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Trong cng cuc xy dng v pht trin ca t nc, ngnh in lc Vit Nam l mt ngnh c v tr rt quan trng. Cung cp nng lng v thc y qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh ca tt c cc ngnh kinh t khc trong nn kinh t quc dn. S pht trin ca ngnh in lc cng nh gi s pht trin, tin b ca ton x hi. Vi nhng c trng ring ca mnh l sn xut v tiu th phi i i vi nhau. Do p ng tt gia cung v cu th i hi ngnh in phi c s pht trin hp l: Va c kh nng p ng nhng nhu cu hin ti va phi c s chun b cho tng lai. V vy khng nhng ngnh in l ng lc cho cc ngnh kinh t khc m chnh ngnh in cng phi hin i ho qu trnh sn xut sm nht kp thi cung cp cho t nc nhng ngun in nng c cht lng cao. Nh my nhit in Ung B mt l nh my c cng sut ln do Nga gip xy dng, qua 40 nm sn xut, nh my cung cp cho li in quc gia gn 4 t KWh in v cng ang trong qu trnh hin i ho sn xut tng khu, tng khu vc ca dy truyn sn xut in. ng gp mt phn khng nh vo cng cuc hin i ha t nc. Sau thi gian 7 tun thc tp ti nh my nhit in Ung B , bng nhng kin thc c trang b trn ging ng chng em c c hi tip xc, lm quen vi cng vic ca nh my nhit in Ung B theo cng hng dn ca khoa Cng ngh t ng. Tuy nhin do thi gian c hn v kh nng kin thc ca bn thn cn hn ch, v vy bn bo co thc tp ca em khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, chng em rt mong nhn c s ch bo ca thy c trong khoa.
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MC LC
NI DUNG
Trang
1.1
...04 1.1.1 M hnh nh my...04 1.1.2 Gii thiu chung v nh my.04 1.1.3 Nhng quy nh an ton lao ng ti cng ty nhit in Ung B.06 1.1.4 Gii thiu chung v t my 300MW.........09 1.1.5 Cc h thng v thit b chnh trong nh my...12 1.2 L hi v cc thit bi ph ca nh my12 1.2.1 L hi.12 1.2.2 Cc thit b ph ca l hi.15 1.3 Gii thiu v Turbine hi..16 1.4 H thng iu khin v gim st nh my17 1.5 H thng ch bin than.18 CHNG 2: GII THIU H THNG IU KHIN MC NC BAO HI 2.1 iu khin mc nc trong bao hi..21 2.1.1 Vai tr v nhim v ca vic iu chnh mc nc trong bao hi21 2.1.2 Tm quan trng ca b iu khin mc nc trong bao hi.21 2.1.3 Nguyn l hot ng......22 2.2 Bao hi..24 2.2.1 Cc b tr sp t trong bao hi.24 2.2.2 Nguyn l vn hnh...25 2.2.3 Yu cu i vi iu khin mc nc bao hi......26
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Chng 1: TM HIU CNG NGH NH MY NHIT IN UNG B 1.1 Tng quan v nh my 1.1.1 M hnh nh my
1.1.2
Gii thiu v nh my
Nh my nhit in Ung b cch th H ni khong 130km v hng ng. Nh my in c thnh lp t nhng nm 70 ca th k XX. Tng din tch ca nh my l 320.342m2 trong 111.300m2 l dnh cho nh my nhit in Ung B m rng v cc khu vc thi cng. Nh my kt ni vi li in ti sn phn phi 220/110KV v u vi trm bin p Bc ng trng bch. Ngun nguyn liu chnh cho nh my l than cm 5, than cm 6 c ly t m Vng Danh, du FO c vn chuyn bng thuyn i qua sng Ung cp cho nh my ti trm bm du t ti Ung B Cng sut ca nh my l 300MW vi 1 Turbine. D n c thc hin theo hnh thc hp ng EPC. + i din ch u t: Ban qun l d n nhit in 1(EVN).
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THNG S K THUT CA NH MY
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p sut trong bao hi 194,7 ata p sut hi ra khi l 176 ata Nhit hi qu nhit Hiu sut Tua bin: Kiu: K300-170-1P 300 (MW) 90 ata 543oC 86,05%
Nhit hi vo Turbine: 535oC My pht: Kiu Cng sut Tc 1.1.3. TBB-320-3T3 300 (MW) 3000 vng / pht
1. Tt c cn b, cng nhn vin, hc sinh n nh my cng tc, thc tp u phi chp hnh nghim chnh v an ton trong nh my cng ty. 2. Khi n cng tc phi hc tp quy trnh an ton v kim tra t kt qu th mi c vo v tr cng tc. 3. Ch nhng ngi khe mnh do y bc s c thm quyn xc nhn v sau khi st hch quy trnh an ton t kt qu mi c vo nh my. Page 6 of 54
4. Khi vo nh my phi thc hin y trang b bo h lai ng nh i dp c quay hu, i dy c dy buc chc chn, u i m cng an ton, qun o gn gng, cm i guc, dp l vo cng ty. 5. Vo v tr cng tc cm i li lung tung sang cc b phn khc ngoi phm vi quy nh. 6. Khi lm vic trn cao phi tuyt i chp hnh y cc bin php an ton: Thang, dy an tonV tt c u phi c kim tra trc khi cng tc. 7. Ch c php lm vic khi v tr cng tc c nh sng v bin php an ton. 8. Khi lm vic iu kin mi trng m t, cc thit b dn in bng kim loi ch c php dng in nh sng vi in p 12V. 9. Khi lm vic trong cc v tr cht hp, kn nh cc ging su, ng ng tun hon, ng khi trong cc b knth i cng tc t nht phi c 3 ngi. Trong c 1 ngi ng gc ca gim st an ton nhng ngi lm vic bn trong. V tr cng tc phi c thng gi v khng c kh c. 10. Ch cho php lm vic mi trng c nhit di 40c. 11. Khi cng tc cc v tr khng m bo an ton th phi c phiu cng tc.V phi chp hnh nghim chnh an ton nh ghi trn phiu cng tc. 12. Cm ng i in, ng lu ni c p sut, nhit cao. Khi cn cng tc ni phi thc hin cc bin php an ton nh; Gang tay, knh mt, mt l 13. Cm ht thuc, cm dng la nhng ni d chy n nh: Kho xng, kho du, nh iu ch hidro. 14. Khi cc loi cht lng, cht kh, v cht mang in bc chy th cm dng nc dp la m phi dng CO2 i vi cc thit b in, xng du th dng ct v bt. Khi thit b ang quay bc chy th cm dng ct dp la. 15. Cm ng di vt nng ang cheo, cm cheo nhng vt nng ni c ngi qua li. Khi cn cng tc phi c phiu cng tc, ban m phi c bin bo, ro chn. 16. Cm t ng ng m cc cu dao in, cc cng tc, cu ch, cc van hi, van nc, van du, van kh v cc ca ngi chui trong cc bung kh. Page 7 of 54
17. Khi dng thang phi chc chn. Cm lm vic lc thang trn cng, cm 2 ngi cng lm trn 1thang. 18. Cm ngi trn lan can, tay vn, khng c ro chn d. 19. Cm sa cha trn cc b phn quay ca thit b ang lm vic. 20. Cm t sa cha in 1 mnh. Khi cn phi gi th sa cha. 21. i lm vic theo ca phi ng ng gi quy nh, khng giao ca cho ngi say ru, bia. 22. Cc ti liu quan trng ca cng ty khng c cho ngi khng c trch nhim xem. 23. Nht k vn hnh phi c gi gn cn thn. Khng ty xa 24. Trong v tr cng tc cm dng m hn in cc v tr ly la. 25. Tt c mi ngi phi hc cch s cu ngi khi tai nn in git gy ra. 26. Khi xy ra tai nn in git phi cp cu kp thi v bo co cho ngi c trch nhim bit. 27. Tt c mi ngi u phi chp hnh nghim chnh tt c nhng iu trn.
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1.1.4.
Hi nc i vo trong bnh ngng s c trao i nhit vi h thng nc tun hon i trong cc ng s lm cho hi trong bnh ngng t li thnh nc. Nc sau khi ra khi bnh ngng s vo u ht bm ngng v c bm ln kh kh qua gia nhit h p. Nc qua gia nhit h p s c gia nhit bng hi t ca trch Turbine h p v nhit ca nc tng ln. Nc sau khi qua cc bnh gia nhit h p s c a n bnh kh kh. bnh kh kh nc s c kh cc tp kh c nh hng n s ph hu v n mn kim loi. Nc sau khi qua kh kh s i qua gia nhit cao p y nc c gia nhit mt ln na tng nhit bng hi ly t turbine cao p.
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920 194,7 176 543 41,6 337 543 818,57 4961 137,6 254 160
kgf/m
o o
C C
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Cc thng s khc:
Nc cp vo l
Kch thc ca bung t: 21,8m 12,8m 58 m Th tch ca bung t: 11806 m cao tm bao hi: 68 m (so vi cos 0m ca nh my)
Lc bi
ng sut nhit th tch ca bung la: q 60 x 10 kcal/ mh. Nhin liu rn l than antraxit: Cc thnh phn nh sau ( %) C = 58,98% H = 1,09% N = 0,85% O = 1,14% S = 0,85%. W = 9,40% A= 27,69% Qtlv= 4961 Kcal/kg
Bao hi
Bung t
in
tnh
Qut gi
C %
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Hnh 1-5: Cu to ca Turbine hi (1): Thn Turbine (2): Roto Turbine (3): trc (4): ng phun (5): Cnh ng
1.4
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Cc bng iu khin ph: Ngoi ra ti mt s nh my c b tr mt trm lm vic vn hnh vi mn hnh n t ti phng iu khin ti ch vic iu khin v gim st qu trnh vn
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S TT
Tn h thng
S lng trm lm vic 4 trm (2 mn hnh n ) 3 trm (3 mn hnh n ) 2 trm (2 mn hnh n) 2 trm (2 mn hnh n) 2 trm (hai mn hnh n)
1 H thng x l nc ,kh khong ,x l nc thi 2 H thng cp than 3 H thng d than ng st 4 H thng kh lu hunh v kh bi tnh in 5 H thng x l tro x
1.5 H thng ch bin than. Nguyn liu chnh ca nh my nhit inUng B l than c vn chuyn t cc m than v nh my bng ng sng v ng st, sau than c chuyn vo kho than nguyn trong cc l bng h thng bng ti v t kho than nguyn nh my cp than nguyn nh my cp than nguyn than c a xung my nghin than. Trong my nghin than c sy nng bng gi nng c t 0 = 4000C. Gi ny c ly t qut gi thi i qua cc b sy khng kh lp phn ui l. Trong thng nghin than c nghin nh nh c bi v tm ln sng hn hp than v khng kh nng sau c qut ti bt ht v b phn ly than th ti y nhng ht than to khng thng ni ng nng li quay tr v thng nghin nghin li cn nhng ht than nh d quy chun c a ln phn ly than mn nh c kho kh tch than ra khi hn hp than v khng kh t y than c a v kho than bt hay cc vt truyn than bt a n cc l khc. Trong hn hp kh nng c tch ra sau phn ly than mn cn 1 lng 15 % than bt mn nh qut ti bt a vo l bng 4 vi gi cp 3 tit kin lng than ny.
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ng c my nghin Tn thng s 1. Cng sut danh nh, kW 2. Hiu in th, V 3. S vng quay, V/ pht 4. Tn s in mng, Hz 5. Dng in Stator, A 6. Dng kch hot, A 7. Hiu in th kch hot, V 8. H s cng sut 9. Hiu sut % 10. M men ti a Mn 11. M men khi ng, Mn 12. Dng in khi ng (so vi lm vic bnh thng)(A) 13. M men bnh , Kgm2 Gi tr 1600 6600 100 50 183 265 126 1 93, 8 3, 0 7, 1 9, 1 92000
Chng 2 GII THIU H THNG IU KHIN MC NC BAO HI 2.1 iu khin mc nc trong bao hi 2.1.1 Vai tr v nhim v ca b iu chnh mc nc bao hi. Trong cc nh my nhit in th mc nc ca bao hi l 1 trong nhng thng s rt quan trng, trong qu trnh vn hnh l hi. N phn nh s cn bng ca cc vng tun hon t nhin ca l hi. Nu m mc nc trong bao hi tng cao th dn n th tch cha hi trong bao hi gim do lm gim nng sut hi ca l dn
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B n lm gim hiu sut ca l ng thi lm gim nhit ca hi qu nhit. Khi m mc nc trong bao hi tng qu mc cho php th s lm thay i nhit ca hi qu nhit t ngt do hi m s trn sang tua bin gy ra hin tng bin dng v lm r cnh ng tua bin. Nu m mc nc trong bao hi gim th s lm mt s tun hon t nhin ca l do cc ng ng sinh hi s khng c lm mt nn c th dn n lm bin dng hay phng n cc ng ng sinh hi. Trong qu trnh vn hnh l hi, th mc nc trong bao hi lun thay i v dao ng nn i hi ngi cng nhn vn hnh phi iu chnh mc nc trong bao hi kp thi v lun n nh 1 gi tr cho php. Song v l hi c rt nhiu thng s cn phi theo di v iu chnh do vy ngi cng nhn vn hnh khng iu chnh kp thi v lin tc n nh mc nc trong bao hi c. Chnh v nhng l do trn m ngi ta thit k b t ng iu chnh cp nc cho l hi n nh mc nc trong l hi nhm lm gim cng lao ng ca ngi cng nhn vn hnh v m s an ton cho thit b v tng hiu sut ca l. 2.1.2 Tm quan trng ca b iu chnh mc nc bao hi V mc nc bao hi l mt thng s cng ngh quan trng do vic gim st v duy tr n mt gi tr mong mun c ngha quan trng trong vic duy tr hot ng an ton nh my.
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B a tn hiu cnh bo, bo ng khi gi tr mc nm ngoi di cho php. a ra tn hiu ngng l (Trip) khi mc nc vi phm gi tr an ton (cao cao(HH) hoc thp thp (LL)). 2.1.3 Nguyn l hot ng. Nc t b ngng hi nc c a vo b phn lc kh ca b gia nhit nc cp ti nhit yu cu, sau c cha trong bnh cha c ni vi u vo ca bm nc cp, u ra ca bm nc cp c ni vi van iu khin lu lng nc cp ( van ny chnh l i tng chng ta iu khin lu lng thch hp cho bao hi). Sau nc c a ti b hm nc cp ti y nc c nhn nhit ti nhit tiu chun khong 283oC trc khi a vo bao hi. m bo nc cp c th vo trong bao hi, p sut ca h thng phi cp nc phi ln hn p sut trong bao hi. V vy h thng iu chnh cp nc phi ln phi iu khin lu lng nc v p sut sao cho to c chnh lch p ln gia p sut trong bao hi v p lc ca bm cp nc. Ngoi ra trn ng ng cn T b tr 1 van mt chiu trong tnh hung no nc cp cng c chiu dng chy
V khng i. gia bm cp v h thng vi phun nc vo bao hi c lp t nhiu cc F F
P I
F T K Mc nc f fF
T urbin e K
P I
K Lu lng nc cp
s v S V
PV
I P
K tc bm
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Hnh 2-1: S nguyn l hot ng ca bao hi Cc k hiu: LT : Thit b o mc nc trung bnh trong bao hi. FT : Thit b o lu lng qua ng. FF : Feed forward : Tn hiu n trc. PV : Chnh p sut . SV : setpoint gi tr t.
2.2 Bao hi. 2.2.1 Cc b tr sp t trong bao hi. Thng s k thut ca bao hi:
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B - ng knh trong 1600 mm - Chiu di phn hnh tr - 26000 mm - Tng chiu di 28620 mm. - Nh sn xut: Bao hi l loi bnh cha phn cch b hm. B qu nhit v mt chu nhit sinh hi. Trong bao hi c lp thit b phn ly nc hi. Hn hp hi nc i vo bao hi t vch nc lm mt s tin hnh phn ly ti khng gian hi ca bao hi v trong thit b phn trnh cho hi bo ha mang ln nc.
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B Khi khi ng th mc nc khi ng thp hn so vi mc nc trung bnh trong bao hi l 110mm . Mc nc trung bnh trong bao hi thp hn so vi trc hnh hc ca bao hi l 150 mm. Khi vn hnh bnh thng th mc nc bao hi thng c iu khin trong phm vi 0 50mm. Nu p lc hi v nc bnh thng m mc nc bao hi vt qu gi tr trn phi kim tra v hiu chnh. Nhit ca nc cp vo trong bao hi khng c ln hn nhit kim loi ca thnh bao hi 80. Lng nc cp vo bao hi phi c iu chnh tng ng vi lng hi sinh ra.
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B Cc yu cu i vi h thng iu khin mc nc bao hi: + iu khin mc nc dao ng 0 50 mm so vi im t. + Thay i mc nc bm nhanh theo s thay i ca ti. + Cn bng lng hi ra v lng nc cp vo bao hi. + B thay i p sut nc cp khng o ln tun hon nc. Ch khi b iu khin t nhng ch tiu c bn th mi quan h lu lng hi, lu lng nc cp mi duy tr n nh m bo qu trnh hot ng ca l. Theo cch ny th dng nc cp khng thay i tc th m thay i mt cch t t v gim dn mc nc t truc. Nu mc nc hoc lu lng hi thay i t ngt mt lu lng ln th b iu khin phi tc ng ngay thay i lu lng nc cp ( bng cch tng cng sut van ln mt gi tr ph hp) iu ny c th lm cho mc nc dch ra xa hn im t iu khin sau mi t t tr v im t. 2.3 Cc phng thc iu khin. iu chnh mc nc bao hi ngi ta c cc phng thc iu khin khc nhau: iu khin tc bm cp. iu khin m van cp nc bao hi. nh my nhit in Ung B ngi ta s dng kt hp c hai chin lc iu khin . Hn na trong chin lc iu khin tc ti u ho vic iu chnh ngi ta chia thnh cc ch iu khin: - Ch iu khin theo chnh p gia hai u van iu khin nc cp. - Ch iu khin mt phn t vi tn hiu phn hi l mc nc. - nng cao tnh nng thi gian thc v kh nng tc ng nhanh ngi ta s dng ch iu khin 3 phn t vi s tham gia ca 3 tn hiu: + Tin hiu phn hi: mc nc bao hi.
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B + Tn hiu iu chnh: lu lng nc cp. + Tn hiu n trc: lu lng hi thot. 3.3.1 Ch iu khin mc nc 3 phn t.
Lu lng hi
chnh P P
Mc nc t
ID1
PID1
PID2
ID2
Cm bin
CCCH
Bao hi
Lu lng nc cp
Cm bin
Hnh 2-3: S iu khin mc nc bao hi theo 3 phn t Trong ch iu khin mc nc 3 phn t ta s dng vng iu chnh cascade bao gm hai b iu khin PID1 v PID2. Vng iu chnh ngoi tnh mc nc do ngi vn hnh t sau khi so snh vi gi tr phn hi mc nc c a ti b iu khin mc PID1. Gi tr tnh ton c sau b PID1 c cng vi lng tn hiu n trc lu lng hi chnh lm gi tr t cho b iu khin tc pha trong PID2. Vng iu chnh tc pha trong s tnh ton gi tr iu khin tc bm cp p ng yu cu ca vng iu chnh bn ngoi. Gi tr tnh ton c t vng iu khin tc c a ti c cu chp hnh (CCCH) iu chnh mc nc trong bao hi.
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B 2.3.2 Ch iu khin mc nc theo chnh p hai u van iu khin mc
Lu lng hi chnh nc.
Mc nc t
ID1
PID
PID
ID2
Cm bin
CCCH
Bao hi
chnh p
Cm bin
Hnh 2-4: S iu khin mc nc theo chnh p 2 u van iu chnh lng nc vo bao hi c cc cch gii quyt khc nhau, nh trong ch 3 phn t ta thy iu mc nc ngi ta iu chnh trc tip lu lng nc vo bao hi. Mt khc ta thy lu lng nc chy vo bao hi t l vi chnh p gia hai u van iu khin mc, do lm a dng s la chn tn hiu iu khin ngi ta s dng phng php iu chnh mc nc theo chnh p lc hai u van iu khin. Ging nh trong ch iu khin mc nc 3 phn t vng iu chnh mc nc theo chnh p lc hai u van iu khin mc c cu trc cascade. Nhng khc nhau ch vng iu chnh pha trong khng tnh ton gi tr v lu lng nc cp m tnh ton gi tr chnh p gia hai u van iu chnh. Vi hai vng iu khin, b iu khin PID1 c nhim v tnh ton gi tr t v chnh p cho vng iu chnh pha trong. Cn vng iu chnh pha trong c nhim v iu chnh tc bm cp duy tr chnh p lc. C th qu trnh tinh ton c m t nh di y. Gi tr mc nc c ngi vn hnh nhp vo h thng t trn mn hnh vn. Sau khi so snh vi gi tr phn hi v t cc b cm bin, tn hiu sai lch c a ti b iu khin PID1, khi iu khin ny tnh ton gi tr t v chnh p cho vng
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B iu chnh pha trong. nng cao kh nng p ng ca vng iu chnh ta s dng tn hiu lu lng hi chnh lm tn hiu n trc. Gi tr tnh ton t b PID1 sau khi c cng vi tn hiu n trc lu lng hi chnh s c s dng lm tn hiu t cho khi iu khin chnh p PID2. Tn hiu u ra ca khi iu khin ny c gi ti c cu chp hnh (CCCH) iu chnh tc bm duy tr chnh p lc theo yu cu ca vng iu chnh mc nc. 2.4 Cc thit b iu khin. 2.4.1 H thng iu khin mc. a/ Khi nim. Mc nc trong bao hi l i lng ng vai tr quan trng duy tr s hot ng ca nh my nhit in. N l c s iu khin mi qu trnh iu khin ca nh my. b/ H thng iu khin mc. T nguyn l ca h thng cng ngh, theo gc ca h thng t ng ha ta nhn thy: h thng iu khin mc nc bao hi l mt h thng iu chnh kn, nhiu chiu v phi tuyn. Cc phn t cng ngh v iu khin trong h thng c phn thnh: - i tng iu khin: Bao hi. - i lng iu khin: Mc nc bao hi - Tn hiu vo: Gi tr ngi vn hnh t trc qua b iu khin. - Tc ng nhiu: Lu lng hi mi. - B cm bin: Thit b bin i mc v b bin i lu lng. - Thit b chp hnh: Van iu khin. - Thit b iu khin: PLC c/ B bin i mc. m bo an ton khi vn hnh th chiu cao mc nc bao hi thp nht l 600mm v chiu cao ln nht l 1150mm Do vy tn hiu vo l h = 600mm 1150mm ng vi tn hiu ra l dng I= 4 20mA.
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ng c tnh:
Xra (mA)
20
d/ B bin i dng in iu khin sang dng in ng c. Nguyn l hot ng: ty thuc vo tn hiu dng in iu khin, khi ngun dng iu khin s thay i. Ngun dng iu khin ny s c cp vo ng c in ca van iu khin. - Dng iu khin: 4mA 20mA - Dng ra tng ng: 2,2 2,85mA
Ivao (mA)
20
2,85
Hnh 2-6: ng c tnh ca b bin i I/I
Ira (A)
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2,2
Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B e/ Van iu khin mc. p lc ca c cu truyn ng tc dng ln ty van dao ng t 30,8KN n 64KN. p lc ny s tc ng ln ty van iu khin m ca van. m ca van t 0(0%) n 80mm (100%).
c tnh:
80
30,8
1150
H(mm) Xvao
Tn hiu vo ca i tng iu khin l mt h lin tc; cn tn hiu vo, ra ca my tnh s( b iu khin PID s) l tn hiu ri rc( tn hiu s). H thng iu khin c mch phn hi mun a vo vi x l phi qua b chuyn i tng t s A/D. Cn tn hiu ra ca my tnh (vi x l) dng iu khin i tng thng qua b chuyn i D/A. Cc tn hiu truyn t trong h c c tn hiu ri rc v tn hiu lin tc. Bao hi l i tng iu khin c tn hiu vo ra l lin tc.
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B 2.4.2 Thit b iu khin v o lng. 2.4.2.1 Van iu khin * nh ngha Van l mt thit b c kh c dng trong cng nghip ng ng iu chnh dng chy ca vt cht. - Van iu khin 10LAB20AA001
Hnh 2-8: M hnh van iu khin. Van iu khin l loi van t ng iu chnh v tr ca thng qua thit b iu khin( hoc iu khin bng tay). Nhiu loi van iu khin bng tay c th np thm c cu dn ng vo thn van tr thnh van iu khin. C cu dn ng (Actuator): l mt thit b dng trong van iu khin dn ng ty van ng vi thit b pht ra t thit b iu khin. Thit b iu khin(Controller): l thit b t ng iu chnh v tr ca van iu khin. thit b iu khin dng nng lng kh nn, p sut thy lc hay nng lng in truyn tn hiu ti c cu dn ng. Da vo yu cu ca h thng ta dng loi van iu khin lu lng nc cp ca bm nc cp cho bao hi. * Nhim v: iu khin lu lng nc cp vo bao hi tng ng vi yu cu ca ph ti v m bo mc nc trong bao hi n nh quanh im t.
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ng. Trong trng hp mc nc bao hi qu ln, nhanh chng a mc nc trong bao hi v khong n nh th ngi ta phi hp va gim lu lng nc cp va pht tn hiu m van x vi mt m ph hp. - Van an ton l mt van in iu khin t ng. Tc dng ca van an ton l m bo p sut trong bao hi khng vt ra ngoi khong lm vic trong sut qu trnh hot ng. khi c tn hiu bo p sut trong bao hi qu cao ngay lp tc van c iu khin m ra vi mt m thch hp. 2.4.2.2 Gii thiu v cc loi cm bin. Cm bin mc: Dng o mc nc trong bao hi * Cu to ca b cm bin mc gm 1 : B chuyn i chnh p (hiu p sut P) 2 : B chuyn i chnh p - in tr 3 : B chuyn i in tr - dng in
Ir
Hnh 2-9: Cu to cm bin mc Thng s k thut ca b cm bin mc: - in p: 24V (DC) - Phm vi u ra: 4 20mA. - Phm vi thay i mc tng ng vi dng in l: 600mm 1150mm.
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B Cm bin lu lng. Thit b o lu lng da trn nguyn l o chnh lch p sut ca dng chy khi chy qua mt ng thu hp (tm l), sau chnh p ny c bin i thnh in. Cu to cm bin o lu lng gm - a c l (1) - Mng n hi (2) - B chuyn i hiu p sut (3) - Tay n (4) - im ta (5) - B chuyn i lc - in tr (6) - B chuyn i dng in - lc (7) - B x l tn hiu in (8)
8 6 4 2 2 3 C P P 5 5 1 7 I
Hnh 2-10: Cu to ca cm bin lu lng Nguyn l hot ng ca b o lu lng da vo cng thc sau:
Q = K P K = A 2g
Trong :
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B Q P g : Lu lng nc, hi : Hiu p sut u ra, u vo ca a : Tit din l a : Gia tc trng trng : Khi lng ring ca cht lng, kh : H s chy ph thuc kt cu ca a
Dng chy (kh, lng) i qua a to nn s chnh p P = P1- P2. Mng n hi bin i in p thnh mt lc di ng mt u tay n quanh im ta. Mt u kia ca tay n chuyn lc ca tay n dn n s thay i ca in tr. B x l tn hiu s cho ra tn hiu l dng in thay i 4 20mA. Thng s k thut ca b cm bin lu lng + + + in p: 24V (DC) Phm vi u ra: 4 20 mA Phm vi lu lng o: chnh nh dng in (0 100%)
Cm bin nhit Cm bin nhit l thit b nhit in tr c gn vo ng ng. Khi nhit cng cao th in tr nhit c tr s cng gim (in tr thay i nghch bin vi nhit ). S thay i nh ny c a vo mch in t khuch i ln. Do vy dng in i qua b phn cm bin s thay i tuyn tnh vi nhit . Cm bin nhit hot ng da trn nguyn l: in tr ca kim loi tng ln khi nhit tng, do b cm bin nhit bng in tr dng o nhit ca thit b cn o.
Cu to :
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B + + + Phn t nhy cm vi nhit (1) ng bo v (2) B x l tn hiu (3)
3 I r
2 4V (D ) C
Nguyn l hot ng Khi t in p mt chiu 24V vo cm bin nhit in tr, do nhit thay i, in tr tc dng thay i dn n dng in Ir ca b cm bin thay i. Thng s k thut ca cm bin nhit in tr + + + in p: 24V (DC). Dng in thay i u ra: 4 20mA. Phm vi nhit o: 00 18000C.
H thng iu khin nhit nh sau: ti phng iu khin trung tm nhn gi tr nhit trn ng ng nhit hi qu nhit, nhit nc cp hay nhit trong bao hi s truyn tn hiu n h thng cp nhin liu. Ti h thng cp nhin liu s nhn bit gi tr in p t 4 20mA gi v, tng ng vi nhit . V b iu khin nhit s tc ng c c nhit yu cu.
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B Cm bin p sut Cu to ca b cm bit p sut gm: + + + + + L xo iu chnh (1) ng xp (2) Con trt (3) in tr thay i (4) B x l tn hiu (5)
Hnh 2-12: Cu to ca cm bin p sut Nguyn l lm vic ca cm bin p sut in tr thay i nh sau Khi p sut thay i, ng xp n hi di ng lm con trt thay i v tr dn n in tr thay i. Gi tr in tr thay i dn n s thay i dng in trong b chuyn i. B chuyn i ny s to ra tn hiu u ra l dng in Ir = 4mA 20mA. Thng s k thut ca b cm bin p sut in tr thay i gm + in p: 24V (DC) + Phm vi dng ra: 4 20 mA + Phm vi p sut o: chnh nh
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B 2.5 Quy trnh iu khin mc nc bao hi. Mc nc bao hi ph thuc vo lu lng nc cp t van cp v lu lng hi mi. Tn hiu ra ca cm bin mc 10HAD01CL001 t l vi mc nc trong bao hi. Nh vy iu khin bao hi c 2 s c chnh: a- Trng hp bao hi qu cao L=>1150mm th ngay lp tc h thng s thng bo cho b iu khin pht tn hiu bo ng. Dng ngay bm cp, ng hon ton van iu khin mc 10LAB20AA001, ng thi pht tn hiu m van x 10HAD50AA230,231. Ngng cp nhin liu vo l, tt c h thng a vo ch l vic s c mc cao c lp trnh trc.
Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B Chng 3 IU KHIN MC NC TRONG BAO HI BNG PLC S7-200 3.1.1 Nhng tin ch ca PLC S7- 200 PLC l thit b iu khin logic c lp trnh, cho php ta thc hin linh hot cc thut ton logic thng qua mt ngn ng lp trnh. B iu khin PLC c cc u im ni bt so vi cc gii php iu khin t ng khc l: Cho php thay chng trnh iu khin mt cch nhanh chng thch ng vi yu cu i mi cng ngh, hin i ha sn xut. C kh nng truyn thng, cho php ni mng p ng yu cu iu khin v gim st h thng trong qu trnh sn xut. n gin trong bo dng sa cha. tin cy cao trong mi trng cng nghip Cu to nh gn, lp t n gin. Gi thnh r hn nhiu so vi nhng b iu khin c chc nng tng ng Chi ph vn hnh khng cao. C th s dng iu khin tng my ring l hoc cc h thng phc tp c trnh t ng ha cao nh hin nay. 3.1.2 La chn thit b iu khin. S7-200 l thit b iu khin logic kh trnh loi nh ca hng Siemens, c cu trc theo kiu modul v c cc Modul m rng. Cc Modul ny c s dng cho nhiu ng dng lp trnh khc nhau. Ty theo yu cu c th ca qu trnh iu khin ngun s dng c th chn CPU khc nhau. Da vo s lng u vo ra nu nn chn CPU l loi CPU 224 v Modul EM231 AI4x12bit, EM232 AQ2x12bit.
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B Thng s ca CPU 224 B nh chng trnh B nh d liu Lu gi chng trnh 5KB Chng trnh c lu trong EPROM Thi gian lu gi Cng Input/output Modul m rng ti a Ngn ng lp trnh S chng trnh con ti a Thi gian thc hin lnh bit Vng nh bit 256 Hnh 3-1: Cc thng s ca CPU 224 0,37s LAD,FBD,STL 64 190h 14/10 7 My tnh lp trnh Giao din PPI vi giao thc PPI cho chc nng lp trnh, chc nng HMI(TD200,OP, truyn thng S7200CPU, tc c truyn 19,2/187,5kbit/s) Hoc nh MPI slave trao i d liu vi MPI mater(s7-300/s7400CPUs,Ops,TDs,bng cc nt n),CPU s7-200,tc truyn 19,2/187,5Kbit/s Hoc giao din do ngi lp trnh nh ngha, c kh nng ngt trao i d liu ni tip vi cc thit b ca hng khc. 8KB Giao din 1 cng RS 485
Cu to CPU 224
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S IE M E N S SIMATIC S7-200 FS RUN STOP Q0 .0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 1M 1L+ 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.4 2 2L+0 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.1 .0 .1 .5 M Q1 .0 .1 M L+ DC CPU 224 DC/DC/DC 88 .00 80 .00
I0
.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7
.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 I1
2 4- 1 1 AD2 - 0 2 XB0
1M 0.0 0 0.2 0 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 2M 1.0 1 1.2 1 1.4 1.5 M L+ .1 .3 .1 .3
PORT 0
112 .50 120 .50
Hnh 3-2: Cu to ca CPU 224 Cu to v thng s k thut ca modul tng t EM235 AI 4x12bit v AQ 1x12bit, EM232 AQ 2x12bit *Thng s k thut - C 4 u vo s: Thi gian bin i tng t sang s < 250 s - C 2 u ra s
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Hnh 3-4: Cu to ca Modul EM 232 AQ 2x12bit 3.2 Cc yu cu iu khin vi bao hi nh my in. - H thng phi m bo cc yu cu cao v cht lng v tin cy, m bo cc tiu chun an ton. - H thng phi m bo hot ng thng xuyn gim st bt c mt hin tng no c th xy ra s c. - Thc hin cch ly tng phn hay dng ton b h thng theo yu cu cng ngh - Mi mt khu vc dng mt PLC - Ni mng lin tc gi gi liu v phng iu khin trung tm. Trong sut qu trnh lm vic iu khin mc nc bao hi ca h thng van nc cp 10LAB20AA001 lun hot ng n nh, dng in cp cho ng c in h thng lun p ng yu cu iu khin. Ngoi ra cc van x v van an ton cng xem nh lun hot ng n nh.
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B Yu cu iu khin mc nc bao hi. Vic iu khin mc nc bao hi c thng qua vic iu khin van cp nc chnh 10LAB20AA001 vi m v ng van theo phn trm tng ng vi bc nhy mc. Khi lm vic mc nc phi c iu khin theo cc yu cu sau: - Khi mc nc lm vic trong khong t 800mm=<L=<900mm th van 10LAB20AA001 c m v gi 66% - Khi mc nc ca bao hi lm vic trong khong t 600mm=<L=<650mm th van 10LAB20AA001 c iu khin m 91% - Khi mc nc ca bao hi lm vic trong ngng 650mm=<L=<700mm th van 10LAB20AA001 c iu khin m ra 81% - Khi mc nc ca bao hi lm vic trong ngng 700mm=<L=<750mm th van 10LAB20AA001 c iu khin m 76% - Khi mc nc bao hi lm vic trong ngng 750mm=<L=<820mm th van 10LAB20AA001 c iu khin m 70% - Khi mc nc bao hi lm vic trong ngng 880mm=<L=<950mm th van 10LAB20AA001 c iu khin m 62% - Khi mc nc bao hi lm vic trong ngng 950mm=<L=<1020mm th van 10LAB20AA001 c iu khin m ra 56% - Khi mc nc bao hi lm vic trong ngng 1020mm=<L=<1090mm th van 10LAB20AA001 c iu khin m ra 42% - Khi mc nc bao hi lm vic trong ngng 1090=<L=<1150mm th van 10LAB20AA001 c iu khin m r 24% - Khi mc nc bao hi lm vic vt qua mc qu thp L=<600mm th van 10LAB20AA001 ngay lp tc c iu khin m ra vi m l 100% - Khi mc nc bao hi l vic vt qua mc qu cao L>=1150mm th van 10LAB0AA001 ngay lp tc c iu khin ng li vi m 0%. 3.3 Thng s k thut iu khin mc. Mc lm vic thp nht cho php l Hmin= 600mm Mc lm vic cao nht cho php l Hmax= 1150mm Khong lm vic n nh ca bao hi l 820mm 880mm
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B Phng trnh biu din mi quan h gia mc v dng in:
I ra =
Vi Hmin= 600mm th I= 4mA Hmax= 1150mm th I= 20mA Gi tr dng sau c chuyn vo c cng Analog 16bit c gi tr t 0 32760 ca PLC lm gi tr so snh v lp trnh. Phng trnh biu din mi quan h gia gi tr dng in v bin nguyn Wr =
32760 Iv 20
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Hnh 3.5: th c tnh biu din mi quan h gia dng in v bin nguyn
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KIEM TRA SU CO
D
SU LY SU CO
MEND
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BEGIN
S
600< 1150 L<
600< <650 L L = 600 <
S S
650= L <700 < V K: 92% V AT: 30% V XA: 0%
S
750= L <820 <
S
820= L = 880 < < V K: 67% V AT: 0% V XA: 0%
S S
880< = 950 L <
S
950< = 1020 L < V K: 57% VAT: 0% VXA: 10%
S
1020< = 1090 L <
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Bo co thc tp nh my nhit in Ung B 3.5.1 Tn hiu vo/ra - I0.0 - I0.1 - I0.2 - AIW0 - AQW0 - AQW4 - AQW6 Tn hiu khi ng Tn hiu dng Tn hiu reset h thng Tn hiu t cm bin mc Tn hiu van iu khin Tn hiu van an ton Tn hiu van x
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KT LUN
Sau thi gian 7 tun thc tp ti cng ti nhit in Ung B, vi s gip , to iu kin ca thy c khoa T ng ha- i hc in lc v cn b- nhn vin phn xng T ng ha- nh my nhit in Ung b, cng thm n lc c nhn. Chng em c thi gian thc tp, tri nghim vn kin thc c tip thu trn ging ng vi thc t ti c s sn xut em li cho chng em nhiu kt qu hu ch. Tuy nhin do thi gian c hn v vn kin thc cn hn ch nn bi thu hoch ca chng em khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, rt mong thy c gip chng em tin b hn na. Em xin chn thnh cm n! H Ni, ngy thng nm
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[2] Quy trnh vn hnh v sa cha cc thit b in phn xng kim nhit nh my nhit in Ung b. Tc gi: nh my nhit in Ung b
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