List of DOS commands

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[hide]

1 Resident and transient commands 2 Command line arguments 3 Windows command prompt 4 Commands

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

4.1 append 4.2 assign 4.3 attrib 4.4 backup and restore 4.5 BASIC and BASICA 4.6 Call 4.7 cd or chdir 4.8 chcp 4.9 chkdsk 4.10 choice 4.11 cls 4.12 copy 4.13 ctty 4.14 defrag 4.15 del or erase 4.16 deltree 4.17 dir 4.18 echo 4.19 edit 4.20 edlin 4.21 exe2bin 4.22 exit

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

4.23 fastopen 4.24 fc or comp 4.25 fdisk 4.26 find 4.27 format 4.28 help 4.29 intersvr & interlnk 4.30 join 4.31 label 4.32 loadfix 4.33 loadhigh, lh 4.34 md or mkdir 4.35 mem 4.36 memmaker 4.37 mode 4.38 more 4.39 move 4.40 msd 4.41 path 4.42 pause 4.43 pcpark 4.44 print 4.45 rd or rmdir 4.46 rem 4.47 ren 4.48 scandisk 4.49 set 4.50 setver 4.51 share 4.52 smartdrive 4.53 sort 4.54 subst

o o o o o o o o o

4.55 sys 4.56 time and date 4.57 tree 4.58 truename 4.59 type 4.60 undelete 4.61 Ver 4.62 verify 4.63 xcopy

5 See also 6 References 7 External links

In the personal computer operating systems MS-DOS and PC-DOS, a number of standard system commands were provided for common tasks such as listing files on a disk or moving files. Some commands were built-in to the command interpreter, others existed as transient commands loaded into memory when required. Over the several generations of MS DOS, commands were added for the additional functions of the operating system. In the current Microsoft Windows operating system a text-mode command prompt window can still be used. Some DOS commands carry out functions equivalent to those in a UNIX system but always with differences in details of the function.

[edit]Resident

and transient commands

The command interpreter for MS DOS runs when no application programs are running; after an application exits, if the memory used for the command interpreter was overwritten, MS DOS will re-load the command interpreter from disk storage. The command interpreter is usually stored in a file called "COMMAND.COM". Some commands are built-into COMMAND.COM. When the user types a line of text at the operating system command prompt, COMMAND.COM will parse the line, and attempt to match a command name to a built-in command or to the name of an excecutable program file or batch file on disk. If no match is found, an error message is printed and the command prompt is refreshed. Resident commands varied slightly between revisions of MS DOS. Typically, the functions DIR (list directory), ERASE or DEL (erase a file or directory), COPY (copy files), DATE (display or set date), TIME (display or set time), CD (change working directory), MD (make a directory on the current disk), REN (rename a file or directory) and some others were resident in COMMAND.COM.

Other programs were too large to keep in the command processor, or were less frequently used. Such utility programs would be stored on disk and loaded just like regular application programs, but were distributed with the operating system. Copies of these utility command programs had to be on an accessible disk, either on the current logged-in floppy drive or on the command path set in the command interpreter.

[edit]Command

line arguments

Main article: Command-line interface

Parts of an MS DOS command line, showing a system prompt, command and command line arguments, drive letters, file spec with wildcard character and command line switches.

In the list below, when a command can accept more than one filename, or a filename including wildcards (* and ?), it is said to accept a filespec parameter. Commands that can accept only a single filename are said to accept a filename parameter. Additionally, zero or more command line switches, or other parameter strings, can be supplied on the command line. Spaces, and symbols such as a "/" or a "-" may be used to allow the command processor to parse the command line into file names, file specifications, and other options. In DOS commands, unlike Unix, lower-case and capital letters are equivalent for file name specifiers; DOS commands preserve case, but do not require file specifiers to match case. Often parameters or arguments are also independent of case, especially in those programs developed only for DOS. Utility programs that also have versions running under UNIX-like operating systems often use upper and lower case arguments to mean different things. Sometimes a hyphen ("-") may be used instead of a slash ("/"); very early versions of DOS made the setting of the delimiter character a user-controlled option. Commands which are not built into the command interpreter may follow the same conventions. For some commands, a UNIX command with similar functions is given. Comparisons are approximate. While many commands are the same across many DOS systems (MS-DOS, PC-DOS, DR-DOS, FreeDOS, etc.) some differ in command syntax or name.

[edit]Windows

command prompt

Microsoft Windows supports a number of commands which may be invoked by typing them in a command window; they are usually similar to their MS-DOS equivalents. Typing help followed by a carriage return at a command prompt will list the commands. File and path names used as arguments may be long, unlike MSDOS names in "8.3" form, and may contain embedded spaces; names with spaces must be enclosed between a pair of double-quote characters (").

Two command-line interfaces can be used in original DOS systems. Since this 16-bit executable is based on the DOS command.com, it does not support all the extended file-name syntax of Windows.

[edit]Commands
A partial list of the most common commands for DOS follows.

[edit]append
Display or sets the search path for data files. DOS will search the specified path(s) if the file is not found in the current path. This had some creative uses, such as allowing non-CD based games to be run from the CD, with configuration/save files stored on the HD.

append; append [d:]path[;][d:]path[...] append [/X:on|off][/E] [edit]assign

The command redirects requests for disk operations on one drive to a different drive.

assign [x[:]=y[:]... assign /STATUS

Options:

x The drive letter to reassign. y The drive letter that x: will be assigned to. /STATUS Displays the current drive assignments. If typed without parameters then all drive letters are reset to original assignments. The command is available in MS-DOS 5.00.

[edit]attrib
Change or view the attributes of one or more files. It defaults to displaying the attributes of all files in the current directory.

ATTRIB [+R|-R] [+A|-A] [+S|-S] [+H|H][drive:][path][filename] [/S [/D]]

Options:

To add an attribute attach a '+' in front of it. To remove an attribute attach a '-' in front of it Attributes include

R - Read-only A - Archive S - System H - Hidden /D - Process folders as well. /S - Process matching files in the current folder and all subfolders.

Note: Everything inside a brace [option] is an optional item. Roughly equivalent to the Unix commands chattr and lsattr.

[edit]backup

and restore

Programs to back up and restore files from an external disk. These appeared in version 2, and continued to PC-DOS 5 and MS-DOS 6 (PCDOS 7 had a deversioned check). In DOS 6, these were replaced by commercial programs (CPBACKUP, MSBACKUP), which allowed files to be restored to different locations.

[edit]BASIC

and BASICA

An implementation of the BASIC programming language for PCs. IBM computers had BASIC 1.1 in ROM, and IBM's versions of BASIC used code in this ROM-BASIC, which allowed for extra memory in the code area. BASICA last appeared in IBMDOS 5.02, and in OS/2 (2.0 and later), the version had ROMBASIC moved into the program code. Microsoft released GW-BASIC for machines with no ROM-BASIC. Some OEM releases had basic.com and basica.com as loaders for GWBASIC.EXE.

[edit]Call
Calls one batch program from another. A new batch file context is created with the specified arguments and control is passed to the statement after the label specified. Syntax:

call [filespec][batch file parameters]

filespec: name and if necessary path of the new batch file

parameters: switches

[edit]cd

or chdir

Change current working directory. Displays the current working directory when used without a path parameter.

cd

displays the current working directory on the current drive.

cd directory

changes the working directory on the current drive to directory.

chdir e:directory

changes the working directory on E: to directory.

cd ..

changes the working directory to the parent directory (up one directory level).

cd \

changes the working directory to the root (top level) directory of the current drive. Equivalent to the Unix command cd (with a path parameter), or pwd (without a parameter). cd .. changes to the parent directory.

[edit]chcp
Changes the code page used to display character glyphs in a console window.

chcp [codepage ]

With a numeric parameter, this command changes the codepage setting to codepage. Without a parameter, the command displays the currently active codepage.

[edit]chkds

k
Verifies a storage volume (hard disk, partition, floppy disk, flash drive, etc) for file system integrity.

Options:

/F : Fixe s erro rs on the volu me (wit hou t /F , chk dsk only det ects erro rs)

/P : For ces a full verif icati on

/R : Sea rch es for def

ecti ve sect ors and rec ove rs legi ble info rma tion (ap plie s /F)

/X : Un mo unts the volu me bef ore pro ces sing if nee ded . (Not e:

Un mo unti ng tem por arily inva lidat es all poin ters /ha ndle rs to the volu me until pro ces s is com plet ed)

chkds k volum e lette r: [[pat h]fil ename ]

[/F] [/P] [/R] [/X]

Equivalent to the Unix command fsck

[e dit ]c

h oi c e
Allows for batch files to prompt the user to select one item from a set of single-character choices. Introduced in MS-DOS 6;[1] DR-DOS 7.03.[2] Earlier versions of DR-DOS supported this function with the switch command (for numeric choices) or by beginning a command with a question mark.[2] This command was formerly called ync. (yes-no-cancel).

[ e d i t ]

c l s
Clears the screen.

Equivalent to the Unix clear.

Copies files from one location to another. The destination defaults to the current directory. If multiple source files are indicated, the destination must be a directory, or an error will result. Syntax:

Files may be copied to devices. For example, copy file lpt1 sends the file to the printer on LPT1. copy file con outputs file to the screen ("console"), which can also be done using type file. Devices themselves may be copied: copy con file takes the text typed into the console and puts it into file, stopping when EOF (Ctrl+Z) is typed. Files may be concatenated using +. For example, copy file1+file2 file_cat will concatenate the files and output them asfile_cat. There are two switches to modify the command's behaviour, /a (text mode, the default) and /b (binary mode). In text mode,copy will stop when it reaches the EOF character; in binary mode, the files will be concatenated in their entirety, ignoring EOF characters. Examples of usage:

Equivalent Unix commands are cp (for copying) and cat (for concatenation). Device files may be copied in Unix as well, e.g. cp file/dev/tty will display a file on the screen (but cat file is more commonly used here). Equivalent RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS command is copy. Examples of usage:

Defines the device to use for input and output. Syntax:

Example of usage:

Defragments a disk drive. Options:

-A Analyses the fragmentation of a disk drive -F Force defragmentation even if disk space is low -V Verbose output mode -H Defrag hidden files

Example of usage:

No Unix equivalent.

Deletes one or more files.

Equivalent to the Unix command rm. Equivalent in RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS operating systems line is delete command which can be contracted to del.

Deletes a directory along with all of the files and subdirectories that it contains. Normally, it will ask for confirmation of such a drastic action.

Lists the contents of a directory.

Prints its own arguments back out to the DOS equivalent of the standard output stream. Usually, this means directly to the screen, but the output of echo can be redirected like any other command. Often used in batch files to print text out to the user.

Another important use of the echo command is to toggle echoing of commands on and off in batch files.

Traditionally batch files begin with the @echo off statement. This says to the interpreter that echoing of commands should be off during the

whole execution of the batch file thus resulting in a "tidier" output. The @ symbol declares that this particular command (echo off) should also be executed without echo. For example the following 2 batch files are equivalent: Batch1.bat:

Batch2.bat:

Echo can be used to write to files directly from the console, by redirecting the output stream:

Echo can also be used to append to files directly from the console, again by redirecting the output stream:

To type more than one line from the console into a file, use copy

con (above).
Equivalent to the Unix command echo.

Full-screen text editor, included with MS-DOS 5 and 6, OS/2 and Windows NT to 4.0

DOS line-editor. It can be used with a script file, like debug, this makes it of some use even today. The absence of a console editor in MS/PC-DOS 1-4 created an after-market for third-party editors. In DOS 5, an extra command "?" was added to give the user much needed help. DOS 6 was the last version to contain EDLIN, for MS-DOS 6, it's on the supplemental disks, PC-DOS 6 had it in the base install. Windows NT 32bit, and OS/2 have Edlin.

Converts an executable (.exe) file into a binary file with the extension .com, which is a memory image of the program. The size of the resident code and data sections combined in the input .exe file must be less than 64KB. The file must also have no stack segment.

Exits the current command processor. If the exit is used at the primary command, it has no effect unless in a DOS window under Microsoft Windows, in which case the window is closed and the user returns to the desktop.

Exit also exists in Unix-shells. If an exit command is used in the primary command shell under Unix, however, it will logoff the user, similar to the control-D keystroke.

Compares two files or sets of files and displays the differences between them.

Equivalent to the Unix commands comm, cmp and diff.

Manipulates hard disk partition tables. The name derives from IBM's habit of calling hard drives fixed disks. When run from the command line, it displays a menu of various partitioning operations:

FDISK /MBR installs a standard master boot record on the hard drive. FDISK /MBR #: where # is other partition on system. Completes above command on indicated partition.

Fdisk exists under Unix with the same name, but it is an entirely different program. However they share purposes.

A filter to find lines in the input data stream that contain or don't contain a specified string and send these to the output data stream. Find may also be used as a pipe.

Equivalent to the Unix command grep. The Unix command find performs an entirely different function analogous to dir /s.

Delete all the files on the disk and reformat it for MS-DOS In most cases, this should only be used on floppy drives or other removable media. This command can potentially erase everything on a computer's hard disk. /autotest and /backup are undocumented features. Both will format the drive without a confirmation prompt.

There is also an undocumented /u parameter for "unconditional" that will write strings of zeros on every sector. This is now an official switch in Windows Vista and 7 but with the parameter /p instead. Equivalent to the Unix command mkfs. Equivalent in RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS operating systems line is format command which can not create filesystem. After formatting one should use initialize (contracted to init) command to create

filesystem (Equivalent to MS-DOS command format /q or "quick format").

Gives help about DOS. MS-DOS help 'command' would give help on a specific command. By itself, it lists the contents of DOSHELP.HLP. Help for a specific command invokes the command with the /? option. In MS-DOS 6.x this command exists as FASTHELP. MS-DOS 6.xx help command uses QBASIC to view a quickhelp HELP.HLP file, which contains more extensive information on the commands, with some hyperlinking etc. The MS-DOS 6.22 help system is included on Windows 9x cdrom versions as well. PC-DOS PC-DOS 5,6 help is the same form as MS-DOS 5 help command. PC-DOS 7.xx help uses view.exe to open OS/2 style .INF files (cmdref.inf, dosrexx.inf and doserror.inf), opening these to the appropriate pages. DR-DOS In DR-DOS, help is a batch file that launches DR-DOS' reference, dosbook. Microsoft Windows Windows NT, all versions, uses DOS 5 style help, but versions before VISTA have also a Windows help file (NTCMDS.HLP or NTCMDS.INF) in a similar style to MS-DOS 6. FreeDOS FreeDOS uses an HTML help system, which views HTML help files on a specified path. The path is stored in HELPPATH environment variable, if not specified, default path is \HELP on the drive which HELP is placed. Partially equivalent to the Unix command man.

Network PCs using a null modem cable or LapLink cable. The server-side version of InterLnk, it also immobilizes the machine it's running on as it is an active app (As opposed to a TSR) which must be running for any transfer to take place. DR-DOS' filelink is executed on both the client and server. New in PC-DOS 5.02, MS-DOS 6.0[3] No direct Unix equivalent, though some Unices offer the ability to network computers with TCP/IP through null modem or Laplink cables using PLIP or SLIP.

Attaches a drive letter to a specified directory on another drive.[3]

If JOIN a: c:\floppy were executed, c:\floppy would display the contents of the a: drive. The opposite can be achieved via the substcommand.

Changes the label on a logical drive, such as a hard disk partition or a floppy disk. In Unix and Unix-like systems, this differs from filesystem to filesystem. e2label can be used for ext2 partitions.

Loads a program above the first 64K of memory, and runs the program.

Included only in MS/PC-DOS. DR-DOS used memmax, which opened or closed lower, upper, and video memory access, to block the lower 64K of memory.[4]

hiload in DR-DOS.

Makes a new directory. The parent of the directory specified will be created if it does not already exist.

Equivalent to the Unix command mkdir.

Displays memory usage.

Equivalent to the Unix command free.

Starting from version 6, MS-DOS included the external program MemMaker which was used to free system memory (especiallyConventional memory) by automatically reconfiguring the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files. This was usually done by movingTSR Programs to the Upper memory. The whole process required three system restarts. Before the first restart the user was asked whether he/she wanted to enable EMS Memory or not. The use of MemMaker was popular among gamers who wanted to enable or disable Expanded memory in order to run a game which required EMS or not. Better results could be achieved by an experienced user manually configuring the startup files to achieve greater free memory yield.

PC-DOS uses another program RamBoost to optimize memory, either the HIMEM/EMM386 or a third-party memory manager.

Configures system devices. Changes graphics modes, adjusts keyboard settings, prepares code pages, and sets up port redirection.[5]

Pages through the output so that you can view more than one screen of text.

Equivalent to the Unix commands more and less. More may also be used as a filter.

Moves files or renames directories.

Example of usage:

Equivalent to the Unix command mv. DR-DOS used a separate command for renaming directories, rendir.

Provides detailed technical information about the computer's hardware and software.

New in MS-DOS 6;[6] the PC-DOS version of this command is QCONFIG.[citation needed] The command appeared first in Word2, and then in Windows 3.10. No Unix equivalent, however in GNU/Linux similar type of information may be obtained from various text files in /proc directory.

Displays or sets a search path for executable files.

Suspends processing of a batch program and displays the message 'Press any key to continue. . .'. This command exists in all versions of Microsoft Windows and has the exact same function.

Parks the hard disk heads in order to enable safe shutdown; only used on early versions.

No Unix equivalent. MS-DOS 3.2 (and possibly others) used the command HHSET

Adds a file in the print queue.

pport for background printing files. The user would usually use the copy command to copy files to LPT1.

Remove a directory, which by default must be empty of files for the command to succeed. The DELTREE command in DOS removes nonempty directories. In Windows NT's CMD.EXE, rd /s functions in the same way as deltree.

Remark statement, normally used within a batch file, or for DOS 6 and above, in CONFIG.SYS.

essors.

Redirecting the output from a rem command produces a zero-byte file in some command processors. REM is also useful in logged sessions or screen-captures. In Unix, the # sign can be used to start a comment.

Renames a file. Unlike the move command, this command cannot be used to rename subdirectories, or rename files across drives.

You can rename files in another directory by using the PATH parameter:

]
This example renames c:\windows\filex.txt to c:\windows\filey.txt

.txt
Using a path in the destination newname will move the file to the new path, if this is on the same device. This renames the file to the c:\temp directory.

temp\filey.txt
On DOS with long filename support, care must be taken when directories have spaces in their names like "Documents and Settings". In these cases double-quotes are used to enclose them. Note it is necessary only to enclose blocks including spaces.

Settings"\"All Users"\Desktop\filex.txt filey.txt Settings\All Users\Desktop\filex.txt" filey.txt

Wildcards in the destination are replaced by the corresponding part of the original name, so the command below will change the extension of the file from .doc to .txt, here myfile.doc becomes myfile.txt.

xt

Mass renames can be accomplished by the use of wildcards. For example, the following command will change the extension of all files in the current directory which currently have the extension htm to html:

ml
In Unix, this functionality of a simple move is provided by the mv command, while batch renames can be done using the rename command.

isk
Disk diagnostic utility. Scandisk was a replacement for the chkdsk utility, starting with later versions of MS-DOS. Its primary advantages over chkdsk is that it is more reliable and has the ability to run a surface scan which finds and marks bad clusters on the disk. It also provided mouse point-and-click TUI, allowing for interactive session to complement command-line batch run. had surface scan and bad cluster detection functionality included, and was used again on Windows NT based operating

. Equivalent to the Unix command fsck.

dit]set
Sets environmental variables. See Environment variable. CMD.EXE in Windows NT 2000, 4DOS, 4OS2, 4NT, and a number of third-party solutions allow direct entry of environment variables from the command prompt, in the manner of set /p.

set /p choice=Type your text. echo You typed: "%choice%"

From at least Windows 2000, the set command with the /A switch allows the evaluation of strings into variables, thus providing inter alia a means of performing integer arithmetic.[7]

[edit]setver
TSR designed to return a different value to the version of DOS that is running. This allows programs that look for a specific version of DOS to run under a different DOS.

Setver appeared in version 4, and has been in every version of DOS, OS/2 and Windows NT since.

[edit]share
Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.

share [/F:space] [/L:locks] /F:space Allocates file space (in bytes) for file-sharing information. /L:locks Sets the number of files that can be locked at one time. [edit]smartdrive
Main article: SmartDrive

[edit]sort
A filter to sort lines in the input data stream and send them to the output data stream.

sort < inputfilename > outputfilename

Similar to the Unix command sort. Handles files up to 64k. This sort is always case insensitive.[8]

[edit]subst
A utility to map a subdirectory to a drive letter.[3]

subst <d:> <path> subst <d:> /D (Deletes the substitute drive)

If SUBST e: c:\edrive were executed, a new drive letter e: would be created, showing the contents of c:\edrive. The opposite can be achieved via the join command.

[edit]sys
A utility to make a volume bootable. Sys rewrites the Volume Boot Code (the first sector of the partition that Sys is acting on) so that the code, when executed, will look for Io.sys. Sys also copies the core DOS system files, Io.sys, Msdos.sys, and Command.com, to the volume. Sys does NOT rewrite the Master Boot Record, contrary to widely-held belief.

[edit]time

and date

Display and set the time and date

time date
When these commands are called from the command line or a batch file, they will display the time or date and wait for the user to type a new time or date and press RETURN. The commands time /t and date /t will display output without waiting for input. The Unix command date displays both the time and date, but does not allow the normal users to change either. Users with superuser privileges may use date -s <new-date-time> to change the time and date. The Unix command time performs a different function.

[edit]tree
Shows the directory tree of the current directory Syntax:

tree [options] [directory]

Options:

/F (Displays the names of the files in each folder.)

/A (Use ASCII instead of the extended characters.)

/? (Shows the help)

Note: Does not work on some computers with Windows 7 OS.

[edit]truename truename or truename drivename or truename filename or truename directory

If typed without a parameter then the current active drive pathname is displayed.

MS-DOS can find files and directories given their names, without full path information, if the search object is on a path specified by the environment variable PATH. For example, if PATH includes C:\PROGRAMS, and file MYPROG.EXE is on this directory, then if MYPROG is typed at the command prompt, the command processor will execute C:\PROGRAMS\MYPROG.EXE the TRUENAME command will expand a name in an abbreviated form which the command processor can recognise into its full form, and display the result. It can see through SUBST and JOIN to find the actual directory. In the above example,

TRUENAME MYPROG
would display

C:\PROGRAMS\MYPROG.EXE
and for a substituted drive set up by

subst d: c:\util\test
the command

truename d:\test.exe
will display

c:\util\test\test.exe
This command also displays the UNC pathnames of mapped network or local CD drives. This command is an undocumented DOS command. The help switch "/?" defines it as a "Reserved command name". It is available in MS-DOS 5.00. This command is similar to the Unix which command, which, given an executable found in $PATH, would give a full path and name. The C library function realpath performs this function.

Display a file. The more command is frequently used in conjunction with this command, e.g. type long-text-file | more.

Equivalent to the Unix command cat. Note that you can use this to concatenate files (type file1 file2 > file3) however this won't work for large files--use copy command instead.

Restores file previously deleted with del. By default all recoverable files in the working directory are restored. The options are used to change this

behavior. if the MS-DOS mirror TSR program is used, then deletion tracking files are created and can be used byundelete. Syntax:

In Unix and Unix-like systems this differs from filesystem to filesystem. People who use the ext2 filesystem can try the commande2undel.

An internal DOS command, that reports the DOS version presently running, and since MS-DOS 5, whether DOS is loaded high. The corresponding command to report the Windows version is winver.

Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been correctly written to disk. If no parameter is provided, the command will display the current setting.[9]

Copy entire directory trees.

Equivalent to the Unix command cp when used with -r parameter.