohxo rqxoro nupoo.Ko0e pio on ug ewo ouororxiegevroxurov pe rnv npooOnxn evgopeoguupoou. To nupooronoBern8nxqv o rpersorpornyrxg Boerg.llprov, perof, roD onpeprvou Tekfour Serai xor rng flng Aprcrvouneog. eurepov,orrevcrvnn rovrcr ornv fIAn tou llelrurou, xor rpfuov, xovro ornv lln rou Tpirou perof,u rng Enupicrg llng xor rng IIng Pnyiou. Xro rpio crurogepn ro epelnro rou reixougpoprupov rn orpopneni8eon rrrrvxovovrv. E' ouro ro rpio onpeio pvo eivor uvotv vo nepooer xoveig uovtr qn rnv rogpo, ro upxo4ro xcrr ro Ef,coreixog xcrr vo er u ro Eorrt reixog xeryr<pelnoreioe rroro o01rore qnoupyn0nxe vo npoopo ornv lln.

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p{$mq ffi -r\meiwex ncllxx*:V{t:rc ffix,r # IrJ g*m q $ ffin"xrr:a rlexxeta*prymmqsxtsmw spxN K{p{xx$}{xtrrr6 {3
x63'i&*{3yffi K'l3w ct$#Kff#f'r Ttu}v Tffi$Kfuw v||trx

rti ror Moppopo. H ueovonpowrxn Beon,prog, nrcrvexeivn nou Drlnpxe pero.f, llAng Aprcrvouneogxor Ton Koui, yvoorn c,rg Meooreixrov. Aur ro onpeio enef,e Moope8 yro rnv euiOeonrou. Exei Beoo pouoeu nrov n oxierognrpvo rng flng... O roupxrxgorpcngonL8nxe oe otrr<npo ro pnrog rou xepocrioureixoug. Or Toupr<or eixov oxo.q,erUro UrKporcpnroepo Urrpooroorrg ypoppS IouSKcrrnovo oro x1rcrnou exoxoqrtnxe xorooKeuoocl evo ncroooropo f,urvo yro rn rr<n toug IIpool0orcl. XrovMoppopo r-orcixn cmrnpovrov o.nro oLouu rov Mnoryou (Baltoglu) ou ro voutep0oxporou xepooiourcixouEypto ono ro onpcprvo SeraglioKor Uxprro Necbpro proxrov ornv onou Kpnrou uoroEpoyporog(Auoio Keporiou).

An rq xovvro, rpio eivcrrof,,rolrvnpveuro. yr^l rou peyooupeyeBougroug. O A. Xo-Lxoxovu.Lng ovcreeper on ourcrrq rpio peyoo nupoo, to n evo otnOlreueqnvovu on ro ouroxpotopm crvoxtopo, urSovg ornv Koryopro,ro erepoouevovu crn rnv lln Pr,tpovo,nou eixe orpororreeoer o oourovog, xor ro rpiro ovolreoo oro uo rponyoupevo. To peyorepoKor rno roxup nupoorurplrerve xoro.rn rcrpxercr noropxiogoro rng Meooreixro,pnpooro ornv ouroKporoprxn oxnvn. To xcrvvro exrf,,euovrrrprvespnoeg peyoou peyeBoug, ouoieEeixov perogepOeicrnrn Mqor pn Booooo.O crpxreuioxonog Aeovcrpog oveeepe ou Uerpnoepio pnoo uou eixe er<rof,eurei uovot on ro reixog xor pnxe u eixe uepiperpoBBivroeg (223,5 ew.). O Terdwr (Tetaldi) nver u urnpxcrv xq xrroeguupEerg (eoqpo pcrr<pu)

0 Moripe0B'oe o veop{ ond 4rxio, per6ro nou K0T0oKeu6or4Ke Tov Yro Boupyovro euyev{ Jehan Tricaudet xor onoieror orov Malteo Pasti di (E0vrxri Brpro0rix4 fofog, l-lopiol)

45

NroroyMENTO
0 Krrlvorovrivog pe flooroyogxcrvvo noropxnrrxn ro peyolou el,nvexoug) rovXfpovru. xor o irog oprOpgivercrr crn rov Movtcrvro. ond Mrxpoyporpiu llovnog, o Aeovnpogproer yro <crvopiBprues rroerxovoypurpqpevo eprreg Unxoveg). (1590-92) xtirrxo Errilrnon rov un tov ouroxpotopo poxnrv roufealpyiou Orcrvorpoqrope nr uS [pororUooieguou er<o(Mopxrovive o MoopeB yrcr vcl uoropr<noerrnv nn oe eKr(o Brpro0rixll, xeiveg nou eixuv xcrver n xovov o cruroxporopog Beverio)xor or noircg,ro nplo rroD cvtunoorozctciUoS vor n repootrcruoovooyio uvt4rer,tvtrou eixov or yro o opxnyoi. O cruroxporopos vct ovrtpetonioer rov exuoreulrevr,tvuoeprorov rov roxup orpcn uu rov MroopeB,rOerepvo nepinou oxrtb xrroegovpeg.Aurn eivor n exripnon rpos rnv onoio ouyxivouv oxev or or ouyyporpeig.O yxupncrruov oe Oonvo rcqropEoer @povrzng

#x* {rm$.}wn*r}wmuw Kffi;l ffi Ys:rmffiw* * &fq*wxqxff'ilw:r# 4{3VV{::$ m f3 pcx x{$le ffi1$3Kffi i{5q* xrffiarrx5sq rmry !f3{$ {tjl 1 w xc{ itiq rffi sqq;l itctl ffi m*}K$txtl mvx gx#V{:r # ffi#rtnwc${m {:} $

u noqrn eni rou Belrorog.Avnqreper o Kovotqvtrvog retof,e vo yiver ofloypctqn r,tvttov ovpr,rv, uHfirdoq rnq oulrneprl,crlrovotrlcvov rc'rv r<crl,oynpov rIoD Urropouocl vcrucrpouvnq, r<ortr rou ovoteOnxevo Kovorovrrvoun6To yoLer ro rerx onoreeopo. oloreopo, orealg".EPYg 1sg ELnveg nv, eerf,en unnpxcrv4.983ro8oqror (royporpou oixo To out nrov rxcrr 14g eOveyepofog percriog 2.000f,,evor. yeyovg Ilovoyrtilr4 oo une}.moux ore rrnpe rnv evron ot tov cruZoyptigou

roKpcnopo vcr unv ro YVo oronornoet. H roxupn orpc[rouxn vo1rn rprdv xrrcrorv _ .{*;*.: kcrv of,,izerrroirepngpveiog. Exev or nrov eveuxng n yevouoH uxng r<oroycryng. euxroon rov uo uouerv xoroopxroe uepiuou oro xpvro rng curvrr<ng Krnons. Kcr8epio on ug uo npoxporieg eixe oug ovoroLrxegneproxes.Ee xcr8e xepioer ecrqrn pio ovnxov oproUcvo vnoto tou Aryotou. r levouoreg eixcrvenuuxet vctouyKpornoouv Urcl pcyon Kor onUovuKn onotnlov Urct or<io orov looro. nou rti-rpo xuprolrvnnn. fr' crurr<qror o noou]teepovtct. epooovyro ro rxo LouS Eixqv uoo vo xooouv xqr rinore vo. r<epioouv ou pio evexpevnenuuxio rou Mr,tc4re0. Auoavooyio uvlrerrlv uunpxe vog orporg150.000 An rn Urq n.\eupcr ovpv oqrueprcqrcrvopvnguvcqrng rouqxrexuqreuotov 12.000ovpv crn roug r<olurepcr orov xopo. Au rnv crnevog8repg UevoDS oprO1rg 8.000 pcrxnrV ot onoior xoovrqv vo unepoonioouv teixn 12-13prir,tv. O ouror<potopos, rov Iouorrvra'rn, o.LoxnpoUe o uS ilpoerorpooiegyro rnv olruvo rng fInS.O Iouorrvrovng pe roug 700ovpegnou eixe Qepelornv

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TrKneororKiog, Kor o AvpvrKos Kowolrouznvg gucrooov reixn ypot on rn Xpuon fln rq Kor npos rn Bqoooo.To teixn oro Eog rng or<puong Kor rnv eiooo oro 4rovr qoooe o fkopnpreL Tpezvo (Gabriet Trevisano). o Bevergeuyevngrrou ulnprouot yrcr rnv r4rn rou Oeouxqr or<Anpng xprorrclvoouvns. rns Or xcruerovrol Kor rcr nnpciporo uo xpnrrxolv noicovqoooov rnv QpcrioIIn. O xcrprvorog Ioiropog pe evo o1ro 200 ovpv qoooero reixn rroD npxrzov qu ro Meyo].o llupyo rou Ayiou npnrpiou. O Ioxc.tog Kovrcrpivr orcrOpeuoe ornv UrolroBioKor epoDpouoero uux rpnpcr rou MopFopcl. Kovro erei nrov xor or Enveg xoyepor. O Mey-l,og oxog Norolng pe prr<p oprBp egeprxv ovpv nrov xovrcr ornv er<xnoio rcov

&sxar:r:;"tl ffilr${ttJ$pcx rxxN:ngxxm {yypftT*q s*w*q $i#ffi *Sffi.ffi{3ffi iw}p{Lbw, BTV fl$ffi{:ti wrftrx"r *tvmq ( {3 ;ffirl# $ {:l t;ff ffi.t{3{"}ffi tr,$ p{r}q 1;} p#q px#tx{"}lxefu w

Kovotovu-ro vonon nnpopo xcu 400 ' onrolrevoDs- opxmtr ovcor- neprqpoupci Lo vo tpnpo rov rerxv perof,,rou IIounou rov Boxepvrilv KCrrrns llng Aprovouueog, on ovropo penEpBnxe pe tougovpcgrou KcupeprKouson rougnro ycvvoiougEnvegornv Koroo rou Auxou nou Oeopouvrov onpeio peyoutepng onpooicrg xor xrvvou. Xrnvito Ooneornoe ro enueeiorou Kor o ouroKporopog. Eror, o' ournv rnv xorcro peBnxov ovlqrerones ueov eniexregp.ovneg llng or rng or rn prcr Kol rou oourovou on rnv on. Meruf rng IIng AprovouneogKor rou Tekfour Serai unnpxe orporrotuxn uvolrn ftcrl,v. H Koryoproxqr ro reixn qu exei pexpr ro Tekfour SeraiEuoooovruvcrnevcrvnor Bever, rov Kopioto (Caristo), xor on evo feppov ilou ovoUcrzrovl. fkpow. O o.pxreuioxonog eovopogxor oLorfevounres, pe rov Ielxwgo, ntov pcrzi ge rovBevernpour< crpxovroMrvro (Minotto) uleu0uvor ylo rnv neproxn tou tcrorrou rorv Bc.xepvovKor rotv terxv pxpr rnv Eunoprcr noro Kpo XpuoouKeporog. rou Xr' oprorepo rou ouroxporopo rcr reixn Euoooowqv ou rov Korovo (Cataneo) Kcll rov Oegil\o Ilo.l,oroyoornv IIn Xnupiog, ev o Kowopivt (Contarini), ro nro f,oxouor pogrng eve-

AyicovAuoorc_rv. Teog, Ntrwo, nou eixe yiver o vouopxos rou orou,orcrOlreue Kovrcloro rel,og rou uorogpcrytrrorog. xcrvvrcrrcov noropxnpevcov To Eoivero.r vcr nrcrv Liyo Nor prxpng of,ing, uoNoo vcl xpnorlrolornBouv an eenyn nupolroxrxv xor go nprnong znprog oro reixn. Or ovrinoor orporoi ntov ef,ontrropevor ouype xpovcl, preoorovrxoxor opxoio to. roozoqre )

H A6o4rot o 1oororiyog 6nogro (oypfrproe o 0edqlog

47

pnoo). Or nezoi nrcrv onropevor vrcr crxrr,trcr tf,,o,yroroyrlrcr n Ire prKpSf,ul,rvegcrouieg,

pficl.

rou 0 06vorog oEevveg,poro, Mrotipe0 yxr nupyioxoug, r<oronreg, B' (1481) urrx{ opxeozro(rupoo n},o), nupEerg.Kcrr or oe yxpopopo. uo neupg 0 ornpizovrcrvrou oro rf,o, ev rrcriqeyet repo or Topror eixov ovopiBpmo prxpo rf,,cr, ttipoog rrl6vo TOu, oo rroDrov rf,,euov, OIt oxoreivrozeo oupovg.O ounuipvovrog rflv vnflropvogTopr<og orporrrng,ornVeqepeprq tpuyfrou (Apyeio f,urvn ooriq -ouxvo or pozi onr<ovov ug oA. tltupoltlityxou)ouieg novroou ro xeEororougxovovrogvov opuvux oxnpouop- r<or vo yroroyovr. H olroropoprpiooe oron xor onro1r nrov r<orr oyvooro, riog yro roug Topxoug. Or feviroopor nrov exuo.rDUvor uurx n og rrrg nezrx.H Erpouo rng Avoroicrg onoreovrov prxpn xupit-rg on rnnrx xor or rnncig crpcpov yrcncrycrvt queotixro (orepexcrr f,,rvncrouicr,

peyon unepoxn rr'rv Topr<r'rvoov crEopo ro uq nrov oro r<ovvxr.H uoropxio rng Kc'rvorovrrvonongonUcrrooLeipro roroprxn enoxn oln xpnon rtr-rv pcyoo-rv Kqvovrov Kol ouolclouKclyvt.loronoinoe yro npcirn Eopo oe orov r<opou ro nrprvo reixn rou Meooicovcr ev crnoreooov[ro pro oorpoi.n olruvo. O Kprrou.l,og onperover oxeuxo pe rnv noropr<io:<Hrov ro xovvro uou r<ovov rq uovro. Orov nupoorovror, n puoporn ovcreruro ypnyopo qu rn oKeUrn.H ex<pprroon r<over yn ypcoon' our vo rpperr<oryozer rn vo cuioreuto ounr. H nerprvn pncroycriverexrunn ro f,orpe oouyrpornrn uvolrn Kor evepyrcl, reixog ro onoio oroxeer,ro roerxor n iro roeroroe xiro xol4rouo>. EuiSeon oe Oeponero xor Ilpiyxuro Trg npriltegUepegrng noropxicrg ur8cvcriyo n nprv opxioer, o Mroolre8enn8nr<eoe o ro envrro xcopronou eixov f,e<puyer ou ug oyprrnreg rov orpcnrotrvrou ornv rroprcr rrpos rnv nporeouoq.To Oeponerooro Bonopo, nou eixov r<quoro prxpn oxpcoon,ennynoov crn roug leviroopol;S.llooi on roug urepoorroTes TouS eoveOnxov. Or evonolreivovreg - nepinou 40 ovpeg- novrog n n ovriorcron nrov ov<pen nopo.Bnxov. Ero vnoi flpiyxrno eune8nxe o Mnoryou pe vo rpnpo rou orou. llop' o uou eixe xovvr, ev puopouo vo KctroorpWer rn oupnoyn uzovrrvn rerxonorio rou npyou, poo orov onoio eixov r<oroEysror 30 r<o.o onropevor urepcroflroresrou vnoro. Enern crpvnOnxovvo uopoo8ouv, or Toupxor roug nvoyr<oonvvo youv on rov upyo ovoovrog gcouope Sopvoug,oxupo Kor Bercrqrr. ncrpoOoor yirooov crurn qrtr-ro, Onxov. O Toupxog voDcrpxos oxrooe TouSonropvougxor nonoe og oxooug roug unornoug xoLorxoog vnoro. rou
MeroEpoon-enr1rero: Xpnorog XroSorog XHMEIfJEH *To olreroqrpoorooto envrxo oucvro pyo rou E. Pears <H xaraorpoqn mg Envrcng Auroxparopiag xat rc rcroptx rng Aaong rng Katvoravrwounong an roug Topxoug> (ovivo, Neo Ypxn, Bopon, 1903) Beopeiror K^oorx. Anotnr,roe opo rnv A<lon xtrr or perenerto ouyypcrEeig (o rov Eoupnepz S rov Povoryov)

*4 nx*ffi r*p{{i{x q K*pw{iyx{xx/x'xw$}#"#i3 xffi mq ooizovror xoro ro neiorov o' our. fro ro yo our epxx w\f{:e#&rTm6xnrys Yrffiffip{fuxffi wc}$3{:x xm ffi#x$}xv{3 nlrooreoupe vo. crnonoopcr, nou n ovrcrfn Bepnoe (oe peroepoon-en4r-\ero Xpnorou XrcrBorou). yex*"l S{xv {:ffiffixet*iep*rymw rxetr ffitr{$}{iffim mpxu;vaxeverxnx BrroBnxn rroDps eooe ro eoroovuypoeo Tnv EBvrxn
(rou rovnporog) rnv euxo.prorope Beptrro. (E)-IETOPIKA

48

r
I
I

i I l

- H Aaon mg IIng, enr1r.E. Xpuog, Axpirog, A0nvo 1994.

Mupnor,tov a. 1.,
H Aonn xat o Savatog rou reewaiots auoKtnrc[loq, ex. E. Xrpoxrovoxn, OeoocroviNn 1g58.

Nusron-rsrANDER,
H noAtopria xat n daon mg IIAng at rot4 Toupxot4 to 7458: ro Potxo 4povtx tou Norcpn Ioxewpn, erooy.-oxrcr-qnoon: M. Aef,ovpnouog, Kepog, A8nvu 1978.

Constantinople, translated with introduction and notes by E. H. McNeal, University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America, Topvro 1996. - Emperors, patiarchs and sultans of Constantinople, 197&1519: an anonymous Greek chronicle of the sixteenth century, introduction translation, and commentary by M. Philippides, Hellenic College Press, Brookline, Mass.-USA1990.

Ypxn 1BBB.

Mr.ranovrcu c.,
Constantine, the last emperor of fhe Greeks, or, The conquest of Constantinople by the Twks (A.D. 14153), Low, Marston & co., S. Aovivo 1892.

Noalp.r.lvr.,
The fall of Constantinoplq Dutton, No Ypxn [1913].

Pnansn.,
The destuction of the Greek empire and the story of the captwe of Constantinople by the TWks, Longmans, Green and co., ovivo N. Ypxn-Bopo.n 1903.

fllrnxrur a.,
Ilotopxia xat aoory mg KavaawtvounAeag un yav OSapavv ev rct J49, A0nvo 1890 xor ex. 1939.

GuurHon,
The captwe of Constantinople: the Hystoria Constantinopolitatn of Gunther of Paris, edited and translated by Alfred J. Andrea, University of Pennsylvania Press, @roe<pero- 1997. USA

Rousspr, c.,
Conter de geste au )IVe siecle: inspiration folklorique et ecritwe epique dans La belle Helene de Constantinople, Librairie Droz, leveun 1998.

Rullcnvrax s.,
H Aaon mg KavotawtvounAeag, pernEp.N. K. lloloppou, en4r. M. Mrepyon, ex. Mnepyong, A0nvo 1972.

Laprrau;.-r.,
Histoire de Jean Brienne, roy de Jentsalem et emperew de Constantinople, C. Moette-Simon P.,llcpiar 7727. - Les memoires du grand ecclesiatque de I'Eglise de Constantinople Sylveste Syt'opoulos sw Ie Concile de Filorence (14&149),Pontificium institutum orientalium studiorum. P1rn 1971.

Envponoynor n.t.,
H A-Laon mg KavotawtvounAeo4, 29 Maiou 1t153,tt<. Kopopiroo, ABnvo 1991. - Yltvot mg Acineag, eur1r.X. Kopo, Euoyog npos rooorv rng EBvrxng Mouorxng, A8nvo 1977.

Rovou"r.-c.,
Histoire du Bas-Empire, depuis Constantin, jusqu'a Ia prise de Constantinople en 7453,llcrpior XII [1803]. - The FaIl of Constantinople: a symposium held at the School of Oriental and African Studies 29 May 1953,School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Aovivo 1955. - The famous and renowned htory of Amadis de Gaule: conteinfuig the heroick deeds of armes, and sfuange adventures, as well of Amadis himselt as of Perion his son, and Lisvart of Greece, son ta Esplandian emperor of Constantinople, wherein is shewed the wars of the Christians against the TLtks..., translated out of the French into English by Francis Kirkman, Printed by J. Bell, ovivo 1652.

(DpaNrznr r.,
To Xpvtx mg Acineag, flcrnupog llpeg, ABnvo [1971].

Lulr,ow.r.lr.,
The captain of the Janizaries: a story of the times of Scanderbeg and the fall of Constantinople, Funk & Wagnalls, Aovivo-N.

BaneanoN.,
Diary of the siege of Constantinople, 7453,transl. by J. R. Jones, Exposition Press, Neo Ypxn [1969].

Bnlm r'.a.,
Histoire de I' eglise latine de Constantinople, Aine, llopior 1872. - Chronicles ofthe barbarians: firsthand accounts of pillage and conquest, fuom the ancient world to fhe fall of Constantinople, edited by David Willis McCullough, Times Books, No Ypxn 1998. Cr,ani RoBERT DE, The conquest of

UlcnN ALI sArM,

Constantinople dwing the era of Mohammed the Conqueror, 1415&11, Ayxupo 1939. 0 Kovorovrivog lloorodyoglerpyporpo6o9oldrvog) oe (1 rov "XploUrirv Aeovrog lorpou rou rou (Boorrrf BrproO{xq, Iroxyp4)

ni.on vq ouvorvoer o Mouooivr yro rn UetcteoporpoEipr,rv ornv KctteEro reuxogLnsztins xgevn Eoo pe uoio ouetepr,rv a Anpriou 2001evxerperof, olorv exropv. Kor ovrolro entexBnxe n ouvoiveon Kor rov feppovv. Enpene UrreprorcrropevocrpBpoyro rnv oOrq vcr xorooroon rng orr<ovopiogrng Eop<.rg uncrpf,erKor rov Bperovv n og oto xpvro rng Koroxns, 1941errlg ouvuiveon. Ao or Bperovoi,opror 1944,unoypoEpevoou rov x. E. A. rns orpcrrnYrKnsrolJs,fropeFevovornv vBeppov ouyxopnopvnon roug ovvoror. Or Enveg Xexipoylou, crf;,ro tng Bperoviog pe uoonegxrvnrornpiory oro xcn crvuneptovizerxono,rg fiornoers lpoonoOooov vo petoneirnv npouoeprxn <Erxero>rou envrxo oo. oouv rnv xuepvnon rng Bperoviog, rte vo oo erggornv. Euvn olrt-rg Ag pou ennpouei progvo oulrunpperoei o Toptorl. ornv Apeprr<nyro oo errxo ro ypotppevoLouoxcuxo pe vo zrnnoer evroxoergqrr tov Pournv uuepvixnon xont',rg on tnv crvorrou 1943ro eni o xpvro oxev oer. Or Envegrng Apeprxng tou f,,n exxnoerg rpocpou<rpo>ornv neproxn upoonn8uvov ouooc'rpeuuxg ylcr v0 ouvorveoerflpos o0rLnprorou novr<'rvAonvrilv, xoBg xor otn Eupo. envrr<oqo ou rn rpoxrovio. lpoEer no opOo o x. Xexipoyou: <H xuepvnon Tooucpocmxeipnoe Evnpynoov pr.lgror uro onoreeogovo opyovoer rn peroeopo ounpv uxo: ouyxprnoov ernrpoun yrcr rnv opon rou o.nox}erogo rng Eoog ornv E.\oq peoo ouetepov xr,rpv, pog emorrrop rou envrxo l,oo oo or Bperovoi euqqvouornpn xor proov upepo tns eruporrns rnv ouoypeuon yrcr orporrouxog yous). Kor npooOrer: <Mvov ruv n Kupio EeovpoPooet,ozuyo rou upopou rorv Hvolrvcrv floterv. H r<qroorqon enrerv8nxe pe rov uooutn Kupio, uuepof,,ro eurng ol ef,,oipern ouootoop Bcrvorc,rv oortio, trriv yvr.4roovng rou envrr<o oou, xoexBnre n perovrr<nxuepvnon vo rpBt-roe Lerxovq cnrtxer tn ouvuinproupynBei vo oveno.pxgixruo veon rou Topror. Ko.r tte n ef,prOg rpoEoooiog>>. upog our, oruv, orn xuepvnon Tooucpoopytrvtr-roe xperozcLorxonoto unpvnon rtov yeyovrorv, xor xpnporornoe rn peLoqoporpoore vo ef,nyn0ei nrilg enneux0nxc rctxcr n perotpopo tpotpilr<,-rv tpipov ornv EAAqo pe to roupxrx Enoxoo0noe uoio <Kouprouog>. orov un Koroxn eqrx xtilpo pe xor ro eniong roupxrx noio <Tou1rxporv. Io ro yeuoio ouerepc,rv ou Mouvop>r,xo.Ogxor ro oounrx YOVOTCT: HOov rrc xnr or noio <Xcropev>. rot totoprxg O xo8nynrng Oeooyiog exnpor.luorrou Eounu<ouEpuSpou Nrxoogooprg eirng @roooEiog orn Xtoupo xor ouvnov norr1ro rov xe rnv uporoouio vo r<oeoer rrovopn poEipov. ev xeropo orrn re vovtoto rou iloo. otnv Kc'rvorovrtoxpiSercr n tppoon rou x. Xexilroy-Lou vonon eniorono Povxor, npog eni <ov ev eixe er<nco8ei oounrxn n rnou otnv ASnvo roniorr,ron rou rpou. O tptovOpt.rnog uporoouio, eoxroror Enveg 8o cxcivog enioxoeixov olopeiver zt-rvrovoiyro vo oTreros -errerto roonlrog nouog Iorowng l,euSeproBov>. llo.Lv n npotoou23oE- reperve uoAg nUCpcSornv crore vo ueproroOei iq ouvereeoe, A8nvo, nnpotpopnBnxeou rov clpog. u rn rlrorcovio o e.Lnvn<g xreuior<ouoalrcroxnv xcrr rov r<o8nynrn Aoopr, uopornpnoe xor o irog ro Extppoztl xor nn..r ouyxopntnpto rrpog rov r<.Xex[royou yro to uornv orKovoprKncf,,o0ioonrng xpog. Uou u epneprororopevo np8po rou, oo Kor Ue ro xopoKrnprour< rou nSrx pou, yroti pou eoKGruS euxoprorieg ncrSog ouvrof,,e xor unoeupog rov KCrnv euxcrrpiovo enronpovo. xoprv rrc nono ouyxovroux ullrvnpo mg Ioropiog, pro xpiorlrn crnoqrnrou enou rexrpoyt-roocrnv xotoorqon nronrouxo rre znrnporog. oyvoorn rou. O uoxur znrooernv ncrpepoon po.ovotoug onpeprvogEnveg. ucrgepooe onoteeoportr<o, euruxe

Ayannru (IotoplKe)

pe Ooo exBror rnv euroronoutn, pou eivor yvrooron ex nprng nnyng, ntog oo eixov oulrei ornv A0nvq, n oil tou oEnynoerg E-l.nvc'rv eof,,ruroreg f,,r,neprro. K. Aeouornouog oxonpoir<g Tta tov Inoou

Ylo A ornv roroptxtnto tou Inrd oqneprrlUo pog vo xoptl oou. Oo Uou enrLpcqrcrc o nopornpnoerg: o) H x. A. Kopopc onoier rov epoix po Maslaib og <xprog>. <goxog>. op8tepn eiNopizo u<rrg <rooxovqr n onoon <ouverg>>, ogmg ootpiog>. ller8. 3, 13-4,26, Aop. Eyyp. 12, 20-23.13,22. At<pn otov DFvo ylcr ro ooxourr,rlrorou Xqorou roczoulre:<rou rooxoourng ootpiog(Maskyb) upvog yro.to ooxotc,:Uo rou ooorou>.Bl,. f. lporoeo, To xerpypo<porng Nexpng Oooooog, A0nvq 1991(2). ) Oo pe ouyxopnoer o oyounrg xoOnynrng tou AIIO t<. I. Ko.poruouog vo npooOo<,r oxpn xor ro no rio tou E. xpnorpo rcrr evro<ppov Trocm6, O Inooug crnrn Nozopr rros rov ciov oor Lov yvptoov pet. fI. Arororon - E. Ayoupin, ABnvo tou 1983xor rn roef,,n xoB. E. Ayoupin, H uvuznrnon tou <Ioroprxo Inoo>on rn verepn euptoncixn oxeVn, erg Apoyc ytvoxerg n ovoyrvt-roxerg;A8nvo 1989,oe.46 ef,. Men r4rng Oe&opoSKrpxcrorog

_uYxoPmnPro

AIIA\]'IHEEIE - Kov klvrm KoEeun: Onog xor eoeig ovulolrcrveore, ev ypoEero.r Iotopio pe err<ooieg. - Ko Ywn Mogg: fro rnv Knpo xouv exoBeio teuxn r<oryro ro Acoexovnoq vo. - Kov loprn Aoptpin: nlrooreoulre euroroguou crneuOvovrot ouoxtrerouxo xor pvo rrpog ra <IoroprKCt).

u EHMEIOXH: No euovolcrou1re ovvulreg n uprouxeg emorogev npooreuovror.

50