DAY 5

STRESS
Stress is a measure of force per unit area
within a body.
It is a body's internal distribution of force per
area that reacts to external applied loads.

A
P
= o STRESS
ONE DIMENSIONAL STRESS
Engineering stress / Nominal stress
The simplest definition of stress, = F/A,
where A is the initial cross-sectional area prior
to the application of the load
True stress
True stress is an alternative definition in which
the initial area is replaced by the current area
e e true
o c o ) 1 ( + =
Relation between Engineering & Nominal stress
TYPES OF STRESSES
TENSILE
BENDING
COMPRESSIVE
SHEAR
TORSION
SHEAR STRESS
TORSION
1 2
1 2
B A
t
z
t
z

dz
dx
t
z
d
z
d
y

t
z
d
z
d
y

t
x
dxdy
t
x
dxdy
( ) ( ) dz dxdy dx dzdy
x z
t = t
D
C
x z
t = t
Taking moment about CD, We get
This implies that if there is a shear in one plane then there will be a shear in
the plane perpendicular to that
TWO DIMENSIONAL STRESS
Plane stress





Principal stress
y
o
x
o
x
o
y
o
xy
t
xy
t
yx
t
yx
t
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x
t
o o o o
o +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
THREE DIMENSIONAL STRESS
Cauchy stress
Force per unit area in the deformed geometry




Second Piola Kirchoff stress
Relates forces in the reference configuration to
area in the reference configuration
(
(
(

=
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
ij
o t t
t o t
t t o
o



i J,
X
ij

j I,
JX
IJ
S =
X Deformation gradient
Stress invariants of the Cauchy stress



Characteristic equation of 3D principal stress is

Invariants in terms of principal stress
3D PRINCIPAL STRESS
z y x
I o o o + + =
1
2 2 2
2 zx yz xy x z z y y x
I t t t o o o o o o + + =
2 2 2
3
2
xy z zx y yz x zx yz xy z y x
I t o t o t o t t t o o o + =
0
3 2
2
1
3
= + I I I o o o
3 2 1 1
o o o + + = I
1 3 3 2 2 1 2
o o o o o o + + = I
3 2 1 3
o o o = I
VON-MISES STRESS
Based on distortional energy
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
o o o o o o
o
+ +
=
v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
6
2
1
zx yz xy x z z y y x v
t t t o o o o o o o + + + + + =
STRAIN
Strain is the geometrical expression of deformation
caused by the action of stress on a physical body.

Strain displacement relations
Normal Strain


Shear strain (The angular change at any point
between two lines crossing this point in a body can
be measured as a shear (or shape) strain)

Strain
L
L o
c =
z
w
y
v
x
u
z y x
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
= c c c

z
u
x
w
y
w
z
v
x
v
y
u
zx yz xy
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
Volumetric strain

0
0
V
V V
= u

z y x
c c c u + + =
TWO DIMENSIONAL STRAIN
Plane strain





Principal strain
y
c
x
c
x
c
y
c

xy

xy

yx

yx

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
2 2 2
2 , 1
xy y x y x
c c c c
c
3D STRAIN
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
zz
zy
zx
yz
yy
yx
xz
xy
xx
ij
c

c
c




2 2
2 2
2 2
Strain tensor
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
=
j
k
i
k
i
j
j
i
ij
x
u
x
u
x
u
x
u
2
1
2
1

F F
ij
E
kj ki
o
( ) F F
ij
E
kj
1 -
ki
1
2
1

=
ij
o
Green Lagrangian Strain tensor
Almansi Strain tensor
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
Mild steel
Thermoplastic
Copper
BEAM
A STRUCTURAL MEMBER WHOSE THIRD DIMENSION
IS LARGE COMPARED TO THE OTHER TWO
DIMENSIONS AND SUBJECTED TO TRANSVERSE
LOAD

A BEAM IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER THAT CARRIES
LOAD PRIMARILY IN BENDING

A BEAM IS A BAR CAPABLE OF CARRYING LOADS IN
BENDING. THE LOADS ARE APPLIED IN THE
TRANSVERSE DIRECTION TO ITS LONGEST
DIMENSION

TERMINOLOGY
SHEAR FORCE
A shear force in structural mechanics is an example
of an internal force that is induced in a restrained
structural element when external forces are applied

BENDING MOMENT
A bending moment in structural mechanics is an
example of an internal moment that is induced in a
restrained structural element when external forces
are applied

CONTRAFLEXURE
Location, where no bending takes place in a beam
TYPES OF BEAMS
CANTILEVER BEAM
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
FIXED-FIXED BEAM
OVER HANGING BEAM
CONTINUOUS BEAM
BEAMS (Contd)
STATICALLY DETERMINATE
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
C
B
A
D
BEAM
TYPES OF BENDING
Hogging
Sagging
SHEAR FORCE & BENDING
MOMENT
BEAM
BENDING MOMENT
SHEAR FORCE
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
P
P/2
PL/8
P
L
P/2
P/2
P/2
PL/8
PL/8
PL/8
SHEAR FORCE & BENDING
MOMENT
BEAM
BENDING MOMENT
SHEAR FORCE
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
P
5P/16
P
L
11P/16
11P/16
5P/16
3PL/8
3PL/8
RELATION BETWEEN
BM, SHEAR & LOAD
M+dM
M
V+dV
w
V
O
dx
dx
dM
V
dx
wdx Vdx dM M M
M
O
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=

0
2
) (
0
Taking moments about O
Force equilibrium gives
( )
dx
dV
w
dx w dV V V
=
= + + 0 *
BEAM THEORY
ASSUMPTIONS
MATERIAL IS HOMOGENOUS
MATERIAL IS ISOTROPIC
THE BEAM IS SYMMETRICAL
THE TRANSVERSE PLANE SECTION
REMAIN PLANE AND NORMAL TO THE
LONGITUDIONAL FIBRES AFTER BENDING
(NEUTRAL PLANE REMAINS SAME AFTER
BENDING)
BENDING STRESS
o
R
M
M
b a
c
e
d
f
From similar triangles edf & cod
(1) ...


(
cd
ef
length Original
length in Change
strain = = ) c
(2) ...
co
de
cd
ef
=
...(3) (
R
y
cd
ef
strain = = ) c
Hooks law
...(5)
R
E
y
f
=
...(4)
(
(
E
or f
strain
o
c
)
) =
(6) ... dA
R
Ey
area stress dF = = *
(7) ... dA
|
.
|

\
|
= =
R
Ey
y dF y dM *
(8) ... dA y
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
}
R
EI
R
E
M
(9) ...
R
E
I
M
=
From (3) & (4) From (5) & (9)
(9) ...
y
f
R
E
I
M
= =
FINITE ELEMENTS
TRUSS / BAR / LINK ELEMENT
BEAM ELEMENT

3D BEAM ELEMENT
3D BEAM ELEMENT
k
s
l
V

(1)
k
sz
l
q
k
k k
k
tz
l
q
k
k k k
l
q
k
k
k
sy
l
q
k
k k
k
ty
l
q
k
k k k
l
q
k
k
k
sx
l
q
k
k k
k
tx
l
q
k
k k k
l
q
k
k
V h b
s
V h a
t
z h t s r z
V h b
s
V h a
t
y h t s r y
V h b
s
V h a
t
x h t s r x



= = =
= = =
= = =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2
) , , (
2 2
) , , (
2 2
) , , (
t
t
t

Cartesian coordinate of any point in the element
Cartesian coordinate of any nodal point k
Cross sectional dimensions of the beam at nodal point k
Components of unit vector in direction t at nodal point k
Components of unit vector in direction s at nodal point k

We call and the normal vectors or director vectors at
nodal point k
=
=
=
=
=
k
sz
l k
sy
l k
sx
l
k
tz
l k
ty
l k
tx
l
k k
k
l
k
l
k
l
l l l
V V V
V V V
b a
z y x
z y x
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,



k
t
l
V

k
t
l
V

k
s
l
V

k
s
l
V

k
s
l
V

3D BEAM ELEMENT
The displacement components are
From (1) & (2) we get
(2)
(3)
z z t s r z
y y t s r y
x x t s r x
0 1
0 1
0 1
) , , (
) , , (
) , , (
=
=
=



k
sz
q
k
k k
k
tz
q
k
k k k
q
k
k
k
sy
q
k
k k
k
ty
q
k
k k k
q
k
k
k
sx
q
k
k k
k
tx
q
k
k k k
q
k
k
V h b
s
V h a
t
z h t s r z
V h b
s
V h a
t
y h t s r y
V h b
s
V h a
t
x h t s r x



= = =
= = =
= = =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2
) , , (
2 2
) , , (
2 2
) , , (
k
s
k
s
k
s
k
t
k
t
k
t
V V V
V V V
0 1
0 1
=
=


3D BEAM ELEMENT
| |
| |
| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c

=
k
z
k
y
k
x
k
q
k
k
i
k
i
k
i k
k
i
k
i
k
i k
k
i
k
i
k
i
r
u
) g ( ) g ( ) g ( h
) g ( ) g ( ) g ( h
(g) (g) (g)
r
h
t
u
s
u
r
u
u
u
u
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
1
1
1

=
=
(
(

q
k
k k
u B
1

q
q
qq

c
where
| |
k
z
k
y
k
x k k k k
w v u u u u u =
Strain displacement relation
and the matrices B
k
,k=1,..,q, together constitute the matrix B,
| |
q
B B B . . . .
1
=
3D BEAM ELEMENT
Jacobian Transformation
( )
(
(
(
(

=
0
0
0
2

0 0
0 0
0 0
-
-
-
k
sx
k
sy
k
sx
k
sz
k
sy
k
sz
k
k
V V
V V
V V
b
g
c
c
=
c
c
1
J
x

( )
(
(
(
(

=
0
0
0
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
-
-
-
k
tx
k
ty
k
tx
k
tz
k
ty
k
tz
k
k
V V
V V
V V
a
g
( ) ( ) ( )
k
ij
k
ij
k
ij
g t g s g + =
3D BEAM ELEMENT
Strain displacement relation
Where
Stiffness
Load
d
l
DB B
T
}

=
1
1
2
2
K
T
K
T
f d
l
N B f + =
}

1
1
2
2

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c

k
z
k
y
k
x
k
q
k
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
u
) (G ) (G ) (G
r
h
J
) (G ) (G ) (G
r
h
J
) (G ) (G ) (G
r
h
J
z
u
y
u
x
u
u
u
u
1
3 3 3
1
31
2 2 2
1
21
1 1 1
1
11
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1



( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
k
k
mi n
k
mi n
k
k
mi n
k
in
h g J g J
r
h
g J Gm
1
3
1
2
1
1


+ +
c
c
=
STIFFNESS MATRIX
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
GJ
L
GJ
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
AE
L
AE
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
GJ
L
GJ
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
AE
L
AE
K
e
4
0 0
6
0 0
2
0 0
6
0 0
0
4
0 0
6
0 0
2
0 0
6
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6
0 0
12
0 0
6
0 0
12
0 0
0
6
0 0
12
0 0
6
0 0
12
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
0 0
6
0 0
4
0 0
6
0 0
0
2
0 0
6
0 0
4
0 0
6
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6
0 0
12
0 0
6
0 0
12
0
0
6
0 0
12 6
0 0
12
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
2 2
2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
2 2
2 2
2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
-
- -
- - -


THREE MOMENT EQUATION
THREE MOMENT EQUATION
(Developed by clapeyron)
Continuity condition
Equating the above equations
Using second moment-area theorem
R
C R
L
C L
L L
tan tan
A
=
A
R R
R R
L L
L L
R
R
R
C
R
R
L
L
L
L
L
EI L
A x
EI L
A x
M
EI
L
M
EI
L
EI
L
M
EI
L 6 6
2 = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = A
L L L L C L L L
L
C L
L M L L M L A x
EL 2
1
3
1
2
1
3
2 1
tan
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = A
R R R R C R R R
R
C R
L M L L M L A x
EL 2
1
3
1
2
1
3
2 1
tan
THREE MOMENT THEOREM
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + + +
2
2 2
1
1 1
2 2 1 1
6 ) ( 2
L
x A
L
x A
L M L L M L M
C B A
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
6 2
I L
x A
I L
x A
I
L
M
I
L
I
L
M
I
L
M
C B A