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11
WOMEN AND PHYSICALHEALTH
The Health Care and Health Status of Women
Biases Against WomenGender Comparisons in Life ExpectancyGender Comparisons in Overall HealthHow Social Class Influences U.S.Women's Health Health Issues for Women in Developing CountriesCardiovascular Disease, Breast Cancer,and Other Specific Health Problems
Women With Disabilities
Background Information on Disability StudiesEducation and Work Patternsof Women With DisabilitiesPersonal Relationships of Women With Disabilities
AIDS and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Background Information on AIDSTheTransmission of AIDSMedical Aspects of HIV and AIDSPsychological Aspects of HIV and AIDSPreventing AIDSOther Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Women and Substance Abuse
SmokingAlcohol AbuseOther Substance-Abuse Problems
 
"'infant mortalityrate
(338)
".marianismo(340)
".postpartum
L " " o n
I I I 
mot erhood(346) "'infertility
(349)
"'postpartum blues
(344)
"postnatal depression "maternityblues
(344) (344)
~
J
Note:The terms asterisked in the Key Terms section serve as goodsearch termsfor InfoTrac College Edition. Go tohttp://infotrac.thomsonlearning.comand trytheseaddedsearch terms.
Biernat, M., Crosby,F.].,
&
Williams, J.C.(Eds.). (2004). Thematernal wall: Research and policy perspectives ondiscrimination against mothers [Specialissue].
J oumalo f Socia
I 
Issues,
60(4).The
 J oumalof Social Issues
publishes special issues abouta variety of social-justice concerns, and many of themfocus on thepsychology of women andgender.Thisparticular special issueexam- inesa wide variety of biases againstemployed womenwho are mothers.
 Birth:I ssues inPerinatalCare.
Thisquarterlyjournal provides an interdisciplinaryperspective on topics thatpsychologistshave generally ignored. The articles examine women'sexperiencesdur- ingpregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period; they alsodiscussinnovativechildbirth programs. Feeney, J.A., Hohaus, L.,Noller, P.,
&
Alexander, R. P.
(2001).Becomingpar ent s:Exploring the bonds between mothers ,f ather s,and their  in f ant s.
New York :Cambridge UniversityPress. Here's a book that focuseson manyaspects of the transition to parenthood in astudy of Australian married couples.Thebook is scholarly,butit also off erssome wonderf ul quotationsfrom theparents. Mauthner, N. S.(2002).
The dar kest days of my lif e: St or ieso f post  partum depr ession.
Cambridge, MA:HarvardUniversityPress.Natasha Mauthner interviewed Britishand U.S. mothers who were experiencingpostpartum depression. She selected some especiallypoignantquotations fromthese mothers,and herbook emphasizesthe social and cultural issuesthat encouragepostpartum depression.
 Demonstration
10.3:
Not e:
The name of eachcountry is followed by itsinfant mortality rate (thenumber of inf ant deaths during 1 yearper 1,000 live births).Australia, 6;Greece,4;Cuba,6; Israel, 5; Denmark , 3;Japan, 3; France, 4;Sweden, 3; Germany, 4; United States, 7;Belgium, 4;Czech Republic, 4; Ireland, 6; Poland,6; Canada,5. 1.True(p.323);2.True (p.325); 3.True (pp. 325-327); 4.True(p. 328); 5. True(p.331); 6.False(p. 333); 7.False (pp. 336-338); 8. True(p.341); 9.True(p.344); 10.False (pp.347-348).
 
1.Because women often have unique health problems, medical researchers are more likely to study females thanmales. 2.Womenare morelikely than men to experiencelifelong health problems such as respiratory illness and general fatigue.3. In the UnitedStates,a person's social class nolonger has an effect on her or his physical health. 4.The media have publicized the problem of female genitalmutilation for young girls inAfrica,the Middle East, and Asia;however, recent investigationshave determined that only about 5,000 to 7,000 girls have been harmed bythis ceremonialprocedure. 5.Women in the United States are morelikely to die from cardiovascular disease than from breast cancer andall other forms of cancer. 6.Between 20%and 30%ofU.S.and Canadian women have some form of disability. 7.Awoman who has sexwith an HIV-positive manis much more likelyto becomeinfected than a man who has sexwith an HIV-positive woman. 8. Aside from AIDS, the other sexually transmitteddiseases may be annoying and painful,but theycause no long-term health problems. 9.In the United States,cigarette smoking is the most common preventable cause of death.  __  _ 10.White women are more likely than Black womento smoke cigarettes and to try illegal drugs at some point intheirlives.
A woman namedSamanthadescribesher relationship withher husband, Michael:"We love eachotherpassionately andof ten.Whilethe disabilitydoes, inreality, af f ecthow wedothings andwhatwe are abletodotogether, itdoes not define ourrelationship. Assumptions are alwaystheproblem.People can assumethat becauseIamdisabled,that my sexuality andmy abilityto en joy and participate in sexhavebeentak en away f rom me. It is funtobe partof  aneducationprocess aimedatchallengingthisperception." Samantha has quadriplegia, whichmeansthatallfourlimbsareparalyzed(Boston Women's Health Book Collective, 2005, p.216). This chapter exploresboththe stereotypes and the realities of women with disabilities. We will also considerinformation aboutwomen's healthstatus, sexuallytransmitted infections,andsubstance abuse.Thesetopics are partof  health psychology,aninterdisciplinaryareain psychology that focuses on the causes of illness,thetreatmentof illness, illnessprevention, and health improvement(Brannon
&
Feist,2004;Gurung, 2006; Sarafino, 2006). Why shouldwomen's health problems require specialattention in a psychology course?In this chapter, we willemphasizethree major reasonsthathealth issues are related tothepsychology of women andgender.
1.Gender mak es adiffer encein t he k inds of illness that peo ple ex perience.
Onetheme of this book isthat psychological genderdiff erences aretypically small. However, several biologicalgenderdifferenceshave importantconsequences
of 00

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