maha 1

1. mwhl fj
j, jrk, nej
(Ratio, Proportion and Direct Variation)
ekJ mwhl thif vaiy neuoahfnth kiwKfkhfnth vthW
gagLJnwh vgij ghl fhzyh.

1.1 mKf
Itah, Ufh Mnahiu ga tuf y nH jugLsd:

tuf

t.v.

Itah

Ufh

1.

taJ

17 MLf

15 MLf

2.

cau

136 br.

123 br.

3.

vil

31.

29 .

4.

gUF ms

5 .

3 .

5.

goF neu

4 k

3 k

6.

isahL neu

2 k

2 k

7.

gagLJ nehLf
vif

13

14

8.

toia XL ntf

10 ./kF

15 ./kF

nkny cs mltizUJ Ut tufis fvjhf xl

Kokyth? vthW xLtJ? xnu jiks U msfis xLtjF
eh fj jKiwia gagLJnwh.
nkny cs mltizUJ Ut

taJf j

17 : 15

cauf j

136 : 123

vilf j

31 : 29

gUF msf j

5:3

goF neuf j

4:3

isahL neuf j

2:2

gagLJ nehLf vif j

13 : 14

toia XL ntf j

10 : 15

vgij bjthf mJ bfhs Kowjyth?

2

mwhl fj
1.2 j

j vgJ, xnu myid cila U msfis xLtJ MF.

a, b vw U msf jij a : b vW Flyh. ij a is to b
vd gofyh. mjhtJ : vw Fpoid is to vd gof ntL.
b, a vw U msf jij b : a vW Flyh.
a : b kW b : a uL btntwhdJ vgij Jbfhf.
xL nghJ a, bMat myFf xnu khahf UfntL.

a, b vw U msfS if vzhf UF.

vLJfhlhf, 1 l kW 90 br.. vw msf bfhLfgLsd vf.

U msfis xnu myF kha dnu xl ntL.
mjhtJ, 1l = 100 br.. vd kh 90 br.. cl xL j jij
100 : 90 vd vGj ntL.
y rkaf xL vf bga vfshf UFnghJ xLtJ
fodkhf UF. vdnt, jfis RU va to vGJtJ mtakhwJ.
vdnt, vj xU jij d to vG RU va totij bgwyh.
vLJfhL : 1
t.
v.
1.
2.
3.

ms
15 MfSF 10
bgfSF cs j
500 . ; 1 .. MatWF
cs j
1 . 25 br.. ; 2. MatWF
cs j

j
tot

d
tot

va
j

15 : 10

15
10

3:2

500 : 1000

500
1000

1:2

125 : 200

125
200

5:8

vLJfhL : 2
xU khztl 11 FngLfS 7 jffS csd. mtl cs FngL
f vifF jff vifF cs j vd?
:
khztl cs FngLf vif = 11
khztl cs jff vif =

vLJfhL : 3
xU ngdh iy %.8 xU bg iy %.2.50 v, (i) ngdh
iyF, bg iyF (ii) bg iyF, ngdh iyF
cs jij va to fhf.
:

xU ngdh iy = %.8.00 = 8.00x100 = 800 fhRf

xU bg iy = %.2.50 = 2.50x100 = 250 fhRf
3

fzF

` FngLfSF jffSF cs j = 11 : 7

maha 1
t.v.

ms

j
tot

d
tot

va
j

1.

ngdh iyF, bg
iyF cs j

800 : 250

800
250

16 : 5

2.

bg iyF, ngdh
iyF cs j

250 : 800

250
800

5 : 16

vLJfhL : 4
xU uhk cs 10,000 ng 4,000 ng muRg csd;
cstf Rabjh wd v,
i) muR g cstf kW uhk cstf.
ii) Ra bjh gtf kW uhk cstf .
iii) muRg cstf kW uhk cstf.
MnahUilna cs jfis fhf.
: uhk cstf vif
= 10,000 ng
muRg cstf vif
= 4,000 ng
` Ra bjh gtf vif

= 10,000 4,000 = 6,000 ng

t.
v.

ms

j
tot

d
tot

va
j

1.

muRg cstfSF,
uhk cstfSF.

4000 : 10000

4000
10000

2:5

2.

Ra bjh gtfSF,
uhk cstfSF.

6000 : 10000

6000
10000

3:5

3.

muRg cstfSF,
Ra bjh gtfSF.

4000 : 6000

4000
6000

2:3

Ka brf :
1. fhQ jfis RUa to vGJf:
(i) 3:5 (ii) 15:25
(iii) 22:55
(iv) 24:48
2. fhQ jfis RUa to vGJf:
(i) 1. F 500
(ii) 24br. F 4 (iii) 250. F 3
(iv) 45. F 2k
(v) 30igrhF 3%
(vi) 70 khztfSF 2 Maf
3. Rj vgt taJ 50, mtuJ kf taJ 10 v mtfsJ
taJfSilnaahd j.
(i) 5 MLfSF Kdh
(ii) jnghJ
(iii) 5 MLf fJ vts?
4

mwhl fj
4. rkhd jfis bghUJf:
u A

u B

3:4
1:3
4:5
2:7
2:3

5 : 15
9 : 12
20 : 30
14 : 49
12 : 15

1.3 rkhd j
X M gHij, Ut vthW gJ bfhwhf vgij
ftf.
vL rkghffshf whf. UtU jfSFa ghffis F
jij 6 : 2 vdyh. mijna RUa to 3 : 1 vW brhyyh.
UJ eh mtJ 3 : 1, 6 : 2 vw jf rk msyhdJ MF.
vdnt, rkhd dfisnghy, tiw rkhd jf vdyh.
vdnt, a : b vw j cs a, b vw cWf xnu v
klFfsh bgUfgL nghJ ilF jf rkhd
jf vdgL.
vLJfhL : 5
5 : 7 vw j VnjD IJ rkhd jfis vGJf.
: bfhLfgl j = 5 : 7
d tot
= 5
7
10
15
j rkhd df
,
, 20 , 25 , 55 MF.
14 21 28 35 77
` 5 : 7 rkhd jf, 10 : 14, 15 : 21, 20 : 28, 25 : 35 kW 55 : 77

g 1.1
1) tU TWf rah? jtwh? vd TWf.
i) 4 ngdhfSF 6 bgfSF cs j 4 : 6
ii) 50 khztf cs tF 30 bgfSF 20 MfSF
cs j 20 : 30
iii) 3 : 2 vw jK 2 : 3 vw jK rkhd jf MF.
2)

rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf :

i) 3 : 4 d tot
(1) 4
(2) 3
3
4
ii) 7 : 8 rkhd j
(1) 14 : 16

(2) 8 : 9
5

(3) 1
3

(4) 3.4

(3) 6 : 7

(4) 8 : 7

fzF

iv) 5 : 2 vw j rkhd j 10 : 14

maha 1

3)
4)
5)

6)

7)

8)

iii) 16 : 32 va tot
(1) 16
(2) 32
(3) 1:2
(4) 2:1
32
16
iv) 2 : 3, 4 : _ Mad rkhd jf v Lgl v
(1) 2
(2) 3
(3) 4
(4) 6
v) 1br.., F 2..F cs j
(1) 1:20
(2) 20:1
(3) 10:2
(4) 2:10
tU jfis va to jUf.
(i) 20:45
(ii) 100:180
(iii) 144:216
tU jf ehF rkhd jfis vGJf.
(i) 3:5
(ii) 3:7
(iii) 5:9
nH cs tufSF jij mikJ, mjid va to jUf.
i) 81-F 108-F cs j.
ii) 30 lF 1 k 30 lF cs j
iii) 60 br..F 1.2 .F cs j.
kh khj rgs %.20,000, nr %.500 vf.
i) rgsF, nrF cs j
ii) rgsF, bryF cs j
iii) nrF bryF cs j fhf.
IgJ ng cs tF 30 ng Mf v
i) MfSF bkhj khztfSF cs j
ii) bgfSF bkhj khztfSF cs j
iii) MfSF bgfSF cs j fhf.
bfhLfgLs gl UJ vifF VwthW fhQ
dhfSF ilaf.
i) KnfhzfSF tlfSF ilna cs j
ii) tlfSF rJufSF cs j
iii) KnfhzfSF rJufSF cs j
iv) tlfSF bkhj cUtfSF cs j
v) KnfhzfSF bkhj cUtfSF cs j
vi) rJufSF bkhj cUtfSF cs j fhf.

1.4 jfis xLj

uL jfis xl Ko. jfis xnu gFiaila
dfshf kha xl ntL.
vLJfhL : 6
3:5 I 4:7 ia xLf.
: 3 ia 4 ia xl ntL.
5
7
gFf 5, 7.
5, 7 W bgh.k = 35
6

mwhl fj
3 = 3 # 7 = 21
4 = 4 # 5 = 20
5 5 7 35
7 7 5 35
21 MdJ 20 ia l bgaJ.
35
35
3
` MdJ 4 ia l bgaJ.
5
7
vdnt 3:5 MdJ 4:7 I l bgaJ.
vLJfhL : 7
%. 280 ia 3:5 vw j f.
: 3:5 vg Kj gF 3 gFf v ulh gF 5 gFf.
vdnt bkhj gFf = 3+5 = 8
F 8 gFf = %.280
` 1gF = 280 =35
8
` Kj gF = 3 # 35 = %.105

gFf
8
3
5

%gh
280
?
?

kW ulh gF = 5 # 35 = %.175
vLJfhL : 8
xU brtf s, mfyf j 4:7, mfy 77 br. v mj sij
fzLf.
:

mfy = 77br.

s mfyf j = 4:7
brtf mfy = 7gFf
` 7 gFf = 77br.
1gF = 77 br. = 11br.
7
s = 4gFf

gFf
7
1
4

msf
77
?
?

4gFf = 4 # 11 br. = 44br.

` brtf s = 44br..
vLJfhL : 9
csd v, Mf vjid ng? bgf vjid ng?
= 1,21,000 ng
:
uhk cstf
Mf, bgf j
j vf TLj

=6:5
= 6 + 5 = 11

J nej mik.

11 gFf

= 1,21,000
7

gF

bkhj

11
6
5

121000
?
?

fzF

1,21,000 ng cs xU uhk MfS bgfS 6 : 5 vw j

maha 1
1, 21, 000
= 11, 000
11
` uhk cs Mf vif = 6 # 11,000 = 66,000 ng
` uhk cs bgf vif = 5 # 11,000 = 55,000 ng
` 1 gF =

g 1.2

1.

(i) 2:3 myJ 3:4 t vJ bgaJ?

(ii) 4:5 myJ 5:7 t vJ bgaJ?

2.

(i) 3:4 myJ 4:5 t vJ aJ?

(ii) 3:7 myJ 7:9 t vJ aJ?

3.

(i) %.400 ia 3:5 vw j f.

(ii) 5 nyh 500 uhik 5:6 vw j f.
(iii) 2 l 25 br. I 5:4 vw j f.
(iv) 5 kia 1:5 vw j f.

4.

%.6,600 I mU, Md UtUF 6:5 vw j J

bfhLjh, mfkhd gz bgWgt ah? mfkhd bjhif vts?

5.

xU brtf s, mfy 7:2 vw j csd. s 49br..

v mfy vts?

6.

xU FLg bry kW nrf j 5:3. bry %.3,500 v

nr vts?

7.

u kW g Mnah U ngho bgw gR bjhifia 7 : 8 vw

j J bfhwd. gR bjhif %.7,500 v mtf
xbthUF ilF bjhif vts?

8.

xU efu cs thfhsf goa 1,00,000 ng csd.

mef cs M kW bg thfhsf j 11 : 9 v
ef cs M kW bg thfhsf vifia fhf.

1.5 j rk
U jf va tot rkkhf UF v mjf jrk
MF. jrk jfis = myJ : : vw Fpil gagL vGjyh.
mjhtJ a, b, c,d Mad jrk mik v jid a : b = c : d myJ

a:b : : c:d vd vGjyh.

vLJfhL : 10
(i) 2 : 3, 8 : 12, (ii) 25 : 45, 35 : 63 Mad jrk vdfhLf.
8

mwhl fj
:

j
i)

ii)

d tot

va tot

2
3
8
8:12
=2
12 3
` 2:3, 8:12 Mad jrk MF.
2:3

25 = 5
45 9
35 = 5
35:63
63 9
` 25:45, 35:63 Mad jrk MF.
25:45

2:3
2:3

5:9
5:9

F : nkny cs vLJfhL (ii) UJ 45I 35M bgUf, 25I 63M

bgUf. UJ ekF ilgJ, 25 # 63 = 45 # 35 = 1575
vdnt, a : b, c : d Mad jrk UF v a # d = b # c vgJ
cikahF. jid a : b :: c : d vw Fpo _y vGj ntL. mjhtJ,
ehF vf jrk mik v, Kj kW W cs vf
bgUF bjhif eL cs vf bgUF bjhifF rkkhf UF.
vLJfhL : 11
12 : 9, 4 : 3 vw vf j rk vd fhLf.
: Kj kW W cs vf bgUFbjhif = 12 # 3 = 36
eL cs vf bgUFbjhif = 9 # 4 = 36
` 12 : 9, 4 : 3 Mad jrk MF.
vdnt, 12 : 9 :: 4 : 3
vLJfhL : 12
3 : 4 = 12 : ____ v Lgl viz fhf.
: Kj kW W cs vf bgUFbjhif
= eL cs vf bgUFbjhif
` 3 # ____ = 4 # 12
U wK 3 M tFf, Lgl v = 4 # 12 = 4 # 4 = 16
3
vLJfhL : 13
3, 12I eL cWfshf bfhL uL j rkfis vGJf.
__:3 = 12 : __
eL cWf bgUFbjhif = 3 # 12 = 36
vdnt W cWf bgUFbjhif 36
36 I, 2 # 18, 4 # 9 vd vGjyh
` 2:3=12:18

4:3=12:19

vdnt, uL jrkf 2:3::12:18 kW 4:3::12:9

9

fzF

: eL cWf 3, 12

maha 1
vLJfhL : 14
xU jf iy %. 12 v 2, 5, 7 jff vifF
iyF cs j fhf. UJ mJ bfhlJ vd?
:
jff
vif

bkhj iy

d
tot

va
j

2 # 12 = 24

2 : 24

2
24

1 : 12

5 # 12 = 60

5 : 60

5
60

1 : 12

7 # 12 = 84

7 : 84

7
84

1 : 12

UJ jff vifF mj iyF cs j

jrkkhf UF vgij mayh.
Ka brf:
1. 4, 20I eL cWfshf bfhL uL j rkfis vGJf.
2. 6, 15I eL cWfshf bfhL uL j rkfis vGJf.

1.6 ne j
uL cWf xnu j bjhlJ khdh mit ne j
mikJsd vdyh.
vLJfhL : 15
rghdh vgt 2 k neu 35 ..u flwh v, mnj ntf
brwh 6 k neu vts u flJ Ugh?
: fhy mfFnghJ flj uK mfF vdnt, J nej
mik.

2 : 6 = 35 :

fhy (k)
2
6

flj u (..)
35
?

Lgl v = 6 # 35 = 105
2
vdnt, 6 k neu rghdh flj u = 105..

vLJfhL : 16
12 khztfSF Uil tHf %.3,000 brythF v, %.1250F vjid
khztfSF Uil tHfyh?
:
khztf vif

UilF MF bry (%gh)

12
?

3,000
1,250
10

mwhl fj
bry br bjhif Fiw nghJ, khztf vif Fiw.
vdnt, J nej mik.

12 : = 3000 : 1250

Lgl v = 12 # 1250 = 5
3000
vdnt, %.1250 5 khztfSF Uil tHfyh.
vLJfhL : 17
fhgit nej csjh? iyah? vd rghf.
jff vif
iy

10
25

8
20

20
50

4
10

4
10

8
20

10
25

20
50

:
ij VWtir vGJf.
jff vif
iy

F j 4 = 2 , 8 = 2 , 10 = 2
10 5
20 5
25 5
` 4 = 8 = 10 = 20
10 20 25 25
vyh jfS rkkhfnt csd.

20 = 2
50 5

` vdnt it nej csd.

g : 1.3
1) fhQ jf j rkkh? iyah? vd TWf.
i) 1:5
kW 3:15 (M / iy)
ii) 2:7
kW 14:4 (M / iy)
iii) 2:9
kW 18:81 (M / iy)
iv) 15:45
kW 25:5 (M / iy)
v)

kW 45:60 (M / iy)

rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.

i) vit j rk mik?
(1) 3:4, 6:8

(2) 3:4, 8:6

(3) 4:3, 6:8

(4) 4:8, 6:3

ii) 2:5 = ___ : 50 v Lgl v

(1) 10

(2) 20

(3) 30

(4) 40

iii) 6 gJf iy %.30 v 4 gJf iy

(1) %.5
(2) %.10
(3) %.15
(4) %.20
iv) 5,6,10, __ Ma vf (mnj tir) j rk mik
v Lgl v
(1) 60
(2) 50
(3) 30
(4) 12
11

fzF

2)

30:40

maha 1
v) 100 I 3 : 2 vw j F nghJ ilgJ
(1) 30, 20
(2) 60, 40
(3) 20, 30
(4) 40, 60
3)

flit nej csjh? iyah? vd rghf.

2
80

(i)

fhy(k)
u (.)

(ii)

taJ (ML)
vil (.)

(iii) mr (%)
to (%)

5
200

4
160

3
120

2
3.5

6
10.75

4
15

8
23

300
18

450
27

250
15

600
36

4) tU mltiz nej UFkhd Lgl lfis uf.

(i)

8
16

10
-

15
-

4
-

2
-

(ii)

5
-

28

12
48

15
-

10
-

(iii)

45

20
-

60

15
-

10
15

ru vgt %gh 1350F 9 bf kilfis thFwh v,

mnj iy kndh{ vgt 13 bf kilfis vd iyF
thFth?
6) xU jf xUt 2 k neu 20 gffis gowh v,
mnj ntf gojh 8 k neu vjid gffis goJ
KoUgh?
7) 15 Mf nrJ 150 l sKs rhiyia brgLwhf v,
420 l sKs rhiyia brgl vjid Mf njit?
8) xU miw 2 khj thlif %. 9200 v mj miwF X ML
thlif vts?
9) 15 ehfhf iy %. 7500 v %. 12,000 F vjid ehfhf
thfyh?
10) 10 nyh m iy %. 400 v 3 nyh m iy vd?
5)

11) 156 .. bry xU kGJF 12 l vbghU njitgLwJ

v 1300.. bry vjid l vbghU njitgL?

1 . 7 jrk - gaghLf
xU o lglij eh tiu nghJ o cikahd s,
mfyfis bfhL tiua KoahJ.
12

mwhl fj
tiuagl sF, cikahd sF cs j a:b vf.
1. a k b kig l Fiw v ekF ilgJ FWa
gl MF.
2. a k b k rk v ekF ilgJ msL glkhF.
3. a k b kig l mf v ekF ilgJ bgjhfgl
glkhF.
vLJfhlhf,
1. o tiugl - FWa gl.
2. Fngo tiuagL toa glf - rk msL gl.
3. cUbgU tna ghf Toa EUf - bgjhfgl gl.
vLJfhL : 18
1 br.F 200 . vw msl xU gl csJ
(i) u d vd?
(ii) gl beiyF, bridF ilna cs u 3 br.. v
uoFKs cikahd u vd?
: tiuagl sK, cikahd sK xnu my iy.
uil xnu my khw,
200 .
= 200 # 100000 br.
[a 1. = 100000 br.]
= 2,00,00,000 br.
1
i. u d =
20000000
ii. gl beiyF, bridF cs u = 3 br.
vdnt, beiyF bridF cs cikahd u = 3 # 200 = 600 .
thf:
unt tjlfis fhL ah tiuglij ghf.
gl mslgo
1. bridF, ffjhF
2. bridF, KigF
3. bridF, blF ilnas ufis fhf.

g 1.4
m) u d vd?
M) gl FfgLs 3.5 br. bjhiy cikahd bjhiy
vd?
) cikahd bjhiy 2100 .liu gl vts bjhiythf
Ff ntL?
13

fzF

1. 1 br.F 1000 . vw mslF xU gl tiuagL csJ. m

maha 1
2. 1 br..F 500 vw mslF xU gl tiuagLsJ.
i) u d vd?
ii) gl 5.5br. bjhiy cik vts bjhiy MF?
iii) cikahd bjhiy 2500 liu gl vts bjhiythf
Ff ntL?

3. brf
i)
ii)
iii)

msl
1 br. = 200
1 br. = 250
1 br. = _____

cikahd ms tiuagl ms
4 br.
1750
3700
5 br.

4. 1 br.F 200 .. vw msl xU gl tiuagLsJ. 3600

.liu gl vts bjhiythf FfntL?
braghL :
400 sK, 250 mfyK bfhl xU brtf y kh tiuglij
bghUjkhd ms lgo tiuJ ghf.
bra l

cDila tF kW g cs bkhj khztfSF,

khzfSF cs j bkhj khzfSF, khztfSF
cs j vG mjid va to khWf.

xbthU khztiu mtf 2 egf taJ, cau, vil, goF

neu, isahL neu Matiw mJ j to vGJf.

xbthU khztiu mtf 5 egf cau kW vilfis

goal brh, mUJ jfis mikf brhf.

id bfhf.

xnu myid bfhl U msfis xLtJ j MF.

xU j cs U cWfS xnu vzh bgUf

rkhd jf ilF.

U jf rkhd jf v, mit jrk MF.

jrk jf cs Kj kW W cWf
bgUFbjhif eL cs cWf bgUfbjhifF
rk.

uL cWf xnu j bjhlJ khdh, mJ ne

j.
14

afj

2. afj
khf, khf, nfhitf

(Constants, Variables and Expressions)

2.1 mKf
f gntW isahLfis MtJlD, crhfJlD isaho
Uf. nghJ vfis bfhL isaho ghngh!
tF cs khztfis gy FGfshf J bfhs. xbthU
FGit VnjD X <yf viz FJ bfhs brhy. d nH
csthW y fzLfis bra.
go 1 :
Fj <yf viz 2 M bgUf.
go 2 :
ilj vQl 4 I Tl.
go 3 :
ilj viz 5 M bgUf.
go 4 :

filahf 20I ff.

nghJ xbthU FGY filahf ilj vfisbfhL

mtf Kj Fj v vd vgij Tl Ko. filahf ilj
viz 10M tFjh ilF ilna Kj Fj v! J vyh
FGfSF bghUJ.
rghj:

vLJfhlhf: filahf ilj v 380 vf. 1. 38 # 2=76

nghJ 380I 10M tFf. mFG Fj v 38 vd ilF. 2. 76+4=80
#
ij vthW fltJ? btntW vfis mj FG 3. 80 5=400
idUjh, vd il ilUF vW goalyh. 4. 40020=380
m vd mik Kiw njhWwJ vW ghfyh.
v.fh. : Fj v = 23; 23 # 2 = 46; 46 + 4 = 50; 50 # 5 = 250; 250 20 = 230
` Fj v 23 Mf Ujh fil ilF il 230
ijna ntW y vfSF brJ flthW goalyh.
Fj v = 25, fil ilF il = 250
Fj v = 40, fil ilF il = 400
bghGJ, Fj vF fil ilF ilF cs bjhlig
fhzKowJ.
F : jfhd afj sf ghl fil gfbfhLfgLsJ.
brJ ghf:
nj isahil _yf, ehyf vfSF
brJ ghUf. njngh, nkY gy isahL
fzFfis cUth brJ ghUf.
15

fzF

Fj v = 37, fil ilF il = 370

maha 2

g : 2.1
1) bfhLfgls v mik Kiw Lgl viz fhf.
5, 10, 15, _, 25, 30.
2)

(i) 20
(ii) 2
(iii) 22
(iv) 23
mik Kiw mLj _W totfis fhf.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)
3.
Kj v
ulhv

1
10

2
20

3 4 5 6
30 40 50 60

mltiz UJ bgwgL mik Kiw ahJ?

(i) ulhv = 10 + Kj v
(ii) ulhv = 10 Kj v
(iii) ulhv = 10 ' Kj v
(iv) ulhv = 10 # Kj v

2.2 khf kW khfis mikf_y mKf brj

yjh, jl cs Ffis bfhL Knfhz mikig
tUkhW mikjh.
1)

2)

3)

4)

yjh vgt xU KnfhzF _W Ff j j mikF

gagLa

bkhj

Ff

vifia

fzLtjfhf

tUkhW mltizgLdh.
Knfhzf
vif
gagLa
Ff
vif

....

12

....

3# 1 3# 2 3# 3 3# 4

....

thW
mltizgL
Knfhzf
vifF
gagLjgl Ff vifF ilnas bjhlid
flh. mjhtJ,
gagLa Ff vif = 3
16

Knfhzf vif.

afj
F

Knfhzf

vifia

bghUJ

njitahd

Ff vif khWwJ. nkY, xU Knfhz mikf njitahd

Ff vif 3 vgJ khwhj xU iy v MF.khahd
iyahd vid kh vngh. Mdh, Knfhzf vif
khWwJ. vdnt, Knfhzf vifia x vw Fplh Ffyh.
vdnt, gagLa Ff vif = 3 # x = 3x
nkflthW bgwgL f mik Kiw f vdgL.
thW khW jiks FpLf kh vdgL. khf Niynfg
btntW v kfis bgW. bghJthf khfis a,b,c,....,x,y,z, .... vw a
My vGJfsh FLnwh.
vLJfhL : 1
Ffis gagL E vw vG mik Kiw ia fhf.
E vw vGF 5 Ff njit.
2)

3)

4)

E vw vGJf
vif
njitahd
Ff
vif

5)

....

10

15

20

25

....

5# 1

5# 2

5# 3

5# 4

5# 5

mltizUJ ilF mik :

gagLa Ff vif = 5 # (E vw vGJf
vif). E vw vGJfvifia x vw khah
Fjh, gagLa Ff vif = 5 # x = 5 x
17

fzF

1)

maha 2
vLJfhL : 2
Ffis gagL moghf uL iyahd Ffis,
nk ghff _W _whf bfhl mnrhf ku tot mik Kiw
ia fhf.

1)

2)

mnrhf ku
nk ghff
vif
nk ghffSF
njitahd
Ff
vif
moghfF
njitahd
Ff
vif
njitahd bkhj
Ff
vif

3)

4)

5)

...

12

15

...

3# 1

3# 2

3# 3

3# 4

3# 5

...

...

3 # 1+2 3 # 2+2 3 # 3+2 3 # 4+2 3 # 5+2

...

mltizUJ ilF mik :

gagLa Ff vif = 3 # nk ghfYs Knfhzf
vif ) + (moghfF njitahd Ff vif).
nkghfYs Knfhzf vifia x vw khah
Fjh, gagLa Ff vif = 3 # x + 2 = 3x + 2
18

afj

g 2.2
1. rahd ilia njbjLf
m)

Kj v

16

26

36

46

56

66

ulh v

10

20

30

40

50

60

nkUF n#ho vf cs vj ia rhjJ?

i) ulh v = Kj v + 6
ii) ulh v = Kj v 6
iii) ulh v = Kj v ' 6
iv) ulh v = Kj v

M)

Kj v

ulh v

10

11

12

13

nkUF n#ho vf cs vj ia rhjJ?

i) ulh v = Kj v # 8. ii) ulh v= Kj v -8
iii) ulh v= Kj v + 8

iv) ulh v =Kj v ' 8

2.

xU bgo 40 Mf csd v bfhLfgl bgof

vifia bghUJ, bkhj Mf vif bgW
mik ia TWf.(bgof vif kh x vf).

3.

xU fo 12 bgf csd v bfhLfgl fLf

vifia bghUJ bkhj bgf vifia
bgW mik ia TWf. (fLf vifia kh b

4.

Ffis bfhL mikfgl totfSF mltiz

jahJ mik Kiw bghJ fhf.

i)

19

fzF

vf).

maha 2

ii)

iii)

bra l

Ffis bfhL xU rJu, uL rJu, _W rJu........vd

gJ rJu mikJ xbthF vjid F njit vd
goaLf.

F :
FG iaho afj sf.
j mah mKf bfhLfgl v isahofhd
afj sf njh.
eg idj v x vf.
idj viz 2 M bgUf 2x ; 4 I Tl (2x+4);
5 M bgUf (5x (2x + 4) = 10x + 20) ;

20 I ff (10x + 20 20 = 10x)

bghGJ Kj idj viz fLof

10x bjhl 10 M tFjh nghJ.
10x -x
10
L Kj Fj vnz ilwJ.

id bfhf.
kh xU iyahd v my. Niynfg gntW kfis bgW.
khfis a, b, c, ... x, y, z... vw My a vGJfsh Fnwh.
khfis gagL cUthfgl nfhitfis bjhl gLjyh.
va kW toa gFf l bgWs bghJ Nufis,
khfis gagL bgwyh.

20

msitf

3. msitf
fhy msitf
(Measures of Time)

mKf
mfhiy vGjJKj utiu ekJ braghLfis ftf.
fhiy flf Koj, gF brYj, goj, isahLj nghw
xbthU braghoF eh Fl neuij fU bfhnwhkyth?
e Kndh Na JizbfhL fhyij fJ jj gfis
nkbfhld. Mdh kiHfhyfY g_lfhyfY Na
cjia bfhL bragl Koahjyth?
vdnt, gila fhyf, fhyij ma gy Kiwfis gagLdhf.
Hfofhuij vafS, bkGFt fofhuij MnyaU, fW
fofhuij dfS, vbzfofhuij InuhafS, fofhuij
afS kW kzfofhuij ntW y ehodU gagLd .

H fofhu

bkGFt fW fofhu fofhu

kz
fofhu
fofhu
jifa fofhuf cs Fiwfis , fhyngh au fofhuf
mKfgLjgld. fhy vgJ ekF cw njhHdhf mikwJ. vdnt,
fhyij g eh mJ bfhtJ f mtakhwJ.

3.1 fhy myFf

fhy myFf eho, l, k, eh, thu, khj, ML vW
gFfgLsd. j myFfis g eh bjJ bfhnthkh?

1 eh

= 60 ehof
= 60 lf = 60 # 60 ehof
= 3600 ehof
= 24 k = 1440 lf (24 # 60)
= 86,400 ehof (24 # 60 # 60)

60 eho

= 1 l

` 1 eho

60 lf

= 1 k

` 1 l

a 60 eho

= 1 l
= 1 l
60

vLJfhL : 1
120 ehofis lfshf khWf.
: 120 eho = 120 #

1 l = 120 = 2 lf
60
60

` 120 eho vgJ 2 lf MF.

21

1 eho

1 l
60

1 k
60

fzF

1 l
1 k

maha 3
vLJfhL : 2
360 lfis kfshf khWf.
:
360 lf = 360 # 1 = 360 = 6 k
60
60
` 360 lf vgJ 6 k MF.

60 l

= 1 k

` 1 l

= 1 k
60

vLJfhL : 3
3 k 45 lfis, lfshf khWf.
: 1k = 60 lf

3 k = 3 # 60 = 180 lf

` 3 k 45 lf = 180 lf + 45 lf = 225 lf.

vLJfhL : 4
5400 ehofis kfshf khWf.
: 5400 eho = 5400 # 1
k
3600
= 9 = 3 = 1 1 k.
6 2
2
` 5400 ehof = 1 1 k
2

3600 ehof = 1 k
` 1 eho

1 k
3600

brJ ghf:
1) cz ilntis neuij ehofshFf.
2) khiy isahL neuij kfshf khWf.
vLJfhL : 5
2 k 30 lf 15 ehof vgij ehofshf khWf.
: 1 k = 3600 ehof & 2 k = 2 # 3600 = 7200 ehof
1 l = 60 ehof & 30 l= 30 # 60 = 1800 ehof
2 k 3 lf 15 ehof = 7200 + 1800 +15 = 9015 ehof
rhjuzkhf, neuij FF nghJ eu 12 kKj egf 12 ktiu
Kgf (A.M. - Ante Meridiem)myJ K.g. vW, egf 12 kKj eu12
ktiu gf (P.M. - Post Meridiem) myJ .g. vW FLnwh.
F : neuij FFnghJ 4:30 myJ 4.30 vW vGjyh. jrk ia
gagLdhY 4.30 vgJ tHfkhf gagLJ jrk v mW.
fhiy 9 . 00 k
vgij vGJ nghJ
9. 00 K.g. vW khiy
4 . 30 k vgij 4.30
.g. vW vGJnwh,

22

msitf
g 3.1
1. nfhol lij uf.
i) 1 k
=
_________lf.
ii) 24 k
=
_________eh.
iii) 1 lf
=
_________ehof.
iv) fhiy 7 k 15 lf vgij _________vdyh.
v) khiy 3 k 45 lf vgij_________vdyh.
2. ehofshf khWf.
i) 15lf
ii) 30 lf 12 ehof
iii) 3 k 10 lf 5 ehof
iv) 45 lf 20 ehof
3. lfshf khWf.
i) 8 k
ii) 11 k 50lf
iii) 9 k 35 lf
iv) 2 k 55 lf
4. kfshf khWf.
i) 525 lf
ii) 7200 ehof
iii) 11880 ehof

iv) 3600 ehof

3.2 unt neu

j mltidia ghUf.
J nghw mltizia ntW vfhtJ ghUfsh?
bjhl
to
v

1.

2633

2.

2693

3.

6123

4.

2637

5.

6177

6.

2635

7.

2605

bjhl to
bga
fahFk
iu to
KJ ef iu
to
beiy
iu to
ghoa
iu to
kiynfhil
iu to
itif
iu to
gyt
iu to

wgL
l

nrUl

wgL
neu

tJ
nrU
neu

vG

fahFk

17.25 k

6.30 k

vG

JFo

19.45 k

6.15 k

vG

beiy

19.00 k

8.10 k

vG

kJiu r

21.30 k

6.15 k

vG

Uuhg 22.30 k

5.25 k

vG

kJiu

vG

Uuhg 15.30 k 20.50 k

12.25 k 20.10 k

nkny cs mltiz neu vgo vGjgoUwJ vW ghUf.

1 ehSF vjid k neu? 24 k neu.
1 eh cs 24 k neuij jh eh unt neu vW TWnwh.
unt neu Kgf vW ilahJ. midJ neuij k vnw
23

fzF

t.v

maha 3
Tw ntL. mltiz y bjhl tof wgL neu kW nrU
neu 12.00 -F mfkhf csJ. thW bfhLfgLs unt neuij
rhjhuz neukhf khw unt neu UJ 12 k neuij ff ntL.
neuij kh ghnghkh?
vLJfhL : 6
1. unt neukhf kh vGJf.
(i) 8.00 K.g.
(ii) 10.25 .g.
(iii) 12 egf
: (i) 8.00 K.g = 8.00 k
(ii) 10.25 .g. = 10 k 25 lf
= 10.25
+ 12.00
---------= 22.25 k
---------(iii) 12 egf = 12.00 k
2. rhjhuz neukhf khWf.
(i) 23.10 k (ii) 24 k
(iii) 9.20 k
: (i) 23.10 k = 23.10 -12.00 = 11.10 .g.
(ii) 24 k = 12.00 eu
(iii) 9.20 k = 9.20 K.g.

brJ ghf :
khztfns! f
mwhl br
braghLfis
unt neugo
tirgL
mtiw rhjhuz
neukhf khWf.

g 3.2
1. unt neukhf khWf.
(i) 6.30 K.g.

(ii) 12.00 eu

(iii) 9.15 .g. (iv) 1.10 .g.

2. rhjhuz neukhf khWf.

(i) 10.30 k

(ii) 12.00 k

(iii) 00.00 k

(iv) 23.35 k

3.3 fhy ilbtia fzLj :

gh, j njh #hl eh neW fhiy 8.00 kUJ 11 k tiu
3 k neu njF gonj vwh. gh 3 k neu vw fhy ilbtia
vthW fzlh vgij ehK bjJ bfhsyhkh?
vLJfhL : 7
K.g. 4.00 Kj .g. 4.00 tius fhy ilntisia fzLf.
: 4.00 .g.

= 4 k 00 lf + 12 k 00 lf
= 16 k 00 lf = 16 k

` fhy ilntis

= 4.00 .g. - 4.00 K.g.

= 16.00 k - 4.00 k = 12 k neu
24

msitf
vLJfhL : 8
nru iu to brid bruUJ 22.10 kF wgL, kWeh 02.50
kF nry brwiljJ. to Xoa neuij fzL TWf.
:
nry brwilj neu
= 02.50
bridUJ wgl neu = 22.10
(K eh) gaz neu
= (24.00 22.10) + 2.50 = 1.50 + 2.50 = 4.40
= 4 k 40 l
` to Xoa neu
vLJfhL : 9
xU khzt Kgf 9.00 F gF brwh. g KojJ j
eg oF brW isaho L d, j oF gf 5.30 F
Udh v, mt il L btna Uj neuij fzLf
:
khzt oUJ wgl neu = 9.00 K.g.
wgl neuUJ 12.00 k tiu ilgl neu
= 12.00 9.00= 3.00 k
oF Ua neu
= 5.30 .g.
` khzt il L bt Uj neu = 3.00 + 5.30 = 8.30 k

g 3.3
1. fhy ilntisia fzLf.
(i) 3.30 K.g. Kj 2.15 .g. tiu
(ii) 6.45 K.g. Kj 5.30 .g. tiu
2. UbentUJ 18.30 kF wgl beiy iu to 06.10
kF brid vG u iyaF tJ nrjJ. mto,
brid tjila vLJ bfhl neu vts?
3. rf, j khkh oUJ K.g. 10.00 F wgL, jdJ il .g. 1.15
F brwiljh. mt il mila vLJ bfhl neu vts?

uhk, j wj ehis kahf bfhlho bfhoUjh. Mdh,

j beUa eg kL vY gF bfhshk nrhfkhf mkUgij
fL V tUjkhf Uwh? vW mnghL nflh. mjF , eh
v wj eh HhF xbthU tUlK cfis vyh miHJ kH Koahnj
vWjh tUjkh cns vwh.mJ nfl rZ V? vW ddh.
mjF eh v wj ehis ehF tUlF xU Kiw jh bfhlho
tUnw vwh. V mgo? vW MraJl nflh uhk.
Vbdwh, v wj eh ut 29M nj tUwJ! vW g tjJ.

25

fzF

3.4 ML

maha 3
vdJ? ut 29M njah? vd ngRwh? ut khjF 28
ehf jhnd?
Mkh rZ! tHfkhf 28 ehf jh. Mdh, ehF MLfSF xU
Kiw kL ut khjF 29 ehf tU. mjdhjh mj Mil eh
ML vnwh. MoF 366 ehf. rhjhuz MoF 365 ehf.
Mo kL V xU eh mf tUwJ vW cdF bjkh?
vdF bjahJ. eh Mal nfL bjJ bfhsyh.
UtU Mal brW jf rnjfij nfld. Ma,
Naid RWwJ vgJ cfSF bjkyth? mJ Naid xU Kiw
R tu vLJ bfhS fhy ms 365.25 ehf MF. Mdh, vikfhf
MoF 365 ehf vd fUJnwh. xnth ML fh eh 0.25 ahr
Ugjh ehF MLf xU KG eh LgL L. ehfh Mo xU eh
Todh, ij r brJ lyh. mj Miljh eh ML vnwh
vW sdh.
1 eh
= 24 k neu
1 thu
= 7 ehf
mJ bfhf:
1 ML
= 12 khjf
eh vj who Unwh?
1 ML
= 365 ehf
a ML vJ vdmf?
1 ML = 366 ehf
10 MLf = 1 gjhL (Decade)
100 MLf = 1 whL (Century)
1000 MLf= 1 a (Millennium)

X Mil, ML vW vthW fLogJ?

bghJthf, whLf 400 MY kw MLf 4MY tFgL
v mit ML MF.
Mdh 1900, 1800, 1700, 1500 nghw MLf MLf my. V
bjkh?
nkTa whLfis 400M tFF nghJ tUtjh it
MLfsy. Mdh 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400 nghw whLfis 400M
tFjh tUtiy. Mifah, itf MLfshF.
vLJfhL : 10
tW vJ ML ?
(i) 1400
:

(ii) 1993

(iii) 2800

(i) 1400I 400M tFf

1400 ' 400 & < = 3, = 200
` vdnt, 1400 ML mW.
26

(iv) 2008

msitf
(ii)

1993I 4M tFf
1993 ' 4 & < = 498, 1
` vdnt, 1993 Mly.

(iii) 2800I 400M tFf

2800 ' 400 & < = 7, = 0
` vdnt, 2800 ML.
(iv) 2008I 4M tFf
2008 ' 4 & < = 502, = 0
` vdnt, 2008 ML.
vLJfhL : 11
Mf 15M nj Kj mnlhg 27M nj Koa vjid ehf vd
fzLf.
:

Mf khjF 31 ehf.

Mf 15M njUJ vd bfhLUgjh Mf khj cs

ehf = 31 14 = 17 ehf
bjJ bfhf :
Mf
= 17
Mf 15M njUJ vd Ugjh
brlg = 30
mjF K d tiu fJ j cs
mnlhg = 27
ehfis nrJ bfhs ntL.
bkhj
= 74
vLJfhL : 12
298 ehfis thufshf khWf.
: 298 ehf = 298 thu
7
` 298 ehf = 42 thu 4 ehfshF.

7 ehf = 1 thu
1 eh =

1
7

thu

vLJfhL : 13
: bfhLfgLs ML Mlh vd fLof
2004 ' 4
< = 501, = 0.
` vdnt, 2004 ML. ut khjF 29 ehf.
#dt khj cs ehf = 3112 = 19 ehf
27

fzF

12 #dt 2004 F 7 kh 2004 F il cs ehfis fzLf.

maha 3
(m.J)

#dt

= 19

ut

= 29

kh

= 6

bkhj ehf

= 54

` 12 #dt 2004F 7 kh 2004F 54 ehfshF.

g 3.4
1. nfhol lij uf :
i) xU thuF _________ ehf.
ii) Mo ut khj _________ehf.
iii) 3 ehf = _________ kf
iv) 1 tUl = _________ khjf.
v) 1 k = _________ ehof.
2. vit ML?
(i) 1992
(ii) 1978

(iii) 2003

(iv) 1200

(v) 1997

3. 1996 #dt 4M njUJ 1996 Vu 8M nj Koa vjid ehf

vd fzLf.
4. thufshf khWf :
(i) 328 ehf (ii) 175 ehf
vLJfhL : 14
xU mYtyf fhiy 10 kUJ gf 5:45 tiu aFwJ. gf
12:45 Kj 1:30 tiu cz ilntis. mYtyf thu 6 ehf
adh, xU thu mYtyf aF bkhj k neuij fhf.
:
k

5.45 .g. = 17.45 k

1.30 .g. = 13.30 k

mYtyf _lgL neu

= 17

45

mYtyf wfgL neu

= 10

00

ilgl neu

= 7

45

ka cz neu [13:30-12:45] = 0

45

1 eh g neu

00

12
13
12
0

90
30
45
45

6 ehf g neu

7
= 7 x 6 k
= 42 k

~ xU thu bkhj g neu = 42 k.

28

msitf
vLJfhL : 15
xU fofhu kF 5 beho ntfkhf aFwJ. Kgf 6 kF mj
fofhu rahd neu itfglh, gf 4 kF vd neuijfhL?
:
4 .g. = 16.00 k
6 K.g. = 06.00 k
ilgl fhy ms = 10.00 k
1 k neu mfkhf aF neu 5 beho.
10 k neu mfkhf aF neu 10 # 5 beho = 50 beho
vdnt, gf 4 kF, rahd neuijl 50 beho mf fhL.
mjhtJ gf 4 kF fofhu fhL neu gf 4 k 00 50 beho.

brJ gh:
1.

xU t fhiy 9 kUJ gf 3:30 tiu aFwJ. gf 12:30

Kj1.15 tiu cz ilntis. t thu 6 ehf adh, xU
thu t aF bkhj gneuij fhf.

2.

xU fofhu kF 6 behof j jhkjkhf aFwJ. fhiy 5 kF

rahd neu itfgl fofhu khiy 3.00 kF fhL neuij
fhf.

bra ghL
khztfis FGfshf f. wF FGd wj ehis jf
wj ehnshL xL ghJ ah bgat vd fla brf. xnthU
FGY Jngh xL, tFny ah f bgat, ah f at
vW ma brf.

1980 Kj 2012 tiu cs MLf vit MLf vd

fla.

mUYs u iyaF brW gntW uf brY lf,

wgL neu, nrU neu, u Matiw xL bra l
jahf.

c wj ehis, FLg cWdf wjehis rhjhuz tUlkh,

tUlkh vd fLof.

29

fzF

bra l

maha 3
brJ ghf :
1.

2.

3.

4.

ehofshf khWf.
i)

2 l

eho

ii)

5 l 7 eho

eho

iii)

2.5 l

eho

iv)

3.5 k

eho

lfshf khWf.
i)

30 eho

ii)

2.4 k

iii)

1 k 16 l

iv)

2 ehf 1 k

kfshf khWf.
i)

90 l

ii)

2.25 ehf

iii)

2 ehf 14 k =

iv)

1 thu 2 ehf

fhy ilntisia fzLf.

i)

4.45 .g. Kj 9.50 .g. tiu

il :

ii)

7.15 K.g. Kj 7.25 .g. tiu

il :

iii)

2.05 .g. Kj 6.45 K.g. kWeh tiu il :

iv)

neW 5.36 K.g. Kj W 9.38 .g. tiu il :

l.

id bfhf.
1. fhyij eh, k, neu, eho, l, thu, khj, ML vW
tifgLJnwh.
2. eu 12.00 kKj egf 12.00 ktiu Kgf
3. egf 12.00 kKj eu 12.00 ktiu gf
4. Kgf 12 k neuK, gf 12 k neuK nrj xU eh 24
k neunk unt neukhF.
5. X MoF 365 ehf, Mdh tUlF 366 ehf.

30

toa

4. toa
nfhzf (Angles)
4.1 nfhzf
xU jh O vD ia Ff. O
UJ OA, OB vD U ffis gl 1
fhosthW tiuf.
gl U ff O vw xnu bjhlf
mikUwd. O vw
xU nfhz mikwJ. U ff
OA, OB
vgit af myJ nfhz gff vW
O I Kid
miHfgLwd. bghJ
vnwh. nfhzij Fl gl fhosgo
(gl-1) nfhz afis, KidF mU xU
a tisj nfhlh nrJ FglgLwJ

gl.1

vdnt, xU bghJthd bjhlf

bjhlF U ffSilna xU nfhz
mikwJ vdyh.
gl 1 fhos nfhzij +AOB
myJ +BOA vW Fnwh. mtiw nfhz
+AOB myJ nfhz AOB myJ nfhz +BOA
myJ nfhz BOA vW gonwh. nfhz Kid
vnghJ eL vGjgLwJ. y rkaf
nfhz Kidiana nfhzkhf +O vgJ ngh
FfgLwJ.
gl.2

vdnt, OA, OBvgit xnu fiu Fgd.

mnjngh OC, ODvgit xnu fiu Fgd.
vdnt, nkfl nfhzij tU gytf
Flyh.
+O, +COA, +DOA, +COB, +DOB, +AOC, +AOD, +BOC, +BOD

gl.3

gl-3 OA vD f O I ikakhf
bfhL v fofhu ir RHW f OB I milwJ. mf cUthF
31

fzF

mUYs nfhzglij ftngh.

(gl-2) xU f vgJ mj bjhlfY,
mf jikj kbwhU ahY FfgL
vgij eh mnth.

maha 4
RH

ms

nfhz

ms

vW

miHfgLwJ.
brnfhz : (Rigth angle)
xU fhjjhis gl fhoathW
koJ f. m U btL
nfhLfis fhnwh.
mtF AB, CD vd bgaLnth.
U nfhLfS rF O vw
l ehF nfhzf cUthwd.

fofhu k 3
VgL nfhz ms.

+AOC, +BOC, +DOB, +AOD vD ehF

nfhzfS rkkhf csij fhnwh.
j xbthU nfhzK brnfhz
vW miHfgLwJ.
brnfhz msit 90ovW FLnwh.
gl +XOY xU brnfhz

nenfhz : (Straight angle)

U afSF il cs nfhz ms
180o v,
mnfhz nenfhz vdgL.
fofhu k 6-F
VgL nfhz ms.
FWnfhz : (Acute angle)
nfhz ms 0o I l mfkhf
90o I l Fiwthf csJ
v, mnfhz FWnfhz MF.
vLJfhL : 2o, 10o, 37o, 80o, 89o.

fofhu k 11.55-F
VgL nfhz ms.

32

toa
nfhz : Obtuse angle
nfhz ms 90o l mfkhf 180o I l
Fiwthf csJ v, mnfhz nfhz MF.
vLJfhL : 91o, 96o, 142o, 160o, 178o.

fofhu k 8-
VgL nfhz ms
(nfhz)

a nfhz : (Zero angle)

xU
nfhz
af
xnwhblhW
bghU
UFnghJ VgL nfhzij a nfhz vg.
j nfhz ms 0o MF.
fofhu k 12-
VgL nfhz ms
(a nfhz)

g 4.1
tU nfhzf vit FWnfhz, brnfhz, nfhz vd
vGJf.
(i) 45o
2.

(iii) 100o

(iv) 175o

fofhu Gs neuf k KSF l KSF ilna

VgL nfhzfis tifgLJf.
(i) 12.10

3.

(ii) 138o

(ii) 4.00

(iii) 9.00

(iv) 7.45

glf cs nfhzf bgafis vG, vtif nfhz vgij

FLf.
(i)

(ii)

33

fzF

1.

maha 4
braghL
1. xU fofhu, l K 15 l vjid ghiff flJ tU?
2. xU fofhu, l K 30 l vjid ghiff flJ tU?
3. xU fofhu, l K 1 k neu vjid ghiff flJ tU?
4. xU fofhu, k K 3 k neu vjid ghiff flJ tU?
5. xU fofhu, k K 6 k neu vjid ghiff flJ tU?
6. thif NHiy bfhL brnfhz msfSF y vLJfhLf
jUf.

4.2 u nfhzfS if u nfhzfS :

u nfhzf : (Complementary angles)
gl cs nfhz +AOB = 90c
mjhtJ, brnfhz vgJ eh mjnj ;
cs kw nfhzf+AOC = 30c, +COB = 60c
UJ nfhzf +AOC kW +COB
tiw Tl ekF ilF nfhz 90o MF.
(m-J) 30o + 60o = 90o
30o, 60o it unfhzf MF thW,
U nfhz msf TLj 90o v, mnfhzf
xWbfhW u nfhzf vdgL.
(v.fh) V Rt rhJ itfgoUFbghGJ
RtnwhL jiunahL VgLJ nfhz msf
vbghGJ u nfhzfshfnt UF.
40o u nfhz = 90o 40o = 50o
66o u nfhz = 90o 66o = 24o
35o u nfhz = 90o 35o = 55o

vLJfhL : 1

if u nfhzf : (Supplementary angles)

gl cs nenfhL AB O cl clhF
nfhz nenfhz mjhtJ 180o
mnth.

vgij eh

+AOC = 50c, +COB = 130c

nkY

t TLj 180o MF. (m-J) 130o + 50o = 180o.

130o kW 50o Mad xWbfhW if u nfhzf MF.
34

toa
U nfhzf TLj 180o v, mnfhzf
xWbfhW if u nfhzf vdgL.
(v.fh)
Mlgyif ika VgL nfhz
msf vbghGJ if ufshnt UF.
40o if u nfhz = 180o 40o = 140o

78o if u nfhz = 180o 78o = 102o

110o if u nfhz = 180o 110o = 70o

66o if u nfhz = 180o 66o = 114o

g 4.2

1.

tU nfhzf u nfhzfis vGJf.

(i) 37o
2.

(iii) 88o

(iv) 0o

(iv) 16o

tU nfhzf if u nfhzfis vGJf.

(i) 6o
3.

(ii) 42o
(ii) 27o

(iii) 88o

(iv) 104o

(v) 116o

(vi) 146o

(vii) 58o (viii) 179o

nfhz fhf.
gl +BOC = ______

4.

rah? jtwh?

(i) xU nenfho nfhz 180o.

(ii) U nfhzf TLj 90o v, mit u nfhzf.
(iii) 26o u nfhz 84o.
(iv) U nfhzf TLj 180ov, mJ brnfhz vdgL.
(v) xU FWnfhz unfhz FWnfhzkhfnt UF.
(vi) 110o if u nfhz 70o.
5.

u nfhzf, if u nfhzf vd tifgLJf.

(i) 25o, 65o

6.

(ii) 120o, 60o

(iii) 45o, 45o

(iv) 100o, 80o

(i) xU nfhzK mj u rk v, mnfhzfis fhf.

7.

nfhol lfis uf.

(i) xU brnfhz ifu nfhz_________MF.

(ii) xU FWnfhz ifu nfhz_________MF.
(iii) xU nfhz ifu nfhz_________MF.
(iv) xU FWnfhz u nfhz_________MF.
35

fzF

(ii) xU nfhzK mj ifu rk v, mnfhzfis fhf

maha 4
bra l

fhj kof _y nfhzf cUth, mj msfis msJ

mltizgLJf.
fhjfis bfhL u nfhz, if unfhz Matiw
tzL fhLf.
kh fofhu brJ FWnfhz, brnfhz, nfhz tiw
fofhu k gl tiuJ fhLf.
FWnfhz, brnfhz, nfhz csthW mikJs glfis
nrfJ xLf.
mwhl th f fhQ nfhzf cUthF lf gid
goal brf. nkY mitf vtif nfhzf vgij Tw brf.

brJ ghf
1. vtifahd nfhzf (FWnfhz, brnfhz, nfhz kW ne
nfhz) vW TWf.
:
i) 45o vtifahd nfhz
o
:
ii) 62 vtifahd nfhz
o
iii) 90 vtifahd nfhz
:
o
:
iv) 105 vtifahd nfhz
o
v) 180 vtifahd nfhz
:
o
:
vi) 32 vtifahd nfhz
o
vii) 155 vtifahd nfhz
:
o
viii) 162 vtifahd nfhz
:
2. u nfhzfis fhf.
i) 15o u nfhz =
ii) 79o u nfhz =
iii) 56o u nfhz =

o
o
o

3. a, b vgd u nfhzf kW a = b v a nfhz vd?

a=

4. x, y vgd u nfhzf kW x = 2y v x, y nfhz vd?

x=

o,

y=

5. if u nfhzfis fhf.
i) 56o if u nfhz

ii) 92o if u nfhz

iii) 105o if u nfhz

=
=

o
o

6. a, b vgd if u nfhzf kW a = 2b v a, b nfhzf

vd?

a=

o,

b=

7. x, y vgd if u nfhzf kW x = 5y v x, y nfhzf

vd?

x=

o,

y=
36

brKiw toa

5. brKiw toa
nfhzfis tiujY msjY
(Constructing and Measuring Angles)

5.1 mKf
nfhz kW gtif nfhzfis ga fUJfis Kija ghl
goUf. gF bfhLfgl nfhzij vthW msgJ kW
vthW tiutJ vgJ g mJ bfhnth.
xU nfhzij msgjfhd myF o MF xU nfhzkhdJ
nfhzkh cjl msfgLwJ.
vLJfhL : 1

FWnfhz 60I tiuf.

go : 1

PA vw nfhL JL tiuf.

go : 2

(i)

nfhzkhia PA vw
Jo J itf.

nfhL

(ii) nfhzkh ika P vw

bghUJkhW
gl
fhoathW nfhzkhia PA
J bghUJf.
go : 3

(i)

PAvw nfhL ir 0o
bjhl
VWtir
(fofhu
v
ir)
nfhzkh
miutl 60o F neuhf
TKid bgyh Q vW Ff.

(ii) nfhzkhia
vLj
d
P, Q vw fis nenfho
izf.
(iii) nghJ njitahd
+APQ = 60c MF.

nfhz

m
vLJfhL : 2

nfhz 125o I tiuf.

go 1, go 2 I vLJfhL 1I nghy brf.

(i)

0o

bjhl VW tir
(fofhuir
v
ir)
nfhzkh miutl
120o F 130o F eL 125o F
neuhf TKid bgyh Q vW
Ff.

(ii) nfhzkhia vLj d PQit nenfho izf.

nghJ njitahd nfhz m+APQ = 125c MF.
37

fzF

go : 3

maha 5
g 5.1
1.

bfhLfgl msfSF nfhzf tiuJ bgaLf :

(i) 65o (ii) 35o (iii) 110o

(iv) 155o

(v) 69o

2.

fofhu neu 9 k, 4 k, 12 k Mf UF nghJ bgaK, aK

Mait VgLJ nfhz msfis tiuJ msbjGf.

3.

bfhLfgl glf nfhz msfis msJ bgaL tifgLJf.

4. bfhLfgl gl

5. bfhLfgl gl tU

m+ABC, m+BCD, m+CDE

MW nfhzfis msJ vGJf.

1. m+AOB
2. m+AOC
3. m+AOD
4. m+BOC
5. m+BOD
6. m+COD

msfis msJ vGJf.

6. bfhLfgl glf nfhz msfis msJ

nfhzf bgaUl vGJf.
brJ ghf:
1. btntW nfhzf tiuJ mtiw msbjGJf.
2. cfSila Ugnfg btntW msfSF nfhzfis tiuf.
38

ilf
g 1.1
1.
2.
3.
5.
7.
8.

(i) r
(ii) jtW
(iii) jtW
(iv) jtW
(i) 2
(ii) 1
(iii) 3
(iv) 4
(v) 3
(i) 4 : 9
(ii) 5 : 9
(iii) 2 : 3
4. (i) 6 : 10, 9 : 15, 12 : 20, 24 : 40
(ii) 6 : 14, 12 : 28, 15 : 35, 30 : 70
(iii) 10 : 18, 15 : 27, 30 : 54, 40 : 72
(i) 3 : 4 (ii) 1 : 3 (iii) 1 : 2
6. (i) 40 : 1 (ii) 40 : 39 (iii) 1 : 39
(i) 3 : 5 (ii) 2 : 5 (iii) 3 : 2
(i) 1 : 2 (ii) 4 : 3 (iii) 2 : 3 (iv) 4 : 9 (v) 2 : 9 (vi) 1 : 3

g 1.2
1.
3.
4.
5.
8.

(i) 3 : 4
(ii) 4 : 5
2. (i) 3 : 4
(ii) 3 : 7
(i) 150, 250 (ii) 2. 500, 3. (iii) 1 25br., 1.
(iv) 50 l, 6k 10l
Mdij l mU %.600 mfkhf thdh
14br.,
6. %. 2,100 7. %. 3,500, %. 4,000
55,000, 45,000

g 1.3
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

(i) M
(i) 1
(i) M
(i) 20, 3, 8, 4
%. 1950

(ii) iy
(iii) M
(iv) iy (v) M
(ii) 2
(iii) 4
(iv) 4
(v) 2
(ii) iy
(iii) iy
(ii) 20, 7, 60, 40
(iii) 30, 30, 40, 22.5
6) 80
7) 42
8) %. 55,200 9) 24
10) 120 11) 100

g 1.4

2)
3)

1
10, 00, 00, 000
1
(i)
50, 000

(ii) 2,750 ..

(iii) 5 br..

(i) 800 .

(ii) 7 br..

(iii) 740 .

(i)

(ii) 3,500 .. (iii) 2.1 br..

4) 18 br..

g 2.1
1)

(i) 20

2) (ii)

3) (iv) ulh v = 10 x Kj v
39

fzF

1)

g 2.2
1)
2)

a) (ii)
b) (iii)
40x
3) 12b
4) (i) 6x

(ii) 6y

(iii) 7z

g 3.1
1)
2)
3)
4)

(i) 60
(ii) 1
(i) 900 dhof
(i) 480 l
(i) 8 k 45 l

(iii) 60
(ii) 1812 dhof
(ii) 710 l
(ii) 2 k

(iv) 07.15 Kgf

(v) 3.45 gf
(iii) 11,405 dhof (iv) 2720 dhof
(iii) 575 l
(iv) 175 l
(iii) 3 k 18 l (iv) 1 k

g 3.2
1)
2)

(i) 6.30 k
(i) 10.30 Kgf

(ii) 0 k
(ii) 12 egf

(iii) 21.15 k
(iii) eu 12

(iv) 13.10 k
(iv) 11.35 gf

g 3.3
1)
2)

(i) 10 k 45 l
11 k 40 l

(ii) 10 k 45 l
3) 3 k 15 l

g 3.4
1)
2)

(i) 7
(i), (iv)

(ii) 29
3) 96

(iii) 72
(iv) 12
(v) 3600
4) (i) 46 thu kW 6 ehf
(ii) 25 thu

g 4.1
1.
2.
3.

(i) FWnfhz
(ii) nfhz
(iii) nfhz
(iv) nfhz
(i) FWnfhz
(ii) nfhz
(iii) brnfhz
(iv) FWnfhz
(i) +AOB nenfhz +DOB nfhz +BOA nenfhz
+ AOD FWnfhz +DOC FWnfhz +AOC brnfhz
(ii) +AOB FWnfhz +AOC FWnfhz +AOD brnfhz
+BOC FWnfhz +COD FWnfhz

g 4.2
1)
2)
4)
5)
7)

(i) 53o
(ii) 48o
(iii) 2o
(iv) 90o
(v) 74o
(i) 174o (ii) 153o
(iii) 92o
(iv) 76o
(v) 64o
(vi) 34o (vii) 122o
(viii) 1o
3) 50o
(i) r
(ii) r
(iii) jtW
(iv) jtW
(v) r
(vi) r
(i) unfhz (ii) if unfhz (iii) unfhz
(iv) if unfhz
6) (i) 45o (ii) 90o
(i) brnfhz (ii) FWnfhz (iii) FWnfhz (iv) FWnfhz
40

MaUF....
ma jf Ua gig btL jUz
vKidUJ wghd Cfid, Mjuit e tU fngh,
fngh r_fnjhUF vf berhj efis g brnwh.
cy _iyKLFf vyh JJ fLofS, MfS
nkbfhL tUtjh, maiy bghUjtiu, mj mogil
bfhiffS, nfhghLfS vj xU Wahd tiuaiwF cglhJ,
fhynjhW khbfhnl Uj fTL. ma cikfis,
fUJfis mt rhuij J rfhk ca glfSl
ml KaWnsh.
ma fUJfis nghg brJ fw Kiw X mogilTwhf
midtuhY
VWbfhsgLsJ.
ghlf
lbgWs
braghLf thyhf, mjj ghlfUJfis kL fWbfhsnth,
rghfnth khzhf ftdij Ff brtjF khwhf
braghLfis brnghJ, mtwh flagL Ko vgJ
mLjnjh nrhjid nkbfhtjF lkgjhf Uj ntL.
gagLJ bghUf iykthf, jj UlfSF mUnf
v ilf ntL vgJ fU UjgL, braghLfS
MfS totikfgLsJ. braghLf nkbfhtij begLj,
mit _W fshfgLsd.
ehnd brnw - khzt xbthUtU Rakhf nkbfhtd.
ehfns brnwh - khzt FGfshf J nkbfhtd.
cWneh mnth - Mauh brJfhl jfd.
_whtJ braghLf, nkbfht rnw fodkhd myJ
rhu, mghafukhd ntbghUf bjhlghditahf UF.
nkY mJ bfhnth jiy cs, ghl rhj aL
cikf/ brf btW jftfns m nj fnzhl
khzhfiu mbrf rhJ nrhj TlhJ.
kL vgJ fwYfhd kbwhU js vw ntWgl nfhz
mQfgLsJ. JbfhSjiy KjikgLJtdh, cUnghLj
vD tHfij KYkhf ntuWf Kid fhlgLsJ. fwjtiw
mwhl th gagLJ w, fiy F w, gFjh
jid nghwtiw CfgLj ntL. xU dhF xF
nkgl ilfis khzhf jU th UFkhdh, mjF Kaf
vnghJ ghuhlglntL.
nkY ma jffS, izajs KftfS, ghlf W
bfhLfgLsd.
cflUJ
Mftkhf
fUJfS,
krdfS tuntfgLwd. jFahd krdf fU
bfhsgL cgLjgL.
- Ma FG
sciencetextbook@gmail.com

42

br mik

br mik

kj
cl
kLkyhk,
jhtuf, yFf
nghw
cfS brfsh Mditjh.

ekJ cl vjdh MdJ?

fll vjdh MdJ?
xU
fllkhdJ
tirahf
mLfgl brffsh MdJ.
brf
fll
mogil
flik MF. mnjngh, ekJ
cl mogil flik br
MF.

bra 2
cW neh mnth
Ma
cjnahL,
g
Mtf
cs
Enzh, xU btfha
njh
WgFia itJ,
mj brfis ghj.

br
vgJ
cdf
mogil mik, bra myF
MF.

go, Kj Kj briy
ghjt ah bjkh? fzho
filfhuuhd
uhg
A].
Kbgyh fzho ghofis
_oitf ku jifah Md fh
vD _oia gagLJthf.
mj fhif bkjhf mWJ,
jlUj
Mofsh
Md

btW
ffsh
briy
ghfKokh? KoahJ. mJ e
ffsh ghf Koj bghUfis
l ms f aJ. Mfnt,
mij neuoahf fhz Enzh
(Microscope) vD ma fU
njit.
bra 1
TL Enzh ghffis
fhj.

ma

RtU, btfhanjhY mik

xUgij ghfyh.

cW neh mnth

fzUF by

UF

Rt
bghUsUF by
ifo

TL Enzh

nkil
fzho

jh

43

btfha njh brf

myF-1
a fU itJ ghjh.
m,
dajhf
xnu
mss gy mWnfhz miwf
Ugij mt flh. brYyh
vD y bkh brhYF
xU a miw vW bga. mj
a miwF uhgA] br
vW bgalh. J elj ML
.. 1665. t C Cuhf jdJ
fUia vLJ bfhLngh
br ijia fho, fbgw
Ph Mdh.

brJ brYF cns elgij

flt.
mtjh
br
cfUit (Nucleus) fljh.

br
cgFia
ghf Kokh?

nghJ ekF njhW nj

nf, mnghJ uhg A]F
njhaJ.

jhtu, yF - uLF
brf xnu khahf iy.
ghOah(Bacteria),
y
ghf
nghwit xnu brdh Mdit.
t brf cns rdh
NHgl E cWf iy.

uhg bus vD g
Ma Muhia bjhlJ
nkbfhL , nkY MHkhf ghf
Koj edkhd Enzhia

rdh
NHgl
E
cWf
yhj
bjtw
cfU kLnk bfhl briy
Phf nuhnfaho br

ekh

brYFns xU j cyf
Ugij uhg bus flh.
guL
myJ
g_W
cSW
cWdf
nrJ
ufakhf gahW Fo
bjhrhiyjh
br
vgJ
mtUF jJ.
br tifghLf :

shkh gly
iknlhfhah
brnah
vnlhshr tiy
cfU k
nghnrh
cfU
iynrhnrh
nfhif cWf
irnlhshr
E F

yF br mik
44

45

cfU r
Fnuhnko
tiyd
cfU rhW
cfU k

iknlhfhah
nfhif cWf
(oonahnrhf)
vnlhshr tiy
nghnrh
iynrhnrh
E Ff
fff

iknlhfhah
nfhif cWf
vnlhshr tiy
nghnrh
iynrhnrh
brnuhnrh
E Ff

irnlhshr

ma

cfU r
Fnuhnko
tiyd
cfU rhW
cfU k

cfU

nuhnlhshr

yF br

shkh gly

nfaho
br

brY mj c cWfS

cfU

nuhnlhshr

irnlhshr

shkh gly

brRt

jhtu br

nuhnfaho
br

br

br mik

myF-1
vW miHwhf. mjhtJ va
br. v.fh. ghOah.

br bjhrhiyF
brW R ghfyh.

cns

ahnuh Tlw kh Uy...

yFbr
shkh gly (Plasma
membrane) :
thf, thf. vf yFbr
cfis mnghL tuntwJ.
v bga shkh gly. briy
Rs gly eh. brYF
tot
bfhLgJ
ehjh.
brYF
njitahdtiw
kLnk mDkF fhtyh eh.

br
btRt
kW
rdh NHgl cfU cgl
E cWf midJ bfhl
br nfaho br, mjhtJ
KGikahd br vg.
jhtu,
yF brf j tifia
rhjit.

r, cns nghf... cfSfhf

xUj fhJL UfhU. mtU
ngU nuhnlhshr.

eh
Vfdnt
ghjJnghy,
jhtu kW yF brfSTl
xnu kh iy. mit mt
gF Vg msY, totY
ntWglhY mogil mik
xJ fhzgLwd.

nuhnlhshr (Protoplasm):
shkh glyF cns
UF T eh. j br
bjhrhiy Ka uL
gFf
vdF
mlf.
irnlhshr, br cfU
Ma
uil
csla

Kj,
yF
briy
ghngh.
br xU Fo
bjhrhiy.
ah ahUF
vd ntiy vgij bjJ
bfhnth.

uj btis mQ

bfhG br
jirbr
beUnfh Kil
eu br
46

br mik
v
bga
nuhnlhshr.
thfgh! kjtf vyh tJ
xbthUjuh mKf
brJ
bfhSf. nuhnlhshr
vW bga lt n#.. g.
nuhnlh vwh Kjik vW,
shr vwh Tnghw mik
vW bghU.

d Mad vdF mlf.

xU
jiyKiwUJ
mLj
jiyKiwF ku rhj gfis
vLJ brtJ ehjh. mnjh...
mLj MS cfSfhf twhU.

iknlhfhah ( Mitochondria )(singular : Mitochondrion )

irnlhshr (Cytoplasm)

btr

tzf. v bga irnlh

shr.
shkh
glyJF
cfUF ilgl nuhnlh
shr gF
eh. vD
cfU,
ju
EQWf,
uj,
fhnghiAnu
kW
bfhGf
fhzgLwd.

cr
nl

cfU( a-Nucleus) :

tzf.
vf
bga
iknlhfhah. brhwJFs
_R thFy! vf ntiy
mJjh. br Rthr vf
if. f rhL czit
Mwyhf khW ntiyia ehf
brnwh.
vfSF
Xnt
ilahJ. br Mw ika
(Power house of the cell) vW
vfis miHghf. iwa ntiy
UF, tUnwh...

vd
mgona
mrJngh
DOf. ehjh brnyhl
Ka gF. vdnt br
fLghL
ika
vW
brhthf. Mdh, eh br
eLjh Uf ntLbkw
mta iy.
v bga cfU. v tot
nfhs tot. cfUrhW, cfU
r, cfU k (nahyNucleolus),
Fnuhnko
tiy

cfU r
Fnuhnko tiyd

cfUrhW

cfUk

cfU
47

ma

iknlhfhah

myF-1

nfhif cWf (Golgi bodies):

nghnrhf (Ribosomes) :

mlnl! thf thf.

vd
Fgyh RjwhfnsD
ghf
fsh. vf ngU nfhif cWf.
FH FHyh Unfh iyah?
cz brkhd mila behfis
RugJ, iynrhnrhfis
cUthFtJ
vf
ntiy.
f cQ czUJ uj
rij J vLJ brYF,
cf clYF tY nrgJ
ehfjh. jhtu br vfis
oonahnrhf vg.

thf. vf bgajh ngh

nrhf. ah Ungh.
Mdh, vf ntiy viy.
br ujbjhrhiy (Protein
factory of the cell) vW vfSF
bga. ujij cg brtJ jh
vf ntiy.

iynrhnrhf (Lysosomes) :
vd
mgo
ghff!
cUilah krsh UF vf
ngU iynrhnrhf. ghf go
UnfhD idfhf. br
fhtyf ehfjh.
cns
EiH E Ufis ciu
bfhLjhtJ bfhnth.br
jbfhiy igf (Suicidal bags
of the cell) vW vfSF bga.
ij ju brjiy vf
gahf bra ntoUF.
mLjJ ahUgh? njh tuhU.

nfhif cWf

vnlhshr tiy
(Endoplasmic reticulum) :
tzf.
eh vnlhshr
tiy. brYF cns UF
bghUfis XlUJ knwh
lF bfhL brgt eh.
iynrhnrhf

brnuhnrh (Centrosome):
v bga brnuhnrh. eh
yF br kLnk Ung.
cfUF mU Ea FH
kW F to Unf.
vD brnahf csd.
br j-mjhtJ a brfis
cUthFtJjh v ntiy.

vnlhshr tiy

48

br mik
mLjJ, jhtubriy ghfyhkh!

jhtu br
j mikng ahrkhf
UwJ myth?
Vbfdnt
ghjJnghy,
brnuhnrh
vD EQW
iy.
nkY, Utif brYF vd
ahrf csd vgij
goa nghL K, bro bfhof
kW kuf
W UgJ
V vgij mayhkh?

brnuhnrh

E Ff (Vacuoles) :
Yf... Yf... vfis
LL nghfhf. vf ngU E
Ff. bt yw xU F
kh UjhY vfSF Xnt
yhj f fodkhd ntiy...
bjkh?
rJiu
nrgJ,
br c mGjij xnu kh
ngQtJ. go ntiyf... buhg
ukgh. vd sOfsh, egh
shkh tfis mDgh...

yFfisl jhtu W
UgjF fhuz, jhtuf
brRt vD mikghF.
brRt:
brYF
totij
jU btiw brRt. J
brYnyhdh
MdJ.
j
g, br c cWfis
ghJfhgJ, brYF tot jUtJ.

vd, yF br bjhrhiy
ciHghfis rfsh?

br Rt

shkhgly
iynrhnrh
EF
cfU

vnlhshrtiy

nghnrh
iknlhfhah

jhtu br mik
49

ma

ff

myF-1

fff (Plastid)
J jhtu brYnf ca EQW MF. itf wf
fhzgL. wf mogil tiw _whf fyh.
tif

fhzgL w

gf

Fnshnuhsh Fnshnuh~ - gir w

(gRff )
w
Fnuhnkhsh

jL, iyfSF
gir tz jUj

fnuho- MuR w w
f, ffSF
rhnjh~ - kr w w tz jUj

nfhsh

jhtu ntgF
kW jiu
jLf fhzgLj

bra 3

ehfns brnwh

br bjhrhiy cWdfshf J mtutf braghLf

FJ ehlfkhf eoJ fhLnth.
nghJ jhtu
goalyhkh?

brYF,

yF

brYFkhd

jhtu br

ntWghLfis

yF br

brRt cL

brRt iy

fff cL

fff iy

brnuhnrh iy

brnuhnrh cL

E Ff ms bgait E Ff ms ait

br xbthW xU Fobjhrhiy nghwJ. eh cz cgJ,

j FogJ, FgJ, isahLtJ, _R LtJ, gJ, V
cwFtJTl j brf braghLfshjh. ekJ _is kL
yrfzfhd brf csd.
y brf gGjiltjhY myJ br vD Fobjhrhiy g
ghfgLtjhY, neh VgL kUJtiu mQFnwh.
(v.fh) Wneh, ghuhga nehf, neh.
bra 4

ehfns brnwh

br kh brj
jhtu br khia, vjhf ilF bghUfis bfhL
ehfns cUthFnth. br EQWfis mJ bfhnth.
50

br mik
ehfns brnwh

vfSF njitahdit
giHa nehL jf nk mil (rW jokdhdJ), btis
jh xW, gir, bjdF JLf, tz JLf, kz,
tisa JLf, of bghL, yfliy bt XL, ghgaW/
jil gaW / glh , sF, Vyfh, tz fhj JLf.

brKiw
rW jokdhd mil nk girjl, bga btis jhis
xLnth. ghljfYs jhtu br totij btis jh
J bgajhf tiunth.
tiuj jhtu br cw cfU totij tiunth.
jhtu br EQWfis fhQ bghUfis xo
cUthFnth.

njitahd bghUf

cfUk

of bghL

Fnuhnko tiyd

tz

cfUr

tisa JLf

irnlhshr

gir, kz

vnlhshr tiy

tz

iunghnrh

fLF

iynrhnrh

bghLfliy

nfhif cWf (oonahnrhf) tisa JLf, sF

iknlhfhoah

yfliy XL

gRfff

ghgaW/ glh/ Vyfh

EFf

fhj JL

shkh gly

brRt

bjdF JLf

br cWf bgafis xw xwhf fW iy xo

vGJnth.

ehf mJ bfhlJ
jhtu br mikig vfsh bjthf J bfhs KojJ.

51

ma

br EQW

myF-1
bra 5

ehfns brnwh

khztfis FGfshfJ br cWf mik, mt

ntW bgaf kW gfis jhf cUtha khia gagL
FG fyJiuaho tF tHf brj.
Jtiu br EQWf xbthiw g jjahf
ghnjh. br EQWf gfis bkhjkhf ghnghkh?
br EQWf kW mt gf
t.
v

br cWf

gf

shkh gly

1. brYF tot jUwJ

2. brYFnjitahdtiw nj brJ
brYF cns btna flJwJ.
3. brYF ghJfh mwJ.

irnlhshr

brYF ClrJf gut cjwJ.

cfU

1. br midJ brafis
fLgLJwJ.
2. kugfis xU jiyKiwUJ
mLj jiyKiwF flj cjwJ.

iknlhfhah brYF Mw mwJ.

nfhif cWf

1. behf, Ahnkhfis cg brwJ.

2. ujij nrwJ.
3. iynrhnrhfis cg brwJ.

vnlhshrtiy

1. brYF eilbgW flj gfSF

cjwJ.
2. uj cg cjwJ.

nghnrhf

ujij cg brwJ.

iynrhnrh

1. brYF EiH Ufis mwJ.

2. brYF cns btna brF
gia brwJ.

brnuhnrh

br jYF cjwJ.

10

EFf

1. br c mGjij fLgLJwJ.
2. rJ iu nrwJ.

11

fff

1. jhtu xnrifF cjwJ.

2. ky kW ffSF tzkwJ.

12

brRt

jhtu brYF tot, ghJfh mwJ.

52

br mik

jft Jf
1. kj cl cs brf vif Rkh 6,50,00,000 MF.
2. vYf <ugiraw w tif brfsh Mdit.
3. uj t brfsh Mdit vgij cyF fLoJ
mjt Ml th tAh (1675).
4. yFbr f skhd br eubr MF.
5. yFbr f fodkhd br vYbr MF.
6. uj tgQf cfU yhj yFbrf MF.

kL :
I. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf
1. cdf mik kW bra myF ________
(m) cfU (M) br () iknlhfhah (<) nghnrh
2. bghUfis fzho iy itJ
fhgjF gagLJ fU________
(m) bjhiyneh (M) Enzh

ms

bgajhf

() igdhFy (<) bgnfh

ma

3. bfhLfgLs brf nuhnfah briy njbjLf.

________

(m)

(M)

()

(<)

4. br Mw ika ________
(m) iknlhfhah (M) nghnrh () iynrhnrh (<) cfU
5. jbfhiyigf vd miHfgL br cW ________
(m) oonahnrh (M) nghnrh () brnuhnrh (<)iynrhnrh
53

myF-1
6. br
brafis
EQW________

fLgLJ

nfhs

(m) nfhif cW (M) nghnrh () cfU

7. brYF
EiH
Ufis
br EQW ________

tot

bfhl

(<)iynrhnrh

mF

<LgL

(m) oonahnrh (M) nghnrh () brnuhnrh (<)iynrhnrh

8. yF br kL fhzgL EQW ________
(m) iknlhfhah (M) brnuhnrh () shkh gly
(<) Fnshnuhsh
9. E Ff bga ms fhzgL br ________
(m) btfhanjh br (M) ghOah () eu br (<) jir br
10. f skhd br ________
(m) vY br (M) eu br () jirbr (<) uj br
II. eh ah ?
1. eh cUt at. br Rthr v eilbgWwJ. vdF
brMw ika vW bdhU bgaU cL. eh ah?
2. eh xnrif eilbgw cjgt. jhtu kLnk Ugt.
eh ah?
3. eh, jhtuF totK, ghJfh bfhLgt. brYnyh vD
bghUsh Mdt. jhtu kL Ung. eh ah?
4. eh br j fF Jiz gt. yF br kLnk
cst. eh ah?
5.eh shkh glyF cfUF ilna fhzgL T,
brYF ClrJf guLnt, eh ah?
III. bghUjyhj xiw tlL fhLf.
1. cfU, cfU k, Fnuhnko tiyd, shkh gly.
2. uhg A], Ml th tAh, l th, l.
3. iynrhnrh, brnuhnrh, nghnrh, Fnuhnkhnrh.
4. br Rt, gRff, bga E F, brnuhnrh.

54

br mik
IV. bghUJf.
br EQW

ntWbgaf

gf

iknlhfhah

jbfhiyigf

uj cg

nghnrh

br Mwika

kugfis
flj

iynrhnrh

br fLghLika

Mw cg

cfU

br uj bjhrhiy

br mj

V. gl tiuJ ghffis Ff
1. cfU ( cfU r, Fnuhnko tiyd, cfU rhW, cfU
k ).
2. iknlhfhah ( btr, nl, cr ).

ma

VI. fhQ yF br gl mj ghffSF tzL

ghffis FLf.

VII.fhQ glUJ bfhLfgLs nffSfhd ilfis

vGj.
1. gl fhQ br EQW bga ahJ?
2. br EQW jhtu brf vthW
miHfgLwJ?
3. br EQW br fhzgLtdh
clhF ga ahJ?
55

myF-1
VIII. btlfis uf

iynrh
nrh

cfU

irnlhshr

cfU
r

jhtu br

E
F

IX. il njlyhkh........
1. iyf Fnshnuh vw gir w w fhzgLtjh mit
gRik w fhzgLwd. khgH njh kr w
fhzgLtjfhd fhuz vd vgij vGj.
2. cfU br fLghL ika vd miHfgLwJ. jfhd
fhuzij vGj.

nkY ma
izajsf
www.enchanted learning.com
www.biology4 kids.com
www.teacher vision.fen.com
www.diffen .com
www.wiki.answers.com

56

bghUfis j

bghUfis j

uhKF ma ghl Mt mf. brw thu mt X

ma wdh ngho Kj gR bgwh. mj ngho f
RitahdJ. nghoahsf if xU fhahd th, xU j
th, ig iwa kz, # vdgL cilj fUff Matiw
bfhLjhf. fhahd th mit midij ugntL.
u KojJ vJ rUf TlhJ, j ta TlhJ vd
fLghil jd.
y
Kj
fhahd
th
jiu Cdhf. wF fiy m
nghlhf. clnd j mUJ
tnjhoaJ.
y kziy nghL jiu C, th
uaJ fiynghl Koaiy. uh
vd
brjh bjkh?
Kj fiy nghlh. wF kziy
bkJthf bfhodh.
jiu
f bkJthf Cdh. _W thia
iwjd. ifjl x muif iwjJ.

_________________________

nkfl
f
uh
tofLj, ifah bjbjLj
nghw
j
Kiwfis
gagLdh.

_________________________
UJ eh mtJ vd?
njitaw gFbghUfis
f
clYF
F isF
gFbghUfis f
ekF gagL bghUfis
ikahf bgw j
Kiwf mtakhwd.

thW
eh
FoF
jiu
fh
tofo
Fonwh.rikgjF
K mia jL fG,
ikgL gagLJnwh.
nj jahF nghJ tofLnwh.
uit, nfhJik kh nghwtiw
rnwh. m, gUtiffis
ilnwh. tiwbayh eh
V brnwh vW cfsh Tw
Kokh?

nj nghy e mwhl th
gagL gntW Kiwfis
g mnthkh...
57

ma

nghJ nghoahsf mj fyfgl bghUfis giHago

fntL vwhf, mY uhnk btwh. bghUfis mt
vgo jh bjkh? Kj jiu bkJthf btna Cdh.
fY kQ fyj fyitia xU brjh J bfhodh. rnw
cyj wF # ffis iffsh bjLjh.

myF-2

k fyitfis F Kiwf
k fyitfis ifah bjbjLj, Wj, rj kW
fhj Kiwfis gagL fyh.

ifah bjbjLj
oF fhf th tjl vd
brnwh? mtiw jfh, sfh vd
jjahf nwh. mtiw eh iffis
gagLna JLnwh. fhf ms
bgajhf UgjhY, w btntwhf
UgjhY j vjhf csJ.
thW w, ms, tot mogil
bghUfis j ifah bjbjLj
vdgL.
1. vnu cs gl cst vj Kiw
bghUfis wh?
2. vbjj bghUfis
gagLjyh?

f Kiwid

..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
fyit Fiwj ms Ujh kLnk ifah
bjbjLj Kiwia gagLj Ko.

Wj
trhf, gjUl
Toa jhaij
fhwoF nghJ Kw vLJ rW cau
UJ
bkJthf bfhLnghJ
jha
fdkhf Ugjdh, nH GJ Fayhf
nrU.
gj
nyrhdjhf
Ugjdh,
fhwh moJ brygL rW j
G. thW jhafis bjLF
Kiwna Wj vdgL.
fyit cs gF bghUf nyrhdjhf
Ujh, mtiw Wj Kiw fyh.

58

bghUfis j

rj

fhj Kiw

khUJ miuglhj bghUf,

FUiz,
jL,
G,
tL
Matiw
rj
Kiw
bjLngh.
kh
ryil
Jisf tna nH brW L.
bga
Jff
ryilnyna
jL.

kz FaYF fhj xiw

EiHJ
vLf.
fhj
Kidf VnjD xoUgij
fhfsh?
UJff
xoUgij
fhzKowJ
myth?
thW fhjjh ftugL
bghUf fyit gFahf
Ujh, mtiw bjLf
gagL Kiwna fhj Kiw.

fhjij gagL cs
U bghUis f Kokh?
bra 1

fyit
cs
gF
bghUf gUkds ntWglh
kLnk mtiw rj Kiw
f Ko.

ehnd brnw

xU a fzho Kfitia
vLJbfhL, m ghas
iu unt.

njnghW fLkhd gf
eilbgW lfY kz
UJ ffis f ryilia
gagL rgij fhzyh.

m
y
nghLnt.

F^fis

Kfit
gfthonyh,
guF nknyh xU fhj
ij bfhL brnt.

eh fljit:
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
__________________________
59

ma

vdF njitahdit: Kfit,

, F^f, fhj.

myF-2
fhQ mltizia uf.
fyit

f gagLJ
Kiw

gF bghUf
iyf (k,
ut, th )

beY gjU
nftuF gU
kzY ffS
uit US
kf
fiuahj
k
bghUfis F Kiwf
kzY U fyj fyitia
ifah bjbjLj, rj,
Wj,
fhj

Kiw
Matwh f Kokh?
KoahJ. V? kzY U fyj
fyit xU gF bghUshf
Ugjdh
kfyitfis
bjLF
Kiwfis
gagLj ayhJ. fyit cs
bghUf jikF Vg j
KiwfS khWgL.
mjdh,

fiuahj
kfis,
xiwl
kbwhW
fdkhd
gF
bghUfis bfhl
fyit
fis bja itj, bja
itJ Wj, tofLj Kja
Kiwfis gagL fyh.

(bjj ut)

kz
bja itj

bja itJ Wj
bja
itj
fyit
xUJ,
bjthd
ut
bghUis kL kbwhU fyDF
fzhoF
cjl
khWj bjaitJ Wj
vdgL.

bja itj
k bghUS, ut bghUS
fyj fyitia xU Kfit
Jneu
mirahk
itJ,
ut mo k bghUis
goa brj bja itj MF.
nkny cs ut bjj ut
(Supernatant liquid) vdgL.
v.fh : kzY U nrj fyit

fzhoF

Kfit

bja itJ Wj
60

bghUfis j

tofLj

kf fiuJs k
bghUfis F Kiwf

bja itJ Wj Kiw

bjLfgl

bjthf
csjh? mgo iybawh, mj
iu xU gU Jia gagL
tofl.
nghJ bjthd

ilwjyth?
Vbd
J cs iHfSF ilna
Jisf Ugjdh (ryil
UgJngh) mj tahf nH
brWLwJ.
kzJff
Jnyna
jLwd.
Jnghw
fyitfis
tofl
Mtff, JF gyhf
tojh
gagLjgLwJ.
tojhY J UgJnghynt
f Ea Jisf Uwd.

kf fiuJs k
bghUfis f Mahj
kW MRU kkhj nghw
Kiwf gagLwd.

Mahj
bra 2

cWneh mnth

js
cfiuriy
ghu
vLJbfhL,
mij xU jh nk cs
ftiyJ itJ,
eF
Nnlw. KGtJ Mahd
d fy vd UwJ
vd ghf.

Mtf tojhis gagL

tofLbghGJ tojhis d
to koJbfhs ntL.
mij d bghU
tofl
ntoa fyitia m Cw
ntL. tojh Jisf tna
btnaW utij Kfit
nrffntL. jF to vW
bga. tojhnyna jF bghU
frL vdgL.

eh cWneh mJbfhlJ
______________________________
______________________________

btggLJ
nghJ
xU
kkhdJ Mahf khW f
Mahj vdgL. kf
fiuJs k bghUfis
f Mahj Kiw gagLwJ.

jh
to

61

ma

thW Ul fyJs cig

eh Mahj Kiwia gagL
Jnsh, myth?

myF-2
cgs

cfSF bjkh?
xU l fl Rkh 3.5 uh
c fiuJsJ. fl eh
cQ c kL yhk
50F nkgl fkf csd.
itaidJ bjh Jiwf
KaJt bgwit.

MRU kkhj
c kzY fyj fyitia xU
fy vLJ bfhs. mjDl
nrJ fyf. fyit
cs c, fiuJL.
bghGJ jfyit cs
gFbghUfis jjahf
f vd bra ntL?
tofLj _y kziy jahf
fyh.
vdF c,
U Ug
ntL. mtiw
jjahf
bjLf
eh vd bra
ntL?

gfo

MRU kkhj

gl
csJ
nghy
JizfUfis
mikJ
bfhs.
T
FLit
ciu
vLJ
mjid
btggLj. Mahf khW.
Mahd fzhoFHh
tahf
nenu
MFHhF
brY. MFHh gfo
Ugjdh Fahf UF.
m
uhgll
F
ailJ, uhf khL. FLit
Ys bkhj U Mahd
wF,
c
kL
FLit
jUgij
fhzyh.
xU
bghU M, F mil
nghJ kkhf khWwJ. f
MRU kkhj vdgLwJ.

mltizia uf
fyit

f gagLJ
Kiw

kzY U
uit U
c U
62

gF bghUf
iyf ( k,
ut, th )

bghUfis j
mwhl th eh gagLJ gy bghUf, gntW j Kiwf
ikahfgl dnu gaghoF tUwd.
vLJfhlhf, fUUJ rfiuia jahFbghGJ tofLj,
Mahj, gofkhf nghw gy j Kiwf gagLjgLwd.
U, jf, mYa, jhu nghw cnyhffis mt
jhJfUJ f, mtiw ikahf bgw xWF nkgl
j Kiwf gagLwd.
cfSF bjkh?
RH Mahj kW M
RU
kkhj
Maitna
mogil braf. Jnt kiH tu
fhuz.
bra 3

ehfns brnwh

U, Rzfo, c it _W fyj fyit

UJ xbthU bghUis ehfns jjna bjLf
nghnwh.

vfSF njitahdit :
fhj, Kfitf, , tojh, d, jh,
fzhojf, bgo, ftiy, bkGFt.

fzhoF,

ehf cWnehaJ

bjLj bghU

2. jKs c kW Rzfo fyitia Kfit

vLJbfhL, mjDl iu C eF fy J neu
itngh.
ehf cWnehaJ
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. tojhis T to koJ mij d bghUJnth.
4. diy jh itJ mj nH kbwhU Kfitia itngh.
5. fzhoF cjah fyitia bkJthf d CWnth.
63

ma

1. fyitia fzhojf vLJbfhL mij fhjjh

eF fyFnth.

myF-2
ehf cWnehaJ

bjLj bghU

6. Kfit cs ciu jh Js ftiyJ itJ

bkGFt cjah eF btggLJnth.
ehf cWnehaJ

bjLj bghU

ehf fljJ
t.v

bjLj bghU

gagLa Kiw

jft Jf
bgnuh, kbzbzUJ mJUil (eh~j) tiu
vgjhW tifahd bghUf frh vbz vD fyit
Unj bjLfgLwd.
fhW gy thf nrj fyitahF.

kL
I. rahd ilia njbjLf.
1. fyit cs nyrhd khRfis f VwKiw.
m. Wj
M. ifah bjbjLj
. Mahj
<. fhj
2. fyit cs bghUf msit mogilahf bfhl j Kiw.
m. fhj
M. Wj
. rj
<. Mahj
3. gHrhW jah, rhUJ ijfis f VwKiw
m. tofLj
M. rj
. gofkhf
<. Wj
64

bghUfis j
4. cig fl UJ F Kiw
m. rj
M. Mahj
. fhj Kiw
<. Wj
5. w, ms, tot ntWgl k fyitfis F Kiw
m. fhj Kiw
M. bja itj
. ifah bjbjLj
<. rj
II. bghUjhj xiw tlL fhuzij TWf.
1.ifah bjbjLj, Mahj, Wj, rj.
2.tofLj, bjaitj, bjaitJ Wj, MRU kkhj.
3.Mahj, fhj, MRU kkhj, gofkhf.
4.tojh, ryil, d, fzhoF.
III. jtiw fLoJ rahd j Kiwia vGJf.
m. oF fhf th tjh, mij Wj Kiw v
J lyh.
M. fyit khRbghU nyrhdjhf Ujh fhjjh fyh.
. kij btggL MahFjiy M RU kkhj vW
miHnwh.
<. fhjjh ftugL xU bghU fyit gFahf Ujh rj
Kiw fyh.
IV. Mtff tofLjYF gagL JizfUf gl tiuJ
mt bgafis vGJf.

ma

V. btlfis uf.

65

myF-2
VI. tU vGJ fyitUJ () fyitia f gagL
Kiwfis fLo.

VI. glfis cWneh bfhLfgLs brafis rahd Kiw

tirgLJf. mt vitbayh j Kiwf vgij
tlL fhLf.

ij ijj

rikj

cGj

f moj

Wj

ifah
bjbjLj

cQj

mWtilbrj

1. ___________

2. ___________

3. __________

4. __________

5. ___________

6. ___________

7. __________

8. __________

VIII. il njlyhkh.......
1. mKjh
C
FsJ
iujh
Fof
ga
gLJwhf. Mdh, mJ fyfyhf UwJ. mij Rjkhd
Fouhf khw mKjhF f TW tKiwf vbdd?

66

bghUfis j
2. RzfoS U fyj fyit, girglh fliy
gU fyj fyit, FigfYs UbghUf fyitfis
bjLf xnu j Kiwia gagLJtiy. V?
3. e mwhl th bjLj f mtajhdh? V?
4. cfl c fiur csJ. mUJ cigkL bjLf
ntL. cig bjLf tofLj Kiwia gagLj
ayhJ. V? ntW vd Kiwia gagL f?
5. fhgdtiw ntWgLJf.
(m) to, frL

(M) Wj, rj

6. vYirrhW jahFnghJ mYs ijfis f vd

brf? gHrhW Fahf Ugjfhf mjDl gfo
nrnwh. gHrh rfiuia vbghGJ nrf? gfoia
nrgjF Kgh? gh? V? vbghGJ nrjh mf rfiuia
fiuf Ko?
7. ku fyJs U Mfis bjLf ntL. mjF
jr vj j Kiwia gagLJth?
8. Ffhy, mfhiy njhlF brW ghjh f
kW brof J gJf cUthsij fhzKowJ. j
ffhd fhuzij cfsh Tw Kokh?

bral
1. e mwhl th gagL j Kiwfis goaLf. mit
vF vthW gagLwd vW j Kiwf mtaij
nflJ vGJf.
2. fl UJ cig bjLF Kiwia g jftfis
nrfJ mtnwhL bjhlila glfis xl. jeho
cgsf UF lfis nflJ vGJf.

nkY ma
izajsf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/separation_process
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574279_2/evaporation.html.
67

ma

9. 100 .. m fyJs a btis ffis ifah

bjbjLj Kiw bjLf Kokh? cf ilfhd
fhuzij TWf.

myF-3

Mw tiff
f
bjhiyfh
ghgJ
clh? mJ vts mrakhd
fLo!
thbdhbgo
x
kLnk
nfF.
Mdh,
bjhiyfh
x,
x
uLnk izJ e ffSF,
fhJfSF
Ujhwd.
cfSF
bjhiyfh
dho-dh
fia
ghf
f oF myth? nff
nfL FG thahf g brh
kbg bgW mj f vts
kahdJ.
rg, My miytir
(Channel) x elj dho-dh
f nffgl xU nf
ahrkhf
UjJ.
fh
nf
fhQ
j
fjd. efu caukhd xU
fll bkhil kho xU
ma khehL elJwhf. g
khztf m fyJ bfhwhf.
mj fllF xU khz ghuh No (Parachute)
thUJ tJ bkhil kho
neuoahf wFwh.
xU khzt o (Lift) V mF
brwh.
mj efUF uL khztf
tna gl brW fllij
miljd.
xU khzt elnj
fllij miljh.

mj

filahf xU khz, jdJ

ir khehL elF efiu
neh iuJ tJ nrwh.

68

Mw tiff

nf J jh:

mwhl braghoF
Mw njit

mtf
xbthUtU
vjtif
Mwiy
gagLdhf?
J,
e
jidia
L
nfjh. Mdh, ekF Kj
Mw
vwh
vdbtW
bjantLnk.
bjJ
bfhnth, thUf.
mwhl thif eh br
y
braf
glfis,
ekfhf y auf br
braf glfis Kj
ghUf.
j
ntiyfis
vyh
vthW bra KowJ? tiw
bra Mw njit myth?
mj Mw ekF vUJ
ilwJ?
R
fhW,
aF auK, ghJ tU
U
ntiy
brwjyth?
ij brtjfhd wik mit
bgWs Mw UJjhnd
iljd.

ma

Mw
iybawh,
elj, XLj, J Jitj
Kja braf vJ elfhJ.
Jnghw brafis bra
njitahd Mwiy eh cQ
czUJjhnd bgWnwh.
nghJ wjh, ekF V
g vLwJ vW.
vWf,
njf
Tl
jDila
ntiyfis RWRWgh brJ
bfhoUgij ghUf
myth? mit jDila
ntiyfis bra Mwiyjhnd
bryLwd?

69

myF-3
eh br brafSF vbdd Mw njit? mit vUJ
ilwd vgij bjJ bfhsyhkh?
brabra
1
1

cW neh mnth

xU gho J rika nrhlhit vLJbfhf. m

js vYir rhW myJ fiu CWf. mgho thia
xU jif (cork) bfhL _Lf. vd fwJ vgij cWnehFf.
mj gho _o (jif) v Gwjyth?
fhuz vd? Mwjh.
bra22
bra

jF

ehnd brnw

mwhl eilbgW xbthU braYF Mw vUJ ilwJ?

vgij J ghJ goaLnt.
vDila goa
t.
v
1
2

br ntiy

njitgL Mw

J cyu

Na btgMw

ngUij af

Or, bgnuhUJ ilF Mw.

3
4
eh mJbfhlJ
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
nkfl brafUJ, ntiy bra njitahd wikna Mw
vgij bjJ bfhOf myth? Mwiy #](Joule) vD myfh
FLnwh.

Mw tiff g bjJ bfhnthkh?

au Mw, ntahw, xahw, x Mw, dhw, btg
Mw, fhwhw Kjait Mw gntW tiff. t eh
gagLJ y Mwfis g bjJbfhnth.

1. au Mw
mizfo cs , gh MW, efU ngUJ, XL Fiu, nH G
f, nkiy bjhoYs nghwtTl Mw csJ.
70

Mw tiff
vdnt,
xU
bghU
mj
iyia
bghUnjh
(Position)
myJ
totij
bghUnjh
(Conguration) bgWs Mw iy
Mw vdgL.
efU ngUJ, XL Fiu,
gh
nghwit af
csjdh, mit af Mwiy
bgWsd.
af
cs
bghU
bgWs Mw af Mw.

caukhd l mizfo
nj itfgL UF
mf
Mwiy
bgUF.
mizUJ
nHG

MwiybfhL
dh
(generator) f RUis (Turbine)
RHWtj _y dhw cg
bragLwJ.

iyahwY af MwY
au Mw tiff.

mizfo cs , nkiy
bjho cs nghwit rW
cau iyahf Ugjdh,
mit iy Mwiy bgWsd.

gaf:

mnjngh mKfgl RU,

Gfgl
ug
tisa
nghwit
Tl
iyMwiy
bgWsd.

1. au Mw _y iyahf
cs bghUis af bra,
aF bghUis XiyF
bfhLtu Ko.
2.fh af Mwiy bfhL,
fhwhiyf _y dhwiy
cg brayh.

2. ntahw
Gfgl ug
tisa

ntahw vgJ, ntid

nghJ btgL Mw MF.
vLJfhlhf,
ku, yf,

mKfgl
RU

btg xU tifMw
vgij fLojt
n# #]. jdh
jh Mw myif
#](Joule) vnwh.

nk^, gth rhf Kja

lf
Mw _y
rhu cg bragLwJ.

71

ma

au Mw

myF-3

ntahw

bgnuh nghwit vfgLnghJ

VgL khwjh btgLtJ
ntahw MF.
eh cQ czY nt
Mw
Ugjhjh,
ekh
gntW ntiyfis bra KowJ.

gaf:
1. jhtuf kW yFf
tsF
brafSF
mt
czYs
ntahw gagLwJ.
2. fyf (Battery) cs
nt MwUJ w
ilwJ.
3.vbghUfis
gagLJ
bghGJ mYs ntahw
btgMwyhf,
x
Mwyhf khwkilwJ.

jeho
fhwhiy
_y rhu
ilF
lf fajhW
(Ubent),
Muthbkh
(fahFk),
nfhag, U khtlf
xahwyhf,

dhw
af
Mwyhf
khwkilwJ.
fhwhiyf
fh
af
Mw
_y
dhw bgwgLwJ.

gaf:
1. bjhrhiyf aufis
af,
bjhiybjhl
JiwY dhw gagLwJ.
2. bgUefuf rhu bjhl
toia af,
dhw
gagLwJ.
eh gagLJ dhw
vUbjyh ilwJ vd
FG fyJiuahlyhkh?

3. dhw

4. btg Mw

e
o
cs
Rir
aal RHwJ;
sF
vwJ;
fhuz
bjkh? s dhw

ekF btg Mwiy bfhLF

Kjik bghU vJ bjkh?
Na jhnd!

dhw
72

cf o rikgjF wif
gagLJwhfsh?
myJ
vthit gagLJwhfsh?
wF vF bghGJ, vthit
gagLJ bghGJ vd Mw
btgLwJ? wF, vth
nrJ itfgLs ntahw
btg
Mwyhf
btgLwJ.
ntidf
kW
cuh
_ykhf btg Mw ilwJ.

Mw tiff
btg
Mwiy
btgLJ
ntWy
bghUfis
cf
egfl fyJiuaho bjJ
bfhs.

gaf:
1. NalUJ btgL btg
Mwdhjh kiH ilwJ.
btg Mw

2. m d
iyaf
yfia vgjh ilF
btgMw rhu cg
bra gagLwJ.

bra 3

3. rhu
mL,
rhu
ryitbgo
Kjat
dhw
btg
Mwyhf
khwkilwJ.

X L
bka
ehlhit oJbfhL va
itJ, m eilbgW Mw
khwfis fLof.

cW neh mnth

5. Na Mw
Nal UJ ilF Mwny Na Mw MF. NalUJ
vbjj Mw ekF neuoahf ilwJ?
bra 4

ehfns brnwh

vfSF njitahdit
cUbgU, fhjJL
1. fhjJo J Nax Fgo
cUbgUia oJ bfhs.
2.J
neu
fhjJo
khwij cWnehf.

VgL

ehf cWneh fljJ

______________________________________
_________________________________________________________

bra fcWnehaij egfSl gJ bfhs.

73

ma

NalUJ neuoahf ilfToa Mw g

bjJ bfhSj. (Ma Jizl)

myF-3

cfSF bjkh?

Na Mwiy gagLJ
Kiw

K.212-
Mo
vw nuf ehL mP
Na
Mwiy
gagL
cUbgU _y nuhkha
nghfgfis vjh.

gaf:
1. NnlW fU, Na mL
nghwt
Na Mw
neuoahf gagLwJ.
2.b r a i f n f h f Y ,
fzL fUfY Na
fyf gagLwd.
3.Na
Mw
thfdfis
af gagLwJ.

xU tif Mwiy kbwhU

tif Mwyhf khw Kokh?
nH bfhLfgLs glij
cWghUf. UJ f
bjJ bfhtJ vd?

cs bgUghyhd Mwf NalUnj bgwgLwd

vgij bjJ bfhnlh myth?
74

Mw tiff
bra 5

ehfns brnwh

mwhl thif Na Mw vthbwyh gagLwJ

vgij g FG fyJiuaho goaLnth.
vfSila goa
1. fl UJ c bgw

2.

3. ----------------------

4 .----------------------

5 .----------------------

6. ----------------------

xMwiy
ntahwyhf
nrJ itwd.

mnjngh,
1.jehoYs
bent,
v
Kja
md
iyaf yfia vJ,
mj_y rhu jahf
gLwJ.
F yf
ntahw,
btg
Mwyhf
khwkilJ
mUJ
dhw ilwJ.

6.rhu miH k, thfdf

cs x vGf Mw
x Mwyhf khWwJ.
7.lh
s
cs
fybjhF
ntahw
dhwyhf kh , mUJ
x Mw bgwgLwJ.
nkfl
vLJfhLf
UJ xUtif Mw kbwhU tif
Mwyhf khwgLwJ. xUtif
Mw
brylgL bghGJ
mjF
rkkhd
kbwhUtif
Mwyhf btgLwJ vgij
mayh.
vdnt,
Mwiy
Mfnth,
mfnth KoahJ.
xUtif
Mwiy kbwhU tif Mwyhf
khw Ko. jidna Mw
mik vnwh.
nkY, vj X Mw khwY
bkhj Mw ms khwhk
UF.

3.cau nj itfgLs

iyMwyhdJ
nH
GbghGJ af Mwyhf
kh, dh (Generator)
rfuij RHy brtjh
Mw cg bragLwJ.
4.ku, yf, bgnuh, Or, vth
Kjatiw va itFnghJ
mYs
ntahw
btg
Mwyhf btgLwJ.
5.xnrif
nghJ,
jhtuf, NalUJ bgW
bra 6

ehfns brnwh

iwa
NH
vbghUfshd
bgnuh,
Or
Kjyhdtiw vtif fdkhf gagLjyh
vgij g W FG fyJiuahLf.
75

ma

2.xbgU dhw
Mwyhf khwgLwJ.

kiH bgWtjF

myF-3
vLJfhlhf, iwf gagL nkhlh aFbghGJ
VgL Mw khwij ghngh.
F nkhlhiu af brylgL dhwyhdJ af
Mwyhf, x Mwyhf, btg Mwyhf khwkilwJ.
af Mw + x Mw + btg Mw
dhw
(nkhliu af
(iu nknyw)
(nkhl aF nghJ
njitgLtJ)
btgLtJ)

bra
bra77

ehfns brnwh

xUt, xU gSit jiyJ RkJbfhL kiyJ

UF j oF brwh. mj gSit oF mU
itJL X vLwh. J neu fJtJ ghFnghJ
mj gSthdJ cUL kiy mothuF brWLwJ.
f,
1. jiy gSit RkJ bry, mtUF Mw vUJ iljJ?
2. kiyJ gSit itj wF mJ vtif Mwiy bgUjJ?
3. gS nH cUL bry, vUJ Mw iljJ?
4. gS cUSnghJ vjifa Mwfis bgUF?
5. gS mothuij miljl vtif Mwiy bgUF?
6. eilbgW Mw khwfis tirgLJf.
ehfns gyngh
j f rhj dhfSF FG fyJiuaho ilfis
fLonghkh?
vf gf
1.

___________________________________________________

2 . ___________________________________________________
3 . ___________________________________________________
4 . ___________________________________________________
5 . ___________________________________________________
6 . ___________________________________________________
UJ ehf bjJ bfhlit
______________________________________________________

76

Mw tiff

kL
I. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
1. J iu cyu njitgL Mw _________
m) Na btg Mw

M) x Mw

) af Mw

<) iy Mw

2. btg xU tif Mw vgij fLojt _________

m) nthlh

M) n# #]

) jhk Mth vor

<) fnah

3. J af Mw njit _________
m) fhwhiy

M) bjhrhiy

) to

<) ghuhN

4. j Mwyh thfdfis af KoahJ _________

m) Na Mw

M) ntahw

) dhw

<) x Mw

5. yfia vFnghJ, mj ntahw _____ Mf khwgLwJ.

m) btg Mw

M) x Mw

) af Mw

<) Na Mw

1. fhwhiyf fh af Mw _y bgwgLtJ __________

( ntahw / dhw )
2. mir iy bgWs Mw __________
(af Mw / ntahw )
3. ghuhNo wFgt gagLJ Mw __________
(fh af Mw / cz cs ntahw )
4. cf csifia njFnghJ btgL Mw __________
(btg Mw / Mw )

III. bghUjkhd ilia vGJf

1. rhuk
Na mL

: dhw
: __________

77

ma

II. nfhol lij uf

myF-3
2. ghkufgiy fhW aFj
g milfgl fhW

: __________
: iyahw

3. cdf tsF

: cz cs ntahw
: __________ cs ntahw

thfdfis af

IV. rah? jtwh?

1. ntiy bra njitahd wikna Mw.
2. iyahwY af MwY au Mw tiff.
3. ntidnghJ btgL Mw dhw.
4. cuh_y btgLtJ btg Mw.
5. xUtif Mwiy kbwhUtif Mwyhf khw KoahJ.

V. tUtdt vtif Mw csJ vgij fLof.

1. Na
4. Na fy
7 . vth

2. yf
5.
8. efU nkf

3. V cs
6. mKfgl RU
9. wF

VI. tUtdt VgL Mw khwij fLof.

1. lh sF

_________

_________

2. thbdh

_________

_________

3. ryitbgo

_________

_________

4. dh

_________

_________

VII. il njlyhkh.....
1. eh to gF brtjhf UjhY, isahLtjhf
UjhY myJ vj xU braiy bra ntLkhdhY ekF Mw
njit vgij mnth. UJ Mwiy vthW tiuaWfyh?
mj myF vd?
2. gl cs njfh _W tifahd Mwfis bgWsJ. mit
vbdd vW J vGj.
1. ______________
2. ______________
3. ______________

78

Mw tiff
3. nkL, gthrhf nghw lf Mwiy gagL
rhu
cg bragLwJ vgij mnth. j
iyaf eilbgW Mw khwij tirgL vGj.
4. gl
bfhLfgLsitf
vtif
Mw
nrJ
itfgLsJ? mj Mw vbjj tiff ekF gaDsjhf
csJ?

Or fy

vth cUis

jhtu

(1)

(2)

(3)

1.________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________________

xU f nkneh vagLwJ
jirf nrJ
itfgLs
Mw
f nkneh
brwJ

nt Mw

_________

f neh GwJ.

f Fl
cau UF
bghGJ

f nH
GbghGJ
f jiu nkhJ
bghGJ

_________

_________

VIII.ilaf
1. iyahw, af Mw ntWgLJf.
2. Mw mik ia vLJfhLl sFf.

79

btg Mw

ma

5. fhQ glfis cWneh, xbthU iyY, f vtif

Mwiy bgUF vgij Lgl lf uf.

myF-3

IX.bra l
1. cf Lf gagLjgL fU bga, mt VgL Mw
khw kW gafis fhQ mltiz g bra.
t. v
1.

fU
bga
g

VgL Mw khw
dhw x Mwyhf

2.
3.
4.
5.

nkY ma
izajsf
http://www.tutorvista.com
http://www.arvindguptatoys.com
http://www.wikipedia.org

80

gaf
btr bgw