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2005
BNCE Pusad
Ritesh Bhusari
btritesh@yahoo.com
[THE FUEL OF FUTURE]
This paper gives you idea about how we can wisely manage energy resources to sustain it for longway
 
Magnegas: The Fuel of FutureB. N. College of Engineering, Pusad.
2
1. INTRODUCTION
The focus of this seminar is to explore some of the direction that have been takento develops less emission and nonexhaustable fuels for personal transportation vehicles to be used in next generation.Today, millions of people use the automobile as their main source of transportation. Automobiles are the most efficient and convenient way to travel compared towalking or running. Unfortunately, most of the automobiles use fossil fuel such as oil. After the internal combustion engine consumes the gasoline it releases carbon monoxide, nitrogenoxides, hydrogen carbons, and carbon dioxide. The chemicals cause air pollution, acid rainand the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.Many alternatives have been considered out of which the use of hydrogen as fueldid resolve the environmental problems of fossil fuels due to excessive emissions of carcinogenic substances and carbon dioxide. However, the combustion of hydrogenoriginating from regeneration processes (e.g., from natural gas) implies the permanentremoval of oxygen from our atmosphere in a directly usable form, creating a seriousenvironmental problem called Oxygen depletion, since the combustion turns hydrogen andoxygen into water whose separation to restore the original oxygen balance is prohibitive dueto cost. We then show that a conceivable global use of hydrogen from the indicatedregeneration origin in complete replacement of fossil fuels would imply the permanentremoval of 2.8875 x 10
7
metric tons of O
2
/day from our atmosphere, with consequentialtermination of all life forms in our planet in a few years.To resolve these problems, we propose the upgrading of hydrogen into the newcombustible fuel called Magnegas, which is essentially a magnetically upgraded form of hydrogen into new clusters called Magnecules. The new Magnegas technology permits the processing of crude oil in the reactors, by producing a fuel dramatically cleaner thangasoline, at a cost visibly smaller than that due to refineries.
 
Magnegas: The Fuel of FutureB. N. College of Engineering, Pusad.
3
2.VARIOUS METHODS OF USING & STORING HYDROGEN FUEL
2.1 Fuel Cell
The very first way of suggested for using H
2
as a fuel was Fuel Cell Technologywhich has its history since 1830’s by Sir William Grove and have been used on space craftsince 1965.In this, the hydrogen is exposed to the anode. The anode then draws the electronfrom the hydrogen leaving a proton (H
+
). On the opposite side of the cell, the cathodeabsorbs oxygen from the air. The oxygen receives two electron and becomes negativelycharged (O
2-
). And the following reaction occurs.Cathode ReactionO
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e
-
2H
2
OAnode ReactionH
2
2H
+
+ 2e
-
Therefore, the bonding of the oxygen ion and the proton (H
+
) form water.
2.2 Direct Use
The other method of using H
2
as a fuel in an automobile is to modify thetraditional engine so that it can burn Hydrogen instead of Gasoline. In this path, researchescould only achieve 80% of the power of a comparable Gasoline engine.
3 VARIOUS STORING TECHNIQUES3.1 Conventional
Most conventional one being the filling Hydrogen at -273ºC under pressure intoa very well insulated metal hydride tank. This keeps the H
2
in liquid form.
3.2 Glass Microspheres
Glass microshperes are glass ranging in size from 25 to 500 microns in diameter,with a thickness of about 1 micron. When the spheres are heated to temperatures of 200degrees Celsius, the glass becomes very permeable, allowing them to be filled withhydrogen gas. When the temperature is lowered, the spheres trap the hydrogen inside. Whenreheated, the hydrogen can escape for use. This process can store hydrogen well, but it hasnot yet been implemented.
3.3 Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are also a new method for the storage of hydrogen. One waycarbon can arrange itself is in a sheet pattern like a honeycomb. This is the graphite form of carbon. The sheets are not bound tightly together, but if they are wrapped on top of eachother, a very strong carbon nanotube is formed. A consistent property of the nanofibers isthat the distance between each platelet is identical. They are able to store 30 liters of hydrogen in one gram of carbon. At this rate a 25 liter tank which is half the size of gasolinetank and weighs 87 kg can power a car for 5,000 miles. It was suggested that absorption andadsorption play a role in the storage. The nanotubes have uniform pores. The hydrogenwould attach to the surface of the carbon and fill the pores.
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