ECE529

Utility Applications of Power Electronics

Session 16, Page 1/16
Spring 2009
Active Filtering Control Schemes
Imitation Measured Currents:
Define array of time and define angular frequency:
t
1
128 60 Hz
:= t 1.302 10
4
s =
t 0sec t ,
6
60Hz
.. :=
0
2 60 Hz := t ( )
0
:=
Load current as a function of time
I
mag
100A := I
ampl
2 I
mag
:= f 60Hz :=
Sinusoidal harmonic terms for first 15 harmonics of a square wave (magnitude will be added later):
f
1A
t ( ) cos 2 f t ( ) :=
f
3A
t ( ) cos 2 3 f t ( ) := f
5A
t ( ) cos 2 5 f t ( ) :=
f
7A
t ( ) cos 2 7 f t ( ) :=
f
9A
t ( ) cos 2 9 f t ( ) := f
11A
t ( ) cos 2 11 f t ( ) :=
f
13A
t ( ) cos 2 13 f t ( ) :=
f
15A
t ( ) cos 2 15 f t ( ) :=
Harmonic amplitudes (assume three phase, thyristor rectifier with stiff dc current source, 3rd harmonic removed). Note the
negative signs and 0's:
Note since functions are cosines, the pattern of the signs changed
a
1
I
ampl
:= a
3
0 := a
5
I
ampl

5
:= a
7
I
ampl
7
:= a
9
0 := a
11
I
ampl

11
:= a
13
I
ampl
13
:= a
15
0 :=
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 2/16
Spring 2009
Harmonic current equation:
i
loadA
t ( ) a
1
f
1A
t ( ) 1 a
3
f
3A
t ( ) a
5
f
5A
t ( ) + a
7
f
7A
t ( ) + a
9
f
9A
t ( ) + a
11
f
11A
t ( ) + a
13
f
13A
t ( ) + a
15
f
15A
t ( ) +
( )
+ :=
Create 120 degree phase shift in units of time.
a
time
120
360
|

\
|
.
1
60Hz
:= a
time
5.556 10
3
s =
i
loadB
t ( ) i
loadA
t a
time

( )
:=
i
loadC
t ( ) i
loadA
t a
time
+
( )
:=
Transform measured currents to the stationary dq0 () reference frame:
r t ( ) 2 60.0 Hz t :=
Use equations from the Clarke Transformation as equations instead of matrix for now (note that I'm not using the SQRT(2/3)
constant in from now)
i
ds
t ( )
2
3
i
loadA
t ( ) 0.5 i
loadB
t ( ) 0.5 i
loadC
t ( )
( )
:=
i
qs
t ( )
i
loadB
t ( ) i
loadC
t ( )
2
:=
Q axis 180 out of phase with some definitions
Park's Transformation in Matrix Form
t ( )
0
t := synchronously rotating reference frame, note that this is generally shifted
by /2 for rotating machines.
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 3/16
Spring 2009
P t ( )
2
3
1
2
cos t ( ) ( )
sin t ( ) ( )
1
2
cos t ( )
2
3

\
|
.
sin t ( )
2
3

\
|
.

1
2
cos t ( )
2
3
+
|

\
|
.
sin t ( )
2
3
+
|

\
|
.

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
:=
Clarke Transform on the Currents
I
0
t ( ) P 0 ( )
i
loadA
t ( )
i
loadB
t ( )
i
loadC
t ( )
|

\
|
|
.
:=
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
150
100
50
0
50
100
150
i
loadA
t ( )
i
loadB
t ( )
i
loadC
t ( )
t
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 4/16
Spring 2009
Transformed voltages (not that i
ds
(t) in phase with i
a
(t)
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
200
100
0
100
200
i
ds
t ( )
i
loadA
t ( )
i
qs
t ( )
I
0
t ( )
1
I
0
t ( )
2
t
Voltage as a function of time
V
mag
15kV := 30deg :=
v
a
t ( ) 2 V
mag
cos t ( ) t + ( ) :=
v
b
t ( ) 2 V
mag
cos t ( ) t 120deg + ( ) :=
v
c
t ( ) 2 V
mag
cos t ( ) t 120deg + + ( ) :=
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 5/16
Spring 2009
Clarke Transformation on Voltages
V
0
t ( ) P 0 ( )
v
a
t ( )
v
b
t ( )
v
c
t ( )
|

\
|
|
.
:=
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
3
.
10
4
2
.
10
4
1
.
10
4
0
1
.
10
4
2
.
10
4
3
.
10
4
V
0
t ( )
1
V
0
t ( )
2
t
Now calculate instantaneous real and reactive power
MW 1000kW := MVA MW := MVAR MW :=
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 6/16
Spring 2009
Phasor form first:
V
a
V
mag
e
j 30 deg
:=
I
a
I
mag
e
j 0 deg
:=
P
3ph
3 Re V
a
I
a

( )
:= P
3ph
3.897MW =
Q
3ph
3 Im V
a
I
a

( )
:= Q
3ph
2.25MW =
Note: we need the 3/2 term because of 2/3 constant in transformation matrix.
This will differ if use SQRT(2/3)
P
0
t ( ) V
0
t ( )
0
I
0
t ( )
0
V
0
t ( )
1
I
0
t ( )
1
+ V
0
t ( )
2
I
0
t ( )
2
+
( )
:=
Q
0
t ( ) V
0
t ( )
2
I
0
t ( )
1
V
0
t ( )
1
I
0
t ( )
2

( )
:=
v

t ( ) V
0
t ( )
1
:= i

t ( ) I
0
t ( )
1
:=
v

t ( ) V
0
t ( )
2
:= i

t ( ) I
0
t ( )
2
:=
PQ
0
t ( )
v

t ( )
v

t ( )
v

t ( )
v

t ( )
|

\
|
.
i

t ( )
i

t ( )
|

\
|
.
:=
p t ( ) PQ
0
t ( )
0
:= q t ( ) PQ
0
t ( )
1
:=
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 7/16
Spring 2009
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016
2.5
.
10
6
3
.
10
6
3.5
.
10
6
4
.
10
6
4.5
.
10
6
5
.
10
6
P
3ph
P
0
t ( )
p t ( )
t
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016
0
1
.
10
6
2
.
10
6
3
.
10
6
4
.
10
6
Q
3ph
Q
0
t ( )
q t ( )
t
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 8/16
Spring 2009
In practice, the average real and reactor power from the phasor calculation won't be available. We we need some form of average
low pass filtered value.
1. Half cycle averaged on the , results:
p

t ( )
60Hz
0.5
0
0.5
60Hz
t
a
p t
a
( )

(
(

d
|

\
|
|
.
= P
AVE
t ( ) p

t ( ) p

t
0.5
60 Hz

\
|
.
=
q

t ( )
60Hz
0.5
0
t
t
a
q t
a
( )

d
|

\
|
.
= Q
AVE
t ( ) q

t ( ) q

t
0.5
60 Hz

\
|
.
=
2. Low pass digital filtered
RS 128 :=
LP t ( )
0
RS
2
1
k
p k
RS
2

\
|
.
t

(
(

RS
2

(
(
(
(

:= LQ t ( )
0
RS
2
1
k
q k
RS
2

\
|
.
t

(
(

RS
2

=
:=
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 9/16
Spring 2009
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
2
.
10
6
2.5
.
10
6
3
.
10
6
3.5
.
10
6
4
.
10
6
P
3ph
LP t ( )
Q
3ph
LQ t ( )
t
Compensator Currents:
Case 1: Just correcting harmonics:
i
comp
t ( )
1
v

t ( )
2
v

t ( )
2
+
v

t ( )
v

t ( )
v

t ( )
v

t ( )
|

\
|
.

p t ( ) LP t ( )
q t ( ) LQ t ( )
|

\
|
.
:=
i
comp
t ( ) i
comp
t ( )
0
:=
i
comp
t ( ) i
comp
t ( )
1
:=
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 10/16
Spring 2009
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016
100
50
0
50
100
i
comp
t ( )
i
comp
t ( )
t
Note that the zero sequence part of the compensator current is assumed to be zero.
This is due to the assumption that the compensator is a 3 wire device (note that a VSC
is inherently ungrounded, so the converter topology needs to change to add a ground
return and the ability to compensate zero sequence terms.
I
compABC
t ( ) P 0 ( )
1
0A
i
comp
t ( )
i
comp
t ( )
|

\
|
|
.
:=
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 11/16
Spring 2009
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016
100
50
0
50
100
I
compABC
t ( )
0
I
compABC
t ( )
1
I
compABC
t ( )
2
t
Now find the compensated currents:
i
sourceA
t ( ) i
loadA
t ( ) I
compABC
t ( )
0
:=
i
sourceB
t ( ) i
loadB
t ( ) I
compABC
t ( )
1
:=
i
sourceC
t ( ) i
loadC
t ( ) I
compABC
t ( )
2
:=
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 12/16
Spring 2009
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
150
100
50
0
50
100
150
v
a
t ( )
200
i
sourceA
t ( )
i
sourceB
t ( )
i
sourceC
t ( )
t
Case 2: PF correction and harmonics:
i
comp
t ( )
1
v

t ( )
2
v

t ( )
2
+
v

t ( )
v

t ( )
v

t ( )
v

t ( )
|

\
|
.

p t ( ) LP t ( )
q t ( )
|

\
|
.
:=
i
comp
t ( ) i
comp
t ( )
0
:=
i
comp
t ( ) i
comp
t ( )
1
:=
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 13/16
Spring 2009
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016
200
100
0
100
200
i
comp
t ( )
i
comp
t ( )
t
I
compABC
t ( ) P 0 ( )
1
0A
i
comp
t ( )
i
comp
t ( )
|

\
|
|
.
:=
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 14/16
Spring 2009
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016
150
100
50
0
50
100
150
I
compABC
t ( )
0
I
compABC
t ( )
1
I
compABC
t ( )
2
t
Now find the compensated currents:
i
sourceA
t ( ) i
loadA
t ( ) I
compABC
t ( )
0
:=
i
sourceB
t ( ) i
loadB
t ( ) I
compABC
t ( )
1
:=
i
sourceC
t ( ) i
loadC
t ( ) I
compABC
t ( )
2
:=
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 15/16
Spring 2009
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
150
100
50
0
50
100
150
v
a
t ( )
200
i
sourceA
t ( )
i
sourceB
t ( )
i
sourceC
t ( )
t
Note that Va and Ia are in phase now. Unity power factor.
Case 3: PF correction, load balancing and harmonics:
Keep same phase A load current and maintain the same voltages across the load as above.
i
loadB
t ( ) i
loadA
t 0 a
time

( )
:= Effectively only have a load from phase A to phase B
i
loadC
t ( ) 0A :=
ECE529
Utility Applications of Power Electronics
Session 16, Page 16/16
Spring 2009
I
0
t ( ) P 0 ( )
i
loadA
t ( )
i
loadB
t ( )
i
loadC
t ( )
|

\
|
|
.
:=
PQ
0
t ( )
v

t ( )
v

t ( )
v

t ( )
v

t ( )
|

\
|
.
i

t ( )
i

t ( )
|

\
|
.
:=
p t ( ) PQ
0
t ( )
0
:= q t ( ) PQ
0
t ( )
1
:=