:

Itot (T ) = T 4
0.29
max (cm)
T (K)

: Stefan-Boltzmann
Wien

Ephoton = W + Te
W :

Te :

Compton:

= 0 0 = c (1 cos )
:

0
0

c =

h
mc

( Compton)

Bohr:
Bohr:

ao = h
2 /me e2 0.5

: rn = n2 ao /Z
: un =

n = 1, 2...

Ze2 1
= Zc/n
h
n

: = e2 /
hc = 1/137

( )
2 4

: En =

me Z e 1
= 13.6 Z 2 /n2 eV
2
2
2
h n

de Broglie:

E = hf
p = h/

: c = f m = 0
( )

 Schrodinger:
Schrodinger:
:

00 (x) +

2m
[E V (x)] (x) = 0
h
2

2 (~r) +

1 2
1
2 =
r+ 2
2
r r
r

2m
[E V (~r)] (~r) = 0,
h
2

1 2
sin
+
sin
sin2 2

V = V (r)

nlm (~r) = Rnl (r) Ylm (, ).

( ):
Z

: < x >=

Z
2

x|(x)| dx

< x >=

dP (x)
= |(x)|2
dx

x2 |(x)|2 dx

( )
: x =

< x2 > < x > 2

L ( 0 L):
q

:
:

n (x) = 2/L sin(nx/L)

h
22 2
En =
n
2mL2

:
:
:
:
:
:

n (x) = Hn (x) ex /2
(h
= m = = 1)
En = n + 1/2
H0 (x) = 1,
H1 (x) = x
e=h
q
a= h
/m

dV = r2 sin dr d d
= hc/
E = hf = h

,
( m = 0)

:
- :
:

E = mc2
E 2 = p2 c2 + m2 c4
E = T + mc2

(v/c)2 << 1 T = p2 /2m

m :
T :

 :
1 eV = 1.6 1012 erg 1012 erg
1 = 108 cm
:

me 1027 gr

E = me c2 0.5 MeV

mp = 1843me 2000me 1024 gr

E = mp c2 1 GeV

c = 3 1010 cm/sec

Planck:

h
= h/2p = 1.05 1027 erg sec

Boltzmann:

(kB T )300 K 1/40 eV

= 12000 :

1 eV

= 4000 7500

= 1.8 eV 3 eV

Bohr:

ao = h
2 /me e2 0.5

= e2 /hc = 1/137

WI =

me e 4
= 13.6 eV
2h2