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Skcksa{hkg a `vk~p{i ig g{po%`kpkveahgvk
ȑ
 Gh`vka C{văvgv{) `ocpovgh`ES) i/g
Gfspvgcp
Skckssaoh as ohk ol pbk eosp vk|oi{paohgvq ahspap{paohs ah pbk cohskv|gpa|k laki` ol cohspap{paohgi igz( Aps vk|oi{paohgvq cbgvgcpkv as `kpkveahk` fq pbk lgcp pbgp ap as g cbgiikhjk po pbk so|kvkajhpq ol pbk spgpk as sghcpaohahj l{hcpaohgiapq cohskv|gpa|k ahspap{paohs( Pbas `{giapq as vklikcpk` ah pbkikjgi vkj{igpaoh ol skckssaoh( Zapb lkz krck~paohs) skckssaoh as ~vobafapk` fq ahpkvhgpaohgi igz)gh` hovegiiq eosp cohspap{paohs spgpks ol pbk zovi`( Bozk|kv) g spgpk cvkgpk` glpkv pbks{cckssl{i coe~ikpaoh ol g skckssaohasp ~vodkcp bgs g vkgi cbghck ol vkcojhapaoh fq ahpkvhgpaohgi ovjghatgpaohs gh` pbk ahpkvhgpaohgi coee{hapq(
Skcksa{hkg kspk {hg `ahpvk ckik ega vk|oi{ţaohgvk ahspap{ţaa èh `oekha{i cohskv|gpov gi `vk~p{i{acohspap{ţaohgi( Cgvgcpkv{i să{ vk|oi{ţaohgv kspk `kpkveahgp `k lg~p{i că vk~vktahpă o ~vo|ocgvk igg`vksg s{|kvghapăţaa spgp{i{a) cohskv|gpa|ă cohspă èh cohslahţavkg l{hcţaohgiapăţaa ahspap{ţaka spgpgik(
7 
 Gckgspă `{giapgpk kspk vklikcpgpă èh vkjikekhpgvkg d{va`acă g skcksa{haa( C{ eaca krck~ţaa)skcksa{hkg kspk ahpkvtasă `k `vk~p{i ahpkvhgţaohgi şa) èh eo` hovegi) `k egdovapgpkg cohspap{ţaaiov spgpkiov i{eaa( Pop{şa) {h spgp cvkgp èh {veg vkgiatăvaa `k s{ccks g {h{a ~voakcp skcksaohasp gvkşghsk vkgik `k vkc{hogşpkvk `k căpvk ovjghatgţaaik ahpkvhgţaohgik şa coe{hapgpkg ahpkvhgţaohgiă(@k e{ipk ova) èh gcksp cohpkrp pkvekh{i{a `k ’skcksa{hk― kspk s{fspap{ap ~vah pkvekh{i ’`asoi{ţak―"A{josig|ag! sg{ ’`ktgsocakvk |oi{hpgvă― "Fghjig`ksb) Kvapvkkg) Ckbosio|gcag) [VSS!( Gsplki)`k|ahk cigv că vkjikekhpgvkg d{va`acă g skcksa{haa pah`k să èa `asae{iktk cgvgcpkv{i |oi{hpgv)ikjapaeatæh`{%a `aekhsa{hkg cohskv|gpa|ă èh cohpkrp{i cvkăvaa {hka hoa khpapăţa s{|kvghk(Cvkgvkg spgpkiov cohlove `ocpvahka d{va`ack cohpke~ovghk ae~iacă skcksa{hkg `klahapă `k `vk~p{iahpkvhgţaohgi cg şa cvkgvkg {h{a ho{ spgp ~k {h pkvapova{ cgvk cohspap{ag ghpkvaov o ~gvpk ahpkjvghpă`ahpv%{h gip spgp( [haa pkovkpacakha vk`{c pkvekh{i `k skcksa{hk ig klkcp{i să{) giţaa) èhsă) ~kvck~skcksa{hkg cg {h ~vocks cgvk `{ck ig cvkgvkg {h{a ho{ spgp( Ah`alkvkhp cæp `k igvjă kspk`klahaţag) skcksa{hkg h{ kspk {h ~vocks cgvk să ~vo|ogck hoţa{haik `k spgpgiapgpk) ckpăţkhak sg{s{|kvghapgpk) ca) |ack|kvsg) sk grkgtă ~k saspke{i zksp~bgiagh `k spgpk4 eoho~oi{i spgp{i{ags{~vg pkvapova{i{a şa ~o~ov{i{a să{) èh cohjv{khţg pkvekhkiov `k spgp) ~o~ov şa hgţa{hk(Skcksa{hkg ~ogpk la ahpkv~vkpgpă `vk~p eadioc{i {hka sk~gvăva ~oiapaco%d{va`ack `ah cg`v{i {h{a spgpe{ipahgţaohgi) o ’~osafaiapgpk― cgvk) èhsă) h{ ae~iacă èh eo` hkcksgv cvkgvkg {h{a ho{ spgp( Gsplki)ghgiatg d{va`acă g skcksa{haa sk ahpkjvkgtă iojac èh coe~gvpaekhp{i `vk~p{i{a cohspap{ţaohgi ck ţahk`k `vk~p{vaik eahovapăţaiov şa ckpăţkhag èh socakpăţaik e{ipahgţaohgik( Gckgspă gfov`gvk gvk `o{ăg|ghpgdk egdovk( Èh ~vae{i væh`) sk `kpkveahă cokvkhp ioc{i skcksa{haa èh `ocpvahg `vk~p{i{acohspap{ţaohgi( @k ckik ega e{ipk ova) eaşcăvaik skcksaohaspk o~kvkgtă èh cohpkrp{i spgpkiov e{ipahgţaohgik vk~vktkhpæh` eahovapăţa g{pobpohk cohckhpvgpk pkvapovagi cgvk s{hp vk{hapk `k oa`khpapgpk hgţaohgiă sg{ w{gsa % hgţaohgiă( Gsplki) skcksa{hkg h{ kspk {h lkhoekh atoigp) ca {hg`ahpvk eghalkspăvaik d{va`ack gik vkigţaka `ahpvk spgpk şa coe{hapăţaik sgik s{fhgţaohgik( Èh gckspcohpkrp) `vk~p{vaik eahovapăţaiov a `vk~p{i ig skcksa{hk cg` èh gckkga cgpkjovak) `kogvkck g{ ig
ȑ ȑ
 fgtăgckikga ~vkeask eovgik) ~oiapack a d{va`ack) ikjgpk `k `alac{ipgpkg `k vkcohcaiakvk èh
ȑ ȑ
 `oekha{i ckpăkhak a hgaohgiase) g{po`kpkveahgvk a s{|kvghapgpk( Ghgiojac) èh `vk~p{i
ȝ ȑ ȝ ȑ
 
7 Eghcaha) S{sghhg( &Skckssaoh gh` Skil%@kpkveahgpaoh(& "6>76!4 7>;:(
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ahpkvhgaohgi) ~vofikeg cgvk g~gv èh ikjăp{vă c{ ~vopkcag eahovapăaiov g{ losp ahpkvcgigpk c{ ck
ȝ ȝ ȝ
 ah `k spgpgiapgpk(Cki `k%gi `oaikg g|ghpgd gi gckspka gfov`ăva coe~vkbkhsa|k cohspă èh lg~p{i că
ȝ
 gcksp cohck~p kspk likrafai a e{ipa%l{hcaohgi) èh `k~kh`khă `k cohpkrp{i èh cgvk o~kvkgtă(O
ȑ ȝ ȝ
 cohsa`kvgak jkhkvgiă èh ~vofikegpacg skcksa{haa) ah`alkvkhp `k hgp{vg ~vkpkhaaiov skcksaohaspk)
ȝ ȝ
 skcksa{hkg h{ kspk `ktavgfaiă ~vaeg lgcak) `kogvkck gckspkg `kspgfaiatkgtă spgfaiapgpkgeoh`agiă( Pop{a) ahpkvtackvkg cgpkjovacă g skcksa{haa`k e{ipk ova cohpvaf{ak ig vg`acgiatgvkg
ȑ
 ~vkpkhaaiov skcksaohaspk( ^k `k gipă ~gvpk) `gcă skcksa{hkg kspk {hg `ahpvk o~a{haik `as~ohafaik
ȝ ȝ
 eahovapăaiov) kraspă ~osafaiapgpkg `k g sk vkh{hg ig gckgspg(^vkpkhaaik skcksaohaspk s{hp `k
ȝ ȝ ȝ
 e{ipk ova fgtgpk ~k cvapkvaa a`koiojack) `gv) `gcă skcksa{hkg kspk ―hovegiatgpă― a s{fakcp gi
ȑ
 vkjikekhpăvaa d{va`ack) `gcă kspk vgaohgiatgpă ~ogpk să%a ~agv`ă ~{pkvkg k|ocgpa|ă a să
ȝ ȑ ȑ
 vkovakhpktk s~vk ofakcpa|k cospv{cpa|k(^gvpkg hkjgpa|ă cohspă èh lg~p{i că vkjikekhpgvkg d{va`acă g `vk~p{i{a ig skcksa{hk èhpv%{h spgpe{ipahgaohgi) ~ogpk ~vo|ocg o vkgcak ega skvaogsă `ah ~gvpkg spgp{i{a ig ~vkpkhaaik
ȝ ȝ ȝ
 skcksaohaspk a ckik ikjgpk `k `vk~p{vaik eahovapăaiov( Gsplki) ~vkpkhaaik skcksaohaspk ~op cohpvaf{a
ȑ ȝ ȝ
 ig soi{aohgvkg `alkvkh`kiov èh ahpkvaov{i spgp{i{a( Pop{a) kspk hkcksgvă o gpap{`ahk ~vkcg{pă lgă
ȝ ȑ ȝ
 `k ahpkjvgvkg èh saspke{i cohspap{aohgi g~vkpkhaaiov skcksaohaspk) cbagv `gcă gckgspg s%gv ~{pkg
ȝ ȝ
 `o|k`a fkhklacă ~k pkvekh sc{vp(O pkovak coe~vkbkhsa|ă g skcksa{haa) s~vk `koskfavk `k ckg pvg`aaohgiă) fgtgpă ~k vkt{ipgp)
ȝ
 soiacapă o vkcohck~p{giatgvk g cohck~pkiov pvg`aaohgik `k spgpgiapgpk) s{|kvghapgpk a ckpăkhak(
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 ^vah vkc{hogpkvkg skcksa{haa `vk~p {h{i `ahpvk `vk~p{vaik eahovapăaiov) sk ~vo|ogcă eoho~oi{i
ȑ ȝ
 ~{pkvaa `k spgp) s{~vkegag `vk~p{i{a spgpgi) ~vah gs{egvkg khpapăaiov s{f%spgpgik g {hov lovek `k
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 s{|kvghapgpk ~gsa|ă) cgvk ~ogpk la gcpa|gpă èh gh{eapk coh`aaa(
ȝ
 Gckgspă gfov`gvk ~{hk èh `asc{ak hoa{hkg `k ~kv~kp{gvk cg kikekhp spv{cp{vgi gi spgp{i{a a
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  èe~opva|g ah`a|atafaiapăaa s{|kvghapăaa( Gsplki) o pkovak coe~vkbkhsa|ă g skcksa{hk ~vah
ȝ ȝ
 ae~iacgvkg {hka `aekhsa{ha |oi{hpgvaspk "cohlk`kvgik! èh cohspap{avkg spgp{i{a pah`k să vk`{că`kiaeapgvkg cigvă `ahpvk `vk~p{i cohspap{aohgi a cki ahpkvhgaohgi(
ȝ ȑ ȝ
Kraspă `o{ă pa~{va ~vaca~agik `k pkovaa ~va|ah` `vk~p{i ig skcksa{hk4 Pkovag `vk~p{i{a ~vaegv a
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 Pkovag `vk~p{i{a `k vkek`akvk( Ckg `ah {veă `klahkpk `vk~p{i `k skcksa{hk`vk~p vkek`a{
ȑ
 ~khpv{ ahd{spaaa) g`acă `vk~p vkt{ipgp gi |aoiăvaa {hov `vk~p{va( ^vaeg pkovak) `ae~opva|ă) spgfaikpk
ȝ ȑ
 {h `vk~p {haigpkvgi `k skcksa{hk
 ~kv sk)
ah`k~kh`khp `k |aoigvkg gipov `vk~p{va( Pkovaaik`vk~p{vaiov ~vaegvk s{hp `k `o{ă pa~{va4 hgaohgiaspk a `keocvgpack( Pkovaaik hgaohgiaspk gik
ȝ ȑ ȝ
 skcksa{haa s{hp cohspv{apk ~k ~vkeasg că kraspă o |giogvk eovgiă ahpvahskcă g hga{haa) g`acă) èh
ȝ
 ikjăp{vă c{ g~gvpkhkhg ig o coe{hapgpk c{ip{vgiă oeojkhă( Gckgspă ~vkt{eak ~ogpk la)
ȝ ȝ
 `ksaj{v) g~ăvgpă ~k fgtk pkovkpack a a`koiojack( Pkovaaik hgţaohgiaspk sk fgtkgtă ~k a`kkg că
ȑ
 ~vkeasg l{hcţaohăvaa klacakhpk g {hka khpapăţa spgpgik kspk hgţa{hkg) agv spgpkik |ov pah` să sklovektk èh d{v{i gckspkag( Spgpkik e{ipahgţaohgik s{hp s{~{sk gsplki ~vah `klahaţak vasc{i{a `kskcksa{hk(Cki `k%gi `oaikg pa~ `k pkovaa gik `vk~p{i{a ~vaegv `k skcksa{hk ~op la `klahapk cg laah`’`keocvgpack―( Pkovkpacakhaa gckspovg) Vofkvp EcJkk) Cbvaspo~bkv Zkiiegh) @ghaki ^bai~opp şaBgvvq Fkvgh glaveă că iafkvpgpkg `k gsocakvk şa `keocvgţag pvkf{ak) cki ~{ţah èh ~vahca~a{) să skg~iack `kiaeapăvaa lvohpakvkiov spgpgik şa că `vk~p{i ig skcksa{hk `kva|ă `ah `vk~p{i ah`a|a`{gi `kgsocakvk |oi{hpgvă(
6
Sk ~{hk gcckhp{i h{ ~k g{pohoeag coikcpa|ă g hgţa{haiov) ca) ~vk~oh`kvkhp)
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~k g{pohoeag ah`a|a`{giă g ekefvaiov jv{~{i{a( G{pohoeag ah`a|a`{giă kspk |giogvkl{h`gekhpgiă cgvk d{spalacă ~vkpkhţaaik skcksaohaspk) `kogvkck gckgspg cohspap{ak ikjapaeapgpkgj{|kvhăvaa( Cohskhs{i kspk o ~vkeasă g ikjapaeapăţaa g g{povapăţaa d{va`aco%~oiapack) `kogvkck`keocvgţag sk fgtkgtă ~k cohsaeţăeæhp{i ~o~{igv şa cgiapgpkg |oi{hpgvă `k ekefv{(J{|kvhăvaik `keocvgpack ag{ `kcataa ~k fgtg s{sţahkvaa ~o~{igvk) ah`alkvkhp `gcă ik gcck~pă sg{h{( Gsplki) ~khpv{ cg {h spgp să lak ikjapae) ckpăţkhaa pvkf{ak) cki ~{ţah) să gcck~pk cgiapgpkg `kckpăţkgh şa {h skp eahae `k vkj{ia d{va`ack( @gcă ah`a|ataa cgvk lgc ~gvpk `ahpv%{h spgp h{ egagcck~pă g{povapgpkg gcksp{ag) ka pvkf{ak să fkhklacaktk `k `vk~p{i ig skcksa{hk( G{pohoeag şaiafkvpgpkg `k gsocakvk cohlkvă) `k lg~p) p{p{vov ah`a|ataiov `vk~p{i ig gsocakvk) `gv şa ig vkpvgjkvk`ahpv%o gsocagţak) ahci{sa| şa `ah gsocagţag ~oiapaco % d{va`acă ~vah krckikhţă) spgp{i( Cohlove~vktkhpka pkovaa) `vk~p{i `k skcksa{hk pvkf{ak jgvghpgp ah`alkvkhp `k oeojkhapgpkg c{ip{vgiă sg{kphacă sg{ `kiaeapgvkg pkvapovagiă g jv{~{i{a sk~gvgpasp( Cvapkva{i `kpkveahghp laah` gfaiapgpkg vkgiăşa pkh`ahţg jv{~{i{a `k g cvkg ~vo~va{i spgp(Pkovaaik `vk~p{i{a vkek`agi `k skcksa{hk) s~vk `koskfavk `k g{po`kpkveahgvkg hgţaohgiă şa pkovag`keocvgpacă g `vk~p{i{a ig skcksa{hk) sk fgtkgtă ~k ~vkeasg că skcksa{hkg h{ kspk {h `vk~p~vaegv) ca {h `vk~p `k vkek`akvk cgvk sk g~iacă èh gh{eapk cavc{espghţk spvacp iaeapgpk) gp{hcacæh` {hkik coh`aţaa s{hp èhpv{hapk(Pkovag cg{tka d{spk "Giikh F{cbghgh şa Zgqhk Hovegh! ~vks{~{hk că {h spgp pvkf{ak să olkvk~vock`{va s{lacakhpk ~khpv{ i{gvkg {hov `kcataaa coikcpa|k şa să `kg lakcăv{a ah`a|a` sg{ jv{~`vk~p{i `k vk~vktkhpgvk) kiaeahæh` hkcksapgpkg `k {h `vk~p ~vaegv `k skcksa{hk(
3
 Cohlovegckspka pkovaa) skcksa{hkg pvkf{ak să ahpkv|ahă gp{hca cæh` {h jv{~ kspk `ascvaeahgp èh cg`v{ispgpgi kraspkhp( Ahd{spaţaaik ~op vkt{ipg `ahpv%o ghkrgvk ghpkvaogvă lăvă `k gcov`{i jv{~{i{a "`kkrke~i{) ghkrgvkg spgpkiov fgipack `k căpvk [VSS! sg{ `gpovapă {h{a pvgpgekhp ahd{sp `k căpvkj{|kvh g ioc{apovaiov {hov {hapăţa pkvapovagik4 ia~sg ~vopkcţaka `vk~p{vaiov iov l{h`gekhpgik şaskc{vapăţaa iov) ahcg~gcapgpkg `k g gsaj{vg ahpkvkskik ~oiapack şa kcohoeack gik vkja{haa sg{vkgiatæh` o `aspvaf{avk `ascvaeahgpovak( Vgahkv Fg{fücm g`g{jă ig gckgspă iaspă èhcăicăvaikgcov`{vaiov lk`kvgik şa gik `vk~p{vaiov coikcpa|k `aspahcpk( 
0
  Èh `vk~p{i ahpkvhgţaohgi) g{po`kpkveahgvkg kspk iafkvpgpkg p{p{vov ~o~ogvkiov `k g `kca`k vkjae{iiov ~oiapac) kcohoeac şa socagi( Cg {vegvk) gckgspg vk~vktahpă {h `vk~p coikcpa| gi ~o~ov{i{a `k g`kca`k gs{~vg vkjae{i{a ~oiapac) `gv şa {h `vk~p ah`a|a`{gi `k g ~gvpaca~g iafkv şa ~ikha~opkhţagv èh~vocks{i ~oiapac) Ega e{ip `kcæp gpæp) g{po`kpkveahgvkg coefahă kikekhpkik `k hgţaohgiase şa`keocvgţak4 ~o~ogvkik ~op ah|ocg `vk~p{i `k g{po`kpkveahgvk lak ~khpv{ g skcksaohg şa g cvkg{h spgp ho{) lak ~khpv{ g vkgiatg gipk ofakcpa|k) `k krke~i{) vkgiatgvkg {hov {hapăţa g{pohoek èhcg`v{i spgpgi kraspkhp( @vk~p{i ahpkvhgţaohgi şa ~vgcpacg coe{hapăţaa ahpkvhgţaohgik h{ g{ gsaj{vgp{h cg`v{ cokvkhp ~khpv{ g vkgcţaohg pkhsa{haik g{po`kpkveahăvaa( Èh s~kcagi) `klahavkg pkvekh{i{a`k ~o~ov kspk {hg `ahpvk ~vofikekik k|a`khţagpk) cgvk gv gsaj{vg cg gcksp ~vahca~a{ să h{ lak{paiatgp c{ sco~{i `k skcksa{hk( G{po`kpkveahgvkg ahpvă èh cavc{ap{i ahpkvhgţaohgi ig èhck~{p{i skcoi{i{a RR) `{~ă ^vae{i VătfoaEoh`agi( @{~ă o~ahag i{a Ikhah) g{po`kpkveahgvkg kvg cvapkva{i jkhkvgi ~khpv{ kiafkvgvkg~o~ogvkiov gs{~vapk) cgvk) èh scbaef) pvkf{ag{ să cohpvaf{ak ig vk|oi{ţag socagiaspă( @ah
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