CALLIGRAPHY & LETTERING DESIGN

Newhall ByArthur

Publishing FOSTER WALTER

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D A N D L E TTERINGESI G N

BY ART NEWHALL
Publishing, Inc. WalterFoster Hills,CA92653 23062La Cadena Drive,Laguna
@ 1989,WalterFosterPublishing, All rightsreserved. Inc. of This book has been publishedto aid the aspiringartist. Reproduction the work for Any reproduction art from the of study or finishedart is permissible. photomechanical purposes prohibited publication art drawnfrom the publication commercial is for withor from the publisher. out writtenconsent

l ntr od u ction.... Materials Basiclnstruction BasicSan SerifStyle . ViewAnd StrokeSequence Exploded Nu m e r als..... Cursive BasicChancery StrokeSequence Chancery ChanceryStyles Samples Chancery U ncia l Flourishes Swashes & The BlackLetter Ro m a n Spencerian Script Aw ar d s-S pencerian.. Renaissance . . . Ba tar d e Ver sa ls Gr e e ti ng Cards l nlin e Lo g o &SymbolDesign Th e SteelB rush LettersAt Work Co n clu sion

3 4
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7 B I 10 11 12 19 20 23 24 30 36 39 40 ....42 ....44 ... 46 . ..... 49 ........50 . . .. . .. . 55 . .. 56 ...... 64

amongthe general of and popularity calligraphy interest Thetremendous the yearshasincreased scopeandthe useof thisbeautiful publicin recent of placein the production diplomas, form.Asidefrom its obvious lettering has use a contemporary of calligraphy and testimonials verses; awards, for it in the designof logos, a creating new,excitingdemand developed, movie titles, book jackets,album covers,sign design,menus, labels, posters, type designand advertising to namejust a few. guide and study reference This book offersthe readera comprehensive to and a manual.lt presents myriadof alphabets their applicatons study should alwayshave good examplesin front of and to copy. Beginners can use the letter calligraphers practicing. More advanced them while for stylesamples reference. with It is imporantto first learnthe basicsand to becomecomfortable with different Practice and your tools,but try to be adventurous creative. Developyour own stylesof letteringor pens, papersand techniques. letterstylesto makethem your own. changeestablished

PENSAND INK
Ca llig ra p h ic le t t e rin g is d o n e primarily with a broadpen.There are two types of broad pens: dip pensand fountain pens.Bothhave nibs. There are interchangeable many brandson the market.The main advantage foqntainpens of t o h o ld a la rg e is t h e ir a b ilit y supply of ink, but they have a n o a limit e d u mb e r f n ib s iz e s n d d o n o t u t iliz e p e rma n e n tin k . Dip pens produce a cleaner,crisper line than fountain pens, but are slightly more difficultto master. You will need a jar of black india ink for usewith a dip pen.lt is very importantto keep both types of pens clean.A small jar of water k e p t n e a rb y f o r d ip p in g t h e p e n a n d wip in g it c le a n is recommended.

in The BroadPen is available variety shapes and sizes. of

FinePointNibsfor detail lettering.

Extr a - F in e n t Po

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Fine Point

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A wide,smalljar securedto a piece keeps ink the cardor plastic of heavy should The ink level stable. container be just highenoughfor a dippedpen load.

PAPER
for Thereare manytypesof paperand boardssuitable calligraphy. on The choicedepends the qualityandtypeof work you aredoing.A lettering, 20 lb. ledger bond is good for practice.For all-purpose board comes in two rag 1000/o bristol board is favored.Bristol o The kid finishis t h e b e t t e r f t h e t wo a s it h a s kid fi nish e s, and plate. paper a slight"tooth."For the final "one of a kind"job, a parchment Show card boardalso is for calligraphy available. madespecifically Giveit a try. takesink beautifully.

M I S CEL L A N E O U S
A can be quite simpleo r v e ry e x t e n s iv e . d ra win g You r e q u ipment ( a b o ut x 40"),achairand a go o ds o u rc eo f lig h ta rea mu s t 30" ta b le if you are seriousabout your work. You will also need a t-square, severaltriangles- 30, 45, and 60 degreeangles- and pencils, in a p e n s,pe n cleaner, erasers, pencils h a rp e n e r, k , o p a q u ewh it e brushes' and mistakes) a few lettering paint (forcorrecting

C allig r a p hic lettering donewith the b ro a dp e n .T h e a n g let h e p e n is is "thic k a n d t h in " s t y le .A s imp le ,b a s ic h e ld i s the key to the beautiful letterstylethat is quiteeasyto execute with the broadpen is shownon page7. The letteris a thick and thin Romanstylewithoutserifs. This style is beautiful and practical. is sometimes lt called"Stunt Lydian" b e ca u set is similar the Lydian i T to typef a c e . h e p e n is h e ldf a irlyrig id , po in ti ngabovethe right shoulder, ld a t a 3 5 d e g re ea n g le .T h e he (down)strokes vertical strokes madewith a firm are and the horizontal wristaction. The pen is heldat a constant angle- neverrotated. Use quality bond paper for practice.lt takes ink beautifully, and is s r ela ti vely inexpensive. , Usingyour t-sq u a red ra wg u id e lin e o n a s h e e t a of smoothillustration board,then placeit underneath sheetof bond pa p e r .( This eliminaies g u id e lin e s n e a c h p ie c eo f havingto dr a w o bond paper.) Alwayskeepa smallpieceof card or scrappapernearby to che ckthe ink f low of your pen.A ftere a c hd ip o f t h e p e n ,p u lla s h o rt strokeon the card to remove as the excessink. This is very important too much ink creates sloppyline. a Try using differentpen anglesto acquaintyourselfwith the results. to Constantpractice a must,and it is important haveEood copy in is front of you for reference. Also, be sure to cleanyour pen frequently dip it in a jar of waterand wipe it cleanwith a lint-free rag.At the end worksfine. of a session, cleanthe nib with pen cleaner ammonia SPACING The spacingbetween as lettersis as important the letters themselves. the optical weight or equalizing Good spacing involves smoothness the word. In uppercase letters the narrowest spaceis of betweenround letterssuch as O and C. A slightly wider space is betweena straightletterand a round letter,like I and O. The widest spaceis between letters suchas H and l. Diagonal two straight, vertical letters spacedoptically equalize open area;no dark or light are the to sections shoulddominate. Properspacingis called"good color."

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-INSTRUCTION-

The Chancery letter is a favorite with calligraphersbecause of its beauty, lt functionand speedof execution. is greatfor a largeamountof copy. The ChanceryCursive (italic)letter lends to itselfbeautifully the broadpen.The shape of the lettersare tall ratherthan fat. The pen angle is 45 degrees,but the pitch of the degreesoff the vertical.The stroke is 10-'15 pen does mostof the work and littlepressure is needed.Use one of the larger nibs for practiceas they are much easierto control. as Followthe strokesequence shown.Use boardfor practice. the guideline

BODYOF LOWERCASE 5 PENWIDTHS

Ascenders & Descenders equal to body height

CAPITALHEIGHT 7-8 PEN WDTHS

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-lNsrRUCTloN from the Romaninch of heightThe name"Uncial"is derived

"uncia."

give it an and descenders but its ascenders Uncial is an upper case alphabet, upperand lowercaselook. are The letters full form is madewith a pen angleof 35 degrees. The Uncialletter open areas,so be careful not to overspace' and rounded with considerable The two guidelines. alphabet between Uncialshouldfeelthat it can be contained wellwith italicalphabets. and widths.lt blends of can be usedin a variety heights

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& FLOURISHESSWASHES
the by a extra"serves doublepurpose enhancing spaceand This "stylish interest. adding unexpected It is important that these strokes be executed with disciplineand planning. The bold ribbonswashis done with the samebroad pen used and a fine swashes A for the lettering. smallerpen is usedfor narrower point pen is usedfor hairline flourishes.

23

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INSTRUCTIONThe Black Letter,also called"Old English," a handsome, is strong,condensed style.lt is a greatform for creatinga feelingof times past.Today, it is often used for diplomas, awardsand other certificates. The Black Letteralphabethas many stylesand weights.The basicsolid weight letteris not as difficult as it appears because the letters are quite uniform.The pen is held at a 30 degree angle.The very ornateOld English with hairline flourishes must be drawn carefully with a sharp, hard pencil, then inkedin with a pointedpen.

24
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INSTRUCTION
The Romanletteris the foundationof many of the letterforms usedtoday.Roman of the stonecuttersand scribesdeveloped classicform. Thereare manyvariations remainunchanged. but the Romanletter, the basics The serifson the The Romancapitalsare made with a pen angle of 30 degrees. strokeacrossthe top and lettersare executedby first makingan almosthorizontal Then the pen is arcedto the right and to the left to finish the bottom of the letter. the serif.A shortverticalstrokeis madeto finish lettersC, E, F, G, L, T, and S, then drawnand inkedin with a are precise letters carefully classic filledin. The detailed, fine pen.

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-tNSTRUcrloN aS "COpperplate" "ROundhand," idealfOr iS Or ThiS claSsyScript,alSOknOwn

COppERpLATE The intricatesinglestrokeletteris written at a slant of 54 with is degreeswith a flexible,pointed,oblique pen. Copperplate developed from a hairlineto a pressure the nib. The pressureis graduallyincreased on hairline. backto a then decreased swell,

greeting cards or whenevera sophisticated awards,diplomas,testimonials, is desired. feeling

Spencerianis SPENCERIAN Used for captions,logos and nameplates, laid practical The and beautiful. copy is carefully out on tracingpaperwith pencil, to it letteringis accurate, is transferred illustration When the somewhatoversize. pointedpen.Correctany slipswith opaque with a boardand inked in carefully white paint and it's readyfor photo reduction.

FinePoint

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INSTRUCTION
whenthe capitals letterstyleadds much classand effectiveness This decorative or are usedfor the leadinitialin a paragraph a verse. the lettermust be carefullylaid out on tracing Beingvery ornateand detailed, paper, then transferred the finalstockfor inking. to nib lf usingthe broadpen,usethe smallest and buildthe letterup with care. it Transfer to the lf the art is for reproduction, tracingshouldbe slightlyoversize. u b i l l ustr ati on o ardand do the finalinkingw it h a f in ep o in tp e n .S h a rp e n p t h e a rt with opaquewhitepaintand it is readyfor photo reduction.

40

RENAISSANCE

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INSTRUCTION
century. in in was developed France the fifteenth angularalphabet This beautiful are form and the strokes for is Batarde a natural the broadpen.lt is a veryangular the to create madewith litiledifficulty.lt is bestto useone of the largernib sizes The uppercaseletters The pen is held at a 45 degreeangle. sharpribboneffect. lowercaseletters' well with the tightly-packed are quitewide and contrast and otheritalics' Cursive with Chancery beautifully combines Batarde

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-tNSTRUcrloN "Versals"
The name

comesfrom its originaluse as the initialletterof a verse.

of grace. The maincharacteristic this letter with an angular are Versals tall letters flaircurvingin at the middleof the stroke.lt is bestto styleis the gentletapered pencilin the lettershape, then use a pen width that will giveyou one sideof the the pen widthto create other.Afterthis,the spaceis filled then a different stroke, the stroke.Then thin serifsare madewith a flat pen angle.The in to complete lettersB, D, G, P, R and U haveraisedand loweredloopsaboveand belowthe g u id e lin e s.

with two Buildup the letter then fill it in with strokes, pen or"brush.

Loopsriseaboveand fall b e lo wt h e g u id e lin e s .

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-INSTRUCTIONwhen used as a title or as the initial The Inlinestyle can be strikinglyeffective of capital a word. lt hasgreat"posterpunch." as requires some planningbeforeits execution the letters The Inlinetechnique Each lettershould be must be wide enoughto containthe stripecomfortably. carefullylaid out with the centerline in place.One approachis to use a small But the broadpen and lettereachsideof the stroke,leaving stripein between. the paintthe inline and then carefully letterthe form completely is besttechnique to precise brushcontrol. This requires with opaquewhitepaintand a smallbrush.

BOLs
A advertising. good logo Logo designis a vital part of promotional and indentification recognition. instant can provide Ma Th e b e st logosare usuallyquitesi mp lea n d s y mb o lic . n yt ime s graphicsymbolalonecreates companysignature. the the A powerfuleffectis often achievedby groupingstylizedinitials. 50

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LETTERING WITHTHE

Brwh
RUCTION
and helpfultool. lt is greatfor largelettering The SteelBrush is an interesting of because itsextrawidth,and you can usethinnedposterpainton it as well as ink. to Steel Brushesrange from 1/4 inch to 3/4 inch wide.They make it possible 7 fashionletters to 8 incheshigh. your hand The SteelBrushis a fine tool for sign or posterwork' Try supporting flexibletip providesmore control than a The mahlstick. with a sign painter's the try results, dipping pen intotwo or morecolorsat a time. For brush. interesting

55

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n
with the to It has been my pleasure share my life-longobsession to letterform with you. I hope you don't restrictyour lettering the broad pen. Try the fine point flexible nibs and the steel brush. quill.These Experiment with a show card brushand a sign painter's I have demonskills. will all contributeto your total calligraphic strated many alphabetsand styles;they are here for the taking. Remember, every minute you spend exploringthis excitingart is yours to keep.Don't be afraidto be creative!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
and understanding. To RossSarracino-forhis kindness help and editing. To SydneySprague-for her professional and To my wife,Emma-for her encouragement patience.

for Instruction rious Artists Serious

'll'h:>nhat the Artist's Library Seriesis all will help you lrr-'il The booksin this series ,us:n.J overcometechnical r-ourcreativity, and nrr:r;-;ies. explorenew media.Each 64-page on focuses the materialsand methp"*rerhack qrrs ,trr specificmedium and providesstep-bya helpful tips,and plenty of w':: demonstrations,
i:tlr.Iragement.

is in Thequalityof instruction this series Each u;ns-irpassed. bookis writtenandillustratin artist r; :r a professional whospecializes the to pr:ir"-ular mediumandis uniquelyqualified to a newlevelof expertise. s;;e thereader
AL13

Perspective
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Cartooning
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D:.:. & Calligraphy Lenenr.:

by Arthur Nerhall AL16

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Wih Watercolor lfi.r1l;;; R. byDuane Light

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Materials Oil Painting

by Wm. F. Powell AL18

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TheArt Of Framing
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,lf i", -s':c l.Dellille

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Mazzone by Domenico AL22 Painting EggTempera by Kirk Miller AL23 Knife Painting by Wm.F.Powell AL24 Marker Rendering by ToddMurrison

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provides Publishing WalterFoster products all ages for art instruction For andskill levels. moreinformation,sendfor a free catalog.
Inc Walter FosterPublishing, Drive 23062LaCadena LagunaHills, CA92653
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