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P ergam on
A p p lie d
Therm al
E n g in e e r in g
V o l.
16, N o.
7, pp.
5 5 1 -5 5 9 ,
1 9 9 6
C o p y rig h t
0
1 9 9 6
E ls e v ie r
S c ie n c e
L td
P rin te d
i n
G reat
B rita in .
A ll
rig h ts
r e s e r v e d
1 3 % 4 3 1 1 ( 9 q o o o 6 o -7
1 3 5 9 - 4 3 1 l/9 6
$ 1 5 .0 0
+
0 .0 0
A
N EW
H V A C
S Y S T E M
BA SED
O N
C O G E N E R A T IO N
B Y
A N
I.C .
EN G IN E
R . M . L a z z a rin ,*
G. A. Longot
a n d
P . C . R o m a g n o n it
* Is titu to
d i In g e g n e ria
G e s tio n a le ,
U n iv ersita
di Padova,
V .le X
G iu g n o
2 2 , 3 6 1 0 0 , V ic e n z a ,
Ita ly ;
a n d
Y Istitu to
di Fisica
T e c n ic a ,
U n iv ersita
di Padova,
V ia V e n e z ia
1, 35131, Padova,
I t a l y
(R eceiv ed
2 9
Septem ber
1 9 9 5 )
A b stract-A
n e w
H V A C
s y s te m
is proposed
a n d
s tu d ie d .
T h e p la n t is e q u ip p e d
w ith
a re c ip ro c a tin g
i.c .
g a s e n g in e w h ic h
p ro d u c e s
e le c tric e n e rg y
with heat recovery
fro m
th e ja c k e t w a te r h e a t a n d
th e e x h a u s t.
The electric
e n e rg y
s e rv e s th e lig h tin g
a n d
e m f fo r th e b u ild in g
a n d
in d iv id u a l
ro o m
re v e rs ib le
air-w ater
heat pum ps
th a t m a in ly
s a tis f y
s e n s ib le
c o o lin g
a n d
a fraction
o f th e w in te r h e a tin g
lo a d . A n
o p e n -c y c le
a b s o rp tio n
system , w hich
treats the prim ary
a ir, m e e ts th e s u m m e r la te n t lo a d a n d y e a r ro u n d
v e n tila tio n
requirem ents.
In w inter, the system
o p e ra te s
as an open-cycle
heat pum p. The regeneration
of the sorbent
is o b ta in e d
by the i.c. engine heat recovery. The proposed
s y s te m
is a n a ly s e d
by com paring
its p e rfo rm a n c e
w ith
a tra d itio n a l
p la n t,
b o th
in sum m er
a n d
w in te r
m ode.
C o p y rig h t
0
1 9 9 6 E ls e v ie r
S c ie n c e
L td
K eyw ords-C ogeneration,
H V A C
system ,
o p e n
c y c le , a b s o rp tio n .
IN T R O D U C T IO N
C o g e n e ra tio n
i s
g a in in g
in te re s t
i n
I ta ly
fo r
la rg e
com m ercial
b u ild in g s .
T h is
te c h n o lo g y
i s
p ro m o te d
by a recent
a c t w h ic h
a llo w s p ro d u c e rs
t o
sell, exchange
or transport
the electricity
v ia
th e
E le c tric
N a tio n a l
B oard
(E N E L ).
A
b u ild in g
n e e d s
e le c tric
e n e rg y
fo r
th e
v a rio u s
s e rv ic e s
(lig h tin g ,
c o m p u te r
room s,
em f
fo r
pum ps,
fans, elevators,
a n d
so on) and
th e rm a l
e n e rg y
fo r w in te r
h e a tin g
(a n d
s e rv ic e
h o t w a te r).
A n
im p o rta n t
fra c tio n
o f th e
in s ta lle d
e le c tric
pow er
is d u e
t o
a ir-c o n d itio n in g
w hen
th e p la n t
i s
e q u ip p e d
w ith
tra d itio n a l
c h ille rs
t o
d riv e
th e
com pressors.
W hen
s u c h
a
p la n t
is o p e ra te d
i n
c o g e n e ra tio n ,
a large
fra c tio n
of the cogenerated
heat m ust be rejected
t o
th e a m b ie n t
in sum m er
in th e a b s e n c e
o f h e a tin g
needs. The
u tiliz a tio n
o f a b s o rp tio n
c h ille rs d riv e n
b y th e i.c . e n g in e
h e a t
re c o v e ry
h a s
b e e n
s u g g e s te d .
H ow ever,
th e
c o s t
of such
d e v ic e s
is hardly
j u s t i f i e d
in a
s e a s o n a l
a p p lic a tio n
a n d
a w inter
h e a t-p u m p
m ode
w o u ld
be desirable.
A
n e w
s y s te m
w o u ld
b e w e lc o m e
w h ic h
w a s a b le
t o
u tiliz e
lo w -g ra d e
th e rm a l
e n e rg y ,
s a y
th e
9 0 \u00b0 C
a v a ila b le
fro m
th e c o o lin g
o f th e e n g in e
e x h a u s t
a n d ja c k e t
to p ro d u c e
sum m er
c o o lin g
a n d
w in te r
h e a tin g
i n
h e a t-p u m p
m ode.
I n
th is
w ay,
th e
c o g e n e ra te d
h e a t
w o u ld
fin d
u tiliz a tio n
i n
sum m er,
giving rise in w inter
to a useful heat-pum p
e ffe c t, u p g ra d in g
h e a t fro m
a n a m b ie n t
s o u rc e
o r
fro m
th e
e x h a u s te d
a ir .
R e c e n tly ,
th e
p ro je c t
o f
th e
B u ild in g
In n o v a tio n
C e n te r
o f
P a d u a
w as
p re s e n te d
a t
th e
C o m m issio n
o f th e
E u ro p e a n
C o m m u n itie s
b y
th e
C onsorzio
P a d o v a
R icerche
[l]. The
b u ild in g
w as
d e s ig n e d
b y
a d o p tin g
a d v a n c e d
c r ite r ia
t o
re d u c e
e n e rg y
c o n s u m p tio n .
A dvanced
c o n c e p ts
w ere
a ls o
re q u e s te d
fo r
th e
a ir-c o n d itio n in g
p la n t.
T he
h e a rt
o f th e
p la n t
is a c o g e n e ra tio n
system ,
com posed
o f a re c ip ro c a tin g
i.c . e n g in e
w ith
h e a t
re c o v e ry ,
b o th
o n
th e
e x h a u s t
a n d
o n
th e
e n g in e
ja c k e t.
T he
e le c tric
e n e rg y
s a tis fie s
th e
b u ild in g
n e e d s (lig h tin g , e m f) a n d d riv e s ro o m
u n ita ry
heat pum ps
fo r b u ild in g
h e a tin g
a n d c o o lin g .
T he
n o v e lty
o f th e
p la n t
is u n c o n v e n tio n a l
u tiliz a tio n
o f th e
re c o v e re d
h e a t
t o
d riv e
a s o rp tio n
d e h u m id ific a tio n
s y s te m
e m p lo y e d
b o th
in w inter
a n d
in sum m er
m odes,
a tta in in g
th e
o b je c tiv e s
p re v io u s ly
d e s c rib e d
[2 -4 ].
5 5 1
5 5 2
R. M . Lazzarin
e ta l.
S Y S T E M
D E S C R IP T IO N
T he
a ir-c o n d itio n in g
p la n t
i s
b a s e d
o n
a
p rim ary
a ir
d is trib u tio n
s y s te m
w h ic h
m e e ts
th e
v e n tila tio n
re q u ire m e n ts
a n d
th e
sum m er
la te n t
lo a d s .
E v e ry
s p a c e
i s
p ro v id e d
w ith
a
lo c a l
a d ia b a tic
h u m id ifie r
a n d
a u n ita ry
h e a t
pum p
w h ic h
satisfies w inter
a n d
sum m er
s e n s ib le
lo a d s .
The system
w as chosen
to g u a ra n te e
a good
le v e l o f in d e p e n d e n c e
to th e v a rio u s
spaces as the users
a re
d iffe re n t.
I n
fa c t,
th e
b u ild in g
s h o u ld
a c c o m m o d a te
o ffic e s a n d
la b o ra to rie s
o f v a rio u s
firm s
t o
p ro m o te
th e
e x c h a n g e
a n d
d e v e lo p m e n t
of new
te c h n o lo g ie s .
B a s ic a lly ,
o n e
c a n
d is tin g u is h
b e tw e e n
a c e n tra liz e d
a ir-c o n d itio n in g
p la n t,
w h ic h
tre a ts
the air
d ire c tly ,
a n d
lo c a l a ir c o n d itio n e rs .
T he
fo rm er
is an
o p e n -c y c le
a b s o rp tio n
system, driven
b y th e
i.c . e n g in e
h e a t
re c o v e ry .
I n
c o o lin g
m ode
th e
h e a t
is rejected
t o
th e
o u ts id e
air in a sort
of wet
b a tte ry .
I n
h e a t-p u m p
m ode
th e
h e a t
is ta k e n
fro m
th e
e x h a u s te d
air. The
lo c a l a ir-c o n d itio n e rs
are driven
by the electricity
p ro d u c e d
b y th e c o g e n e ra tio n
g ro u p ,
re je c tin g
th e h e a t in c o o lin g
m ode
t o
a v e rtic a l-tu b e
e a rth
e x c h a n g e r,
ta k in g
h e a t
fro m
it in h e a t-p u m p
m ode.
S u m m er
m ode
A
s c h e m a tic
v ie w
of the proposed
s y s te m
o p e ra tin g
in sum m er
m ode
is show n
in F ig . 1 . O n th e
left the
re c ip ro c a tin g
i.c . e n g in e
is represented
w ith
th e
h e a t
re c o v e ry
system . A n
a u x ilia ry
b o ile r
is p ro v id e d
to in te g ra te ,
if necessary,
the recovered
h e a t. A
re je c tio n
s y s te m
t o
th e a m b ie n t
is n o t
re p re s e n te d .
I n
th e
p a c k e d -b e d
to w e r
th e
a ir
c a n
b e
d e h u m id ifie d
b y
a
s o rp tio n
s o lu tio n
s u c h
a s lith iu m
brom ide-w ater.
A
fra c tio n
o f th e
re c irc u la te d
a ir is d e h u m id ifie d
a n d
its tem perature
is raised
b y
c o n ta c t
w ith
th e
w arm er
s o rb e n t
a n d
d u e
t o
th e
h e a t
o f a b s o rp tio n .
T he
a ir is th e n
c o o le d
in a
g a s -g a s
h e a t
e x c h a n g e r
(E X C H .3 )
b y
a d ia b a tic a lly
s a tu ra te d
o u ts id e
a ir .
T he
lo w -h u m id ity
a ir
is sent to
th e
ro o m
term in als,
w here
it undergoes
h u m id ific a tio n
c o o lin g
a fte r
b e in g
m ix e d
w ith
f r e s h
air. This
f r e s h
a ir is p re c o o le d
by exhausted
air from
th e ro o m
in a gas-gas
heat exchanger
(E X C H .
4 ). T h e
a ir
in tro d u c e d
in to
th e
ro o m s
s a tis fie s
v e n tila tio n
a n d
la te n t
lo a d
n e e d s
( i t s
h u m id ity
r a tio
is lo w e r th a n
th a t
o f th e ro o m ).
T he
w h o le
or a fraction
o f th e s e n s ib le lo a d
is m et
b y
a
u n ita ry
com pression
a ir
c o n d itio n e r
o f
th e
air-w ater
ty p e .
T he
h e a t
s in k
is a
s y s te m
o f
v e rtic a l-tu b e
g ro u n d
heat exchangers
w h ic h
a s s u r e s
all year
ro u n d
fa v o u ra b le
te m p e ra tu re
le v e ls ,
w o rk in g
b o th
as a sink
a n d
a source
[5 ]. S in c e th e
com pression
a ir c o n d itio n e r
d o e s
n o t
h a v e
t o
d e h u m id ify
th e
a ir ,
its o p e ra tin g
te m p e ra tu re ,
w h ic h
m ust
n o t
b e
lo w e r
th a n
th e
d e w
p o in t,
i s
s ig n ific a n tly
h ig h e r
th a n
usual and
the resulting
C O P
c a n b e q u ite g o o d . T h e d ilu te
s o rb e n t
le a v in g
th e
p a c k e d
b e d
m ust
be regenerated.
T he
s o lu tio n
is p re h e a te d
in a liq u id -liq u id
heat exchanger
(E X C H .
2 ) b e fo re
e n te rin g
th e
re g e n e ra to r
d riv e n
b y
th e
re c o v e re d
h e a t.
T he
h o t
re g e n e ra te d
s o lu tio n
m ust
b e
c o o le d
s o
it c a n
a b s o rb
e ffe c tiv e ly .
T he
c o o lin g
is d o n e
i n
a n
a ir-liq u id
h e a t
e x c h a n g e r
(E X C H .
1) by
o u ts id e
s a tu ra te d
a ir .
W in ter
m ode
T he
w in te r
o p e ra tio n
o f th e
s y s te m
is illustrated
i n
F ig . 2 . T h e
a ir e x tra c te d
fro m
th e
h e a te d
ro o m
is passed
th ro u g h
the packed-bed
tow er,
w here
it is d e h u m id ifie d
so that
m uch
o f its la te n t
e n e rg y
c o n te n t
is ta k e n
u p
b y
th e
s o rp tio n
s o lu tio n .
T he
s e n s ib le
h e a t
in c re a s e s
s lig h tly .
B efo re
e x h a u s t
th e
tre a te d
a ir p re h e a ts
th e
o u ts id e
f r e s h
air in a heat
e x c h a n g e r
(E X C H .
3). A
fu rth e r
p re h e a tin g
is g iv e n
b y th e s o rp tio n
s o lu tio n
in an air-liquid
heat exchanger
(E X C H .
1 ) b e fo re
th e
s o lu tio n
e n te rs
th e
p a c k e d
bed. The
p re h e a te d
f r e s h
a ir is h u m id ifie d
in the
s p ra y
cham ber
a n d
fin a lly
ta k e s
th e
h e a t
o f c o n d e n s a tio n
o f th e
v a p o u r
s e p a ra te d
in the
re g e n e ra to r
a n d
is sent to
th e ro o m
term in als.
H ere
th e m ix tu re
of fresh
a n d
re c irc u la te d
a ir c a n
b e a d m itte d
in to
th e ro o m .
T he
s o rb e n t
c y c le
is a s b e fo re .
PERFORM ANCE
T he
B u ild in g
In n o v a tio n
C e n te r
is a lo w -e n e rg y
b u ild in g
w ith a h e a te d
v o lu m e
o f 2 0 ,0 0 0 m 3 a n d
a
h e a te d
flo o r
a re a
o f
6 4 0 0
m 2 (F ig .
3 ). T h e
surface/volum e
r a tio
h a s
th e
fa v o u ra b le
v a lu e
o f
0 .3 m 2 /m 3 . T h e e le c tric
load w as assum ed
o n th e b a s is o f 1 0 W /m * o f flo o r a re a (5 0 %
c o n c u rre n c y ).
T he
p re s e n c e
o f p e o p le
is estim ated
o n
th e
basis of
1 person/20
m 2. The
v e n tila tio n
r a te
is set at
H V A C
i.c . e n g in e
c o g e n e ra tio n
s y s te m
5 5 3
i
I
I
of 00

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