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PROIECT
PROIECTAREA CAII DE CURENT A UNUI
INTRERUPTOR DE PUTERE DE JOASA
TENSIUNE
Cap. 1 Introducere
1.1 Definitie, Clasificare si simbolul intreruptorului ............................4
1.2 Schema bloc a intreruptorului de de putere de joasa tensiune ...... 6
1.3 Schema cinematica de principiu a intreruptorului de putere ......... 7
1.4 Schema cinematica a intreruptorului de tip USOL 250 ................. 8
Cap. 2 Proiectarea caii de curent si a camerei de stingere
2.1 Verificarea in regim nomina ......................................................... 9
2.2 Calculul locului ingust in regim nominal .................................... 10
2.3 Verificarea incalzirii contactelor ................................................. 12
Cap. 3 Verificarea in regim de scurtcircuit
3.1 Calea de curent in regim de scurtcircuit ..................................... 13
3.2 Calculul curentului necesar topirii contactelor ........................... 15
3.3 Calculul injectiei de curent ......................................................... 17
-2-
Tema proiectului
Continutul proiectului
I. Cap. 1 Introducere
1.1 Definitie, Clasificare si simbolul intreruptorului
1.2 Schema bloc a intreruptorului de de putere de joasa tensiune
1.3 Schema cinematica de principiu a intreruptorului de putere
1.4 Schema cinematica a intreruptorului de tip USOL 250
Cap. 2 Proiectarea caii de curent si a camerei de stingere
2.1 Verificarea in regim nomina
2.2 Calculul locului ingust in regim nominal
2.3 Verificarea incalzirii contactelor
Cap. 3 Verificarea in regim de scurtcircuit
3.1 Calea de curent in regim de scurtcircuit
3.2 Calculul curentului necesar topirii contactelor
3.3 Calculul injectiei de curent
-3-
Cap. 1 Introducere
Definitie
Clasificare
-4-
! Observatie: In toate aparatele de curent alternativ intreruperea arcului electric se
realizeaza in camera de stingere, care functineaza pe baza principiului de nisa si
efectului de electrod. Prin efectul de nise arcul electric, dezvoltat intre piesele de
contact, este introdus in camera de stingere si apoi este divizat intr-un numar de
segmente egal cu numarul de intervale intre placile feromagnetice sub forma literei V.
In acest mod apare efectul de electrod, adica de formare a caderilor de tensiune la
anod si catod.
-5-
1.2 Schema bloc a intreruptorului de joasa tensiune
1. Polii principali;
2. Polii auxiliari
3. Declansatoare termice;
4. Declansatoare electromagnetice;
5. mecanismul intreruptorului;
6. Declansator de tensiune minima;
7. Declansator cu curent de injectie.
-6-
1.3 Schema cinematica de principiu a intreruptorului de putere
-7-
1.4 Schema cinematica a intreruptorului de putere de tip USOL 290
-8-
Cap. 2 Proiectarea caii de curent si a ca,erei de stingere
ρCu 20°C * J * A
θο max = = 28.6°C
α *lp
ρ Cu 20°C = 1.75 * 10 −8 Ωm
A = 600mm 2
W
α = 19 2
m * grad
l p = 140mm
1600 A
J :=
−6 2
600 ⋅10 m
-9-
θomax
θmax :=
1 − αR ⋅ θomax
28.6
θ max = = 31.62°
1 − 4 * 10 −3 * 28.6
2
α ⋅ lp − ρcu ⋅ αR ⋅ J ⋅ A
β :=
λ ⋅A
2
−3 −8 ⎛ 1600 ⎞
−3
19 * 140 * 10 − 1.75 * 10 * 4 * 10 * ⎜ −6 ⎟
* 600 * 10 −6
β= ⎝ 600 * 10 ⎠ = 3.165
−6
393 * 600 * 10
l1=150mm
−6 2
A1 := 3.14 ⋅100 ⋅10 m
1600 A
J1 :=
−6 2
3.14 ⋅100 ⋅10 m
−3
lp1 := 2 ⋅3.14 ⋅10 ⋅10 m
2
ρcu ⋅ l1⋅ J1 ⋅ A1 + 2 ⋅ λ ⋅ β ⋅ A⋅ θmax
θ :=
2
2 ⋅ λ ⋅ β ⋅ A + α ⋅ lp1 ⋅ l1 − ρcu ⋅ αR ⋅ l1⋅ J1 ⋅ A1
θ = 43.25°C
- 10 -
Graficul de variatie a temperaturii (in contacte)
o
θ1 := ( θ − θmax) ⋅ e
− β ⋅x1
x1 := 0.8 + θmax θ1 = 32.546 C
o
θ2 := ( θ − θmax) ⋅ e
− β ⋅x2
x2 := 0.9 + θmax θ2 = 32.295 C
o
θ3 := ( θ − θmax) ⋅ e
− β ⋅x3
x3 := 2 + θmax θ3 = 31.641 C
o
θ4 := ( θ − θmax) ⋅ e
− β ⋅x4
x4 := 3 + θmax θ4 = 31.621 C
o
θ5 := ( θ − θmax) ⋅ e
− β ⋅x5
x5 := 5 + θmax θ5 = 31.621 C
o
θ6 := ( θ − θmax) e
− β ⋅x6
x6 := 6 + θmax θ6 = 31.621 C
50
45
40
35
30
o [ C]
25
20
15
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X [m]
1 1
T1 = =
= 0.316
β 3.165
θ ma = 20°C
- 11 -
2.3 Verificarea incalzirii contactelor
2 2 U2
L • (T0 −T θ )=
4
W
L = 2.41 *10 −8
k2
T0 = 273.15 + θ ma + θ ∗ = 273.15 + 20 + 42.7 = 335.85
U = 30mv
θ ma = 20°C
θ ∗ = 42.25
−U 2 2
+ L * T0
Tθ = 4
L
− 900 * 10 −6
+ 2.4 * 10 −8 * 335.85 2
Tθ = 4 = 321.59
2.4 *10 −8
θ C = T0 − Tθ = 335.85 − 3231.59 = 14.25
2
α ⋅ lp1 − αR ⋅ ρcu ⋅J1 ⋅A1
β1 :=
λ ⋅A1
1600 2
19 * 2 * π * 10 * 10 −3 −3 −8
− 4 * 10 * 1.75 * 10 * *10 * π * 10 −6
β1 =
[π * (10 *10 ) ]
−3 2
2
393 * π * 100 * 10 −6
β1 = 2.246
- 12 -
1 1
T1 = = = 0.445
β 2.246
θ 2 + θ SC ≤ 200°C
θ2 este temperatura de preincalzirea caii de curent tinand cont de m.a.
θsc este surplusul de temperatura dat de curentul de sc. in calea de curent
θ 2 = θ ma + θ ∗ = 20 + 43.25 = 63.255°C
⎛ k a * α R * ρ Cu 0°C
1 ⎞
θ sc = (θ 2 + ⎜
)[exp⎜ * J ech * t1 ⎟⎟ − 1]
2
αR ⎝ C0 ⎠
k a = 1 .2
W
α R = 6 *10 −3 2
m * grad
Ws
C0 = 3.45 *10 −6 3
m grad
ρ Cu 0°C = 1.59 *10 −6 Ωm
t1 = 10,20,40,60,80,100ms
J ech = 25kA
- 13 -
Pentru t1=10ms
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 1.2 * 6 * 10 −3 * 1.59 * 10 −6 −3 ⎞
⎤
θ SC = ⎜ 62.79 + ⎟ * ⎢ exp⎜ * 25 2
* 10 6
* 10 * 10 ⎟
⎟ ⎥ = 115.079025
− 1
⎝ 4 * 10 −3 ⎠ ⎣ ⎜⎝ 3.45 * 10 6 ⎠ ⎦
Pentru t1=20ms
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 1.2 * 6 * 10 −3 * 1.59 * 10 −6 ⎞ ⎤
θ SC = ⎜ 62.79 + * exp⎜⎜
−3 ⎟ ⎢ 6
* 25 2 * 10 6 * 20 * 10 −3 ⎟⎟ − 1⎥ = 115.07902526
⎝ 4 * 10 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 3.45 * 10 ⎠ ⎦
Pentru t1=40ms
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 1.2 * 6 * 10 −3 * 1.59 * 10 −6 −3 ⎞
⎤
θ SC = ⎜ 62.79 + ⎟ * ⎢ exp⎜ * 25 2
* 10 6
* 40 * 10 ⎟
⎟ ⎥ = 115.07025521
− 1
⎝ 4 * 10 −3 ⎠ ⎣ ⎜⎝ 3.45 * 10 6 ⎠ ⎦
Pentru t1=60ms
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 1.2 * 6 * 10 −3 * 1.59 * 10 −6 ⎞ ⎤
θ SC = ⎜ 62.79 + * exp⎜⎜
−3 ⎟ ⎢ 6
* 25 2 * 10 6 * 60 * 10 −3 ⎟⎟ − 1⎥ = 115.07902581
⎝ 4 * 10 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 3.45 * 10 ⎠ ⎦
Pentru t1=80ms
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 1.2 * 6 * 10 −3 * 1.59 * 10 −6 ⎞ ⎤
θ SC = ⎜ 62.79 + * exp⎜⎜
−3 ⎟ ⎢ 6
* 25 2 * 10 6 * 80 * 10 −3 ⎟⎟ − 1⎥ = 115.079026042
⎝ 4 * 10 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 3.45 * 10 ⎠ ⎦
Pentru t1=100ms
⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 1.2 * 6 * 10 * 1.59 * 10 ⎞ ⎤
−3 −6
⎛ 1
θ SC = ⎜ 62.79 + ⎟ ⎢ ⎜
* exp⎜ * 25 2 * 10 6 * 100 * 10 −3 ⎟⎟ − 1⎥ = 115.079026302
⎝ 4 * 10 −3 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 3.45 * 10 6
⎠ ⎦
isc=10,20,40,50,70,100 kA
O sc=f(Isc/t)
115,0790264
115,0790262
115,079026
115,0790258
O [ C]
115,0790256
115,0790254
115,0790252
115,079025
115,0790248
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Isc [A]
- 14 -
Datorita regimului de scurtcircuit suptatemperatura a crescut de 2...3 ori fata
de supratemperatura in regimul nominal de functionare.
Incalzirea θ SC depinde de de natura conductorului si de a izoatiei utilizate. Ca
urmare calea de curent trebuie astfel proiectata incat in urma supraincalzirii la
scurtcircuit sa nu se modifice considerabil calitatile mecanice ale conductorului si
izolatiei.
Teoretic valoarea supratemperaturii, θ SC , este in jur de 120 … 200 grade
Celsius. Cu alte cuvite trebuie indeplinita conditia θ 2 + θ SC ≤ 200°C si nu trebuie ca
θ SC sa depaseasca mai mult de 3 ori valoarea supratemperaturii in regin nominal.
In cazul caii de curent a intreruptorului USOL 250 valoarea lui θ SC este in jur
de 115 °C , deci respecta conditiile impuse, fapt ce ne arata ca respectiva cale de
curent va rezista la aparitia scurtcircuitului, fara se deteriora sau a-si schimba
proprietatile fizico-mecanice.
*In ceea ce priveste graficul θ SC =f(Isc), acesta nu seamana cu cel teoretic.
Acest lucru se datoreaza unei erori aparute in datele furnizate pentru efectuarea
calculelor.
Æ Forta specifica
N
f ps = 0.9
A
I n = 1600 A
Fn = I n • f sp = 0.9 * 1600 = 1440 N
8 ⋅c ⎡ 1 + αR ⋅( θp + θ ) ⎤ Fn
I := ⋅ln⎢ ⎥⋅
2
3 ⋅ αR ⋅ ρcuo ⋅ H ⎣ 1 + αR ⋅θp ⎦ t1
- 15 -
Penrtu t1=10 ms
8 * 70 − 10 −6 1 + 4 *10 −3 (θ p + θ ∗ ) 1440
I= −3 −6
* ln −3
* = 8.849 * 10 3
3 * 4 * 10 *1.59 * 10 * 100 2
1 + 4 *10 * 57.04 10
Penrtu t1=20 ms
8 * 70 − 10 −6 1 + 4 *10 −3 (θ p + θ ∗ ) 1440
I= −3 −6
* ln −3
* = 6.328 *10 3
3 * 4 * 10 *1.59 * 10 * 100 2
1 + 4 *10 * 57.04 20
Penrtu t1=40 ms
8 * 70 − 10 −6 1 + 4 *10 −3 (θ p + θ ∗ ) 1440
I= −3 −6
* ln −3
* = 4.475 * 10 3
3 * 4 * 10 *1.59 *10 *100 2
1 + 4 *10 * 57.04 40
Penrtu t1=60 ms
8 * 70 − 10 −6 1 + 4 *10 −3 (θ p + θ ∗ ) 1440
I= −3 −6
* ln −3
* = 3.653 * 10 3
3 * 4 * 10 *1.59 * 10 * 100 2
1 + 4 *10 * 57.04 60
Penrtu t1=80 ms
8 * 70 − 10 −6 1 + 4 *10 −3 (θ p + θ ∗ ) 1440
I= * ln * = 3.164 *10 3
3 * 4 * 10 −3 *1.59 * 10 −6 * 100 2 1 + 4 *10 −3 * 57.04 80
Penrtu t1=100 ms
8 * 70 − 10 −6 1 + 4 *10 −3 (θ p + θ ∗ ) 1440
I= −3 −6
* ln −3
* = 2.83 * 10 3
3 * 4 *10 *1.59 *10 *100 2
1 + 4 *10 * 57.04 100
1,00E+04
9,00E+03
8,00E+03
7,00E+03
6,00E+03
Isc [A]
5,00E+03
4,00E+03
3,00E+03
2,00E+03
1,00E+03
0,00E+00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
t [ms]
- 16 -
3.3 Calculul injectiei de curent
A :=
π ( 2
⋅ D1 − D2
2 ) A = 2.454 × 10
−3 2
m
4
Isc := 10000 A
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t1
t1 := 10 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 1.171 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t2
t2 := 20 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 1.655 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t3
t3 := 40 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 2.341 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t4
t4 := 60 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 2.867 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t5
t5 := 80 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 3.311 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t6
t6 := 100 ⋅ 10 s θ x := θ x = 3.702 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
Isc := 20000 A
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t1
t1 := 10 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 4.682 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t2
t2 := 20 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 6.621 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t3
t3 := 40 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 9.364 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
- 17 -
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t4
t4 := 60 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 11.469 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t5
t5 := 80 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 13.243 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t6
t6 := 100 ⋅ 10 s θ x := θ x = 14.806 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
Isc := 40000 A
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t1
t1 := 10 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 18.728 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t2
t2 := 20 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 26.486 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t3
t3 := 40 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 37.457 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t4
t4 := 60 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 45.875 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t5
t5 := 80 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 52.972 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t6
t6 := 100 ⋅ 10 s θ x := θ x = 59.224 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
Isc := 60000 A
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t1
t1 := 10 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 42.139 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t2
t2 := 20 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 59.593 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t3
t3 := 40 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 84.278 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t4
t4 := 60 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 103.219 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
- 182 -
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t5 o
t5 := 80 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 119.187 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t6
t6 := 100 ⋅ 10 s θ x := θ x = 133.255 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
Isc := 80000 A
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t1
t1 := 10 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 74.914 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t2
t2 := 20 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 105.944 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t3
t3 := 40 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 149.827 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t4
t4 := 60 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 183.5 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t5
t5 := 80 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 211.888 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t6 C
t6 := 100 ⋅ 10 s θ x := θ x = 236.898
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
Isc := 100000 A
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t1
t1 := 10 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 117.052 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t2
t2 := 20 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 165.537 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t3
t3 := 40 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 234.105 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t4
t4 := 60 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 286.719 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t5
t5 := 80 ⋅10 s θ x := θ x = 331.074 C
A⋅ π ⋅λ ⋅ co
2 o
−3 Rc ⋅Isc ⋅ t6
t6 := 100 ⋅ 10 s θ x := θ x = 370.152 C
A⋅ - π19⋅λ- ⋅co
400
350
300
250
0x [C]
200
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Isc [A]
- 20 -
4. Observatii si concluzii
- 21 -
Cu asigura rezistenta mica la contact (si impicit o conductivitate buna), iar wolframul
asigura rezistenta contactului la temperaturi ridicate (produse de arcul electric).
Comanda intreruptorului USOL 250 se face manual prin internediul unei
parghii, care tensioneaza un resort.
Exista si variante de intruptoare care pot executa operatiile de inchidere sau
deschidere a circuitelor fara ca operatorul sa fie langa aparat. Inchidere/deschidere se
realizeaza ca urmare a unei comenzi date de un releu sau de un operator aflat la
distanta. Aceste tipuri d eintreuptoare servesc, indeosebi, pentru comanda si protectia
motoarelor electrice, dar sunt folosite si pentru conectarea si deconectarea circuitelor
de orice fel, comanda de conectare si in special cea de deconectare putand fi data de
un releu care supravegheaza functionarea corecta a instalatiei (protectia impotriva
suprasarcinilor, a scurtcircuitelor, a caderii de tensiune etc.).
- 22 -
Bibliografie
5. www.apar.pub.ro
- 23 -