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MILITARY HISTORY
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I
n 1937 James Neugass, a promising 32-year-old poet and novelistwhohadbeenpraisedin
TheNewYorkTimes
and
TheNation
, joined thousands of other young Americans whotraveled to Spain to help that nation’s duly electedRepublican government put down a fascist rebellion.NeugassservedasanambulancedriverduringthecrucialbattlesforthecityofTeruel,andhisnuancedanddeeplylyrical memoir,
 War Is Beautiful
, offers a rare frontline glimpseintooneofhistorysmosttragicmilitaryconflicts.
Jan.6,1938.Cuevas Labradas
Between the writing of thelast line and this one Ihaveseen many dead men.… We passed the rock pileonce called the village of Perales and crept over the ice of the Teruel road.Don’t know when it was that I had begun to hearThe Sounds, but when my engine died out in frontof the surgical hospital which the division had setup in a town called
Cuevas Labradas
(“Cavetown”),very distinct ripplets of impolite machine-gunconversations came to us from somewhere up inthe mountains that shadow the road.“See,” said Queen Annie, so called becauseshe knows she is our most important nurse, “See,now we’re at the front,” with a contented, nervouslittle giggle.…Behind the blanketed windows of the villa inwhich we were simultaneously setting up surgicalequipment and operating were the smell of theether, the rush of many feet, soft groans coming from stretch-ers and blood on the floor, the stretchers, the stair, the apronsof the surgeons, and the blankets.The need for sleep had dulled the edge of my memory.I know: I ought to be able to recall what I have seen and done.Phrasessmoothasoilshouldrollofftheendofmypencil.Some-thingbigandsomethingterriblyhuman.Pityandterror,mercyand pain, all between drawn lips. I am very tired, and there ismuch to do. Sleep has become more important than food.I think I remember that Wild Bill Cody, stepping carefullybetween stretchers, one eye closed by a shrapnel fragment,said, “This is worse than Brunete.” Brunete wasworse than anything else. I asked him where thelines were. “Listen,” he answered, waving towardthe overhanging mounts, “don’t ask me where thefront is, just listen to it!”…Two operating tables were going full blast. A door would open, with a vision of silent figuresdressedinwhite,andnakedbareskinandthebandagedstumps of arms and legs,rags floating in slop jars of reddish liquid. Stretcherswent up and down thestairs, even while pickaxeswerechippingattheplasterwallstomaketurningeasier. Whywasitthatnothingwasbeingdonetoeasetheoccasionallowwhimpersthatcamefromthefiguresunder the blankets?…Outsidethedoorwaywasamanonastretcher,covered only with a sheet. I could see that he wasnaked. I ran back into the hospital and in a veryagitated voice demanded blankets.“Thatguyoutthereisdead,”someoneimpatientlyanswered me. “There isn’t enough room in here, sowe lay them in the courtyard. Pull the sheet off of him and bring it to me. We’re running out of linens. And while you’re at it, take him into the woodshed.That’s what we’re using until we can dig a trench.”I stripped the sheet from the body. The face wasdirtier than the skin. American?…French?...orEnglish?Theclaycomplexionofdeathisinternational.Itookhimto the shed where men lay like cordwood. What can you do?Gooutandmakemoredead.Ihavereachedtheendoftheroad.Perhaps I am a pacifist.
Nights
ThemenIcarry,mostlyAmericans,areveryquiet.Theytalkwiththe gravity of people sitting in the waiting room of a railway
ForWhom theAmbulanceRolls
FOLLOWINGTEXTEXCERPTEDFROM
WARISBEAUTIFUL:ANAMERICANAMBULANCEDRIVERINTHESPANISHCIVILWAR
,BYJAMESNEUGASS,THENEWPRESS,NEWYORK,2008,$26.95.COPY-RIGHT©2008BYABRAHAMLINCOLNBRIGADEARCHIVESINC.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.
Remembrances of an American volunteerambulance driver 70 years after the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)drew to a bloody close
By James Neugass
 
Neugass joined theAmerican MedicalBureau,which providedmedical and surgicalcare for U.S.volunteers,Republican soldiersand Spanish civilians.
     A     L     L     P     H     O     T     O     S     U     N     L     E     S     S     O     T     H     E     R     W     I     S     E     N     O     T     E     D    :     J     A     M     E     S     N     E     U     G     A     S     S     P     H     O     T     O     G     R     A     P     H     S     C     O     L     L     E     C     T     I     O     N ,     A     B     R     A     H     A     M     L     I     N     C     O     L     N     B     R     I     G     A     D     E     A     R     C     H     I     V     E     S ,     T     A     M     I     M     E     N     T     L     I     B     R     A     R     Y ,     N     E     W     Y     O     R     K     U     N     I     V     E     R     S     I     T     Y    ;     T     H     I     S     P     A     G     E    :     C     O     U     R     T     E     S     Y     O     F     J     I     M     N     E     U     G     A     S     S ,     U     S     E     D     W     I     T     H     P     E     R     M     I     S     S     I     O     N
 
While Neugass and his fellow drivers didn’t engage in directcombat,their vehicles were often the targets of fascist fire.This ambulance was hit while transporting wounded nearTeruel.
 
MILITARY HISTORY
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station,abouttosetoutonalongjourney,of what happened during the day: howneartheshellscame,whowaskilledandwhowaswounded,andwhohadnarrowescapes. No anger toward the enemy isapparent.Thevoicesriseonlywhentheytouch,againandagain,onthetroublesof ourriflemenandmachinegunnerstofindtargets.Youcan’tshootatshellsandtanksand planes. Where are our artillery andour planes? They are coming soon. Ourthinly strung batteries will soon be rein-forced,andmanyhundredsofplanesarebeing unloaded in Barcelona. Soon theywill be with us. We must hold the linesandwait.Notonestepback.Evacuatethetrenches when They get the range, thenrunbackintothemwithgrenadesanddy-namite bombs when the tanks attack. A good day: two-thousand shells, Godknows how much other stuff, and onlyfour dead and eighteen wounded in thecompany. Reserves are in training atTarazona and will soon fill up the gaps.IdriveascarefullyasifIwerecarryingwet trinitrotoluene. I cannot very wellcrash my car when it is full of wounded.If I think I hear a plane, I hold hard onthewheel,saynothingandkeepmyeyesontheroad.Wheneverthetemperatureof myenginerunsupslightlyabovenormal,I immediately stop and fill my radiator.The water that keeps sloshing over theedge of the pitcher freezes the blood onthefloorofmycarintoakindofraspberrysherbet.I’llhavetochipitoutwithanendwrenchwhenIhavetime.Nobodymindsblood,buticeistreacherous.Everyone is very young and so inter-ested in the brand-new-for-us science of fighting war in the modern way that ourpersonal problems and political convic-tions are all forgotten. When I mentionthat I just came over from the States, thewounded ask for news. Who won theelections in New York? And what is thesignificanceofthevictory?HowistheCIOdoing (a very good part of the brigadevolunteersstillweartheirunionbuttons);what are the chances for trade-unionunity?WhenwillJoeLouisfightSchmel-ing? What has Roosevelt said about the[arms]embargo?Doesthe15thgetmuchpublicity in the home newspapers?
January 14.Tortajada
 You cannot see planes through the roof ofthecar,andenginenoisesaretooloudfor them to be heard through the win-dows.Keepeyesontheroadlookingformen.Whenyoucan’tseeanyone, eitherplanesareoverheadorallhumanbeingsare in ditches, culverts, bomb holes orthe open fields, or up the cliff. Teruel-Perales highway is so full of road gangsand light wounded and men waiting fora lift on a camion, or thinly strung outcompanieswaitingfororderstogouptothe ridge, that you can be very sure, if no one is in sight, that the
avions
are onyou. More and more and more of them.FlyingfieldsatBerlinandRomemustbeempty as a baseball park at night.Entered Cuevas cutoff with heart inmy throat because town had obviously just been bombed. More houses hadgone,theirviscerasplayedintothestreet.Hadthehospitalbeenhit;andthemajor?Four dead cavalrymen fully dressedand unspotted by blood lay on stretch-ers in the hospital courtyard. Saxton,blond tall young English doctor, kneltbeside one of them. He had rolled asleeve up past the elbow of a gray arm.“What do you think you’re doing,Saxton?”Iasked,suddenlyrememberingthathewasourblood-transfusionexpert.He did not answer. Angry, I leaned over the doctor’sshoulder. The single vampire tooth of a big glass syringe was slowly drawingthe blood out of the vein inside of thedead cavalryman’s forearm. The vesselfilled and Saxton stood up.“NewSoviettechnique,hesaid,hold-ingthesyringebetweenhissquintingeyeand the late winter sun. Purple lightsshadowed the glistening bar of ruby.“Seldom we get the chance. Most of themareprettywellemptywhentheygoout. Those four over there were in oneof those clay dugouts in the wall of themain street. No timbers on the roof.Directhit.Asphyxiated,allofthem.Theircomradesdugthemoutbeforetheywerecoldandbroughtthemuphere.Thoughtwecouldhelp.Theirbadluck”—Saxtonpointedtothefourgrayyoungfaceswithclay-stuffed mouths—“was our goodluck. We’re running short on donors,and the transfusion truck is too busy.”“Wait, you mean . . . that you’regoing to...”“Well, first I’ll have to type and thentest it…why not?...have to hurry.”
Next Morning.January 15,IThink
SinceforareasonIdidnotyetunderstandIhadnotbeensentouttopickupaload,
Neugass often had to drive through rubble-strewn streets, dodging snipers as he went.
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