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CAMERA
closing an aperture, behind which is located the film. To make the filmtravel along its path and hold still for the exposure of each frame, adevice called a claw is required. This is another small piece of metalthat alternately pops into the sprocket holes or perforations in the film,pulls the film down, retracts to release the film while the frame is beingexposed, and finally returns to the top of the channel in which it movesto grasp the next frame. The movement of the shutter and claw aresynchronized, so that the shutter is closed while the claw is pulling theframe downward and open for the instant that the frame is motionlessin its own channel or gate.
 
Lenses for movie cameras also come in “normal,” wide-angle, and longfocal lengths. Some older cameras had a turret on which weremounted all three lens types. The desired lens could be fixed intoposition by simply rotating the turret. Many super-8 cameras come witha single zoom lens, incorporating a number of focal lengths that arecontrolled by moving a certain group of lens elements toward or awayfrom the film. Most of these cameras have an automatic exposuredevice that regulates the
f 
-stop according to the reading made by abuilt-in electric eye. Movie camera lenses are focused in the same wayas are still camera lenses. For viewing purposes, a super-8 uses abeam splitter—a partially silvered reflector that diverts a smallpercentage of the light to a ground-glass viewfinder while allowingmost of the light to reach the film. Other cameras have a mirror-shuttersystem that transmits all the light, at intervals, alternately to film andviewfinder. Many of the super-8 cameras also contain some kind of rangefinder, built into the focusing screen, for precise focusing.See alsomotion picture photography . Development of the Camera The original concept of the camera dates from Grecian times, whenAristotle referred to the principle of the camera obscura [Lat.,=darkchamber] which was literally a dark box—sometimes large enough forthe viewer to stand inside—with a small hole, or aperture, in one side.(A lens was not employed for focusing until the Middle Ages.) Aninverted image of a scene was formed on an interior screen; it couldthen be traced by an artist. The first diagram of a camera obscuraappeared in a manuscript by Leonardo da Vinci in 1519, but he did notclaim its invention.
The recording of a negative image on a light-sensitivematerial was first achieved by the Frenchman JosephNicéphoreNiepce in 1826; he coated a piece of paper with asphalt and exposed it inside the camera obscurafor eight hours. Although various kinds of devices formaking pictures in rapid succession had been employedas early as the 1860s, the first practical motion picturecamera—made feasible by the invention of the firstflexible (paper base) films—was built in 1887 by E. J.Marey, a Frenchman. Two years later ThomasEdison invented the first commercially successful camera.However, cinematography was not accessible toamateurs until 1923, when Eastman Kodak produced
 
the first 16-mm reversal safety film, and Bell & Howellintroduced cameras and Compact digital cameras
Compact cameras are designed to be small and portable; the smallestare described as
subcompacts
or "ultra-compacts". Compact camerasare usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced featuresand picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usuallyonly be stored usinglossy compression( JPEG). Most have a built-in flashusually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. Live previewis almost always used to frame the photo. They may have limitedmotion picturecapability. Compacts often havemacrocapability, but if  they havezoomcapability the range is usually less than forbridgeand DSLRcameras. They have a greaterdepth of field, allowing objects within a large range of distances from the camera to be in sharp focus. They are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" use.
Bridge cameras
Main article:Bridge digital cameraBridge
or
SLR-like
cameras are higher-end digital cameras that
 
physically resembleDSLRsand share with them some advancedfeatures, but share with compacts the framing of the photo using livepreview and small sensor sizes.Fujifilm FinePix S9000.Bridge cameras often havesuperzoomlenses which provide a verywide zoom range, typically between 10:1 and 18:1, which is attained atthe cost of some distortions, including barrel and pincushion distortion,to a degree which varies with lens quality. These cameras aresometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras sincethe appearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the mirror and reflexsystem of DSLRs, have so far been fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although in some cases accessory wide-angleor telephoto converters can be attached to the lens), can usually take
of 00

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