Lighting

Training Agenda: Lighting

Introduction Types of lighting systems Assessment of lighting systems Energy efficiency opportunities

Introduction Background
Lighting energy consumption
20-45% in commercial buildings 3-10% in industrial plants Significant energy savings can be realized with a minimal capital investment

Introduction Basic Theory

Light: electromagnetic waves in space
Light is emitted through:
a) Incandescence
b) Electric discharge c) Electro luminescence d) Photoluminescence

Introduction Definitions and Common Terms

Lumen
1 lumen = the photometric equivalent of the watt 1 lumen = luminous flux per m2 of a sphere

with 1 m radius and a 1 candela isotropic light source at the centre

1 watt = 683 lumens at 555 nm wavelength

Lux
metric unit of measure for illuminance on a surface: 1 lux = 1 lumen / m2
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Introduction Definitions and Common Terms

Luminous intensity (I)
measured in Candela (cd)

Luminous flux (lm)

4 x luminous intensity

Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms
Installed load efficacy
Average maintained illuminance on a working plane: lux/W/m2

Installed load efficiency ratio

Target load efficacy / Installed load

Rated luminous efficacy

Rated lumen output of the lamp / rated power consumption
Lumens per watt
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Introduction Definitions and Common Terms

Room index
Ratio for the plan dimensions of the room

Target load efficiency

Installed load efficacy considered achievable under best efficiency

Lux/W/m

Utilization factor
A measure of the effectiveness of the lighting scheme
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Introduction Definitions and Common Terms

The inverse square law
Defines the relationship between illuminance from a point source and distance

E=I/ E1 d12 = E2 d22

d2

E = Iluminance I = Luminous intensity d = distance

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Introduction Definitions and Common Terms

Color temperature
Color appearance of a lamp and the light it produces Measured in Kelvin (K) Incandescent lamps: true value color temperature Fluorescent and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps: correlated color temperature
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Introduction Definitions and Common Terms

Color rendering index (CRI)
Color rendering groups
1A 1B

CIE general color rendering Index(Ra)

Ra

Typical application

> 90

Wherever accurate color rendering is required e.g. color printing inspection Wherever accurate color judgments are necessary or good color rendering is required for reasons of appearance e.g. display lighting Wherever moderate color rendering is required Wherever color rendering is of little significance but marked distortion of color is unacceptable Wherever color rendering is of no importance at all and marked distortion of colour is acceptable 11

80 < Ra < 90

2 3

60 < Ra < 80 40 < Ra < 60

20 < Ra < 40

Table 1. Applications of color rendering groups (Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2005)

Training Agenda: Electricity

Introduction Types of lighting systems Assessment of lighting systems Energy efficiency opportunities

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Types of Lighting Systems

Incandescent lamps Tungsten Halogen Lamps Fluorescent lamps High pressure sodium lamps Low pressure sodium lamps
HID lamps

Mercury vapour
Metal halide Blended LED lamps
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Types of Lighting Systems Incandescent Lamps

Emit radiation mainly in the visible region
Bulb contains vacuum or gas filling Efficacy: 12 lumen / Watt Color rendering index: 1A Color temperature: 2500 2700 K Lamp life <2000 hrs
(BEE India, 2005)
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Types of Lighting Systems

Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
Tungsten filament and a halogen gas filled bulb Tungsten atoms evaporate from the hot filament and move to cooler wall of bulb Efficacy: 18 lumens/Watt Color rendering index: 1A Color temperature: warm Lamp life < 4000 hrs
Advantages: More compact Longer life More and whiter light Disadvantages: Cost more Increased IR and UV Handling problems

Tungsten halogen lamps 15 (BEE India, 2005)

Types of Lighting Systems Fluorescent Lamps

3 5 times as efficient as standard incandescent lamps and last 10 20 times longer

Electricity passes through a gas or metallic vapor and causes radiation

Fluorescent tubes are hot cathode lamps

(BEE India, 2005)

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Types of Lighting Systems Fluorescent Lamps

Different types (T12, T10, T8 and T5) differing in diameter and efficiency
Most efficient at ambient temperature of 20-30 oC, Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) have much smaller luminaries
Features: Halo-phosphate Efficacy 80 lumens/Watt (HF gear increases this by 10%) Color Rendering Index 2-3 Color Temperature Any Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours Tri-phosphor Efficacy 90 lumens/Watt Color Rendering Index 1A-1B Color Temperature Any Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours

Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) 17 (BEE India, 2005)

Types of Lighting Systems

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps
Used in outdoor and industrial applications Consist of: ballast, high- voltage electronic starter, ceramic arc tube, xenon gas filling, sodium, mercury No starting electrodes

High efficacy: 60 80 lumen/Watt

Color rendering index: 1 - 2 Color temperature: warm

Lamp life < 24,000 hrs

BEE India, 2005
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Types of Lighting Systems Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps

Commonly included in the HID family

Highest efficacy: 100 - 200 lumen/Watt Poorest quality light: colors appear black, white or grey shades Limited to outdoor applications Efficacy: Color rendering index: 3

Color temperature: yellow

Lamp life < 16,000 hours
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Types of Lighting Systems

Mercury Vapor Lamps
Oldest HID lamp Consists of: arc tube with mercury and argon gas and quartz envelope, third electrode, outer phosphor coated bulb, outer glass envelope Long life and low initial costs

Very poor efficacy: 30 65 lumens/Watt

Color rendering index: 3 Color temperature: intermediate

Lamp life: 16000 24000 hours

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Types of Lighting Systems

Metal Halide Lamps
Works similar to tungsten halogen lamps Largest choice of color, size and rating Better efficacy than other HID lamps: 80 lumen/Watt Require high voltage ignition pulse but some have third electrode for starting Color rendering index: 1A 2
BEE India, 2005

Color temperature: 3000 6000 K

Lamp life: 6000 20,000 hours

UNEP 2006

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Types of Lighting Systems

Blended Lamps
Two-in-one: 2 light sources in 1 gas filled bulb Quartz mercury discharge tube Tungsten filament Suitable for flame proof areas Fit into incandescent lamps fixtures Efficacy: 20 30 lumen/Watt Lamp life < 8000 hours High power factor: 0.95 Typical rating: 160 W
BEE India, 2005
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Types of Lighting Systems

LED Lamps
Newest type of energy efficient lamp Two types: red-blue-green array phosphor-coated blue lamp Emit visible light in a very narrow spectrum and can produce white light Used in exit signs, traffic signals, and the technology is rapidly progressing Significant energy savings: 82 93%

Longest lamp life: 40,000 100,000 hours

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Types of Lighting Systems

Reflectors
Impact how much light reaches area and distribution pattern Diffuse reflectors:

70-80% reflectance but declining in time BEE India,

painted or powder coated white finish Specular reflectors:
2005

85-96% reflectance and less decline in time

Polished or mirror-like Not suitable for industrial open-type strip fixtures
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Types of Lighting Systems Gear

Ballast
Current limiting device Helps voltage build-up in fluorescent lights

Ignitors
Start metal halide and sodium vapor lamps

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Types of Lighting Systems

Comparing lamps
Type of Lamp
Incandescent Fluorescent Lamps

Lum / Watt
Rang e 8-18 46-60 Av g. 14 50

Color Rendering Index

Excellent Good w.r.t. coating

Typical Application
Homes, restaurants, general lighting, emergency lighting Offices, shops, hospitals, homes

Life (Hours)
1000 5000

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)

High pressure mercury (HPMV) Halogen lamps

40-70
44-57

60
50

Very good
Fair

Hotels, shops, homes, offices

General lighting in factories, garages, car parking, flood lighting Display, flood lighting, stadium exhibition grounds, construction areas

8000-10000
5000

18-24

20

Excellent

2000-4000

High pressure sodium (HPSV) SON

Low pressure sodium (LPSV) SOX

67121
101175

90
150

Fair
Poor

General lighting in factories, ware houses, street lighting

Roadways, tunnels, canals, street lighting

6000-12000
6000-12000

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Training Agenda: Electricity

Introduction Types of lighting systems Assessment of lighting systems Energy efficiency opportunities

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Assessment of Lighting Systems Designing with Light

Better lighting: increased productivity

Two main questions for designer:

Choose correct lighting level Choose quality of light (color rendering)

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Assessment of Lighting Systems Designing with Light

Recommended light levels for different tasks (BEE India, 2005)
Illuminance level (lux)
General Lighting for rooms and areas used either infrequently and/or casual or simple visual tasks 20 50 70 100 150 200 300 General lighting for interiors 450 1500

Examples of Area of Activity

Minimum service illuminance in exterior circulating areas, outdoor stores , stockyards Exterior walkways & platforms. Boiler house. Transformer yards, furnace rooms etc. Circulation areas in industry, stores and stock rooms. Minimum service illuminance on the task Medium bench & machine work, general process in chemical and food industries, casual reading and filing activities. Hangers, inspection, drawing offices, fine bench and machine assembly, colour work, critical drawing tasks. Very fine bench and machine work, instrument & small precision mechanism assembly; electronic components, gauging & inspection of small intricate parts (may be partly provided by local task lighting) Minutely detailed and precise work, e.g. Very small parts of instruments, watch making, engraving.

Additional localized lighting for visually exacting tasks

3000

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Assessment of Lighting Systems Recommended Illuminance Levels

Scale of illuminance
Illuminance for all non-working interiors > 20 Lux
Factor 1.5 is the smallest significant difference in effect of illuminance Therefore the following scale is recommended:

203050751001502003005007501000 15002000, Lux

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Assessment of Lighting Systems Recommended Illuminance Levels

Illuminance ranges recommended for interior or activity
Middle value (R) for working interiors
Higher value (H) for visual work Lower value (L) where accuracy is nonimportant

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Assessment of Lighting Systems Methodology for Efficiency Study

Step 1: Make inventory of lighting system elements and transformers
Table: Device rating, population and use profile
S. N o. Plant Locati on Lighting Device & Ballast Type Rating in Watts Lamp & Ballast

Population Numbers

Use / Shifts as I / II / III shifts / Day

Table: Lighting transformer/rating and population profile

S. N o. Plant Locatio n Lighting Transformer Rating (kVA) Numbers Installed Measurement Provisions Available Volts / Amps / kW/ Energy

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Assessment of Lighting Systems Methodology for Efficiency Study

Step 2: Measure and document the Lux levels Step 3: Measure and document the voltage and power consumption at input points Step 4: Compare the measured Lux values with standard values as reference Step 5: Analyze the failure rates of lamps, ballasts and the actual life expectancy levels

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Assessment of Lighting Systems Methodology for Efficiency Study

Step-6 : identify improvement options, for example:
Maximum sunlight use options through transparent roof sheets Replacements of lamps and ballasts to more energy efficient types Selecting interior colors for light reflection Modifying layout as per needs Providing individual / group controls for lighting
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Training Agenda: Electricity

Introduction Types of lighting systems Assessment of lighting systems Energy efficiency opportunities

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities Use Natural Day Lighting

North lighting
Glass strips across the roof Sky lights with fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) Atrium with FRP dome Natural light from windows
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities De-lamping to Reduce Excess Lighting

Effective method to reduce energy consumption Reducing lamp height combined with de-lamping: illuminance hardly affected Complicated for series wired ballasts Less problematic with parallel wired ballast
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities

Task Lighting
Low wattage lamps at task
General illuminance at lower level Benefits:
Reduce number of lighting fixtures Reduce lamp wattage Save considerable energy Better illuminance Aesthetically pleasing ambience
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities

High Efficiency Lamps & Luminaries
Examples (9 75% savings):
Metal halide lamps to replace mercury / sodium vapor lamps

HPSV lamps where color rendering is not critical

LED panel indicator lamps to replace filament lamps Luminaries with mirror optics instead of 39 conventional painted ones

Energy Efficiency Opportunities Reduction of Lighting Feeder Voltage

5

Percentage

1 2 3
Supply voltage percentage

Can save energy Provided drop in light output is acceptable

2 1

4
5 3

1) Lamp current 4) Lamp output

2) Circuit power, 5) lamp voltage

3) Lamp power, 6) lamp efficiency

Effect of voltage variation of fluorescent tube light parameters (BEE India, 2005) 40

Energy Efficiency Opportunities

Electronic Ballasts instead of Electromagnetic Ballasts
Oscillators that convert supply frequency to about 20,000 30,000 Hz Available for fluorescent tube lights, LPSV and HPSV lamps Benefits in fluorescent tube lights: Reduced power loss: 1 Watt instead of 10-15 Watt Improved efficacy at higher frequencies Elimination of starter: no flickering
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities

Low Loss Electromagnetic Ballasts for Tube Lights
Loss per tube lights:
Standard ballasts: 10 15 Watts

Low loss ballasts: 8 - 10 Watts

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities Timers, Twilight Switches & Occupancy Sensors

Timers: switching of unnecessary lights Twilight switches: depending on availability of daylight Occupancy sensors: depending on presence of people Applicable for general areas, conference rooms, cubicles, restrooms, exteriors
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities T5 Fluorescent Tube Light

Slimmer tubes than T12 and T8 tubes

Improved luminaire efficiencies by 7%, and with super-reflective aluminum luminaire by 11-30%
Mercury reduction: 3 mg instead of 15 mg per lamp Can only be operated with electronic ballasts and not existing luminaries

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities Lighting Maintenance

Light levels decrease >50% due to aging lamps and dirt on fixtures, lamps and room surfaces
Maintenance options:
Clean equipment Replace lenses

Keep spaces bright and clean

Re-lamping
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Training Session on Energy Equipment

Lighting
THANK YOU

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FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Disclaimer and References

This PowerPoint training session was prepared as part of the project Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific (GERIAP). While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. UNEP, 2006. The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org 47