Q Equations PDF December 1 2008-3-16 PM 234k

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ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
MODULE 3
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
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CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

MODUL 3
2.1 CONCEPT MAP 2.2 GENERAL FORM 2.2.1 Identifying Exercises 1 2.2.2 Recognising general form of quadratic equation
.ax2 + bx c = 0
2 3 3 3 4 4
Exercises 2
2.3 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 2.3.1 Factorisation Exercises 1 2.3.2 Completing the square Exercises 1 2.3.3 Quadratic formula Exercises 1 2.4 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS 2.5 ASSESSMENT ANSWERS
6 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 13 15
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CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS MODUL 3

2.1 CONCEPT MAP
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
GENERAL FORM
.ax2 + bx + c = 0
x
x x2=0
x=0
Factorization Completing the square Formula
ROOTS x= ,
b2 4ac
> = 0 (Positive) Two different roots
=0 Two Equal roots Types of roots
< = 0 (negative) No real roots
2.2 GENERAL FORM 2.2.1 Identifying Example 1 4x + 3 = 2x 2x + 3 = 0 The highest power of variable x is 1 Therefore 4x + 3 = 2x is not a quadratic equation Example 2 x(x + 5) = 7 x2 + 5x - 7 = 0 The highest power of variable x is 2 Therefore x(x + 5) = 7 is a quadratic equation
Exercises 1 Identify which of the following are quadratic equation

1. 3 = x 5 2
.2. x(2x + 3) = x - 7
3. ( x + 4 )(2x 6) + 3 = 0
4. (3m + 5)2 = 8m
5. x (7 - 2x + 3x2) = 0
6. 3x2 5 = 2x( x + 4)
2.2.2 Recognising general form of quadratic equation .ax2 + bx c = 0
Example 1
.x2 = 5x 9 .x2 5x + 9 = 0
Example 1 4x = x x 22 x
Compare with the general form

.ax2 + bx c = 0
Thus, a = 1, b = -5 and c = 9
4x(x) = x2 2x 4x2 - x2 2x = 0 3x2 2x = 0
Compare with the general form Thus, a = 3, b = - 2 and c = 0
Exercises 2 Express the following equation in general form and state the values of a, b and c
1. 3x = x 5 2 7
.2. (2x + 5) = x
3. x( x + 4 ) = 3
.4. (x 1)(x + 2) = 3
5. x
4=x x 5
6. x2 + px = 2x - 6
7. px (2 x) = x 4m
8. (2x 1)(x + 4) = k(x 1) + 3
9. (7 2x + 3x2) = 3
x22 10. 7x 1 = x
2.3. SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 2.3.1 Factorisation Example 1

.x2 + 6x + 5 = 0 x + 3 3x
Example 2 4(x +3) = x(2x 1) 4x + 12 = 2x2 - x 2x2 - 5x - 12 = 0 (2x + 3)(x - 4) = 0 2x + 3 = 0 or x - 4 = 0

.x = 2 x=4 3
( x + 3)(x + 2) = 0 .x + 2 2x .x + 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
.x = -3 x = - 2 .x2 + 6 5x
Therefore, The roots of the equation are .x = -3 and -2
Therefore, The roots of the equation are

.x = 2 and 4 3
Exercises 3 Solve the following quadratic equation by f actorisation
1. x2 + 3x - 4 = 0
2. x2 -2x = 15
3. 4x2 + 4x 3 = 0
4. 3x2 - 7x + 2 = 0
5. x2 = 3x 2
6. x(2x - 5) = 12
7. 8x2 + x = 21(1 x)
8. (2y 1)( y + 4) = -7
9. 4y - y
1=3
7 6m = m 10. 2 3m
2.3.2. Completing the square Example 1

.x2 6x + 7 = 0 .x2 - 6x = -7
.x2 6x + 2
Rearrange in the form .x2 + px = q
Example 2
2x2 -5x 1 = 0 2x2 5x = 1 5 x = 21 .x2 - 2
5 .x2 - 2 x + 2
2
6 2
6 2
Add
Change the coefficient

of x2 to 1
= - 7 + (-3)2 .x2 6x + (-3)2 = -7+ 2
(x - 3)2 = 2
.x 3 = 2 .x = 3 2 .x = 3 + 2 or 3 - 2 .x = 4.414 or 1.586
coefficien t..of . 2
To both sides
5 4
1+2
5 4
=2
2
x=2
1 + 16 25 33 = 16 33
4 5
5 = 16 33 .x - 4 =4
5 + 4 33 or 45 - 4 33 .x = 4 5 or 4 33 .x = 4 5 33
.x = 2.686 or -0.186
Exercises 4 Solve the following quadratic equation by completing the square
1. (x + 3 )2 = 16
2. (5x - 4)2 = 24
3. x2 - 8x + 12 = 0
4. 3x2 + 6x 2 = 0
5. 5x2 7x + 1 = 0
6. 2x2 3x 4 = 0
7. (x + 1)(x - 5) = 4
8. 1 - x
1=2
3 2x
Quadratic formula Example 1

.x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
Example 2
3x2 = 4x + 2 3x2 - 4x 2 = 0
.a = 1, b = 5, c = 2 b2 2 4 ac
b Using the formula x = a
.a = 3, b = -4 , c = - 2 Using the formula
.x =
.x = 2 .x = 2
52
5 41 2 21
25 17 8 5 5 17 17
.x = =
4 =6
4
4 6 40
4 23
16 24
43
=2 5 or 2 5
= - 0.438 or - 4.562
4 or 6 40 .x = 6
40
= 1.721 and 0.387 Exercises 5 Solve the following quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula
1. x2 11x + 28 = 0 2. x2 3x + 5 = 0
3. 2x2 + 11x + 9 = 0
4. 3x2 + 14x 9 = 0
5. 10x(2x 1) 8 = x(2x + 35) 6. (x 1)(4x 9) + 7 = 10x
7. 3
11v = 2 2v v
x2 = 2 x 1 3 8. 1 x2 x
9. 5
3x + 2 2
x x=1
1+3=5 x 10. x
7 x
2.4 PAST YEARS QUESTIONS SPM 2001. PAPER 1 Question 3 1. Solve the quadratic equation 2x(x + 3) = ( x + 4)(1 - x). Give your answer correct to four singnificant figures.
SPM 2003. PAPER 1 Question 3 1. Solve the quadratic equasion 2x(x 4) = (1 x)(x + 2) Give your answer correct to four significant figures.
2.5 ASSESSMENT ( 30 minutes)

1. Express 3x2 2px = 5x - 7p in genegal from
2. Find the roots of the equation 2x2 + 5x = 12
3. Find the roots of 2
1 x=3
x,
4. By using the quadratic formula, solve the equation 2x2 5x 1 = x(4x - 2)
5. Solve the quadratic equation (5x 3)(x + 1) = x(2x 5) . Give your answer correct to four significant figures.
6. Given the equation x2 + 4x 5 = (x a)2 + b , find the values of a and b
ANSWERS Exercises 1 1. No 3. Yes 5. No Exercises 2

1. 6x2 5 = 0 a= 6, b = 0, c = -5 2. 2x2 + 5x 7 = 0 a = 2 , b = 5 , c = -7 3. x2 + 4x 3 = 0 a = 1, b = 4 , c = - 3 4. x2 + x 5 = 0 a = 1, b = 1, c = -5 5. x2 + 7x 20 = 0 a = 1, b = 7, c = -20 6. x2 + (p 2)x + 6 = 0 a= 1, b=(p 2), c= 6 7. px2 + (1 2p)x 4m = 0 a = p , b = (1 2p) , c = -4m 8. 2x2 + (7 - k) x + k 7 = 0 a = 2, b = (7 - k), c = (k 7) 9. 9x2 - 7x + 20 = 0 a = 9, b = -7 c = 20 10. 6x2 + x = 0 a = 6, b = 1, c = 0
2. Yes 4. Yes 6. Yes
Exercises 3 1. 1, -4
3. 2 1,-2 3
2. 5, -3
1,2 4. 3 6. 4, 2 3
5. 1, 2
7. 2 9. 4 ,7 4 ,1 1 3
7. 2
,1 3 7
10. 1, 3
Exercises 4 1. 1, -7 3. 2, 6 5. 0.161, 1.239 7. 5.60, -1.60
2. 1.77, - 0.17 4. 0.457 , - 1.437 6. 2.351 , - 0.851 8. 1.823, -0.823
Exercises 5 1. 4, 7
3. -1, 2 9
2. 1.191, - 4.191 4. 0.573 , -5.239 8. 5.192, -1.925
5. 2.667, - 0.169 6. 0.810, 4.94 7. 2, 2 1
9. 2.812, - 0.119 10. -0.403, -3.069
PAST YEARS QUESTIONS 1. 0.393, -3.393 2. 2.591, -0.2573 ASSESSMENT 1. 3x2 (2p + 5)x + 7p = 0 2. 2 3 , 4 3. 3, 1 4. - 0.5, -1 5. 0.370, -2.70 6. a = 2, b = -9
SPM
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
MODULE 4
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

2.1 CONCEPT MAP 2.2 FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS and 2.2.1 Form a quadratic equation with the roots 2 3 4
Exercises 1
2.2.2 Determine the sum of the roots and product of the roots of the 5 following quadratic equations. Exercises 2 2.3. TYPES OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATION 2.3.1 Determine the types of roots for each of the following 6 quadratic equations Exercises 3
2.4 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING (.b2 - 4ac )
5 6
2.4.1 Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic 7 equations which has two equal roots
Exercises 4
2.4.2 Find the range of values of h for each of the following 8 quadratic equations which roots are different
Exercises 5
2.4.3 Find the range of values of m for each of the following 9 quadratic equations which has no roots
Exercises 6
9
10 12 14
2.5 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS 2.6 ASSESSMENT (30 MINUTES) ANSWERS

2.1 CONCEPT MAP QUADRATIC EQUATIONS GENERAL FORM ROOTS .x = and x =
FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATION FROM GIVEN ROOTS
The quadratic equation S Sum of the roots Product of the roots The quadratic equation
TYPES OF ROOTS
2.2 FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS and
Notes
If x1 = a and x2 = b
Then (x a) = 0 and (x b) = 0 (x a)(x b) = 0

.x2 bx ax + ab = 0 .x2 (a + b)x + ab = 0
Sum of the roots Product .of the roots
The quadratic equation with roots and is written as

.x2 ( )x + = 0 .(1)
Sum of the roots
Product .of the roots
From general form ax2 + bx + c = 0 ax2 + abx + ac = 0
a
bx + ac = 0 (2) .x2 + a
Compare with the equations (1) and (2) .x2 (
)x + = 0 ..(1) bx + ac = 0 (2) x2 + a
)=c
b b ( The sum of the roots)
( )=-c
=a
c ( The product of the roots)
2.2.1 Form a quadratic equation with the roots
Exercises 1
Roots and Example 1 3,256 Example 2
1 + (-3) 4 1,-34 1 =4 12 =4 11 4 1 (- 3) = 4
.x2 3
Sum of .the roots ( )
Product of .the roots
The puadratic equation

.x2 ( )x + =0
x2 (5)x + 6 = 0
11 x + 3=0 4 4 4x2 + 11x 3 = 0
a) 4 , -7 b)
2,3 1
c)
1
3 1,2 d)
2
5 1,3 e)
6k 3k, 5
2.2.2 Determine the sum of the roots and product of the roots of the following quadratic equations.
Exercises 2
The puadratic equation Example 1
.x2 6x + 9 = 0
Sum of .the roots 6
Product of .the roots 9
Example 1
.9x2 + 36x - 27 = 0 9 9 x + 9 36 x - 27 = 0 2
9
.x2 + 4x 3 = 0 a) .x2 + 73x - 61 = 0 b) 7x2 - 14x - 35 = 0
-(4) = -4 -3
c) 2x(x + 3) = 4x + 7
d) 2x + x
2 = 41
e)
4x2 + kx + k 1 = 0
2.3. TYPES OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATION b2 2 a
.x = b
4 ac
.b2 - 4ac
. b2 - 4ac > 0 . Two different
. b2 - 4ac = 0 . Two equal root
. b2 - 4ac < 0 . No real roots
2.3.2 Determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic equations Example 1 a) . x2 12x + 27 = 0 . a = 1, b = -12 , c = 27
.b2 - 4ac = (-12)2 4(1)(27)
Example 2 b) .4 x2 12x + 9 = 0 . a = 4, b = -12 , c = 9

.b2 - 4ac = (-12)2 4(4)(9)
Example 3 c) .2 x2 7x + 10 = 0 . a = 2, b = -7 , c = 10
.b2 - 4ac = (-7)2 4(2)(10)
= 144 108 = 36 > 0
= 144 - 144 =0
= 49 80 = - 31< 0
Thus, x2 12x + 27 = 0
Has two different roots
Thus, 4x2 12x + 9 = 0
Has two equal roots
Thus, 2x2 7x + 10 = 0
Has no real roots
Exercises 3
1. 2x2 - 8x + 3 = 0 2. -2y2 + 6x + 3 = 0
3. 3x2 = 7x - 5
4. 4x2 = a(4x - a)
2.4 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING (.b2 - 4ac ) The discriminant b2 - 4ac of the quadratic equation can be used to
a) find an unknown value in an equation Example 2
Example 1
The quadratic equation x2 - 2px + 25 = 0 x2 - 2px + 25 = 0 Thus, a = 1, b = -2p , c = 25 Using .b2 - 4ac = 0 (-2p)2 4(1)(25) = 0 4p2 - 100 = 0 4p2 = 100
Has two equal roots. Find the value p
The quadratic equation x2 2kx = -(k 1)2
Has no roots. Find the range of values of k

x2 2kx = -(k 2)2
x2 2kx + (k 2)2 = 0
Compare with ax2 + bx + c = 0 Thus .a = 1, b = - 2k , c = (k 2)2
p2 = 25 p = 25
Using b2 - 4ac < 0 (-2k)2 4(k2 -2k + 1)< 0 4k2 - 4k2 + 8k 4 < 0
p=5
8k 4 < 0 8k < 4 .k < 4
2.4.1 Find the values of m for each of the following quadratic equations which has two equal roots
Exercises 4
1. mx2 - 4x + 1 = 0 2. x2 6x + m = 0
3. x2 2mx + 2m + 3 = 0 4. x2 - 2mx - 4x + 1 = 0
5. x2 + 6x - 9 = m (2x - 3) 6. x2 + 2(x + 2) = m(x2 + 4)
2.4.2 Find the range of values of h for each of the following quadratic equations which roots are different
Exercises 5
1. x2 - 6x - h = 0 2. hx2 4x 3 = 0
3. x2 + 6x + h + 3 = 0
8. 2hx2 + 4x + 1 = 0
5. x(5 2x) = h + 2
6. 2(hx2 1) = x(x 6)
2.4.3 Find the range of values of m for each of the following quadratic equations which has no roots
Exercises 6
1. 2x2 + 2x - m = 0 2. mx2 + 3x - 3 = 0
3. x2 + 2x + m - 3 = 0
4. 3x2 + 1 = 2(m + 3x)
5. (h + 1)x2 + 8x + 6 = 0 6. (m - 3)x2 + 2(1 m)x = -(m + 1)
2.5 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS SPM 2001/P1 Question 4 1. Given that -1 and h are roots of the quadratic equation (3x 1)(x 2) = p(x 1), where p is a constant, find the values of h and p
SPM 2002/P1 Question 4 2. Given that 3 and n are roots the equation (2x + 1)(x 4) = a(x 2), where a and n are constants, find the values of a and n.
SPM 2002/P1 Question 12

3. It is given that 3 and 3
are roots of the quadratic equation px(x 1) = 3q + x
If
= 12 and = 3, find the values of p and q
SPM 2004/P1 Question 4

4. Form a quadratic equation which has the roots 5 and 4 3,
Give your answer in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 , Where a, b, and c are constans
2.6 ASSESSMENT (30 MINUTES) 1. Form a quadratic equation which has the roots 3 and - 4
2. Given that -3 and 4 are roots of the quadratic equation x2 + ax = b
Find the values of a and b
3. The quadratic equation x2 - kx + 2k = 4 has roots 2 and 6
Find the values of k
.4 Find the values of h if the equation x2 = 4hx - 36 has equal roots
5. The quadratic equation kx2 - 2(3 + k)x = 1 k has no real roots.
Find the range of vales of k
6. The quadratic equasion x(x 2m) = - ( 3m + 4) has equal roots, find a) the value of m b) the roots
Exercises 5 ANSWERS
1 1. m < 2 1 Exercises a. -3, -28, x2 + 3x 28 = 0 b. 3 3. m > 4 5 5. m > 3 5 , 61 , 6x2 - 5x + 1 = 0 d. 15 c. 6 2. m < 4 3 , 4. 5 , < -3 3x2 -5x 2 = 0 m 3 ,2 6. m > 3 ,7 15 1 ,2 15x2 + 7x 2 = 0
21k , 518 2 , 5x2 - 21kx 18 k2 = 0 k e. 5 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS 1. P = - 6 , h = 3 4
Exercises 2 2. a = -7 n = 3 a. -73 , - 61
1 , q 7 27 1 ,=
b. 2, - 5
d. 8 1,1
3. p = 3 c. -1, 2
,k k 1 4 e. 4 + 17x 15 = 0 4. 4x2
ASSESSMENT Exercises 3
1. x2 + different 1. Two x - 12 = 0 roots 2. Two different roots 2. a = real = 12 3. No -1, b roots 4. Two equal roots 3. k = 8 4. h = 3 5. k < 7 Exercises 9 4
6. m = 4, 1. m = 4 -1 3. mx==34, -1 -1 4. m = - 3 and -1 and 5. m = 3 and 6 Exercises 5 1. h > - 9 3. h < 6

5. h < 8 9
2. m = 9
6. m = 2 3 and 21
2. h > 3
4. h < 2
6. h > 4 7
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http://sahatmozac.blogspot.

CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS MODUL 3

Factorization Completing the square Formula

> = 0 (Positive) Two different roots

=0 Two Equal roots Types of roots

< = 0 (negative) No real roots

Exercises 1 Identify which of the following are quadratic equation

2.2.2 Recognising general form of quadratic equation .ax2 + bx c = 0

Compare with the general form

4x(x) = x2 2x 4x2 - x2 2x = 0 3x2 2x = 0

Compare with the general form Thus, a = 3, b = - 2 and c = 0

8. (2x 1)(x + 4) = k(x 1) + 3

2.3. SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 2.3.1 Factorisation Example 1

Example 2 4(x +3) = x(2x 1) 4x + 12 = 2x2 - x 2x2 - 5x - 12 = 0 (2x + 3)(x - 4) = 0 2x + 3 = 0 or x - 4 = 0

Therefore, The roots of the equation are .x = -3 and -2

Therefore, The roots of the equation are

Exercises 3 Solve the following quadratic equation by f actorisation

2.3.2. Completing the square Example 1

Change the coefficient

= - 7 + (-3)2 .x2 6x + (-3)2 = -7+ 2

Exercises 4 Solve the following quadratic equation by completing the square

Quadratic formula Example 1

b Using the formula x = a

.a = 3, b = -4 , c = - 2 Using the formula

5. 10x(2x 1) 8 = x(2x + 35) 6. (x 1)(4x 9) + 7 = 10x

2.5 ASSESSMENT ( 30 minutes)

2. Find the roots of the equation 2x2 + 5x = 12

3. Find the roots of 2

4. By using the quadratic formula, solve the equation 2x2 5x 1 = x(4x - 2)

6. Given the equation x2 + 4x 5 = (x a)2 + b , find the values of a and b

ANSWERS Exercises 1 1. No 3. Yes 5. No Exercises 2

2. Yes 4. Yes 6. Yes

Exercises 4 1. 1, -7 3. 2, 6 5. 0.161, 1.239 7. 5.60, -1.60

2. 1.77, - 0.17 4. 0.457 , - 1.437 6. 2.351 , - 0.851 8. 1.823, -0.823

2. 1.191, - 4.191 4. 0.573 , -5.239 8. 5.192, -1.925

5. 2.667, - 0.169 6. 0.810, 4.94 7. 2, 2 1

9. 2.812, - 0.119 10. -0.403, -3.069

CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS MODUL 4

2.5 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS 2.6 ASSESSMENT (30 MINUTES) ANSWERS

CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS MODUL 4

2.2 FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS and

Then (x a) = 0 and (x b) = 0 (x a)(x b) = 0

The quadratic equation with roots and is written as

Sum of the roots

Product .of the roots

From general form ax2 + bx + c = 0 ax2 + abx + ac = 0

Compare with the equations (1) and (2) .x2 (

b b ( The sum of the roots)

c ( The product of the roots)

2.2.1 Form a quadratic equation with the roots

Sum of .the roots ( )

Product of .the roots

The puadratic equation

11 x + 3=0 4 4 4x2 + 11x 3 = 0

Sum of .the roots 6

Product of .the roots 9

2.3. TYPES OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATION b2 2 a

. b2 - 4ac > 0 . Two different

. b2 - 4ac = 0 . Two equal root

. b2 - 4ac < 0 . No real roots

Example 2 b) .4 x2 12x + 9 = 0 . a = 4, b = -12 , c = 9

= 144 108 = 36 > 0