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 Relationships with
Parents
Attachment Theory: Concepts and TerminologyThe Parent's Bond to the ChildThe Child's Attachment to the ParentParent-Child Relationships in Adolescence
Variations
in the
Quality
of Attachments
Internal Working Models of AttachmentSecure and Insecure AttachmentsStability and Long-Term Consequences ofAttachment QualityTemperament and AttachmentDoes Quality of Attachment Matter in Adulthood?
 Relationships with
Peers
Peer Relationships in Infancy and the Preschool YearsPeer Relationships at School AgeSocial StatusPeer Relationships in AdolescenceSibling Relationships
8ehavior
with
Peers
Prosocial BehaviorAggressionTrait Aggression
summary
Key Terms
CHAPTER
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 Low crime
rates are
among these
advantages,and
good schools
are
another.Suburbanschools typically turn out students who get highscoreson
standardized
test s ,
and
they offer children many opportunities to
participate
in
extra-curricular
activities.Kingwood,
Texas,
isone such neighborhood .
Located
about thirty minutesnorth-
east
of Houston ,Kingwood is
a "master-planned"
community through which lushgreenbelts
and
championship golf courses
meander.
Homes
range
from
upper-middle-
class ,
tract
homes to custom-built mansions. As you might 
expect,
there is
little
crime
and
almost no gang activity,
and
Kingwood s schools
are
among the most highly
rated
in the
state.
Consequently ,
back 
in
1999,
residents
were
shocked when police
revealed
the identities of 
a
group of 
armed
robbers who
had
held up
several local
stores over 
a
two-month period. The robbers
were all
current or former students of Kingwood  High School ,
and,
surpisingly ,they
were all
girls.The girls ,whose
ages ranged
from
16
to
18,
had named
their gang the "Queens of  Armed Robbery."
Seventeen-year-old Usa Warzeka
typified the group of four girls.
Usa had
been
an
accomplished 
athlete and
successful student 
at
Kingwood High untilshe
began
to associatewith
a couple
of girlswho used drugs. She changed her 
appear-ance
to
emulate
that of her new f iends ,
and
her behavior toward her 
parents became
disrespectfuL She dropped out of her school activities
and eventually
quit school
alto-
gether.
After
struggling with Usa'snewfound identity for months, her 
parents
finally
made
her 
leave
their home in the hope that 
a
"tough-love"
approach
would turn hearound .
Usa
moved in with one of her fr iends ,
and
shortly
thereafter
the group em-
barked
on their crime spree. Often high on cocaine dur ing their crimes ,the girls
re-garded
them
as
both
a
source of entertainment 
and a
source of money for drugs
and
other necessitiesof the
"party-hearty"lifestyle
they
had adopted.
The partying
came
to
an
end when the girls ,whose images
were plainly
visible on
several surveillance tapes
in the establishments they
had
robbed  ,
were arrested.
Oneof them received 
a
lenient sentence in exchange for her testimony against the others.One girl decided to fight the charges,but 
was eventually
found guilty
and
sent to prison anyway. The remaining two, including
Usa,pled
guilty in the hope that 
a re-morseful attitude
would influence
a
 jury to give them
a
light sentence.They
were
wrong; both girls
were
sentenced to seven years in prison.While injail awaiting sentencing,
Usa realized
the gr avit  yof what she
had
becomeinvolved in.Insearchof 
a
haven from the threatening
peer
environment of thejail, sheonce
again made
her bond swith her 
parents
the primary socialelationship in her 
life.
 Inprison,
Usa
finished high school
and earned an
associate's
degree.
When her 
applica-
tion for 
parole was
turned down in
2004,
her 
parents and
family
were
thesupport net-work she turned to for consolation. Now she look sforward togetting out of prison
at
the end of her term
and
attending the University of 
Texasat
Aust in,
a path
she
was
onbefore shegot caught up in the
lifestyle
that 
eventually led
her to prison.
Usa's
experience might 
be taken as an example
of Judith Rich Harris's
group
socialization theory
(Harris,
1998).
In Harris'sview, peers influence childrens
devel-
opment more strongly than
parents.
The reason ,says
Harris,
is that peers
are
the
people
with whom children
will
spend their 
adult
lives.Therefore, they look to peers ,more than
parents,
for 
behavioral
guidelines. Though
parents
may
attempt
to
 
influence peer
associations by doing things
like
moving to 'good" neighborhoodswhere they
assume
most families will
share
their 
moral values, group
socializationtheory
predicts that peers
will
construct
their own
behavioral standards and
pro-vide members with
reinforcement
for 
adopting
them.
Further,
this
approach wouldpredict that
the
peers
with whom
Lisa associates when
she
gets out
of prison will
strongly influence
the
degree
to which she
accomplishes
her 
goal
of 
graduating
 from
college.
while
many develop mentalists have
criticized 
group
sociali zation theory foits strong
emphasis on peer influences (e.g.,
Borkowski,
Ramey,
&
 Bristol-Power,
2002),
most 
would agree that, at least
sometimes,
peer influences
become more im-
portant in children's
lives
than
the
guidance
of their 
parents.
Still,
even -tarris notesthat an
influence is
quite a different
thing from
a
relationship.
Parents clearry can'tmold children
into
replicas
of 
themselves, but what
they
can
do is provide themwith
what Mary
Ainsworth
called a
secure base.
A secure base
is
a social safetynet
to which
children can
reliabry
return when
their 
endeavors
outside the
security
of the famiry
environment
go awry. Moreover, the
secure base
gives them
encour-agement, support, and approval when
things go
well
for them outside the famiry
environment.
Look 
again at Lisa's example. when
she
was one
of the
"Queens
of 
Armed
Robbery:' famiry relationships
meant
so
little
to he
that
she
abandoned
them without 
a
thought.
But when
her 
world fell apart,
those relationships
were
still there for her to
turn
to.
No doubt
they will
also be
the
ones that
will
help
her 
make
the
transition
from
convict
to
college student when
she is
released
from prison.
Cases like Lisa's can help us understand
why mos
develop mentalists believe that
it 
isn't useful
to
think 
of 
parental and peer influences in an
either-or 
framework. In-stead,
both
kinds
of relationships
are important, and
the two
interact
with
each
other.
Many point out that a useful approach
to
thinking about
the issues of 
parental versuspeer influences can be found in a
1989
article
by William
-tartup, one
of the most 
as-tute investigators
of 
social development. In
the
article, -tartup suggests that childrenneed experience in
two
rather different kinds
of relationships:
vertical and horizontal.A vertical
relationship
involves an attachment
to someone who
has greater socialpower
or 
knowledge, such as a parent, a teacher,
or 
even an older
sibling.
A horizontalrelationship, in contrast,
is
reciprocal and egalitarian.
The
individuals involved, suchas same-age peers, have equal social
power,
and
their behavior 
toward one another
comes from the
same repertoire. In
this
chapter,
you will
learn about
both typesof relationships.
 Relationships with Parents
T
he parent-child relationship has been at the center of much theorizing and re-search in developmental psychology. To understand the major research findings,you need a basic knowledge of the theoretical foundation on which most research stud-ies have been based.
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