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hmXIw

Jcw

1. hmXImh {ZmhIw

\nivNnX BIrXnbpw \nivNnX hym]vXw, \nivNnX hym]vXtam hym]vXhpw BIrXnbn. BIrXntbm C. Xm{XI hfscbSpv Xm{XI Aw ASpv Xm{XI hfscbIse Xm{XI Xnep Xm{XI Xnep Xm{XI Xnep BIjW_ew hfsc BIjW_ew IqSpX BIjW_ew hfsc Ipdhv IqSpX Xm{XIv Xm{XIv Ne\kzmX{yw Xm{XIv Ne\kzmX{yw Ne\kzmX{yw IqSpX hfsc IqSpX hfsc Ipdhv Ahm]cnh\w: Xm]w \Intbm Xm]w \ow sNbvtXm hkvXphns Ah ammw. {ZhoIcWw _mjv]oIcWw km{oIcWw L\o`hn Jcw {ZmhIamIpp {ZmhIw hmXIamIpp hmXIw {ZmhIamIpp {ZmhIw JcamIpp Un^yqj: Xm{XI NenpIbpw IqSnIecpIbpw sNp {]h\amWv Un^yqj. hmXIv Un^yqj IqSpXemWv.

hmXI\nba:
t_mbn \nbaw: hym]vXw an\v hn]coX A\p]mXw P 1/P 1/P V 1/P (T, n ncw) P1V1 = P2V2 P PV

V 1/V V 1/V P Nmkv \nbaw: hym]vXw Dujvamhn\v t\A\p]mXw V T (P, n ncw) V1 = V2 T1 T2 T 1/T 1/T T V/T

T V 1/V V 1/V AshmKmt{Um \nbaw: hym]vXw tamfpIfpsS Fn\v t\A\p]mXw V n (P,T ncw) n 1/n 1/n n 1/V P1V1 = P2V2 T1 T2 AN CT V BP AfterNoon se Class Test Vtm Babu Poyi

V 1/V V s]mXphmXI kahmIyw = t_mbn \nbaw+Nmkv \nbaw

2. cmk{]h\fpw tam k\hpw

A`nImcI {]hnv D e`np {]h\amWv cmk{]h\w. cmk{]h\thKXsb kzm[o\np LSI LSIw kzm[o\w 1. A`nImcIkz`mhw 1. cmk{]h\thKX amdpp 2. A`nImcIKmVX 2. cmk{]h\thKX hnpp 3. Xm]\ne 3. cmk{]h\thKX hnpp 4. aw 4. cmk{]h\thKX hnpp 5. Dt{]cIw 5. cmk{]h\thKX amdpp

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Dt{]cIw: kzbw amdmsX cmk{]h\thKXsb kzm[o\np hkvXpfmWnh. cmk{]h\thKX Iqm tNph [\Dt{]cIhpw cmk{]h\thKX Ipdm tNph EWDt{]cIhpamWv DZm: H2O2 s hnLS\n MnO2 [\Dt{]cIhpw H3PO4 EWDt{]cIhpamWv AshmKmt{Um kwJy: Hcp {Kmw AtmanI amkv GsXmcp aqeInepap BfpsS Fw 6.022x1023 BWv. Cu kwJybmWv AshmKmt{Um kwJy. NA Fv kqNnnpp. tam: 6.022x1023 IWnII Dsmp ]Zmns AfhmWv tam. 6.022x1023 B Fw 1 tam BamsWn amkv Xm{XbmsWn GMM tamfm hym]vXhpw STP bpw: Hcp tam hmXIns hym]vXamWv tamfm hym]vXw. Hcp tam hmXIw STP(Standard Temperature & Pressure = 273K Dujvamhpw 1atm ahpw)bnemsWn AXns hy]vXw 22.4L BWv. tamfpIfpsS Fw = {Kmanep amkv Hcp tam FXv: {Kmw tamfnIypem amkv tamfpIfpsS Fw = Xm{XIfpsS Fw 6.022x1023 1 tam = 6.022x1023 IWnII tamfpIfpsS Fw = STP se hym]vXw = GAM/GMM Xpyw {Kmw 22.4 = 22.4L hym]vXw (STP) tam BfpsS = {Kmanep amkv Fw {Kmw AtmanI amkv GAM 1 tam = 6.022x1023 B

tam k\hpw kaoIrX kahmIyfpw

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O tam: 1 tam CH4 + 2 tam O2 1 tam CO2 + 2 tam H2O GMM: 16gm CH4 + 64gm O2 44gm CO2 + 36gm H2O ({Kmw tamfnIypem amkv) 16gm CH4 Im Bhiyamb HmIvknP = 64gm 1gm CH4 Im Bhiyamb HmIvknP = 64/16 = 4gm 16gm CH4 Iptm e`np CO2 s Afhv = 44gm 1gm CH4 Iptm e`np CO2 s Afhv = 44/16 = 2.75gm

3. Bw LS\bpw ]ocntbmUnIv tS_nfpw

sj

sj \ : 1st shell 2nd shell 3rd shell 4th shell sj : K L M N CeIvt{Sm : 2 8 18 32 s s, p s, p, d s, p, d, f k_vsj : CeIvt{Sm : 2 2,6 2,6,10 2,6,10,14 *) B^v_m XXzw: CeIvt{Sm hn\ymkw FgpXpXv k_vsjpIfpsS DuPw IqSn hcp {IanemWv: 2 2 6 2 5 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p DZm: 11Na = 1s22s22p63s1 17Cl = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 2 2 6 2 6 5 1 2 2 6 2 6 10 1 24Cr = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 29Cu = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s

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{Kqv: : Ahkm\ k_vsjmWv tmv. : sjns \dn hepXv. : *) Ahkm\w s k_vsj, AXn\v apIfnep kwJy *) Ahkm\w p k_vsj, AXn\v apIfnep kwJy + 12 *) Ahkm\w d k_vsj, AXn\v apIfnep kwJy + sXmp]ndInse s \v apIfnse kwJy *) Ahkm\w f k_vsj, {Kqn. 2 2 6 2 DZm: 12Mg = 1s 2s 2p 3s Block = s, Period = 3, Group = 2 S = 1s22s22p63s23p4 Block = p, Period = 3, Group = 4+12 = 16 16 2 2 6 2 6 1 5 Block = d, Period = 4, Group = 5+1 = 6 24Cr = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d *) kw{IaW aqeIw: * 3 apX 12 hsc {Kqv * d tmv * teml * hyXykvX HmIvkoIcWmh * \ndap kwbpIvX e`npp * XncivNo\ kmZriyw *) amXrImaqeIw({]mXn\n[y aqeIw): s tmnsebpw p tmnsebpw aqeI (ImcWw: CXn Jcw, {ZmhIw, hmXIw, temlw, Atemlw, D]temlw Fnh ImWpp. *) CeIvt{Sms\Knhnn (E.N): CeIvt{SmWpI kzoIcnm\p Ignhv. *) E.N {Kqn Xmtgv Ipdbpp, ]ocnbUn hetmv IqSpp. *) E.N Ghpw IqSpX: ^vfqdn E.N Ghpw Ipdhv: {^mknbw *)CeIvt{Sms\Knhnn kvsIbn (t]mfnwKv kvsIbn): CeIvt{Sms\KnhnnbpsS ASnm\n {IaoIcn t{iWn. Fm aqeIfpsSbpw CeIvt{Sms\KnhnnbpsS aqeyw 0 \pw 4 \pw CSbnemWv. Hcp kwbpIvXnse aqeIfpsS CeIvt{Sms\KnhnnI Xnep hyXymkw 1.7 IqSpXemsWn B kwbpIvXw AtbmWnIhpw 1.7 IpdhmsWn AXv klkwtbmPI kwbpIvXhpamWv. *) AtbmWoIcW DuPw (I.E): \yqnbkns BIjWn \nv ]pdv t]mIm CeIvt{SmWpImhiyamb DuPw. *) I.E {Kqn Xmtgv Ipdbpp, ]ocnbUn hetmv IqSpp. *) I.E Ghpw IqSpX AekhmXIw *) I.E Ghpw Ipdhv {InbmioeX IqSnb temlw. *) I.E Ghpw IqSnbXnepw Aw Ipdhv {InbmioeX IqSnb Atemlw.

*) tmv, ]ocnbUv, a) tmv b) ]ocnbUv c) {Kqv

4. teml
`uXnIKpW: 1. Jcw 2. ImTn\yw IqSpX 3. Xm]hmln 4. sshZypXhmln 5. temlZypXn 5. amenb_nenn 6. UIvSnenn 7. Db km{X 8. Db {ZhWmw 9. skmtWmcnn cmkKpW: {Inbmioe 1. HmIvknP\pambp {]h\w: teml HmIvknP\pambn tNv AhbpsS t{iWn HmIvsskUv e`npp. K Fe 4Na + O2 2Na2O Na Pb 2. Pehpambp {]h\w: temlw + Pew - sslt{UmIvsskUv + ssl{UP Ca Cu 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 Mg Ag 3. CO2 ambp {]h\w: temlw + CO2 Im_tWv + Pew Al Au 2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O Zn 4. BknUpambp {]h\w: temlw + BknUv temlehWw + ssl{UP Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 Au 6. BtZicmk{]h\w: {InbmioeX IqSnb temlw Ipdtemls AXns emb\nbn \nv Al BtZiw sNpp.

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DZm: Zn, CuSO4 emb\nbn \nv Cu s\ BtZiw sNpXn\m Zn s \ndw amdpIbpw CuSO4 s \oe\ndw A{]XyamhpIbpw sNpp. CXn {InbmioeX IqSnb Zn \v HmIvkoIcWhpw(CeIvt{Sm \jvSsS Zn Zn2++2e-) {Inbmioew Ipd Cu \v \ntcmIvkoIcWhpw (CeIvt{Sm t\S. Cu2++2e- Cu) kw`hnpp. *) CeIvt{SmsIan sk (sshZypX cmksk): cmk{]h\w \Sn sshZypXn D-mpp. DZm: Kmhm\nIv sk `mK: *) ImtYmUv {InbmioeX Ipdhv / CeIvt{SmUv s]mjy IqSnb CeIvt{SmUv Cu (\ntcmIvkoIcWw \Spp) Cu2+ + 2e- *) Bt\mUv {InbmioeX IqSpX / CeIvt{SmUv s]mjy Ipd CeIvt{SmUv (HmIvkoIcWw \Spp) Zn Zn2+ + 2eIdn - BHm *) kmv {_nUvPv : CeIvt{SmUv s]mjy \ne\npp. *) SHE (Standard Hydrogen Eletrode): CeIvt{SmUpIfpsS s]mjy Is-m {]amWambn kzoIcnp CeIvt{SmUv. khntijXI: *) Dujvamhv 298K, aw 1atm, ssl{UPs KmVX 1mol, mn\w CeIvt{SmUv, HCl CeIvt{Smssev Ecell = EC - EA *) sk emf DZm: CeIvt{SmUv A2+/A = -2.52v (Anode) B2+/B = +0.34v (Cathode) Ecell(AB) = +0.34 - -2.52 = 2.86v *) CXnse CeIvt{SmUpIfnse {]h\w: ImtYmUv : B2+ + 2e- B Bt\mUv : A A2++2e [mXp: `qhn ImWp temlkwbpIvX. Abncv: temlw \nnpXn\p [mXp. DZm: tlassv Ccpv, t_mIvsskv Aepan\nbw. km{Ww(amen\yw \ow sN) teml\nmWw kwkvcWw *)Pe{]hmln IgpIkm{X *)sshZypXhntjWwK,Na,Ca,Mg *)tkzZ\w Ipd amen\yw Zn, Hg *)h\{]{Inb Abncn\v km{X Ipdhv, *)Aepan\nbw \ntcmIvkoIcWw kss^Uv AbncpIfpsS Cr, Mn, V km{Wwss] Hmbn *)DcpnthXncn *)ImnIhn`P\wImkz`mhap Sn, Pb *) ssl{UP \ntcmIvkoIcWw Abncv Zn, Cu, Pb, W *)eonwKvtemlw ebnp ]Zmw *)sshZypXhntjWw *)tdmnwKvhmbphn NqSm, Cu, Ag *) Im_ \ntcmIvkoIcWw h\{]{Inb \Snbh tdmnwKn\v (kvsaSnwKv) Zn, Sn, Fe, Ni, Pb hnt[bampp. *)Imknt\j_mjv]ioeap amen\yw \om hmbphns *) kbss\Uv {]{Inb Au, Ag, Pt Akmn[yn NqSmpp. Aepan\nbw \nmWw: 2 Lw (lmslduv {]{Inb) a) Abncns km{Ww: eonwKv. Abncmb t_mIvsskns\(Al2O3.2H2O) NaOH ambn tNpp. e`np tkmUnbw Aepant\v Pen ebnnm e`np Aepan\nbwsslt{UmIvsskUv NqSmnbm Aeqan\( Al2O3) e`npp. b) teml\nmWw: ImtYmUmbn Im_ sse\nwKv D o ]m{Xhpw Bt\mUmbn {Kmss^v ZWvUpIfpw CeIvt{Smssembn DcpInb {Itbmssen ebnn Aeqan\bpw D]tbmKnv sshZypXhntjWw sNbvXv Aepan\nbw \nnpp. Aeqan\bpsS {ZhWmw Ipdm\mWv {Itbmssev tNpXv. Bt\mUmb {Kmss^v IIv HmIvkoIcWw aqew \miw kw`hnpXn\m CShnv ampp. ImtYmUn \ntcmIvkoIcWw \Sv (Al3++3e- Al) Al e`npp.

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 Ccpv \nmWw: ImnI hn`P\w hgn km{Ww sNpp. mv ^Wkv F NqfbpsS apIfn \nv tlassv, tImv, NpmvIv Fnh CSpp. Xmsg\nv Db Xm]\nebnep (2000K) hmbp \Ipp. hmbp tImpambn tNv e`np CO Abncns\ \ntcmIvkoIcnv temlw \nanpp (]nKv Asb). KmMmb(amen\yw) aW \om ^vfIvkmbn CaCO3 (NpmvIv) tNpp. Ch tNv kvfmKv (CaSiO3) BIpp. KmMv + ^vfIvkv kvfmKv

mv ^Wknse cmk{]h\:
1. C+O2 CO2+Heat 2. CO2+C+Heat 2CO 3. CaCO3 CaO+CO2 4. CaO+SiO2 CaSiO3 5. Fe2O3+3CO 2Fe+3CO2 Imv Asb: ]nKv Asb iIvXnbmb NqSmn amen\ysf \on XWpnv Imv Asb \nnpp. sKbvv, {Knkv XpSnbh \nnm\p]tbmKnpp. hfm ]mXn\m tIm{Iov Inbmbn D]tbmKnmdn. o (Dcpv): 0.05 apX 1.5% Im_ tN Ccpv. a) ssaUv o 0.05 - 0.2 % C In, Ipg, Bbp[w b) aoUnbw o 0.21 - 0.6 % C sdbn ]mfw, tpI, KUdpI c) sslIm_ o 0.61 - 1.5 % C In, {Un Xmt]m]Nmcw: NqSmnbpw XWpnpw oens KpWw hyXymksSp A\oenwKv oens\ Npv]gpnv hmbphnenv XWpnpp. ImTn\yw Ipdv hfbpp. lmU\nwKv oens\ Npv]gpnv shnenv XWpnpp. ImTn\yw IqSn s]mpp. sSdnwKv oens\ Npv]gpnv shnenv XWpnv ]nsbpw ]gpnv hmbphnenv XWpnpp. kv{]nwKv kz`mhw Inpp.

4. Nne Ateml kwbpIvX

ss\{SP: 2 ss\{SP B Xn {Xn_\ntesSpp. CXv XIm Db DuPw

BhiyambXn\m ss\{SP\v \njv{InbXzap-v. CSnan sNSnIv A\p{Klw: CSnan kabv e`np ss\{SP UtbmIvsskUvv agshhpambn tNv ss\{SnmknUmbpw Ah `qanbnse Im_tWpambn tNv ss\t{Sv ehWw D-mIpp. Ch kky kzoIcnpp.

AtamWnb: AtamWnbw tmssdUv, Imkyw sslt{UmIvsskUv Xn tNv \nnpp.

hmXIw CuclnXampXn\v Imkyw HmIvsskUv(\opI) D]tbmKnpp. hmbphnt\m km{X IpdhmbXn\m Kymkv Pm XeIogmbn (At[mapJmtZiw) shncnpp. Pen \mbn ebnpXn\m Pentev tiJcnmdn.

hymhkmbnI \nmWw: tl_ {]{Inb: ss\{SP, ssl{UP 1:3 F A\p]mXn Ien.

kvt]mv Fe 2NH3 N2+3H2 0 500 c en AtamWnb&{ZmhI AtamWnb: AtamWnbbpsS Pense KmV emb\n en AtamWnbbpw aw {]tbmKnv {ZmhIamnbXv {ZmhI AtamWnbbpw.

AtamWnb

Xncndnb: a) HCl apnb mkv tdmUv AtamWnb Pmdn\v apIfn ImWnm shfp ]pI e`npp. b) AtamWnbbn Aw s\vtekv emb\n (K2HgI4)tNm tNmtv {_u (Xhnv) \ndw e`npp. (A\nX)

D`bZnim{]h\w:

A`nImcI Dfmbn amdpIbpw D A`nImcIfmbn amdpIbpw sNp {]h\w. CXn\v Ahkm\an. Ch kwXpe\mh {]m]npp. kwXpe\mh: ]ptcm]ivNmXv {]h\fpsS KmVX Xpyamb Ah. tejmvenb XXzw: kwXpe\mhbnep Hcp hyqlns KmVX, Dujvamhv, aw Fnhbnsemv amnbm e`np ^ew CmXmm hyqlw {ianpp. CXmWv tejmvenb XXzw.
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 D`bZnim{]h\s kzm[o\np LSI: KmVX, Dujvamhv, aw, Dt{]cIw

tejmvenb XXza\pkcnv thKnemIp {]h\w $]ptcm{]h\w thKnemIpp. $]ivNmXv {]h\w thKnemIpp. $Xm{XIfpsS Fw(hym]vXw) Ipdbp Znibntep {]h\w thKnemIpp. $aw Ipdpp. $Xm{XIfpsS Fw(hym]vXw) IqSp Znibntep {]h\w thKnemIpp. $Dujvamhv Iqpp $Xm]timjI {]h\w thKnemIpp. $Dujvamhv Ipdpp. $Xm]tamNI {]h\w thKnemIpp. Dt{]cIw: Dt{]cIw D`bZnim{]h\nse ]ptcm]ivNmXv {]h\ thKX Xpyamn kwXpe\mh {]m]nm klmbnpp. k^yqcnmknUv(H2SO4): k {]{Inb: {]{Inbv 4 L V2O5(Dt{]cIw) ht\Unbw s]tmIvsskUv S+O2 SO2 2SO2+O2 2SO3 SO3+H2SO4 H2S2O7 (Henbw) H2S2O7+H2O 2H2SO4 0 450 C (A\pIqe Dujvamhv) `uXnI KpW: \ndan, Kan, Pen ebnpp, km{X IqSpX, ]pfncpNn cmk KpW: 1) Zznt_knmknUv: k^yqcnmknUv Benbpambn tNcptm kt^v (Na2SO4), ss_kt^v (NaHSO4) Fo ehW e`npp. 2) \nPvPeoImcIw: Hcp ]Zmnse Pes \ow sNpp. 12C + 11H2SO4.H2O & CuSO4.5H2O + H2SO4 CuSO4+ H2SO4.5H2O DZm: C12H22O11 + 11H2SO4 Cu 2 {]h\nepw ]Zmfn cmk]cambn tN Pes H2SO4 BKncWw sNpXn\m \nPvPeoIcW KpWw ImWnpp. 3) timjImcIw: SO2, HCl XpSnb hmXIsf ]coWimebn \nnptm Ah CuclnXamm H2SO4 D]tbmKnpp. D]tbmK: cmkhfw, XpIkwkvcWw, tmtdPv _mdn, tkmv, UnPv, s]bnv kt^pIsf Xncndnbm t_cnbw tmssdUv (BaCl2) tNpp. t_cnbw kt^ns (BaSO4) shfp Ahn]vXw e`npp. (sk_n. V) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl tmssdUpIsf Xncndnbm knh ss\t{Sv tNnfpI. shfp ssXcpt]mep Ahn]vXw e`npp. (tmkn.V.T) NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3 ss\t{SpIsf Xncndnbm Xpy Afhn s^dkv kt^v tNnfpI. sSyq_v sNcnv hifneqsS KmV k^yqcnmknUv emb\nbn tNptm {_u dnwKv e`npp. (\^ok. T.V) 6. HmKm\nIv \maIcWhpw sFtkmsadnkhpw sslt{UmIm_ (Im_Wpw ssl{UP\pw am{Xaph)
\maIcW \nba: 1. X LS\bn Ghpw IqSpX Im_ B D sNbn Xncndnv \ \In A\ptbmPyamb ]Zaqew FgpXpI. 2. GI_\kwbpIvXsan ]n{]Xybambn Fbv Fpw Zzn_\san Cu Fpw {Xn_\san sF Fpw tNpI. 3. imJIfp kwbpIvXsan Ahbp Im_ Bn\v sNdnb kwJy hc coXnbn m\kwJy FgpXn B kwJybpw imJbpsS t]cpw ap{]Xybambn tNpI. 4. Htc imJI Hne[nIw BsWn t]scgpXptm imJbpsS t]cn\v apmbn 2,3,4 Fnhv bYm{Iaw ssU, ss{S, sS{Sm Fv tNWw. 5. hyXykvX Xcw imJIsfn m\kwJy {]tXyIw FgpXn imJIsf Cwojv Acamem {IanempI.

hyqln hcpp am $A`nImcI KmVX Iqpp $DKmVX Iqpp. $aw Iqpp.

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sslt{UmIm_ Bsbv (CnH2n+2) GI_\w Bo (CnH2n) Zzn_\w CH2=CH2 (FYo) CH3-CH=CH2

(s{]mo)

Bss (CnH2n-2) {Xn_\w CH CH (FssY) CH3-C C-CH3

(2- _yqss)

imJbn
CH3-CH2-CH3

IqSpX imJ
CH3 CH3-C-CH3

(s{]msbv) Hcp imJbph

CH3-CH-CH3

CH3 (2- aossY s{]msbv) *) ^MvjW {Kqv: sslt{UmIm_Wnse ssl{UP Bw amdn ]Icw hcp Btfm Bw {KqpItfm BWv ^MvjW {Kqv. ^MvjW {Kqv. ^MvjW {Kqns t]cv s]mXphmb \maw \maIcW \nbaw lmtem lmeP\pI -Cl, -F, -Br, -I Halo+Alkane sslt{UmIvkn Btlm -OH Alkane-e+ol Imt_mIvkn BknUv -COOH Alkane-e+oic acid Imt_mWn IotmWpI -COAlkane-e+one BUnsslUv BUnsslUpI -CHO Alkane-e+al HmIvko CuYdpI -OAlk+oxy+Alkane Aant\m Aao\pI -NH2 ss\t{Sm -NO2 *) sFtkmsadnkw: Htc Xm{XmhmIyhpw hyXykvX LS\mhmIyhpap kwbpIvXfpsS tPmUnsb sFtkmsadpIsfpw Cu khntijXbmWv sFtkmsadnkw. sFtkmsadnkw sNbn (Im_ sNbn\nse hyXymkw) ^MvjW {Kqv (^MvjW {Kqn hyXymkw) s]mknj (^MvjW {Kqns/Zzn_\ns m\nse hyXymkw)

CH3 (2,2- ssUaossY s{]msbv)

7. HmKm\nIv kwbpIvX cmk{]h\

Pze\w: hmbphpambp {]h\w. D CO2 & H2O DZm: CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O BtZicmk{]h\w: sslt{UmIm_Wnse ssl{UP Bw amdn av Btfm Bw{KqpItfm hcp {]h\w. DZm: 1) CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl 2) C2H6 + Br2 C2H5Br + HBr AUoj {]h\w: A]qcnX kwbpIvX H2/Cl2/HCl Fnhbnsempambn tNv ]qcnX kwbpIvXamIp {]h\w. DZm: 1) CH2 = CH2 + H2 CH3-CH3 2) CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 CH2Cl-CH2Cl

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 Xm]obhnLS\w (ss]tdmfnknkv): sslt{UmIm_WpI hmbphns Akmn[yn NqSmn hn`Pnp {]{Inb. DZm: CH3-CH2-CH3 CH4 + CH2 = CH2 t]mfnassdtkj: At\Iw tamtWmsadpI tNv t]mfnsa e`np {]h\w. DZm: n [CH2 = CH2] [CH2 CH2]n FYo t]mfno

Nne {][m\ HmKm\nIv kwbpIvX:

Btlm (-OH) sslt{UmIvkn {Kqv {][m\ambpw c-v hn[w. *) saYt\m CH3 OH - hnjhkvXp *) FYt\m CH3 CH2 OH - ]kmc emb\nbpsS s^satj {]{Inb hgn \nnpp. s^satj: *) ]kmc emb\nbn bov tNpI. bonse ChtSkv F Fsskw emb\nsb qtmkpw {^IvtSmkpw Bpp. C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 *) qtmkns\ ssktakv F Fsskw FYt\mfmn ampp. C6H12O6 2C2H5 OH + 2CO2 FYt\m D]tbmK: s]bnv, C\w, hmWnjv, acpv, {]nkthohv, _nhtdPv Fnhbn. hmjv 8 10 % Btlm dIvSnss^Uv kv]ncnv 95.6 % Btlm A_vkeyqv Btlm 100 % Btlm ]h Btlm s]t{Sm + Btlm (4:1) HmKm\nIv BknUv (-COOH) Imt_mIvknenIv BknUv DZm: FYt\mbnmknUv (AknmknUv) CH3-COOH 100% AknmknUv = tjy AknmknUv 5-8% AknmknUv = hn\mKncn Fsskw AknmknUv \nmWw: CH3 CH2 OH + O2 CH3-COOH + H2O (FYt\m) (AknmknUv) *) Uot\tUv (saYnteUv) kv]ncnv: hymhkmbnI {]m[m\yap FYt\m Zpcp]tbmKw sNmXncnm hnjhkvXphmb saYt\m tNp {]{InbbmWv saYntenwKv(Uot\dnwKv). Cu kv]ncnmWv saYnteUv kv]ncnv. *) F: Btlmfpw HmKm\nmknUpw tNv \nnmw ({]{Inb Fdn^ntj FdnbsSpp). ]qfpsSbpw ]gfpsSbpw KapXn\m kvIzmjv, Pmw, kpK{Zhyfn D]tbmKnpp. DZm: a) Ggw CH3COOC5H11 Aan Aktv b) ap CH3COOC6H5 - s_kn Aktv CH3 COOH + C2H5 OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

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hebkwbpIvX BenssknIv ssktm_yqsbv s_ko BtcmamnIv tmtdms_ko

ssktmslIvskbv ss\t{Sms_ko Aant\ms_ko

aotYmIvko s_ko

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s_tkmbnmknUv

a step into a brighter future

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Prepared By Noushad, Parappanangadi Ph: 9446768786