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Verbal Triage
The art of conducting the radio interview
By Douglas Gould ©2007
Faced with a breakdown at sea, the mariner’s subconscious has a secret wish:click the mic button three times, recite “there’s no place like home…” and he will bemagically transported back to his harbor. The mariner is frustrated, confused, anddoesn’t see the need for all the questions, he just wants service, and the sooner thebetter. Inevitably, the initial communications with a disabled mariner consist of a periodof questions and answers, exchanged verbally over the radio or by phone. A towboatoperator is faced with some challenges every time he answers a call for assistance, andyour ability to minimize the confusion and delays created by those challenges is in partdue to how well you control the initial communications.I think it is a good idea to think of that period of questions and answers as a
 job interview 
, and you play the role of the employer; you’re in charge, and you control theconversation because its in everyone’s interest that you collect the information thatallows you to make informed decisions that both parties will benefit from (you get a job, he gets rescued). Communications that minimize confusion, misunderstanding andwasted time will help your towboat operation maintain a professional and efficientimage, and might even save you some fuel.To begin, you should remember that you are communicating with a customerwho is struggling to deal with an unfamiliar and potentially frightening situation. Eventhough
you 
have been doing this for years, it is likely his first time calling for assistance.So, your first challenge is that you have to teach him how to call for help at the verysame time that you are trying to provide that help. This is actually quite easy if you usea concise routine that keeps you in control of the communications. If you are fortunateto be in a market with really skilled USCG SAR controllers, than you know what I’mtalking about. I’ve heard the SARC’s in Los Angeles move a case from initial call toMARB in under two minutes.When you answer a call for assistance, your first obligation is to determine if thisis an actual distress that requires notification of the USCG or other public agency. Thatdoesn’t mean you won’t be responding, or even that you won’t be first to arrive. But if there is any doubt about the safety of people, your notification to a public rescueauthority is mandatory. If you fail to notify, and someone gets injured, can the lawsuitbe far behind?There is some legitimate disagreement regarding how quickly you should movean assistance call from CH16 to a working frequency. In some markets, any assistancecall that isn’t expressly a Mayday is routinely moved off to a working frequency. Inother areas, it is common practice to conduct some discovery on CH16 to determine if there is any emergency before switching to working channels. One way to address thatissue is the compromise, in which you would answer a call on CH16 with “Vessel CallingDougsTow – for non-emergency traffic, acknowledge and switch to channel xx.” At leastthat gives them an opportunity to say that this
is 
an emergency, and stay on CH16.Experienced towboat operators can often tell how serious the situation is just by the
 
tone of the voice calling for help. As soon as you establish comms on your working frequency, begin immediatelyusing phraseology and ask very specific questions that make it clear that your voice willbe in control of the communications. Speak in a calm, normal voice. You don’t have totell the mariner that you are in control, or that you have to be the boss; you takecontrol simply by the questions you ask and the way you ask them. It is very importantthat you begin this way, and after just a few exchanges, the mariner will usually get theidea and become your source of information, rather than acting as one half of a Search& Rescue negotiation. There may be some negotiations much later in the conversation,but avoid “negotiating” what his nature of distress is, or where exactly he might be.When I answer an assistance call, I start out by assuming that this is a realdistress, so I collect all the information that I know the Coast Guard will want if I haveto involve them. There is a very logical progression of questions that the Coast Guardwill ask if someone declares a Mayday. They will always start with “What is yourposition and nature of distress.” If that is the only question that gets answered, theyhave enough to begin a search.Thus begins what I call the five and a half W’s. That is just an easy way toremember
Who, What, Where, Why,
 
When 
(the five w’s) and
Will 
(the half w).
Who 
ishow many people are we searching for?
What 
kind of boat are we looking for?
Where 
should we be searching?
Why 
are we searching (what was their distress)?
When 
didthey call for help, and how long since you last talked to them? And finally,
Will 
you getpaid?
Will 
is only a half a W, because it’s only important to your decision about whetheryou are going to respond to this situation. As you go through this list of W’s, the manner in which you ask a question willdetermine the quality of the answers. If you say “Yeah Cap, what seems to be thetrouble this afternoon?” you might get a longwinded answer that includes the name of his mechanic and a list of recent part purchases. On the other hand, if you say “What isyour position and nature of your distress?” the formality of the question will often cluethe mariner that this will not be a conversation, but an efficient, organized exchangewhere you ask the questions and he provides concise answers. As you get each answer,use that information to proceed to the next question (what we call active listening): “Roger sir, I understand that your battery is dead and you are six miles from Tangoharbor. How many people are on board your vessel?” Do not ask “what kind of boat do you have?” or even say “give me a descriptionof your vessel.” What you want to know is the length, make and color, so ask for that: “What is the length, make and color of your vessel?” Keeping your questions simple andto the point will improve the chances that the answers are simple and to the point.Before you proceed to any discussion of membership status or quoting hourlyrates, you should know the following information:
What: 
 Vessel description: length, make, color and vessel’s name if it has one
Who: 
How many people on board
Why 
are we looking for him? (nature of distress)
Where 
is the vessel. Lat/Lon if possible.
The vessel’s description and people on board are not subjects that offer anyopportunity for confusion. Determining the nature of distress can be a little tricky,
 
because the act of talking to you may give him a false sense of security. Do not let amariner decide for you how serious his situation is. Continue to ask specific questionsuntil you are satisfied that the situation is under control. This is especially important if the mariner reports that he hit something. He may report a spun prop, but have no ideathat his bilges are flooding from a torn outdrive boot. Unless you instruct him to check his bilges, you will also be ignorant of the flooding.When a mariner reports a dead battery, I always ask him “What happens whenyou turn the key? Is there a click, or does the motor turn over slowly?” If the answer isthat nothing happens, no noise, no click, nothing – then I proceed to confirm that theboat is in neutral, and ask him to check the kill switch. You would be surprised howoften that solves a “dead battery” problem.OK, we have the first three W’s asked and answered. We know what we arelooking for, how many are on board, and why we are responding. Now comes the hardpart: where is the guy? This is another good reason to keep to the concise routine atthe beginning, because now you have set the communication ground rules. If themariner has a GPS, your life is easy: just plot the position. If he’s where he thinks he is,you’re on your way. But if he is unable to provide a lat/lon, then you should begin somedetective work now, before you head in the wrong direction trying to get a DF fix on hishandheld VHF.Its important to remember the mariner’s state of mind. He just wants to get thisover with, so he is predisposed to agree with anything you say. No matter what youask, he hears “Do you need to be rescued, skipper?” First of all, I have a few rules: a) never trust a mariner’s ability to estimatedistances on the water; b) avoid repeating what he just said; c) ask confirmingquestions; d) avoid nautical and local knowledge phrases; e) try to visualize what he istelling me.If the mariner seems unsure about his distance from shore, ask him what kind of details he can distinguish. Here is a chart I created to help me estimate his distancefrom shore based on what he can see.
What the mariner sees
 
His approximate distance offshore
Can tell what people on shore are wearing Less than ½ of a mileSees people walking on shore 1 mile or lessCan see the foam from surf About 1 mile (more in big swell)Can determine size or make of vehicles on road 1.5 miles or lessCan distinguish individual windows in houses 2 miles or lessCan see sand on the beach Usually less than 3 milesCannot see any shoreline features like breakwalls,piers, beaches or low structuresMore than 5 milesCannon distinguish any hillside features likeindividual trees, windows in buildings, telephonepoles or vehiclesProbably over 8 miles from shore
The chart may not be right for your area, but why not make one of your ownnext time you’re out on a tow. Just use your radar to measure your distance offshore,and make a note of what you can and cannot see.The further from shore a mariner is, the less accurate his estimates will be. Inthat case, you may have to settle for a direction, head that way and attempt to acquire
of 00

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