Tr li nhanh TN ha sinh

Lu : cc phn in nghing l phn s ra cu hi trc nghim.

2012

PHN TRC NGHIM (7) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Ha sinh gm: ha sinh ng v ha sinh tnh. Ha sinh lm sng t mi lin quan: cu trc v chc nng ca cc phn t sinh hc. Cc nguyn t chnh trong c th: C, H2, O2, N2, Ca, chim 97,5% thn trng. Cc nguyn t vi lng: Mn, Si, F, Zn u tham gia cu to cc HCVC v HCHC Nc c 2 dng: nc t do v nc kt hp. HCVC chim 4-5% thn trng. Mui VC rn ko ion ha nm trong cc m xng, rng. Mui VC trong DD c khong gian bo & cc dch di dng ha tan. Glucid c 3 nguyn t chnh: C, H2, O2. C tn: hydrat cacbon, n v:monosaccarit. Protit l HCHC cha nit, n v : axit amin. Glucit :1-15%, lipit : 3-10%, Protit : 15-20%. Glucit c chia lm 3 loi.:monosaccarit, oligosaccarit, polisaccarit. Monosaccarit khng b thy phn VD in hnh l glucoz. Oligosaccarit gm 2-10 monosaccarit ni vi nhau =lin kt glucosid. Oligosaccarit c chia thnh: disaccarit, trisaccarit, tetrasaccarit. Saccaroz l 1 VD disaccarit. Polisaccarit gm 2 nhm : thun v tp. Polisaccarit thun gm nhiu ose cng loi. VD : tinh bt. Glucid tham gia cu to axit nucleic. Vi ngi, ng vt, Gluxit chim 2%W kh, l ngun cung cp NL ch yu, tham gia cu to TB. Vi thc vt, glucit chim 80-90%W kh. Erytrose l sn phm thoi ha trung gian ca gluxit trong cc m nng TV, V.

23.
24. 25. 26. 27.

Hexose l loi monosacacrit hay gp nhiu nht.

Glucoz hay gp ng nho, dch sinh vt, cc m.

Galactoz gp ng sa, dch nhy, to lipit tp.

Fructoz cn gi l ng qu.

Mannoz c trong mt s qu, tham gia cu to nhm ngoi ca albumin, globulin. Monosaccarit d tan trong nc tr gluxit c phn t ln (tinh bt).
Monosaccarit tc dng alcol to lin kt glucosid. Monosaccarit tc dng axit to este. Saccaroz = 2 mono : a glucoz +b fructoz. C nhiu trong ma, c ci ng. Lactoz=a glucoz + b glactoz c trong sa.

28.
29. 30. 31. 32.

1
Ds.vantan

Tr li nhanh TN ha sinh
33. Maltoz = a glucoz+ b glucoz c trong mm la.

2012

34.
35.

Cng thc th tinh bt: (C6H10O5)n.

Tinh bt khi thy phn hon ton cho glucoz.

36.
37. 38.

Tinh bt gm 2 phn: amyloz 12-25% v amylopectin 75-85%.(ko cn nh s).

Glycozen l glucit d tr ca ngi v V. Celluloz l thnh phn ch yu ca m nng TV.

39.

Mucopolysaccarit(poli tp) c trong t chc lin kt, cc m nng (xng, sn),dch nhy ca d dy,

thc qun.
40. 41. Glucopolysaccarit(poly tp) cu to nn mng t bo sinh vt, mng hng cu. i vi ngi v v NL c cung cp ch yu l do qu trnh chuyn ha gluxit.

42. 43. 44. 45.

S tiu ha gluxit xy ra mnh v hon ton rut non. S thoi ha gluxit gm 3 giai on, 14 khu phn ng, xy ra TB cht. Oxi ha hon ton 1 phn t glucoz sinh ra 38 ATP
Trong iu kin ym kh khi c hot ng nhiu, ko O2,.....Pyuvat ko th tip tc oxi ha trong chu trnh

Kreps m b kh thnh Lactate v sinh ra 2 ATP.

46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.

S tng hp glycozen t glucoz nh 2 enzym: glycozen synthase v enym to nhnh.. Phn hy glycozen nh 2 enzym: photphorylase (ct ni glucoxid 1-4), enzyme ct nhnh(1-6). Khi lo lng, s hi, lnh lm tng tit adrenalin nn tng ng huyt.
Lng ng huyt bnh thng: 4,6-6,4 mmol/l. Lipit l este ca alcol v axit bo, cu to gm 3 nguyn t chnh l C, H,O Lipit thun l este ca alcol v axit bo, VD : glycerid. Lipit tp ngoi alcol v axit bo cn c amin, sulfat, photphas.

Lipit l cht cung cp nhiu nng lng nht.

Trong mu lipit tn ti di dng lipo-protein.

Acit bo l monoaxit bc cao c t 4C tr ln.

Axit bo bo ha, l axit bo no, ch c lin kt n, c V. Axit bo khng bo ha, l axit bo ko no, c lin kt n, i, c TV. Glycerit l este ca glycerol v axit bo. Glycerit l cht ko tan trong nc, nu cha axit bo no th c gi l m, cha axit bo ko no th lng

gi l du.

60. 61.

Cerit(li-thuan) l este ca axit bo+alcol, c dch tit V. Sterit l este ca axit bo vi 1 alcol vng. Trong c th c 1sterol quan trng l cholesterone. Cholesterone

nu ng nhiu thnh mch gy x va ng mch hay gp ngi gi.

62. 63.

Lecithin l li-tp c vai tr quan trng trong chuyn ha m gan. S tiu ha lipit nh enzym lipase ty tng.

2
Ds.vantan

Tr li nhanh TN ha sinh
64. 65. 66.
Cc th ceton ca lipit gm 3 cht : ax acetoacetic, ax butyric v aceton. Cc th ceton c tnh axit cao, khi nng tng cao c th hn m do tng axit mu.

2012

Khi nhn i ko di hoc tiu ng nng, c th khng s dng c ngun nng lng t glucit, c s

tng huy ng axit bo v gan do thiu insulin.

67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.

S tng hp axit bo no xy ra mnh m m, gan, nim mc rut. Qu trnh sinh tng hp axit bo ty thuc nhp thnh lp triglycerit v photphoglycerit. Sinh tng hp tryglycerit xy ra mnh m gan v m m. sinh tng hp photpholipit xy ra ch yu gan. Cholesterone ngoi do thc n cung cp, th c th cn t tng hp c gan. V sinh l th Cholesterone gim khi n chay, tng khi n nhiu m. V bnh l th cholesterone gim khi thiu dinh dng, gan b tn thng : vim gan, x gan, ng c do

ha cht, thuc.

73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79.

BL :cholesterone tng khi vim da tc mt, bnh ty tng, suy tuyn gip, x va ng mch. Nng cholesterone >250mg/ th c nguy c cao b bnh mch vnh. Protein bao gm nhiu axit amin ni vi nhau bng lin kt peptit.

Protein thun(n gin) l cc protein khi thy phn cho cc aa Albumin v globulin l cc proein thun./ Albumin l protein thun rt ph bin c nhiu lng trng trng. Globulin c nhiu trong mu.
Protamin c t bi sinh dc c. Histon c nhn t bo ng vt. Protein tp (lin hp) trong thnh phn ngoi aa cn c nhng cht gi l cc nhm ngoi : glucit, lipit, ax

nucleic, kim loi.

80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88.

Nucleoprotein l protein tp quan trng nht gm protein v nhm ngoi l ax nucleic. RNA tham gia vo tng hp protein. Chromoprotein l protein tp bao gm protein+nhm ngoi l cht mu. Glucoprotein l protein tp c nhm ngoi l glucit. Lipoprotein l protein tp c ngha trong vic bo m tnh thm ca mng t bo. Photphoprotein c nhm ngoi l axit photphoric cht i din l casein (sa).

Metaloprotein l phc hp ca protein vi 1 kim loi, nh ferritin cha st

Phn loi theo hnh dng th protein c : protein cu v protein si.

Protein cu l nhng protein c kch thc chiu di/chiu ngang < 10.v d nh cc protein l enzym v

nhng protein huyt thanh. 89. Protein si l nhng protein c kch thc chiu di/chiu ngang > 10.v d nh keratin ca tc, mng vut

v collagen ca t chc lin kt. 90. 91. 92. 93.

Cc lin kt peptit quyt nh cu trc bc 1.

Cu trc bc 2 do cc lin kt hydro quyt nh.

Cu trc xon a :protein c cu trc xon a l a-keratin. Cu trc gp np b :protein c cu trc gp np b in hnh l b-keratin ca tc.

3
Ds.vantan

Tr li nhanh TN ha sinh
94. 95. 96. 97.
Cu trc bc 3 l cu trc khng gian 3 chiu ca phn t protein. Cht c cu trc bc 3 : myosin, trypsin. Protein c cu trc bc 4 in hnh l hemoglobin c 4 chui polipeptit.

2012

Protein c tnh cht lng tnh, nu cho dng in 1 chiu chy qua dung dch protein, nhng ion protein s

di chuyn ti cc cc tri du.

98. 99.

Protein cu trc tham gia cu to m lin kt, hnh thnh khung xng, cu to c th ngi nh collagen. Nucleotit=nucleoxit + H3PO4

100. Nucleotit l nhng hp cht sinh hc tham gia vo cc qu trnh chuyn ha ca t bo. Chng l phng tin d tr v vn chuyn nng lng. iu quan trng phi k n l nucleotit chnh l cc thnh phn cu to nn axit nucleic. 101. Cc lc tham gia hnh thnh cu trc phn t ca axit nucleic ging nh cc lc tham gia bnh n cu trc
phn t protein.

102. Lin kt k nc ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic duy tr cu trc n nh ca ADN. 103. ARN vn chuyn chim khong 15% tng s ARN ca t bo. 104. rARN chim khong 80% tng s ARN ca t bo. 105. mARN chim khong 5% tng s arn ca t bo.MARN l cht trc tiip mang thng tin di truyn t nhn
n riboxm bo tng.

106. Sn phm thoi ha baz purin ngi v ng vt c tay l axit urc c thi qua nc tiu . 107. Sn phm thoi ha pyrimidin l ur. 108. Axit uric tng trong : ch n giu purin, ung ru, ngi tha cn, stress, sng thuc aspirin, thiazid,
furosemid.

109. Axit uric gim trong : tr em, ch n t purin, ph n c thai. 110. C bnh gout khi lng axit trong mu tng cao >10%. 111. Qu trnh thoi ha pyrimidin xy ra ch yu gan. 112. Chc nng chnh ca hemoglobin l vn chuyn O2 t phi n t chc v CO2 & H+ t t chc v phi. 113. HbA1 : a2Ab2A chim 98% tng lng hemoglobin ngi trng thnh. 114. HbA2: a2Ao2A chim 2% tng lng hb. 115. Hb kt hp thun nghch vi O2 v ph thuc vo H+, DPG, CO2, nhit .(K). 116. Mt phn t Hb kt hp v vn chuyn c 4 phn t O2. 117. Methemoglobin(oxh Hb) khng c kh nng vn chuyn O2. 118. ng dng tnh cht enzyme Hb c hot tnh peroxidase tm mu trong nc tiu. 119. Hb c kh nng m 50%. 120. Tt c cc m u c kh nng tng hp Hb tr hng cu trng thnh do thiu ty th. 121. Gan v ty xng l 2 c quan to ra nhiu Hb nht.

4
Ds.vantan

Tr li nhanh TN ha sinh

2012

122. Qu trnh tng hp Hb bt u v kt thc u xy ra trong ty th, tuy nhin giai on gia li xy ra trong
bo tng.

123. Nhng sai st v s lng chui globin hay t l cc chui globin trong hemoglobin gi l bnh thalassemia. 124. Khi c ri lon chuyn ha hemoglobin v bilirubin s gy triu chng vng da. 125. Vng da trc gan-bnh mc phi: st rt, st xut huyt, nhim trng. 126. Vng da ti gan-bnh mc phi: vim gan do virus, x gan, ung th gan. 127. Vng da sau gan: gp trong tc nghn ng dn mt do si mt, ung th u ty, hch to chn p ng
mt.

128. Enzyme l cht xc tc sinh hc c bn cht l protit to ra bi c th sng. 129. Enzyme gm 2 phn l trung tm hot ng v nhm ngoi. 130. Trung tm hot ng ca enzyme gm nhng axit amin, thc hin phn ng bin i c cht, tham gia qu
trnh xc tc.

131. C enzyme ch c 1 TTH, c enzyme c nhiu TTH nn 1 phn t enzyme c th xc tc nhiu phn
ng ha hc khc nhau.

132. Nhm ngoi ca enzyme c nhim v cng tc vi enzyme trong qu trnh xc tc, nu thiu n th enzyme
khng hot ng c.

133. C 2 loi nhm ngoi l nhm ngoi gn cht v nhm ngoi d tch. 134. Nhm ngoi gn cht: h enzyme h hp. 135. Nhm ngoi d tch cn gi l coenzyme. 136. Coenzyme oxi ha kh chia lm 5 nhm. Coenzyme vn chuyn chia lm 2 loi. 137. Coenzyme vn chuyn nhm 1 c phn hot ng l lu hunh. 138. Coenzyme vn chuyn nhm 2 c phn hot ng cha d vng. 139. V cu trc ha hc enzyme c chia lm 2 loi: enzyme c cu to protit thun v enzyme c cu to
protit tp.

140. C 5 cch gi tn enzyme. 141. Loi 1: c cht+ase. 142. Loi 2: loi phn ng+ase. 143. Loi 3: c cht+loi phn ng+ase. 144. Loi 5: theo danh php quc t, theo trt t loi-t-nhm-s th t. 145. Enzyme c chia lm 6 nhm:(oxidoreductase-enzyme oxi ha kh, transferase-enzyme vn chuyn
nhm, hydrolase-enzyme thy phn, lyase-enzyme phn ct, isomerase-enzyme ng phn, ligase hay syntetaseenzyme tng hp.

146. Enzyme xc tc cc phn ng ha hc vi 1 tc nhanh nhy. 147. Enzyme lm gim nng lng hot ho nhng n khng to ra phn ng, khng lm thay i chiu phn
ng, ch lm cho phn ng nhanh chng n mc cn bng.

5
Ds.vantan

Tr li nhanh TN ha sinh
148. C cht mun tiu ha c phi gn vo trung tm hot ng.

2012

149. Tc phn ng ca enzyme c xc nh qua (...2...) v s bin i nng coenzyme trong qu trnh
phn ng, trong mt thi gian nht nh.

150. Nu tng nng c cht th tc phn ng tng, khi nng c cht tng ti mc nht nh th tc
phn ng s t ti mc ti a v khng tng na.

151. Nhit lm tng tc phn ng, khi nhit tng ln 100 th tc phn ng tng khong 2 ln. 152. Khi nhit ln ti 60-700 th enzyme mt hot tnh. Nhit thch hp l 400C. 153. a s enzyme hot ng pH=8. 154. Trypsin l enzyme hot ng pH kim (pH=8-9). 155. Pepsin l enzyme hot ng pH axit (1,5-2,5). 156. pH nh ng n trng thi ion ha, c cht, bn vng ca phn t enzyme, 157. Cc cht hot ha c tc dng lm tng hot ng ca enzyme, bin enzyme ko hot ng thnh hot
ng.

158. Cht c ch l cht khi kt hp vi enzyme s lm gim hoc lm mt hot tnh xc tc. 159. Cht c ch enzyme: ion kim loi, anion, cht hu c c hiu, protit. 160. C 2 loi c ch: c ch cnh tranh v c ch khng cnh tranh. 161. Cht c ch cnh tranh lm cho enzyme khng cn kh nng kt hp vi c cht. 162. Cht c ch khng cnh tranh lm mt hot tnh ca enzyme. 163. Tin cht ca enzyme( proenzyme-zymogen):cc enzyme tiu ha thng tn ti di dng proenzyme. 164. Phc hp a enzyme-multienzyme: bao gm nhiu enzyme c lin quan vi nhau trong mt qu trnh
chuyn ha nht nh.

165. Trao i cht gm 2 qu trnh ng ha v d ha. 166. ng ha l qu trnh bin cc phn t hu c c ngun gc khc nhau thnh nhng phn t hu c ring
ca c th.

167. ng ha bao gm cc giai on: tiu ha, hp thu, tng hp. 168. Giai on tiu ha nh cc enzyme thy phn ca dch tiu ha bin cc cc phn t ln:glucit, lipit,
protit...thnh cc n v cu to: ose, axit amin, axit bo...

169. Giai on tng hp cn c nng lng do qu trnh d ha cung cp. 170. D ha l qu trnh phn gii cc cht hu c thnh nhng sn phm cui cng, ng thi o thi cc cht
cn b ra ngoi.

171. D ha to ra nhiu nng lng: mt phn nng lng ta ra di dng nhit(thn nhit), mt phn c d
tr li di dng ATP.

172. Hai qu trnh ng ha v d ha xy ra mt cch lin tc v ng thi, n mu thun....c thc hin nh

s xc tc bi cc enzyme c hiu.

173. H hp t bo l s hp thu O2, v thi CO2, xy ra tng t bo v m.

6
Ds.vantan

Tr li nhanh TN ha sinh
174. H hp t bo cn c gi l chui oxi ha kh sinh vt. 175. Phn ng oxi ha l phn ng trong c mt cht cho in t, 176. Phn ng kh l phn ng trong c mt cht nhn in t, 177. Phn ng oxi ha v phn ng kh bao gi cng i km nhau. 178. S photphoryl ha l s gn mt gc axit photphoric vo 1 phn t cht hu c. 179. Lin kt photphat ngho nng lng, k hiu: -

2012

P P

180. Khi thy phn ct lin kt pp ngho nng lng cho 1000-5000calo. 181. Lin kt photphat giu nng lng, k hiu: ~

182. Khi thy phn ct lin kt pp giu nng lng cho 8000-16000calo, y l loi lin kt lng lo, d ph v. 183. V d lin kt PP giu nng lng: lk acylphotphat, lk enolphotphat, lk photphamit, lk thiophotphat. 184. Cht c lin kt PP giu nng lng nht trong c th l: ATP-khi phn ct cho 12000calo, ADP-cht d tr,
AMP.

185. Trong c th cc cht protit, glucit, lipit thoi ha theo nhiu con ng khc nhau, nhng cc cht u c 1
giai on thoi ha chung l i vng Krebs bt u t acetyl coenzyme A l sn phm thoi ha chung ca 3 cht.

186. Chu trnh Krebs xy ra ty lp th ca t bo. Cht u tin c to thnh l axit citric nn cn gi l chu
trnh Citric.

187. Chu trnh Krebs xy ra qua 8 giai on. 188. Cht ng chu trnh Krebs l axit oxaloaxetic. 189. Tng nng lng gii phng ra sau 1 chu trnh Krebs l 12 ATP cc giai on: 3, 5, 6, 8. 190. Chu trnh Krebs l giai on thoi ha chung, thoi ha cui cng ca 3 cht(L,G,P). 191. Chu trnh Krebs l ni cung cp nng lng, ni xut pht qu trnh sinh tng hp cc cht. 192. Bnh thng lng nc vo bng lng nc ra trong c th khong 2,5l/ngy. 193. Nc di chuyn qua li gia 2 khoang dch ty thuc vo p lc thm thu(osmol). 194. Nguyn nhn mt nc: thi tit nng, lm vic nng, tiu chy. 195. Hu qu ca mt nc: da kh, thn nhit tng, huyt p h. 196. Nguyn nhn tha nc: gim bi tit-suy thn;hi chng thn h;suy thn mn, tng nhp-truyn qu
nhiu dch.

197. Nc ng trong c th c th gy ng c, ph thng. ph cc b do d ng, ph ton thn do x gan. 198. Vai tr chuyn ha natri: to p sut thm thu v tham gia h thng m iu ha pH c th. 199. Mi ngy c th cn khong 3-5g potassium(kali). 200. Kali c 1 trong nhng vai tr: kch thch hot ng thn kinh. 201. Canxi c vai tr to xng, rng. 202. Canxi huyt gim trong bnh xp xng. 203. Mt trong nhng chc nng ca clo cng l to p sut thm thu. 204. pH mu c gi thng bng nh cc h m trong huyt tng v hng cu.

7
Ds.vantan

Tr li nhanh TN ha sinh

2012

205. Cc h m ca c th:cc h m ca huyt tng v dch gian bo, h m Bicarbonate, h m

photphat, h m protein, cc h m ca hng cu-hng cu c cc h m Hemoglobin sau: h m hemoglobinat/hemoglobin; h m oxyhemoglobinat/oxyhemoglobin.

206. Lng K+, protein v cc photphat hu c trong t bo cao c kh nng m tt s bin i pH khi CO2 thay
i.

207. S iu ha thng bng axit-baz ca c th nh: tc dng ca h m, iu ho bi c ch sinh l, s iu

ha bi thn-vi 1 c ch xy ra ng ln xa l t bo ng thn bi tit ion H+ di dng mui amon.

208. pH mu ca ngi khe mnh c duy tr nh cc h m trong mu v c ch hot ng iu chnh ca

phi v thn.

209.

Pco2 mu ch ph thuc vo s hot ng iu ha ca phi. Pco2 mu t l nghch vi mc thng kh

ca ph nang.

210. Khi Pco2 tng cao th bicarbonate thc-AB cng tng theo. 211. Gi tr bicarbonat chun ch thay i trong trng hp ri lon thng bng axit-baz chuyn ha. 212. Baz m l tng s nng ca cc anion m trong mu ton phn. 213. Baz d-EB c gi tr m khi thiu baz (tha axit) trong mu. 214. Hai h thng gip iu ha c th l h thng thn kinh v h thng ni tit. 215. Hormone l cht xc tc sinh hc do mt nhm t bo c bit tit ra gi l tuyn ni tit. 216. Theo bn cht ha hc hormone c cc loi: hormone amin, peptit, lipoid. 217. Hormone trong c th ngi v ng vt hot ng da theo 2 nguyn tc 1 v 2. 218. C ch phn hi h thng iu ha vng di i-tuyn yn-tuyn ni tit da theo: lng hormone trong mu v nng bin cht trong mu. 219. Hormone gip trng l 1 hormone amin. 220. Catecholamin l 1 hormone gip trng , ng vi loi ny c adrenalin c tc dng tng co bp tim. 221. Estrogen v progesterone l cc steroid sinh dc n thuc hormon lipoid. 222. Androgen v testosterone l steroid sinh dc nam thuc hormon lipoid. 223. Glucocorticoid l steroid v thng thn thuc hormon lipoid. 224. Hormon peptit : c insulin lm gim glucoz mu v glucagon lm tng glucoz mu. 225. Oxytocin cng l hormon peptit c tc dng co bp t cung. 226. Gan chim 3% khi lng c th. 227. Protit chim khi lng gan kh. 228. Glucit ch yu l glycozen chim 2-10%. 229. Nh c enzyme m gan c vai tr quan trng trong cc qu trnh chuyn ha. 230. Gan c 7 chc nng ha sinh. 231. Gan ng vai tr trng tm trong vic iu ha ng huyt, ti gan c qu trnh tn to glucit. 232. Gan l ni duy nht sn xut ra mt nh tng ha lipit.

8
Ds.vantan

Tr li nhanh TN ha sinh
233. Gan l c quan duy nht chuyn NH3 thnh ur. 234. Gan l ni duy nht tng hp axit mt t cholesterol v mui mt t axit mt.

2012

235. Chc nng kh c ca gan theo 2 c ch: c nh-thi tr v c ch kh c ha hc gm: kh c

thng xuyn v kh c khng thng xuyn.

236. Tnh cht vt l ca nc tiu bao gm: s lng, mu sc, mi, pH, t trng. 237. S lng nc tiu: 600-2500ml/24h. 238. Nc tiu tng trong bnh tiu ng, gim trong bnh st cao. 239. Bnh thng nc tiu c mu vng nht, trong sut. 240. Nc tiu c mi aceton trong bnh tiu ng, hi thi trong nhim trng, K thn, K bng quang. 241. pH bnh thng 4,7-8, trung bnh 6. 242. Khi n nhiu rau th nc tiu hi kim. 243. pH toan nhiu trong bnh tiu ng, kim nhiu trong nhim trng tiu. 244. Tr em c t trng cao hn ngi ln, cao khi ung t nc v ngc li. 245. T trng tng trong bnh tiu ng, gim trong i tho nht, suy thn. 246. Ur niu tng khi hot ng nhiu, gim khi vim thn. 247. Axit uric niu tng sau ba n nhiu purin. 248. Protein niu xut hin trong hi chng thn h. 249. Glucoz trong bnh tiu ng 250.
Bilirubin trong vim gan, tc mt.

251. Mu trong chn thng tit niu. 252. Cc chc nng sinh l ca mu: dinh dng, h hp, bi tit, bo v, iu ha. 253. Mu chim khong 4-5L, mu gm c huyt tng v huyt cu. 254. Trong hng cu nc chim khong 57-68%. 255. Hng cu gm nc v cht kh c: protein v glucit 256. Chc nng ca bch cu l bo v c th=c ch min dch t bo v dch th. 257. Chc nng c bn ca tiu cu l tham gia qu trnh ng mu. 258. Trong huyt tng th Natri tng: mt nc nhiu, gim trong thiu nng thng thn. 259. Calxi tng trong...dng qu nhiu vitamin D, gim trong bnh ci xng. 260. Photpho huyt tng gim trong ci xng. 261. Clo huyt tng tng khi b chong phn v. 262. Trong huyt tng th protein l cht hu c quan trng nht, c hm lng cao nht trong huyt tng. 263. Albumin gim do cc bnh v gan v cc bnh v thn. 264. Fibrinogen huyt tng gim trong x gan. 265. Enzyme huyt tng c 2 loi: enzyme huyt tng c chc nng v enzyme huyt tng khng c chc
nng.

9
Ds.vantan

Tr li nhanh TN ha sinh
266. Ur c tng hp gan v o thi qua thn. 267. Ur tng trong vim thn cp. 268. Axit uric tng trong bnh gout. 269. Ngun gc dch mng phi, mng bng l siu lc t huyt tng.

2012

270. Nguyn nhn lm tng th ceton trong mu: tiu ng, nhn i n khng c, vn ng c bp nhiu,
cc nguyn nhn lm tng thoi ha cht bo.

271. Nh c enzyme m qu trnh xy ra nhanh trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, c cht l i tng hot
ng ca enzyme.

272. ngha ca chui h hp t bo: nng lng c gii phng theo tng chng, ph hp vi iu kin sng
ca t bo v m;mt phn ta ra di dng nhit;mt phn nng lng tc tr li cho c th s dng dn.

273. Chc nng sinh l ca mu: dinh dng, h hp, bi tit, bo v, iu ha.
PHN T LUN (3) 1. Vai tr ca ha sinh trong y hc.

Trong y hc ha sinh c 4 vai tr chnh sau:

Ha sinh nghin cu chc phn ca c th, nhim v ca tng t bo, m, s lin quan gia chng vi nhau. Ha sinh gip y hc tm hiu mt s bnh sinh do nhng thay i bnh l v chuyn ha cc cht. Ha sinh gip y hc tm hiu c ch tc dng ca thc n, thuc, cc cht khi vo c th. ra nhng nguyn tc c bn v dinh dng, v sinh d phng, iu tr. 2. i vi gii phu, t chc hc, n l c s chung ca mi lin quan gia hnh thi v chc phn. Vai tr c mui v nc trong c th.

Nc c 5 vai tr sau:
Tham gia cu to t bo. Tham gia cc phn ng l, ha hc. Vn chuyn. iu ha thn nhit. Bo v m.

Mui c 5 vai tr chnh:

Tham gia cu to t bo. Tham gia binh n protein trng thi keo trong t bo v m. Duy tr p sut thm thu (nh h thng m ca mui). Duy tr pH.

10
Ds.vantan

Tr li nhanh TN ha sinh
3. Mt s ion c vai tr c bit khc. Nu ngun gc v cc yu t nh hng trn ng huyt.

2012

Ngun gc ng huyt:
Glycogen d tr trong gan l ngun gc chnh. To glucozo t cc cht to ng: lactate, glycerol, axit amin. T thc n sau cc ba n.

Cc yu t nh hng trn ng huyt:

-Hormone : Hormone lm gim ng huyt: insulin Hormone lm tng ng huyt: Glucagon (tuyn ty), Thyroxin (tuyn gip), GH, ACTH (tuyn yn), Adrenalin, Glucocorticoid (tuyn thng thn). -Thn kinh: cc kch thch nh: lo lng, s hi, lnh lm bi tit adrenalin nn lm tng ng huyt. 4. Trnh by nhng thay i bnh l nh hng ln ng huyt.

ng huyt tng: tiu ng do tuyn ty, ri lon ni tit lm tng s bi tit cc hormone lm tng ng huyt
nh bnh: cushing, basedow, ngi khng l.

ng huyt gim:
-Do chc nng: Cung cp khng : khu phn n thiu glucit, chn n. Hp thu km: tiu chy, i. Tiu th nhiu: lao ng qu nng v lu di. Mt nhiu: cho con b, ngng thn thp. Khc: ri lon thn kinh thc vt lm bnh nhn i, khng mun n.

-Nguyn nhn hu c: tng bi tit insulin do u ty, gim bi tit hormone tng H: adddison, ph nim. -Nguyn nhn khc: sai lm trong iu tr tiu ng (qu liu), thiu G6PD (Glucoz 6 Photphat Dehydrogenase), nghin ru. 5. Trnh by nh ngha v cc phn ng ca d ha.

11
Ds.vantan

Tr li nhanh TN ha sinh

2012

D ha l s phn gii cc cht hu c thnh nhng sn phm cui cng, ng thi o thi cc cht cn b ra
ngoi.

Cc phn ng ca d ha: bao gm nhiu loi phn ng khc nhau nh: phn ng thy phn, phn ng oxi ha
kh...phn chia cc phn t hu c ngy cng nh hn, cui cng l nhng sn phm o thi ra ngoi (CO2, H2O, ur..). d ha to ra nhiu nng lng: mt phn nng lng ta ra di dng nhit (thn nhit), mt phn c d tr di dng ATP s dng cho cc phn ng tng hp, cho cc hot ng sinh l khc nhau nh: co c, hp thu, bi tit, dn truyn cc xung ng thn kinh. 6. So snh c im v mc ch ca ng ha v d ha.

c im:
ng ha -Bin cht c phn t lng nh n cht c phn t lng ln. -Cn nng lng. -Ging nh qu trnh tng hp. D ha -Bin cht c phn t lng t ln n cht c phn t lng nh. -Gii phng nng lng. -Ging nh qu trnh thoi ha.

Mc ch:
7. Trnh by nguyn nhn, hu qu ca mt nc.

Nguyn nhn:
m hi nhiu: do thi tit nng, lm vic nng. Tiu chy: i ma, phng nng, th nhanh.

Hu qu:
Kht nc, da kh, mi li v nim mc kh. Thn nhit tng, nn i, huyt p h, c th t vong v try tim mch.

8.

Trnh by nguyn nhn, hu qu ca tha nc.

Nguyn nhn:
Gim bi tit: suy thn cp, hi chng thn h, suy thn mn. Tng nhp: truyn qu nhiu dch.

Hu qu:
Ng c: do truyn dch qu nhiu v nhanh. Ph, thng: do nc tron gian bo, mng phi, mng bng.

12
Ds.vantan

Tr li nhanh TN ha sinh

2012

Ph cc b: do d ng (thuc, thc n...), vim hch bch huyt, nhim trng, tt tnh mch. Ph ton thn: do suy tim phi, x gan, vim cu thn, hi chng thn h...

13
Ds.vantan