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MORE OLUTIONS TOTICKY PROBLEMS
S 
•
Making Rheological Measurements
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Equipment for Specific Situations
•
How the Brookfield Viscometer Works
•
Viscosity Measurement Techniques
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Newtonian and non-Newtonian Fluids
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Temperature Dependence of Viscosityand much more!
A Guide to Getting More From Your Brookfield Viscometer
 Brookfield
 
MORE SOLUTIONS TO STICKY PROBLEMSPage 56Brookfield Engineering Labs., Inc.
MORE SOLUTIONS TO STICKY PROBLEMS: TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION.....................................................1CHAPTER 1...........................................................2
1.1 Why Make Rheological Measurements?....21.2 Thinking Rheo-Logically.............................21.3 Three Schools of Thought on ViscosityMeasurement.............................................21.3.1 The Pragmatic School.......................21.3.2 The Theoretical School.....................21.3.3 The Academic School.......................3
CHAPTER 2............................................................3
2.1 Equipment for Specific Situations...............32.2 Viscometers................................................32.3 Rheometers................................................32.4 Spindle Geometries....................................42.4.1 Disc Spindles....................................42.4.2 Cylindrical Spindles...........................42.4.3 Coaxial Cylinders..............................42.4.4 Cone/Plate Geometry........................42.4.5 T-Bar Spindles...................................42.4.6 Vane Spindles...................................52.5 Temperature Control...................................52.5.1 Temperature Baths............................52.5.2 Thermosel System............................52.5.3 Peltier (Thermo-electric Systems).....52.6 Small Sample Volume................................52.6.1 Small Sample Adapter.......................52.6.2 UL Adapter........................................52.6.3 DIN Adapter.......................................52.6.4 Thermosel System............................52.6.5 Cone/Plate Systems..........................52.7 Low Viscosity..............................................52.7.1 UL Adapter........................................62.7.2 Small Sample Adapter.......................62.7.3 Thermosel System............................62.7.4 Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Viscom-eter.............................................................62.8 High Temperature.......................................62.8.1 Thermosel System............................62.8.2 Temperature Baths............................62.8.3 Cone/Plate withEmbedded Heating....................................62.9 Defined Shear Rate....................................62.10 High Shear Rate.......................................72.10.1 Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Viscom-eter/Rheometer..........................................72.10.2 CAP Viscometer/Rheometer...........72.10.3 R/S Rheometer...............................72.10.4 PVS Rheometer..............................72.11 Defined Shear Stress................................72.12 Non-Flowing Sample Materials.................82.12.1 Helipath Stand.................................82.12.2 Spiral Adapter..................................82.12.3 Vane Spindles.................................82.13 Special Accessory Items...........................82.13.1 Quick Connect.................................82.13.2 Spindle Extensions..........................82.14 Fumes and Hazardous Locations.............82.14.1 Purge Fittings..................................82.14.2 Explosion-Proof Construction..........82.15 Process Control........................................8
CHAPTER 3............................................................9
3.1 Why You Should Read This Chapter..........93.2 How the Brookfield Viscometer Works.......93.3 Spring Torque...........................................103.4 Viscosity Measurement Techniques.........103.4.1 Record Keeping..............................103.4.2 The Spindle and the Guardleg........103.4.3 Selecting a Spindle Speed..............103.4.4 Sample Container Size....................113.4.5 Sample Conditions...........................113.4.6 Spindle Immersion...........................113.4.7 Sensitivity and Accuracy..................113.4.8 Obtaining a Viscometer Reading.....113.4.9 A Calibration Check.........................123.4.10 Recalibrating the BrookfieldViscometer...............................................123.5 Viscometer Maintenance..........................133.6 Viscometer Troubleshooting.....................14
CHAPTER 4..........................................................14
4.1 Coming to Grips with Rheology................144.2 Viscosity....................................................144.3 Newtonian Fluids......................................154.4 Non-Newtonian Fluids..............................154.5 Thixotropy and Rheopexy.........................164.6 Laminar and Turbulent Flow.....................174.7 Yield Behavior...........................................174.8 What Affects the Rheological Property?...184.8.1 Temperature....................................184.8.2 Shear Rate......................................184.8.3 Measuring Conditions.....................194.8.4 Time................................................194.8.5 Pressure..........................................194.8.6 Previous History..............................204.8.7 Composition and Additives..............204.8.8 Special Characteristics of Dispersionsand Emulsions..........................................20
 
MORE SOLUTIONS TO STICKY PROBLEMSPage 57Brookfield Engineering Labs., Inc.
CHAPTER 5..........................................................21
5.1 Advanced Methods forRheological Analysis................................215.2 Defining Operating Parameters of VariousSpindle Geometries..................................215.2.1 Cylindrical Spindles.........................215.2.2 Coaxial Cylinders............................225.2.3 Cone and Plate...............................225.2.4 Disc and T-Bar Spindles..................225.2.5 Spiral Adapter Spindle.....................225.2.6 “Paddle” / “Paste” Spindles.............235.2.7 Vane Spindles.................................235.2.8 Other Special Spindles....................235.3 Analyzing Time-IndependentNon-Newtonian Fluids..............................235.3.1 Ratio Methods.................................235.3.2 Graphic Methods.............................235.3.3 Template Method.............................245.3.4 Dynamic Yield Value Determination245.4 Static Yield Value Determination...............255.5 Analyzing Time-Dependent,Non-Newtonian Fluids..............................255.6 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity.....255.7 Math Models.............................................265.8 Brookfield Application Software................265.9 Miscellaneous Methods............................27
CHAPTER 6..........................................................27
6.1 Single Point Viscosity Test........................276.2 Controlled Rate Ramp..............................276.3 Up-Down Rate Ramp...............................276.4 Time Sensitivity Test.................................276.5 Temperature Sensitivity Test.....................286.6 Temperature Profiling withUp-Down Rate..........................................286.7 Static Yield Test........................................286.8 Dynamic Yield Test...................................286.9 Recovery..................................................29
APPENDIX A: Specifications, Ranges, andOperating Parameters..................................30
A.1 Dial-Reading Viscometer Spindlesand Speeds..............................................31A.2 Digital Viscometers/RheometersSpindles and Speeds...............................32A.3 Disc Spindle Information for StandardViscometers/Rheometers.........................32A.4 Cylindrical Spindles for Dial-ReadingViscometer and Digital Viscometers/ Rheometers..............................................33A.5 Wells-Brookfield Cone/PlateViscometers/Rheometers.........................35A.6 Small Sample Adapter..............................36A.7 UL Adapter...............................................38A.8 Thermosel System...................................39A.9 DIN Adapter..............................................40A.10 Helipath Stand with T-Bar Spindles........41A.11 Spiral Adapter.........................................42A.12 Vane Spindles........................................43A.13 KU-2 (Krebs) Viscometer.......................44A.14 YR-1 Yield Stress Rheometer................45A.15 CAP 1000+ Viscometer..........................46A.16 CAP 2000+ Viscometer..........................47A.17 R/S Rheometer &R/S Soft Solids Tester............................48A.18 PVS Rheometer.....................................49
APPENDIX B: Spindle Entry Codesand Range Coefficients................................51APPENDIX C: ASTM Specifications.................53APPENDIX D: References..................................54APPENDIX E: Brookfield Locations.................55
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