apIpfw

Fkv.Fkv.F.kn.
]T\klmbn
2011 - 2012

kmaq-ly imkv{Xw
CHAPTER-I

Pnm]mbvI q

Chairman

: Prof.K.A.Sarala
President District Panchayath, Kannur

Vice-Chairman

: Sri. T. Krishnan
Vice-President, District Panchayath, Kannur
Smt. P.Rosa
Chairman
Health- Education Standing Committee
Kannur District Panchayath

Convenor

: Sri. A. Arunkumar
DDE., Kannur

Academic Convenor

: Sri. K. Prabhakaran
Principal, DIET, Kannur

Editorial Board:
1.

K.K. RAJAGOPAL
Moothedath High School, Taliparamba

9447237558

2.

N.T. SUDHEENDRAN
Chovva HSS

9447547873

3.

K.K. MADHAVAN
GHSS, Morazha

9544833452

4.

ISSAC ABRAHAM
GHSS, Kozhichal

9446268435

5.

K.E. RAMESHBABU
Chovva HSS

9496778111

6.

P. JANARDHANAN
GHSS, Kannadiparamba

9847028599

7.

V. ASHOKAN
Chovva HSS

9495028631

8.

P.K. SREEPRAKASH
GHSS, Puzhathi

9447005347

9.

V.P. MOHANAN
Chothavoor HS

9496192510

10. V. RAJAN
GHSS, Kadiroor

9447850698

11. G. SREEKUMAR
GHSS, Chavasseri

9745042369

12. P.V. SEBASTIAN

Sr. Josephs HS, Thalasseri

9447646810

s{]m^: sI.-F.-k-cf
{]kn-U-v,
I q Pnm ]m-bv, I q

BapJw
Fm-hcpw ]Tn--Ww, Fm-hcpw Pbn--Ww. CXm-Wtm C v Fm hnZ-ym-e-b- -fp-sSbpw
{]h-\-e--yw, Cu eyw kmm-Xv-cn-p- -Xn\v ]c-ym-]vX-amb coXn-bn \psS \mnse
Hmtcm hnZ-ym-e-b-sbpw kzbw kq -am-t--Xp-v. Ghpw B[p-\n-I-amb `uXnI kuIc-y- \ho-\hpw Imtem-Nn-X-hp-amb ]mT-y-]--Xn, NSp-ehpw {Inbm-fl-I-hp-amb aqe-y-\n b
coXn, hnZ-ym-e-b- sf in-s-Sp-m DX-Ip A[-ym-]-I--c--IXr Iqm-bva-I, imkv{Xobhpw ka-b-_-n-X-hp-ambn \S-p A[-ym-]I ]cn-io-e\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I F nh hnZ-ym-`-ym-kns KpW-ta-sb kzm-[o-\n-p LS-I- -fn {][m-\-am-Wv. Ign Iptd hj- -fmbn
tIc-f-n kvIq hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-ns \ho-I-cWw eyw shv \S-n-emn hcp \nc-h[n
{]h-\- IqSp-X {i sNep-p- Xv Ccw Imc-y- -fn Xs -bm-Wv. km-{XnIhpw KpW-ta--bp--Xp-amb hnZ-ym-`-ymkw \psS kw m-\v Dd-m-p- -X n tI{
kw m\ Khsap-Iv ]pdsa Xti kz-bw-`-c-W- m-]-\- fpw hf-sc-b-[nIw ]p-hlnp hcp- p. Cm-c-y-n tIcfw anI amXr-I-bm-Wv.
tIc-f-nse Xti kz-bw-`-c-W- m-]-\- kvIq hnZ-ym-`-ymkw sa-s-Sp-p-hm
sshhn-[-y-am \nc-h[n ]-Xn-I Bhn-jvI-cnv \S-n-emn hcp- p. Ch-bn Ghpw
{in--s-Xpw hnPbw I-Xp-amWv I q Pnm ]m-bv \S-n-emn hcp apIpfw
]-Xn. Pn-bnse sslkvIq-fp-I-fnepw lbsk-dn kvIqfp-I-fnepw Ipn-I-fpsS ]T\
\ne-hmcw Dbm klm-b-I-amb ssI]p-kvX-I- Xm-dmn hnX-cWw sNp-I, sas mkv dqw A\p-`-h- Ipn-Iv ]I v \Im A[-ym-]-Isc imo-I-cn-p- Xn\v DX-Ip- ]cn-io-e-\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I kwL-Sn-n-p-I, imkv{Xo-bamb aqe-y-\nWb coXn hnZ-yme-b- -fn \S-n-em-pI XpS- n-b-h-bmWv apIpfw ]-Xn-bpsS {][m\ {]h-\- . apIpfw
]Xn \S-n-em-p- Xn Bflm -amb kl-I-c-Whpw ]nXp-W-bp-amWv A[-ym-]-I--c-mIXr kaq-l- -fn \n v I q Pnm ]m-b-n\v e`n-p-sIm-n-cn-p- -Xv F v Cu
Ah-k-c-n kt m-j-]qw Adn-bn--s.
apIpfw ]-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn Fm hnj-b- -fnepw Ipn-bpsS At\-z-j-Wm-flI ]T-\s
t{]m m-ln-n-m DX-Ip {]h-\- -f-S- nb ssIp-kvX-I- Hmtcm Am-Z-anI hjnepw Xm-dmn hnZ-ym-e-b- -fn kuP-\-y-ambn hnX-cWw sNbvXp hcp- p. s]mXp-]-co-I-fn Db hnPbw t\Sm Cu ssIp-kvX-I- Ipn-Iv hf-sc-b-[nIw {]tbm-P-\s-Sp- p-s- mWv Pn-bnse Am-Z-anI kaq-l-ns hne-bn-cp-. {]K--cmb A[-ym]-Isc Ds-Spn kwL-Sn-n-p in]-im-e-I-fn-eq-sSbmWv Cu ssIp-kvX-I- Xmdm--s-Sp- -Xv. ssIp-kvX-I- IqSp-X IqSp-X anI-hp--Xm-m R Hmtcm hjhpw
{in-p- p. Ipn-Iv anI hnPbw t\Sm apIpfw ]-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn Cu hjw
Xm-dm-nb hnhn[ hnj-b- -fnse ssIp-kvX-I- klm-b-I-am-Is F v Biw-kn-psImv
kvt\l-]qw
s{]m^.-sI.-F.-k-cf
I q Pnm ]m-bv {]kn-Uv
3

]n.-tdmk
sNbt]-gvk
Btcm-K-y--hn-Z-ym-`-ymk mnwKv Inn
Pnm ]m-b-v, I q

""-ap-Ip-fw'' ka{K hnZ-ym-`-ymk ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-eqsS I q Pn tIcf hnZ-ym`ymk Ncn-{X-n B[n-Im-cn-I-amb hnP-bhpw m\hpw t\Sn--gnp.
\psS Ipn-Ifpw A[-ym-]-Icpw cn-Xm-fpw hnZ-ym-`-ymk Hm^o-kamcpw
P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw Hsm-cp-an--Xns ^ew IqSn-bmWv Cu t\w.
ss{]adn apX lbsk--dn Xew hsc KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap hnZ-ym-`-ym-kn-\mbn {]h\ ]-Xn-I "ap-Ip-fw' ]-Xn-bn-eqsS hn`m-h\w sNbvXnp-v. 2011-12 hj-n Ad-_n, DdpZp DssS Fm hnj-b- pw
{]tX-yI ]T\ kma-{Kn-I \nnp Ign-p. Ipn-I-fpsS Adn-hv, \nmW-ti-jnsb {]tNm-Zn-n-p ]T\ X{ - v {]map-Jyw \In-bn-p-v.
lbsk-dn Xe-n Cwojv, C-tWm-anIvkv DssS ^nknIvkv
sIankv{Sn, _tbm- f - P n, Au- kn F o hnjb- pw ]T\
kma{KnI \nnp Ign-p. ssZ\w-Zn\ Bkq-{X-W-n\pw ]T-\-{]h-\- Is-p- -Xn\pw A[-ym-]-Isc {]m]vX-cm-p anI-hp ]T\
klmbn F \ne-bn-emWv "ap-Ipfw' hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-p--Xv. apIp-fnse Fm {]h-\- fpw Ghcpw ^e-{]-Z-ambn {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-psa v {]Xo-n-p- p.
]T\ anI-hn-t\m-sSmw Db kmaq-ly t_m[hpw {]h\ k -Xbpw hfp hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-am-Is \psS e-yw. "ap-Ip-fw' ka{K hnZ-ym`-ymk ]Xn AXn-\p Nme-I-i-n-bmbn amd-s.
kvt\l-]qw

]n.-tdmk
sNbt]-gvk
Btcm-K-y--hn-Z-ym-`-ymk mnwKv Inn
Pnm ]m-b-v, I q

1 B[p\nI temIns DZbw

samWm-enk

tIm \nkv

hmkvtIm U Kma

s]t{Smamv

Ahm-k-\s Amgw

Keo-en-tbm-bpsS
sSe-kvtImv

k sFkIv
\yq-

thm-b

BapJw
\nc-h[n A-hn-i-zm-k- fpw A\m-Nm-c- fpw \ne-\n- n-cp Ime-L-ambn-mWv a[-y-Im-e-Ls ImWp- -Xv. AXn-\m Cu Ime-L-s Ccp--bp-Kw(Dark age) F v hnti-jn-n-p- p.
B[p-\nI Ime-L--ns Iml-f-hp-ambn cq]w sIm \thm- m\w 15,16 \qm-p-I-fnse kap{Z
]cy-S-\- , aX-\-ho-I-c-Ww, {]Xn-\-ho-I-c-Ww, imkv{X-]p-tcm-K-Xn, mt\m-Zbw F nh {]mNo-\,
a[-y-Im-e- -fn \n pw XnI-p-samcp hy-Xn-bm\w a\p-j-y-Po-hn-X-n\v km[-y-am-p-I-bpw, Hcp ]pXnb
temI-{Iaw cq]-s-Sp-p-hm klm-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \h-Nn- m-[m-c-I bqtdm-n-emWv tI{o-Icn--sX-nepw ]cn-W-X-^-e- temI-amsI hym-]n-p. hnm\ hym-]\w IqSp-X At\-z-j-W pw, hnai-\--hn-e-bn-cp--ep-Ipw AXp-hgn \ho-I-c-W-n\pw D]m-[n-bm-bn.
5

]T\ e-y-
*

a[-y-bp-K-ns A yn\v CS-bm-nb hkvXp-X-I Xncn--dn-bp-I.

^yq-U-en-k-ns XI bqtdm-n hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn-ep-m-nb amw Xncn--dn-bpI

\thm- m\w cq]-s-Sm-\p-mb kml-N-c-y- ^e- F nh Xncn--dn-bpI

aX \ho-I-c-W-hpw, AXns kzm-[o-\- fpw a\-n-em-pI

`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sp-- ^e-

imkv{X-]p-tcm-KXn kmaq-lnI am-n\v F ns\ Imc-W-am-sb v Xncn--dn-bpI

Bi-b-
{]mNo-\--a-[-y-Im-e-L-- -fn hmWn-P-y--kmw-kvIm-cnI hn\n-ab tI{w C -ym-k-ap-{Z-temIw
tI{o-I-cn-m-bn-cp- p. F m a[-y-Im-e-L--ns Ah-km-\-tmsS hmWn-P-y--kmw-kvIm-cnI tI{w
a[-y-[-c-Wmgn cmP-y- tI{o-I-cn-mbn amdn. C-en-bpsS hf-bmWv \thm- m\w AhnsS Bcw`n-m-\n-S-bm-n-b-Xv. \thm- m\w B[p-\nI Ime-L--ns DZbw Ipdn-p. Ie, kmln-X-yw, imkv{Xw
F o taJ-e-I-fn \thm- m\w henb kzm-[o\w sNep-n. \thm- m\w {]Zm\w sNbvX kz-X{
Nn bpw hnai\ _pnbpw aX-\-ho-I-c-W-n\v Imc-W-am-bn. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sp- tImf-\n-h-c-W-n\pw km{am-P-y-Xz B[n-]-X-y-n\pw Imc-W-am-bn. \thm- m-\-ns
apJ-y-{]-h-W-X-I-fmb bpn-t_m-[hpw am\-hn-I-Xbpw mt\m-Z-b-Im-epw Bhn--s-p. bpnbpsS am{Xw ASn- m-\-n `uXn-I-tem-I-sbpw AXn a\p-j-ys m\-sbpw hon-m
{ian-p ss[j-WnI apt --ambncp p mt\m-Z-bw.

{]h\w 1
Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p `q]-S-ns klm-b-tmsS C -ym-k-ap{Z cm-P-y- Is-pI

D-c-kq-NnI
C -y, ssN\, CuPn-]vXv, t]j-y, awtKm-fn-b, tkmam-enb
6

{]h\w 2

apI-fn sImSp-n-cn-p `q]-S-ns klm-b-tmsS {][m-\-s hmWn-P-y-]-Y- -sfbpw

Ah _n-n-n-cp cmP-y- -sfbpw Isn ]n-I-s-Sp-p-I.

{]h\w 3
`q]-S-ns klm-b-tmsS {][m-\-s Cm-en-b \K-c- Is-p-I. (sSIvv _pv
\ 11 ImWp-I)

{]h\w 4
\thm- m\w
]p\Pw
\thm-ta-jw
dnss\kkv

a[-y-Im-e-L--nsA -yhpw B[p-\nI Ime-L--ns DZ-bhpw

Ipdn-p {]Xn-`mkw
GsX-nepw _ml-y-i-n-I-fpsS kzm-[o-\-an-msX
kz-X-{ -Nn- -bp-sSbpw {]hr-n-bp-sSbpw ]p\Pw
C-en-bnepw XpS v bqtdm-]-y cmP-y- -fnepw Ie--ssh-m-\nI
cwK-p-mb ]p DWv

\thm- m\w Bcw-`n-Xv C-en-bn-em-Wv. AXn-\n-S-bm-nb Imc-W- -fn NneXv Xmsg sImSpn-cn-p- p. IqSp-X Isn ]nI ]qn-bm-p-I.
a[-y-hK-ns hf
kp n-c-amb Khsa v
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
(kq-NnI :
C-en-bpsS `qanimkv{X-]-c-amb InSv, Ie-sbbpw kmln-X-y-tbpw t{]m m-ln-n--h.
{]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fpsS hf
tImmn-t\m-n-fn \n p A`-bm n-I-fpsS tI{w
{Kov tdma kwkvIm-c- -fpsS kzm-[o\w

{]h\w 5
a[-y-Ime Pohn-X-n \n v B[p-\nI Ime-Po-hn-Xs thXn-cn-p Nne {]Xn-`m-k-
\thm- m\ Imev cq]-s-n-cp- p. Ah GsXm-s-sb v Is-pI
D-c-kq-NnI :

At\-z-jW IuXpIw
bpn-Nn
am\-hn-IX
{]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fpsS hf
hnai\ _pn

{]h\w 6
\thm- m\ Imev kmln-X-yw--im-kv{Xw--Ie F o taJ-e-I-fn {]apJ m\w hln-h Bscm-s-sb v Isn ]nI ]qn-bm-pI

\thm m\w
kmln-Xyw

imkv{Xw

Ie

enb-\mtUm Umhn

tIm\n-kv

tXma-kvaq

............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................
D-c-kq-NnI
Zms

sFkIv \yq-

ssa Btem

s]{Smv

hnyw lmhn

Snj-y

tPm^vsd tNmk

slav

sUmWm-tem

amn eqY

Keo-entbm

{_qW-ekvIn

Cdm-kvsakv

{^mknkv _

hneyw tjIvkv]n-b

sZmv

{]h\w 7
\thm- m\ Imev kmln-X-yw--imkv{Xw-Ie F o taJ-e-I-fnse t\- Isn
]nI ]qn-bm-pI
taJe
kmln-Xyw

t\-
............................................................................................
............................................................................................

imkv{Xw

............................................................................................
............................................................................................

Ie

............................................................................................
............................................................................................
9

{]h\w 8

apI-fn sImSp-n-cn-p Nn{X- ]cn-tim-[nv Bsc v Isn Ch-cpsS kw`m-h-\I ]cn-tim-[n-pI

{]h\w 9
am\-hn-I-X, XX-z-im-kv{Xw, bpn-Nn- , hnai\ _pn F n-hbvv {]m[m-\yw \In cNn-s Nne {][m-\-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-bpsS cN-bn-Xm--fp-sSbpw ]nI Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p- p.
`mj

kmln-X-y-Im-c

{Kw

{]Xn-]m-Zyw

kv]m\njv

........................

tUmI-zn-Ivtkmv

......................................

......................

tNmk

...................................

kmaq-lnI hnai\w

............................

ss__n hnh\w

............................................

Uv

Fdm-kvakv

............................................

]ptcm-lnX ZpjvsNbvXn-I

.......................

Ums

..........................................

...........................................

Cm-en-b

..................

{]nkv

........................................

10

{]h\w 10
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sp-- v t\Xr-Xzw \In-b-h-cpsS t]cp-I Xmsg sImSpn-cn-p- p. cmP-y- Isn ]nI ]qn-bm-pI

hmkvtIm U Kma
sImfw-_kv
t]mp-Kokv
...................................

saK-
...................................

I{_m
tPmIm_v

...................................

...................................

(kq-N\ : C-en, kvs]bn, Cw-v, t]mp-K )

{]h\w 11
"`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sp-- ', AXns ^e- F nh Isn ]n-I-s-SppI
Ip-]n-Sp--

^e-

.......................................................................

.....................................................................

.......................................................................

.....................................................................

.......................................................................

.....................................................................

.......................................................................

.....................................................................

.......................................................................

.....................................................................

.......................................................................

.....................................................................
11

Dc kqNnI
*

\thm m\w

tImmn-t\m-n-fns ]X\w

cmPm-am-cpsS t{]m m-l\w

kml-kn-IX

]uc-kvX-y-tZ-is hn k-n-s\-p-dn-p Adnhv

{InkvX-y anj-\-dn-am-cpsS t{]m m-l\w

hSp t\mn-b-{ -ns Ip-]n-Spw

\K-c- -fp-sSbpw hmWn-P-y-nsbpw hf

^e-
*

]pXnb `qJ-fi- -fp-sSbpw kap-{Z-]m-X-I-fp-sSbpw Ip-]n-Spw

tImf-\n-h-c-Whpw km{am-P-y-h-ym-]-\hpw

{InkvXp-a-X-ns hym-]\w

hym-]mc IpI bqtdm-ns A[o-\-X-bn

ASn-a---hSw Bcw-`np

bqtdm-n kz-X-{ -Nn- -bpsS hym-]\w

XpS{]-h\w
1)

\thm- m\w C-en-bn Bcw-`n-m-\n-S-bm-nb kml-N-c-y- Fs m-s-bm-bn-cp p?

2)

\thm- m\ Ime-L--n kmln-Xyw,im-kv{Xw,-Ie F o taJ-e-I-fnse {][m-\-s

t\- -sf-p-dnv Ipdnv Xm-dm-pI

3)

\thm- m\ Imes {]tX-y-I-X-I-fn NneXv Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p- p.

IqSp-X Isn ]Z-kq-c-y ]qn-bm-pI

kz-X{

Nn

\thm- m\w

4)

15,16 \qm-p-I-fn `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Is--ep-Iv t\Xr-Xzw \Inbhsc-p-dnv

Hcp Ipdnv Xm-dm-pI

5)

`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sp-- v klm-b-I-c-amb LS-I- fpw ^e- fpw Is-pI

12

2 hnhfpsS Imew
BapJw
B[p-\nI bpK-ns DZ-b-n\v CS-bm-nb kml-N-c-y- \mw H mw A-ym-b-n
\n v a\-n-em-n-b-tm. AXns XpS-bmbn cmw A-ym-b-n N sNp- Xv B[p-\nI
bpKns ]ndhn hnfndn-bn-p kw`h _lp-e-amb hym-h-km-bnI hn-h-tbpw {^v hn-htbpw Ipdn-m-Wv. hmWn-Py cwKs ]pcm-K-Xn-bpsS ^e-ambn Hcp a[-y-hw bqtdm-n hf v
h Xv F n-sb-sb pw C-h cmP-ym-[n-]-Xy-n\pw {]`p-X-z-hm-gvNpw FXn-cmb hn-h- v t\XrXzw \In-bXv F n-s\-sb pw Cu A[-ymbw N-sN-p- p.
temI-nse BZ-ys P\-Iob hnhw F v hnti-jn-m-hp alm-kw-`-h-amWv 1789se
{^p-hn--hw. bqtdm-nse B[p-\nI bpK-ns inev]n-bmbn Adn-b-s-Sp alm-\mWv {^p-hn-hns BNm-cy-\mb dqtm. kzm-X-{ -yw, ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Z-cyw F o aq v Bi-b- -fm-bn-cp p
{^p P\-Xbvv hn-h-n-\p Bthiw ]I p sImSp ap{Zm-hm-I-y- . ""a\p-j-y kz-X-{ \mbn P\n-p- p. ]s Ah Fhn-sSbpw N -e-I-fm _n-X-\m-Wv''. hni-z-hn-J-ym-X-amb Cu
hmp-I-sf-smv {^p P\-Xsb BI-am\w Cf-n-a-dn-m- dqtm-hn\v Ign--sX- n-s\-sb v
Cu A[-ym-b-n \apv ]cn-N-b-s-Smw.
\o ka-c-N-cn{X fn-eqsS Cw-n P\m-[n-]-Xy `c-W-{Iaw \ne-hnh -sX- n-s\-sb ,v
tkz-m-[n-]-Xy cmP-hm-gvN-s-Xnsc hnhw \bn {^p P\X s\tm-fnbs- - -cm-P-hmgvNbvv hgn
Xpd- -sX- n-s\-sb v, Dev]m-Z\ k{-Zm-b-n-ep-mb amw (h-y-h-kmb hn-hw) apX-em-fn hy-h sb in-s-Sp-n-b-sX- n-s\-sb pw, hym-h-km-bnI hn-hns kzm-[o\w sXmgn-emfn {] m\ns hf-pw tkmj-y-enkvvv Bi-b- -fpsS Bhn`m-h-n\pw hgn-sbm-cp-n-b-sX- n-s\sb pw \apv Cu A[-ym-b-n \n pw a\-n-emmw.

13

apJymi-b- :
l
l
l
l
l
l

Cwnse B`-y- c bpw

{^p hn-h-n-\-S-bm-nb kmaq-lnI-km--n-I--cm-jv{Sobss[j-WoI Imc-W-
s\tm-fnbs ]cn-jvIm-c- fpw {^p-hn-h kzm-[o-\hpw
hym-h-km-bnI hn-hns kmaq-ln-Ihpw ss[j-Wo-I-hp-amb kzm-[o-\w-sXmgn {] m-\-
apX-em-fntkm-j-y-env h-y-h- -I-fpsS k-nI knm
ImjnI hnhw, arK-]-cn-]m-e\w
CWSN IpnIpthn ]nI hni-I-e\w, tNcpw-]Sn tN-, Nn{X- \In-bn-cn-

p p
{]h-\w-1:
Cw-n cmPmhpw ]men-sapw Xn kwLj-n-\n-S-bm-nb Nne LS-I- X ncn-p- p.
cmPmhv

]me-sa v

ssZh-Z A[n-Imcw

-- --

-- --

]men-ans Ah-Imiw

^yq-U Xmev]-cyw

-- --

-- --

]yqcn- k`

Bwn- k`

a[-y-hK XmXv]-cyw

Sop \ntiw:
]nI {Kq-Sn- m-\-n ]qo-I-cnv Ipn-I hy-n-K-X-ambn cmPmhpw ]mensapw Xnep kwLj-n-\p Imc-W- sf ASn- -m\-sSpn Ipdnp Xm-dmn Ah-X-cn-n-m
\nt-in-pI
{]h-\w-2
hym]mc cwK-p-mb ]ptcm-KXn Cw-n a[-y-h-ns hfsb klm-bn LS-I sf ASn- - m-s-Spn ]Z-kq-c-y ]qn-bm-p-I.

ImjnI taJ- e - b n
\n v hmWn-Py taJ-e-bnte-p amw

hWn-P-y--\n
cq]o-I-cnp
a[-y hKw

k- -ab hym-]-c-hKn hf
14

SotdmSv
hym-]mc cwK-p-mb ]ptcm-KXn Cwns kmaq-ly km-nI taJ-e-I-fn hn ]cnh-\-n-\n-S-bm-n. hntZi hym-]m-c- -fp-am-bp-mb hym-]mcw Cwns km-nI LS\
in-s-Sp-n. \K-cs tI{o-I-cnv hf p h hym-]mcn hw Dev]mZ\w, hnX-c-Ww,
KXm-KXw F n-hsb \nb-{ n-p. Cw-nse {]_e kaq-l-ambn hf p-sh-nepw AXn-\-\pk-cn-p kmaq-ly ]Z-hnbpw `cW ]m-fn-hpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-m-\p a[-y-hKns t]mcm-amWv Cw-nse cmPmhpw ]men-sapw Xn-ep-mb kwLjns ASn- m\ Imc-Ww.

{]h-\w-3
Cw-nse `c-W-]-c-amb kwLj-n-tev \bn kw`-h- -fp-ambn _-s Hcp ssSw
sse \nn-pI
1689
1688
1649
1640
1628

s]o-jkv Hm^v ssdvkv

temwKv ]men-sa v
_n Hm^v ssdvkv
tImashv Ime-L-ns Bcw`w
c-c-lnX hnhw

{]h-\w-4:
s]o-j-ykv Hm^v ssdv apX _n Hm^v ssdvkv hsc-bp Cwns Ncn{X kw`-h v A\p-kr-X-ambn {Iao-I-cn-pI
1. dw_v ]men-sa v
2. sPbnwkv cm-a {^mkn A`bw tXSn
3. ]men-sapw cmPmhpw Xn B`-y- c bpw Bcw-`n-p p
4. c-c-lnX hnhw
5. s]o-j-ykv Hm^v ssdvkn cm-Pmhv Hp-sh-p p
6. temMv ]men-sa v
7. Hen-h t{Imw-shpw tImashv `c-Whpw
8. Nmkv cmas cmP-hmgvN ]p\- m-]\w
9. Nmkv H mas h[w
10. Ah-Imi \nbaw _n Hm^v ssdv ]mm-p p
11. Pbnwkv cmas cmP-hmgvN Bcw`w
12. hne-yhpw tacnbpw Cwns `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn
D-c-kq--NnI:
s]o-j-y Hm^v ssdn cmPmhv Hps-h-p p
temMv ]men-sa v
]men-sapw cmP-hpw Xnep B`-y- c bpw B-cw-`n-p p
Hfn-h t{Imwshpw tImashv `c-Whpw
15

dw_v ]men-sa v
Nmkv H mas h[w
Nmkv cmas cmP-hmgvN ]p\: m]\w
Pbnwkv cmas cmP-hmgvN Bcw`w
Pbnwkv cm-a {^mkn A`bw tXSp p
hne-yhpw tacnbpw Cw-nse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn
c-c-lnX hnhw
Ah-Imi \nbaw
_n H^v ssdvkv ]mm-p p
{]h-\w-5
Cw-n cmP-hmgvN ]p\- m-]n-m Hfn-h t{Imwhns dn-n- `cWw hgn-sbm-cpn-b-sX- ns\ ?
Nm-kq-NIw:

* dw_v ]men-sa v
* ]men-sans ta B[n-]-Xyw
* ssk\nI tkz-m-[n-]-Xyw
*
*

SotdmSv
Nmkv H m-a ]men-sa v ]ncnv hnv 11 hjw tkz-m[n-]-Xy cWw \S-n-b-Im-e-L]t-m IqSp-X P\ -fpsS kzm-X{ yw l\n-sXv Hfn-h t{Imwhns dn-n-
Ime-L--n-em-bn-cp- p. Xdn-s-Xnsc \np- -hsc ]men-san \n v ]pd-mn Xs
lnXw ]men-san ASn-t-ev]n-p-sIm-p GIm-[n-]-Xy `c-W-amWv Hfn-h t{Imwh ImgvNsh-Xv. Cu Xncn--dn-hn \n mWv kzm-X-{ yw kwc-nm ]cn-anXm[nIm-c-ap cmP-hm-gvNbmWv \Xv F \nK-a-n Cwojv P\- sf sImp-sN-s --Xv. AXp-sIm-mWv C pw
]cn-anX cmP-hmgvN Cw-n XpS-cp- Xv F \nK-a-\-n N t{ImUo-I-cn-pI

{]h-\w-6
{^p kaql LS-\-sb-p-dnv TB t]Pv 28 Nn{Xw ]cn- -tim-[nv X n-cn-p kqN-I- sf
A\p-tbm-P-yamwhn[w ]n-I-s-Sp-pI
Ah-Im-i- fpw B\p-Iq-e-y- fpw A\p-`-hnp
{]`p-m
Zpcn-X- \nd P#ohnXw
]ptcm-ln-X-m
\nIp-Xn-bn-fhv A\p-`-hnp
ssk\nI tkh\w am{Xw
B`mS Po-hnXw
{]tX-yI Ah-Imi
A[-zm\ `mcw
I-h-S-m, DtZ-ym-K-
\nIpXn `mcw Xm n
16

aq mw Ftv

cmw Ftv

H mw Ftv
l

SotdmSv
hn-n\p apv {^mkn aq p P\-hn-`m-K- -fp-m-bn-cp- p. {]`p--m- ]ptcm-ln-X-m-,
km[m-cW P-\- . aq v Ft-p-I F mWv Ch Adn-b-s-n-cp- -Xv. Cu Ak-a-X-z-amWv
{^v hn-hns ASn- m\ ImWw. \ne-hn-ep hy-h- -tbm-Sp km-fl-I-amb Iem-]amWv hn-hw. Ghpw Bh-i-y-amb, A\n-hm-c-y-amb k`- -fn AXp kw`-hn-p- p. Fm
hn-h- fpw Ghpw \oXn-]qamb Hcp temIs kz]v\w ImWp- p. ka-X-zhpw kmtlmZcyhpw AXns IqS-n-dpI-fm-Ip- p.
{]h-\w-7:
kmaql-y-]mTw H ns Ih Nn{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-p-sImv So (_m-kvXnbs ]X-\w) Nne
Nm kqN-I- \Ip- p. Nmv/_n.-_n. hv
1. _mkvXn-b tIm cmP-hm-gvN-bp-sSbpw {]`p-X-znsbpw {]Xo-I-am-b-sX- ns\ ?
2. _mkvXnb tIm XI Xv {^v hn-h-n\v XpSw Ipdnp F p-]-d-bp- Xv icn-bmtWm ?
3. _mkvXn-b tIm-bpsS ]X\w (Pqsse 14) {^mkn tZi-iob Zn\-ambn C pw BN-cn-p- -Xn\p- Imc-W-sa v ?
_mkvXn-b tIm
{^p hn-h-Im-cn-I _mkvXn-b tIm: 1789 Pqsse 14\v XI-s-Sp-tm tIm-bn 7
XS-hp-Im am{Xta Dm-bn-cp- p-p. Fm Chsc kwc- -n-m-\mbn tImbn [mcmfw]mN-I-mcpw, tUm-IvSamcpw pc-I-mcpw sXmgn-em-fn- -Ifpw 90 ]m-f-mcpw Dm-bn-cp- p.
am{X-a _m-kvXn-b tIm-bpsS KhWv hfsc Db i-fhpw \In-bn-cp- p. (Hcp
hj-tv 60000 Francs)

SotdmSv
_mkvXnbs ]X\w apX s\tm-fn-b `cWw ]nSn-s-Sp-p- Xp hsc-bp ]mT-`m-K-
hmb-\-p-dn-p-I-fmbn \In Ipn-Isf N-bn-tev \bn--Ww. cmP-hm-gvNpw {]-`p-X-z-n\pw
FXn-cmb a[-y-hKns Db-bm-bn-cp p {^p-hn--hns ASn- m\ Imc- -Ww F
Bi-b-n t{ImUo-I-cn-p-I.
17

{]h-\w-8
^vtfmv Nmv ]qn-bm-pI
a[-y-hKns Db

i
--------------------------------

tZiob Akwn

--------------------------------

--------------------------------

a\p-j-ym-h-Imi {]J-ym-]\w

--------------------------------

Pmtm-t_-p- -Ifpw Ptdm-n-kvp-Ifpw

--------------------------------

dn-nv
D-c-kq--NnI:
TB t]Pv 30 ImWpI
]h-\w-9
{^p-hnhns Bcw`w apX s\tm-fnbs ]cm-Pbw hscbp kw`-h- sf ASn m-\-s-Spn Hcp ssSw sse \nn-mtam ?
_en imk\w

1815

2. _mkvXnbs ]X\w

1792

3. hmeq bpw

1799

4. tZiob Ishj

1806

5. s\tm-fn-b A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s-Spp

1789

1.

D-c-kq-NnI:
1. _en imk\w
2. _mkvXnbs ]X\w
3. hmeq bpw
4. tZiob Ishj
5. s\tm-fn-b A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s-Spp

1806
1789
1815
1792
1799
18

{]h-\w-10
{^p-hn--hns hnp-I Fdn-Xv Ahn-Sps amlm-m-cmb XX-z-Nn- -Imcm-Wv.
{^p-hn--h-n XX-z-Nn- -I-mp ]v ]cn-tim-[n-pI
Nm kqNIw:
dqtm, hm-b, tamvkvIyq
N
SotdmSv
Cw-n-te-Xp-t]m-ep Hcp `c-W-IqSw X pw Bh-i-y-am-sW- t_m[w {^p ]\-Xbn Dm-m tamvkvI-yq-hn\v Ign-p. ss{IkvXh k`sb {X--ambn hnain XX-z-Nn -I-\mWv hm-b. "hn-h- -fpsS ]T\ {Kw' {^p hn-hns thZ-]p-kvXIw Fs ms
hnti-jn-n--s-Sp- Xv dqtmhns ""tkmj-y tIm{Sm-IvSv BWv ''. dqtm-hm-bn-cp p {^v
hn--hns BNm-c-y F Bi-b-n t{ImUo-I-cn-p-I.
{]h-\w-11
A tImf- -n\v A\p-tbm-P-y-am-bh B, C tImf- -fn \n v sXc-s-Sp-s-gp-XpI
A

eqbn XVI

_qj-zmkn

Knn

tdm_-kv]n-b

SyqtKm

\K-c-hmkn

a[-y-hKw

sat-WnIv

tZiob Akwn

hnb m ktf\w

tImakv

km-nI ]cn-jvImcw

sS okv tImv {]Xn

`oIc hmgvN

Bkv{Xnb

Dc kqNnI
eqbn XVI - SyqtKm km-nI ]cn-jvImcw tdm_-kv]n-b `oIc hmgvN Knn
a[-y-hKw _qj-zmkn \K-c-hmkn hnb m ktf\w sat-WnIv Bkv{Xnb sS okv
tImv {]Xn tImakv tZiob Akwn
{]h-\w-12
Sn.-_n. t]Pv 32se s\tm-fnbs km{am-Pyw ImWn-p `q]-Sns klm-b-tm-Sp-IqSn
s\tm-fn-b Iog-S-nb {]tZ-i- sf ]n-I-s-Sp-p-I. (bqtdmns Huvsse amv \Xo-p-v).
skP-bn, dj-y, ssd {]tZ-iw, tImkn-tIm, t]mf-v, \mnkv apX-em-bh
XpS v Ipn-Iv Hcp tNmZyw \In-smv N sNp-I.
tNmZyw :
{^p hn-hm-i-b- bqtdm-n-tev hym-]n-n-m s\tm-fn-b\v Igntm ?
19

Nm kqN-I- :
s\tm-fnbs bp-
s\tm-fnbs \nbakwlnX
^yq-U `cW coXn-bpsS A yw
tZin-bX
SotdmSv
dqtmhns Bcm-[-I\pw Hcp km-[m-cW IpSpw-_n P\n hy-n-bp-am-bn-cp s\tm-fnb bqtdm-ns\ ]msS Iog-S-nsmmWv (Cw-v Hgn-sI) {^p hn-hns Bi-b bqtdm-n \S-n-em-m {ian--Xv. Xs `cWw m]n-n-S- -fn-semw s\tm-fnbs
\nba kwlnX \S-n-em-m {ian-p. {^p-hn--h-n\v app bqtdm-n-te-p Xncn-pt]m-n\v hnb m kt-f\w {ian-p-sh-nepw {^p-hn-hw \Inb DWv tZin-bX
bqtdm-ns\ B[p-\nI bpK-n-tev \bn-p-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv F Bi-b-n t{ImUo-I-cnpI
{]h-\w-13
sXmgn {] m-\- -fpsS D-h-n\v hgn-sbm-cp-nb Imc-W- Nmv sNpI
l

tPmen-k-abw Ipdp

l
l
l
l

kqNnI:
kpc-n-X-a-m sXmgn kml-N-c-yw--Ip-d thX-\w--\-K-c- -fn-te-p IpSn-tb-w--ap-Xemfnns Bhn`mhw XpS- nb LS-I-
{]h-\w-14
A tImf- -n\v A\p-tbm-P-y-am-bh B, C tImf- -fn {Iao-I-cn-pI
A

eqbn mv

^m_n-b tkmj-y-enkvv

tv tkmj-y-enkw

{]qtKm

Iqv Dev]mZw ]n-S

Dtm-]-y tkmj-y-enkw

Imd amIvkv

Iqp-Sa k{-Zmbw

tkmj-y-en-kns asmcp cq]w

tdm_v Hmh

aqe-[\w

P\m-[n-]-Xyw

_WmUvjm

knUn--enkw

imkv{Xob tkmj-y-enkw
20

Dc kqNnI
eqbn mvIqp-Sa k{-Zmbwtv tkmj-y-enkw{]qtKmknUn--enkwtkmj-y-enkns asmcp cq]w
Imd amIvkvImd amIvkvimkv{Xob tkmjy-enkwtdm_v HmhIqv Dev]mZ\w
]n-SDtm-]-y tkmj-y-enkw_WmUvjm^m_n-b tkmj-y-enkwP\m-[n-]-Xyw
{]h-\w-14
Xe-s-p-ambn tbmPn-n-pI
1

a\p-j-ym-[-zm-\ns m\v bt{ m]I-c-W-

^mIvSdn \nbaw
m\w t\Sn

apX-em-fn-am-cpS Xmev]-c-y-a-\p-k-cnv h-y-h-km-b- -fn

km CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn- \bw

Nmnv {] m\w

{]`p--m-tcbpw cmPm-hn-t\bpw Ah-K-Wn-p-sImv

{_nojv ]men-sa v ]mm-nb \nbaw

hy-h-k-mb hnhw

sXmgn-em-fn-Iv thm-h-Imiw t\Sn-sb-Sp-m-\mbn

]cn-jvI-cW \nbaw
Cw-n \ne-hn h {] m\w

apX-em-fn-am-cpsS hnhn[ Nqj-W-n\pw kz w PohnX

et-s^-b knm w
Zpcn-X- pw FXn-cmb {]Xn-tj[w

^mIvSdn ]cn-im-[n-m\pw kv{Xo sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS

{]hrn kabw 10 aWn-q Bp-Ibpw 9 hb-n\p
Xmsg bp Ipn-I-fpsS _me-the XS-p

Dc kqNnI
1 hy-h-k-mb hnhw
2 et-s^-b knm w
3 ]cn-jvI-cW \nbaw
4 Nmnv {] m\w
5 sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS sFIyw
6 ^mIvSdn \nbaw

21

sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS sFIyw

{]h-\w-15
hn-h- -fp-ambn _-s ]nI ]qn-bm-pI
c-c-lnX hnhw

{^v hnhw

_n Hm^v ssdv

.......................................................

.......................................................

.......................................................

.......................................................

a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i {]J-ym-]\w

hn-h-

hym-h-km-bnI hnhw

ImjnI hnhw

.......................................................

.......................................................

^mIvSdn k{-Zmbw

.......................................................

.......................................................

ImjnI b{ -

D-c-kq-NnI :
c-X-lnX hnhw
s]o-j Hm^v ssdv
temMv ]men-sa
(A-\p-tbm-P-y-am-b-h)

{^p-hn-hw
aq mw Ftv
sS okv tImv {]Xn

CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn- \bw
KXm-KX hnI-k\w

ImjnI hnhw
NXphj Irjn
hf-p-sI: \nbaw

s\tm-fn-b tImUv
{^v _q_ cmPm---mcpsS Imev Hmtcm {]tZ-ipw Hmtcm \nb-a- -fm-bn-cp#m- p.
F m 1789 se {^p hnhw \ne- -hn-ep \nb-a- -sfmw dm-p-Ibpw s]mXp \nb-am-hen ]mmp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv \nba Acm-P-I-Xzw hn-n-p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Cu L-n s\tm-fnb \nban \nba hnKv-cpsS kanXn 1804 Hcp knhn \nb-am-h-enp Pw \In. Cu
knhntImUv am- -tfmsS {^mkn C pw \ne-\n-cvp- p.
dqtmhns Bcm-[-I-\mb km[m-c-W-m-c-\mbncp p s\tm-fn-b. {^p hn-hns
22

Bibhpw Bth-i- fpw s\tm-fnbs tImUn-ep-v. Cu tImUv Fm a\p-j-y-tcbpw Xpe-y-cmbn

]cn-K-Wn-p- p. hy-n-k-zm-X-{ yw, kz-Imcy kzns kwc-Ww F nh Cu tImUns ASn m\ XX-z- -fm-Wv. amXm-]n-Xm--fp-sSbpw Ipn-I-fp-s-Sbpw IS-a-hsc CXn {]Xn-]m-Zn-p- p. Npcpn--d-m s\tm-fnbs efn-X-amb \nb-am-hen {^mknse ka{K\nba Bhi-y- sf Dsmp- h Bbn-cp- p. \qm-p-I-fpsS `cWw sImv _p_ cmPm--mv Ign-bmsX t]mb GIoIrX \nb-am-h-en-bpsS \nmWw Hcp hjw sImv ]qn-bm-m s\tm-fn-b\v km[n-p. BZyw
{^mkn-epw ]n oSv Xm Iog-S-nb {]tZ-i- -fnepw Cu tImUv Ah-X-cn-n-p. Hcp \nb-am-hen
bqtdm-n ]ndhn FSp-p-Ibpw AXv bqtdm-n-ep CXc cmP-y- -fpsS \nb-am-h-en-I-fn hn
kzm-[o\w sNep-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tImn-\ hy-h
Bkv{Xn-b, dj-y, {]jy F o cmP-y- -fpsS ]cm-P-b-tm-Sp-IqSn s\tm-fn-bs\ FXnm
Cv HgnsI asmcp in-bpw bqtdm-n Cm-Xm-bn. AXp-sImv Cwns\ km-n-I-ambn
XIv {^mkns tasmbva AwKo-I-cn-n-m thnbmWv s\tm-fn-b _en. anen
imk-\- F t]cn tImn-\ hy-h {]J-ym-]n--Xv. I-h-S-m-cpsS cmP-y-amb Cwns
hym-]mcw XIp-I-bm-bn-cp p Cu D]-tcm-[ns e-yw. Cwojv I-ep-I bqtdm-]-y Xpd-apJv {]th-in-p- Xv, Cw-p-ambn bqtdm]-y cmjv{S- hym-]-mc _--n-tes-Sp- Xv s\tmfnb \ntcm-[n-p.
s\tm-fnbs shp-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-Sm Cwv Xm-dm-bn. {_nojv Khsa v HmU
C Iukn {]J-ym-]n-p. Cu B A\pk-cnv bqtd-m]-y Xpd-ap-J- sf {_nojv t\hn D]tcm-[n-p. {^mkns Bv hg n GsXnepw bqtd-m]-y cmjv{Sw Cw-p-am-bp hym-]mc
\ntcm-[-\-n Gs-Sp-I-bm-sW-n B cmjv{S-n\v asmcp cmjv{S-hp-ambn hym-]mc _-ntes-Sp- Xv {_nojv \mhn-I-tk\ XS-bpw. CXmWv HmU C Iukn B.
s\tm-fnbs tImn-\ kns BZyw FXnXv kJ-y-I-n-bm-bn-cp C-en-bpw,
kvs]bn\pw, t]mp-K-ep-am-bn-cp- p. s\tm-fnbs \nb-{ -W-n \n pw kz-X-{ -am-m kvs]bn\n-s\-bpw, t]mp-K-en-t\bpw Cwv klm-bn-p. s]-\nkpem bpw (Peninsular War) F v Adnb-s Cu bp-n {^mkv ]cm-P-b-s-p. s\tm-fn-b Xs Cu bps Ipdnv ]d-Xv
kv]m\njv Ak hnv InUv an (Spanish Ulser Which Killed me) F m-Wv.
tNmZyw:
1

{^p hn-hm-i-b- s\tm-fn-b-t\bpw bqtdm-n-t\bpw F{X-am{Xw kz-[o-\np ? hne-bn-cppI

2. {^p-hn--hns k -Xn-bmWv s\tm-fn-b. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-tbmSv \n fpsS {]Xn-I-c-Wsa v?

3. _mkvXn-b tIm cmP-hm-gvN-bpsS {]Xo-I-ambn {^p-hn--h-Im-cn-I Icp-Xn-b-sX- p-sImv ?
4. Cw-n k- -amb hym-]mc hw hf p-h-cm-\n-S-bmb LS-I- Gh ?
5, Cw-n ]men-sa v cmPm-hn\v FXn-cm-Im-\p kml-c-y-sa v ?
6. cmP-hmgvN Ah-km-\n Cwv cmPm-hns\ ]p\: m]n-m \n-n-X-\mbn. F p-sImv?
7. aq mw Ftv Hcp kmaq-l-y-amw Dm-Ip-hm B{K-ln--XmWv {^p-hn-hw. Cu A`n-{]m-btmSv \n -fpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-sa v ?\
8. eLp-p-dnv Xm-dm-pI:
Nmnv {] m-\w, et-s^-b knm- w, ^mIvSdn \nbaw

23

9. apX-em-fn hyh- sb in-s-Sp-p-hm BUwkvanv, tXmakv ampkvC-h-cpsS Nn Ip ]v ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.

10 apX-em-fn-ns Nqj-W-amWv tkmj-y-en-kns Bh`m-h-n\v hgns-bm-cp-n-b-Xv. hy-am-pI
11 tImf-\n-h-c-W-n\v hy-h-kmb hnhw hln ]v ]cn-tim-[n-pI
12. B[p-\nI temIns hnNm-c-[m-csb AKm-[-Kmbn kzm-[o-\n ]m-Xy Nn -I-m-cn AZzn-Xob-\m-bn-cp p dqtm. dqtmhns Nn -Isf {^p-hn-ns ]m--e-n hne-bn-cp-p-I.
13. {^mknse hnh `c-W-Iq-S-n\v AXns P\-Iob kz-`mhw \jvS-s--sX- s\ ?
14. eyw t\Sp- -Xn hnb m kt-f\w hnP-bntm ? \n -fpsS A`o-{]m-b-sa- mWv?
15. Cw-nse apX-em-fn-amv thm-h-Imiw e`-y-am-nb \nbaw GXmWv? CXns ^ew F m-bncp p?
16. tkm-j-y-en-kns BZy cq]s Dt-ym-]-y tkmj-y-enkw F v hnti-jn-n-Xv F p-sImv?
17. Dt-ym-]-y tkmj-vy-en-khpw imkv{Xob tkmj-y-en-khpw Xn-ep {]-[m\ hy-X-ym-k- Fs mamWv ?

24

3 km{amPyXzns hf
BapJw
bqtdm-]-y cmP-y- -fpsS km{am-P-y-Xz tamlw bqtdm-n B`-y- c kwLj-hpw, tImf-\n-Ifn tImf\n hncp- sNdp-p-\nn\pw Imc-W-am-bn. Cc-bpsS apI-fn-tev ]d p hoWv amwk-`m-K sImn-o-dp Igp-I-m-sc-tmse Hcp hIc ap hI-c-Isf Iodn-ap-dnv ]p-sh-p Ah -bn-tev km{am-P-y-Xz tamlw hf p h Ncn{Xw ]mT-`mKw hy-z--am-p- p. CXn-\mbn bqtdm]-y cmP-y- kzo-I-cn hnI-e-amb X{ - fpw AXn-s\-Xnsc sNdpp \nn-\mbn tImf-\n-I
kzo-I-cn kac apd-Ifpw N-mbn Ipn-Iv \tI--Xm-Wv. h-am-\-Ime tIm-f\n hmgvNtbmS-pw km{am-P-y-X-z-tmSpw {]Xn-I-cn-m-\p tijn hnZ-ym n-I-fn hfn-sb-Sp-p-hm Cu
]mT-`m-K- -fn-eqsS A[-ym-]nI {ian-t-Xp-v.
]T-\-e--y- :
l

hy-h-kmb hn-hs XpS v hf p-h apX-em-fnw F m-sW v hni-I-e\w sNp- -Xn\v

apI-em-fnw km{am-P-y-X-z-ambn hf p h Xv F n-s\-sb v ]cn-tim-[n-p- -Xn\v

km{am-P-y-Xz tamlw Bt{^m--G-j-y cmP-y- -fn-tepw, Ata-cn- hI-c-I-fn-tepap A[n\n-th-i-ambn hf Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-p- -Xn\v

km{am-P-y-Xzw kzo-I-cn X{ Xncn--dn-bp- -Xn\v

tImf-\n-Ifn
Xn\v

_m {]Xn-k-n, B{^n--bpsS hoXw shbv]v F n-h-bpsS ImcWw hy--am-p- -Xn\v

P-\n, Cen F o cmP-y- -fpsS GIo-I-c-W-n\v tZio-bX hln ]ns\ Ipdnv a\-n-emp- -Xn\v

A{Im-aI tZio-b-Xbpw {]In-tcm[ tZin-b-Xbpw Xn Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv Ah-bpsS KpW-tZ-j Xncn--dn-bp- -Xn\v

C -y, ssN\, Pm F o cmP-y- -fnse tImf\n hncp ka-c- km{am-P-y-Xz hncp ka-c- fpsS ]m--e-n ]cn-tim-[n-p- -Xn\v

ASn-a t_m[w hfm A[n-\n-thi kzo-I-cn X{ - Xncn--dn-bp- -

]mT-`mK hni-Zo-I-cWw hj- -fn-eq-sS............

25

{]h-\w-1:
hj-

kw`-h-

1744-63

I m-nv bp-

1757

mkn bpw

1764

_Ivkm bpw

1856

_a (a-ymam) {_ns Iogn

1774

^nem-sU^n-b--t{]m-hnj-y Khsa v

1776

Atacn tImf-\n-I-fpsS kzm-X-{ y {]J-ym-]\w

1781

tImhm-eokv Iog-S- p p

1783

]mcokv DS-Sn
USA \ne-hn hcp p

1804

slbvXn kzm-X-{ yw t\Sn

1822

{_ko, saIvkntm F n-h-bpsS kzm-X-{ yw

1830

\mj-W Atkm-kn-tb-j t^m s{]m- Hm^v te_

1914

B{^n- cmP-y- bqtdm-]-y tImf-\n-I-fmbn

1870

C-enbpsS GIo-I-cWw

1871

{]j-y cmPmhv GIo-IrX P-\n-bpsS N{I-hn

1882

{Xncmjv{S kJyw (P-\n, Bkv{Sn-b, lwK-dn, C-en)

1868

Pm-\n tjmK `cWw Ah-km-\np

{]h-\w-:
hy-h-kmb hn-h-n\v tijw apX-em-fnw t\cn {]Xn-k-n-I. km{am-P-y-X-z-n\v hgn-sXfn-p. Cu ]m--e-n apX-em-fn-hpw km{am-P-y-X-zhpw ]c-kv]cw _-s-Spn Hcp ]nI
Xm-dm-pI

26

apX-em-fnw

km{am-P-y-Xzw

Dev]m-Z\w -b-{ -hIr-X-ambn

Dev]m-Z\w tImf-\n-I-fn-sev IpSn-tbdn

Aan-X-ambn Dev]m-Zn-n--sp

]Ww Nc-mbn amdn

Dev] I-hSw

apX-em-fn-ns hnI-k\ cq]w

cmP-y- Xn Dev]m-Z\ a cw

_mnw v k{-Zmbw

sXmgn-em-fn-I-fnse Akw-Xr]vXn

hy-h-kmb IpI

A[n-\n-thi in-I {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-nb kml-N-c-y-

kml-N-c-y- --C- -y-bn

ssN\-bn

Zp`-c-W-IqSw

hym]mc km[-y-X-I

Ie-ln \mp-cm-P-y-

I--Sv

Bwtm {^v Ielw

Idpv bp-n-tev \bn kml-N-cyw

ssk\nI klmb hy-h

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS \ne-]mSv

XpS {]h\ km[-y-X-I:

apX-em-fnw

g ......................... g ......................... g ......................... g Dev]- ---hSw

km{am-P-y-Xzw

g ......................... g ......................... g ......................... g hy-h-kmb IpI

{]h-\w-:
km{am-Pz hym-]-\-n\v bqtdm-]-y in-I C -y-bnepw ssN\-bnepw kzo-I-cn X{ -
Dsm Nmv Xm-dm-
-ssN\

C y

hym-]mc km[-yX bqtdmv Xncn--dnp

\mp-cm-P-y- -fnse Ielw

`uXn-I-ambpw [mn-I-ambpw ssN\sb

XI

km-nI A[:]X\w

Idpv I-h-Sw--I-dpv bpw

Xpd hmXn \bw
ssN\ BtKmf tImf-\n-bmbn amdp p

mkn, `Ivkm bp- -fn-eq-aS _wKm v{]hn-i-bbn {_nojv B[n-]Xyw

ssk\nI klmb hy-h . Zm-h-Imi \ntcm[\ \nbaw F o X{ - -fpsS BhnjvImcw

ssN\sb [mn-I-ambpw hmWn-P-y-]-c-ambpw XIp-hm {_ns {ians ]cn-WnX

^e-am-bn-cp p Idpv bp- . 1839epw, 1857epw \S {]kvXpX bp- -fn ssN\ ]cm-P-bsp. 1842-se \mInMv \n aqew tlmtmMv IqSmsX av 5 Xpd-ap-J- fpw ssN\v \jvSsp. XpS v bqtdm-]-y in-I {]Jm-]n Xpd: hmXn \bw t_mIvk Iem]n\v hgnsbm-cp-n. Cu bp-nepw ssN\ ]cm-Pbw k-Xn-s-n-h- n-cp- p.
27

{]h-\w-:
Ata-cn- sFI-y-\m-Sp-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-n\v hgn-sX-fn kw`-h- DsSpn #wcp t^#m
Nmv Xm-dm-pI
{]mXn-\n-[-y-an-msX \nIp-Xn-bn

i
1774 Ata-cn--bnse 13 tImf-\n-I ^ntem-sU^n-b-bn tN v
s{^mhnjy Khsa v cq]o-I-cnp

i
1776 Ata-cn- tImf-\n-I kzm-X-{ y {^J-ym-]\w \Sn

i
tImf-\n-Ifpw Cwpw bp-n

i
tPmv hmjnw-KvS Ata-cn--bpsS t\Xr-Xzw Gs-Spp

i
1781 tImhm-eokns t\XrXzn-ep- {_nojv ssk\ys
{^mkns flm-b-n Ata-cn IogvsSp-p p

i
1783 ]mcokv DS-Sn

i
Ata-cn- sFIy \mSp-I \ne-hn h p
XpS{]h\ km[-yX:
{]mXn-[-y-an-msX \nIpXn-bn

Ata-cn- kzm-X-{ y
kacw

28

a) {]h-\w-:
b) Dev-]m-Z\ hy-h- -bn D]-I-c-W- -fpsS \h-oI-c-W-n ASnaD-Sa _w hni-Ie\w sNp p
t]mp-Ko-kp-Im, kvs]bnIm, Cwo-jp-Im F n-h-cpsS Ata-cn--bnse ASn-a---hSw #v
A-ym-]nI \Ip Ipdn-ns ASn- m-\-n Ipn-I N \S-p p
Nm kqN-I- :
hy-h-km-bn-I-fpsS Ipd Nne-hn Bh-i-y-amb sXgn km[-yX
Gj-y--B-{^n `qJfi fn \n p ASn-a-Isf Ibn Ab-
ASn-a-Iv \Inb sImSnb a\w
tImf-\n-I-fnse Ahn-`mPy LS-I-ambn ASn-aw
{]h-\w-:
_m {]tZ-i- amn \n pw Xncn--dn-bp p

_m {]tZ-i-

_tK-dnb

sk_nb

amkn-tUm-Wnb At_-\nb

t_mkv\nb

sakn-tKm-hn\

{Smknhm-\nb

_m Zzo]v
sXp-Ing bqtdm-n aq p hihpw kap-{Z-P-e-m Np-s--XmWv
_m D]-Zo]v

29

XpS {]h-\w:
temI-`q-]-S-ns cq]-tc-J-bn _m {]tZ-i- AS-bmf-s-Sp-p p
{]h-\w:
bp- -sfm pw IqSmsX F ns\ Hcp `q-J-fi-s-bmsI hoXn-s-Spp F v bqtdm-]-y cm-Py- m]n tImf-\n-I B{^n--bpsS cq]-tc-J-bn AS-bm-f-s-Sp-p- p.
TB Page No. 47
{_no-jv, {^mkv, P-\n, C-en, t]mp-K, kvs]bn F n-h B{^n--bn m]n
tImf-\n-I XpS{]-h\ `mKambn ]n-I-s-Sp-p p
B{^n- cmP-y-

sImtf-mWn-b in

{]h-\w:
tZicmjv{S- tZiobX Cu Bi-b- v hyX t\Sp-hm hni-Zo-I-cW Nmv ]cn-N-bs-Sp p
tZicm-jv{S-

tZin-bX

bqtdm-n hf p h cmP-`-cW tI{oIr-X-a mb `c-W -Iq-S- tZi-c m-j v{S- fmbn apX-em-fn-I, ^mIvSdn DS-a-I
F n-h CXn\p ]nXpW \In

`mj, kwkvIm-cw, ss]XrIw apX-emb LSI- -fm kam-\X ]pep , \nb-Xamb Hcp AXnn-p-n Pohn-p
Hcp P\-X-bmWv tZiw. CXns I-]-cn]m-Sn-bmWv tZio-b-X.

{]h-\w:
GIoIcW-n\v app C-en-bpsSbpw, P-\n-bp-tSbpw `q]-S- fpw A\p-_ {]tZ-i- fpw
\nco-n-p- p.
{_no-jv, {^mkv, P-\n, C-en, t]mp-K, kvs]bn F n-h B{^n--bn m]n
tImf-\n-I XpS{]-h\ `mKambn ]n-I-s-Sp-p p
C-e-n-bnepw, P-\n-bnepw tZio-b-Xpw AXp-hgn GIn-I-cW {] m-\- pw hgn-sX-fn
kw`-h- N-bn-eqsS Is-p- p.
Nm kqN-I- :
tPmk^v ako-\n, Kmcn-_mUn, hnIvS Cm-\p-h cm-a, Ihq {]`p-tkmsh Hmtm-t^m _nkvamv.
30

tZio-b-X hn-hn[ cq]-

tZio-b-X

i
{]Xn-tcm[ tZio-bX

B{Im-aI tZio-bX
ssk\nI kJ-y-
]c-kv]c kwibw
]mc--cyw
hwi alna
Bbp[ tiJ-cWw
cmP-y- -fp-fS hnkvXrXn hn-n-

sNdp-p-\nv kacw
A[n- \ n- t h- i - n- - s \- X n- s c- b p {]Xntcm[w
tImf\n hncp ka-c- - -
AXnn hym-]n-n-pI e-y-a

DZm: C-en-bn-sebpw P-\n-bn-ebpw

tZio-bX, temI-bp--

DZm: C -y , ssN\okv kzm-X -{ y

ka-c- , tjmK `c-W-ns\-Xnsc Pm \S-nb kacw

#pS {]h\ km[-yX

p
Nd

w
ac

hw

n
p-\

-al
na

B{I-anI
tZio-bX

{]Xn-tcm[
tZio-bX
tI

mf

\n
k

a-c
-

X n-p kN-\-I-fpsS ASn- m-\-n tImf- ]qo-I-cn-pI. (kq-N-\-I apIfn \Inbn-cn-p- p)

31

amXr-Im-tNm-Z-y- D-c-kq-N-I :
1.

ssN\sb [mn-I-am-bpw, hmWn-P-y-]-c-ambpw XIp-hm {_ns {ians ^e-am-bn-cp p

Idpp bpw. {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.

D-c- -kq-Nn-I:
1839-42, Idpns hym-]mcw amp cmP-hw-ins \n-lm-bm-h ssN\-bpsS
tlmMvtImMv Xpa-dp-Jns ]X\wXp-d hmXn \bw

]cm-P-bw,

2. tImf\n hncp ka-c- {]Xn-tcm[ tZio-b-Xv DZm- -l-c-W-amWv. CXns ASn- m-\-n
C -y--ssN-\--P-m F o cmP-y- -fnse tImf\n hncp ka-c- Xmc-X-ayw sNp-I.
C y

ssN\

Pm

D-c- -kq-NI :
C- -y:

{_n \mp-cm-P-y- sf Xn-e-Sn-np

....................................................................................................

ssN\:

Idpv bp-n ssN\ ]cm-P-b-sp

....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................

Pm:

1868 tjmK `cWw Ah-km-\np

3. X n-cn-p B{^n--bpsS cq]-tc-J-bn {_n, {^mkv, t]mp-K F o bqtdm-]-yinI B[n-]-Xyw m-]n {]tZ-i- AS-bm-f-s-Sp-pI
D-c-kq-Nn-I:

TB t]Pv-47

4. AXncp Ihn km{am-P-y-X-z-ns Ah-km\ hmm-bn-cp p B{^n--bpsS hoXw hbvv. hnhn[

bqtdm-]-y cm-P-y- B{^n--bn \S-nb tImf-\n-h-c-W-n ]m--e-n Cu
{]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
32

temI bphpw XpSbpw

BapJw

hym-h-km-bnI hnhw Dev]m-Z\ -cw-Kv hn am- Dm-n. Aan-tXm-ev]m-Z\w apX-emfn--n\pw, tImf-\o-I-c-W-n-tepw, km{am-P-y-X-z-n-tepw \bn-p. temIw Iog-S-m-\p km{Km-P-y-Xz in-I-fpsS {iaw temI bp-n\v hgn-sbm-cpn. am\hcmin-bpsS Ncn-{X-nse Zp:J
]q -amb A-[-ym-b-amWv temI bpw. bpw `qcn-`mKw cmjv{S- -fp-sSbpw XIv hgn-sbm-cp-nsb-nepw Nne cmjv{S- v bp-nepw t\- -fp-m-n. Ccp-]Xmw \qmns BZy Zi-I- fn Ac-t -dnb dj-y hnhw kq kmaq-ly am-n\v Imc-W-am-bn. Aan-X-amb kz-Im-c-yh-cWw temI km-nI am-y-n\v Imc-W-am-bn. C-en-bnepw, P-\n-bnepw Db p h
^mkn-kw, \mknkw F o XXz kwln-X-I temI cmP-y- pw P\-Xbvpw hn Zpcn-X-
Dm-n.
e-y- : (c-s-tS Bi-b- )
l

km{am-P-y-Xzw temI bp-n\v Imc-W-ambn

temI bpw temI-n hcp-nb am-

dj-y hn-hns {]m[m-\yw

temI km-nI amyw temI cmjv{S- -fn- -ep-m-nb {]Xn-k-n-I

^mkn-kw, \mknkw F o XXzkwln-X-I krjvSn {]iv\- fv

{]h-\w:
bqtdm-ns `q]-S-ns klm-b-tmsS Ing- bqtdm-]-y cmP-y- , _m {]tZ-i-
1914-se P\n F nh Xncn--dn-bp- p. XpS v ]uc-kvXy bqtdm-]-y ka-k-y, _m {]Xnkn F n-h-bn-tev \bn kml-N-c-y- -sf-p-dnv N kwL-Sn-n-p- p.
33

{]h-\w2
temI-bp--n-\n-S-bm-nb A m-cmjvv{S {]Xn-k-n-I Is-p p
temI-bp--n-\n-S-bm-nb A m-cmjv{S {]Xn-k-n-I

]uc-kvXy
bqtdm-]-y
ka-ky

_wKm
{]Xn-kn

samtdm-
{]Xn-kn

_mKvZmZv
sdbn

t_mkv\nb
{]Xn-kn

{]Xnk-n-I hni-Zo-I-cWw
kqN-\:
]uc-k-vXy bqtdm-]-y ka-ky
tHmtm-a km{am-P-y-ns A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cp Ing- bqtdm-nse {]tZ-i- I-S-p -Xn\p thn \S kwLj- ]uc-kvXy bqtdm-]-y ka-ky F -dn-b-s-Sp- p. djy
B[n-]-Xyw t\Sm {ianXns\ XpS v {_n, {]j-y, tlmfv F n-h tN v kJ-y-apmn
_m {]Xn-kn
_m {]tZ-i- sf sNmn dj-y-bp-sSbpw P-\n-bp-sSbpw Xm]-c-y- Xn-ep-mb
kwLj-amWv _m {]Xnkv[n
P `mj kwkm-cn-p {]tZ-i- fpw P\- fpw HT cmjv{S-am-bn-o-c-W-sa {]NmcWw P-\n- -bn Bcw-`n-p. (hn-ime P {] m-\w). _m D]-Z-zo]pw P\n
e-y-anp. _m {]tZ-i- p thn-bp Bkv{Sn-b Ah-Im-is P\n ]n pW-p. hwio-b-X-bpsS t]cn k_n-bbpw Ah-Imiw D -bn-p. djy ]n p-W-p. CXv Nne
{]Xn-kn krjvSn-p.
_mKvZmZv sdbn
P-\n-bnse _en-s\bpw HT-m-sa km{am-P-yns `mK-amb _mKvZm-Zn-t\bpw _n-np- -Xn-\p- thn \nn-p. CXv P-\n-bp-sS hym-]mc km-yX hn-n-p-sa v {_n-d-jy `b-s-p. P\n t]j-y K^n-tepw Htm-sa km{am-Pyw CuPn-]vXn-tepw
kzm-[o\w hym-]n-n-p-sa v {_n\pw {^mkpw IcpXn
t_mkv\n-b {]Xn-kn
1908 _m {]hn-i-yI-fmb t_mkv\n-bbpw sltkm-tKm-hn-t\bpw Bkv{Snb ]nSn-s-Spp--G-Io-IrX mhv cmjv{Sw m]nm\p k_n-b-bpsS {]Xnv a -ten-p.
djy k_n-b-sb klm-bn-m apt mp h p. Bkv{Sn-b, P-\n-bp-ambn kJ-y-ap-m-n.
CXv k_nb-sbbpw Bkv{Sn-bbpw, P-\n-bpw, dj-ybpw Xn hntcm-[-n\p Im-c-Wambn.
34

{]h-\w3
temI-bp--n-\n-S-bm-nb A m-cmjv{S {]Xn-k-n-I-fp-ambn _-s ]nI Xmsg sImSp-ncn-p- p. IqSp-X Isn ]nI ]qn-bm-p-I.
{]Xn-k-n-I

Imc-W-

_-s cmP-y-

]uc-kvXy bqtdm-]-y kaky

dj-y, {_n, {]j-y,

tlmfv

..............................................................
............................................................

_m {]Xn-kn

................................................
.................................................

..............................................................
............................................................

satdm {]Xn-kn

................................................
.................................................

..............................................................
............................................................

_mKvZmZv sdbn

................................................
.................................................

..............................................................
............................................................

t_mkv\n-b {]Xn-kn

................................................
.................................................

..............................................................
............................................................

{]h-\w4
H mw temI-bp--n-\n-S-bm-nb Imc-W- Isn Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p ]Z-kq-c-y
]qn-bm-pI
km{am-P-y-Xzw

H mw temIa-lm-bpw

kqN-\:
AXn-Xo-{hamb tZio-bX
ssk\nI kJ-y-
A m-cmjv{S {]{Xn-k-n-I
A m-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS A`mhw
BvUqv s^Un-\-\ns h[w
35

H mw temI-bp--n-s Imc-W-
km{am-P-y-Xzw

hy-h-kmb hn-hm-\- cw km{am-P-y-Xz cmP-y- -fpsS km-nI nXn sa-

g sp. hym-]mc IpI hym-]n-n-m {iaw cmjv{Sob--km--nI kzm-[o\w]gb km{am-P-y-Xz cmP-y- fp ]pXnb km-{am-PyXz cmP-y- fpw Xn a cw

i
tZio-bX

AXn Xo{h-amb tZio-b-X--DIr-jvS-cm-sW Bibw bps {]Ionp. AJo-e- mhvA-Jne P {]iv\-

i
A m-cmjv{S
{]Xn-k-n-I

]uc-kvXy bqtdm-]-y ka-ky _m {]Xn-kn samtdm- {]Xn-k-

g n, _mKvZmZv sdbn, t_mkv\n-b {]-Xn-kn

i
ssk\oI kJ-y

]c-kv]cw FXnp- -h ssk\oI in hn-n-p. cmP-y- n-S-bn

g kwibw

i
A m-cmjv{S
kwL-S-\-bpsS
A`mhw

cmP-y- Xn-ep X- ]cn-l-cn-p-hm thZn-bn-. Hmtcm cmP-yhpw

g CjvS-ap \S-]Sn kzo-I-cn-p.

i
s]s- p-m-Im\p ImcWw

Bkv{S-b Inco-Sm-h-Imin {^mknkv s^Un-\ns h[w--sk_n-b-m-

g c-\mb Kmhntem {]nkn-v AAWv shSn-sh-Xv

{]h-\w
H mw temI-bp--n ]s-Sp cmP-y- bp-{]-J-ym-]-\- , Imc-W- F n-h-bn Nne Xv
sImSp-n-cn-p- p--Iq-Sp-X Is-pI
XoXn
1914 Pqembv 23

bpw {]J-ym-]n cmP-y-

Bkv{Snb

Imc-W-
Bkv {Snb Inco-S m-h-I minsb h[n-- XpsImv

k__nb

1914 Pqembv 24
1914 Pqembv 31
1914 BKkvXv 1
1914 BKkvXv 3
1914 BKkvXv 4

36

kqN-\:
lk_nb
X

Bkv{Snb
ldjy
X

Bkv{Sn-b ta[m-hn-X-z-n\v Iog-S- p- -Xn-s\-Xnsc

Bkv{Sn-b A[n-\n-th-i-n-s\-Xnsc

Bkv{Snb
lP\n
X

djy
lP\n
X

Bkv{Sn-bsXn-sc djy bpw {]J-ym-]n--Xn-\m

djybpw {^mkpw P-\n-s-Xnsc bpw {]J-ym-]n--Xn-\m

{^mkv
l{_n
X

P\n

_Pn-b-n IqSn P\n {^mkns\ B{I-an--Xp-sIm-pw, _Pn-b-ns \njv

]X tNmZyw sNbvX-Xp-sImpw _Pn-b-ns\ klm-bn-m-sa v hmKvZm\w \Inb-Xn-\mepw

{]h-\w
H mw temI-bp--n ]mfnw hln kJ-y-I-n-I, tI{-i-n-I-, GsXm-s-sb v IspI
kJy In-I

H mw
temIbpw

tI{ in-I

kqN-\:

{_n

P\n

............................
.............................
...........................

............................
.............................
...........................

dpam-\nb
sk_nb
Cen
Bkv{Snb lwKdn
Xpn
_tK-dnb

{^mkv
djy
Ata-cn
s_Pnbw
{Kokv
t]mp-K

dpam-\nbKmhntem {]nskv
Bkv{Sn-b ta[m-hn-X-z-n \n v kzm-X-{ yw t\Sm\p t]mcmw \Sn h mhv hwi-PcpsS hnh kwL-S-\-bmWv mv lmkv ko{Iv skmssk-n-Cu `oIc kwL-S-\-bnse AwKam-bn-cp p Kmhntem {]nskv
37

{]h-\w
H mw temI-bp--s XpS v \nc-h[n kam-[m\ {ia- \S-p-I-bp-mbn. AXp-ambn _-s
hnh-c- Xmsg sImSp- -n-cn-p- p. IqSp-X Is-p-I.
kam-[m\ {ia-

hy-h- -I

hpUvtdm-hnks 14 C\ ]cn-]mSn-I

..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................

thgvkm-bn kn-

..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................

Pq 1919

sk v sPa-b
k]vX- 1919

s\bn DS-Sn
\hw_ 1919

{Sbm-\ DS-Sn
Pq 1920

tkhvsd DS-Sn
BKkvXv 1920

..............................................................................................
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38

{]h-\w

bp-s-SpXnI ImWn-p Nn{X-{]-Zi\w

ICT klm-b-tmsS bp-s-Sp-Xn-I {]Zin-n-p- p. (t] lm_, lntcm-jn-a, \mK-kmn

{]k--`m-K- , Great dectation)

bpns ^e- Fs m-s-bm-sW pw bp-Im-ev \S-p a\p-j-ym-h-Imi ewL-\- -sfp-dnpw N

bp-ns ^e-

a\p-j-ym-h-Imi ewL-\-
Pohn-m-\p Ah-Imiw
ip-P-ew, hmbp-ew-L\w
sXmgn/hnZ-ym-`-ymk Ah-Imiw
hy-n-k-zm-X-{ -y-n-\p #mh-Imiw
kz-X{ Nn
A`n-{]m-bm-h-Imiw
kwL-Sn-pI
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................

B \miw, km-nI XI
sXmgn-en-mbva, ]n-Wn, tcmKw,
Irjn/hy-h-km-bw XI
KXm-KX hmm-hn-\n-a-b XI
cmP-hw-i- -fpsS XI
kzm- X - { y {] m- \ - - f psS inbmn-
AXn Xo{h tZio-bX
Ata-cn- hin
Pm {]_e in
temI kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cWw
]mcn- n-XnI {]iv\-

{]h-\w
A m-cmjv{S kwLS-\-bpsS A`mhw H mw temI-bp--n-\p Imc-W-am-bn-cp- p. F m
temI-bp--n\p tijw eoKv Hm^v \mjkv (k-cm-Py k-J-yw) F kwLS-\- cq]o-I-cn--s-p.
Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS e-y- , LS-I- , {]h-\- , ]cm-P-b- Isn ]nI ]qnbm-p-I.
e-y-
LS-I-
{]h\
]cm-Pb ImcW\

39

kqN-\:
l A m-cmjvv{S kam-[m-\-hpw kpc-n-X-X-zhpw, A m-cmjv{S kl-I-c-Ww, bpw XS-bpI
l Akw- n--Irkn--sk-{I--cn-tb-v--A m-cmjvv{S \oXn-\-ymb tIm-SXn
l bp- Hgn-hm-n \nc-h[n X- ]cn-l-cn-p, sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS PohnX \ne-hm-c-ap-

bn, ASn-a-X-z-n-s\-Xnsc {]hn-p, h hnth-N\s FXp

l B{-I-a- XS-b m Ignn---\n-cm-bp-[o-I-cWw \S-m-bn---h in-I hn]-co-X-ambn

{]hn-p--A-ta-cn- AwK-am-bn---ssk-\nI hn`m-K-an---km--nI `{Z-X-bn

dj-y hnhw
{]h-\w

temI `q]-S-n djy AS-bm-f-s-Sp-p p. XpS v dj-y hn-h-n-tev \bn kw`-h- fpsS Nn{X {]Zi\w (Nn{Xw t]Pv 63 TB)
(Imq t]Pv 60 TB)
N t{ImUo-I-c-Ww)
{]h-\w
dj-y hn-h-n-\n-S-bm-nb Imc-W- Isn ]nI ]qn-bmpI
cmjv{Sob
Imc-W- -
..........................
..............................

km-nI
Imc-W- -

kmaq-lnI
Imc-W- -

..........................
..............................

..........................
..............................

s]sNn m
p-mb
-]-c-amb
Imc-W- - g Imc-W-w
..........................
..............................

40

..........................
..............................

dj-y
hnhw

kqN-\:
cmjv{Sobw

km N{I-hn-am-cpsS GIm-[n-]-Xyw
\ntm-fkv Zp_-e-\mb `c-Wm-[n-Imcn
Zpa-bpsS LS-\--{]-h\w AXr]vXn

i
kaq-lnIw

D-\o-N-X-z- {]tX-yI hn`m-K- {]`p-/]ptcm-ln-X

DtZ-ym-K- bm-Ym- n-Xn-I km[m-c-W-m-cpsS PohnXw ZpcnXw

i
km-nIw

Zcn-{Z-amb km-nI nXn km-nI NqjWw Akw-L-SnX hn`mKw

apX-em-fn-am-cpsS NqjWw

i
Nn m-]cw

amIvknkw se\n BZi-

tSmtmbv amIvknw tKmn tUmtm-bvhnkvIn

i
s]s p
mb
Imc-W-w

H mw temI-bp--nse ]cm-P-bw--{]-Ir-Xn-tm`w
km-nI XI Zmcn{Zw

i
dj-y hnhw

{]h-\w
dj-y hn-h-hpambn _-sv 1898 apX1917 hscbp Ime-L--nse {][m\ kw`-h- sf
ASn- m-\-amn ssSw sse Xm-dm-pI
1917 (HIvtSm-_), 1898, 1905, 1913, 1917 (^n-{_-h-cn)

41

1917 HIvtSm-_ hnhw (t_msj-hn-Iv se\n)

1917 ^n{_-hcn hnhw (saj-hnIv -sIckvIn)
1905 km `c-W-Imew / Zpa cq]o-I-cnp
1903 t_msj-hnIv /saj-hnIv
1898 dj-y tkm-j-y Utam-{Im-nv ]mn
V

]gb djy Ie-dpw A m-cmjv{S Ie-dpw Xn 13 Znh-ks hy-X-ymkwd-j-y Ie-

13 Znhkw ]nd-In A m-cmjv{S Ie- {]Imcw ^n{_-h-cn-bn-teXv amv HIvtSm-_-dn-teXv \h-dn
{]h-\w
bpm-\- c djy km--nI cwKv \nc-h[n {]iv\- t\cn-tSn h pkm--nI ]ptcmKXn ssIh-cn-m Nne \S- -]-Sn-I kzn-I-cnp. Ah-bn {][m-\-s--XmWv bp-Ime I-yq-Wn-kw,
]p kmnI \bw. CXns {]-tX-y-I-X-I Is-W-p-I.
dj-y-dnse km-nI
\bw

bp-Ime I-yq-Wnkw

]p km-nI \bw

{]tX-yI-X-I

{]tX-y-I-X-I

A[nI
De-]v -
P\- v

kl-I-cW
m]-\

kqN-\:
l Irjn`qan/Ft-p-I Ij-Iv

l `mKo-I-amb kz-Im-c-y-h-cWw

l thX-\-n\p ]Icw D-ev]- -

l ifw ]W-ambn \In

l t_p-I tZi-km-cWw

l kz-Im-cy hmWn-Pyhpw A\p-h-Znp

l kz-Im-cy Irjnbpw A\p-h-Znp
l Dev]m-Z-\--hn-X-cW taJe Khsa v

\nb-{ -W-n

42

CSXp-]w
he-Xp-]w
{^v hn-h-Im-emWv CS-Xp-]-w--h-e-Xp-]w F o t]cp-I hym-]-I-ambn D]-tbmKnp XpS- n-bXv \mj-W Akwn-bn cmPm-hns A\p-Iq-en-I he-Xp-h-ipw hnhs A\p-Iq-en--h CS-Xp-h-ipw Ccn-m XpS- n. {_nojv ]men-san cmPm-hns
a{ n-am kv]o-dpsS heXp hipw {]Xn-] AwK- CS-Xp-h-ipw Ccn-p ]mc-cyw Dv. ]ptcm-K-a\mi-b- kzo-I-cn-p- -hsc CS-Xp-]w F p ]d-bp- p.
{]h-\w
temI-n-em-Z-y-ambn ]- -h- c ]-Xn-I \S-n-em-nb cm-Py-amWv tkmhnbv bqWn-b.USSRse
]-h- c ]-Xn-I-fpsS {]tX-y-I-X-I Isn C -y ]-h- c ]-Xn-I-fp-ambn Xm-X-ayw
sNp-I--N
kqN\
tkmhn-bv bqWn-b

C v
1951 \S-n-emn

1929 \S-n-emn
ASn m\ taJe sa-sp
L\-h-y-h-kmbw in {]m]np
b{ -hc-Ww
ImjnI taJe A`n-hrn
ku-P-\y hnZ-ym-`-ymkw
Irjn tZi-km-cWw
hy-h-km-b-h--cWw
kl-I-cW {] m-\-
sXm-gn-en-m-bva-bvv ]cn-lmcw
k-Zvhy-h sa-sp

km-nI hnI-k\w
tkmj-y-env kaq-l-{Iaw
`-y-k-zbw ]c-ym-]vXX
ImjnI Dev]m-Z\ h-\hv
Zmcn{Z \nm\w
Du-tijn hnI-k\w
IqSp-X sXmgn-e-h-k-c-
hym-h-km-bnI ]ptcm-KXn
Xz-cn-X-K-Xn-bn hf

{]h-\w
hn-hm c tkmhnv bqhn-bv bqWn-b A tZiob cwKv ]pXnb \ne-]mSpI kzo-I-cn-pI-bp-m-bn. tkmhn-bv bqWn-b kzo-I-cn hntZi\b-s-p-dnv
hntZ-i-\bw
USSR
USSR
cq]o-I-cnXn\p tijw

USSR
inYn-eo-I-c-W-n\p tijw (1991\p tijw)

................................................................................

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43

kqN-\:
l
l
l
l
l

]pXnb \ne-]m-Sp-I
1934 kcm-Py kJ-y-n AwKw
tImf-\n-h-cWw/km{a-P-y-Xzw FXnp
sXmgn-emfn h-n\p Znimt-_m[w
P\-hncp Khsa v {]Xn-I-cWw

l
l
l
l
l

tkmj-y-env \b- v ]n pW
apX-em-fn--ns\ FXnp
i-amb CS-s]-S C
tkmj-y-enkns XI
A tZ-iob CS-s]-S-en \n v Hgnp-\np p
l B`-y- c Imc-y- v {]m[m-\yw
l ssk\oI kwL-jn \n v Hgnp-amdn

{]h-\w
H mw temI-a-lm-bp-m-\- cw Ata-cn km-nI cwKv {][m-\-s cmP-y-am-bn. 1929
Ata-cnbn h km-nI {]X-ym-Lm-X Dm-bn. Cu km-nI am-y-n \n v taN\w
t\Sm Ata-cn kzo-I-cn \b-amWv \yq-Uo F - -dn-b-s-Sp- -Xv.
temI-`q-]SnAta-cn- sFI-y-\m-Sns m\w Is-p p
N--kq-N\:
H mw temI-a-lm-b--n\p tijw Ata-cn--bnse km-nI nXn km-nI am-yw

\yq-Uo ]-Xn
]nI ]qn-bm-pI
Ata-cn k-Zv hy-h
I H mw temI-bp-n\p tijw
............................................
............................................

1929

\yq-Uo

............................................
............................................

............................................
............................................

kqN-\:
l
l
l
l
l

Aan-X-thK hf
hy-h-kmb taJe kz-Im-c-y DS-a-Iv
Cd-p-aXn \nIpXn hn-np
B`-y- c \nIpXn Ipdp
kmt-XnI hnZy-bpsS klm-b-tmsS
Dev]m-Z\w hn-np
l hm m-\p tijn-bn
l Hmlcn Itm-fn XI
l km-nI a-yw _mp-I XI-
-sXm-gn-en-mbva

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44

{]h-\w
Ata-cn-bpw dj-ybpw \S-n-em-nb km-nI \b- -fpsS ASn- m\ kz-`m-h- . (d-j-ybnse ]p km-nI \bw--A-ta-cn--bnse \yq-Un) ASn- m\ kz-`m-h- Isn ]nI
]qn-bm-p-I)

]p km-nI \bw

\yq-Un

djy

Ata-cn

.....................................................

.....................................................

..............................................................

..............................................................

....................................................

....................................................

{]h-\w
temI`q]-S-n Cen, P\n F o cmP-y- -fpsS m\w Is-p p
Nn-{X-{]-Zi-\-n-eqsS ^mjn-k-nsbpw \mkn-k-ns-bpw hym-]-\-n\v lnve-dpw, aptm-en\nbpw hln ]v Xncn--dn-bp- p. Cu Bi-b- -fpsS hym-]-\-n-\mbn P-\nbpw C-enbpw
apt mp sh \y-mbo-I-cWw hy--am-p-I. (The Great dectetor kn\nam{]Zi-\w).

P-\n-bpsS \y-bo-I-cWw

C-en-bpsS \ym-bo-I-cWw
bpm-\- cw kJ-y-I-n-I-fn \n p
Ah-K-W\

hmgvknn DS--Sn-bnse hy-h- -I

..................................................................................

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45

kqNnI:
l hnth-N\w
l km-nI XI
l cmjv{Sob Ac-n-Xm-h

l hwiob amlm-flyw
l km-nI XI
l cmjv{Sob Ac-n-Xm-h
l tkmj-y-en-v--I--yq-Wnv Bi-b- -fpsS hf
l a[-y-h-nsbpw `qhp-S-a-I-fpsSbpw ]n pW

{]h-\w
^mjn-kw, \mknkw Htc \mW-bns cv hi- -fm-bn-cp- p-sh pw {]kvXpX kp-NnX
t_m[w cmw temI-a-lm-bp--n\p hgn-sbm-cpn F [mcW cq]-s-Sp-p-hm. Bi-b- -fpsS
Nmv {]Zin-n-p-I. kam-\-X-I Xncn--dn-bp- p.

^mjnkw

\mknkw

bps {]Ionp

P\m-[n-]-X-y-hn-cp {]h\-

..................................................................................

.................................................................................

..................................................................................

..................................................................................

kqN\:
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

FXn-cm-fn-Isf hcpn
]ucm-h-Im-iw, kzm-X-{ yw F n-hsb FXnp
B{I-a-tWm- pI hntZi \bw
ssk\oIhXv-I-cWw
av ]mn-Isf \ntcm-[n-p
\yq-\-] A`n-{]m-b- sf am\n-p p
GIm-[n-]-Xy at\m-`mhw
tkmj-y-env hncpw
I-yq-Wnv hncpw

46

{]h-\w
P\m-[n-]-Xy `c-Whpw ^mjnv `c-W-{Iahpw Xmc-X-ayw sNp-I. Nmns klmbw D]-tbm-KnpI
kzm-X-{ yw/Ah-Im-i-
A`n-{]mb kzm-X-{ -yw
]ucm-h-Imiw
aX-hn-i-zmkw
`c-W-{Iaw
{Ia-k-am-[m\w
th-h-Imiw
kmwkvImcnI {]h\w
am[-ya kzm-X-{ yw
cmjv{Sob ]mn-I-fpsS
kzm-X-{ yw
hntZi \bw

^mjnkw

P\m-[n-]-Xyw

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{]h-\w

tKzmWn

47

kvs]bn-\nepw Pm\nepw ^mjnkw \S-n-em-n-b-Xn-s\-p-dn-]v N XpS v ]nI ]qnbm-p-I.

^m-jnkw
kvs]bn

Pm

.............................................
........................................
........................................

.............................................
........................................
........................................

]mwtm ]nmtkm

Kq n
]nm- t km- h n- s Ghpw {]i- k v X - a mb
s]bnn- v--kv]m-\njv B`-y- c bp-n
Kq nm \Kcw t_mw_m-{I-a-a-W-n\v
hnt[-b-am-XmWv {]ta-bw. 347 x 776 sk. ao.
hep--ap Kq n--bn Idp-v, shfp-v,
Nmcw F o \nd- am{X-amWv {]tbm-Knn-cn-p- -Xv. 1937 Pqem-bnse ]mcokv C
\mj-W FIvkvt]m-bn {]Zin-nm\mWv Cu Nn{Xw hc- - Xv . am{Un-U nse
tkm^nb ayq-kn-b-n-emWv Ctm-gp--Xv.

20mw \qm- nse {]i- k vX - \ mb Nn{X- ImcsX-p-In-g- kvs]bn-\nse aem-K-bn

1851 HIvtSm-_ 25\v P\n-p. Ipnm-et
Nn{X-c-N-\-bn Xmev]-cyw Nn{X- -fn-eqsS
bp-n\pw ^mjn-k-n-\p-sa-Xnsc {]hnp. 1973 G{]n 8\v acWw

XpS {]h-\- :
1.

]uc-kvXy bqt-dm-]-y ka-ky _m {]Xn-kn F n-h-bn-tev \bn kml-N-c-y-

Isn Hcp dntmv Xm-dm-p-I

2. ""km{am-P-y-Xz \b- H mw temI bp-n-\n-S-bm-n-b Imc-W- -fn-sem- m-Wv--A-Xp-t]mse

temI-bpw \nc-h[n Zpcn-X- fpw Dmn''. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS ASn- m-\-n H mw temIbp--ns Imc-W- -tfbpw ^e- -tfbpw Bkv]Z-amn Hcp {]_w Xm-dm-p-I.
3. H mw temI-bp--ns ]m--e-n bp- -fn [zw-kn--s-Sp a\p-jymhImi ewL-\ Is-pI
4. H mw temI bp-n ]s-Sp cmP-y- -fpsS t]cp-I Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p- p. CXn
tI{-i-n-I, kJ-y-I-n-I GsX v thXn-cn-s-gp-Xp-I. ({_-r - -C--en -- {^mkv--d-jy-A-ta-cn---Xp#n-_tK-dn-b--P-\n)
5. H mw temI bpm-\- cw \nc-h[n kam-[m\ kn-I cq]w sImp-I-bp-m-bn. Cu knI \oXn-]q-I-am-bn-cpt m F v hne-bn-cp-pI
6. km{am-P-y-Xz cmP-y- n-S-bn Xs sshcp-[-y- fpw kwLj- fpw InS-a- -c- fpw cq]w
sImp-sa v km{am-P-y-X-z-hp-ambn _--s N-bn ]s-Sp-p-sImv kptcjv A`n-{]-b-sp. \n Cu A`n-{]m-b-tmSv tbmPn-p- ptm ? ka n-pI
7. dj-y hn-h-n-\n-S-bm-nb Imc-W- Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p- p. Cu Imc-W- F -s\bmWv hn-hs klm-bn--sX v hni-Z-am-p-I.
48

cmjv{Sob
Imc-W- -

kmaq-lnI
Imc-W- -

km-nI
Imc-W- -

s]sNn m
-]-c-amb
g p-mb
Imc-W-w
Imc-W- -

9; "" dj-y hn-hhpw tkmhnbv bqWn-bs hfbpw temI Ncn-{X-n sNep-nb kzm-[o\w''F hnj-bs Bkv]-Z-am-n-bp skan-\m Xm-dm-p-hm Hcp dntmv Xm-dm-p-I.
9. hnhm-\- cw km-nI ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-m tkmhn-b-v bqWn-b kzo-I-cn \b-
Fs m-s-bm-bn-cp p ?
10. Ata-cn-bpw tkmhnbv bqWn-b\pw k-Zvh-y-h- sb in-s-Sp-n. temI-nse \n mbI in-bmbn amdp-hm kzo-I-cn \b- Xmc-X-ayw sNp-I.
11. ^mjn-khpw \mkn-khpw tZio-bX-bpsS Ghpw `oI-c-amb cq] ]cn-Wm-a-am-Wv. P-\n-bp-sSbpw
C-en-bp-sSbpw km{am-P-y-Xz in-bm-bp apt w \ne-\nn. CXv ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
12. ^mjn-khpw \mkn-khpw Ah-cpsS \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-I hnP-bn-n-p- -Xn\p kzo-I-cn X{ -
Fs m-s-bm-bn-cp p?
13.

""P\m-[n-]-Xy hy-h- n-Xn-bn \n pw hn`n- -amWv ^mj-nv `c-W-{Iaw''. Cu {]kvXm-h\ ]cntim-[nv \n -fpsS A`n-{]mbw ka n-p-I.

ssSw sse Xm-dm-pI

1.

1917, 1919, 1914, 1920, 1929 (tkhvtd DS--Sn, dj-y hn-hw, temI-bp-w, thgvkmbn DS--Sn, temI
km-nI am-yw)

2. dj-y hn-h- -hp-ambn _-sv 1898 apX 1917 hsc-bp {][m\ kw`-h- sf Bkv]-Z-amn
ssSw sse Xm-dm- pI
3. 1936, 1916, 1929, 1920, 1914
kvs]-bn-\n-se B`-y- c bpw
k-cm-Py kJyw
lnve \mkn ]mn cq]o-I-cnp
\yq-Uo
H mw temI-bpw

49

cmw temI-a-lm-bp-hpw
5 km{am-P-y-X-z-ns XIbpw

BapJw
temI-N-cn-{X-ns KXn amp- -Xn cmw temI-a-lm-bpw hln ]v hf-sc-tb-sd-bmWv.
H mw temI bpm-\- -c-ap-mb kam[m\ {ia- sfmw Zp-e-am-hp-Ibpw Xo{h-tZ-io-b-X-bn-eq nb Hcp Zi\ kwln-X-bp-ambn ^mknv cmjv{S- A[n-\n-th-i-n\v Xm-dm-b-Xv asmcp
temI-bp-n\v Imc-W-am-bn. H mw temI bp-t-m `oI-c-am-bn-cp p cmw temI-bp-w.
X{ -]-c-ambpw kmt-Xn-I-hpambn H mw temI-bp--n\v cmw temIbp--hp-ambn \nc-h[n hyXym-k- Dv. cmw temI-bpm-\- cw sFI-y-cmjv{S kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-p-Ibpw temI kam[m\ {ia- v t\X-r-Xzw \Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. bpm-\- cw Gj-y-bnepw B{^n--bnepw hntamN\ {] m-\- Bcw-`n-p. temIv apX-em-fn Bi-b- -fp-sSbpw tkmj-y-en Bi-b- -fpsSbpw B`n-ap-J-y-n cp tNcn-b-I-fmbn amdn. F- m bpm-\- cw kz#m-X-{ yw t\Snb cmP-y tNcn tNcm {] m-\-n\v cq]w \In. aq mw temI-cm-P-y- -fpsS Db-p-thn {]hnp.
50

ey- - :
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

cmw temI-a-lm-bp--n-tev \bn BtKmf kml-N-c-y- a\-n-em-pI

cmw temI-a-lm-bp--n-\n-S-bm-nb Imc-W-
cmw temI-a-lm-bpw hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn sNep-nb kzm-[o\w
sFI-y-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS cq-]o-I-c-Ww, {]h-\-
tImf\n hncp ka-c- -sf-p-dnv [mcW
tNcn-tNcm {] m-\-ns {]kn
tkmhn-bv bqWn-bs XIbpw temI {Ia-nse am- fpw
\h km{amPyXzhpw ]nme apX-em-fn-hpw temI-cm-jv{So-b-n sNep-p kzm-[o\w

{]h-\w1
temI `q]-S-n cmw tem-bp--n ]m-fn-I-fmb cmP-y-
kqN-\: Pm, P-\n, C-en, tlmf-v, {_n, ssN\, {^mkv, tkmhn-bv bqWn-b, Ata-cn
cmP-y fpsS m\w Xncn--dn-bp p
kqN-\:
]{X Inw-Kp-I--kn.-Un. I F n-h-bpsS klm-b-tmsS bp-hp-ambn _-s Imc-y-
N sN-Ww.
{]h-\w2
Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p Htcm kw`-hhpw cmw temI-bp--n-tev \bn F{X-am{Xw Imc-Wambn F v Is--Ww. N--Nmv {]Zi\w F n-h-bm-Imw.

km{am-P-y-Xzw

thgvkmbn
DS-Sn

\mknkw
^mjnkw

ssk\nI
kJ-y-

k-cm-Py
kJyw
]cm-Pbw

P-\n-bpsS
t]mfv
B{I-aWw

51

km{am-P-y-Xzw

km{am-P-y-Xz cmP-y- n-S-bnse a cw cp-am-bn. G-j-y, B{^n F n-hn-S -fn B[n-]-Xyw m]n--h km-nI hf-t\-Sn. tImf\n ]nSn-s-Sp-m\pw, Zpe cmjvv{S- sf Iog-S-m-\pap {ia- \S- p. apX-em-fn cmP-y -f-n-S-bn ISp AXr]vXn

thgvkmbn DS-Sn P-\n-bpsS ta ASn-tn--Xv. AXr]vXn iw. P\nsb \ncm-bp-[o-I-cn-p. P-\n-bpsS tImf-\n-I \jvS-ambn A]-am-\-I-c-amb
DS--Sn. P P\-X-bn {]Xn-Im-c at\m-`mhw

i
thgvkmbn
DS-Sn

i
\mknkw
^mjnkw

C-en, P-\n F n-hn-S- -fnse `c-W-Iq-S- Xo{htZio-b-X--A-b cmP-y-

g B{I-an-m XpS- n. {]n, {^mkv{]o-W\ \bw

i
ssk\nI
kJ-y-

Ap-Xv in-I (C--en, P-\n, Pm)

g kJ-y-I-n-I ({_n--, ssN\, {^mkv, Ata-cn-, tkmhn-bv bqWn-b)

i
k-cm-Py
kJyw
]cm-Pbw

{]h-\- ]cm-Pbw. Ata-cn AwK-am-bn-. cmP-y- Xn-ep Xw

g ]cn-l-cn-n

i
P-\n-bpsS
t]mfv
B{I-aWw

CS-\m-gn-bpw, UmknwKv \Kchpw hnp-sIm-Sp-m P\n t]mf-ng t]mfnjv

t\mSv B-h-i-y-s-p. t]mfv Xm-dm-bn-. P\n B{I-an-p- p.

cmw temIbpw
{]h-\w3
cmw temI-almbp-w \nc-h[n Zpcn-X- hnX-bvp-I-bp-m-bn. cmw temI alm-bp-Z-[ns ^e-am-bp-mb a\p-j-y-h-Imi ewL-\-as-sS-bp ^e- Fs ms ?
bp-ns s]mXp-hmb ^e- N sNmw. XpS v cmw temI-a-lm-bp--ns am{Xamb ^e- fpw N sN-Ww.
kqN-\:
a\p-j-ym-h-Imi ewL-\-
l B\miw (F-I-tZiw 4 tImS)
l km-nI XI
l Pohn-m-\p Ah-Imiw
l \mW-b-s-cpw
l A`n-{]mb kzm-X-{ yw
l sXmgn-e n-mbva
l kmc kzm-X-{ yw
l AWp-{]-k-cWw
l sshZ-y-k-lmbw e`n-m-\p
l Irjn/hy-h-kmbw/KXm-KX XI
AhImiw
l hmm hn\n-ab kwhn-[m\w Xmdp-am-dmbn
l Btcm-Ky {]iv\- --m-aw--Zm-cn-{Z-yw--hn-e--bw l hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-n-\p Ah-Imiw
l ip-hm-bp, ip-Pew F nh e`n-pl UNO cq]o-I-cWw-P hn`-P\w
hm-\p Ah-Imiw
l Ata-cn/tkmhn-bv bqWn-b hi-n-I
l Gj-y B{^n- cmP-y- -fpsS XI
l ioX-b p-w
52

{]h-\w4 (N)
bp-n-te-p \mgn-I--p-I--Hmtcm kw`-hhpw cmw temI-a-lm-bp--n-tev \nbn-m
F{X-am{Xw klm-b-I-ambn F v N sNpI (B-tKmf kml-N-c-y- )
1929-30

1931-33

1934-36

km-nI amyw

aq-dn-b {]Xn-kn

A_n-ko-\-b
{]Xn-kn

sXmgn-en-mbva
]n-Wn, Zmcn-{Zyw

hym-]m-cm-h-i-ym w
Pm aq-dnb B{Ianp

apk-eo\n A_nko-\nb
B{I-an-p. eKv Hm^v
\mjkv \njv{Inbw

1936-38

1938

1939

lnve thgvkmbn
DS-Sn \ncm-I-cn-p p

ayq-WnIv DS-Sn

lnve sNtm-m-hy
Ing-S-p p

lnve kpU-em v
Iog-p p
{_n--{^mkv AwKo-Icn-p p

ayq-Wnv Icm-dns\ \ncmI-cnvsImv sNtmm-hm-nb apgp-h ]nSns-Sp-p p

Bkv{Snb P-\n-tbmSv
Iqn-tp p

1939

1939

\mkntkm-hn-bv A\m-{I-aW
DS-Sn

lnve-dpsS t]mf-m-{I-aWw

lnvesd XS-bm {_n-\pw--{^mkpw Hcp

ap Wn cq]o-I-cn-p. t]mf-ns UmknwKv
\Kcw ]nSn-s-Sp-m lnve {ianp
dj-y-bp-ambn A\m-{I-aW DS--Sn-bn
Gsp

\mkn--tkm-hn-bv DS--Snv tijw lnve

t]mfv B{I-anp Ing-Sn
{_#n--\pw--{^mkpw t]mf-ns\ klm-bnm Xm-dm-bn. bpw Bcw-`n-p p

53

{]h-\w5
bp-Xns KXn
1939

1940

1941

1941

lnve t]mfv
B{I-an-p p

P\n
Cen, {^mkv
B{I-an-p p

lnve tkmhn-bv
bqWn-b B{I-anp p

Pm
Ata-cn--bpsS
t]lm_
B{I-an-p p

1942

1943

1944

Ata-cn
Pms\
anUvemn
B{I-an-p p

USSR
men{KmUn
P-\nsb
]cm-P-b-s-Spn

{_nojv
Ata-cn-
kwbp
ssk\yw

1945

tkmhn-bv ssk\yw P\n

Iog-S-n. Cen kJ-y-tk-\v
Iog-S n
lnve Bfl-l-Xy sNbvXp
lntcm-jn-a--\m-K-kmo

{]h-\w6
tkmhnbv bqWn-bsbpw Ata-cn--bp-sSbpw cwK-{]-thiw cmw temI-bp--ns KXn-amn.
Cu cmP-y- bp-n ]s-Sp-m-\n-S-bm-nb kml-N-cy- fpw C-h-cpsS cwK-{]-th-i-n\p tijw
Dmb KXnbpw Isn ]nI hn]p-eo-I-cn-p-I.
kqN-\:

P-\n-bpsSbpw Pmsbpw B{I-a-W- kqNn-np `q]Sw {]Zin-n-pI

cmP-y- cwK-{]-th-i-\-n-\n-S-bm-nb kml-N-c-y-

^e-

tkmhn-bv
bqWn-b

lnve tkmhn-bv bqWn-b-\p-am-bp-m-nb

A\m-{I-aW kn ewLnp
...............................................................................................
..................................................................................................

P-\nsb ]cm-P-b-s-Spn
...............................................................................................
..................................................................................................

Ata-cn

Pm Ata-cn- \mhnI kt-X-amb t]

lm_ B{I-anp

Ata-cn bp-n t\-cnv ]m-fnI-fmbn

...............................................................................................
..................................................................................................

...............................................................................................
..................................................................................................

54

kqN-\:
l
l
l

1941 USSRs\ B{I-an-p. USSRs \nc-h[n {]tZ-i- ]nSn--Sn

e--W-n\v B \miw
Irjn-bn-S- / hy-h-km-b-im-e-Iv \miw

l
l
l

tkmh-bnv P\X H-s-mbn

Ata-cn Pms\ B{I-anp
BtKmf bp-ambn. Ata-cn C-en--P\n B{I-anp

{]h-\w7
cmw temI- -bp--n temIw cp imnI tNcn- -I-fmbn amdn. CXn-eps cmP-y- sf Isn
Xmsg v sImSp-n-cn-p ]Z-kq-c-y ]qn-bm-p-I.
Pm
Ata-cn

Ap-Xp
in-I

kJy
InI

kqN-\:
l
l
l

P-\n, Cen
{_n, ssN\, {^mkv, tkmhn-bv bWn-b
XpS v temI-`q-]-S-n Cu cmP-y- -fpsS m\w Xncn--dn-bpI #v

{]h-\w8
cmw temI-bp-n lnve-dpsS \S-]-Sn-I ImWn-p ssSw see Xm-dm-pI
(1933 apX 1939 hsc-bp {][m\ kw`-h- )
1933, 1939, 1937, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1938) C-en-bpsS kJ-yw, sNtm-tm-hm-I-y-bpsS {]tZ-i Io-gS-n. B-kv{Sn-b/kpU-em v {]tZ-i- Iog-S-n. P-\n-bn Bbp-[o-I-cW dmen, \nnX
ssk\nI tkh-\w, k-cm-P-y-n \n v ]nam-dn. Bkv{Snb Iog-S-m {iaw
1939
1938
1937
1936
1935
1934
1933

sNtm-m-hm-IybpsS {]tZ-i- Iog-Sn

k-cm-P-y-k-J-y-n \n v ]nmdn
55

{]h-\w10
cmw temI-bp-hp-ambn _-s Nne kw`-h- fpw, hj- fpw Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p- p.
ssSwsse Xmdm-pI
(1940, 1939, 1945, 1941, 1943)
P-\nbpsS t]mfv B{I-aWw
tkmhn-bv bqWn-b men {KmUn P-\nsb ]cm-P-b-s-Spn
Cen kJ-y-tk\ Iog-S-n
{XnIn k-Jyw
P-\n-bpsS tkmhn-bv B{I-aWw
1945

1943

1941

1940

1939

P-\n-bpsS t]mfv B{I-a-W-

{]h-\w11
H pw cpw bp- Xn kam-\-X-I Gsd-bp-s-nepw Cu bp- Xn-ep A c- Isn Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p ]nI hn]p-e-s-Sp-p-I.
H mw temI-bpw

cmw temI-bpw

A Bbp-[- -fpsS B[p-\n-IX

................................................ ................................................
................................................ ................................................

B im{m-t-XnI hnZy

................................................ ................................................
................................................ ................................................

................................................ ................................................
................................................ ................................................

bp-`o-I-cX

D imnI tNcn-I

................................................ ................................................
................................................ ................................................

................................................ ................................................
................................................ ................................................

bp-ns ^e-

kqN-\: (H mw temI-bp-w)
A b{ -tm-p-I, A hm-ln-\n-I, hnj-hm-X-I-
B imkv{X kmt-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-Knp
C km-nI nXn tamiw]-I hym-[n-I
D kJ-y-n-I, tI{-i-n-I
E ............................................................................
56

cmw temI-bp-w
l
l
l

SmpI, ]oc-n-I, b{ -tm-p-I, A hm-ln-\n-I F nh temIbp- -tf-m

F{Xtbm Ccn D]-tbm-Kn-p. AWp-t_mw_v D]-tbm-Kn-n
hn\m-i-I-c-amb Bbp-[- \nn-p-hm imkv{X- -km-t-XnI hn-Zy D]-tbm-Kn-n enn
t_mbv, ^mvam
l Ghpw \io-I-cW kz-`m-h-apXv. 4 tImSn-bn-tesd t]cpsS Poh A\-l-cn-p. hne--b-w-l m-aw--sXm-gn-en-m-bva--A-Wp-_ m[
l Ap-Xv in-I--k-J-y-n-I
{]h-\w12
Gj-y-bn-tebpw B{^n--bn-tebpw tImf\n hmgvNv A yw Ipdn-Xv cmw temI bpZ-[-n-\ptijambn-cp- p. {_n--\n \n pw kzm-X-{ yw t\Snb cmP-y- -fpsS ]nI Xm-dm-p-I. temI-`q-]-Sns klm-b-tmsS kz-X-{ -cm-P-y- -fpsS m\w Is-p-I.
hjw

B{^n

Gjy

kml-N-c-y- kqN-\:
i-amb ka-c- --te-_ ]mn A[n-Im-c-n--tkm-hn-bv bqWn-bsbpw Ata-cn--bp-sSbpw
CS-s]-S--tIm-f-\n-bn-se kwLj- -- -P-ms apt -wUNO CS-s]-S
{]h-\w13

tlmNn-an

s\k
ate

tPmtam
sI\n-bm

tdm_v
apKmt_

ausk tZmMv

hnb-v\mw, sImdn-b, Zn-Wm-{^n-, sI\n-b, knw_m-sh, ssN\ F o cmP-y- `q]-S-n

]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p- p. XpS v Cu cmP-y- fn tImf\n hncp ka-c- v t\Xr-Xzw \Inb
t\Xm--fpsS Nn{Xw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p- p. TB bpsSbpw hbm-\-p-dn-nsbpw klm-b-tmsS Cu
cmP-y- -fnse tImf\n hncp ka-c- -fpsS Imc-W- fpw ^e- fpw {Kq-Sn- m-\-n Isn
Ah-X-cn-n-p- p. t{ImUo-I-c-WwXpS v ]nI hn]p-eo-I-cn-p-I.
57

hn-h-

t\Xr-Xzw

^e-

Imc-W-

hnbv\mw
sImdnb
sI\nb
ssN\
knw_msh
Zn-Wm-{^n
{]h-\w14
cmw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-m-\- cw Ata-cn-bpw tkmhn-bv bq-Wn-b\pw h in-I-fm-bn. temIw
cv im-nI tN-cn-I-fm-bn. tkm-hn-bv bqWnbs t\Xr-X-z-n-ep tkmhn-bv tNcnbpw Ata-cn-bpsS apX-em-fn tN-cnbpw. cp tN-cn-Ifpw Xn ISp- A`n-{]mb `n -X--Bbp-[- v ]Icw
Bib]c-amb bpw--C-Xns\ ioX-bpw F v hnfn-p.
ioX-bp-w krjvSn ]c-kv]c `bhp kwi-bhpw ssk\oI tNcn-I-fp-sSbpw kJ-y- -fp-sSbpw
cq]o- -I-c-W-n\v Imc-W-am-bn. ssk\nI DS--Sn-bp-ambn hnh-c- Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p- p. IqSpX hnh-c- Isn ]nI hn]p-e-s-Sp-p- p.
t]cv

\ne-hn h hjw

B m\w

AwK-cm-P-y-

e-y-

A \mtm

B knbmtm
C sktm
D hmgvtkm

A 1949

B 1954

l {_kv
l {_n--^mkv

l _mtmv
l Ata-cn--, {_n, {^mkv,

_Pn-bw--s\-Xem v
C-en--A-ta-cn--P\n
l km-nI kl-I-cWw
X- -v kam-[m-\-]-c-amb ]cn-lmcw
I-yq-Wn-k-ns hf XS-bpI

Bkvt{S-en-b, \yq-kn-em v,
]mn- m, Xmbve v, ^nen- -ss]kv
l A m-cmjv{S X- kam-[m-\-]-cam-bn ]cnl-cn-pI
ssk\nIm{I-a-W- sf kwbp--ambn
t\cn-SpI

58

C 1995

D 1955

l Amd
l Xpn

{_n
]mn- m
C-dm
l ]c-kv]c kl-I-cWw
X- kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn
]cn-l-cn-pI

l tamkvtIm
l USSR
l t]mfv

lwKdn
sNtmm-hm-Iy
Ing- P\n
dpta-\nb
l X- kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn ]cn-l-cn-pI
ssk\nI klmbw \IpI

{]h-\w15
sFI-y-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-hp-ambn _-s hnh-c- Isn Xmsg sImSpn-cn-p ]nI hn]p-e-s-Sp-pI
hjw

t] ew

cmPyw

{][m\ Xocp-am-\-

{]h-\w16
sFI-y-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS e-y , LS-I- , {]h-\- , sshI-e-y- /shp-h-fnI F nh IspI
e-y- -

LSI- -

{]h\ -
sshI-ey -
(]-cn-an-Xn-I)
59

kqN-\:

]cn-a-nXn-I

hinI-fpsS \nb-{ -W-n (A-ta-cn-)

hotm A[n-Imcw
\ncm-bp-[o-I-cWw \-S-m-bn]p-Xnb AwK- v {]th-i\w \Ip- Xn A`n-{]mb h-y-X-ym-kw
km-nI `{Z-X-bn-mbva IMF- temI _mv {]h\ aqe-[\w `qcn-`m-Khpw Ata-cn--bp-tS-Xv
USSR s inYn-eo-I-cWw
{]h\w-17

Cu Nn{X- ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p- p. XpS v Ch-cpsS cmP-y- `q]-S-n Is-p- p.

(C- -y, bptKm-m-hn-b, CuPn-]vXv, Ct m-t\-j-y)
tNcn-sNcm {] m-\-ns cq]o-I-c-W-hp-ambn _-s Nne hnh-c- Xmsg sImSp-n-cnp p. hn-`mKw ]qcn-n-p-I.

1955

i
................................

.................................
kt-f\w

i
g

tNcn-tN-cm {] m\-n\v cq]w

\In

bqtKm-m-hn-b-bnse
{_ntbm ktf\w

................................

i
g

1961

Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn
\ne-hn h p

(temIw cp tNcn-I-fn-embn ]ncn--tm ]pXp-Xmbn kzm-X-{ yw e`n Gj-y-bn-tebpw B{^n-bn-tebpw cmP-y- kz-X-{ -ambn \n p. tNcn-tNcm {] m-\-n\v cq]w \In. \ncm-bp-[o-I-c-Wn\v \ne-sIm-p-UNOhns kam-[m\ {ia- v ]n pW ]In. imnI tNcn-In-Sbn
a[-y- X hln-p.) ioX-k-a-c-ns Xo{hX Ipd-p.
60

{]h-\w18
tNcn-tNcm {] m-\ns ka-Im-eo\ {]k-n-sb-p-dnv kwhmZw kwL-Sn-n-p-I.
t{ImUo-I-c-Ww:
kqN-\:

{]knbpv.
\ncm-bp-[o-I-c-W-ns\Xn-cmbn {]hn-p p
km{am-P-y-X-z-n-s\-Xn-cmbn {]hn-p p
km-tZ-iob kam-[m-\w kpc-n-X-Xzw eyw
hwio-b-X-s-Xnsc {]h\w
h -hn-th-N\w Cm-Xm-m {iaw
temIw kwLj- -fn \n pw tamNn-X-a
aX Akn-jvWp-X--B-tKmf Xo{h-hmZw
]cn- nXn {]iv\- --km-{am-P-y-Xz A[n-\n-thiw F nh \ne-\np p
hnI-k-zc cmP-y- -fpsS km-nIhnIk\w

{]h-\w19
BtKm-f-h--cWw F v? N:
_lp-cmjv{S I-\n-I-fpsS D- - ]-cn-N-b-s-Sp-n-sm-Sp-p-I
DZm-c-h-cWw

kz-Im-cyh-cWw

hmWn-Py-h-cWw

BtKmfh-cWw
a -c-n-eq- nb Itmfw ]p km-nI \b- ]p kmtXnI kma-{Kn-I
aqe-[-\-ns BtKm-fo-IcWw hne-p-I-fn-m hym-]mcw _plp-cmjv{S Ip-I-I-fpsS B[n-]Xyw

BtKm-f-h-cWw
\h-km-{am-P-y-Xzw

i
Xpd B{I-a-Wtam Hu]-Nm-cnI cmjv{Sob A[o-i-X-ztam IqSmsX Nne A m-cmjv{S m]\- -fpsS klm-b-tmsS aqe-[-\-ns kzm-X-{ -yhpw tatmbvabpw m]n-s-Sp-p
h-am-\-Ime {]Xn`mkw.
BtKm-f-h-cWw F ]Zw BZyw D]-tbm-Kn-Xv 1983 ]pd-n-d- nb lmhmUv
C-tWm-anIvkv dhyqhnem-Wv.

{]h-\w20
BtKmf-h-cWw hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn sNep-p {]X-ym-Lm-X- Isn ]n-I ]qnbm-pI
61

kmaq-lyw
]cn- nXn
hnZ-ym-`-ymkw
B-tcm-Kyw
Irjn
hy-h-kmbw
km-nIw
D-c-kq-Nn-I:
kmaq-ly Ak-a-Xzw IqSn
aen-\o-I-cWw hn-p
sNe-hp-I hnp
acp- p-Iv hne-IqSn
k_vkn-Un-I \n-emn
]c--cm-KX hy-h-km-b- v XI
km-nI Ak-a-Xzw hn-p p
{]h-\w21
BtKmf-h-cWw C -y-sb-tm-ep hnI-k-zc cmP-y- -fpsS kZv hy-h- sb F{X-tmfw
kzm-[o-\n-p- p-s- -Xn-s\-p-dnv Hcp N kwL-Sn-n-p-I--t{Im-Uo-I-cWw
kqN-\:
tZmj- :
s]mXp-hn-cW k{-Zmbw An-a-dnp
\ymbhne jmp-I A{]-kw
ImjnI taJ-e-bnse XI
_lp-cmjv{S I-\n-I-fpsS Itmfw
sNdp-InSIp-Sn hy-h-km-b- - -fpsS XI
AanX Cd-p-aXn
k_vknUn \n-em-
D]-t`mr kwkvImcw
{]IrXn hn`-h- -fpsS NqjWw
]cn- nXn {]iv\-
Bt-Kmf Icm-dp-I
hmm hn\n-ab D]m-[n-I-fpsS IpI
Aan-Xamb kz-Im-c-y-h-cWw
tkmb-ta-J-e-bnse sN-ehp Npcp-
62

KpW- :
D - -fpsS hne Ipd-bp pA-anX Dm-Z-\w--im-kv{X--km-t-XnI hnZ-y-bpsS hnIm-kw--a-\pj-y-hn-`h Ib-p-aXn hn-p p
{]h-\w22
BtKmf-h-cWns\-Xnsc temI-h-ym-]-I-ambn cq]w sIm kwL-S-\-Isf Ah-bpsS {]h\- sf ASn- m-\-amn Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
temI tkmj-y t^mdw
Gj-y tkmj-y t^mdw
bqtdm-]-y tkmj-y t^mdw
{]h-\w23
1991 tkmhn-bv bqWn-b inYn-e-am-bn. tkmhn-bv bqWn-bs inYn-eo-I-c-W-n-\n-S-bm-nb
Imc-W- -sf-p-dnpw tkmhnv bqWns XI temI-cm-jv{So-b-nh-cp-nb am-- -sf-p-dnpw
N sNbXv Ipdn-p-I Xm-dm-pI
kqN-\: inYn-eo-I-c-W-n-\n-S-bm-nb Imc-W-
Dm-Z-\-p-dhv
tkmj-y-en- -ns ASn- m\ {]-am-W- -fn \n v hy-Xn-N-e\w
kmaq-ln-Im-h- -i-y- \nd-th-p- -Xn ]cm-Pbw
DtZ-ym-K- -m-cpsS {]iv\-
Agn-aXn
Bfl-hn-i-zm-p-dhv
A\-y-hcW Nn
tZio-bhpw hwio-b-hp-amb {]iv\-
]ucm-h-Im-i- v AwKo-Im-c-an
mkvt\mv s]cnkvt{Smbn ]-cn-jvIm-c-
tKm_-tm-hns ]X\w
temI-cm-jv{So-b-nse am- :
Atacn B[n-]-Xyw tkmj-y-env cmjv{S- -fpsS XI UNO Atacn Xmev]-c-y-n-\-\pk-cnv ioXkacw Ah-km-\np

XpS {]h-\-
1.

thgvkmbn DS--Sn-bmWv cmw temI-bp--ns ASn- m\ Imc-W-sa v AJn F

hnZym n bp-hp-ambn _-s skan-\m {]_--n A`n-{]m-b-s-p. Cu {]kvXm-h-\bpsS ASn- m-\-n cmw temI-bp--n-\n-S-bm-nb Imc-W- hni-I-e\w sNp-I.

2. ^mknp-IsXn-cmb t]mcm--n ap \nc-bn-ep-mbn-cp tkmhn-bv bqWn-b ^mknv

P-\n-bp-ambn DS--Sn-bn-tes-Xv temI-cm-jv{S- -sf Ap-X-s-Sp-n F p-sIm v?
Ccw DS-Snbn Gs-Sm tkmhnv bqWn-bs\ t{]cn-n ImcWw F m-bn-cnpw ?
3. ''\ncm-bp-[o-I-c-Wns Bh-i-y-IX cmw temI-a-lm-bpw apt m-p-sh-p p''. cmw temIa-lm-bp--ns ^e- hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Cu {]kvXm-h\ km[q-I-cn-p-I.
63

4. cv hy-X-ykvX kmaq-ly hy-h- n-Xn-I Xn-ep-mb kwLj- ioX-k-a-c-n-sep \bns pw F m \njv] cmP-y- -fpsS Iqmbva ioX-k-a-c-ns Xo{hX Ipd-s pw Hcp
hnZym n ioX-k-a-c-s-p-dnsgp-Xnb {]_-n tcJ-s-Sp-n. hnZ-ym nbpsS A`n-{]mb-s-p-dnv Hcp dntmv Xm-dm-p-I.
5. hn-h-ns kml-N-cyw, KXn, ap-X-em-fn--ns CS-s]-S, ^e- F o Imc-y- -fn
sImdnb hnhhpw hnbv\mw hn-hhpw Xn-ep kam-\-X-I Is-p-I.
6. ''h hnth-N-\-ns Ghpw Zpjn cq]w \ne-\n \mSm-bn-cp p Zn-Wm- -{^n''. Cu
{]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cpn Zn-Wm-{^n--bpsS tamN-\-n\v s\k atfiebpsS ]v hy-am-p-I.
7. cmw temI-bp-m-\- cw cq]w sIm ssk\nI DS--Sn-I-fp-ambn _-s Nne hnh-c-
Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p- p. (t]cv \ne-hn h hjw, B m-\w) IqSp-X Isn ]qnbm-p-I.

ssk\nI
DS--Sn-I

1955

1954

Dc AvemnIv
DS-Sn
(\m-tm)

ay DS-Sn
kJyw
(sktm)

Amd

8. Hcp kam-[m\]me\ GPkn F \ne-bn bp.-F. \nc-h[n {]iv\- ]cnl-cn-n-p-v.

F m amdnb temI kml-N-c-y-n sFI-y-cmjv{S kwL-S\ t\cn-Sp {][m\ shp-hn-fn-I
Fs ms ?
64

9. \h-km-{am-P-y-Xzw ]nIme apX-em-fn-hpw C yt]m-ep aq mw temI cmP-y- sf F n-s\bmWv km[n-p- Xv. ka-Im-enI temI kml-N-c-y- ]cn-tim-[nv N sNp-I.
10. tKm_-tm-hns km-nI \b- am{X-am-bn-cp- pthm tkmhn- -bv bqWn-bs inYn-eo-I-cW-n-\n-S-bm-n-bXv ? tkmhnv bq-Wn-bs XI temI cmjv{So-b-n hcp-nb am-
Fs mw?
11. ''sFI-y-cmjvv{S kwLS\ e-y- , {]h-\- , ]cn-an-Xn-I'' F hnj-b-s B-kv]-Zamn Hcp {]_w Xm-dm-p-I.
12. tNcpw-]-Sn tN-p-I.

(A tImfn\v Xpe-y-am-bXv B, C bn \n pw tNpI

t] lm_

Lm\

s]cn-kvt{Sm-bn

tlmNn-an

_mqv

tKmUvtImv

I-zm-am-\{Iqa

tkmhn-bv bqWn-b

1955

tNcn-tNcm {] m\w

hnbv\mw

Pm

tKm_-thv

Ata-cn

Ct m--ssN\

ssSwsse Xm-dm-pI
13. 1945, 1942, 1938, 1940, 1939
({Xn-In kJyw, P-ms t] _m_ B{I-a-Ww, Cen Iog-Sn ayq-Wnv DS--Sn, P
tkmhnv DS-Sn)
14. 1949, 1945, 1980, 1950, 1952
(a-u-au el-f, ssN\ P\-Iob dn-n-v, knw_m_vsh kz-X-{ -bm-bn, hnbv\mw dn-n-v,
sImdn-b bpw)
15. 1962, 1912, 1994, 1957, 1976
(B-^n- \mj-W tIm{K-v, s\k atfie B{^n- {]kn-U-v, sI\nb kz-X{ bm-bn, hnbv\mw GIo-I-c-Ww, Lm\ kz-X-{ -bm-bn)
16. 1945, 1949, 1991, 1971, 1955
(_m-qv kt-f-\w, tkmhnv bqWn-bs XI ssN\v UNO hn AwK-X-zw, sFI-y-cmjv{S
kwL-S\ cq]o-I-c-Ww, \mtm kJy cq]o- -I-c-Ww)

65

6 ]sm-Xpw Ccp-]Xpw \qm-p-I-fnse

ss[-jn-WnI {]h-W-X-I

hnIvS bqtKm

Henh S-znv

tPm tIm-_n

bqPn sZe-{Izm

hneyw thUvkvhv

BapJw
a\p-j-ys _pn-bp-sSbpw Nn -bp-sSbpw DWvhy-h-kmb hn-h-tm-Sp-IqSn IqSp-X sa-sp. \mw CXns\ mt\m-Zbw F v hne-bn-cp-n. CXv Ghpw IqSp-X {]I-S-am-hp Xv 19, 20 \qmp-I-fn bqtdm-n-emWv. AtX kabw mt\m-Zb Nn -tbm-Sp hntbm-Pnv ]pXnb Nn m [mcIv Imc-W-ambn A ns\ hf p-h XX-z-imkv{Xw, Ie, kmln-X-yw, imkv{Xw, kmt-XnI
hnZy F o afi-e- -fn-ep-mb {][m\ kw`h hnIm-k- -sf-bmWv \mw Cu A[-ym-b-n ]cntim-[n-p- -Xv.
e-yw:
l mt\mZbw, Imev]-\n-I-X, Bib hmZw Ch hne-bn-cp-
l hnhn[ Xz Nn -I-sc-bpw Ah-cpsS Zi-\-sbpw hne-bn-cp-
l Umhn ]cn-Wma knm w kmaq-lnI Zi-\-n hcp-nb amw hne-bn-cp-
l imkv{X ]ptem-KXn cmjv{Sob Nn -bn hcp-nb amw Xncn--dn-b
l B[p-\n-I--D--cm-[p-\nI kmln-Xy {]h-W-X-I Xncn--dn-bp- -Xn\v
66

{]h-\w1
mt\m-Zb khn-ti-j-X-I ]n-I-s-Sp-pI
l

bpn-Nn

im-kv{X-ob hnWw
l

hkvXp-\njvT kao-]\w

_unI m\w

C{n-b m\w

{]h-\w2
mt\m-ZbtmSp FXnv F \ne-bn cq]w sIm Imev]-\n-IX Bi-b-hmZw F n-hbpsS khn-ti-j-X-I Gh ?

Imev]-\o-IX

Bi-b-hmZw

`mh\

sshIm-cn-IX

l
l

ss\kKn-IX
{]] ku-cyw

Bi-b-n\v {]m[m-\yw

l Bibw kaq-ls amp p

{]h-\w3
hy-h-km-b hnhw ss[j-WnI {]h-W-Xsb kzm-[o-\n-pth ?
Nm kqN-Iw:
hy-h-kmb hnhw

\K-c-hcWw

sXmgn-emfn NqjWw

{]Xn-I-cWw

am\h Nn

Imev]-\nI {] m\w
67

{]h-\w4
bYm-XY {]- m\w Hcp ]Z-kq-c-y
hkvXp-X-I
AtX-cq-]-n
-bYm-XY
{] m\w

sshIm-cn-I-Xv
{]m[m-\-y-an

Imev]-\n-I-X-tbm-Sp
{]Xn-tj[w

{]h-\w5
DZm-c-Xm-hm-Z-ns {]tX-y-I-X-I Nn{Xo-I-cn-pI
B

a\ p
j
h-I -ymm iw

B a[y-h cmjv{Sob Nn m-KXn

DZm-cXm
hmZw

C {]mb-]qn thm-h-Imiw
D ]men-sadn `cW hy-h

{]h-\w6
ImamIvkv cq]w sImSp `uXn-I-hm-Z-ns khn-ti-j-X-I Gh?
l

kIe {]Xn-`m-k- fpw amp p

`uXnI in-I-fmWv am-n\v ASn- m\w

Bflo-b-Xv {]m[m-\yw C

68

{]h-\w7
]nI ]qn-bm-pI
-P Bi-b-hmZw
Cm-\p-h Im v
..........................................
l

What is real Idea is

real

{]X-y-m-\p-`h hmZw

`uXnI hmZw

....................................... ........................................
Bi-bs
FXnp

`uXnI in-I
am-n-\-Sn- m\w
slK msdN
AK-sk tImKv
ImamIvkv
{]h-\w
Ccp-]Xmw \qm-n imkv{Xw kaq-l-n hcp-nb amw N sNpI
kqN-\:
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

B[p-\nI imkv{Xw 20-#m#w \qm-n hf-sc-b- -[nIw hnImkw {]m]n-p.

AWp-hns\ hn`-Pnpw kwtbm-Pn-npw a\p-j-y\v D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-ammw
lntcm-jna \mK-kmn BWh kvt^mS-\-
imkv{Xw kaq-l-ns \pw Xnpw Imc-W-ambn
ssk\nI Imc-y- fn imkv{X hf

{]h-\w7
B[p-\n-IX

Dcm[p-\n-IX

Ccp-]Xmw \qm-n hy-h-kmb hnhw bqtdmn- s e- b pw, Ata- c n- - b n- s ebpw a\p- j - y s

PohnXw Zp-l-am-n. CXns\Xnsc Ie-bnepw
kmln-X-y-nepw {]X-y--s {]Xn-tj[ cq]amWv B[p-\n-IX
....................................................................................................
...................................................................................................

1960 ItfmsS h {]h-W-X. aq-amb ]c-cm-KX k-ev]- p ]Icw Aaq-amb

AYhm ImgvN-m-cs CjvS-n-\-\p-k-cnv
IrXn-Isf hon-m {ian {] m\w
....................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
l IrXn-I, Im-

l IrXn-I, Im-

69

{]h-\w8
ss[j-WnI {]h-W-X-I

-hy-n-I

Imev]-\nI {] m\w

Nmkv Unkv, hneyw thUvkvhv

hnI-S ^yq-tKm, tPm tIm-_p

en_d-enkw

tPmtemv

bYm-XYm hmZw

tdm_v {_-WnwKv

P- Bi-b- hmZw

Cam-\p-h Im v slK

{]X-y A\p-`h hmZw

AK-kvX-tImwKv

`uXnI hmZw

Imam-Ivkv

XpS {]h-\w
19-20 \qm-n imkv{X kmt-XnI cwK-p-mb hnI-k\w a\p-jy Nn -I-fn hcp-nb amw
Hcp skan-\m

Ref:
1.
2.

History of Western Civilisation- P.K. Ghokhala

temI-\m-K-cn-I-X-bpsS Ncn{Xw
tIcf `mjm Cn--yqv

tZh-Zmkv & Ipnn

70

7 Cs Cy

temIw Dd ptm C y DW-bn-te-v.....-A-cm-{Xn-bnse A[n-Im-c-ssI-amw

BapJw
sshtZ-inI B[n-]-X-y-n\v FXnsc \psS cmP-yv \S hnhn[ t]mcm-- -sf-p-dnv ap
mp-I-fn ]cn-N-b-s-n-p--tm. kzm-X-{ y e_v[np tijw \psS cmPyw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- {]iv\ fpw {]Xn-k-n-Ifpw Cu bqWn-n N-sN-p- p. kzm-X-{ -y-k-a-c-Im-ev Dbnb ap{Zm-hm-Iy \S-m-p- -Xn \mw F{X-am{Xw hnP-bn-n-p-v? apt -dm Ign-bmsX t]mb taJ-e-I GsXms-bm-sW- p At\-z-j-W fpw Cu bq-Wn-n \S-p- p. CtXm-sSmw temI-km-lN-c-y- -fn
h p-sIm-n-cn-p am- v A\p-k-cnv \psS cmP-y-ns B`-y- c km-nI sshtZ-inI
\b-nepw I ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw Dm-bn-sm-n-cn-p hy-Xn-bm-\- sf Ipdnv At\-z-jn-m\pw
temI-cm-jv{S- n-S-bn \apv \p-tS-Xmb m\w t\Sm Igntm F v ]cn-tim-[n-m-\p
t{]c-Wbpw Cu bqWn-n e`-y-am-Wv.
71

apJy Bi-b- :
l \m-p-cm-P-y- -fpsS kwtbm- -P-\w--`-c-W-L-S\ \nmWw
l s\lvdphns Iogn--ImjnI hym-h-km-bnI kqtcm-K-Xn--an-{i-k-v

hy-h- -hntZi-\-bw--]mIv ssN\m bp- --tN-cn-tNcm \bw

l C -y P\m-[n-]-X-y-nse hgn-n-cn-hp-I
l \b-h-y-Xn-b m-\-

{]h-\w1
TB bnse "hn`-P\w elf' F Xe-sv (t]Pv 101, 102)
Ipn-I hy-n-K-X-ambn hmbnp Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p tNmZ-y- v Dcw Is--m
Bh-i-b-s-SpI
1.

C- -y tZio-b-Xsb \n-Nn-p- -Xn-ep A`n-{]mb hy-X-ymkw F- m-bn-cp p ?

2. {_no-jp-Im-cpsS "`n n-np `cn-' X{ w C y hn`-P-\-n\v Imc-W-amtbm ?

3. Zzn-cm-jv{Sm-hm-Z-tmSv Indial National Congress s kao-]\w F m-bn-cp p ?
4. apl--Zen Pn - -bpsS Bh-iyw F m-bn-cp p ?
5. C ym hn`-P-\-s-p-dnv alm-fl KmnbpsS A`n-{]mbw H-s i_vZ-am-bn-cp p F v ]dXv F p-sIm-v ?
6. F mWv Mount Batten ]Xn ?
7. Alnw-kmfl am-n-eqsS t\-Sn-sb-Sp kzm-X-{ yw lnwk-bnepw A{I-a-nepw Iem-in--sX ns\ ?

So-tdmSv
aXmSn- m-\-n ]mn- -#m hn`-Pn--s-p-t]m-b-Xn-\m Ccp-cm-P-y- -fnepw B`-y- -chpw, ssk\n-I-hpw, hwio-bhpw, km-n-Ihpw hntZ-i-Im-cy taJ-e-I-fnepw {]iv\- \ne-\np- p. C y hn`-P\w P\- -fp-sS a\-n DW- m apdn-hp-I-fmWv krjvSn-Xv F Bib-n t{ImUo-I-cn-pI

XpS v Hcp Assignment \Imw

C ym hn`-P\w Hgn-hm-m-a-bn-cpt m ?
BmWv sXp ]-bnXv ?
Fhn-sS-bmWv ]ng-Xv ? (Ip-n-I hy-n-]- -c-amb Is--ep-I ASn- m-\-amn Hcp Ipdnv
Xm-dms)

72

{]h-\w2
Map A\p-_w

TB 103 se India before Partition F Map s ASn- m-\-n 1947se C -y `q]Sw Xmc-X-ayw
sNbvXv X n-cn-p tNmZ-y- v Dcw Is-p-I.
1. ]mn- m Ds-n-cn-p {]hn-i-y-I GsXm-s-bmWv ?
2. GsXm-s-bmWv ]mn- ms AXnn-I ?
3. C -y-bp-ambn ]mn- m AXnn ]n-Sp- Xv Fhn-sS-sbm-s ?
73

So-tdmSv
TB bnse 103, 104 t]Pnse Indian Map D]-tbm-Kn-v. 1947se X n-cn-p (A-\p-_w)
Map Xmc-X-aysSp-p-hm Ipn-I-tfmSv Bh-i-y-s-Sp- p. _eq-Nn- m, knv, hS-p-]-Sn-md AXnn kw m\hpw hSv ]m-_v, Ing- _wKm ]mn- ms `mKm-abn F p
t{ImUo-I-cn-p- p)
{]h-\w3
]nI ]qn-bm-pI
hjw

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS
\ne-]mSv

C -y-bn tN-s
coXn

]n oSv h amw
kw m\w/tI{-`-cWw

Pp\-KUv

.............

]mn m-\n ebnm B{Klw

......................................

KpP-dmv kw m-\ns `mKmbn

Imivao

1947
Oct. 26

cmPm-hns {]J-ym-]-\...................................... n-eqsS

sslZ-c_mZv

.............

kz-X-{ -]-Xn

......................................

B{kwk-Ym-\ns `mKw

t]mntcn

1954

...............................................

C -y-bpsS A`-y \

................................................

tKmh

...................

kzm-X-{ -\n-e-]mSv

ssk\nI \S-]Sn

................................................

C -y-bn tN-s
coXn

]n oSv h amw
kw m\w/tI{-`-cWw

{]tZiw

......................................

D-c-kq-NnI
{]tZiw

hjw

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS
\ne-]mSv

Pp\-KUv

19478
Feb

]mn m-\n ebnm B{Klw

ssk\nI \S-]Sn

KpP-dmv kw m-\-w

Imivao

1947
Oct. 26

C -y-bn ebn-p- ambn Imivao cmPmhv

{]J-ym-]\w

cmPm-hns {]J-ym-]-\n-eqsS

{]tX-yI kw m-\-w

sslZ-c_mZv

1948
Sept

kz-X-{ - ]Xn

ssk\nI \S-]Sn

B{kwk-Ym-\w-

t]mntcn

1954

kz-X-{ - \ne-]mSv

C -y-bpsS A`-y \
{^mkv am\np Hgnp-t]mbn

tI{-`-cW {]tZiw

tKmh

1961

kzm-X-{ -\n-e-]mSv

ssk\nI \S-]Sn

tI{-`-cW {]tZiw/
kw m\ ]Zhn

74

{]h-\w4
]Z-kq-c-y ]qn-bm-pI

h -hn-th-N\n\v
FXncv

tImf-\n-hn-cp-
at\m-`mhw

C -y `c-W-L-S-\bpsS {][m\
khn-ti-j-X-I

NqjW-hn-cp-
at\m-`mhw

D-c-kq--Nn-I:
{]mb-]qn thm-h-Imiw
\nb-a-ns apn Fm-hp-ap ka-Xzw
]nt- m-m bnep--hv apK-W\
atX-X-c-Xzw
]ucm-h-Imiw
{]h-\w5
sImtfm-Wn-b `c-W-Im-ep \n v kz-X{
Dmb hy-X-ymkw F mWv ?

C -yv Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p taJ-e-I-fn

]c-am-[n-Imcw

C y P\- v e`np

thm-h-Imiw

.........................................................

km-nI \bw

Xpey hnX-cWw

hntZ-i-\bw

.........................................................

So-tdmSv
C y Hcp dn-n-mbn amdnb tijw sImtfm-Wn-b `c-W-n \n v henb am- -fp-mbn-p-v. {]mb-]qn thm-h-Imiw kzX{ -amb Hcp hntZi \bw Iem--km-t-XnI taJ-e-Ifnepw auen-I-amb amw Dm-bn-pv F v t{ImUo-I-cn-Ww
75

{]h-\w6
sImtfm-Wn-b `c-W-Im-ep \n v kz-X{
Dmb hy-X-ymkw F mWv ?

C -yv Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p taJ-e-I-fn

Map hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p tNmZ-y- v Dcw Fgp-Xp-I#v

1. C -y bqWnb-\n ebn-m hnk--Xn \mp-cm-P-y- GsXm-s ? Ch C -y bqWn-b\n ebn-m kZm h-`mbv ]t kzo-I-cn \S-]Sn F m-bn-cp p ?
2. C -yv hopw Hcp kzm-X-{ ykacw thn h -Xns ImcWw F mWv ?
3

{^v, t]mp-Kokv tImf-Wn-I C -y bqWn-bs `mK-ambn amdn-bn-s-n Fs ms

{]bm-k- -fm-Wp-m-hpI ?
76

So-tdmSv
P\-K-Uv, Imivao, sslZ-cm-_mZv F o aq v \mp-cm-P-y- fnse P\-Iob ka-c- v ]n pW
\In-smv C -y ssk\yw \mp-cm-P-y- sf tamNn-n-p. 1947 {_no-jp-Im C y hnp-shnepw bqtdm-]-y in-bmb {^v, t]mp-Kokv tImf-\n-Isf tamNn-n-m cmw kzm-X{ y kacw thn-h- p. Cu cmP-y- -fpsS tImf-\n-I \ne-\n- n-cp-s -n AXnn, KXm-KXw, hmm-hn-\n-a-bw, hntZ-i-Im-c-yw, ssk\oIw XpS- n-b taJ-e-I-fn henb {]iv\-
Dm-Im\pw C -y-bpsS sFI-y-n\pw ]ptcm-K-Xnpw Xs XS--ambn \np-am-bn- p F
Bi-b-n t{ImUo-I-cn-pI
{]h-\w7
kzm-X-{ -y-n\v tij-ap C -y-bnse kw`-h- sf ASn- m-\-amn Hcp ssSwsse \nnpI
1.

C y dn-n-mbn

1954

2. t_mws_ kw m\ hn`-P\w

1950

3. {^p-Im C y hnp

1952

4. kw m\ ]p\:-kw-L-S\ Ioj

1953

5. C -y-bnse BZ-ys s]mXp-sX-c-s-Spv

1961

D-c-kq-N-I:
1. C y dn-n-mbn

1950

2. t_mws_ kw m\ cq]o-I-cWw

1961

3. {^p-Im C y hnp

1954

4. kw m\ ]p\:-kw-L-S\ Ioj

1953

5. C -y-bnse BZ-ys s]mXp-sX-c-s-Spv

1952

{]h-\w8
A tImf-n\v A\p-tbm-P-y-am-bh B, C tImf- -fn \nv Xnc-s-Sp-s-gp-XpI
A

\mp-cm-P-y-

Ph-lem s\{lp

\mp-cm-P-y- -fpsS kwtbm-P\w

hn.-]n. tat\m

C -y bqWn-b

B{ kw m\w

P\-Io-b kacw

Pokv ss^k Aen

tv Unmp-sa v

BZy s]mcp-sX-c-s-Spv

kZm h-`mbv ]t

C -y bqWn-b

t]mo cmaep

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq

F.-sI. tKm-]m-e

77

D-c-kq-Nn-I:
1. \mp-cm-P-y- C -y bqWn-btv Unmp-sa v
2. hn.-]n. tat\mkZm h-`mbv ]t\mp-cm-P-y- -fpsS kwtbm-P\w
3. P\-Io-b kacwXncp-hn-Xmw-Iq C -y bqWn-b
4. BZy s]mcp-sX-c-s-SpvPh-lem s\{lpF.-sI. tKm-]m-e
5. t]mo cmaepPokv ss^k AenB{ kw m\w
{]h-\w9
`mj-bpsS t]cn-ep hnL-S-\-hmZw Cm-Xm-m 1956 C -y Khsa v kzo-I-cn \S-]-Sn
F m-bn-cp p ? 1956se kw m\ ]p\:-kw-L-S\ \nb-a-{]-Imcw \ne-hn h kw m-\- fpsSbpw.
`mj-I-fp-sSbpw ]nI ]qn-bm-p-I.

78

{Ia
\w

kw m\w

`mj

B{ {]tZiv

sXepv

.................................

.........................

_olm

lnn

.................................

.........................

.................................

.........................

tIcfw

.........................

.................................

.........................

a{Zmkv

.........................

.................................

.........................

10

]m_v

]m_n

11

.................................

.........................

12

.................................

.........................

13

D{]tZiv

.........................

14

]n-a-_w-Km

_wKmfn

{Ia
\w

hjw

{]h\w 9s DckqNnI
1956 \ne-hn h kw m-\- fpw
{][m\ `mjbpw
B{-{]-tZiv
Bkmw
_olm
t_mws_
Pp-Im-ivao
tIcfw
a[-y-{]-tZi
a{Zmkv
ssakq
]m_v
Hdo
cm-P- m
D{]-tZiv
]n-a-_w-Km

sXepv
B-km-aokv
lnn
a-dmTn, KpP-dmn
Im-ivao, DdpZp
a-e-bmfw
lnn
Xangv
I- U
]-m_n, lnn
H-dnb
cm-P- m\n, lnn
lnn
_w-Kmfn

kw m\w

1971

..........................................

1971

..........................................

1975

..........................................

1987

..........................................

2000

1966\v tijw cq]w-sIm kw m-\-

1971
1972
1975
1987
2000

79

lnam-N {]tZiv
aWn-q, {Xn]p-c
taJm-eb
know
antm-dmw, Acp-Wm-N{]tZ-iv, tKmh
Oo-kvKUv, D-cm-
QmJfiv

{]h-\w10
kz-X{ C -y-bpsS k-ZvL-S\ cq]o-I-c-W-hp-ambn _-s ]nI A tImf-n A\p-tbm-Pyambn B, C tImf- {Iao-I-cn-pI
A

1. Idmn {]tabw

dmUn- lyq-a-\nv

Irjnp apK-W\

2. `mhn k-ZvL-S\

Bkq-{XnX k-ZvL-S\

P\-Iob ]Xn

3. Fw.-F. tdmbv

1940

apX-em-fn tkmj-y-env hy-h ka-\-zbw

5. 1951

an{i kZv hy-h

t_mws_ ]Xn

5. C y

H mw ]-h- c ]Xn 1931

D-c-kq-Nn-I:
kz-X{ C -y-bpsS k-ZvL-S\ cq]o-I-c-W-hp-ambn _-s ]nI A tImf-n A\p-tbm-Pyambn B, C tImf- {Iao-I-cn-pI
A

1. Idmn {]tabw

Bkq-{XnX k-ZvL-S\

1931

2. `mhn k-ZvL-S\

1940

t_mws_ ]Xn

3. Fw.-F. tdmbv

dmUn- lyq-a-\nv

P\-Iob ]Xn

5. 1951

H mw ]-h- c ]Xn t_mws_ ]Xn

5. C y

an{i kZv hy-h

apX-em-fn tkmj-y-env hy-h ka-\-zbw

{]h-\w-11
B[p-\nI C -y-bpsS imkv{X ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-ambn _-s ]nI {Iao-I-cn-pI. A tImf-n\v
A\p-tbm-Py-ambn B, C tImf- {Iao-I-cn-pI
A
1. tlman sP. _m_

ISRO

BWh ]co-Ww

2. ASn- m\ imkv{X Xp
Kth-jWw

imkv{X-am-Zi\w

3. {][m-\-a{ n

Automic Energy Commission

1945

4. tdmv hnt-]W
tI{w

Council of Scientific & Industrial Research

N{-bm

5. _ln-cm-Imi
Kth-jWw

s]m{Im

Xncp-h-\ -]pcw

6. cmP- m

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

BWh Du-hn-I-k\w

80

DckqNn-I:
1. tlman sP. _m_Atomic Energy Commission-BWh Du-hn-I-k\w
2. ASn- m\ imkv{X Kth-jWwTata Institute of Fundamental Research-1954
3. {][m-\-a{ nCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research-imkv{X-am-Zi\w
4. tdmv hnt-]W tI{wXpXncp-h-\ -]pcw
5. _ln-cm-Imi Kth-jWwISRO-N{-bm
6. cmP- ms]m{Im-BWh ]co-Ww
{]h-\w-12
H mw ]-h- c ]Xn apX 11-mw ]h c ]Xn (2007-20011) IfpsS Du taJ-esb
ASn- m-\-amn X n-cn-p tNmZ-y- v Dcw Is-p-I.
1. ImjnI taJ-e-bpsS hfv ]-h- c ]-Xn-I hln ]v F m-bn-cp p? AXns ^es-p-dnv Hcp Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
2. C -y-bpsS hym-h-km-bnI hfv ]-h- c ]-Xn-I-fpsS kw`m-h\ F mWv ?
3. ""kzbw ]c-ym]vXX {Kmaw'' F Kmn-Pn-bpsS kz]v\w kmm-cn-m ]-h- -c-]--XnI-fn F v I ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fmWv \nt-in-n-p-Xv ?
4. kz-X{ C -y-bpsS km-nI ASn-d ]mIp- -Xn ]-h- c ]-XnI hln ]v hnebn-cp-pI

]h- c ]-Xn-I
]Xn

Du taJe

hjw

1951-56

ImjnI ]ptcm-KXn

1956-61

hy-h-km-b-h-c-Ww, {]tX-y-Inpw hInS ASn- m\ hy-h-km-b-

1961-66

hy-h-kmb hnI-k-\w, ImjnI hnI-k\w F n-h-bn-eqsS tZiv#oy hcp-am\

h-\hv

1969-74

hfm-h Dd-n-, Pohn-X-Kp-WX hn-n-, aqe-[\ \nt-]w

hn-n-, ImjnI hnI-k-\w, Xpe-y-Xbpw kmaq-ly \oXnbpw Dd-m

1974-79

Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Db, hf-Im \ncv hn-n-

1980-85

Zmcn-{Zy -\nm\w, sXmgn-en-mbva ]cn-l-cn-

1985-90

`tym]mZ\w hn-n-, sXmgn-e-h-kcw hn-n-

1992-97

km-nI ]cn-jvI-cW \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eqsS PohnX KpW-ta hn-p-Ibpw

km-nI hnI-k\w t\Sepw

1997-2002

kmaq-l-y-\o-Xnbpw Xpe-y-Xbpw Dd-m-, {KmaoW taJ-e-bpsS hnI-k-\hpw

ImjnI hnI-k-\hpw. Dev]m-Z\a-amb sImgn-e-h-kcw krjvSnepw
Zmcn{Zy \nm-\hpw

10

2002-2007

hfm \ncv hn-n-, km-{XnI {]mY-anI hnZ-ym-`-ymkw e`-y-am

11

2007-2011

hfm \ncv hn-n-

81

{]h-\w-13
Imjn-I-h-fm ]nI hni-I-e\w
ImjnI hnf-I
(Hcp slIvS-dn)
icmicn Dev]m-Z\w

1960-61

1970-71

1980-81

2006-07

710

872

1023

1626

1756

1854

s\v (In-tem-{Km-an)

1013

1123

1336

1901

2131

2203

tKmXv

851

1307

1630

2708

2708

2785

2000-01

2007-08

(Ah-ew_wtbm-P\ 211 P\n-hcn tI{ ImjnI a{ m-e-bw)

]nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \ n-cn-p tNmZ-y- v Dcw Is-p-I.
1. s\p]mZ\-n Ghpw IqSp-X h-\hv Dm-bXv GXp Ime-L--n-emWv ?
2. 2001-2007-2008 hsc tKmXv Dm-Z-\-n-ep {]tX-y-IX F mWv ?
3. s\v, tKmXv F nh-bpsS Dm-Z\w 1960 \n v 2007-2008 Fn-b-tm e`n kqN\
F mWv?
{]h-\w-14
X n-cn-p hkvXp-X-I-tfbpw hnh-c- -tfbpw ASn- m-\-s-Spn 5 \nK-a-\- Fgp-Xp-I.
1971

1961

{Ia \
1

Ipg InW-dp-I

90000

460000

]v skp-I

421000

2400000

{SpIvS-dp-I

31000

140000

cmk-hfw

306000 sa{Sn-Iv S

2350000 sa{SnIv S

`y Cd-p-aXn

10.3 Zi-ew S

3.6 Zi-ew S

`y [m\yw

51 Zi-ew S

20000 Zi-ew S
(Sorce: Economics Survey)

{]h-\w-14
sImfmjv {inq
hniv amn-b hnhw

ImjnI b{ -

cmk-hf \nm-W-im-e-I

IoS-\m-in\n Dev]m-Z\w

ImjnI taJ-e-bn h IpXnv

AX-ypm-Z\ tijn-bp k-c-bn\w hnp-I
82

FACT
ImjnI tImtf-Pp-I

{]h-\w-15
""120 tImSn P\- pw 100 tImSn hcp hfp arK- pw Bh-iy-amb [m\-y- fpw av hn`h- fpw apSw IqsSmX DXv]m-Zn-n-p-Ibpw hnX-cWw \S-p-Ibpw sNp- -Xn ]cw cmP-y-cm
{]h\w asm- n''. ImjnI hnhw krjvSn KpW-tZm-j- sf ASn- m-\-amn Hcp skan\m Xm-dm-p-I.
kqN-I- :
l `-y-k-z-bw-]-c-ym-]vXX
l `y Cd-p-aXn
l sXmgn taJe
l ]mcn- n-XnI {]iv\-
Zn-tW- -y ]T-\-ns `mK-a-mbn-mWv hmjnw-KvS B m-\-am-bp A m-cmjv{S
`-y-\b Kth-jW Cn--yqv (sF.-F-^v.-]n.-B.-sF) C -y-bnse `tymm-Z-\w, t]mjIm-lmc e`-y-X XpS- n-b-h-sb-p-dnv hnZKv ]T\w \S-n-bXv. `t-ymm-Z-\-n kzbw- ]-c-ym-]vXX ssIh-cn-p-sh-nepw Nne {]hn-i-y-I-fnepw P\- k-aq-l- n-S-bnepw `y
Ac-n-Xm-h \ne-\np- p-sh- mWv dntmn ]d-bp- -Xv. cmP-y- -fnse Zmcn-{Z-yw,
hniv F n-h-bpsS tXm-X-f-p-hm Cu m]\w hnI-kn-n-s-Sp BtKmf ]in kqNnI
(tm-_ l CU-Ivkv--Pn.-F-v.-sF) C -y kml-N-c-y- -fn XnIpw `oXn-Z-amb {Km^mWt{X Imp- -Xv. Ipn-I-fnse t]mj-Im-lm-c-p-d-hv, {]k-h-tm-S-\p-_-n-p kv{Xo acWw, hnf, `-y-hn-X-cW irJ-e-bnse hn-ep-I Ch dntmn FSpp ]d-bp- p.
A mcmjvv{S _- -sf-p-dnp KthjWw \Sp C y Iukn (sF.-kn.-B.sF.-C.-B) C -y ImjnI Kth-jW Iukn (sF.-kn.-F.-B) XpS- n-b-h-bpsS
klm-b-tm-sS-bmWv Cu dntmv Xm-dm--s--Xv.
sslZ-cm-_m-Znse sk t^m tkmj-y Uokv, apwss_-bnse Cn-cm-Kmn Cn-yqv Hm^v Uh-e-vsa v dnkv F nh \S-nb Kth-j-W- fpw ta-d \nco--W -fns -bmWv Fn-t -Xv. hnI-k\w Hcp `mK-p-IqSn \S-p-tm Xs \nc-c-cpsS F w IqSn-h-cp p F pw aq p hb-n Xmsg-bp Ipp- -fpsS acW
\ncv hnp hcp p F pw Cu cp m]-\- -fn-sebpw Kth-j-I-cpsS ]T-\- -fn
ImWp- p. "amdp C -yp th kmaq-lnI kpc' F t]cn 412 t]Pp-I-fn-embn
temI-_mv Xm-dm-nb dntmn C -y-bnse s]mXp-hn-X-cW k{-Zmbw DSp hmW-sa pw `y-\-b-n ImX-emb am- thW-sa pw ]d-bp- p-v. ]pXnb `-y-\bw
cq]-s-Sp-n-sb-Sp-p- Xv tem-I-_m-ns ip]mi-Ifpw sNdp-X-m Hcp ]v hln-n-ps p ImWmw.
amsm-v -km--in-h kzman\m-Y bYm -n t]meokv Hm^n-k-dm-t--Xm-bn-cp- p.
Fn C -y ImjnI cwKw Hcp-]t C sXntev BIpam-bn-cp- n-. C y-bn Adp-]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS--n tKmX-pmZ\w shdpw \qn-cp-]Xv ew S Bbn-cp- Xv 20-mw \qmns
XpS--n 700 ew S Bb-Xn Imc-W-m-cs\ tXSn-bm
FpI Fw.-F-kv. kzm-an-\m-Y-\n-em-bn- -cn-pw. C -y lcnXhn-hns ]nXmhv -F- -dn-b-s-Sp Atlw 1925 BKkvXv 7\v Xangv\m-nse Ipw`-tIm-W-mWv P\n--Xv. {]mY-anI hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-n\p
tijw tImb--q ImjnI tImtf-Pn \n v _ncpZw t\Snb
kzm-an-\m-Y 1952 tIw{_n-UvPn \n v P\n-XI imkv{X-n
]n,-F-v.-Un. Ic- -am-n. Insessdkv dnkv
Cnyq-n HutZ- -ym-KnI PohnXw Bcw-`n-p.
83

1960 HmsS kzm-an-\m-Y \yq Uln-bnse C -y A{Kn- dnkns ta[m-hn-bmbn- - m-\-tap. C -y Ij-I-cpsS cbvv kzm-an-\m-Y Is-n-bXv bp.-F-kv. Imc-jnIm-Nm-c-y-\mb t\mam t_memwKv saIvkn-tm-bn hnI-kn-n-s-Sp ]pXn-sbm-cn\w
tKmXv hnmWv ]pXnb ImjnI ]co--W-n-\mbn \yq Ulnv shfn-bn cmbncw amXrIm Irjn-bn-S- kzm-a-\m-Y\pw Iqcpw m]n-p. AtXm-sSmw 18000 S saIvNn- tKmXv hnv Cd-p-aXn sN-W-am-bn-cp- p. {][m-\-a{ n em_l-Zq klmbw
CXn\v kzm-an-\m-Y tXSn.
B saIvkn- C\s C -y hnn-\- -fpambn kwtbm-Pn-nv \app tN AXypm- -Z\ tijn-bp hnp-I kzm-a-\m-Y\pw Iqcpw hnI-kn-n-p. cmP-yv lcn-X-hn--hns XpS--am-bn-cp p AXv. tKmX-n-\p-m-nb apt w s\hn-n-\- -fn IqSn
km[-y-am-b-tXmsS `tymm-Z-\-n h h-\-bp-mbn ]nWn aqe-ap Iq-a-cWw
]g--Y-bm-bn. temIw apgp-h kzm-an-\m-Ys\ {]Ion-p. kzm-an-\m-Y kzn-I-cn amXrI ap
Ht-sd hnI-k\ cmP-y- fpw Gs-Sp-p. 1980--I-fnepw 1990--I-fn-ep-ap-mb Gj-y km-nI
Dbs-gp-t n\v ASn--d-bm-bXv ImjnI taJ-e-bnse F#u hn-h-am-bn-cp- p. 1972
80-Im-e-L--n kzm-an-\m-Y-\m-bn-cp p C -y Iukn Hm^v A{Kn- dnkns
Ub-c-IvS P\-d. 1982 88 Ime-b-f-hn ^nen-ss]kn-ep- C\mj-W ssdkv dnkv
Cn-S-yqn (sF.B.-B.sF.) s ta[m-hn-bmbn At-lw. 1988 sNss B m-\-ambn
Fw.-F-kv. kzm-an-\m-Y ^ut-j m]n kzm-an-\m-Y Ctm, ]cn- nXn kwc--Wn-e- n-sm-p-ap Irjn coXn-I-fpsS {]Nm-c-I-\m-Wv.
ca amKvksk Ahm--Uv(1972), thUv ^pUv ss{]kv (1987) tdmb skmsskn s^temjnv (1973), Fkv.-F-kv. `v\m-K AhmUv, _n_mk-l\n saU, saU satm-dnb AhmUv XpS- n-b -h kzm- a-n \mY\v e`n AwKoImc- fs]-S p- p. A_v
sFss thUv kbkv AhmUv t\Snb BZy ImjnI imkv{X--\mWv kzm-an-\mY.
\h-c-Xv\ I-\n-I18
s]mXp-ta-Jem I-\n-Iv A[n-I-tXm-Xn km-nI kzm-X-{ -y- \Ip- -XmWv
\hXv\]Xn. BtKm-f-X-eX-n hf-cm {]m]vXn-bp 9 I-\n-I-sf-bmWv `mcX km
\h-cXv\ I\n-I-fmbn {]J-ym-]n--Xv. Cu ]-Zhn e`n I-\n-Iv 1000 tImSn cq] hsc
km A\p-aXn CmsX GXp ]-Xn-bnepw apX apS-mw. tZipw hntZ-ipw kwbp
kwcw-`- Bcw-`n-p-hm-\p kzm-X-{ yw Dv. 2009 \h- hsc- s]mXp-ta-Jebnep
\h-cXv\ I-\n-I-fpsS ]nI Xmsg ]d-bp- p.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Bharat Electronics Limited

BHEL
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
Coal India Limited
Gas Authority of India
Hisdustan Aeronotical Limited
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
Indian Oil Corporation Limited
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited

10. National Aluminium Company Limited

11. Natural Mineral Development Corporation
12. Natural Thermal Power Corporation
13. ONGC Limited
14. Power Finance Corporation
15. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
16. Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd.
17. Shipong Corporation of India Limited
18. Steel Authority of India Limited
84

hym-h-km-bnI hf
km--nI ]cn-jvIm-c- -fpsS Hcp {][m\ ^ew hn]-Wn-I-fn-ep-mb ]-cn-h-\amWv. Hcp
kvIq Inm AU-zmkv ]W-a-Sv 10 sImw Imn-cn-t-n- -bn-cp hn-\-m-cs hn]Wn
(Seller's Market) \n v ]Ww sImSpv DS-\Sn hm m-\m-Ip hm p- -hs hn]Wn (Buyer's
Market) bnte-p amw D]-t`m-m-hn\v Gsd KpWw sNbvXp. 195191 Ime-b-f-hn samw 62
ew sSen-t^m IW-Ivj sImSp m\v Ign hjw Hmtcm amkhpw icm-icn 165
ew IWIvj\p-I-fmWv \In-b-Xv. sSent-^m-Wn s]mXp-ta-J-e-bpsS IpI Ah-km-\n-nv kzIm-cy taJ-ebvv a -n\v Xpd- p-sI-Sp--tm temI-nse Ghpw Ipd \nc-n samss_
tkh\w \Ip I-\n-bmbn (C-tm 18 cmP-y- -fn tkh\w \-Ip C -y Fw.F.-kn.)
C -y-bpsS `mcXn Fbs hf p. 1970Ifn Hcp hjw icm-icn 15,000 kvIq/tamtm
sskn-fpI Dev]mZnnn-cp m\v Ct-A {]Xn-Zn\w 33,000 kvIq/tamtm sskn-fpI-fmWv C -y-bn Dev]m-Zn-n-p- -Xv. Ign hj-s Dev]m-Z\w 1,17,90,305 CXn ]Ip-Xn-bn-e-[nIw-hnp- Xv {Kma- -fn-em-sW h-kvXpX {]tX-yIw {it-b-am-Wv. CXp-t]mse \nc-h[n DZm-l-cW- -fp-v.
km-nI ]cn-jvIm-c- Bcw-`n--tm AXns\ FXn C -y-bnse Nne {]apJ kmnI hnZ-Kv cv {][m\ hnai-\- Dbp-I-bp-m-bn. H v : hntZi \nt]w DZm-co-I-cnp- -Xns ^e-ambn _lp-cmjv{S I-\n-I C -y I-\n-Isf hngp- pw. cv : km-nI ]cnjvIm-c- -fpsS ^e-ambn D]-t`mK kwkvImcw hf-cp-I-fbpw km-Zy \ncv Ipd-bp-Ibpw km-nI
hf \ncv CSn-bp-Ibpw sNpw. Cu cv hnai-\- fpw AmsS sXn F p am{X-a-, bYm n kw`-hn-Xv adn-m-bn-cp- p. C v Hcp hntZi I\n C -y I-\nsb Gs-Sp-p-tm C y I-\n-I \mev hntZi I-\n-Isf Gs-Sp-p- p. X -sf-m \men-cn hen--ap tImdkv
o (Corus Steel) F bqtdm-]-y I-\n-sb-bmWv Smm o Gs-Sp--Xv. Cu Gs-Sp--en\v
thn-h 12 _ne-y tUmf (56,000 tImSn cq]) A tiob aqe-[\ hn]-Wn-bn \n mWv Smm
o kam-l-cn--Xv. kmbv]n-s ]W-ap-]-tbm-Knv kmbv]ns I-\nsb Gs-Sp-m C -y I\n-Isf {]m]vX-cm-n-bXv km-nI ]cn-jvIm-c- -fm-sW v Hmp-I. `mcXn Fbs F
C y I\n 10 _ne-y tUmf-dn-\mWv _lp-cmjv{S `oa-\mb skbn-\ns\ (Zaine) Ign hjw
Gs-Sp--Xv. CXpw hntZ-ip \n v kam-l-cn aqe-[\w D]-tbm-Kn-m-bn-cp- p.
1991-se kmm-Z-y \ncv (22 iX-am-\w) Ips\ CSnv km-nI hf \nv Iqp-Ippw
F Bi-bpw ]msS A m-\-m-bn. Ctm C -y-bnse km-Zy \ncv 34.7 iX-am-\-am-Wv.
temI-nse Ghpw anI \nc-p-I-fn-sem- m-Wn-Xv. DS km-nI hf-bpsS ASn- m\
Imc-Whpw CXp-X-s .
{]h-\w-16
]pcm-X\ Imew apXpXs C y tP-ym-Xn-mkv{X
taJ-e-bn X\-Xmb kw`m-h-\-I \In-bn-cp- p. \h{K-l- -sf-p-dnpw av Nne BImi tKmf- sf kw_npw ]ucm-WnI `mc-X-nse tPym-Xn-m-kv{X--m
auen-I-amb k-ev]- fpw knm- - fpw Bhn-jvI-cnp. _`-c-y-`-S, `mkvI-c XpS- n-b-h AXn {][m-\nI-fm-Wv. tkmhn-bv bWn-b\pw Ata-cn-bpw av hnI-k\nX cmP-y- fpw ]ckv]cw a -cnv _ln-cm-Im-iv
B[n- ] - X yw m]n- p Xv Imgv N - m- c mbn t\mn\nms\ BZ-y-Im-e- -fn C yv Ign--cp- p-q.
]n oSv C -ybpw _ln-cm-Im-i-tv ]n-sh-m-\m-cw`n-p. _ln-cm-Im-is C -y-sb-p-dnv ]d-bp-tm
BZyw kvacn-t- t]cp-I-fn-sem-cm-fmWv hn{Iw kmcm`n-bn-bp-tS-Xv.
85

Indigenous Satellites of India

Name of the
Satellite

Date of launch

Weight
(in Kg.)

Launch Vehicle

Place of launch

Arya Bhata
Bhaskara-1
Rohini Technical
Payload
RS-I
RS-D 1
APPLE
Bhaskara-2

April 19, 1975

June 7, 1979

358
444

Inter Cosmos
Inter Cosmos

USSR
USSR

August 19, 1979

July 18, 1980
May 31, 1981
June 19, 1981
November 20, 1981

38
35
38
670
436

SLV-3
SLV-3
SLV-3
Ariane
Intercosmos

India
India
India
French Guiana
USSR

RS-D 2
SROSS-1
IRS-1A
SROSS-2
IRS-1 B
SROSS-C
INSAT-2A
INSAT-2B
IRS-1E
SROSS-C2
IRS-P2
INSAT-2C
IRS-1C
IRS-P3
INSAT-2D
IRS-1D
INSAT-2E

April 17, 1983

March 24, 1987
March 17, 1988
July 13, 1988
August 29, 1991
May 20, 1992
July 10, 1992
July 23, 1993
Sept. 20, 1993
May 4, 1994
Oct. 15, 1994
Dec. 7, 1995
Dec. 28, 1995
March 21, 1996
June 4, 1997
Sept. 29, 1997
April 3, 1999

SLV-3
ASLV
Vostok
ASLV
Vostok
ASLV
Ariane
Ariane
PSLV
ASLV
PSLV
Ariane
Molniya
PSLV
Ariane
PSLV-C1
Ariane

India
India
USSR
India
USSR
India
Fernch Guiana
Fernch Guiana
India
India
India
Fernch Guiana
Russia
India
Fernch Guiana
India
Fernch Guiana

41.5
150
980
150
990
106
1,906
1,932
990
113
804
2, 050
1,250
920
2,079
1,205
2,550

km-tXnI hnZ-y-bn USA bpsSbpw USSR sbpw Hw a -cn-p-hm C -yv Ign-bn-snepw kmt-XnI hnZy km[m-cW P\- -fpsS PohnX \ne-hmcw Dbp- -Xn \mw BcptSbpw ]nd-In BIm Ign-bn-. C -y _ln-cm-Imi imkv{X-ns ]nXm-hmb tUm: hn{Iw
kmcm-`mbvbpsSbpw A`n-{]mbw _ln-cm-Im-i-n- v hgn-Im-n-bm-Wv.
imkv{X kmt-XnI taJ-e-bnse ]ptcm-KXn P\-Po-hn-X-n Fs mw am- hcpn F Xns\ ASn- m\-amn Ip:#n-I {Kq-Sn- m-\-n Hcp teJ\w Xm-dm--s. (C- -y _jn-cmIm imkv{X-ns IpXnv F hmb-\m Ipdnpw TB se {]k `mK- fpw D]-tb-Kn-n-p-s v
Ddp hcp-p-I.
86

kqN-I- :
l DXv]m-Z\ a-X-bnse h-\hv
l DXv]m-ZF h-\hv
l Imem-hm m ]T-\w
l hmm-hn-\n-abw
l KXm-KXw
l hmWn-P yw
l hn-Z-ym-`-ymkw
l
Btcm-Kyw

kz-X-{ -`m-cX-nse
hnZ-ym-`-ymk Io-j-\p-I
kI-em-ime hnZ-ym-`-ymk Io-j (194849)
tUm: Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW A-y--\mbn 1948 bqWn-th-gvknn FU-yp-t-j Ij cq]o-IrX-am-bn. k-I-em-ime hnZym`ym-k-ns hnhn[ hi- ]Tnv {]iv\]cn-lm-c- p ip]mi
\IpI F Dt-i-tm-sS-bmWv Io-j \nb-an--s-Xv. 1949 Io-j dntmv \In. Iojs {][m\- ip]mi-I Ch-bm-bn-cp- p.
l kI-em-im-e-I, `mc-X-ns kmaq-lnIcmjv{Sob Nn{Xw IW-n-se-Spv hnZ-ym-`-ymk
l
l
l
l
l
l

e-y- Bhn-jvI-cn--Ww.
A[-ym-]-I-cpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa-s-Sp-p -Xn-\p mp-I \I-Ww. tkh\ thX\
hy-h- -I Imem-\p-k-cWw ]cn-jvI-cn--Ww.
Kth-j-Ws t{]m m-ln-n-m Hmtcm k-I-em-im-e-bnepw Kth-jW s^tem-jn- -p-I
Dm-bn-cn--Ww.
sXmgne-[n-jvTnX hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-n\v {]m[m-\yw \IWw
C -ybvsm-m-sI-bp bqWn-thgvknn-I-fpsS tat\m--n\pw {]h-\-n\pw [\-klmbw \Im bqWn-th-gvknn {Km vkv Io-j cq]o-I-cn--Ww.
kv{Xohn-Z-ym-`-ymkw t{]m m-lnnm h\nXm tImtf-Pp-I m]n-Ww
D]-\-ymk coXn-bn-ep tNmZ-y- v ]Icw hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb tNmZ-y- v {]m[m-\yw \IWw. hmNm ]co--I Gs-Sp--Ww.

apX-en-bm Io-j
sk-dn hnZ-ym-`-ymk cwK-ns nXn-I ]Tnv hnebn-cp-p- -Xn\pw ]cn-jvI-cn-p- Xn\pw \ntbm-Kn--s Io-j-\m-Wn-Xv. a{Zmkv k-I-em-ime sshkv Nmk-e-dm-bn-cp tUm: F.
eIjvaW kzman apX-en-bm Bbn-cp p A[-y-. 1952 \nb-an--s Io-j 1953 dntmv
kan-p.
Io-j {][m\ \nt-i- :
l \mtem Atm hjs {]mY-anI hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-n\v tij-amWv sk-dn hnZ-ym-`-ym-kw
\tI-Xv.
l kn\n-b t_knIv hnZ-ym-`-ymkw 3 hjw \I-Ww. kvIq Xe-n Xs D -X-Xew 4
hj-am--Ww.
87

l
l
l
l
l

{Xn`mjm ]Xn \S-n-em--Ww--Cw-o-jv, lnn, amXr-`mj

hnhn-t[m-t-iy hnZ-ym-e-b- Bcw-`n-Ww
A[-ym-]-Iv KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa-s-Sp-m Bh-i-y-amb ]cn-io-e\w \I-Ww.
{]h\ coXn, s{]mPIvSv coXn F nhvv {][m-\yw sImSp--Ww.
Iukn-enw-Kv, ssKUkv sk-dp-I sk-dn hnZ-ym-e-b- -fn Bcw-`n--Ww.

tImm-cn--o-j (C- -y FUyp-t-j Io-j)

1964 cq]o-I-cn--s Io-j tUm: kn.-F-kv. tImmcn Bbn-cp p - CXns A[-y-. Hcp
tZiob hnZ-ym-`-ymk amXrI cq]-h-cn-p-I, hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-os Lw-L--amb hnI-k-\-n Bhi-y-amb D]-tZ-i- kmcn\v \IpI F n-h-bm-bn-cp p In-js Dt-i-y- . 1966- kan
dntmns {][m\ ip]miI Chbm-Wv.
l
l
l
l
l
l

kmaqlnIhpw Bflob-hp-amb aqe-y- -fp-bp-I, B[p-\n-I-h-cWw thK-n-em-p-I,

DXv]m-Z\ aX hn-n-pI F nh tZiob hnZ-ym-`-ymk e-y- -fmWv
imkv{X ]T-\-n\v {]m[m-\yw \IWw. {]mY-anI L-n Xs AXp XpS- -Ww.
kmaq-ln-I, tZiob tkh-\w hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-ns `mK-am--Ww.
{]hn ]cn-N-b-n\v Du sImSp- --Ww.
hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-ns `mjmam-[yaw amXr-`m-j-bm-bn-cn--Ww.
s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-eb kwhn-[m\w in-s-Sp-Ww

tZiob hnZ-ym-`y- mk \bw: (National Policy on Education)

1968 se hnZ-ym-`-ymk \bw ]p\:-]-cn-tim-[nv ]pXn-sbmcp hnZ-ym-`-ymk \bw Bhn-jvI-cn-m
1985 Khsa v Xo-cp-am-\n-p. A -s\-bmWv tZiob hnZym`ymk \bw F Bibw Dcp-n-cn-bp -Xv. 1986 ]me-sa v Cu \b-n\v AwKo-Imcw \In. \b-ns kmcmw-i-
l 10+2+3 F ]m-t cmP-y-msI AwKo-I-cn-n-cn-p p
l tZiob ]mTy- -]--Xn-bpsS Dn \n p-sIm-p Hcp tZiob \b-amWv e-b-an-Sp- -Xv.
l Ah-kc ka-Xzw bmYm -y-am-m hnP-bn-m Bh-i-yamb kuI-c-y- Gm-Sm-Ww.
l {]mY-anI hnZ-ym-e-b- -fnse A[-y-b\w Imc-y--a-am-p- -Xn\v ASn- m-\-]-c-ambn th ]at\m-]-I-c-W- \Ip ]Xn Hm-td-j mv t_mUv
l `mjm-]-T-\-n\v hnhn[ `mj-Isf _n-n-p s]mXp-`m-jsb t{]m m-ln-n--Ww.
l ASn- m\ tbmK-yX t\Sp hnZ-ym n-Iv cmP-ys GXp {]tZ-i-p hnZ-ym-e-b- fnepw {]th-i\w \IWw
l inip ]cn-N-c-Whpw inip hnZ-ym-`-ym-khpw km-{Xn-I-am-Ww
l Kp-W-ta Dd-m-m ka -cmb hnZ-ym n-Iv \thmZ-b hnZ-ym-e-b- m]n-Ww
l Hm hn-Zqc hnZ-ym-`-ymk ]Xn Bhn-jvI-cn-Ww

hnZ-ym-`-ym-khpw 86-mw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xnbpw

2002 Unk--dn \ne-hn h 86-mw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-KXn BIvSn-eqsS hnZ-ym-`-ym-ks
aueo-Im-h-Im-i- -fpsS ]n-I-bn s]Spn. CXp-{]-Imcw 6 \pw14\pw at[y {]mb-ap IpnIv kuP-\-yhpw \n-n-X-hp-amb hnZ-ym-`-ymkw \Im tn\p _m[-y-X-bp-v. hIpv
21-F BbmWv Cu auen-Im-h-Im-is `c-W-L-S-\-bn Dsm-n-n-cn-p- -Xv. Cu t`ZK-Xn-bpsS A\p-_-ambn Ipn-Isf kvIqfn Ab-t-Xv amXm-]n-Xm--fpsS aueoI
I-h-y-n (h-Ipv 51--F) Ds-Sp-n. Ipn-I, Bdp hb-m-hp- -Xp-shc, Ahv
sa--s ssiih ]cn-N-c-Whpw hnZ-ym-`-ym-khpw \Im Fm-hn[ {ia- -fpw tv \S-W-sa pw Cu t`Z-KXn \nt-in-p p. hnZ-ym-`-ymkw \ntj-[n--s:#m tn-s\Xnsc tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-m t`Z-KXn Ah-Imiw \Ip- p. 93-mw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-KXn
_nmWv 86-#m#w t`Z-K-Xn-bmbn amdn-b-Xv.
88

kz-X{ C -y-bp-sS imkv{X-km-t-XnI hf-bp-sSbpw hnP-b-nsbpw {]Xo-I-amWv "N{bm'

C -y _ln-cm-Imi imkv{Xns hf kmaq-ly PohnXw sa-s-Sp-m F s\ klm-bnp
F hnj-b-n Hcp skan-\m t] Xm-dm-p-I.
{]h-\w-17
SCERT

DIET

SIEMAT

hnZ-ym-`-ymk cwKv {]hn-p GPkn-I-sf-p-dnv Hcp Ipdn-s-gp-XpI

SCERT]mT-y-]-Xn cq]-I-ev]\ ]mT-y-]p-kvXI \nmWw aqe-y-\n bw F n-hbpw DIET
A[-ym-]I ]nio-e\w SIEMAT hnZ-ym-`-ym-kt amt\-Pvsa v ]cn-in-e-\-ns taJ-e-bnepw

{]hn-p p
1.

apX-en-bm Io-j-j

2. 82-mw `c-W-L-S\ t`Z-K-Xn-I

{]h-\w-18
Table 2.1 : Number of institutions of Higher Education, Enrolment and Faculty
Year

No. of Colleges

No. of Universities

Students

Teachers

1950-51

750

30

2,63,000

24,000

1990-91

7,346

177

49,25,000

2,72,000

1996-97

9,703

214

67,55,000

3,21,000

1998-99

11,089

238

74,17,000

3,42,000

Source: UDC Anual Report 1996-97 and 1998-99 and selected Educational Statistics, Ministry of HRD
Economics
X n-cn-p ]nI \nconv Ign 50 hjw sImv D X hnZy#m`-ymk taJ-en-bn-epmb t\- sf ASn- m-\-s-Spn 3 \nK-a-\- -sf-gp-XpI
{]h-\w-19
hnZ-ym-`-ymk L- -sf--nbpw Hmtcm L-nepw ]Tn-n-t hnj-b- sf ]nbpw ]Tn-m\mbn \nb-an hnZ-ym-`-ymk Io-js ASn- m-\-n X n-cn-p Flow Chart Ime-{I-a-n {IaoI-cn-pI
89

l
l
l
l
l

hn-Z-ym-`-ymk Ah-Imi \nbaw

evaW kzman apX-en-bm Io-j
tUmIvS cm[m-Ir-jvW Io-j
tImmcn Io-j
kmP v Io-j

D-c-kq-NnI
1945se kmP v Io-j
1948se tUmIvS cm[m-Ir-jvW Io-j
1952-se evaW kzman apX-en-bm Io-j
1964-se tImmcn Io-j
2010-se hn-Z-ym-`-ymk Ah-Imi \nbaw
{]h-\w-20
]nI hni-I-e\w sNpI
Graph 2.1 : Literacy Rates in India
80
70

Person

60
50

Male

40

Women

30
20
10
0

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2000

Source: Census of India 2001, Series I India, Paper 1 of 20\01

1

1951 \v tijw C -y-bp-sS km-cXm \ne Db n-ptm ?

2. GXp hj-n-emWv C -y-bn Db km-cX \ne Dm-bn-cp- Xv ?

3. ]pcp-j-m-cn km-cX \ne WD-b Xn\v ImcWw FF#v-Xm-bn-cnpw ?
4. ]pcp-j-msc At]-nv kv{XoI-fpsS km-cXm \ne-hmcw Ipd-bp- Xv F p-sImv ?

2011-se skkkv {]Imcw C -bpsS km-cXm \ncv 74.04 iX-am-\-am-Wv. tIc-fn-teXv 93.91 iX-am\w

90

{]h-\w-21
C -ybpw Ab cmP-y- fpw Dsm-p cmjv{Sob `q]Sw \In-bn-cn-p p

C -ybpsS Ab cmP-y- sf ]n-I-s-Sp-pI

BZ-y-Ime B`-y- c \bw

BZ-y-Ime hntZi \bw

kzm-{ibw

kz-X-{ -amb \ne-]mSv

kmaq-ly ta-n Du n-bXv

tNcn-tNcm \bw

t]mXp-ta-J-ev Du

aq mw temI cmjv{S- -tfmSv sFI-yIy-ZmUyw

an{i-k-Zv hy-h

km{am-P-y-Xz hncp s]mXp-k-ao-]\w

C ybpsS B`-y- c km-nI \b-ns XpS-bmWv sshtZ-inI \bw.

tm-Sp \n -fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw ]nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ka n-pI

91

Cu A`n-{]m-b-

{]h-\w-22

Iivao
`qan-bnse AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb e- -fn-sem- mWv Iivao. lnam-e-b ae-\n-c-I-fpsS Ing-
`mK-mbn nXn-sN-p Cu kw #m\w C v aq p `mK- -fmbn Xncn--s-n-cn-p- p. hmp
]Sn-mdp `mKw ]mn-kvXm A[n-\n-thi t{]tZiw (Pok) a[y-`mKw C -y-bpsS ssIhi-ap--Xv.
hS-p-In-gv ssN\-bpsS A[n-\n-thi {]tZiw (Aksai Chin). Cu A[n-\n-thi {]tZ-i- C y
AwKoI-cn-p- n-. \ne-hn Iivao kw_-n Xw {][m-\-ambpw C ybpw ]mn m\pw
Xn-em-Wv. 1947 se C ym hn`-P\w sXmp XpS- n-b-XmWv Iivao-cnse AXnn Xw.
1948- Iivaocn ]mn- m BZy B{I-aWw \S-n. cmPm lcn-kn ns `c-W-n Iogn-embn-cp p A v Iivao. ]mIv]-Ssb Xpc-m C -yv Ign-s-nepw Iivao- -cns Hcp `mKw AtXmsS
]mn- ms \nb{ W-n-em-bn. 1965epw 71epw C ym ]mIv bp-ap-m-bn. 1972 C -y {][m\-a{ n CncKmnbpw ]mIv {][m-\-a{ n kp^n- Aen `qtmbpw knwe Icm-dn Hp-sh-Xv
kam-[m\ {ia- -fpsS Xp-S--sa-t m-W-am-bncp p. CtXm-sS-bmWv AXnn-bn sse Hm^
It{Sm \ne-hn h -Xv. ]t, kam-[m\ {ia- fpw [mc-W-Ifpw av {]Xn-a-I t]mse ]mIv
[mjvS-y-n\v ap n Dcp-In-tm-Ip ImgvN-mWv Imew ]ns kmn-bm-b-Xv.
1974 C y BZy AWp-]-cn-Ww \S-n-b-tXmsS ]mIn m\pw BWh ]-Xn-I Bkq{XWw sNbvXp XpS- n. 1982-93- ]m-_nepw Iivao-cnepw Xo{h-hmZ B{IaW \S-n-b-Xn\v
]n n ]mIn- m-\m-sW v C y Btcm-]n-p. 1994 se C -ym -]mIv hntZ-i-Im-cy sk{Idn-Xe
N hnPbw In-. 97 se Nbpw ^e-{]-Z-am-bn-. 1998 C -ybpw ]mIn-kvJm\pw BWh ]coWw \S-n-bXv cmP-y- Xn-ep _s IqSp-X hj-fm-n.
1990 ^n{_-h-cn-bn {][m\a{ n AS _n-lmcn hmPvt]bv emtlm _v bm{X \S-p-Ibpw
emtlm {]J-ym-]\w sNp-I-bp-ap-m-bn. X- ]-cn-lm-c- v Bw Iqp B kw`-hhpw
\njv^-e-am-Xns sXfn-hmWv 99 sabv 5\v ImKnen Bbn-c-n A[nIw ]mIv `S-m \pgp
Ib-dn-b-Xv. _Sm-enIv ae-I-fn-em-bn-cp p \pgp Ib--m BZyw Fn-b-Xv. sabv 26\v \pg-p-I-b-msc Xpc-m C -y ssk\yw "Hmtd-j hnPbv' Bcw-`n-p. temI-nse Ghpw Db
bp- -e-amb knbm-n-\nepw (22,000 ASn) te, {Zmkv taJ-e-bnepw C -y ssk\yw [oc-ambn
s]mcp-Xn. Ccp cmP-y- pw ssk\n-I-ambpw km-n-I-ambpw h \jvS- -fm-Wp-m-b-Xv. H[nIw ssk\n-Isc cv cmP-y- pw \jvS-am-bn. 1999 Pqsse 26\v ImKn Kpw HutZ-ym-Kn-I-ambn
Ah-km-\n-p-tm C y ssk\yw Imc-Kn-en hnP-b-]-XmI \mn--gn-n-cp- p.
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

C ybpw ]mIn- m\p CS-bnep AXnn-tc-J--dm-Uv^v tcJ

C - -ypw ssN\pw CS-bn-ep AXnn--a-Ivtam-l tcJ
emtlm {]J-ym-]\w Hv h-Xv F.-_n. hmPvt]-bo-bpw, \-hmkv sjdo^pw
1948 C ym ]mIn- m-s\-Xnsc \S-nb ssk\nI \ow--Hm--tdj tkmPne
C -y ssk\yw knbm-n ]nSn-s-Sp ssk\nI \ow--Hm--td-j taL-ZqXv
tkmPn-e, {Zmkv F- nh ]nSn-s-Sp dPn-sa v--]m-S-yme dPnsa v
ImKn Iog-S-nb dPn-sa v--KqJ dPn-sa- v
92

]mIn- m 1998- sabv 28\v AWp-kvt^m-S\w \S-n-b- -Xv--O-Kmbv Ip p-I-fn (C- -y-bpsS
]co-W ew Pbv kmao-dnse s]mJvdm Bbn-cp- p)
l C -ybpw ]mIn- m\pw knp \Zo-Pe Icm Hp-sh--Xv-1960
1984-se Imivao {]iv\-n-ep bpw
1965-se CtUm ]mIv bpw
1971-se _wm-tZi tamN\ bpw
1998-se ImKn bpw

"Xmjv v Icm' "knwe I-cm',"emtlm {]J-ym-]\w' XpS- nb kam-[m\ ]cn-{i-a- \S- npw
C -y-]mIv _w Hcp \odp {]i-\-ambn C pw XpS-cp- p. Cu {]-iv\-]-cn-lm-c-n\v \n -fpsS
\ntiw F mWv ?
{]h-\w-23

C -y-bpw ssN\bpw Xn 1962- Dmb bpw s\{lp-hn hntZ-i-\-b- -n-t\sd Xncn--SnbmtWm ? X-ns ImcWw F m-bn-cp p ?
C\vvX-y--ssN\ _w sa-s-Sp-m kao-]-Im-ev kzo-I-cnv \S-]-Sn-I F mWv ?

93

]-io-e-X-Xzw
{in_p-s t_mt[m[bns 2500-mw hmjoIw BtLm-jn-p-hm\pw _p-K-bsb
Hcp A m-cm{jvS tI{-ambn {]J-ym-]n-m-\p-ap NS- n ]s-Sp-m ssN-\okv {][m-\a{ nbmbn-cp Nu-Fembv C -y-bn-se-n-b-tm Hn Icm-dmWv ]-ioe Icm- (1954).
Hcp _p-`np asmcp `np-hn-t\mSv s]cp-am-td ac-ym-Z-I-fmWv ]-ioe- F v _pa-X-n Adn-b-s-Sp- -Xv. _ps P`q-an-bmb `mc-Xhpw _p-a-X-tasd {]N-cn ssN\bpw
Xn Cu XX-z- sf ASn- m-\-amn Hcp Icm Hn-Sp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. ]c-kv]cw _lp-am\n-m\pw ]c-kv]cw B`-y- c Imc-y- -fn CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-p-hm\pw kzm-X-{ -y-tbpw ]c-am[n-Im-c-tbpw ]c-kv]cw _lp-am-\n-m\pw {]iv\- kam[m-\-]-c-amb N-bn-eqsS ]-cnj-vIcn-m\pw kam-[m-\-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb kl-hnXzw CXmWv C -y-bpsS hntZ-i-\-bns ASn--d. tNcn-tNcm {] m-\- -fpsS e-yhpw CXp-X-s . C -y-bpsS hntZi \bns hgn-Im-nbpw ]-ioe XX-z- -fm-Wv.

Bkn-bm Icm
Association of South East Asianlountries F -Xns Npcp--t-cmWv B-kn-bm. sXv Ing-

Gj-y cmP-y- -fpsS Hcp kwL-S-\. 1967 HmKv 8 \mWv Cu kwL-S\ cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv.
Ct m-t\-j-y, ate-j-y, ^n-en-ss]kv, kn-q, Xmbvem v F n cmP-y- -fmWv Bkn-bms
BZy AwK- . ]n oSv {_qtWm-bv, aymam, Itm-Sn, emhqtk, hnbv\mw F o cmP-y fpw AwK- - -K-fm-bn. AwK-cm-P-y- -fpsS km-nI hf, kmwkvIm-cnI ]ptcm-KXn taJe-bnse kam-[m\w taJem cmP-y- -fpsS
A`n-{]mbw ]p-sh-, A`n-{]mb hyX-ymkw ]p-sh-m-\p Ah-kcw HcppI F Xpw knbms {][m-\-eyw.
XpSw apXp Xs C y Bknbm cmP-y- -fp-ambn \ ASpw \ne\n- n-cp- p. 1992- Bkn-bm-\p-a mbn
{]mtZ-in-I-amb Nne klI-c-W- v
C y Xm-dm-bn. 1966 C y Bknbm t^md-n AwK-am-bn. Bkn-bm
cmP-y- -fp-ambn C y 2009 H IvtSm-_dn Xmbvemn shv I-cm-dn Hp
shp. CtUm Bkn-bm kz-X{ hym]mc Icm 2010 P\p-hcn 1 \v \ne-hn
h p. ]v hjw \op-\n Nsm-Sp- -hnemWv Icm Hn--Xv. Icm hgn
60 tImSnbntesd P\- Xma-kn-p
Bkn-bm cmP-y- -fpsS hn]-Wn-bmWv
C -yv ap n Xpd--s-Sp- -Xv. Bknbm cmP-y- -fpsS slUv Izmtgvkv
Jakaster Websit-http:/www asean.id

94

tNcn-tNcm {]m\w
l

s\{lp-hns t\X-r-X-z-n kz-X{ C y A m-cmjv{S cwKv KW-\o-b-amb Hcp inbmbn amdn.

ioX- k-a cw sImSp- n-c nsmn-c n- p Imev tNcn-t Ncm \b- n- eqsS C - ybpw
s\{lphpw {i-m-tI-{-am-bn-o p.

h in-I-fpsS InS-a- -c- -fn \n v temI cmjv{S- sf amn \nn Ah-bvn-S-bn

kl-I-c-Whpw kl-hn-X-zhpw h-fp-hm-\m-bn-mWv tNcn-tNcm {]k-Ym\w \ne-sImp- -Xv.

Ph- l em s\{lp,
bqtKm-tm-hn-b {]knUv amj Sntm,
Cu P n -] v j- y
{] kn Uv \m ,
Ct m- t \- j- y {]knUv kpm tWm
F n-h-cm-bn-cp p tNcntNcm {] m-\-ns
m]I t\Xm-.

1 96 1 sk]vX- - d n
bqtKm tmhn-b-bnse
s_t{K-Un
shmWv tNcn- t Ncm
{] m\w cq]w sImXv.

tNcn- t Ncm {] m- \ President Sukarno of Indinesia and Marhal Tito of Yugoslavia

n\v cq]w sImSp
_q v kt-f\w \S Xv 1955- Ct m-t\-j-y-bn shm-Wv.

bp.-F. Ign-m C v A m-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bn Ghpw IqSpX AwK-cm-P-y- fp

kwL-S\ tNcn-tNcm {] m-\-am-Wv. kuv B{^n DssS C v 109 AwK-cm-P-y-
Dv.

USSR s ]X-\hpw ioX-k-acw Dm-hp-Ibpw GI-{[p-h-temIw DS-se-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Jawarhal Nehru, Dr. Kwanankrumah of Ghan Presidentr Nasar of Eygpt,

C v tNcn-tNcm {] m-\-n\v {]kn Ipd-n-p-v.

SAARC
South Asian Association for Regiuonal Corporation (SAARC) ap _wmtZiv {]kn-Uv knbm-D--dlvam {ioe kin thf-bn-emWv km-dns Bibw BZ-y-ambn amt m-p-sh--Xv.
CXv \ne-hn h Xv Unk- 8 \v 1980 _wm-tZiv Xe- m-\-amb Um-bn shm-Wv.
AwK-cm-P-y- `qm, _wm-tZ-iv, C -y, amen-Z-zo-]v, ]mn- m, t\m, {ioe-. CXns
{][m\ e-y- Ing- Gj-y cmP-y- -fps ta-n\pw taJ-bnse ]cn- nXn kpc-Iv`n-XXzw Dd-m-p- -Xn\pw km-nI hnI-k-\hpw kmwkvIm-cnI hnI-k-\hpw Xz-cn-X--Sp- -p- -Xn\pw
`oI-c-hm-Zs sNdp-p- -Xn-\p-am-Wv. B m\w t\m-fnse ImTva-fip.
95

Pn 20
temI-nse {][m-\-s 20 hnI-kn-X--hn-Ikzc cmjv{S- -fpsS s]mXp-th-Zn-bmWvG 20 AYhm
"{Kqv Ccp-]Xv.' 20 cmP-y- sf {]Xn-]-[o-I-cnv Ahn-S- -fnse [\-Im-cy a{ n-amcpw tI{ _mns
A[n-]-m-cp-amWv km[m-cW G 20 ktf\- -fn ]s-Sp-m-dp--Xv. 2008 apX {][m\ `cWm-[n-] ]s-Sp-p D-tIm-Snbpw
\S- p- h -c p- p. temI km- nI
cwKs {][m\ {]i-\- -fmWv apJy
]nI 1
Nm hnj-b-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-m-dp-Pn 20 cmP-y-
Xv. G 20 AwK-cm-P-y- G- -sX-s-bmWv. ]nI H n \e-In-bn-cn-p- p.
1. APo\
11. Pm
19 99 Unk- - d n- e mWv G 20
kwhn[m\w Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn \nehn h -Xv. P-\n-bnse _en-\nem-bn-cp p BZy IqSn-t-c. hnI-knX-/hn-I-k-zc cmP-y- -fpsS s]mXpthZn F \ne-bnepw temI-nse
{][m-\-s Ccp-]Xv cmP-y- AwK -f m- sW- -X n- \mepw G 20 \-S p N-Ifpw Xocp-am-\- fpw C v
Gsd {it-b - am- Wv . Cu thZnsb
{][m\ cmP-y- -fpsS G 20 F pw ]dbp- p-v.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Bkvt{S-enb
{_ko
Im\U
ssN\
{^mkv
P\n
C y
Ct m-t\-jy
Cen

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

saIvkntm
djy
kuZn Atd-_y
Zn-Wm-{^n
sImdn-b dn.
Xpn
bp.-sI.
bp.-F-kv.-F.
bqtdm. bqWn-b

{]h-\w-24
C -y kpc--X-X-z-nt\m GsX-nepw Hcp {]tZ-i-nt\m kpcm `oj-Wn-bpv F v {]knUv Hm^v C -yv tXm p-I-bm-sW-n (bp-w, hntZ-im-{I-a-Ww, B-`-y- c Iem-]w) At-l-n\v
ASn-b- ncmh {]Jym-]n-m `W-L-S-\-bpsS 352 hIpv A\p-im-kn-p- p. A -s\-bp Ahk-c-n tI{-K-hsan\v tv enn ]d-np hnj-b- -fnepw \nbaw \nn-mw. am{Xa ]ucm-h-Imiw dv sNmt\m \nb-{ n-m-t\m Ign-bpw. ASn-b- n-cm-h {]J-ym-]\w Hcp amkn-\Iw ]men-sa v AwKo-I-cn-t--Xp-v.

ASn-b- n-cm-h
l

1975 Pq 26 \mWv {][m-\-a{ n Cn-cm-Km-n-bpsS D]-tZ-i-{]-Imcw

{]kn-Uv ^{Ip-o Aen Al-Zv ASn-b- n-cm-h {]J-ym-]n--Xv.
l Pb-{]-Imiv \m-cm-b-Ws kq hnhw {]J-ym-]n-p-sIm-p kacw
cmP-y-ns kpc-v `oj-Wn-bm-sW Imc-W-m-emWv ASn-b- ncm-h {]J-ym-]n--Xv.
l ASn-b- n-cm-h {]J-ym-]-\-a-\p-k-cnv ]{X- v skkjnv
Gs-Sp-n.
96

Jayaprakash Narayanan

{]Xn-] t\Xm-sf XS-hn-em-p-Ibpw cmjv{Sob ]mn-I Ds-sS-bp 26 kwL-S-\Isf Xo{h-hmZ kwL-S-\-I-fmbn {]J-ym-]nv \ntcm-[n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1976 42-#m#w `c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS atX-X-c-Xzw, tkmj-y-enkw G o hmp-I `cW-L-S-\-bpsS Bap-J-n Ds-Sp-n.

ASn-b n-cm-h- v tijw \S sXc-s-Sp-n 1977 sadmPn tZim-bn-bpsS t\Xr-X-zn BZ-y-ambn Hcp tIm{K-n-Xc a{ n-k` A[n-Im-c-ta-p.

sP.-]n. F Npcp--t-cn Adn-b-s-Sp- Xv temIv\mbvIv Pb-{]-Imiv \mcm-b-W-\m-Wv.

kq hn-h-ns hn[m-Xm-hmb sP.-]n. hntZ-im-[n-]-X-y-n\pw kzm-tZ-i-nse tkz-Om[n-]-X-y-n\pw FXnsc \nc- cw t]mcm-Snb hn-hI
- m-cn-bmWv.

_o-lm {Kma-amb knXm_v Zn-bm-c-bn 1902 HIvtSm-_ 12 \mWv Pb-{]-Im-ins P\-\w.

sP.-]n.-bpsS A dh-\yp Poh-\-m-c-\mb lUp Zbm-em-bn-cp- p. A-bpsS t]cv ^q

dmWn.

1934 sabv 17 \mbn-cp p tIm{Kv tk#mj-y-env {] m\w cq]w sIm-Xv. CXns BZbs kwL-S\m sk{I--dn-bmbn sP.-]n.sb sXc-s-Sp-p.

_olm kw m\ tIm{Kv In-n-bpsS A-y--\mb {_PvIntjm-dns ]p{Xn-bmb {]`mh-Xn-sb-bmWv Pb-{]-Imiv hnhmlw sNbvX-Xv.

1939 C y- ]m-f-msc bpZ-[-cw-K-tv {_n-\-b-p Xns\-Xnsc {]Xn-tj[w \S-nb

sP.-]n.sb 10 amkw ITn\ XS-hn\v hn[np

cmP m-\nse ZntbmKn XS- ]mf-b-nse {Iqc-X-Ipw a-\- -f-p-sa-Xnsc 21 Znhkw

sP.-]n. Ds-sS-bp apgp-h XS-hp-Imcpw \ncm-lmcw A\p-jvTn-p.

1942- sP.-]n.bpw Iqcpw XShp NmSn. F m s]-j-hm-dn shv Atlw hopw {_no-jpIm-cpsS ]nSnbnembn.

1946 G{]n 11-mw Xo-Xn {_nojv ]men-sa v kwL-ns CS-s]-S ImcWw P.-]n. Pbn
tamNn-X-\m-bn.

Kmn-Pn-bpsS Alowkm kmm w F Bi-bs sP.-]n. \nin-X-ambn hnain-n-cp- p.

C y dn-n-m-b- -Xn\p tijw 3 {][m\ sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-I-fpsS t\Xm-hmbn sP.-]n.

sXc-s-Sp--sp.

AJn-te- ym sdbnth sakv s^U-td-j, AJn-te- ym t]mv B v sSe-{Km^v temh

s{KbnUv bqWn-b, AJn-te- ym HmUkv htgvkv s^U-td-j F n-h-bm-bn-cp p
Ah.

"Fs ac-W-tijw Pb-{]-Imiv Fs `mj-bn kwkm-cnpw' F v KmnPn Hcn- Pb{]-Imiv \mcm-b-Ws\ Ipdnv A`n-{]m-b-s-p.

1975 Pq 26\v ASn-b- n-cm- -h {]J-ym-]n--tm Adv sN-s BZy t]cp-Im-c sP.-]n.
Bbn-cp- p.

P\m-[n-]-X-y-n\pw kzm-X-{ -y-n\pw thn Fmw Xy-Pn Id-Xo hn-h-Im-cn-bpsS A yw

1979 HIvtSm-_ 9\v 5.40 \mbn-cp- p.

97

Cn-cm-Kmn
l

l
l

l
l
l

Ph-l-em s\{lp-hntbpw Iaem s\{lp-hntbpw GI ]p{Xn-bmbn 1917 \h- 19 \mWv Cn-cm-Kmn Ae-l-_m-Znse B\-m -`h\n P\n--Xv.
Cn-c-bpsS {]m-cw` hnZ-ym-`-ymkw I\ymkv{XoI \S-n-bn-cp skknenb kvIqfnem-bn-cp- p.
t]meo-kns \o- {inv kzm-X-{ -y-k-ac `S-mv hnhcw
\Ip-Ibpw ]{X- fpw kac kmln-X-yhpw Ahv Fnp sImSpp- Xv Cnc AwK-am-bp hm\-c-tk\ F kwL-S-\-bm-bn-cp- p.
Indira Gandhi
1934- im n \ntI- -X-\nse BSvkv hn`m-K-n tN v ]T\w
\S-nb hnZ- -ym-`-ymk Imew Cn-c-bpsS Pohn-Xn AXoh {]m[m\yw Aln-p- p.
1935- A-bpsS NnIn- -mbn kzn-vke-n-tev Cn-cbpw t]mhp-I-bp-m-bn.
1936 ^n{_-hcn 28\v Iaem s\{lp A -cn-p.
B\m `h-\nse Hcp ncw AXnYn Bbn-cp- p ^ntdm-kv. Iaem s\{lp-hns tcmK-hn-h-ca-dnv kzn-vkemn-se-nb ^ntdmkv Iaem s\{lp-hns\ kz w A-sb -t]mse ip{iqjn-p. Cn-cbpw ^ntdmkpw Xn IqSp-X ASp-p-hm Cu k`w D]tbmKn-p.
1942 amv 26 \mWv ]mkn tZio-b-hm-Znbpw s\{lp- Ip-Spw-_-ns D kplr-p-am-bn-cp
^ntdmkpw Cn-c-bp-am-bp hnhmlw \S- -Xv. 1944 BKkvXv 20 \mWv cmPohv P\n--Xv. 1946
Unk- 14\v Cnc cm-as ]p{X-\mb kRvPbv Kmnv Pw \In.
1959 C -y \mj-W tIm{K-ns {]kn-U-mbn Cncm Kmn sXc-s-Sp-s-p.
1960 k]vX- 8\v ^ntdmkv Kmn \nc-ym-X-\m-bn.
1964 PqWn imkv{Xn a{ n-k-`-bn hmm hnX-cW {]t-]W hIpv a{ n-bmbn
Cnc A[n-Im-c-ta-p. imkv{XnbpsS ac-Wt XpS v 1966 P\p-hcn 24\v C -y-bpsS aq mas {]-[m-\-a-{ n-bmbn Cn-cm-Km-nsb sXc-s-Sp-p.
1971 Unk- 18\v cmjv{S-]Xn hn.-hn. Kncn cmP-y-ns ]c-tam- X _l-p-a-Xn-bmb "`mcX
cXv\'Cn-cbvv\Ip-I-bp-m-bn.
1975 Pq 12\v dmbv_-td-en-b-bn \n v temI-k-`-bn-te-p Cn-c-bpsS sXc-s-Spv
dv sNbvXp-sImv Ae-lm-_mZv ssltm-S-Xn-bpsS hn[n-bp-ap-m-bn. XpS mWv cmPyv
ASn-b- n-cmh Gs-Sp-m Cn-cm-Kmn cm-jv{S-]-Xn-tbm-Sv ip]mi sN-bvX-Xv.
1977 ]men-sa v ]ncn-p-hnv P\-hn[n tXSp-hm Cnc \n-n-X-bm-bn.
1980 P\p-h-cn-bn \S sXc-s-Sp-n Cnc dmbv_-td-en-b-bnse taU-n \n pw
h`q-cn-]--tmsS hnPbw hcn-p.
1984 ^n{_-hcn 27\v AImen t\Xm-m ]-_v `c-W-L-S\ ]c-k-yambn In-phm
XpS- n-b-tXmsS ]m_v {]iv\w IqS-X ko -am-bn.
1984 Pq 5\v Hm-td-j q m F- t]cn ]mf \S-]Sn Bcw-`n-p.
1984 HIvtSm-_ 31\v kz w AwK-c--I-cpsS shSn-tbv \new ]Xn-p. Cn-c-bpsS ih-kwkvIm-cw ]q HutZ-ym-KnI _lp-a-Xn-I-tfmsS sshIov im n h\-n\v kao]w in- en \S p.
Ckvs]Iv _nbm v knwKv, tIm-_n kX-z v knwKv F o cv cm-`-S-m-cpsS
shSn-bp--tb-mWv C -y-bpsS {][m-\-a{ n \new ]Xn--Xv.
98

{]h-\w-25
kzm-X-{ ym\ cw s\{-lp-hnsbpw em _l-Zq imkv{Xnbpw Cn-cm-Km-nbpw ]nXp-S ph \b- -fn \n v Gsd hy-X-y-kvX-amb \b- -fmWv C v \ne-\np- -Xv. Cu \bw am-n\v
CS-bm-nb kml-N-cyw F -mWv ? AXns KpW-tZm-j- ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.

90-Iv appw ]npw

l

s]mXp-ta-J-bvw kz-Im-c-y-ta-J-ebvpw
{]m[m-\yw

kzImcy taJ-ev {]m[m-\yw hn-p

kz-X{ hntZ-i-\-b- tN-cn-tNcm \bw

tNcn-tNcm \bw A]-k--ambn

ta-cmjv{S kw

ta-cmP kw

B`-y c Dev]m-Z-\-n\pw D]-t`m-Kn\pw {]m[m-\yw

BtKm-f-h-c-W-n\v kz-X{ hn]-Wn-bpsS

{]m[m-\yw

Cd-p-aXn \ncp- m-l-s-Spn

Cd-p-aXn t{]m m-ln-n-p p

So-tdmSv
C -y-bpsS km-nI ]cn-jvIm-c- v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb cmjv{Sob ]m--ehpw (1990)
Cu ImeL-- -fn ]Xps cq]-s-p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp- p. tkmhnbv bqWn-bs XIbpw
Ing- bqtdm-]y cmP-y- -fn \n v I-yq-Wnv `c-W-Iq-S- Xqs-dn-b-s-Xpw ssN\bpsS \bw amhpw tkmj-y-env km-nI \b- v G Xncn-Sn hn]-Wn-bn A[n-jvTnX-amb km-nI ]cn-jvIm-c- v C -y-bn A\p-Iqe `uXnI kml-N-cyw krjvSn-p.
{]h-\w-26
B\p-Im-enI {]km-o-I-c-W- , vZri-y-am--y-a- , Cs\-v, ]{X- F n-h-bnbn
CSw ]nSn hm-I--k-z-X{ C y ssIhcn t\- -tfbpw A mcvjv{S CS-s]-S-ep-I-fp-sSbpw
ASn- m-\-am-n-bp hm-I-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p- -Xv.
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

tNcnt-Ncm {] m-\-n\v C -y-bpsS [mnI t\Xr-Xzw

G 20 bn C - -yv AwK-Xzw
C- y B-W-hm-bp[ tijn ssIh-cnp
{]IrXn Zpc- - v Cc-bm-b-hv C -y-bpsS klmbw
anssk kmt-XnI hnZ-y-bn C y bp.-F- -kn-.t\m-sSmw
UN ncmwKX-z-n\v C -y-p ]n pW hn-p p
tkmam-en-b IS sIm-msc C -y t\hn ]nSn-IqSn
C -y-bpsS Nm{-bm ZuX-y-n US ASw 11 tem-I-cm-jv{S- kl-I-cnp
{Xnh ]-XmI Nt{m-]-cn-X-e-n
BtKmf `oIc hncp Iqm-bvav C -y-bpsS ]cn-{iaw
Bkn-bm Icm-dn C y Hp shp
99

US C y BWh Icm \ne-hn h p

l SAARC cm-Py fpsS Iqmbva C -y-bpsS eyw
l tNcn-tNcm {] m-\-ns m]I cmjv{Sw C y
l Xangv ]pen-IfpsS {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-n\v C y apssI FSpp
l apwss_ `oI-cm-{I-a-Ws sFIycm-jv{S-k` A]-e-]np
l ssN\-bp-ambn hym-]c Icm C y Hp shp
l tem-I-nse Ghpw henb km-nI in- -bmbn amdn-sm-n-cn-p cmP-y-aWv C -y-
US -{]knUv _cmIv H_ma
kzmX{ ym-\- c C -yv temI-cm-jv{S- n-S-bn \apv \p-sS-X#mb kYm\w t\Sm
Igntm F -t\-zjvv Hcp skan-\m t] Ah- -X-cn-n-p-I.
tN-mZ-y- :
1. \mp-cm-P-y- -fpsS kwtbm-P-\-n\v kZm h-`mbv ]t-ens kw`m-h\ F mWv ? CXv hn.-]n.
tat\m ]-Xn-sb v Adn-b-s--Xns ImcWsa mWv ?
2. kzm-X-{ -ym-\- cw C -y {]tZ-i- ssIhiw shn-cp hntZi in-I Bcm-bn-cp- p.
Ah C -b-tbmSp tNc-m km Xocp-am-\n- \S-]-SnfI Gh ?
3. kzm-X-{ -ym-\- c C y an{i-k-Zv hy-h kzo-I-cn--sX- p- -sIm-mWv?
4. kz-X{ C -y-bnse {][m\ kw`hhn-Im-k- Ds-Spn Hcp ssSw sse \nn-pI
5. "s\{lp- -hns hntZ-i-\-b-amtWm C y C pw ]nXp-S-cp- Xv'? C -y-bpsS hntZi \bw USSRs
]X-\-n\v apv, ]n]v F hnj-b-n skan-\m t] Xm-dm-pI
6. {Kmak-z-cmPv Kmn-Pn-bpsS kz-]v\-am-bn-cp- p. kz-X{ C -y-bpsS Bkq-{X-W-n Kmn-PnbpsS kz]v\ kmmm-c-n\v ]cn-K-W\ e`n-pthm F v ]cn-tim[npI
7. kz-X{ C y hnZ-ym-`-ymk taJ-e-bn \S-nb hnh[ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-sf-p-dnv Hcp ^vtfm Nmv
Xm-dm-pI
8. "C y ImjnI taJe ]q -ambpw akq-Wns\ B{i-bn-n-cn-- p'. ]-h- c ]-XnI-fn ImjnI taJ-esb A`n-hr-n-s-Sp-m-\p ]cn-]m-Sn-I F m-bn-cp- p-sh v hni-Z-amp-I.
9. 1975 ASn-b- n-cm-h {]J-ym-]n-Xv C -y P\m-[n-]-X-y-n\v FXn-sc-bp shp-hn-fn-bmWv
F v hnti-jn-n-p- Xv F p-sImv
10. "]q-sf-m-f-[nIw app-I \nd acw t]mse-bm-bn-cp p kzm-X-{ -ym\ c C y'. C y hn`P\ ]m--e-n ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
11. C -y-bpsS GsXms {]hn-i-y-I tN mWv ]mn m cq]o-I-cn--s-n-cn-p- Xv ? ]mn m-\p-ambn AXnn ]n-Sp C y kw m-\- GsXm-s-bmWv ?
12. C -yv cmw kzm-X-{ y kacw thn-h- Xv F p-sImv ?
13. {^v, t]mp-Kokv `cWw XpS p-sh-n Fs ms {]bm-k- -fmWv C y t\cn-tSn
hcn-I ?
14. an{i-k-Zv hy-h kzo-I-cn-p- -Xn Idmn {]tab-nsbpw t_mws_ {]ta-b-nsbpw
kzm-[o\w hy--am-p-I.
15. kzm-X-{ -ym-\- c C -y-bpsS t\- sf ASn-k-Ym-\-amn Hcp ska-\m t] Xm-dm-p-I.
kqN-\: * imkv{X kmt-XnI taJe *h-y-h-kmb taJe * ImjnI taJe *hn-Z-ym-`-ymkw
16. "Ab cmP-y- -fp-ambn \ _- \ne-\nm C y {ian-n-pv'. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bps
shfn--n ssN\, {ioe-, ]mn- m F o cmP-y- -fpam-bp C -y-bpsS _w hni-Ie\w sNbvXv Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
l

100

17. C -y-bn AZ-y-ambn tIm{Kv CXc km \ne-hn h -Xns kml-N-cyw h-vy--am-p-I.

18. kzm-X-{ -ym-\- cw C y ]nXp-S p h B`-y c sshtZ-inI _-n-ep-m-b hy-Xn-bm-\ -fpsS KpWtZmj- hy--am-pI
Check List
C y hn`-P-\-n-tev \bn kml-N-c-y-
\mp-cm-P-y- -fpsS kwtbm-P\w
{^v t]mp-Kokv `cW Ah-km\w
`mjmkw m\ cq]o-I-cWw
an{i-k-Zv hy-h-kY
C -y-bpsS hym-h-km-bnI ImjnI, imkv{X ]ptcm-KXn
]-h- c ]Xn Du taJ-e-I
lcnX[h-f hn-h- --^-e-
C -y-bpsS D]-{K-l- --Nm-{-bm ]Xn
hnZ-ym-`-ymk ]ptcm-K-XnDIET-SSA Etc.
hntZi\bw ]-inew, tNcn-tNcm \bdw Abcm-Py _-
ASn-b- n-cm-h {]Jm-]-\hpw ]nh-en-epw
B`-y- c sshtZ-inI \b hy-Xn-bm-\- km-l-N-c-y- --Kp-W-tZm-j-

Reference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

kzm-X-{- yw A-cm-{Xn-bnemdn tImfnkpw- k-a-\nIv emn-bmdpw

Zn Kznn am Hm^v ]mn- m-dmw at\m-l temly
C y A-cm-{Xn apX Ac \qmv -i-in- X-cqUn-.kn. _pvkv
bp.-Fw.-kn. Ntdm-kkv C Unk-
_ln-cm-Imi bm{X-I--]q ]n-t-jkv, Imen-v
C ysb Is---s\{lp
hni-z-N-cn-{Xm-h-tem-I-\w--s\{lp
C -ybpw temI-hpw--s\{lp
]pXp-bpKw ]pXp C -y--i-in- X-cqUn-.kn. _pvkv

101

A\p-_w bq\n-v-7
iin Xcq

""C y--A-cm{Xn apX Ac-\q-mv ''

Cu {K-n ]cm-ain---n-p {][m\ kw`-h- -fpsS Imem-\p-I-cW hnh-cWw

1947
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1957
1959
1962
1964
1965
1966
1967

1969
1971

1974

1975

1976
1977

BKkvXv 15 C y kz-X-{ -bm-hp p

P\p-hcn-30 almflm Kmn h[n--sp
P\p-h-cn-26 C -y dnn-ns `c-W-L-S-\bvv AwKo-Im-c-ambn
BZ-ys s]mXp-sX-c-s-Sp-v. tIm{Kv Khsa v A[n-Im-c-n h p
Hcp tkmj-y-env kaql-{Iaw \S-n-em-pI F eyw {][m-\-a{ n Phlem s\{lp
AwKo-I-cnp
`mj-bpsS ASn- m-\-n kw- m-\- ]p\:-kw-L-Sn-np
cm-as s]mXp-sX-c-s-Sp-v. s\{lp-hns t\Xr-X-y-n tIm{K-ns `qcn-]w hop. tIc-f-n I-yq-Wnv Khsa vA[n-Im-c-n h p
sXc-s-Sp-n-eqsS A[n-Im-c-n-te-dnb I-yq-Wnv Khsans\ ]ncn-p-hnp
ssN\-bp-am-bp bpw. aq- m-as s]mXp-sX-c-s-Spv
{][m-\-a{ n Ph-lemens ac-Ww. em _l-Zq imkv{Xn ASp {][m-\-a{ n
]mn- m-\p-am-bp bpw
XmjvsI v kam-[m\ kt-f-\-n-\n-Sbvv {][m\ a{ n imkv{XnbpsS ac-Ww. Cn-cm-Kmn
{][m-\-a-{ n-bm-bn.
\me-as s]mXp-sX-c-s-Sp-v. tIm{Kns `qcn]w Ipd-p. ]e kw m-\- -fnepw
{]Xn- -]In-I A[n-Im-c-n-tev. hnL-S-\-hm-Z-m-cmb- Un.-Fw.-sI. Xangv \mn A[nIm-c-tap
_mv tZi-km-c-Whpw XpS v C -y \mj-W tIm{K-n ]nfpw. CS-Xp-]
In-I-fpsS ]n p-W-tbmsS Cn-cm-Kmn `cn-p p
Am-as s]mXp-sX-c-s-Sp-v. {ioaXn Kmn _lp- -`q-cn]tmsS A[n-Im-c-n.
_wm-tZiv {]iv\w. Ncn-{X-nse Ghpw hen-bb A`-bm n {]hm-lw. ]mn- m-\pambn bpw. ]gb ]q ]mn- m _wm-tZ-im-bn.
"kq hnh'n\p Hcp {] m-\-n\v Pb-{]-Imiv \mcm-b-W t\Xr-Xzw \Ip- p.
kz- -h-Imiw `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS A --p \nc- -p- - -ss v tIi-hm\
` mcXn tIn
kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n-p- p.
{][m-\-a{ n Cn-cm-Kmn sXc-s-Spv N- ewLn--Xmbn tImSXn Is-n. Pq
amk-n A-Sn-b- -cm-h {]J-ym-]n-p. {]Xn-] t\Xm- Ad-n. ]{X- v
skjjn-v. kRvP-b-Km-n-bpsS "An\ ]cn-]mSn'.
ASn-b- -cm-h- -bnse am- \nb-a-am-p- -Xn\v \me-]vn-cmw `c-W-L-S-\ ]mmn.
amn Bdmw s]mXp-sX-c-s-Sp-tmsS ASn-b- -cm-h Ah-km-\n-p. {ioaXn Kmnbpw
Cn-cm-tIm{Kpw At ]cm-P-b-s-p. sadmPn-tZ-imbv {][m-\-a-{ n-bmbn P\Xm ]mn
102

1979

1980

1981
1982
1983
1984

1985
1989
1991

1996

1997

A[n-Im-c-n-tev
P\-Xm-]mn ]nf p. NcknwKns t\Xr-X-z-nep hnaX hn`mKw Khsap-m-m
{ioaXn Kmn-bpsS ]n pW tXSn. ]n pW ]nh-en--tXmsS Ggm-as s]mXp-sX-c-sSp-n\v thZn-sbm-cp- n.
P\p-h-cn-bn Ggm-as s]mXp-sX-c-s-Sp-v. {ioa-Xn-Kmn hopw {][m-\-a-{ n-]-Z-n.
Klnp apI-fn shv ]co- W ]d-n-- -en-\n-S-bn hnam\w XI v kRvP-b-Kmn
sIm-s-p. "ap ]nt m hn`m-K- v' kwh-cWw ip]mi sNbvXp-sIm-p afi
Io-j dntmv kan--s-s-nepw AXp sh-fnw In-.
kRvPbv Kmn-bpsS \ntbm-PI afi-e-n \n v cm-Pohv Kmn ]men-san-tev sXcs-Sp--s-p.
Xe- m\ \K-cn-bpsS hnI-k-\-n\p hgn-sX-fn-p-sImv \yq-Uln-bn Gj-y sKbnwkv
\S- p.
k dnmUv B_tdm-bpsS kn\na "Kmn' Fv Am-Zan AhmUp-I t\Sn.
Pqembv amk-n qm Hm-td-j-\n-eqsS C -y ssk\yw knp-Im-cpsS kh -t{Xw
ssIt-b-dn. HIvtSm-_-dn {ioaXn Kmn h[n--s-p. cmPohv Kmn {][m-\-a-{ n-bm-bn. Fmas s]mXp-sX-c-s-Spv {]J-ym-]n-p. C -y sXc-s-Sp-p-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-n Gzpw
henb `qcn-]--tmsS hnP-bn-p. Iqdp-am \ntcm-[\ \nbaw ]mm-n.
tIm{Kv ]mn-bpsS iXm_vZn BtLm-j-- -S- nshv cmPo-hvKmn Agn-a-Xn-tbbpw Imco-a-X-bn-m-bva-tbbpw FXnp. "]pXnb km-nI \bw' {]J-ym-]np.
H]Xmw s]mXp-sX-c-s-Sp-v. tZiob ap Wn sFIyw cmPo-h-Km-n- km-c-s\ ]cm-P-bs-Sp-n. P\-X-bnse hn.-]n.-knw-Kn t\Xr-X-z-n \yq-\-] Khsa v A[n-Im-c-n.
hn.-]n. knwKv Khsa v \new-]-Xn-p. N{-ti-J-dpsS t\X-r-X-z-n-ep hna-X-hn-`mKw cmPo- hvKm- -n-bpsS ]n- p-W-tbmsS Khsap-m-n. Khsa v hoWp. ]m-as s]mXp-sXc-s-Sp-n]v hgn-sbm-cp- n. {ioe- a\p-j-y-t_mw-_n\m cmPo-hvKmn h[n--sp. {][m\-a{ n \cknw-l-dmhphns t\Xr-X-z-n tIm{Kv Khsap-m-bn. km- --nI ]cnjvIm-c- p XpSw Ipdn-p.
]Xn-s\m mas s]mXp-sX-c-s-Sp-v. am\h Ncn-{X-nse Ghpw hn]p-e-amb P\m-[n-]Xy {]{In-b. {][m-\-a{ n \c-knw-l-dm-hp-hns ]cm-P-bw. F.-_n. hmPvt]-psS t\Xr-X-z-nep _n.-sP.-]n. Khsa v ]Xn-aq p Znh-k- p tijw \new-]-Xn-p. P\-X-bnse Fv.Un. tZh-KuU {][m-\-a-{ n-bmbn. sFI-y-ap- Wn a{ n-k` s]mXp-an-\naw ]cn-]mSn AwKo-I-cnp.
G{]n-en tIm{Kv ]n pW ]nh-en--Xns\ pS v {][m-\-a{ n Fv.-Un. tZh-KuU
cmPn-sh-p. sF.-sI. KpPvdm C -y-bpsS ]{ -m-as {][m-\-a-{ n-bm-bn. BKkvXv 15.
C y kzmX-{ -y-nbpw P\m-[n-]-X-y-nbpw A]Xmw hmjn-Iw.

103

tIcf ]pXpa

B[p-\nI tIcfw cq]-s-Xns ]m-e-amWv Cu A[-ym-b-n A\m-h-cWw sNp- -Xv.

Pn--\-Sp-hm-gn---ssh-tZ-inI B[n-]-X-y-ap-m-n-b kmaq-lnI Ak-a-X-z- fpw AXn-s\-Xnsc \S
sNdp-p-\np-Ifpw hni-I-e\w sNp- p. \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw cmPm-mcpw A[n-Imcw Im-fn-bn-cp
{]tZ-i- {_nojv B[n-]-X-y-n Bb-sX- n-s\-sb pw, {_nojv `c-W-n Iogn tIc-fnse Ij-Icpw, sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw A\p-`-hn-tn h Zpcn- -X- -sf-p-dnpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-p- p.
{_no-jp-Im-cp-sS Nqj-W-n-s\-Xn-sc \S Iem-]- sfp-dnpw, Am-es tIc-f-nse BtcmK-y--hn-Z-ym-`-ym-k--k-aq-ly Ah- -I-sf-p-dnpw hnh-cn-p- p. tZiob {] m-h-\hpw \mthm-Ym\ \mbIcpw tIc-fs ]pXnb kmaq-ly krjvSnmbn F s\ klm-bn-p-sh pw Cu A[-ym-b-n-eqsS
Is-p- p. tIc-f kw m\ cq]o-I-c-W-n-tev \bn kml-N-c-y- -sf-p-dnpw, tIc-fob P\Po-hn-X-n kw m\ cq]o-I-cWw hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn Dm-nb am- -sf-p-dnpw hni-Zo-I-cnp- p. \mw C -\p-`-hn-p k-zm-X-{ -yhpw kpc-n-X-X-zhpw apX-e-ap-d-I \S-nb [otcm-Zm-amb t]mcm-- -fpsS ^e-am-sW pw Cu kzm-X-{ yw IqSp-X ]pjvSn-s-Spn hcpw Xe-ap-d-Iv
ssIam-td--Xm-sW t_m[-yhpw Cu A[-ym-b-n-eqsS hfn-sb-Sp-p-I.

]T\ ey- :
l Cwojv Cun- ym I\n ae-_ m-, Xncn-hn-Xmw-Iq, sImn {]-tZ-i- -fn B[n]-Xyw

]penbsX n-s\-sb v [mcW t\SpI

l {_nojv `c-W-ns P\-hn-cp \b- Xncn--dn-bpI
l {_nojv `c-W-n-s\-Xnsc \S hnhn[ Iem-]- Xncn--dn-bpI
l tIc-f-nse kmaq-l-y--hn-Z-ym-`-ym-k--B-tcm-K y taJ-e-I-f nse hf-bpsS Ncn{Xw a\-n-empI
l tIc-f-ns kmaq-ly apt --n\v t\Xr-Xzw \Inb \thm-Ym\ \mb-I-cpsS {]h-\ a\-n-em-pI
l tIc-f-n tZiob {] m-\-ns kzm-[o\w F -s\-bm-bn-cp p F -Xn-s\-p-dnv [mcW
t\SpI
l tIcf kw m\ cq]o-I-cWw{]-Ya Khsa v {]h-\- --kw- m\ cq]o-I-cWw Dmnb am- F o Imc-y- -f-sf-p-dnv a\-n-em-p-I.
{]h-\w-1
C -y-bpsS `q]Sw {]Zin-n-p- p. kzm-X-{ -y-n\v apv C ysb \nc-h[n \mp-cm-P-y- -fmbn
hn`- Pn- -s p InS- p- I- bm-b n-c p- p F [mcW
hnZym n-Iv \Ip- p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq--sIm-n-a-e-_m F o {]tZ-i- tIcf `q]-S-n Isp- I . amm- fi -h , i Xp- cm, Snp
kpm F n-h- -cpsS Nn{X- {]Zin-n-p- p.
Xncp-hm-Xmw-Iq, sImn, ae-_m {]tZ-i- {_nojv
A[o-\-X-bn hcm-\n-S-bm-nb km-l-N-c-y- -sf-p-dnv
TB bpsS klm-b-tmsS N sNp-I--A-h-X-c-Ww-t{Im-Uo-I-c-Ww.

104

N kpNn-I:
ssk\oI hy-h
{iocw-K-]:Ww DS-Sn (1792)
hnhn[ DS--Sn-I
IqSp-X kq-N-\-I:
1723

Cwojv Cun- ym I-\n-Xn-cp-hnXmwI#q DS-Sn

1726

Bn- dmWn ^mIvSdn m]n-m A\p-hmZw \In

1795

Xncp-hnXmwIqCw-ojv DS-Sn
1805

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Xq--Cw-ojv DS-Sn
1791

Cwojv sImn DS-Sn

1792

{incw-K-]-Ww DS-Sn
{]h-\w-2
""tIc-f-n {_n-ojv hncp Iem-]- v CS-bm-nb Imc-W- '' F hnj-bs Akv]Z-amn {Kqv N kwL-Sn-n-p-I.
Ah-X-c-Ww t{ImUo-I-cWw
Nm kqNn-I:
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

Xncp-h#nXmw-Iq-dnse B`-y- c Im-c-y- -fn CS-s]-S hn tXmXn-ep \nIpXn ]ncnhv

`q\n-IpXn \b- h\
Dev]- v ]Icw ]W-ambn \nIpXn
IpSn-nI ASp Xom-\p Xncp-am\w
Pn-amv IqSp-X A[n-Im-c-
De-v] - fpsS AanX hne
{KmaoW sX.m-gn taJe XI p
hn`-h- -fpsS hym-]mc IpI
hop-\n-IpXn
av \nIp-Xn-I (hn-d-Ip-sI-p-Iv \nIp-Xn)
ISv \nIpXnD-v--]p-I-bne
\ntX-ym-]-tbmK km[-\- --F- n-hbvpw \nIpXn
ae-_m-dnse tXp h-y-h-kmbw I\n Ip-I-bmn

{]h-\w-3
]gn, thep--n, ]#menb A F n-h-cpsS Nn{X- {]Zin-n-p- p.
ae-_m, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq, sImn F nhn-S- -fn {_nojv hncp Iem-]- v ASn--d-bmbXv {][m-\-ambpw Ah-cpsS \nIpXn ]ncn-hnse am- Bbn-cp- p. Cu Iem-]- v t\Xr-Xzw
hln--h, AXn-\n-S-bm-nb kml-N-c-y- , ^e- , kam-\-X-I F nh Isn ]:nI ]qnbm-p-I.
105

Iem-]-

t\Xr-Xzw

kml-N-c-y-

^e-

kam-\-X-I

]gn Iem]w
thep-n Zhf Iem]w
]menbs Iem]w
amnf elf
Ipdn-N-y elf
{]h-\w-4
{_nojv `c-W-Im-ev tIc-f-nse ImjnI hn-Z-ym-`-ymk B-tcm-K-y--km-aq-lnI taJ-e-I-fnse
Ah F m-bn-cp-s v TB bpsSbpw av hmb\m kma-{Kn-I-fp-sSbpw klm-b-tmsS Isn
Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p ][nI ]qn-bm-p-I.
ImjnI taJe

kqNn-I:

hnZ-ym`- -ymk taJe

Btcm-Ky taJe

kmaq-ly taJe

ImjnI taJe

Aan-X-amb \nIpXn (tXm--hnf Irjn-Iv \n--an-)

l Zb-\obamb Ah (F.-sI.-Pn.-bpsS Afl-I-Y-bn {]tX-yIw ]cm-ain-p pv)
l i-amb P-n-Xzw
l `qanb-psS DSa Pn
hnZ-ym`-ymk taJe
l Fgp-p-]-n-I-, ime-I, Kpcp-Ip-e- , k`m-a-T- , If-cn-I F n-h-bm-bn-cp p hnZ-yml
l
l
l

`ymk- m]-
`qcn-`mKw P\ pw Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-an
anj-W-dn-am Cwojv hnZ-ym-`-ymkw {]N-cn-np
s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-`-ymk tI{- -fm-cw-`np
hnZ-ym-`-ymk {]N-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Ie- anj skmsk-n--Nv anj skmssk-n_mk Chm--en---]mm-Xy amXrIm hnZ-ym-`-ymk m-]-\- --s]Ip-n-Iv {]tXyIw
kvIqfp-I--km kvIqfp-I-fn khWv A-h-k-cw
Imjn-I--hm-Wn-Py ]ptcm-KXn Cug-h-cps-sS-bp P\- v km-nI hf hnZ-ym`ymkw h-fm klm-bnp
106

Btcm-Ky taJe
l Bbpt-Zw, bp\m-\n, kn-ssh-Zyw XpS- nb \mp-Nn-In m coXn--A-tem--Xn-bpsS hchv
l Cun- ym I\n DtZ-ym-K- -cpsS NnIn
l kmw{I-anI tcmK- -fpsS hym-]\w
l {]Xn-tcm[ Ipn-sh-bv]p-I
l BXp-cm-e-b- m]np
l s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky \bw
l kv{XoIpw Ipn-Ipw {]tX-yI Bip-]{Xn
l hkqcn hmIvkn \nm-W-ime1988
l saUn- hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-n\v kvtImfjn-p-I ae-_m taJ-e-bn Ah-K-Wn--sp

kmaq-ly taJe
l PmXn hy-h- -bn A[n-jvTnX kaqlw
l A\m-Nm-c- A-hn-i-zm-k-
l Ah v \nc-h[n hne-p-IC-Xn-s\-Xnsc sskm- n-I-ambpw, {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambpw t]mcm-

-
l amdv ad-bvm-\p kacwNm m kacw
l sshIpWvT kzm-an-I--N-n kzm-an-I{io\m-cm-bW KpcpA-mfnhw- A-_vZp JmZ
aue-hn--Ip-amc Kpcp-tZ-h F n-h-cpsS {]h-\-
l sNdpp \np-I, km{am-P-y-X-z-n-s\-Xn-cmb kzm-X-{ y {]- m-\w--a-\p-j-ys kzm-X-{ y
{]J-ym-]-\w--k-a-c- -fn-eq-sS Dmb Xncn--dn-hp-I--sshw kX-ym-{K-lw--Kp-cp-hmbq kXym{K-lw--B-cm-[\m kzm-X-{ yw
{]h-\w-5
tIc-f-nse \thm- m\ \mb-Im-cmb sshIpWvT kzm-an-I--hw- A-_vZp JmZ aue-hn-
ktlm-Z-c A--A-mfn{io\m-cm-bW Kpcphn.-Sn. `--Xn-cn-m-SvN-n kzm-an-IF n-h-cmsS
Nn{X- {]Zin-n-p- p. Ipn-Isf {Kqp-I-fm-p- p. TB bpsSbpw hmb\ kma-{Kn-I-fp-sSbpw klmb-tmsS tIcf \thm- m-\-n\v Ch \Inb kw`m-h-\-I-sf-p-dnv Ipdn-p-I Xm-dm-p- p.
AhX-c-Wwt{ImUoI-cWw

107

{]h-\w-6
""tZ-iob {] m\w tIc-f-n'' F hnj-bs B-kv]-Z-amn N kwL-Sn-n-p-I. hnhn[
{Kqp-I-fmn Hmtcm-{Kq-n\pw Hmtcm hnjbw \IpI--hn-j-b- Bkv]-Z-amn N-bn ]s-Sps. N Ah-X-c-W-n\p tijw Hcp {]_w Xm-dm--Ww.
N kqN-\:
1
2
3.
4.
5.
6.

\n-l-I-cW kacw
Dp kX-ym-{Klw
sdbnsh ]Wn-ap-Sv (1928)
\nb-a-ew-L\ {] m\w
IjI Iem-]- (I-q--I-cn-sh-q)
]p {]h-b-em

{]h-\w-7
sFIy-tI-c-f-sa Bi-b-ns kmmm-c-amWv C s tIc-fw. tIcf kw m\ cq]o-Ic-W-ns Ncn{X ]m--es Ipdnv Hcp At\-z-j-W-p-dnv Xm-dm-p-I.
Nm kqN-\I:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

sFI-y-tI-cf kwbp tbmK-

sImnXn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq kwtbm-P\w
kw m\ ]p\:-kw-L-S\m Io-j dntmv
`mjm kw m\ Ioj
{iocm-a-ep-hns Poh-X-ymKw
kwk-Ym\ ]p\:-kw-L-S\m \nbaw

{]h-\w-8
1956-se kwk-Ym\ ]p\:-kw-L-S-\-v ap-p-Xpw kwk-Ym\ ]p\:-kw-L-S-\-v tij-ap--Xp-amb
tIc-f-ns `q]-S- Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p- p. `q]-S-n-s klm-b-tmsS hy-X-ym-k- Xncn-dn-bp-I.
]p\:-kw-L-S-\bvv apv

]-\w-Xn

108

CWSN

`q]S-n klm-b-tmsS hy- -X-ym-k- Xncn--dn-bp p

kqN-\:
l

kT-k-Ym\ ]p\:-kw-L-S-\v app tIc-ns sXt A-p Pn I\-ym-Ip-am-cn-bm-bncp- p. ]p\:kwL-S-\v tijw AXv Xncp-h-\- -]p-c-am-bn.

]p\:- k wL- S - \ v tijw ae- _ m tIc- f - t mSv tNcp- I bpw hSt A- p Pn

ImktKmUmbn amdp-Ibw sNbvXp.

{]h-\w-9
sFIytIc-f-nse {]Ya km- -cns\pdnpw Iqp-In a{ n-k` cq]w sImm-\n-S-bmb kmlN-c-y-s-p-dn-p-ap hkvXp-X-I Is-p-I. ({]-Ya a{ n-k` AwK- --{]-h-\- --Iq-pIn a{ n-k-`.
kqN-\:
l

1957-se ]mXp-sX-c-s-Spv

C.-Fw. i-c \q-Xn-cn-m-Sns t\Xr-X-z-n {]Ya I-yq-Wnv Kh-s v

sXc-s-Sp-n-eqsS A[n-Im-c-n-se-nb BZ-ys I-yq-Wnv a{ n-k`

1958ImjnI -_nhn-Z-ym-`-ymk _n

ImjnI _n
Fm-hpw `qan, `qanv ]cn[n
hnZ-ym-`-ymk _n
hnZ-ymk cwKv kmaq-lnI D-c-hm-Zn-Xzw k-z-Im-cy amt\-Pvsan\v \nb-{ Ww
hntam-N-\ kacw
`cWLS-\-bpsS 356-mw hIpv
a{ n-k` ]ncn-p-hnp (1959)
{]kn-Uv `cWw
1960 sXc-s-Sp-v--Iq-p-In a{ n-k`
tIc-f-nse apJ-y-a-{ n-am

hn.-F-kv. -A-N-y p-X m-\-

109

{]h-\w-10
tIcf ]nd-hnv tijw A[n-Im-c-n h hnhn[ a{ n-I-sf-p-dn-p hnhc tiJcw \Sp-I.- {]-[m-\-s hIp-p-I ssIIm-cyw sNbvXn-cp a{ n-am Bsc-m-sa v Is-pI. Xmsg
sImSp-n-cn-p ][nI ]qn-bm-p-I.
hjw

apJ-y-a{ n

Btcm-K-y- a{ n

hnZ-ym-`-ymk a{ n

{]h-\w-11
tIcf kw m\ cq]o-I-c-W-n-\p tijw hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn tIc-f-n\v A`n-am-\ml-amb
t\- ssIh-cn-m Ign-n-p-v. Hmtcm taJ-e-bnepw ssIh-cn t\-- Isn Xmsg
sImSp-n-cn-m ]nI ]qn-bm-p-I.
taJ-e-I

kzm-[o-\

`q]-cn-jvI-cWw
hnZ-ym-`-ymkw
Btcm-Kyw
hy-h-kmbw
kmwkv-Im-cnIw
av taJ-e-I
{]h-\w-12
ssSw sse Xm-dm-pI
(1942, 1946, 1941, 1921, 1930)
]p {] hb-em kacw
Izn-n-\- -ym kacw
Dp kXym-{Klw
H-mew tIm{Kv kt-f\w
Iq IjI Iem]w
110

XpS {]h-\- :
1

ssk\nI klmb hy-h- bpw {iocw-K-]-Ww DS--Snbpw tIc-fs {_nojv `c-W-n Iognem-n. Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNpI.

2.

tIc-f-nse {_nojv hncp Iem-]- v ASn-d ]mInbXv {][m-\-ambpw Ah-cpsS \n-IpXn

]ncn-hnse am- fpw km-nI Nqj-Whpw Bbn-cp- p. thep-n Zf-h, ]gn cmP, Ipdn-Ny
Iem]w, amnf elf F n-h-bpsS ASn- m-\-n {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-p-I.

3.

{_nojv `c-W-Im-ev tIc-f-nse Imjn-I--km-aq-l-y--hn-Z-ym-`m-ymkB-tcm-Ky taJ-e-I-fnse

Ah F- n-s\-bp--Xm-bn-cp p F -Xn- -s\-p-dnv Hcp dntmp Xm-dm-p-I.

4.

ae-bmfnsb a\p-jy-\m-p Xn\pw B[p-\nI kmaq-ly t_m[-ns BZ-y-]m-T- A`-y-kn-np- -Xn\pw t\Xr-Xzw \Inb \thm-Ym\ \mb- -Isc-p-dnv Hcp dntmp Xm-dm-pI

5.

""tIcfnse tZiob {] m-\-ns Ncn{Xw'' F hnj-bs Bkv]-Z-amn Hcp skan-\m

t] Xm-dm-pI

6.

`mjm-Sn- m-\-n kw m\w cq]n-I-cn--s-Sp- -Xns ^e-ambn Hcp {]tZ-iv F p- am-amWv D-hqI ? tIcf kw m\ cq]o-I-c-W-ns Ncn{Xw hni-I-e\w sNp-I.

7.

tIc-f-n-d-hnbvv tijw ChnsS \S-n-em-nb `q]-cn-jvI-cW \nb-a- ImjnI taJ-e-bn

Fs -nepw ^Xn-^-e- Dm-n-bn-ptm ?

8.

''tIcf kw m\ cq]o-I-cWn\p tijw hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn A`n-am-\m-l-amb t\-

ssIh-cn-m Ign-n-pv''. Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-pI

9.

tIc-f-ns Ign Imew hne-bn-cpn ]pXnb Hcp tIcf kaql krjvSn-p \n -fpsS
\nt-i- Xm-dm-pI

10. tIcf cq]o-I-cWw apX C p-h-sc-bp (1957 apX 2011 hsc) tIc-f-nse a{ n-k-`-sb-pdnv ]Xnv Xm-dm--sI.

111

9 tZiotbmZv{KY\w

BapJw
a\pj-y Hcp kaql Pohn-bm-Wv. a\p-j-ys \ne-\nn\v kaq-l-ns klmbw A\n-hm-cyam-Wv. a\p-j-ys Ghpw hen-b Iqm-bva-bmWv tZiw, `mj, kwkvIm-cw, aXw, PmXn XpS- nb \nch[n LS-I- -fm hy-X-y-kvX-am-sbmcp cmP-y-amWv C -y. Cu sshhn-[-y- n-S-bnepw C -y-m-cmsW t`m[w Hmtcm-cp-cnepw \ne-\np- p. CXmWv ""\m\m-X-z-n GI-Xzw''; C -y tZiotbm-Zv{K-Y\w \nc-h[n shp-h-fn-I t\cn-Sp- p-v. Cu shp-hn-fn-IIv \psS tZiob t_m[w
sIm#mWv ]c-F#n-lmcw ImWv -Xv.

]T\ e-y- :
l

tZiw a\p-j-ys Iqm-bva-bn shv Ghpw hn]p-e-amb kap-Zm-b-am-W v Xncn--dn-bpI

l C y Hcp _lp-k-zc kaq-l-am-sW [mcW t_m[-y-s-Sp-I.
l C -y tZio-bX cqs-Sp- -Xn\v klm-bn LS-I-
l tZio-tbmZv-{K-Y-\w--L-S-I- --sh-p-h-fn-I]-cn-lm-c-

112

{]h-\w-1
Ipn-I-tfmSv Ah- - Ds-Sp hy-X-ykvX Iqm-bva-I GsXm-s-sb v Is-p-hm \ntiw
\Ip-I. XpS v Hcp ^vtfm Nmv {]Zin-n-p- p.

kqN-\:
IpSpw_w

i
i

kplr-p-
kl-]m-Tn-I

{Kmaw

\Kcw

tZiw

kap-Zmbw
{]h-\w-2
kaq-lw, kap-Zm-bw F nh Xn-ep hy-X-ymkw Fs v Xncn--dnv A-h-X-cn-n-p-hm
Bh-i-y-s-Sp- p. XpS v Xmsg sImSpncn-p ]nI ]qn-bm-p-I.
kaqlw

kqN-\:

kap-Zmbw

\nnX {]tZ-iv ]c-kv]cw CS]gIn Ign-bp Hcp-Iqw P\-

AwKXzw
\nbam-hen
]uc-Xzw
]c-am-[n-Imcw
{]h-\w-3
C -y-bpsS `q]Sw {]Zin-n-p- p. hnh[ kw m-\- ]cn-N-b-s- -Sp- p. \nc-h[n sshPm-X-y \nd Hcp cmP-y-amWv C -y. Ipn-Isf hnhn[ {Kq-p-I-fm-p- p. Hmtcm {Kqpw C -y-bnse
hSvsXvIngv-]-Sn-mdv `mK- -fnse kw m-\- -fnse `mj--th-jw--kw-kvImcw av {]tX-yI-X-I F nh Is-n Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p ]nI ]qn-bm-p-I.
kw m\w

`mj

kmwkvIm-cnI {]tX-y-I-X-I

113

{]h-\w-4
tZio-bX
Hcp cmjv{S-nse P\- -fpsS ]c-kv]c [mc-W-sbbpw sFI-y-tbpw cmP-y- -n-t\m-Sp Iqdnt\bpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp ]Z-amWv tZ-in-b-X. sshhn-[-y- n-S-bnepw Hcp P\-Xsb H n-nv
\np at\m-`mhw. kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb {]Xn-`mkw
tZiob
at\m-`mhw
hfp
LS-I-

hwio-bhpw
`mjm-]-c-hpamb sFIyw

aXw

kmwkvIm-cnI
ss]XrIw

`qan-imkv{X
]c-amb
LS-I-

tZi-otbm-Zv{K-Y\w:
sshhn-[-y- sf AwKo-I-cnv Ahsb _lp-am-\nv Hcp tZi-am-sW hnIm-c-apsmv H mbn
amdp- -XmWv tZio-tym-Zv{K-Y-\w. tZio-tbm-Zv{L-Y\w kn{i ]k--am-Wv

I
sF

- -y
C
tZio-tbmZv
{KY\w

b
-c-am
]
-I
m-cn
I
v
wk
km

S-\
m

-]-c

-amb

ka
-Xzw

yw

C -y tZio-tbm-Zv{KY-\-ns ASn- m\ LS-I-

Bi-b-]-c-amb Hcpa
LS-\m-]-c-amb ka-Xzw

Fm-hn`m-K- pw {]tX-y-Inv kmap-lnI

g Xpey Ah-kcw

g km--nI ]nt m-m-h

i
kmwkvImcnI-amb Hcpa

i
Bi-b-]-c-amb Hcpa

sXmp-Iq-Sm-bva,

hnh-th-N-\-

g Xon-q-Smbva

Xncn--dnhv hf

g Xncn--dnhv

g Hgn-hm-pI

tZinb e-y- sfpdn-p

g nsb-Sp-pI

tZiob Nn-
tZiob Km\w

"P\-K-W-a\'
chn-{-\mY SmtKm P\n Av JfinIbp Km\-nse BZ-ys JfinI.
1950 P\p-hcn 24 tZio-b Km\-ambn AwKo-I-cn-p.
Be-]n-t kabw 52 sk v
cmKw--i--cm-`-cWw
114

tZinb ]XmI

tZiob Nnw

ISp Imhn apI-fn ([o-c-X, Xym-Kw)

\Sp-`m-Kv sh (k-X-yw, kam-[m-\w)
Xmsg ] (hn-i-zm-kw, iuc-yw)
sh-\n-d-os \Sp-`m-Kv \mhnI \oe-\n-d-n 24 Bc-m-ep-I-fp AtimI-N-{I-hp-ap-v. \nfhpw hoXn-bpw 3:2 F A\p-]mXw
tZinb ]XmI cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvXXv ]nfn sh (B-{)
tZiob ]Xm-I-bpsS D]-tbm-K-{Iaw kw_-nv tI{ B`-y- c hIpv ImemIm-e- -fn D-chv ]pd-s-Sp-hn-m-dpv (^vfmKv tImSv Hm^v C -y)
1947 Pqsse 22\v `c-W-L-S\m \nmW k`-bmWv ]Xm-I-bpsS amXrI AwKoI-cn-Xv
AtimIkvXw`w
1926 P\p-hcn 26 \mWv tZiob Nn-ambn AwKo-I-cn-sXv
kmc-\m-Yn AtimI N{I-hn \nn-n-p kvXw`nse knwl ap{Zsb
A\p-I-cn-mWv tZiob Nnw cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvX-Xv. CXn 4 knwl-p-p -fm-Wp--Xv. Hcp knwlns apJw ap{Z-bpsS ]pd-Ip-h-i-m-b-Xn-\m AZri-y-am-Wv. knwl-ap-{Zbvv Xmsg Atim-I-N-{I-hpw, hi- -fn IpXn-c-bp-sSbpw
Imf-bp-sSbpw Nn{X- -fp-ap-v. "kX-y-tah PbtX' F hmI-y-hp-ap-v.

tZiob ]pjv]w

Xmac

tZiob ]n

abn

tZiob ]gw

amgw

tZiob hrw

Ac-bm

tZiob arKw

ISph

tZiob Ie-

iI-hjw 1957 amv 22\#mWv iI-hjw

C -y-bpsS tZiob Ie--dmbn AwKo-I-cn-Xv
Ipjmbn cmPm-hmb I\n-jvI-\mWv AD 78 iI-hjw Bcw-`n-Xv

tZinb `mj

lnn

P\-K-W-a\ \psS tZiob Km\w

GsXmw NS- p-I-fn-emWv tZinb Km\w Be-]n-t-Xv F Xns\ kw_-nv hni-Z-amb
amtcJ-I Kh-s v ]pd-s-Sp-hn-n-p-v. Km\-ns ]q -cq]w 52 skv sImmWv B-e]n-p-I.

115

P\-K-W-a-\-bpsS ]q cq]w
P\-KWK\ A[n-\m-bI Pb-tl,
`nc-X-`m-K-y-hn-[mXm
]m_v knv KpP-dmS admTm
{ZmhnU De hwKm;
hnylnam-Ne bap-\m -KwKm
De Pe[n XcwK
Xh ip` \mta PmtK,
Xh -ip` Binj amtK
Kmtl Xh Pb KmYm
P\-K-W-aw-Kf ZmbI Pbtl
`mcX `mKy hn[m-Xm:
Ptbtl! Pbtl! Pbtl!
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

NcWw cv
Ac-l-l-Xh Bl-zm\ {]Nm-cnX
kp\n-Xh DZm-c-hmWn
lnp, _u, inJ, ssP\, ]m-c-knI
apkam-\, {InkvX-ym-\n,
]qc_ ]na Btk, Xh
knwlm-k\ ]mtk
t{]a-lmc lb KmYm,
P\-KW sFI-y-hn-[mbI Pbtl!
`mc-X -`m-Kyhn[mXm;
Ptbtl! Pbtl! Pbtl!
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

NcWw aq v
]X\ A`-yp-Zb _qc ]m
bpK-bp-K-[m-hnX bm{Xn;
tl! Nnc kmcYn! Xh cY Nt{I
apJ-cnX ]Y Zn\-cm{Xn;
ZmcpW hnh amXvt[, Xh
iwJ [z\n _mtP,
kS Zp:J {XmXm;
P\-KW ]Y ]cn-Nm-bI Pbtl !
`mcX`mKyhn[mXm;
Ptbtl! Pbtl! Pbtl!
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

NcWw \mev
tLmc Xnanc L\ \n_nU \niotY
]oUnX aqnX tZti
Pm{KX One Xh Ahn-Ne awKe
\X-\-bt\ A\n ta tj,
Zp:J kz-]vt\z BXt cm-I-cnte At
116

kvt\l-abo Xpao amXm,

P\-KW Zp:J {XmbI Pbtl !
`mcX`mKyhn[mXm;
Ptbtl! Pbtl! Pbtl!
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

NcWw Av
cm{Xn {]`m-Xne, DZne chn-hn
]q DZ-b-Kncn ^mte,
Kmtl hnlw-Ka, ]pW-y-k-ao-cW
\h-Po-h\ ckVmte
Xh Icp-Wm-cpW cmtK \n{ZnX `mcX PmtK
Xh NctW \X amXmw
Pb Pb Pb-tl, Pb cmtP-i-zc
`mcX`mKyhn[mXm;
Ptbtl! Pbtl! Pbtl!
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

P\-K-W-a-\-bpsS A w
NcWw H v
k-P-\- -fp-sSbpw a\-ns A[n-]\pw `mc-X-ns `mK-y-hn-[m-Xm-hp-amb A v Pbn-m-epw.
]m-_v, knv, KpP-dm-v, alm-cm-jv{Sw, {Zmhn-Uw, Hdo-, _wKm Fo {]tZ-i- fpw hn-y,
lnam-ebw F o ]-X- fpw bap-\, KwK F o \Zn-Ifpw C -ym-k-ap-{Z-nse IpXn-p-b-cp Xncma-e-Ifpw A -bps ip`-\m-a-n DW-cp- p. A -bpsS ip`m-iw-k-Iv A`n-e-jn-p- p. A bpsS Pb-Ko-X- ]mSp- p. A-tbm, P\-k-aq-l-n\v awKfw {]Zm\w sNp h-t\, `mc-X-ns
`mK-y-hn-[m-Xm-sh, A p Pbn-m-epw, Pbn-m-epw,#v.

NcWw cv
A\p-Zn\w Ahn-Sp-s Bl-zm\w {]N-cn--s-Sp- p. Ahn-Sps DXvIr-jvZhpw kp-c-hp-amb hmpI tInv ln-fpw, _-a-X-mcpw, knp-amcpw, ssP\-mcpw, ]mkn-I-fpw, apkamam-cpw,
{InkvX-ym-\n-Ifpw, ]uck-kvX-y-cpw, ]mm-X-ycpw Ahn-Sps knwlm-k-\-ns ASpp hcp- p.
kvt\l-kq-N-I-amb ame sI-s-Sp- p. Atbm P\-k-ap-Zmb sFI-y-ns inev]n, `mcX`mK-y-ns
hn[m-Xm-th, Ah-Sp v Pbn-m-epw, Pbn-m-epw, Pbn-m-epw.

NcWw aq v
hgn XmgvNbpw Dbbpw sImv \nc-n-m--XvWv. bm{Xm bpK-bp-Km- -c- -fmbn {]bmWw
sNp- -h-cm-Wv. Atbm F pw kmc-Yn-bm-bn-p--h-t\, Ahn-Sps cY-ns N{I- -fn \n v
Db-cp i_vZw ]mX-bn cmhpw ]Iepw apJ-cn-I-am-Ip- p. Zmcp-W-amb hn-h-ns a-y-nepw
Ahn-Sps k-S-nepw Zp:-J-nepw c-\Ip iwJ-\mZw apg- n-sm-n-cn-p- p. A-tbm
P\-k-aq-l-n\v am-Zi\w \Ip- -h-t\, `mcX `mK-y-ns hn[m-Xm-th, Ah-Sp v Pbn-m-epw,
Pbn-m-epw, Pbn-m-epw.

NcWw \mev
`nIchpw Ccpv \nd--Xp-amb A-cm-{Xn-bn ]oUn-Xhpw aqn-X-hp-amb tZi-n AhnSps I n-a-bvm \X- -fmb \b-\- -fn AN--e-amb sF-i-z-cyw Xnf- n-sm-n-cn-p- p.
Zp:-k-z-]v\-nepw Zp:-J-nepw kvt\l-k-z-cq-]n-Wn-bmb Abmb Ahn-Sp v aSn-bn shp c-sN117

bvXp. Atbm P\- -k-aq-l-ns\ Zp:-J-n \n v cn-p- -h-t\, `mcX `mK-y-ns hn[m-Xm-th,
Ah-Sp v Pbn-m-epw, Pbn-m-epw, Pbn-m-epw.

NcWw Av
cm{Xn Ah-km-\n-p. {]`m-X-am-bn. ]q-Zn-n-ep DZ-b-]-X-ns s\n-bn kqc-ys tim`
DZn-p. ]n-I Km\w ]mSp- p. ]cn-ip-amb hmbp ]pXnb Poh-ssN-X-\yw sNmcn-bp- p. Ah-hnSps Imcp-W-y-ns Inc-W- Xn Dd- n-n-S `mcXw DW-cp- p; Ahn-Sps ]mZ-n \anp- p. Atbm cmtP-i-zcm `mcXns hn[m-Xm-th, Ah-Sp v Pbn-m-epw, Pbn-m-epw, Pbn-m-epw.
Cu Ap Jfi- -fnepw a\p-j-y-hs \bnp cvIjn-Xmhpw \mb-I-\p-amb k-i-s\-bmWv SmtKm {]Ion-p- -Xv. cmjv{K-]n-Xm-hmb alm-flPn P\-K-W-a-\sb C -s\-bmWv {]iwkn-Xv: ""{]tNm-Z-\-I-c-amb Cu kwKoXw Bbn-c-am-bncw IWvT- -fn-eqsS F{Xtbm {]mh-i-y-amWv
tIp-hm Ign-n-p--Xv. CXv Hcp Km\w am{X-a-, `n-a-b-amb Hcp kq-hp-amWv''.

tZiob]XmI sssIIm-cywsNp-tm
Hcp C -y ]uc tZiob ]XmI D]tbm- -Kn-p- Xpw Dbp- pw sX-s pw AXv BhnjvImc
kzm-X-{ yw F auen-Im-h-Im-i-am-sW- p kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n-bpsS ASn- m-\-n tZiob
]XmI ssIIm-cyw sNp- - -Xn\v ]pXnb \nb-am-hen (^vfmKv tImUv) 2002 P\p-hcn 26 apX \ne-hn
h p.

]pXnb \nb-am-hen {]Imcw

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

hy-n-I, kz-Im-cy m- -]\- F n-hbvpw ]XmI D]-tbm-Kn-p- -Xn-\p kzm-X-{ yw

Dm-bn-cn-pw.
a v, Pew XpS- n-b-bn ]XmI sXmSm ]mSp--X-.
hml-\- -fnepw apw Ae-m-c-n-\mbn tZ-iob ]XmI D]-tbm-Kn--cp-Xv.
kz-Im-cy ih-Zm-l- v ih---bmbn D]- -tbm-Kn--cpXv
HutZ-ym-KnI Znh-k- -fm Znh-k- -fn (tZ-iob Znh-k- -fn kzm-X-{ -y Zn\w, dnnv
Zn\w, Kmn Pb- n) ]-XmI D]-tbm-Kn-m kzm-X-{ yw Dm-bn-cn-pw.
hkv{Xw, Xqhm-e, Ipj-y XpS- n-b-h-bn ]c-ky {]Nm-c-W-nt\m Am-sXtbm tZinb ]XmI
A-Sn-m ]m-Sp--X-.
tZiob ]-XmI Xe-Iogmbn Dbm ]mSn
\ofhpw hoXnbpw aq v:cv F A\p-]mXnep ]XmI am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm ]mSpp.
s]m-Xp- -e- -fn kqtc-ym-Zbw apX kqc-ym-kvX-abw hsc am{Xta ]XmI {]Zin-n-p-hm
]mSp-p.
km DS-a- -X-bn-ep- JmZn hkv{Xm-eb- v am{Xta C -y-bn tZiob ]XmI hnm
Ah-Im-i-ap-q.
tISp-h- -tXm, Agpp ]nSn-tXm Bb tZiob ]XmI Dbp-hm ]mSn-.
tZinb ]Xm-I-tb-m Db-c-n-tem, AXn-\p apIfntem av bmsXmcp ]Xm-Itbm tXmc-Wtam
]mdn-m ]mSn-m--Xm-Wv.

A]-am-\n-p- -hv in
tZiob ]Xm-I-tbbpw Nn- -tfbpw A]-am-\n-p- -hv in
Dd-m-p \nbaw 2005 Unk- 12\v ]men-sa- v ]mmn
118

{]h-\w5
C -y-bn hnhn[ hn-`m-K-ns] `mj-I Isn ]nI ]qn-bm-pI
_w-Kmfn
......................
.......................
........................
..........................

ap

CtUm
Bc-y
C -y-bnse
`mj-I

kwkvIrXw
......................
.......................
........................
..........................

{ZmhnU
ae-bmfw
......................
.......................
........................
..........................
{]h-\w-6
C -y kaqlw:
\c-hwi imkv{X--m-cpsS A`n{]m-b-n C -y kaqlw 6 a\p-j-y-h-fn \n pw Dcp-ncn--Xm-Wv. C y Hcp hwiob ayq-kn-b-am-sW mWv imkv{X--m IW-m-p- -Xv. C y
kaq-l-hp-ambn Nne hkvXp-X-I Xmsg sImSp-ncn-p- p. IqSp-X Isn ]qcn-n-p-I.
........................
.......................

..................
.......................

t{]mtm
Bkv{S-tem-bnUp-I

sk^m-epI

\ot{Km
bnUp-I

ZnW `mc-X
-nse
P\-

.................
C -y
kaqlw
..................

..................
.......................
CtUm
Bc-y
hn`mKw

.................

saUn--td
-\n-b-\p-I

........................
.......................
119

.......................
.................

lnam-e-b
{]tZ-ipw hSp-In- taJe-bnepw

{]h-\w7
C y Hcp atX-Xc cmP-y-am-Wv. hnhn[ aX-hn-`m-K- C -y-bn-epv. C -y-bnse hnhn[ aX-
]Z-kq-c-y ]qn-bm-p-I.
lnp

C -y-bnse
hnhn[
aX-

]mgvkn

ssP\
-aXw
{]h-\w-8
atX-X-c-X-zw, aX-\n-c-t]-X Fs v Isn C -y aX-\n-c-t]-X IqSp ^e-{]-Z-am-phm \n v F v \nt-i-am-Wp--sX v hy--am-p-I.
atX-X-c-Xzw

aX-\n-c-t]-X

aX-\n-c-t]-X ^e-{]-Z-amm-\p \nt-i-

........................................
.........................................

........................................
.........................................

........................................
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kqN-\:
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Fm aX-hn-`m-K- pw Xpey {]m-[m-\ywK-hsa v aX-Im-c-y- -fn CS-s]-Sp-I-bn-. Hcp

aX-t-mSpw {]tX-yI Xmev]-cyw ImWn-n-. Bcm-[-\m kzm-X-{ yw
aX-\n-c-t]-X aX-an-m Ah- -b-.
hy-X- -ykvX aX-hn-i-zm-kn-Ifpw hni-zm-k-an-m--hcpw AS- p kaqlw
Fm-h-tcbpw C -y ]u-c-m-cmbn ImWWw
aX-]-c-amb bmsXmcp hnth-N-\hpw ]mSn
cmjv{S-ns {]h-\- aX-hn-ap--am-Ww
`cW Imc-y- -fn aX-]-c-amb CS-s]-S ]mSn
tZiob Zn\- Imc-y--a-am-bnS BN-cn-Ww
\nb-a- Imc-b--a-am-pI
120

{]h-\w9
C y tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-n\p hnLmXw krjvSn-p LS-I- fpw Ah-bvp ]cn-lmc am -fp-amWv Is-t--Xv. ]mensa v B{I-a-Ww--XmPv tlm B{IaWw ko]v D n-Ir-jvWs
Nn{Xw F nh {]Zin-n-p-sImv N kwL-Sn-n--mw. XpS v Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p ]Z-kqcy ]qn-bm-pI
{]mtZ-inI
hmZw

C y- - tZiobX
t\cnSp
shp-hn-fn-I

A-\m-Nm-c

kqN-\:
l

ho-b-X--`m-jm-hm-Zw--`o-I-c-hm-Zw--a-X-au-enIhm-Zw--A--hn-i-zm-k- --k-z-P\ ]-hm-Zw--hnI-k-\-nse Ak-a-X-zw--\n-c--cX

C -y tZio-bX \nc-h[n shp-hn-fn-I t\cn-Sp- p-v. AXn-\p ]cn-lm-c- Isn

]nI hn]p-e-s-Sp-pI
]cn-lmc am-
l

`mc-Xnb kwkvIm-c-ns al-X-z-s-p-dnv ]Tn-pI

l Fm aX- -fpw kam-\-amb BZ-chv \IpI
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

kqN-\:
l
l
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tZi-tmSpw tZiob t\Xm--tfmSpw BZ-chv hfn-sb-Sp-p-I.

aXhpw `c-Whpw Xn bmsX#pc _hpw Dm-I-cpXv
kzm-X-{ yw ka-Xzw kmtlm-Z-cyw F o Bi-b- v {]m[m-\yw \IpI
tZiob ]Xm-I, tZ-iob Km\w, tZiob Nn- F n-hsb _lp-am-\n-pI
tZiob Zn\- kap-Nn-X-ambn BN-cn-pI
121

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hnIk\-nse Ak- p-en-Xm-h ]cn-l-cn-pI

kmaq-ln-I--km--nI ]nt m-mh ]cn-l-cn-pI
{Xn`mjm ]Xn t{]m m-ln-n-pI
sXmgn-en-mbva ]cn-l-cn-pI
km-{XnI hnZ-ym-`-ymkw
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I \nk-zm tkh-I-cm-hpI

XpS {]-h-\- :
1. ""C -y tZio-bX ap cmP-y fnse tZio-b-X-bn \n pw hy-X-ym-k-s-n-cn-p- p''. Cu {]kvXmh\ ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
2. C -y tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-n\v Bh-i-y-amb aq v D]m-[n-I Fs -m-sa v hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.
3. tZio-b-Xbpw tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\hpw Fs v hy--am-pI
4. tZiobat\m-`mhw hfp- -Xn\v klm-b- -I-c-amb LS-I- NneXv Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p- p.
IqSp-X Isn ]Z-kq-c-y ]qn-bm-p-I.
hwin-bhpw `mjm-]-c-amb
sFIyw

tZiob at\m-`mhw
hfp
LS-I-

5. C -y tZio-b-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-n\v XS--ambn \np LS-I- F hnj-bs Bkv]-Zamn \S-p skan-\m-dn-tev Bh-i-y-amb hnh-c- Xmdm-p-I.
6. ho-bX ^mkn-k-ns C -y ]Xn-mWv F Ph-lem s\{lp-hns {]kvXm-h\ hniZo-I-cn-p-I.
7. C -y tZio-bX \nc-h[n shp-hn-fn-I t\cn-Sp- p-v. CXn-\p ]cn-lmc am- Fs ms-bm-sW \n -fpsS \ntiw tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.

122

10

P\m[n]Xyw

BapJw
P\m-[n-]-Xyw tIhew Hcp `cW cq]hpw PohnX coXnbpw F \ne-bn \n v Db v Hcp
kwkvIm-c-ambn hf n-cn-p- p. \nXy Pohn-X-ns Fm taJ-e-I-fnepw P\m-[n-]-Xy PohnX coXn
\ne-\np- p-sh-nepw P\m-[n-]-Xy kwhn-[m-\- hf-cp- -Xn-t\m-sSmw s]mXp-cw-Kv km{Xn-I-am-bn-sm-n-cn-p Agn-a-Xn, Xo{h-hmZw XpS- nb Po - fpw hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p- p.
Ccw Po -X-Isf Cm-Xm-m i-amb \nba \S-]-Sn-Ifpw \nb-{ -W- fpw Gs-Sp-ptm AXp ]e-tmgpw P\m-[n-]-Xy hncp--am-bn-cp- p. P\m-[n-]-Xyw hy-X-zkvX thcpd kaq-ln A{Ia ka-c- fpw Iem-]- fpw Db p-h-cp- Xv hfsc A]q-am-Wv. (P-\m-[n-]-X-y-]-c-ambn
kacw sNm-\p Ah-Im-i- t\Sn-sb-Sp-m\pw Ah-kcw D-Xp-sIm-mWv Acw ka-c A{I-am-k--am-Im--Xv Iem-]- Bhm--Xv).
AXp-sImv P\m-[n-]-X-ys in-s-Sp-m-\p ^e-{]-Z-amb amw P\- -fn Hcp P\m[n-]-Xy kwkvImcw Dm-n-sb-Sp-pI F - -Xm-Wv. hoSv, kvIq, kaqlw XpS- nb kakvX taJ-eI-fnepw Hcp hyn Adntm Adn-bm-sXtbm \S-p P\m-[n-]-Xy {]h-\- Bfl ]cntim[-\bvv hnt[-b-am-m\pw P\m-[n-]-Xy hy-h- sb F s\ amn-sb-Spmw F -XmWv Cu ]mT-`mK-ns Bi-bw.
123

apJy Bi-b- :
{]X-y]-tcm P\m-[n-]-Xyw
P\m-[n-]-Xy khn-ti-j-X-I--hn-hn[ cq]-
P\m-[n-]-Xyw Hcp PohnX cnXn
sXc-s-Spv
P\m[n]-Xy hy-h- -bnse t]mcm-bva-I--]-cn-lmc am-
CWSN Ipn-Imbn Nn{X- , ]nI hni-I-e\w sNbXv tNcpw-]Sn tN {]h-\-n
Dsm-n-n-p-v.
{]h-\w--1
P\m-[n-]-X-y- -s-p-dn-p Nne \n-N-\- Nmn FgpXn Ipn-I-tfmSv hy-n-]-c-ambn hymJy-m-\n-m Bh-i-y-s-Sp- p.
1.

The government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. (Lincoln)

2.

Democracy is based upon the conviction that there are extraordinary possibilities in ordinary people (Harry Emerrson
Fostecks)

3.

Were there a people of gods, thir government would be democratic-(Roussean)

4.

Two cheers for democracy: Onme because it admits variety and two because it permits criticism-(E.M. Foster)

1.

P\- , P\ p thn, P\- - -fm-ep cmjv{Ss Dq-e\w sNm-\m-hn (en-)

2. km[m-cW P\-X-bpsS Akm-[m-cW km[-y-X-I-fn-emWv P\m-[n-]-X-y-ns hni-zmkw (Harry

(
Emerrson
Fostecks)

3. ""P\m-[n-]-Xy cmjv{S-n P\-X-bmWv ssZhw''. (-dq-tm)

4. hy-Xn-cn-bpw hnai-\-hp-amWv P\m-[n-]-Xy P\m-[n-]-X-y-ns B\w ((E.M. Foster)

So-tdmSv
ap-I-fn \In-bn-cn-p P\m-[n-]-X-y-ns hnhn[ \n-N-\- - ]cn-tim[nv P\m[n-]-Xyw F m-sW v Ipn-I \n-Nn--s. hy-n-]-c-ambn Ah ssIam-dnb Ipdnv Ah-Xcn-n-p-hm Bh-i-y-s-Sp-I. P\m-[n-]-Xy hy-h- -bn Ghpw {][m-\-s-Xv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnIsf \n-bn-m-\p P\- -fpsS Ah-Im-ihpw `c-W-n P\- p \nb-{ -W-hp-amWv
F Bi-b-n tdIm-Uo-I-cn-p-I)
{]h-\w-2
]pcm-X\ {Kop-Im-cp-IS {]X-y P\m-[n-]-X-y-n \n v ]tcm P\m-[n-]-X-y-n-tev amdm
Xmsg sImSpncn-p LS-I- hln ]v ]cn-tim-[nv Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
1.

tZicmjv{S- -fpsS Bhn`mhw

2. kv{Xo ka-Xzw
3. {]mb-]qn thm-h-Imiw
4. ASn-a \ntcm-[\w
5. P\-kw-Jym h-\hv
124

So-tdmSv
hfsc Ipd `q hnkvXr-Xnbpw P\-kw-J-y-bp-ap {Kov ]Kc cmjv{S- -fn ]uc-Xvzw ]cn-NnX-am-bn-cp- p. kmaq-l-y]c-ambpw cmjv{Sob-]-c-ambpw km-n-I-]-c-hpamb \Kc cmjv{S- -fpsS
kml-N-c-y- -fn \n v XnI-pw -h-y-X-ykvXamWv tZi-cmjv{S- F hkvXpX hy--am-s-tS--Xp-v. AXp-sImv {Kop-Im-cpsS {]X-y P\m-[n-]-X-y-n \n v C s ]tcm
P\m-[n-]-X-y-n-te-p amw A\n-hm-c-y-am-bn-cp p F Bi-b-n t{ImUo-I-cn-p- p.
{]h-\w-3
emn Ata-cn-- kml-N-c-y- -fp-ambn _-sp hc Cu Imq-Wn\v C ybpw ap P\m-[n]-Xy cmP-y- -fp-ambn _-aptm ?

P\m-[n-]-Xyw ]W-n-e-hp Hcp kwhn-[m\w Xs -bm-Wv. P\m-[n-]-X-y-n\v A]Nbw Dmp LS-I- sf hy-n-]-c-ambpw Iqmbpw Is-m Bh-i-y-s-Sp- p. A[-ym-]-I Nmn/
t_mUn Ah env sNp- p.

kqN-\:
l

Ignhn-\ F -n-\mWv {]m[m-\yw

{]K- amdn-\np-Ibpw cmw \nc-m hcp p

Zn-im-t_m-[-an-m cmjv{Sob ]mn-I

l
l

XpS v Ipn-I env sNbvX P\m-[n-]-X-y-ns A]-N-b- sf F ns\ adn-I-S-m-sa v A;t\-z-jn-p- p. AXn-\mbn Hcp ]nI ]qo-I-cn-m Bh-i-y-s-Sp- p.
125

]cn-lmc am-

P\m-[n-X-y-ns A]-N-b-
l

Znim-t_m-[-an-m cmjv{Sob ]mn-I

l
l

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l

Ign-hn-\ F -n-\mWv {]m[m-\yw

]W-n-e-hp ]cn-]mSn

sXc-s-Spv Nnehv km hln-pI

l
l

{]K--cmb hy-n-Isf k`-bn-tev \ma\ntZiw sNpI

l
l

P\- -fpsS cmjv{Sob imo-I-cWw

`qcn-] A`n-{]mbw \yq-\-]--n-e-Sntn-p p

ka-hm-b-n\v {]m[m-\Kyw \I

So-tdmSv
P\m-[n-]-Xy hy-h- v A]-N-b- fpw t]mcm-bva-Ifpw Ds-nepw C p \ne-\np
cmjv{Sob h-y-h- -I-fn ]ucm-h-Im-i- fpw Ghpw IqSpX kwc-n-m Ign-bp- Xpw hyn-X-z-ns kq hfv Ah-kcw \-Ip- Xpw Xw ]cn-l-cn-m\pw sXp Xncpn
apt mp t]mIm-\p kwhn-[m-\hpw P\m-[n-]-Xy hy-h- -bn am{Xta Dq F Bi-bn t{ImUo-I-cn-p-I.
{]h-\w--4

am[-y-a-temIw

126

\psS ]{X- kz-X-{ hpw \njv]--hp-am-bmtWm {]hn-p- Xv ? Ipn-I ({Kqv hv)

Ah-cpsS Is--ep-I Ah-X-cn-n--s.

So-tdmSv
Hcp Znh-ks 56 hy-X-ykvX ae-bmf ]{X- tiJ-cnv Ipn-I {Kq-Sn- m-\-n Xmsg
X n-cn-p ]nI ]qn-bm-m Bh-i-y-s-Sp-I.
\{v

]{Xw

[n-]-Xy
km P\m{]-h\ AgnaXn
hm
hm

]mi-zkz-P\
Xo{hhmZw h-cn-]-hmZw
s-S

]nI ]qn-I-cnp F v Ddp hcp-nb tijw So Nmn/t_mUn Hcp tNm-Zyw

D bn-p- p.
Zri-y-am-[-y-a- \nb-a-hn-[-b-amb P\m-[n-]-Xy ka-c- sf Ah-K-Wn-p-Ibpw P\m-[n-]-Xy hncp
ka-c- v henb hmm {]m[m-\yw \Ip-Ibpw sNp- Xv F p-sIm-mWv ? N

So-tdmSv
kaq-l-ns \mhmWv am[-y-a- . GsXmcp ]cn-jvIrX kaq-l-nsbpw kv]-\- #mXns
am[-ya kwkvIm-c-n sXmm Adn-bmw. P\m-[n-]-X-y-ns s\Spw XqWp-I-fn H mWv
am[-y-a- . kz-X-{ hpw \njv]--hp-amb am[-y-a- A`n-{]mb {]I-S-\-tbpw A`n-{]mb
cq]o-I-c-W-tbpw kzm-[o-\n-p- p F Bi-b-n N t{ImUo-I-cn-p-I.
{]h-\w-5

127

kmaq-ly kpclm ]-Xn-I Gsd Dm-bnpw C -y-bn ka-Xzw \S-m-p- n-. F p-sImv?

N kqN-\:
lhm-I-y-Ime s]j-\p-I
lhn[h s]j
lkq Btcm-Ky Cjq-dkv ]cn]mSn
lsXmgn-en-mbva thX\w
ls]mXp-hn-X-cW k{-Zmbw
lhnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse kwh-c-W-

-N:
l
l
l

So-tdmSv
\qm-p-I-fmbn \ne-\n- n-cp Ak-a-X-z-ns ^e-ambn kzm-X-{ yw e`n-nv 60 hj-
Ign-npw C -y-bn Hcp hn`mKw P\X C v Zmcn-{Z-y-n-em-Wv. SC, ST Zfn-X, tKm{X. P\m[n-]-Xyw hnP-bn--W-sa-n km-nI ka-X-Xzw IqSntb Xocq. F m C -y-bn [\w
GXm\pw t]cp-sS ssII-fn tI{o-I-cn--s--Xm-Wv. km-nI ka-X-z-n-\p {][m\
XSw AXpsImmWv. kmaq-ly kpcm ]-Xn-I H pw ]q -amb km-nI ka-Xzw
Ddp \Im-Xv F Bi-b-n t{ImUoI-cn-pI
kmaq-ly kpc e-y-am-n-smv km ASp Imev koI-cnn Nne \S-]-Sn-I
1.

kuP-\-yhpw \n-n-X-hpamb hnZ-ym-`-ymk Ah-Imiw

2. sXmgn-ep-dv ]Xn
3. `y kpcm ]Xn
Ccw ]-Xn-I km-nI kzm-X-{ -y-ns LS\ \bn-m F{X-am{Xw klm-b-I-camWv. (N t{ImUo-I-c-Ww)

So-tdmSv
C -y-bnse Fm Ipn-Ipw kuP-\-yhpw \n-n-X-hp-amb hnZ-ym-`-ymkn-\p AhImiw 2010 ]men v ]mm-n-bn-p-v. sXmgn-en-m-bva-bpw, Zmcn-{Z-yhpw Cm-Xm-m Dtin-p-sIm-mWv {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-dv ]Xn Bhn-jvI-cn-n-p--Xv. Cu ]Xn {]Imcw Npcp n-bXv Hcp hj-n 100 Znh-k-sa-nepw \nnX thX-\-n (150 cq]) sXmgn \e-Ip- Xn\p thn-bp kwhn-[m-\-amWv. `-y-kp-c--bpsS \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-I Bcw-`n-nt Dq-s-hnepw BPL Card DS-a-Ip ]cn-K-W\ kuP-\y tdj, 1 cq] \nc-n Acn ]Xnbpw
`y-kp-csb e-y-am-n-bn-p--h-bm-Wv.
128

{]h-\w-6
P\m-[n-]-Xyw cmjv{Sob ]mn-I-fpsS A`m-h-n \ne-\nptam ? P\m[n]-Xy hy-h- -bn
cmjv{Sob ]mn-I-fpsS [w F mWv? TB Page...... hmb\m Ipdnv D]tbmKnv hy-n-]-c-ambpw
{Kq-Sn- m-\-nepw Is--s.

kqNIw:
l

P\ sf t_m[-h-cn-m

l
l

P\-]-m-fnw Dd-p-h-cp-m

l
l

A`n-{]mb cq]o-I-cWw \S-m

l
l

cmjvv{Sob hnZ-ym-`-ymkw \Im

`cW t\Xr-Xzw Gs-Sp-m

""F\nv Hcp cmjv{Sob ]mn-t-bmSpw Xmev]-cy-an''. F p ]d-bp Acm-jv{Sn-b-hm-ZnIfpsS

F w hnp hcp- -Xn cmjv{Sob ]mn-Ip ]v F mWv ?

Nm kqNIw:
l

P\ sf `n n-n-p p

P\m-[n-]-Xy hncp- {]h\ ssien

A{Ia cmjv{Sobw

A`n{]mbw ASn-tn-p p

cmjv{Sob XXzh-cWw

So-tdmSv
cmjv{Sob-n hnp hcp Agn-a-Xn, kz-P-\-]--hm-Zw, a cmjv{So-bw, ]mn-IfpsS GIm-[n-]-Xy cnXn-I, ho-b-X, Xo{h-hm-Z-hp-am-bp _- , hnL-S\ {]h-\ XpS- n-b-h-sbmw P\- sf cmjv{So-n \n v Hcp ]cn[n hsc AI-m Imc-W-am-bnpv.
Fnepw cmjv{Sob ]mn-I \n-ln-p apJy Np-a-X-e-I-fmb `c-W-n\v t\XrXzw \IpI, \b-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-p-I, Bib {]N-cWw \S-pI s]mXp-P\ A`n-{]mbw
cq]o-I-cn-pI, {Inbm-fl-I-amb `c-W-]--ambpw {]Xn-]--ambpw {]hn-pI, P\- -sfbpw
`c-W-Iq-S-tbpw _n-n-p I n-bmbn {]hn-p-I, Ch-sbmw \n-ln-m cmjv{Sob
]mn-I IqSntb Xocq. AXp-sImv Hcp Da ]uc cmjv{S-n\pw kaq-l-n\pw KpW-Ic-amIpw F p hnizknp Hcp cmjv{Sob ]mn-bn AwK-am-bn-cn-t--Xpv F Bib-n t{ImUo-I-cn-p-I.
129

{]h-\w-7

(Imq ]d-bp- -Xv"'F n-\mWv hnjan-p- Xv? hon-tev t]m-bn-tmfq , \ns

thmv Rm sNbvXp Ignp'' F t]mfnwKv
_q-ns apn-ep thm-tdmSv ]d-bp- p)

(Text Book in Political Science IX Std. SCERT)

(I-S-m-Sv)

Imq-Wn I-Xp-t]mse {]X-y--am-tbm, ]tcm--amtbm kz-X{

p LS-I- ]n-I-s-Sp-p-I.

sXc-s-Sp-n-s\ l\n-

thmn-\p ]Ww

l
l

I-thmv

l
l

`ojWn

l
l

Ccw {]iv\ ]cn-l-cn--s-tZ-Xv kz-X-{ hp \njv]--hp-amb sXc-s-Spv B-h-i-yam-Wv. Fn Ccw {]iv\- p ]cn-lmc am- F mWv?
130

{]h-\w-7
kz-X-{ hpw \njv]--hp-amb sXc-s-Spv Ddp hcp-p- -Xn-\p thn `c-W-L-S\m ]c-ambn
sXc-s-Spp Io-j {]hn-p- p. sXc-s-Sp-n\v tat\mw hln-p-Ibpw P\- sf t_m[h-cn-p-Ibpw X-S n \nc-h[n {]h-\- v Io-j t\Xr-Xzw \Ip- p.

thmp sNp-hm ID Card \n-am-pI

l
l

k-Xn-Zm\ Ah-Imiw \n--am-pI

l
l

\nco--I-cpsS tkh\w Ddp hcp-pI

l
l

{]iv\ _qn Iym-ad m]n-pI

l
l

\n`-b-ambn thp sNm-\p kuI-cyw Hcp-pI

So-tdmSv
sXc--Spv kz-X-{ hpw \njv]-hpambn \S-p- -Xn\v sXc-s-Spv Io-j kzoI-cn-n-cn-p \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS A\p-_w ImWp-I. TBbnse {]kvXpX `mKhpw Ipn-Iv
hmb\v \I-Ww. ap mknse P-\m-[n-]-X-ys kw_np ]mT-`m-K- fpw ]-{X-nepw
Zri-y-am-[-y-a- -fneqsS-bp hnh-c-W- fpw D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-m {in-p-a-tm.
131

{]nssk-UnwKv Hm^o-k:
Hcp t]mfnwKv _qnse thmnwKv \S-]-Sn-Iv tat\mw hln-m Ce- Io-j \ntbm-Kn-p DtZ-ym-K- . km[m-c-W-bmbn km ko-knse Db DtZ-ym-K- -cpsS tkh-\amWv Io-j CXn-\mbn {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p- -Xv.
t]mfnwKv Hm^o-k:
{]nssk-UnwKv Hm^o-ksd klm-bn-m \ntbm-Kn--s-Sp DtZ-ym-K- . hnhn[ hIp-p-I-fnse
km DtZ-ym- sc CXn\mbn sXcs-Spv Io-j \ntbm-Kn-p- p.
t]mfnwKv GP v:
m\m nv Fm t]mfnwKv _qp-I- -fnepw hy-n-]-c-ambn Fn-t-cm Aku-I-c-y-am-b-Xn\m thmnwKv \S-]-Sn-I \nco-n-m m\m n \ntbm-Kn- B.
thm tSHuv:
thmv tcJs-Sp-n-b-h-cpsS iX-am-\--W-v.
CS-me sXc-s-Sp-v:
a{ n-k`m Imem-h[n ]qn-bm-Im--Xns\ XpS v \S-nh sXc-s--Spv
D]-sX-c-s-Sp-v:
Hcp afi-e-nse {]Xn-\n[n cmPn-sh-p- -Xp aqetam Atbm-K-y-\m--s-Sp- Xv aqetam acn-p Xp aqetam DmIp Hgnhn-sev \S-p sXc-s-Sp-v.
{]Nm-cWw Ah-km-\n-n-:
thms-Spv ]qn-bm-Im Xncp-am-\n-n-cn-p ka-b-ns 48 aWn-q ap]mbn {]Nm-cWw
Ah-km-\n-n-n-cn--Ww.
t{]mIvkn aptJ\ thmnw-Kv:
kmbp[ tk\-I, Ban BIvSv _m[-I-am-n-bn-p ap tk\-I F n-h-bnse AwK- v
asmcp thmsd Xs k-Xn-Zm-\m-h-Imiw hn\n-tbm-Kn-m "'t{]mIvkn"'bmbn \ntbm-Kn-m-hp- Xm-Wv.
t]m _me-v:
kmbp[ tk\mw-K- , hn-tZ-i-p--h, CeIvj Uyq-nv \ntbm-Kn--s-Sp DtZ-ym-K-
apX-em-b-hv t]mfnwKv _qn lm-P-cm-Im km[n-m--Xn-\m Ahv thmp-sN-m GsSp#nbn-cn-p {]tX-yI kwhn-[m-\w.
sStUUv thmv:
Hcp hyn thmp-sN-m -h-cp-tm AXn\p ap]v Xs Abm Ah-Im-i-s-Sp k-Xn-Zmb-Is t]cn Hcp ]s am-sc-nepw thmp tcJ-s-Sp-n- -b-Xmbn ImWp ]w {]nssk-UnwKv
Hm^o-kv B hyn bYm thm-dm-sW v t_m[-y-s-Sp-I-bm-sW-n, thmnwKv by n
tzmp-sN--m A\p-h-Zn-msX B hy-nsb ""sStUUv _mev t]"' F {]tX-yI kwhn-[m-\n ]c--cm-KX coXn-bn- thmp-sN-m A\p- -h-Zn-p- p. CXmWv sStUUv thmv.
thmv ]pSp--ns Zqc-]-cn-[n:
t]mfnwKv tj\v 100 ao-dn-\p-n thmp-]n-Spw \S-p- Xv Ip-I-c-am-Wv. CXn\p ]pdsa
t]mfnwKv tj\v Nppw 200 aodn-\p-n thms-Spv Znhkw m\m n-I Iymv sNp- Xpw
\ntcm-[n-n-cn-p- p.
132

{]h-\w-8

`c-W-L-S-\-bnse auen-Im-h-Imi-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A`n{]mb {]I-S\ kzm-X-{ yw

kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn H nv tN-cm-\p kzm-X-{ yw
kw-L- -S-\-I-fpw bqWn-b-\p- -I-fpw cq]oIcn- -m-\p kzm-X-{ yw
C -y-bn Fhn-sSbpw Xma-kn- -m\pw Pohn-m-\p-ap kzm-X-{ yw
C -y-bn Fhn-sSbpw kz-X-{ -am-bn k-cn-m-\p kzm-X-{ yw
Hcm sXc-sSp-p sXmgntem I-h-S-tam sNm-\p kzm-X{ yw

apI-fn \In-bn-p aueo-Im-h-Im-i- sf P\m-[n-]-X- -y-ns cmjv{So-b--km-aq-ln-I--km--nI

Xe- Xcw-Xn-cnv ]n-I-s-Sp-p-I.
cmjv{Sob Ah-Im-i-

km-nI Ah-Im-i-

kmaq-lnI Ah-Im-i-

l kzm-X-{ yw

l ..................................................

l ............................................................

l ....................................................

l ka-Xzn\p Ah-Imiw

l ...........................................................

l ....................................................

l ...................................................

l aX-k-zm-X-{ -y-n-\p

Ah-Imiw
`cW-L-\-bnse \nt-iI XX-z-
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

Xpey tPmenv Xpey thX\w

sXmgn-emfn-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky kwc-Ww
Xpey \oXn \S-n hcWw
Ipn-Is-sf \ \ne-bn hfm Ign-bWw
Btcm-K-y-ap--hv kuP-\y \nba klmbw e`-y-am-Ww
sXmgn-em-fn-Iv am\-y-amb thX\w e`-y-am-Ww
kuP-\-yhpw \n-n-X-hp-amb {]m-Y-anI hnZ-ym-`-ymkw
s].m-Xp-P-\m-tcm-Kyw sa-s-Sp-Ww
]nt m kap-Zm-b- sf ap n-se-n-Ww
aZ-y-hn-\-bpsS \ntcm-[\w

\ntiI XX-z- sf P-\m-[n-]-X-y-ns cmjv{Sob km-nI kaq-ly Xe- Xcw Xncnp

]n-I- -s-Sp-p- p.

cmjv{Sob Ah-Imi

km-nI Ah-Imi

kmaq-ly Ah-Imi

l Xpey tPmev Xpey thX\w

l ......................................................

l Xpey \oXn \S-n hcWw l .................................................................

l .....................................................

l ............................................................

l ............................................................

l ..................................................................
133

l .{kXo-]p-cpj ka-Xzw

So-tdmSv
cmjvSobX-ew: F Xv P\m-[n-]-Xy XX-z- \ne-\np cnXn-bm-Wn-Xv. kzm-X-{ -yw, kaXzw,
kmtl#m-Z-cyw P\-]-m-fnw, P\-lnXw, \nb-a-hmgvN CXn Ds-Sm- p.
km-n-Iw: k-ns hn\n-tbm-Kw, \nb-{ -Ww, Dev]m-Z\w F- nh kaq-l-ns \nb{ -W-n-em-I-Ww. kv GXm\pw hy-n-I-fn tI{o-I-cn--s-Sp- Xv XS-b-Ww. hnXcWnepw D]-tbm-K-nepw Xpe-yX ssIh-cn--Ww.
kmaqln-Iw: PmXn, aX, enwK, h, h hnth-N-\-an-m Ah m hnti-j-am-Wn-Xv.
hnthN\ cmln-X-yw, Xp-ey ]cn-K-W-\, Ah-kc ka-Xzw, Xpey kwc-Ww CXn Ds-Sp- p.
{]h-\w-9
\nX-y-Po-hn-X-n \mw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-tn h-cp cp Xe-n-ep PohnX kao-]-\- -fmWv
Nn{X-n-ep--Xv. C-c-n-ep av k`- Is-mtam ?

Nn{Xw cn-teXv \n -fpsS N m-Xn-bm-sW- v Icp-Xp-I. Fn N m-Xnsb P\m-[n-]-Xy aqey- \n F ns\ t_m[-y-s-Sppw ? Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.

134

Nn{Xw-1

Nn{Xw-2

1. Dugw Imn-cn-p (Bus, Teain, Doctors Etc.)

1. Xn--b-dp p

2. {]iv\- kam-[m-\ -]-c-ambn ]cn-l-cn- m {ian- Ww 2. B{Ia amw tXSp p

3. ka-hm-b-n\p {ian-Ww

3. kz w e-y-n Ddp \np p

4. ap--hv ]cn-K-W\ \Ip p

4. kz w Imcyw am{Xw ]cn-K-Wn-p p

5. A`n-{]mb kzm-X-{ yw A\p-h-Zn-p p

5. A`n-v{]mbw ]dbm A\p-h-Zn-p- n

6. im -ambn At]-n-p p

6. `ojWns-Sp-p p

So-tdmSv
P\m-[n-]-X-y-ns A]-N-b-n-\p ]cn-lmcw P\- -fpsS imo-I-c-Whpw P\- fpsS hntam-N-\-hp-am-Wv. CXp km-y-am-I-W-sa-n P\m-[n-]-Xyw Hcp at\m-`m-h-ambpw Hcp
PohnX coXn-bmbpw XocWw F Bi-b-n t{ImUo-I-cn-p-I.
{]h-\w-10
hv jov ]qn-bm-p-I. (TB Page 149 ImWp-I)
lnX-]-cn-tim\

................................................... USA

.............................................

P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I

P\-lnX ]cn-tim-[\

................................................... `qcn-] A`n-{]mbw

.............................................

A`n-apJw

................................................... `qcn-] A`n-{]mbw

.............................................

.................................

.............................................
Recall

Dc kqNn-I:
1
lnX ]cn-tim-[\A-`n-{]mb thms-Sp-vUSA Referandum
2
Xncnp hnfn-P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-- m-\p \n v \n Recall
3 P\-lnX ]cn-tim-[-\--s]mXp {]iv\w-- -`q-cn-] A`n-{]mbw Plebicite
4 A[n-{I-aw-- -P-\- -fpsS apssI Initiative..................
`c-W-Iq-S-ns Nne Xocp-am-\- i-amb P\-Iob Xocp-am-\- -fpsS ]m--e-n ]nhen-p- Xv \psS cmP-yv km[m-c-W-am-Wv. CXn\v BZyw kqNn-n lnX ]cn-tim-[\ (Referendum) bpambn _-ant? {Inan-\ tInepw apw P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I {]Xn tN-s-Sp-tm
Ah-cpsS cmPnW Bh-i-y-s-p-sIm-p apd-hnfn Db Xns\ (Recall) Dw Bbn _-s-Sp-Ww. \ne-hn-ep \nb-a- -fpsS t]mcm-bva-I, Ip IrX-y- hn-p- -Xns Imc-W-am-Iptm (Ragging, ssk_ Ip IrX-y- , aWn sNbn Xn-v) ]pXnb \nbaw Bh-i-y-ambn hcp p. C -s\-bp Hcp k`s {]X-y P\m-[n-]-X-y-ns \mev coXn-I-fp-ambn _-sSp-m-hp- -Xm-Wv.
135

P\m-[n-]-Xy hy-h ivIXnbpw Bth-ihpw ]I p-sImv ka-Im-eo\ temI-ns CXc `mK -fn \S- p-sIm-n-cn-p P\ apt -s Ipdnv Hcp Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
kqN-\:
l

ka-c-n-\p Imc-Whpw e-y-hpw

{]N-cW X{ -

kac coXn

t\Xm-

136

{]h-\w-1

P\m-[n-]-Xyw t\cn-Sp shp-hnfn

C y- P\m-[n-]-Xyw t\cn-Sp shp-hn-fn-I Fs mw ? hmb-\-p-dnv \Ip- p. (C-tm

C y P\m[n-]-Xyw t\cn-Sp shp-hn-fn-I--N-/-kw-hmZw
137

N-bn Db p-h Bi-b- sf X n-cn-p {]Im-cw {Iao-I-cn-m Bh-i-ys-Sp-I.

C -y P\m-[n-]-Xyw
shp-hn-fn-I

]cn-lmc am-

P\m-[n-]-Xyw t\cn-Sp shp-hn-fn-I

Kpcp-X-c-amb Nne {]iv\- sf C y A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p- p. X{ -{]-[m-\- -fmb 3 AXnn
kw m-\- -fn Imivao, Akw, ]m_v F n-hn-S -fn 1990--I-fn hnL-S\ hmZw ivIXn {]m]n-p.
]m_v Ctm Hcp hn[w im -am-sb-nepw \msS pw
A{Iaw \S-am-Sp- p. Xe- m\ \-Kcn-bn t]mepw t_mw_v
kvt^mS-\- fpw X n-an--ap \c-l-X-y-Ifpw ]Xn-hm-bnn n-cn-p- p. C -y-tbbpw temI-tbpw Ap-X-sSp-n-smv 1996- hnP-b-I-c-ambn sXc-s-Spv \Snb Sn.-F. tij, A{I-a- fpw `o-j-Wnbpw _qp
]nSn--S-epw csmcn--ep-an-msX kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn
k-Xn-Zm\ Ah-Imiw tcJ-s-Sp-m \apv Ign-bp-sa v
sXfn-bn-p.
sNdnb tXmXn-ep Hcp km-nI DZm-c-h-cWw
t_mw_p-Iv C -ysb \in-n-m-\m-In-. Ncn-{Xn ]etmgpw kw`-hn-n-p--Xp-t]mse XI -Sn
AhinjvS- n-S-bn-eqsS C -y-m apt mp t]mIpw.
\psS Ghpw henb in-bmb _lp-aX kap-Zmb
hni-zm-k-n \n pw kl-hn-Xz kmm- -n
\n pw P\-Xsb ASn amp-I-bm-sW-n AXm-bncnpw C -ysb \in-n-p- -Xv.
138

hy-h-km-b-h-c-W-n\v \mn-Ip-dnp XpS- n-b-tm-gmWv Agna-Xnbpw A{I-ahpw hnL-S\ hmZhpw

cmjv{So-b-n {Inan-\-ep-I-fpsS cwK-{]-th-ihpw Hs IqSn A -cow aeo-a-k-am-n-b-Xv. 65 %
Zmcn{Zy tcJbvv Xmsg I-gn-bp- , 25%s {]Xn-amk hcp-am\w 25 tUmf-dn\v Xmsg am{X-ap Cu
\mn Hcp ]pXnb D-t`mr kwkvImcw D-S-se-Sp-p. If Sn.-hn. skp-I-fpsSbpw hn.-kn.-B-dp-I-fpsSbpw tamtm Imdp-I-fp-sSbpw hn\ I-am\w hn-p. C--h\v tamln-p-hm ]eXpw
Dm-bn. ]nWn InS-p- -h\v \ncm-i-s-Sm\pw ]gp-Xp-m-bn. C y-bnse hy-X-ykvX kaq-l- -fnsemw ]c-kv]c am -cyw \mnp.
F n--d-m Xocm--h-bmWv C -y-m-cs Zpcn-X- . \nc-c-X-bpsS Imcyw ]d-bm-\n-.
samw P\-kw-J-y-bn 48% \pw A--c -m-\-an-. h\ \ioI-c-W-ns Zpc ^e- , shnbpw hmbp-hnsbpw aen-\o-I-c-Ww, Imc-y--a-Xbvv t]sc-Sp-n-cp `cW hy-h- bpsS A[:-X\w (C- -y-bnse {]i-kvX-amb knhn kn-kn \smcp ]v sNdpXpw A{X sN-dp-X-m--Xpamb Agn-a-Xn-bn apgp-In-bn-cn-p p F Xv \mn-sems ]m-m-Wv). Ime-l-c-W-s-Xpw {]tbm-P\
cln-X-hp-amb hnZ-ym-`-ymk k{-Zmbw F p XpS n \mSn\v A]-am-\-I-c-amb ]e-Xp-ap-v. aq mw
temI-nse P\m-[n-]-X-y-sa kt-cn\v Ifw Nmp- -XmWv Iem-]-Im-cn-Is-Xn-cmbn \Snb \o `oIc {]h-Isc Aa sNp- -Xn\v ssIsm \S-]-Sn-I a\p-j-ymh-Imi
[zw-k-\amsW v C -y-bnse ]ucm-h-Imi {] m-\- t]mepw ASn-Sn Btcm-]-W-ap- -bn-p p. _lp-`q-cn-]w C -y-m-cm-sSbpw A`n-\--\-n\v ]m{X-am-bn-p C -y kmbp[ tk\, Ah
sNt--X-m tPmen-Iv ]e-tmgpw \ntbm-KnsSp p. ]c-kv]cw aSn-p hy-X-ykvX
Xmev]-c-y- -fpsS cW-`q-an-bmbn Xo p `mc-Xw. tZiob t_m[-n-e hnL-S\ Xmev]-c-y- mWn-hnsS apXq-w. Ch-sbmw kzm- -`m-hn-I-ambpw C -y-bpsS `mhn-sb-p-dn-p D-WvTbvv ImcW-am-Ip- p.
C -y-bnse P\-kw-J-y-bn ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw Zmcn{Zy tcJv Xmsg Ign-bp- -h-cm-Wv. ""N-Xn-s\mpta Pnhn-n-cn-nepw'' F -Xm-W-h-cpsS nXn-sb p Npcp-w. C -y-bn ]mh-sh-sc p ]dm Poh-k-m-c-W-n-\m-h-i-y-ap-h t]mepw e`nm-h-cm-sW- w. {]Xn-ioj hcp-am-\ns IWp ]d--Xp-sImtm Itemdn D]-t`m-K-ns ]nI \nc-n-b-Xp-sIm-tm {Kma- fnse sN ]mX-I-fnepw \K-c- -fnse ^qSv]m-p-I-fnepw Pohn-p ]mh- -fpsS Zpcn-X- v
AdpXn hcn-I-bn--tm. t]mj-Im-lm-c-an-m amXm-hn\v P\nv acn-m--Xp-sImv am{Xw Pohnv
Bh-i-y-n\v `-Wtam, hkv{X-tam, ]mn-Stam CmsX Ignp Iqn ]Tn-mt\m, Ifn-mt\m D
kml-N-cyw e`n-msX hf- p hcm shp Hcp kaql-nse AwKam-Im imco-cn-I-ambpw
_pn-P-c-ambpw sIn-m-Xm-bn-o-cp- -h-cmWv C -y-bnse ]mh- . C -y-bnse 35 tImSn P\ C pw Cu nXn-bn-em-sW v ]d-bp-tm AXns\ Zpc- -sa- hnti-jn-n-t-Xv \mWt-sS- m-Wv.
Fm C -y-m-cp-sSbpw A`n-em-j- sf tZinb k-ev]-hp-ambn ka-\-z-bn-n-p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS
ASn- m\ ]c-amb Bh-i-y- \nd-th-p-Ibpw sNpI F -XmWv C -y P\m-[n-]-Xyw t\cn-Sp
shp-hn-fn. cmjv{Sob kmm- -ns tI{ _nphmWv km-nI \bw. s\{lp-hns kmnI \b-n-ep-mb ]mfn--I cmjv{Sob cwK-p-m-nb {]X-ym-Lm-X- C -y P\m-[n-]-Xy-n\p lm\n-I-c-ambn `hn-p. Iptd-qSn t\ct hntZi aqe-[-\s khm-KXw sNbvXn-cp-s -n
Chn-Sps bphm-v IqSp-X sXmgn-e-h-k-c- Dm-Ip-am-bn-cp- p. {]tm-`- -fnepw `nIc
{]h-\- -fn \n v Ah hnp \np-am-bn-cp- p. Kh-sns \nb-{ -W-n-ep hy-h-kmbn-Iv {Kma- -fnse an-ap sXmgn-em-fn-Isf apgp-h\pw Dsm-m-\p Ign-hn-. \nb-{ nX
kZv hy-h- -bn kz w em`w t]mepw CjvSm-\p-k-cWw \nt-]n-m-\-\p-hm-Z-an-m apX-em-fnamv tImtf-Pp-I-fn \n v ]pd-n-d-p _ncpZ [mcn-Ismw tPmen \Im\pw km-y-a-.
Cu kml-N-c-y-ns krjvSn-I-fm-b, KXn-sI-, tcmjm-Ip-e-cmb sNdp--m aueo-I-hm-Zn-bmb
]m_nse `n{hme apX BZi-hm-Zn-I-fm-b _wKm-fnse s\Ivk-te-p-I hsc-bp t{]tm`-Im-cn-I-fpsS IqSm-c- -fn A`bw tXSn. C y P\m-[n-]-X-y-n\v A]-ISw hcpn shp F XmWv C -y tkmj-y-en-k-ns A[nIw {in--s-SmsX t]mb Hcp ^ew.
139

tZiob kZv hy-h- -bn Kh-sn-\p-m-bn-cp kzm-[o\w \ntj-[m-fl-I-amb {]Xn-I-c-W- fp-f-hm-n. kzX{ `mc-X-n Ghpw IqSp-X hf t\Snb km-nI LSIw Irjnsbm hy-hkm-btam Bbn-cp- n-. _yq-tdm-{I-kn-bm-cp p asm-cp-hn-[-n ]d-m Dev]m-Z-\-t-m \nb{ -W- m-bn-cp p {]m[m-\-yw. Kh-s v k hym-]n-bmbn Xo -Xp-sImv ]gn-Nm-cm-\p
D]m-[nbpw AXp-am-{X-am-bn. tPmen \In-bn-s-n AXv Kh-sns Ip-am-Wv. Xo tai-p-dp
th{X `-W-sa-n-bn-s-n Kh-s v ]cm-P-b-s-s v Btcm-]-W-ap-b-cpw. Kh-sns
]cm-P-b- v \nhrn am-ap-m-t-Xpw Kh-s v Xs . AXn-\p \S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-ptm
]ucm ]nW- pw. Ah Khsns\-Xnsc Xncn-bpw. _ncpZ[mcn-bmb Hcp DtZ-ym-Km nv sXmgn
\Im Khsnt\m sIp ap kwhn-[m-\- -fp-m-bn-cp-s -n ]n m hn`m-K- v
Kh-s v tPmen-bn kwh-cWw Gs-Sp-m-\p hn.-]n. knwKv kc-m-cns Xocp-am-\-n
{]Xn- t j- [ nv lXm- i - c mb sNdp- - m sXcp- h p- I fn Bflm- l qXn \S- p- I - b n- m- b n- c p- p.
1991- kam-cw-`n km-nI ]cn-jvIm-c- --A-Xn \n p ]nXn-cn-bm km-y-a-s- mWv
1996-se CS-Xp-] Nmbvhp sFI-y-ap- -Wn-bpsS a[-y-hn Kh-s v AXv XpS p-t]m-Xp- Xn \n v a\-n-em-hp- -Xv. icn-bmb Zni-bn-ep \S-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp- p. ]s AXn\p ]ptcm-KXn
t]mc. thmamsc am{Xw eyw shp `cWw \S-p Hcp Kh-sns kzm`m-hn-I-amb ssha\-k-y-am-Wn-Xn\p Imc-Ww. \nt-]- p \nb-{ -W- FSpp If-Xpw hy-h-km-b- sf
`mKo-I-ambn \nb-{ W hnt[-b-a-m-Xm-n-bXpw hntZi hmWn-P-y-nepw hntZi\mWy hn\n-a-b-nepw
Nne Cf-hp-I A\p-h-Zn-XpsImpw aXn-bm-bn-.
ktm-]cn IqSp-X C -y-m ]cn-jvIm-c- -fn `mK-am-I-Ww. amw km[m-cW P\- -fn
Fntc-Ww. ate-j-y-bnepw Ct m-t\-j-y-bnepw kw`-hn--Xp-t]mse ]mh- -fn shp ]mh- -fmb-h-cpssS _lp-`q-cn-]w P\- -fp-sSbpw PohnX \ne-hm-c-n {]I-S-amb ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cnm AXn\v Ign-b-Ww. ]W-mp thn Xnf- n hntZi \nnX Imdp-I \nn-m
am{Xw t]mc, sXmgn-en-m--hv sXmgnepw hni-p- -h\v `-Whpw Bh-i-y-m-c\v sNe-hmm ]Whpw e`n- --W-sa mWv CX-n- w. Cs-n Cu kmnI ]cn-jvIm-c- p P\Inb ]nXpW \jvS-am-Ipw. Itm-f-n {]th-in-m Ign-hn-m--h\v Itmfw sImv {]tbmP-\-sa pw C-tm. AXp-t]mse DZm-c-h-c-W-n\v C -y P\-X-bps krjvSn-]-c-amb Du- ns hn\n-tbm-K-sa pw A -ap-v. hnI-k-\hpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw {]Zm\w sNp- -tXmsSmw Fm
hn-`mKw C -y-mpw ]p-Xnb C- -y-bpsS X -fpsS Xme-]-c-y- am\n--s-Sp Hcn- -y-bp-sS-kr-jvSn-bn ]p-s t_m[w P\n-n--Ww.
AXv C -{mv sam-n ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-m-\p Znh-y-a-{ -ambn Xocpw. C -y hyh-km-bnbpw Fgp-p-Im-c-\p-amb KpN-cZm-kns A`n-{]m-b-n ""\psS kZv hy-h- sb
ASp ]qm-Xn-cp-m am{Xw aXn asm pw sNtXn-. \S-n hcp-nb ]cnjvIm-c- A nc-s-Sp--cpXv. hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-ns \ne-hmcw sa-s-Sp--Ww. Fn BtKmf kZv hy-h- -bpsS
apt --tm-sSmw \appw ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cnmw'';
{]Xn-ioj hcp-am-ns IWv ]d--XpsImtm Itemdn D]-t`m-K-ns ]nI \ncn-b-Xp-sImtm {Kma- -fnse sN ]mXI-fnepw \K-c- -fnse ^pSv]m-p-I-fnepw Pohnp ]nWn ]mh- - f psS Zpcn- X - v
AdpXn hcn-I-bn-. \nXy Zmcn-{Zyw ine-am-bn. acnm--Xp-sImp am{Xw Pohnv Bh-i-y-n\v
`-Wtam hkv{Xtam ]mn-Stam CmsX Ignp-Iq-p- -h-c mWv C -y-bnse ]mh- .C -ybnse 35 tImSn P\- \vC pw Cu kYn-Xnbn-em-sW-I v ]d-bp-tm AXns\ Zpc- -sa hntk-jn-n-t--Xv. \mW-t-sS- mWv
140

So-tdmSv
C -y P\m-[n-]-Xyw t\cn-Sp shp-hn-fn-I ]n-I-s-Sp-n-bm AXn\v t\v
AXns ]c#n-lmcw F v F v Is-m hnj-a-an-. C s\ {Kqv ASn- m-\-n
]nI ]qo-I-cn-m Ipn-Iv hy-n-K-X-ambn C- -y P\m-[n-]-Xyw t\-cn-Sp shp-hn-fnIfpw ]cn-jmc am- fpw F hnj-b-n D]-\-ymk cN-\v Assksa- v \Im {in-p-a-sm.
Reference Books:
1. Austin Granville 1999 working a Democratic constitution, The Indian Experience-New Delhi Oxford.
2.
C -y `cW LS\ (tI-cf `mjm Cn--yq-v) Fw.-hn. ss]en
Ipn-Ip d^-dkv:
1.
\nba ]T\w IX Std.
2.
Ph-lem s\{lp (a-lm-N-cnXame)
3.
tUm: _n.-B. Awt_-ZvI (a-l-XvN-cn-X-am-e)
4.
tbmP\ (tI{ km-dns hnI-k\ ]-Xn)
tNmZ-y- :
1.
F mWv P\m-[n-]-Xyw? P\m-[n-]-Xy hy- -h- -sb-p-dnv \n a\-n-em-n-bXv F mWv?
2.
]pcm-X\ {Kokn \n v B[p-\nI Ime-s-n-b-tm P\m-[n-]-Xy hy-h- -bn Dm-b am Fs mw?
3.
{]I-y ]tcm P\m-[n-]-Xy h-y-h- -Isf Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv GsX-nepw 3 hy-X-ym-k-
Fgp- -Xp-I.
4.
""{]X-y P\m-[n-]-Xyw C v temI-ns Hcp `mKpw \ne-\np- n''h-y--am-p-I.
5.
F{X t]mcm-bva-I-fps--nepw ]tcm P\m-[n-]-Xyw Xs -bmWv \-Xv _m_p A`n-{]m-b-sp. F m-bn-cnmw _m_p I t]mcm-bva-I ? Ah ]cn-l-cn-p- -Xn\v Xm-fpsS \ntiw
F mWv?
6.
""P\m-[n-]-X- -ys in-s-Sp-p- -Xn\v Nne aps m-cp-- Bh-i-y-am-Wv'' Ah GXmWv?
7.
""Zriyam[-y-a- P\m-[n-]-X-y- -]-c-amb ka- -c- sf Ah-K-Wn-p-Ibpw A{Ia ka-c- v AanX
{]m[m-\-yhpw \e-Ip p'' P\m-[n-]-X-yhpw am[-y-ahpw F skan-\m-dn an\n-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-amWn-Xv. an\n C s\ A`n-{]m-b-s-Xv F p-sIm-m-bn-cnmw?
8.
Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy cmP-yv kzX-{ -hpw \nv]--hp-amb am[-ya [w \ne-\nm XmfpsS \ntiw F mWv ?
9.
P\m-[n-]-Xyw Hcp Pohn-X-coXn Bbn-o-cm Hcp hy-n-bn-ep-m-tI KpW- F mWv?
10. ""P\m-[n-]-Xyw `qcn-]--ns `c-Whpw \yq-\-]--ns kwc--W-hp-am-Wv. hy--am-p-I.
11. C -y P\m-[n-]-Xyw t\cn-Sp shp-hn-fn-Isf Ipdnv Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p kqN-I- \p-k-cnv Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
(A) P\-kw-Jy (B) \nc--cX (C) ho-bX (D) Xo{h-hmZw (E) Ak-a-Xzw
12. Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p- h GXp auen-Im-h-Im-i- -fp-ambn _-s--XmWv F p Is-pI
(A) Pohn-m-\p kzm-c-{ yw (B) aX-{]-N-cW kzm-X-{ yw (C) sXmp-Iq-Smbva Cm-Xm-
(D) ASn-aw Ah-km-\n-n-

141

13.

14.

15.
16.

Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p kml-N-c-y- -fn k-zmX-{ ys \nb-{ n-p- Xv \ym-bo-I-cn-mtam ?

\n Is-nb Imc-W- F mWv ?
(A) kpc-n-X-Xz Imc-W- -fm Hcp C -y ]uc\pw km-cn \n v apIq A\p-aXn
hm n-bm am{Xta cmP-y-ns Nne AXnn {]tZ-i- -fn {]th-in-p-hm km[n-p-Ibpp.
(B) Nne {]tZ-i- -fn {]mtZ-inI P\- -fpsS Xm]-cyw kwc-n-m thn A\y{]tZ-imv AhnsZ \ntcm-[\w Dv.
(C) `cWInv ASp sXc-s-Sp-n tZmjw sNpw F p Icp-XXn Hcp ]pkvXIw
{]kn-o-I-cn-p- Xv km XS-p.
Xmsg sImSp-n-cn- -p- -h-bn C -y ]uc\v e`-y-a-m Ah-Im-i- Is-pI
1. km-dns\ hnain-m-\p kzm-X-{ yw
2. kmbp[ Iem]w \S-p-\p kzm-X-{ yw
3. km-dns\ \ow sNm-\p k-ac kzm-X-{ yw
4. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn- m\ aqe-y- sf hnain-m-\p kzm-X-{ yw
P\m-[n-]-Xy kaq-l-n \nc--cX Dbp shp-hn-fn-I F mWv ?
" P\m-[n-]-Xyw Hcp PohnX coXn' F hnj-b-n mkv dqw N-bn ]s-Sp-p-sImv
\oXp A`n-{]m-b-s-p. ""P\m-[n-]-Xy hy-h thcp-d kaq-l-n A{Ia ka-c- fpw Iem-] fpw Db p hcp- Xv A]q-am-Wv''.
\oXp-hns hmZ-KXn ka n-p-I.

sNv env:
1.
P-\m-[n-]-X-y-ns \n-N\w
2.
P\m-[n-]-X-y-ns Dhw{Kov P\m-[n-]Xyw.
3.
]tcm P\m-[n-]-Xywta-I
4.
]tcm P\m-[n-]-Xyw t]mcm-bva-I--]-cn-lmc am-
5.
P\m-[n-]-X-yhpw am[-ya [hpw
6.
kmaq-ly kpcm ]-Xn-Ie-y-
7.
`c-W-L-S-\-bnse auenImhImi \nt-iI XX-z-
8.
cmjv{Sob ]mn-I-fpsS [wt]m-cmbva
9.
\njv] sXc-s-Spv Io-j
10. P\m-[n-]-Xyw Hcp Pohn-X- coXn F \ne-bn
11. {]X-y P\m-[n-]-X-y-ns 4 t]mcm-bva-I
12. P\m-[n-]-Xyw t\cn-Sp shp-hn-fn-Ifpw ]cn-lmc am- fpw

142

11 a\pjymhImi
BtKm-X-e-n a\pj-ym-h-Im-i- sfp-dnv Gsd N sN-s-Sp Hcp Ime-L--am-WnXv. ]pcmX\- Imew apX a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i- -sf-p-dnv Ghcpw t_m[-hmm-cm-bn-cp- p. a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i- -sfp-dnpw a\p-j-ym-Imi [zw-k-\-s-p-dnpw Gsd N sN-s-Sp Ime-L--am-Wn-Xv. F mWv
a\p-j-ym-h-Imiw? a\p-j-ym-h-Imi ewL-\- , {]Xn-k-n-I Fs ms? kv{XoI,j Ipn-I,
ZfnXv hn`m-K F n-hp {]tX-yI Ah-Im-i- Fs mw? bp-nsbpw Xo{h-hm-Znsbpw t]cnepw kaq-l-n BsI hy-X-ykvX hn`m-K- n-S-bnepw a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i- v
t\sc \S p hcp IS p Ib-- F n-h-sb-p-dn-smw Cu A[-ym-b- -fn-eqsS a\-n-emp p. \apv Nppw \S-p \nc-h[n a\p-j-ym-h-Imi ewL-\- -tfmSv DNn-X-am-b coXn-bn {]Xn-Icn-m-\p tat\m`mhw Ipn-I-fn hf-Ww.
e-y- -K:
a\p- -j-ym-hImiw F F v [mcW t\SpI
a\p-j-ym-h-Imiw cq]-s--sX- ns\ F [mcW ssIh-cn-pI
a\p-j-ym-h-Imi {]J-ym-]-\-
kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw Ipn-I-fp-f-Sbpw {]tX-yI Ah-I-m-i-
hnhn[ Xc-n-ep- -a-\p-j-ym-h-Imi ewL-\-
a\p-j-ym-h-Imi {]th-i-\- --tZ-inb A tZinb Xe-n
a\p-j-ym-h-Imiw C -y-bn
a-\p-j-ym-h-Imi Io-j-\p-I--{]-h-\-
D]-t`mmhns Ah-Im-i- F ns\ kwcn-mw F [mcW t\Sp- -Xn\v

143

{]h-\w-1
kv{XoI Hm^o-kn tPmen sNp- Xpw Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn tcmKn-Iv NnIn e`n-p- -Xpamb Nn{X- {]Zin-n-p- p. XpS v Nne tNmZ-y- tNmZn-p- p.

kqN-\:
l

tPmen sNp-hm-\p Ah-Imiw kv{XoIptm?

sa-s NnIn m klmbw e`n-m P\- v Ah-Im-i-aptm ?

Ipn-I {]Xn-I-cn-p- p.
XpS v ""Ah-Im-i- '' "'a\p-jy-m-h-Imiw'' F m-sW v kqNn-n-p Nmv {]Zin-n-p- p.
Ah-Im-i- :
Hmtcm-cp-pw Ah-c-h-cpsS hy-n-Xz hnIm- -k-n\pw hf-bvv#w e`n-p Ah-k-c-
a\p-j-ym-h-Im-iw:
Hmtcm h-y-npw A- -p PohnXw \bn-p- -Xn-\p auen-Ihpw A\-Lhpw Bcmew A\ym[n\- -s-Sp-m-\m-Im--Xp-amb P--kn-amb Ah-Im-i- .
{]h-\w-2
temI `q]S {]Zi\w
Cwv, Ata-cn, {^mkv F o cmP-y- Is-p-I. Ipn-Isf aq p {Kqp-I-fmn amp- p.
XpS v Xmsg kqNn-n-n-p kw`-h- a\p-j-ym-h-Imi kwc--Ws F{X-am{Xw kzm-[n-\n-n-ps- -Xn-\-p-dnv N \S-p- p.
1215- -se amm-Im
1688--c--c-lnX hnhw
1775--A-ta-cn- kzm-X-{ y kacw
1789--{^-v hnhw
1875--C- -y kzm-X-{ y kacw
TBbpsSbpw a ]T-\ kma-{Kn-I-fp-sSbpw klm-b-tmsS N sNbvXv Ah-X-cn-n-p- p.

Dc kqNn-I:
l

a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i- kwc-n-p- Xv `c-W-Iq-S-ns _m-y-X-bm-n-sm- BZy tcJbmWv amm-Im.

]men-sans \nti-a-\p-k-cnv am{Xta cm-Pm-hn\v {]hn-m A[n-Im-c-aq F v

c-c-lnX hn#v-]-ehw DZvt-_m-[n-n-p. 1689-se Ah-Imi DS-Sn kzm-X-{ -y-n\pw sskz-cy
Pohn-X-n\pw thn Ata-cn--bn-tev IpSn-tb-dn-m-h-cpsS ta {_n B[n-]-Xyw
m]n-m {ian-Xv Ata-cn- hn-h-n\v Imc-W-am-bn.

l 1776-se tImf-\n-I-fpsS kzm-X{

{]J-ym-]\w "'kzm- -X-{ -yhpw Ah-Im-i- pw'' kYm-]n-s-Sp-

-em-bn-cp- p.
l

kzm-X-{ -yw, ka-X-zw, kmtlm-Z-cyw F o Bi-b- -fmWv {^v hnhw Dbn-n-Sn--Xv.

144

P\m-[n-]-Xyw F Bi-b-ns hnP-b-am-bn-cp p {^v hn-hw. C -y-bnse P\- -fpsS

cmjv{So-b--km-aq-ln-I--km--nI Ah-Im-i- t\Sn-sb-Sp-m-\p ka-c-am-bn-cp p C -y
kzm-X-{ y ka-cw. kz-X{ C -y-bpsS `c-W-L- -S\bn P-\m-[n-]-X-yw, aX \nct]--X, ]c-am[n-Im-cw, tkmj-y-en-kw, dn-nv F o B-i-b- IqSn Dsm-n- -n- -cn-p- p.

""a\p-j-ym-h-Imi kwc-Ww'' Ime-K-W\m Nmv

1993

hnb Ishj

1989

Ipn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-

1948

km-tZ-iob a\p-j-ym-h-Imi {]J- -ym-]\w

1945

FI-y-cmjv{S k` cq]o-I-cWw

1789

{^v hnhw

1776

Ata-cn- kzm-X-{ y {]J-ym-]\w

1689

Cw-nse Ah-Imi DS-Sn

1215 V

amm Im

{]h-\w-2
1948 Unk- 10\v sFI-y-cmjv{S k` ""k tZiob a\p-j-ym-h-Imi {]J-ym-]\w'' \S-n. a\pj-ys auenI kzm-X-{ -yhpw Ah-Im-i- -fp-a-S- n-b-XmWv Cu {]J-ym-]-\w. a\p-j-ym-h-Imi {]J-ym-]\-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p Ah-Im-i- Fs m-s-sb v TB bpsS klm-b-tmsS Is-p-I.
a\p-j-ym-h-Imi {]J-ym-]\w sImp am{Xw {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-mtam ? ]-cn-lm-c- fpw \nt-inp-I.
kqN-\:
]q -amb tXmXn {]m-tbm-Kn-I-a-P\-Iob Iq-bvatImS-Xnsb kao-]n-m Ign-b-Ww ]cam-h[n in \IWw-(-k kwL-S-\-I-fpsS {]h-\- --t_m-[-h-c-Ww--a-\p-j-ym-h-Imi
ewL-\- ]cn-tim-[n-p-I--a-\p-j-ym-h-Imi Ia-ao-js {]h\w Imc-y--a-am-Wv)
{]h-\w-3
_me-th-e-bp-ambn _-s Nn{X- mn {]Zin-n-p- p. ChnsS Iqn-IfpsS GsXms
Ah-Im-i- -fmWv \ntj-[n--s-n-cn-p- Xv F v N sNp- p. Ah-X-cWw t{Im-Uo-I-cWw
kqN-\:
l

_me-the \ntcm-[n-p 24-mw A\p-tO-Z-ns ewL\w

B-tcm-Ky kwc--W-n-\p Ah-Imiw

hyn kzm-X-{ -y-n-\p Ah-Imiw

145

{]h-\w-4
1989-se sFI-y-cmjv{S k`-bpsS A m-cmjv{S {]J-ym-]-\hpw 1993-se hnb Ishj\pw
Ipn-Iv \nc-h[n Ah-Im-i- Ddp hcp-p- p-v. Ipn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i- , Ah-Imi ewL\- Ah-Imi kwc--W-n-\m-h-i-y-amb \nt- -i- Fs m-s-sb v Isn Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p ]nI ]qn-bm-p-I.
Ah-Im-i-

Ah-Im-i ewL\-
GsXms coXn-bn

hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-n-\p Ah-Imiw kvIqfn Ab-m-Xn-cn-

]cn-lmc am-
Fm- h ev pw hnZ- y m- ` - y mkw
F \bw Ii-\-am-pI

Btcm-K-y-n-\p Ah-Imiw

t]mj-Im-lmcw \ntj-[n-

...................................................................

.......................................................

.......................................................

...................................................................

........................................................

........................................................

hy-n-X-z kwc-Ww

hnth-N-\-n \n p kwc-Ww

Pohn-m-\p Ah-Imiw

A`n-{]mb {]I-S-\-n-\p Ah-Imiw

Adn-bm-\p Ah-Imiw

_me-the

{Iqc-amb a\w

Dt]- n-

NnIn e`n-m-Xn-cn-

ssewKoI NqjWw

\nb-a- Ii-\-am-pI

t_m[-h-cWw

]pXnb \nba \nmWw

Ipn-I-fpsS tImS-Xn-I

tkh\ kwL-S-\-I-fpsS CS-s]-S

kuP-\y \nba klmbw

Iukn-enwKv

146

{]h-\w-5
kv{Xo-Is-Xn-sc-bp hnth-N-\- kqNn-n-p ]{X--nw-Kp-I {]Zin-nv kv{XoI-fpsS
Ah-Im-i- -sf-p-dnv N kwL-Sn-n-p-I. XpS v kv{XnI-fpsS Ah-Im-i- , Ah-Imi ewL-\ , ]cn-lmc am- F nh Isn Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p ]nI ]qn-bm-p-I.
Ah-Im-i-
XpeytPmenv Xpey thX\w
KmlnI ]oU-\- n \n pw
kwc-Ww

Ah-Im-i ewL\-
hnth-N\w
kv{Xo ]oU\w

]cn-lmc am-
\nb-a- I-i-am-pI
.......................................................
........................................................

kv{Xo[\ \ntcm-[\w
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

sXmgn-en-S- -fn kwc- Ww

enwK-\n b \ntcm-[\w
thX\ hy-X-ymkw
ssewKoI NqjWw
kv{Xo[\w
sXmgn e- -fnse ]oU\w
Aoe Nn{Xhpw ]c-k-y- fpw
Ah-kc ka-X-h-an-m-bva
s] {`q-W-l-Xy

l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l

s]mXp-P-\- v t_m-[-h-cWw
]pXnb \nba \nmWw
tkh\ kwL-S-\-I-fpsS C-S-s]-S
kzu-P-\y \nba klmbw
Iukn-enwKv
cn-Xm-v t_m[-h-cWw
Ii\amb \S-]-Sn-I
hnth-N\w Hgn-hm-pI

{]h-\w-6
ZfnXv hn`m-K-n s] P\- \nc-h[n {]iv\- A`n-a-Jo-I-cn-p- p. Ah GsXm-s-sb pw
Ah-bvp ]cn-lmc am- fpw \nt-in-pI
{]iv\-

]cn-l mc

`c-W-]-c-amb Ah-Imi \ntj[w

`c-WLS\m \nt-i- Ii-\-ambn ]men-pI

............................................................................................

............................................................................................

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............................................................................................

l
l
l
l
l
l

km-n-I-kmwkvImcnI ]nt m-m-h

hni-zm-k- Ah-K-Wn-p p
`qan hnX-c-W-nse hnth-N\w
a\p-j-ym-h-Imi Icm-dp-I i-am-pI
k kwL-S\m {]h-\-
P\-Iob t_m[-h-cWw

{]h-\w-7
C -y `c-W-L-S\ Ddp \Ip aueo-Im-h-Im-i- Fs ms? Nmv {]Zin-n-pI
147

Dc kqNn-I:
l

Ah-kc Na-Xzw

kzm-X-{ - -y-n-\p Ah-Imiw

Nqj-W-n-s\-Xn-sc-bp Ah-Imiw

aX-k-zm-X-{ yw

kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-]-c-hp-amb A-h-Im-iw

`c-W-L-S\m]c-amb ]cn-lm-c- p Ah-Imiw

]h-\w-8
B- vkm v kqNn, ta[m-]-SvI, Ctdm-jm\p janf F n-h-cpsS Nn{X- {]Zin-n-p-sImv
Ah \S-p a\p-j-ym-h-Imi {]h-\- -sf-p-dnv kwhmZw kwL-Sn-n-p-Ibpw Ipdnv Xm-dmp-Ibw sNp-I.
kqN-\:
B vkm v kqNn: ayma-dn kzm-X-{ -y-n\pw P\m-[n-]-X-y-n\pw thn-bp ka-c- v
t\Xr-Xzw.
ta[m-]-SvI: \Z _mthm Bt m-f {] m\-n\v t\Xr-X-zw. \aZm \Zn-bn ktcm-h
]Z-[Xn \S-m-p-tm ]c--cm-KX sXmgnen Gs--h-cpsS kwc--W-n\v {]hn-p- p.
Ct-dm-jm\p jan-f: aWn-q-cn ]m-f-ns {]tX-yI A[n-Imcw hnthN\ cln-X-ambn {]tbmKn-p- -Xn-s\-Xnsc \ncm-lmc kacw
l

GsXms Ah-Imi ewL-\- :

hyn kpc-n-X-Xzw

hyn kzm-X-{ yw

cmP-y-shn-sSbpw ]mm\pw k-cn-m-\p-ap kzm-X-{ yw

Kh-sn ]m-fn--n-\p Ah-Imiw

Bib {]I-S-\w--A-`n-{]mb kzm-X-{ -yw C n-h-bvp Ah-Imiw

Ip-hmfnIfm--hsc ]oUn-n-p- Xv

kv{XnI-fpsS {]tX-yI Ah-Im-i-

{]h-\w-9
a\p-j-ym-h-Imi Io-js {]h\w hy-amp ]{X-hm-I-fn-eqsS Ipn-I-fpsS {i
Wn-p- p. tZiob Xe-nepw BtKm-f-X-e-nepw {]hn-p Ccw kwL-S-\-I-fpsS t]cpIfpw {]h\ cnXnbpw A[-ym-]n-I-bpsS klm-b-m Iqn-I ]c-n-N-b-s-Sp- p.

tZio-b-X-e-n

BtKm-f-X-e-n

]onkv bq\n-b t^m knhn kokv

A\wn C \mj-W

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148

l
l
l
l
l
l
l
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l
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l

thUv hn- -j
]onkv Iukn t^m tkmj-y Pokv
hnh-cm-h-Imi Io-j
a\p-j-ym-h-Imi Io-j
knnk t^m Utam- -{Ikn
]onkv bq\n-b t^m knhn en_okv
]onkv bq\n-b t^m Utam-{Im-nv ssdvkv
Gj-ym-hmv
Iukn t^m C \mj-\ Pokv
lyq-assdvkv hmv
tm_ hmv
B{^n hmv

kwL-S-\-bpsS {]h\ kqN\:

l a\p-j-ym-h-Imi \ntj-[- shfn-p sImp-h-cp p
l P\- -fpsS {]Xn-I-cW tijn hfp p
l a\p-j-ym-h-Imi kc-Wn\v `c-W-Iq-Ss t{]cn-n-p p
l Ah-Imi ewL-\-n-s\-Xnsc tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-p p
l A m-cmjv{S {iXncn-p p
l a\p-j-ym-h-Imi ewL-\-n\v hnt[-b- -cm-p- -hv kwc-Ww
l t_m[-h-cW {]h--\- \S-p p
l s]mXp-{]-iv\- -fn {]tm-`- kwL-Sn-n-p p
{]h-\w-10
1993-se a\p-j-ym-h-Imi kwc-W {]Imcw C -y-bn a\p-j-ym-h-Imi Io-j \ne-hn h p.
1998- kw m\ a\p-j-ym-h-Imi Io-j\pw \ne-hn h p. Cu Io-j-\p-I-fpsS s]mXp-hmb NpaX-e-Ifpw A[n-Im-c- fpw Fs m-s-sb v Isn ]nI ]qn-bm-p-I.
Npa-X-e-I

A[n-Im-c-

a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-s-p-dn-p t_m-[-h-cWw

]ucm-h-Imi kwc-Ww

............................................................................................

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............................................................................................

kqN\:
l Ah-Im-i- ewLn--s hy-nv \jvS-]-cn-lm-cw e`-y-am-pI
l bp-amb \S-]-Sn-I kzo- -I-cn-p-hm km-cn-t\mSv ip]mi
l Ah-Imi ewL-S-\- XSbm `c-W-Iq-Ss klm-bn-pI
l Khs v ]-]m-X-]-c-amb \S-]-SnI kzo-I-cn-p- p-sh-n tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-pI
l \nb-a- fpsS ]p\-c-h- -tem-I\w
l `cW \n-lW cwKs ]cnjvImc-
l XS-h-d-bnse AXn-{I-a- XS-b
l ]n-I-PmXn/]n-I-h hn`m-K- -fpsS Ah-Imi \n-tj-[- Cm-Xm-
l h\n-X-I-fp-sSbpw Ipn-I-fp-sSbpw kwcWw
149

{]h-\w-11
D]-t`m-mhv hne sImSpp hm p km[-\- -fp-sS KpWw, Af-hv, Xqw F nh icn-bmb
coXn-bn e`n-p- -Xn\p Ah-Im-i-amWv D]-t`mmhns Ah-Im-iw. Pnm-Xenepw kw m\
tZiob Xe-nepw D]-t`mr X-]-cn-lmc thZn-b-I Dv. AhbpsS {]h-\- Fs ms-sb v N kwL-Sn-n-p-I.
XpS {]h\w
1. ""Cw-nse ammIm, c-c-lnX hn-hw, Ata-cn- kzm-X-{ y k- -a-cw, {^v hn-hw, C- y kzm-X-{ y kacw F o ka-c- fpw hn-h- fpw a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i- -fpsS kwc--W-n\v klmb-I-c-am-bn-p-v''. - Cu {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
2. a\p-j-ym-h-Imi kwc--W-n-\p A m-cmjv{S {ia- sf ASn- m-\-amn ssSw sse Xmdm-p-I.
3. 1948 Unk- 10\v sFI-y-cmjv{S k` {]J-ym-]n k-tZ-iob a\p-j-ym-h-Imi {]Jym]-\-nse
{][m-\-s Ah-Im-i- Fs m-s-bm-bn-cp p?
a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i {]J-ym-]-\w sImp am{Xw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb Pohn-X-n-\p Ah-kcw Dd-n-mtam?
AXn-\mbn Fs mw Imc-y- -fmWv sNt--Xv--hn-i-Z-am-p-I.
4. 1989-se A m-cmjvv{S {]J-ym-]-\-nbpw 1993-se hnb m Ishjsbpw ASn- m-\-n
_me Ah-Im-i- A m-cmjv{S Xe-n AwKo-I-cn--s-n-p-v. Ch GsXm-s-sb v Isp-I.
5. _me-th-e-bp-ambn _-s Nn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-p-I. Ipn-I-fpsS GsXms Ah-Im-i- -fmWv
\ntj-[n--s-n-cn-p- Xv ? Ah kwc-n--s-Sm GsXmw \nt-i- \n v \Iphm Ign-bpw.
6.

_n bm{X sNp-tm h\nXm Poh-\-m-cn-tbmSv A]-a-c-ym-Z-bmbn s]cp-amdn

kv{Xo[-\s sNmn Xw. bph-Xnsb Bip-]-{Xn-bn {]th-in-np
s{Sbn-\n \n v h\nXm bmd-X-m-cnsb B{I-anp
apIf-In sImSp-n-cn-p ]{X-hm-I {in-p-I. kv{XnI-fpsS Ah-Imi kwc--W-n\mbn \nc-h[n \nb-a- \ne-hn-ep-s-nepw Ch \nc- -a-c-ambn ewLn--s-Sp- p. Ah-Imi
ewL-\- Fs -mw. B\p-Im-enI kw`-h- sf DZm-l-cn-p-sImv ka n-p-I. ]cn-lmc
am- fpw \nt-in-p-I.

7.

B v km v kqNnsb Xmm-en-I-ambn hop-X-S--en \n pw tamNn-np

Ctdm-jm\p janf \ncm-lmcw XpS-cp- p.
Nne ]{X-hm-I-fmWv apI-fn sImSp-n-cn-p- -Xv. Cu hm-I-fn a\p-j-ym-h-Imi ewL-\ ImWm Ignbptam? GsXms Ah-Im-i- -fmWv \ntj-[n--s-n-cn-p- Xv? ]cn-lmc
am- \nt-in-p-I.

8. tZio-b-X-e-nepw A tZ-iob Xe-nepw {]hn-p \nc-h[n a\p-j-ym-h-Imi kwL-S-\I Dv. Ah GsXmssb v Isn a\p-jy-m-h-Imi kwc--W-n k kwL-S\
- I hln-p ]n-s\-p-dnv hnh-cWw \Ip-I.
150

9. a\p-j-ymh-Im-i kwc--W-n ""k kwL-S-\-bpsS ]v'' F hnj-bs ASn- m-\amn mn Hcp skan-\m kwL-Sn-n-p-I.
10. k{Xo-I-fp-sSbpw Ipn-I-fpsSbpw Ah-Imi ewL-\- -]-cn-lmc am- F hnj-bs
ASn- m-\-am-nb Hcp {]_w Xm-dm-p-I.
11. km-tZ-iob a\p-j-ym-h-Imi Zn-\-tm-S-\p-_-nv a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i- -fpsS {]k-n-sb-p-dnv
Hcp {]`m-jWw \S-m \n sf sXc-s-Sp-p-I-bm-sW-n \n -fpsS {]`m-j-W-n-\m-h-i-yamb Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
12. Hcmgv-Ns ]{Xw hmbnv AXn
dntm:#p Xm-dm-p-I.
13

Is-nb hnhn[ a\p-j-ym-h-Imi ewL-\- -sf-p-dn

KpW-\n-e-hmcw Ipd `-y-h-kvXp- hn hym-]m-cn-s-Xnsc \S-]Sn

Af-hn Ir{Xn-aw--D-]-t`m-mhv tImS-Xn-bn-tev
apI-fn sImSp-n-cn-p ]{X hm-I {in-p-h-sm. \nnX KpW-ap hkvXpthm tkh\tam D]-t`m-m-hn\v e`n-p- -Xn\v Ah-Im-i-aptm? GsXmw Imc-y- -fmWv D]-t`mrX
]cn-lmc t^mdw CS-s]v ]cn-l-cn-p-I.

151

12

kam[m\hpw kpcnXXzhpw
AtZiob kwLS\bneqsS
BapJw

Cu `qan-bn a\p-j-y\pw ap Poh-Pm-e- pw kam-[m-\-tm-sSbpw kpc-n-X-ambpw Pohnm Ign-b-Ww. bp- , Zmcn-v{Zyw, aen-\o-I-cWw, `nIc{]h-\w, a\p-j-ym-h-Imi \nsj-[- ,
]Ihym-[n-I apX-em-bh AXn\v Hmtcm Imepw `wK-ap-m-p- p. Ccw shp-hn-fn-Isf
t\cn-Sp-hm\pw Ahsb {]Xn-tcm-[n-p-hm\pw A m-cmjv{S Xe-n {ia- fpw ChnsS Dm-bn-p-v.
cmP-y- -fpsS Iqm-bva-Ifpw AX{Xw Iqm-bva-I-fn-eqsS cq]-s-Sp HutZ-ymKnI kwL-S-\-I Htcm
{]tZ-ipw a\p-j-y-cpsS Poh{]iv\- -fp-ambn Db p-h-cp Kh-sn-Xc {] m-\- AhbpsS tZio-bhpw A tZ-io-b-hp-amb thZn-I Ch-sbmw kam-[m-\-n\pw kpc-n-X-X-z-n-\p-ambp ]cn-{i-a- fpw -C-S fpamWv Cu ]mT-`m-K- -fn-eqsS Ipn-I t\Sp- -Xv.

e-y- :
l
l
l

l
l
l
l

temI-k-am-[m-\hpw kpc-n-X-X-zhpw cq]-s-Sp kml-N-c-y- a\-n-em-p- -Xn\v

kam-[m-\-n\pw kpc-n-X-X-z-n\pw `ojWn Db#v-p kml-N-c-y- Xncn--dn-bp- Xn\v
kam-[m-\-n\pw kp-c-n-X-X-z-n-\p-am-bp BtKmf ]cn-{i-a- -fpsS `mK-ambn cq]-s-Sp
A tZ-inb kwLS-\Isf-p-dnpw Ah cq]-s-Sp- kml-N-c-y- -sf-p-dnpw a\-n-em-p -Xn\v
A m-cmjv{SA- Kh-s v, kwL-S-\-I-sfbpw Kh-snXc {] m-\- -sfbpw thXncnv a\-n-em-p- -Xn\v
k-cmjv{S kJ-y-s-p-dnpw AXp ]cm-P-b-s-Sm-\p-mb kml-N-c-y- -sf-p-dnpw t_m[y-s-Sp-p- -Xn\v
sFI-y-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS cq]o- -I-cWw e-y- , LS-\, {]h-\- F nh a\-nem-p- -Xn\v
BtKm-f-X-e-n kam-[m-\-n\pw kpc-n-X-X-z-n-\p-ambn \S-p D-tImSnItfbpw ktf-\- -tfbpw Ipdnv a\-n-em-p- -Xn-\v.
152

{]h-\w-1
am\-h-cm-inv t\cn-tS-n-h Zpcn-X- fpw Zpc- - fpw \nc-h-[n-bmWv. Ah-bn H mWv "{]IrXn-tm-`- '. X n-p ]Z-kq-c-y-\n IqSp-X Isn ]qn-bm-p-I.

-{]Ir-Xn-tm-`-

D-c-kq-Nn-I:
]I hym-[n-I, bp- , `oIc {]h-\- , Imem-h m hy-Xn-bm-\w, hn`-h-tim-jWw
v{]h-\w-2
H pw cpw temI-a-lm-bp-- p tijw bYm-{Iaw eoKv Hm^v t\jkv, sFI-y-cmjv{S kwLS\ cq]o-I-cn-s-p. Ch Xn Gsd kam-\-Xfpw AXn-tesd sshPm-X-y- fpw Dm-bn-cp- p. Xmsg
sImSp-n-p ]n-I ]qcn-nv Ch Xmc-X-ayw sNp-I.
khn-ti-j-X-I

eoKv Hm^v t\jkv

cq]o-I-cW hjw
e-y-
LS-I-
kam-\-X-I
sshPm-X-y-

153

sFI-y-cmjv{S kwL-S\

D-c-kq-Nn-I:
khn-ti-j-X-I

eoKv Hm^v t\jkv

sFI-y-cmjv{S kwL-S\

1920

1945

hjw
e-y-

A m-cmjv{S kam-[m-\hpw kpcn-X-X-zhpw Ddp hcp-pI

A m-cmjv{S kam-[m-\hpw kpc-n-XXzhpw Ddp hcp-pI

A m-cmjv{S kl-I-cWw bp XS-bpI

A m-cmjv{S kl-I-cWw bp- XSbpI

LS-I-

Akwn
Iukn
sk{I--dn-tbv
A m-cmjvv{S \oXn-\-ymb tImSXn

s]mXp-k-`, cm-k-anXn,
{So-jnv Iukn, km-nI kmaqly kan-Xn, A m-cmjv{S \oXn-\-ymb
tImS-Xn, sfk-{I--dn-tbv

{]h-\- fnse kam-\-XI

bp- Hgn-hmn ASn-a--ns\-Xnsc {]hn-p.

AXnn {]iv\- ]cn-l-cnp
h hnth-N\w FXnp.
sXmgn-emfn ta-{]-h\w

bp- Hgn-hm-n.
ASn-a--n-s\-Xnsc {]hnp
AXnn {]iv\- ]cn-l-cnp
h hnth-N\w FXnp.
sXmgn-emfn ta-{]-h\w

{]h-\sshI-c-y-

{]_e cmP-y ]m-fn-I-fm-bncp- n

{]tX-yI ssk\oI hn`m-K- -fpm-bn-cp- n
Hcp {]tX-yI GPkn am{Xw

skI-yq-cnn Iukn-ens hotm A[nImcw

197 AwK-
bp.-F. im ntk\ Dv
{]tX-yI GPkn-I

{]h-\w-2
ssSw sse Xm-dm-pI
1919
1815
1920
1945
1946

k-cm-Py kJyw ]ncn-p-hnp

thgvkmbn D-S-Sn
sFI-ycmjv{S k` cq-]o-I-cnp
hnb m tIm{Kv
k-cm-Py kJyw

D-c-kq-Nn-I:
1815
hnb m tIm{Kv
1919
thgvkmbn D-S-Sn
1920
k-cm-Py kJyw cq-]o- -I-cnp
1945
sFI-ycmjv{S kwL-S\ cq-]o-I-cnp
1946
k-cm-Py kJyw ]ncn-p-hnp
v
154

{]h-\w-3
]Z-kq-c-y ]qn-bm-pI
cm-k-anXn

sFI-y-cmjv{S
kwL-S-\-bpsS
LS-I-

D-c-kq-Nn-I:
s]mXp-k`
km-nI kmaq-l-y-k-anXn
{So-jnv Iukn
sk{I--dn-tbv
A m-cmjv{S \oXn-\-ymb tImSXn
{]h-\w-4
bp.-F.H.-bp-ambn _-s GPkn-Isf Xmsg sImSp-p- p. {]h-\- -fpsS ASn- m-\n Chsb ho-I-cn-p-I.
s]mXp-k`
temIm-tcm-Ky kwL-S\
bp\kvtIm
{So-jnv Iukn
sF.-Fw.-F-^v.
km-nI kmaq-ly \oXn
temI sXmgn kwL-S\
sk{I--dn-tbv
bqWn-sk^v
cmkanXn
A m-cmjv{S \oXn-\-ymb tImSXn
kqN-\:

apJ-y-L-S-I- /{]tX-yI GPkn-I

155

{]h-\w-5
]Z-kq-c-y ]qn-bm-pI
teIm-tcm-Ky
kwL-S\ (WHO)

kqNn-I:
`y ImjnI kwL-S\: FAO
temI sXmgn kwL-S\: ILO
Ipn-I-fpsS ta-n-\p kwL-S\: UNICEF
sFI-b-cmjv{S hnZ-ym-`-ymk imkv{X kmwkvIm-cnI kwL-S\: UNESCO
A m-cmjv{S \mW-b- \n[n: IMF
{]h-\w-6
temI-s-m-Sp-ap a\p-j-ys kam-[m-\-]q -amb Pohn-X-n\pw kpc-XX-z- -n\pw thn
{]hn-p cmP-y- tN p HutZ-ym-KnI kwL-S-\-I C v \ne-hn-ep-v. hnhn[ cmP-y tN v HutZ-ym-KnIambn A tZ-inb A Kh-s v kwL-S-\-bn H p sFI-y-cmjv{S
kwL-S\. ap cp kwL-S-\-I-fpsS t]sc-gp-XpI.
D-c-kq-Nn-I:
l

bqtdm-]-y bq\n-b: European Enion

sXs Gj-y cmP-y- -fpsS kwL-S\

South African Association for Regional Corporation - SAARC

{]h-\w-7
Xmsg ]d-bp hkvXp-X-I-tfbpw kwL-S-\-I-tfbpw tPmUn-I-fm-pI
156

temI-k-am- [m-\hpw kpcn-X-X- zhpw \ne-\nm

cq]wsImp

{_qUvem v Io-j

Imem-h-kYm hy-Xn-bm-\-hpambn _-sv Kh-spI-fpsS A tZ-iob thZn

kam-[m\ kwc-W Io-j

]cn- nXn kwcvI-jWn\pw hnI-k-\-n\pambp

temI Io-j

sFI-ycmjv{S kwL-S\ `oI-chmZ {]tbm-P\ tk\

BtKm-f-X-e-n kwLjw \ne-\n-ep {]tZi- -fpsS kam-[m-\w, hnI-k-\w, ]ptcm-KXn XpS- n-bh
Dd-m-p- -Xn\#mbn cq]o-I-cnp

C Kh-s ]m\ Hm
ssav sNbnv

sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\

`nI-c-hmZ {]h-\-n\v cq]w sImp

Dc kqNn-I:
temI-k-am- [m-\hpw kpcn-X-X- zhpw \ne-\nm
cq]wsImp

sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\

Imem-h-kYm hy-Xn-bm-\-hpambn _-sv Kh-spI-fpsS A tZ-iob thZn

C Kh-s ]m\ Hm
ssav sNbnv

]cn- nXn kwcvI-jWn\pw hnI-k-\-n\pambp

temI Io-j

{_qUvem v Io-j

BtKm-f-X-e-n kwLjw \ne-\n-ep {]tZi- -fpsS kam-[m-\w, hnI-k-\w, ]ptcm-KXn XpS- n-bh
Dd-m-p- -Xn\#mbn cq]o-I-cnp

kam-[m\ kwc-W Io-j

sFI-ycmjv{S kwL-S\ `oI-chmZ {]tbm-P\ tk\

`nI-c-hmZ {]h-\-n\v cq]w sImp

XpS {]h\w
Hcp kam-[m\ ]me\ GPkn F \ne-bn imi-zX kam-[m\w kYm-]n-p- -Xn\v sFIycmjv{S kwL-S-\bvv km[nt-m ? sFI-y-cmjv{S kwL-S-\bpw AXns ZuXy\n-j-Whpw N
sNp-I.
Nm kqN-I- :
1. bp fn-m-Xm-m\pw kam-[m\w m]n-m\pw b.-F.\v Ign-bn- ptm?
(A tZ-iob kam-[m-\-hpw kpc-n-X-X-zhpw \ne-\nm Hcp ]cn[n hsc km[n-n-p-v.
{]iv\- - H-p-Xon-se-n-n-p-v. hotm A[n-Imcw {]h-\- v XS-w. Ata-cn157

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

hntZi \bw \S-m-p- -Xn-\p D]m-[n-bmbn amdp- p).

hincmP-y- -fpsS Ifn-m-h-bm-Ip- ptm?
(B-Z-y-Im-e- -fn Ata-cn-bpw ]mm-Xb cmP-y- fpw B-[n-]-Xyw ]pen-bn-cp- p1975\v
tijw Bt{^m--G-j-y cmP-y- bp.-F. - AwK- -fm-bn--bp.-F.-H.v A[n-Imcw ]q ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-m Ign-n-n---sF.-Fw.-F-^v, temI-_mv Ch-bpsS {]h\ aqe-[\w
{][m-\-ambpw Ata-cn- kw`m-h-\).
AwK-cm-jv{S- -fpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw Dd-m-m Ign-bp- ptm?
(tem-Inse \nc-h[n cmP-y- sf tImf\n hmgvN-bn \n pw tamNn-n-pAw-K-cm-jv{S- fpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw ]e-tmgpw Dd-n-m km[n-p- n---ssk-\nI kJ-y- taJem kwL-\- bp.-F. H. bpsS kzm-[o\w Ipd-n-p-v. DZm-l-c-Ww: Ata-cn--bpsS hnbv\mw B{IaWw Ata-cn--bpsS CdmJv B{I-a-Ww--K-zm-n-am-e, \nm-cm-tK-zm F nh-bpsS ta Ata-cn-bpsS B{I-a-Ww)
a\p-j-ym-h-Imi t]mcm-- -fn bp.-F. \njv]--am-bn klm-bn-p- ptm?
(1945 Unk 10\v bp.-F. a\p-j-ym-h-Imi {]J-ym-]\w \S-na-\p-j-ym-h-Imiw kw_-nv
2 DS--Sn-I AwKo-I-cn-p--H- m-a-tXv a\p-j-ys km-n-I--km-aq-l-ykmwkvIm-cnI AhIm-i- -sf-p-dnp cm-a-tXv cmjv{Sob kmaqly Ah-Im-i sfp-dnpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-p p. h hnth-N-\s hnain-p- p. a\p-j-ym-h-Imi t]mcm-- sf \njv]--am-bn- klmbn-p- p.
kam-[m\]me\ GPkn F \ne-bn bp.-F. \S-nb {]iv\- ]-cn-lm-c-
(tkm-hn-b-v--C-dm {]iv\w ]cn-l-cnp (1946)--tlm-fpw Ct m-t\-j-ybpw Xn-ep bpn\v ]cn-lmcw Isn (1946) Imivao {]iv\-n C -y--]m-n- m shSn-\n
(1948) ]me-kvXo {]iv\-n CS-s]-p (1948) D-c-Z-nW sImdn-b-I Xn-ep {]iv\w
(1950) kqbkv I\m tZi-km-c-W-hp-ambn _-s {]iv\w (1956)--tImw-tKm-bnse
B`-y- c Iem]w Ah-km-\n-n-m apssI FSp-p--ssk-{]-n {Kop-Imcpw XpnIfpw Xn-ep-mb {]iv\-n ssk\oI C-S-s]-S \Sn (1963)C -y]m-n- m bpw
Ah-km-\n-n-m apssI FSp-p (1956)--C-dm--C-dmJv bp-n-en-S-s]v bpw Ah-km-\nnp (1968)--C-dmJ A[n-\n-th-i-n \n pw Ipssh-ns\ tamNn-n-p- -Xn\v klm-bn-p
(1991).
tNcn-tNcm {] m-\-ns inev]n-Ifpw Ah-cpsS cmP-y- fpw Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p- p. Ahsb
Iqn-tp-I.
s\{lp

Ct m-t\-jy
Sntm

CuPn]vXv
\mk

bqtKm-tm-hy
kpmtWm
C y

Dc kqNnI
s\{lp
Sntm
\mk
kpmtWm

C y
bqtKm-tm-hy
CuPn]vXv
Ct m-t\-jy

158