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FOUR STROKE ENGINE

MAKALAH

Oleh Ahmad Khairul Faizin / 1131210060 Alif Masyuri / 1131210024 Ardi Maulana / 1131210123 Pebrian Dwi Sastyo / 1131210023 Ridar Lukmantya / 1131210166

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN POLITEKNIK NEGERI MALANG MALANG JANUARI 2013

1. PART OF FOUR STROKE ENGINE a. Piston A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder wall .

picture 1.1 Piston b. Connecting Rod In a reciprocating piston engine, the connecting rod or conrod connects the piston to the crank or crankshaft. Together with the crank, they form a simple mechanism that converts linear motion into rotating motion. Connecting rods may also convert rotating motion into linear motion. Historically, before the development of engines, they were first used in this way. As a connecting rod is rigid, it may transmit either a push or a pull and so the rod may rotate the crank through both halves of a revolution, i.e. piston pushing and piston pulling. Earlier mechanisms, such as chains, could only pull. In a few twostroke engines, the connecting rod is only required to push. Today, connecting rods are best known through their use in internal combustion piston engines, such as car engines. These are of a distinctly different design from earlier forms of connecting rods, used in steam engines and steam locomotives.

picture 1.2 Connecting Rod c. CrankShaft The crankshaft, sometimes abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine that translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation. To convert the reciprocating motion into rotation, the crankshaft has "crank throws" or "crankpins", additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that of the crank, to which the "big ends" of the connecting rods from each cylinder attach. It typically connects to a flywheel to reduce the pulsation characteristic of the four-stroke cycle, and sometimes a torsional or vibrational damper at the opposite end, to reduce the torsional vibrations often caused along the length of the crankshaft by the cylinders farthest from the output end acting on the torsional elasticity of the metal.

picture 1.3 CrankShaft d. Intake and Exhaust Valves There are two types of engine valves; intake and exhaust valves. The intake valves of course let air in, and the exhaust valves let exhaust air out. The more air you can move air in and out of the engine the more efficient, and therefor power the engine will have. This is why the engine valve plays a pretty critical role in an engines performance.

picture 1.4 intake adn exhaust valve e. Spark Plug A spark plug (sometimes in British English a sparking plug,[1] colloquially a plug) is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine. A spark plug has a metal threaded shell, electrically isolated from a central electrode by a porcelain insulator. The central electrode, which may contain a resistor, is connected by a heavily insulated wire to the output terminal of an ignition coil or magneto. The spark plug's metal shell is screwed into the engine's cylinder head and thus electrically grounded. The central electrode protrudes through the porcelain insulator into the combustion chamber, forming one or more spark gaps between the inner end of the central electrode and usually one or more protuberances or structures attached to the inner end of the threaded shell and designated the "side", "earth", or "ground" electrode(s).

picture 1.5 Spark Plug 2. FOUR STROKE ENGINE CYCLE The four-stroke combustion cycle just like a gasoline engine. The four strokes are: Intake stroke -- The intake valve opens up, letting in air and moving the piston down. Compression stroke -- The piston moves back up and compresses the air. Combustion stroke -- As the piston reaches the top, fuel is injected at just the right moment and ignited, forcing the piston back down.

Exhaust stroke -- The piston moves back to the top, pushing out the exhaust created from the combustion out of the exhaust valve. 3. DIFFERENCE FOUR STROKE ENGINE ( gasoline engine) AND DIESEL ENGINE In theory, diesel engines and gasoline engines are quite similar. They are both internal combustion engines designed to convert the chemical energy available in fuel into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy moves pistons up and down inside cylinders. The pistons are connected to a crankshaft, and the up-and-down motion of the pistons, known as linear motion, creates the rotary motion needed to turn the wheels of a car forward. Both diesel engines and gasoline engines covert fuel into energy through a series of small explosions or combustions. The major difference between diesel and gasoline is the way these explosions happen. In a gasoline engine, fuel is mixed with air, compressed by pistons and ignited by sparks from spark plugs. In a diesel engine, however, the air is compressed first, and then the fuel is injected. Because air heats up when it's compressed, the fuel ignites.

picture 3.1 diesel engine model

Picture 3.2 four stroke engine model

4. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF FOUR STOKE ENGINE Strengths : 1. More torque even at idling speed 2. No scavenging problems 3. No fresh mixture escaping with exhaust gases weaknesses : 1. Low power to weight ratio 2. More moving parts,not suitable for high speed 3. More number of stroke per circle 4. High service and overhaul cost due to more parts

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