trSw(

f 5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckep

S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

vpfb&,f'rD u
kd a&pD ESihf twGi;f tEW&m,fEpS yf g;
&JE,
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,ck 21&mpk yxrq,fpkESpfrSm urBmh'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;twGuf tm;
wufaysmf&$ifp&m odyfr&SdvSyg? +yD;cJhwJh 20&mpk aemufqHk; ESpftpdwftwGif;rSm urBmhtESH@
'Drdkua&pDwdk;wufr_ pef;yGifhr_awG ruHzl;atmif &SdcJhayr,fhvnf;/ tck&mpkopftprSm
awmh 'Drdkua&pDvqkwf&ufawGeJ@ pdwfysufzG,ftwd jzpfae&ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDysHESH@r_awG
taiG@ys,o
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kd a&pD qkw,
f w
k u
f sqif;r_ t&dyt
f a,mifawGuakd wmif jrifawG@vm
=u&ygw,f?
&mpkopftprSm 2000ckEpS f qmbD;,m;&J bl;'dZk m (bulldozer)/ 2003 a*sm*sD
,m&J ESif;qD/ 2004 ,lu&def;&J vdarRmf/ 2005 um*spfpwefu usL;vpfyf(tulip) qdkwJh
aoG;rxGuaf om ta&mifawmfveS af &; (colour revolution) atmifyaJG wGjzifh 'Dru
kd a&pD
ar#mfvifhcsuf a&mifjcnfoef;cJhygao;w,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'DEdkifiHawGrSmudkyJ aemufydkif;
pdwfysufp&mawGu wyHkwyif ay:xGufvmygw,f?
wzufu tm%m&Sit
f pd;k &awGuvnf; twdu
k t
f cHrsm;eJ@ t&yfbuf vl@tzG@J
tpnf;rsm;twGuf v_yf&Sm;cGifae&m (space) rSefor# tukefydwfqdk@vm+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDudk
aemufjyefdkufcsufawG/ jyefwGef;r_awG (backlash pushback) ydkvkyf vm=uygw,f?
'gudkyJ ynm&Sif vm&D'dkif;rGef;u wurBmvHk; pD;yGm;a&;xdkif;r_dif;usqif;r_
pum;vH;k udk ,lo;kH &if; 'Dru
kd a&pD xdik ;f r_id ;f usqif;r_ (democratic recession) umvvd@k
zGifhqdkygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDae&mrSm tm%m&Sifrsm; yJhudkifwJh t&if;&Sif (authoritarian
capitalism) pepfwpfck acgif;axmifvmaew,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
1990 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wkef;u tm%m&Siftpdk;&awGudk 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;
ajymif; zefwD;ay;r,fh =um;cHtajctaewpfcktjzpf EdkifiHa&;ynm&Sifrsm;u jrifcJh=uyg
ao;w,f? t"du uawmh xdkif0rf/ awmifudk&D;,m; pwJh tpdk;&ydkif;u pajymif;vmwJh
tm&Susm;awG&J yHkpHawGa=umifhvdk@ qdk&ygr,f? aemufydkif;awmh wkwf/ k&Sm;eJ@ ta&S
tv,fydkif;u tm%m&SifEdkifiHawGrSm tpdk;&awGu tm%mudk ydkuspfuspfqkyfxm;Edkifzdk@/
tm%m&Sifpepf qufvuf&Sifoefzdk@ aemufqHk;ay: enf;ynmaygif;pHk oHk;vmygw,f?
vuf&SdtajctaerSm tm%m&SifawGu rmrmxefxefkef;uGae=uovdk/ 'Drdk
ua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;tzdk@vnf; tE W&m,fcvkwfuefoif;awGudk trsm;}uD;ausmfv$m;
=u&ygOD;r,f? qdk&&if ,cktcg tm%m&Sifrsm;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom;rsm;t=um;
tm;ydifyGJawGu ydkonf;xef+yD; ynmom; ykdygvmaeygw,f?
19

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw(
f 5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckep
S f

od@k aomf ta=umif;aumif;wmu 'Dvkd 'Dru

kd a&pDtaD ewJh umvqd;k }uD;yifjzpf
vifhupm; tcdkiftrmwnf&Sd+yD;om; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm; tm%m&SifpepfqD jyefOD;vSnfh
roGm;jcif;ygyJ? txl;ojzifh *sD'DyDt& wpfOD;csif;0ifaiGjrifhEdkifiHrsm;Y 'Drdkua&pDu }uHhckdif
aeqJyg? 'Drdkua&pDudk wpfurBmvHk; rusifhoHk;Edkifao;onfhwdkif 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfr_yHkpHeJ@
'Drdku&ufwpf tifpwDusK;&Sif;awGudkawmh tpm;xdk;zG,fr&Sd vufcHae=u&ygao;w,f?
b,fvt
kd aetxm;rSmyJjzpfjzpf 'Dru
kd a&pD&J w&m;0ifry_ pkH u
H akd wmh tm%m&Sif
rsm;yifv#if ay:wifrjiif;0Hhwm/ vufcHxm;&wmawG&Sdygw,f? 20 &mpktwGif;rSmvnf;
taemufuvmwJh jynfolvlxktwGuf jynfolvlxkua&G;cs,fwJh tpdk;&yHkpHudk rwfpf0g'/
pwmvif&J qdkAD,uf/ armf&J wkwf/ umpxdk&J usL;bm;eJ@ qef'DeDpwm&J eDum&m*Gg
wdk@rSmawmif tyfa=umif;xyfatmif ajymcJh aqG;aEG;cJh=u&ygw,f?
uae@ 'Drdku&ufwpfurBmrSmudkyJ k&Sm;/ wkwf/ tD&ef tpdk;&rsm;&Jvdkif;udk
ay:ay:wifwif axmufcHr_ay;wmrsKd;u &Sm;ygw,f? tJ'DEdkifiHrsm;tay: udkifwG,fwJh
taemufeJ@ tar&duefay:vpDawGudk rESpfcdufvdk@ a0zef&ifom &Sdr,f? 'Drdkua&pD&J
tdkif'Dtdkavmf*sDeJ@ w&m;0ifr_yHkpHudkawmh tjywfjiif;cswm &SdcJygw,f?
od@k aomf 'Dru
kd a&pDtyk cf sKyfa&;yHpk [
H m ajcmufjypfuif;awmh r[kwyf g? taemuf
EdkifiHrsm;rSmudk EdkifiHa&;tay: tpmra=uolawGu wpfae@wpfjcm; 'keJ@a';yg? txl;ojzifh
EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;&J avmfrmjcpm;r_awGudk txifao;vm&if;u 'Drdku&ufwpf tifpwD
usK;&Si;f awGtay: ,H=k unfra_ vsmu
h svmygw,f? aumfyakd &;&Si;f awGu Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGe@J
Edik if aH &;orm;awGukd ud;udik cf s,v
f ,
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f m;w,f? tvkyv
f ufr/hJ vGwv
f yfaom ukeo
f ,
G f
r_/ obm0ywf0ef;usiu
f pd aP wGrmS tpd;k &tkycf sKyfrr_ vdw
k hJ rif;rJ0h g' (anarchism) txd
acgif;pOfjyefwif aqG;aEG;ajymqdkvmwmawG &Sdygw,f?
'Dvdktaetxm;rSmudkyJ 'Drdkua&pD[m tpm;xdk;zG,fr&Sdjzpfaeao;w,f?
+Adwdo# eef;&if;0ef 0ifpwefcsmcsD ajymzl;wmawmh &Sdygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD[m tqdk;qHk;
tpdk;&yHkpH jzpfEdkifyg&J/ 'gayr,fh tjcm;tpdk;&yHkpHtm;vHk;uawmh ol@xuft&if wcsdef+yD;
wcsdef urf;ukefatmif qdk;cJh=u+yD;om; vdk@ qdkcJhwmyg?
'ga=umifh tck q,fpEk pS o
f ;kH ckavmuftwGi;f tHrh cef;wd;k wufvmwJh wkwyf pkH H
[m toGiu
f ;l ajymif;p Edik if rH sm;twGuf oifcef;pm&,lp&mrsm;ayr,f/h pH yHpk H trSev
f rf;
a=umif;rsKd;awmh r[kwfyg? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGtaeeJ@vnf; bufjyefacguf+yD; wkwfyHkpH
vdkufwkp&m bmta=umif;rsKd;rS r&Sdyg? 'Drdkua&pD qef;vmbfaumif;csdef r[kwfvdk@awmh
wygwDtm%m&Sift&if;&SifyHkpHqD jyefoGm;p&m rvdktyfyg?
vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD 'dGobm0
'Dru
kd a&pD&J vuf&adS qmif&u
G Ef ikd rf _ taetxm;/ t&nftaoG;tay: wurBm
20

trSw(
f 5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckep
S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

vHk; tm;&auseyfr_ odyfr&Sd=ubl;qdkwm rSefygw,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf urBmh'Drdkua&pD

wnf+rJa&; a&Sc&D;twGuf armf'ef'rD u
kd a&pD&J oabmobm0udk jyefajc&maumufxm;
rdzdk@ vdktyfygr,f?
'Drdkua&pDrSm _yfaxG;&Snfvsm;wJh ordkif;a=umif;eJ@ t,ltq&Sdygw,f? a&S;*&d
a0g[m& &if;jrpftqdkt& 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm jynfolvlxk&Jtkyfpdk;r_ (odk@) tm%m
(the rule or power of the people) ygy?J ,ae@ acwfydif zGiq
hf ckd sut
f &awmh vGwv
f yf
r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJuae rJtEdkif&oltrsm;pk&J pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfr_ (the rule of the
majority) udk qdv
k ykd gw,f?
odk@aomf tEdkif&ol trsm;pktkyfcsKyfjcif;[m rsufarSmufacwf 'Drdkua&pDudk
rxif[yfbl;vdk@vnf; ,lq=uygw,f? [pfwvm&J emZD*smr%DeJ@ tD&efu oDtdkua&pD
tpdk;&rsm;[m vlxk&JaxmufcHr_ ykHatm&cJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? rJ 51 &mcdkifE_ef;&&Sdol
vltrsm;pku usef 49 &mE_ef;udk ESdyfpufowfjzwfcGifh&r,fhyHkpHudk 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vdk@
b,fvdkac:EdkifrvJ?
uae@ 'Dru
kd a&pDtpd;k &vd@k ajymqd&k nf!e$ ;f wJt
h cg/ vlwOD;csi;f tcGit
hf a&;rsm;eJ@
vlenf;pktcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk tumtuG,af y;Edik w
f hJ tpd;k &udk qdv
k ykd gw,f? wenf;qd&k &if
tpdk;&[m EdkifiHom;rsm;&J wOD;csif;ydkifcGifh vpfbmwDrsm;udk tmrcHay;&ygr,f? 'DtmrcH
Edkifr_awGudkvnf; w&m;0ifa&;om;xm;wJh tajccHOya'rSm xnfhoGif;azmfjy=u&ygr,f?
'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm tpdk;&&JtkyfcsKyfr_tm%mudk uef@owfxm;&r,f? tpdk;&
udk Oya'eJ@tnD tkyfcsKyfr_ (the rule of law) &Sdatmif xdef;csKyfxm;&ygr,f? tJ'D
'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD (odk@) tajccHOya'eJ@ tkyfcsKyfaom 'Drdkua&pD
(constitutional democracy) vdk@ ac:ygw,f?
vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDrSm wpfckeJ@wpfckqufEG,faewJh tydkif;ESpfydkif;&Sdygw,f?
vpfbmwDqdkwJh vlwOD;csif;tcGifhta&;rsm; (individual rights) eJ@ rJtEdkif&ol vltrsm;
pdk;rdk;r_ (majority rule) wdk@ygyJ? vpfb&,feJ@'Drdkua&pD ESpfydkif;aygif;pyfxm;ygw,f?
oDtdk&Daum vufawG@rSmyg aygif;pyfajymwm usifhoHk;wm&Sdovdk/ cGJjcm;ajymwm usifhoHk;
wmawG &Sdygw,f?
armf'ef'Drdkua&pDrwdkifrD rdjyEdkifiHi,fav;awGrSm 'Drdkua&pD&Sdayr,fh wOD;csif;
tcGit
hf a&;tumtuG,af y;r,fh vpfb&,fr&Syd g? vpfb&,fr&Sv
d @kd *&dynm&Sif aqmhu
a&;wD;[m 'Dru
kd a&pDrdjyEdik if w
H pfcrk mS tqdycf u
G u
f akd omuf tqH;k pD&ifc&H wm jzpfw,f?
'Drdkua&pD&Sdyg&J vpfb&,fr&dS?
tajccHOya'eJ@oGm;wJh Oa&myu oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifpepftcsKdusawmh vpfb
&,f&Sdw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD r&Sdygbl;? +Adwdo#udkvdkeDtkyfpdk;r_atmufrSmaecJhwkef;u a[mif
aumifq&kd ifvnf; wOD;csi;f vpfb&,ftrsm;}uD; &&Sad yr,fh tpd;k &tkycf sKyfa&;rSm 0ifygciG /hf
21

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw(
f 5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckep
S f

'Drdkua&pD,E W&m;vnfywfcGifh r&=uygbl;?

'gayr,fh 'Duae@urBmrSm rJtEdkif&oltrsm;pk pdk;rdk;r_eJ@ vlwOD;csif;tcGifhta&;
umuG,fr_/ vlenf;pktcGifhta&;umuG,fr_[m twdkiftazmufnDnD oGm;&ygr,f? yHkrSef
usi;f ywJh vGwv
f yfr#wwJh a&G;aumufyrJG sm;u wufvmr,fh rJtrsm;&ol tkycf sKyfo[
l m
wOD;csif;tcGifhta&;udk ydkrdkapmifha&Smuf tumtuG,fay;Edkif&ygr,f? 'Duae@tcg
ajym=uwJh 'Drdkua&pD[m rJ&olvltrsm;pk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfEdkifcGifhudkom qdkvdkwm r[kwfyg?
wOD;csif;tcGifhta&; vlenf;pktcGifhta&; umuG,fr,fh vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD (odk@)
tajccHOya'eJ@tnDoGm;r,fh 'Drdkua&pDudk qdkvdkygw,f?
'ga=umifh armf'ef'Drdkua&pD[m 'Gdobm0&Sdygw,f? wbufu rJ&oltrsm;pk
u tkyfcsKyfr_ (popular rule) &Sdr,f? tjcm;wbufrSmu wOD;csif;tcGifhta&; vlenf;pk
tcGifhta&; rcsKd;azmufa&;qdkwJh trsm;pkv$rf;rdk;r_udk qef@usifwJh t*Fg&yfrsm; (antimajoritarian features) &Sdaer,f? tJ'D vm;&mqef@usifbuf rsKd;uGJobm0ESpfck
aygif;pyfxm;wJh tpdk;&yHkpH[m acwfopf vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDygyJ?
vlxktusKd;y0g'
vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD[m rJ&oltrsm;pk v$rf;rdk;tkyfcsKyfa&;uwpfbuf/ wOD;
csif; tcGifhta&; vlenf;pktcGifhta&;uwpfbuf tJ'D ESpfbuf=um; atmifjrifwJh r#ajc
&Sdatmif xdef;zdk@ vdktyfygr,f? odk@aomf tJ'Dr#ajcudk zsufqD;ypfEdkifwJh ta=umif;w&m;
ESpfyg; &Sdygw,f?
yxr wpfcsufuawmh wOD;csif;tcGifhta&;eJ@ vlenf;pktcGifhta&;awGudk
tumtuG,fay;zdk@ ysufuGufwJh 'Drdkua&pDrsKd;ygyJ? ta[mtajymaumif;aumif;eJ@ rJ
trsm;qH;k &+yD; atmufajcvlxt
k usK;d &nfar#mv
f yk rf ,fqw
kd hJ ay: jyLvpfZif(populism)
[m vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDudk ysufjym;apwwfygw,f? 'kwd,wpfcsufu wOD;csif;tcGifh
ta&; tvGeftu|Hawmif;/ trsm;pkrJudkqef@usifwJh tpGef;a&mufA[k0g' (radical
pluralism) uvnf; 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&,E W&m;eJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk ysufjym;apygr,f?
t&ifq;kH twGi;f tE &W m,fwpfyg;jzpfwhJ ay: jyLvpfZifudk aqG;aEG;csiyf gw,f?
ay: jyLvpfZif&J &nf&G,fcsufu omrefatmufajcvlxkawG&J tusKd;udk aqmif&Gufay;
zd@k jzpfw,f? ay: jyLvpfZif[m q,fu
h ;kd &mpk aESmif;ydik ;f avmufuwnf;u &Scd +hJ yD;/ ESpq
f ,f
&mpk&J vufwiftar&du ygwDawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ay: jyLvpf0g'D vufudkifyolawG
vdk@ qdkygw,f?
'Duae@ jyefvnfazmfaqmifaeolrsm;uawmh AifeZD v
JG m;u [l*ckd smAwf/ ol@ukd
twkcdk;wJh bdkvDAD;,m;u tDAdkarmfa&;eJ@ tDuGma'gu &mz,faumfa&;&m;wdk@ygyJ? Oa&my
rSmawmh vuf,mygwD EdkifiHa&;orm;awGjzpfwJh =op}wD;,m;u a,mf[dkuf'g/ jyifopfu
22

trSw(
f 5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckep
S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

*|erf mvDyef;wd@k u ay: jyLvpfawGyg? xdik ;f Edik if u

H ywfomG ;wJh 0ef}uD;csKyf oufqif&eDS m
0gx&mudkvnf; ay: jyLvpfvdk@ orkwf=uygw,f?
ay: jyLvpfZifqw
kd m tcGix
hf ;l cHa&ay:qD vl@rvdik t
f yk pf u
k kd qef@usi+f yD;/ omref
atmufajcvlxk&J tusKd;pD;yGg;/ ,Ofaus;r_eJ@ cHpm;csufwdk@udk azmfaqmifay;wJh EdkifiHa&;
v_y&f mS ;r_jzpfygw,f? ay: jyLvpfawG[m w&m;0iftm%m&zd@k twGuf atmufajcvlxu
k kd
pkkH;odrf;oGif;jcif;/ jynfvHk;u|wfqENcH,ljcif;awGeJ@ vlxk'Drdkua&pDatmf+yD; trsm;pkrJ
&atmif vkyfaqmifygw,f? odk@aomf olwdk@tm%m&wJhtcg wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pktcGifh
ta&;awGudk *krpdkuf/ tpdk;&tzGJ@tay: uef@owfxdef;csKyfr_ (checks and balances)
r&Sdawmhatmif jzpfukefygw,f?
'ga=umifh ay: jyLvpfZif[m 'Dru
kd a&pDukd ud,
k pf m;yayr,fh vpfb&,fvpfZif
eJ@ tajccHOya'udkawmh ypfy,f xif&mpdkif;vmcsifygw,f? Oy"dkyfaumif;aumif;eJ@
usatmif a[majymwJh [D;dk;rsm;u 'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ@ tm%m&vmayr,fh wOD;csif;
tcGifhta&;udk acgif;xJrxnfhbJ vGwfxGufoGm;=uygw,f? atmufajcynmrJhawGudk
pnf;kH;+yD; olwdk@ =oZmt&Sdeft0g}uD;vmwmeJ@tr# vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDtwGuf uHqdk;
rdk;arSmifusoGm;ygr,f?
tpGef;a&muf A[k0g'
vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDudk rwnfr+idrf jzpfapEdkifwJh 'kwd,tcsufuawmh A[k
0g' udk,fwdkifyJ jzpfygw,f? A[k0g' (pluralism) qdkwm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; vlrsKd;
wpfrsKd; tkyfpk}uD;wpfpk ygwD}uD;wpfck&J Akdvfusr_ {uoabmudk a&Smif&Sm;+yD;/ vlrsKd;pHk
bmompHk EdkifiHa&;0g'pHk +idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJ aexdkifr_udk qdkvdkygw,f? wenf;ajym
&&if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; pD;yGm;a&;zGHzd;wdk;wufr_uaewqifh ,Ofaus;r_ya'ompHk
o[Zmw jzpfzdk@ tav;xm;wJh0g' jzpfygw,f?
od@k aomf +yD;cJw
h hJ q,fpEk pS af wGrmS vlenf;pkawGu ud,
k ,
hf Ofaus;r_tarGa[mif;
awG dk;&mtpOfvma[mif;awGudk tvGeftu|H jyefwifzufwG,fvm=uygw,f? acwfeJ@
tH0ifaygif;pyf,lzdk@ rud;pm;bJ vlenf;pktcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk tpGef;a&mufA[k0g'
(radical pluralism) tjzpf azmfaqmifvmygw,f? tJ'D rlrrSew
f hJ tpGe;f a&muf a&Sm@cf
u vpfb&,ftwGufa&m 'Drdkua&pDtwGufyg tE W&m,f}uD;ygw,f?
,Ofaus;r_udpP dk;&mtarGa[mif;zufwG,fa&;udpP aZmif;ay;vGef;wJh tpGef;
a&muf tkyfpkwpfpk tiftm;}uD;xGm;vm&if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;u tjcm;vlrsKd;pkawG
wOD;csif;tcGifhta&;awGeJ@ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifyGJawG wef;pDxGufvmygr,f? 'g@xuf tpGef;
a&muf vlrsK;d pkupd P wifveG ;f wm[m 'Dru
kd a&pDenf;us a&G;cs,rf ,fh jynfo@l tpd;k & (selfgovernment) tajccHtkwfjrpfawGudkyg csdeJ@oGm;apwwfygw,f?
23

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw(
f 5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckep
S f

oufao om"u aumif;awGuawmh abmhZeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*dkAD;em;rSm

'Drdkua&pDxlaxmifzdk@ud;pm;&if; awGuHcJh&wJh aoG;acsmif;pD;r_awGygyJ? vlrsKd;pk}uD;u
zdESdyfvmwJhtcgrSm/ oHo,pdwfawG}uD;vm+yD; b,fae&ma&mufa&muf t+rJcGJxGufzdk@
ud;pm;wJh tpGe;f a&muftpPvmrftyk pf rk sK;d awG ay:xGuv
f mygw,f? Zmwdyn
k a[mif;awG
&Gwfzwfo&Z,f zufwG,f=u&if; udk,fhzmom acsmifydwfrd+yD; acwfeJ@rsufajcjywf
usef&pf=uygw,f?
vpfb&,frJh 'Drdkua&pD
tpGe;f a&muf tpPvmrftyk pf rk sm;uvGv
J @kd rJtEdik &f oltrsm;pk&J tpd;k &zGJ ydik cf iG hf
udk 'Duae@ ajAmifjiif;qdw
k mrsK;d awmh r&Sv
d @kd q&kd ygr,f? od@k aomf ppfat;acwf+yD;uwnf;u
'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&; 'Dbdwftay: tajcwifajymqdkr_awG &Sdvmygw,f?
txl;ojzifh vGwfvyfr#wwJha&G;aumufyGJuae ay:xGufvmwwfwJh vpf
b&,fr'hJ rD u
kd a&pD (illiberal democracy) udyk g? Eke,fwhJ toGiu
f ;l ajymif;p 'Dru
kd a&pD
EdkifiHawGrSm vGwfvyfr#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJu wufvmwJh acgif;aqmifrsm;[m wOD;csif;
tcGifhta&; vlrsKd;pktcGifhta&;rsm;eJ@ tajccHOya'rsm;udk azmufzsufypfwwfygw,f?
vpfb&,frJh 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzpfygw,f? [pfwvmwdk@ rDvdkqDApf wkd@[m
a&G;aumufyGJjynfol@rJtjywftowfeJ@ wufvmolrsm;jzpf+yD; wOD;csif;tcGifhta&;
vpfb&,f vpfvsK_olrsm;ygyJ?
tjcm;wbufu taumif;jrif=unfh&ifvnf; 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;zdk@
ud;pm;wJhEdkifiHawGrSm vGwfvyfr#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJjzpfatmif t&ifvkyf&rSmyJjzpfyg
w,f? ta[maumif;ol/ vlxkpdwfqGJv_yfEdkifol/ vlxk=um;aygufol/ acgif;aqmifa[mif;
om;orD;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif pwJholrsm; t&if wmpm;OD;rSmygyJ? 'gawGeJ@t&if
ppfzdeyfatmufu kef;xGufprSm uHawG@jzwfoef;=u&ygOD;r,f?
vpfb&,fvpfZiftwGuf tE &W m,f[m t&ifuvdk ab;uvmr,fh uGejf rLepf
0g'rsKd;xuf/ ol@twGif;u ay: jyLvmvpfZifeJ@ tvGeftu|HA[k0g'rsKd;awGu vmygr,f?
odk@aomf yHkrSefusif;ywJh 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJawGeJ@ rdrdudk,fjyefjyif jyefoEdkifwJhpepf
self-correcting mechanism jzpfwmrd@k a&&Snrf mS wOD;csi;f vpfb&,ftcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk
tumtuG,fay;Edkifaumif;ygw,f? vpfb&,frsm;uvnf; 'Drdkua&pDuae vlvGefr
om;rsm; ay:xGufrvmatmif apmifh=unfhxdef;csKyfzdk@ tm;xkwf=u&ygr,f?
&nf!$ef;
Populism, Pluralism, and Liberal Democracy by Marc F. Plattner
Democratic Recession by Larr Diamond

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