PHN I.

TNG QUAN
I. Li m u
Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin vt bc ca nn cng nghip th gii v
nc nh, cc ngnh cng nghip cn rt nhiu ho cht c tinh khit cao. Chng
ct l qu trnh dng nhit tch mt hn hp lng ra thnh cc cu t ring bit
da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu t trong hn hp cng mt nhit o.
Chng ct l phng php phn tch c bn nht, i khi gn nh l phng php
duy nht c s dng trong mt nh my phn chia du m v kh t nhin cng
nh cc phn on ca chng thnh cc phn on v tiu phn on. Ngi ta cn
chng ct khng nhng du th, kh ng hnh, kh t nhin m c hn hp sn
phm ra khi cc l phn ng ha hc dng trong cc qu trnh ch bin su du m
cng nh cc lnh vc ha du. V vy, cm thp chng ct du th lun lun c
xem nh l thit b chnh yu v gn nh khng th thiu trong cng ngh ch bin
du m.
S chng ct c thc hin trong cc thit b chng ct. Thit b chng ct
gm thp chng ct v bnh tch cng cc thit b ph tr nh: thit b gia nhit, thit
b lm lnh ngng t, l gia nhit v mt iu khng th thiu nu khng k n
cc thit b iu khin t ng ha nh: thit b iu khin, thit b o lu lng,
nhit , p sut
Bn cht ca qu trnh chng ct l phn tch cc phn on hydrocacbon da
vo nhit si ca chng. i vi mt cm thp chng ct du th ni chung ngi
ta thng ly ra cc phn on sn phm sau:
- Phn on kh xng nh (C1 C6) l phn on ch yu gm cc
Hydrocacbon (HC) kh (C1 C4) v xng nh (C5 C6) c nhit si trong khong
t 70 1100C.
- Phn on xng nng: L phn on c cc HC t C7 C10 vi nhit
chng ct t 100 2000C.
- Phn on Kerosen: L phn on c cc HC t C11 C14 vi nhit chng
ct t 200 2500C.
- Phn on Gas oil: L phn on c cc HC t C14 C20 vi nhit chng
ct t 250 3500C.

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- Phn on cn kh quyn AR: L phn on c cc HC ln hn C20 vi nhit

si cao hn 3500C.
Cn ch l cc thng s nhit a ra trn ch c tnh cht tham kho,
khng c nh, chng hn c th ly phn on Kerosen khng phi t 200 2500C
m c th ly t 160 2500C

II. Mt s loi thp chng ct c bn

Cng c th phn bit chng ct ra thnh quy trnh mt ln nh trong phng
th nghim tch mt ha cht tinh khit ra khi mt hn hp, v chng ct lin
tc, nh trong cc thp chng ct trong cng nghip. Trong nhiu trng hp c mt
t l nht nh ca hn hp hai cht lng m khng th tip tc tch bng phng
php chng ct c na. Cc hn hp ny c gi l hn hp ng ph. Nu mun
tng nng ca cn phi dng n cc phng php tinh ct c bit khc.
C th s dng cc loi thp chng ct sau:
-Thp chng ct dng mm xuyn l hoc mm a li.
-Thp chng ct dng mm chp.
-Thp m (thp chng ct dng vt chm )
Nhn xt v u khuyt im ca tng loi thp :
2.1.Thp mm xuyn l
+ u im: ch to n gin , v sinh d dng , tr lc thp hn thp chp , t
tn kim loi hn thp chp
+ Nhc im: yu cu lp t cao : mm lp phi rt phng , i vi nhng
thp c ng knh qu ln (>2.4m) t dng mm xuyn l v khi cht lng phn
phi khng u trn mm.
2.2.Thp chp
+ u im: hiu sut truyn khi cao , n nh , t tiu hao nng lng hn nn
c s mm t hn
+ Nhc im: ch to phc tp, tr lc ln.

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2.3.Thp m
+ u im: ch to n gin , tr lc thp
+ Nhc im: hiu sut thp , km n nh do s phn b cc pha theo tit
din thp khng u , s dng thp chm khng cho php ta kim sot qu trnh
chng ct theo khng gian thp trong khi thp mm th qu trnh th hin qua
tng mm mt cch r rng, thp chm kh ch to c kch thc ln quy m
cng nghip.

So snh u v nhc im ca cc loi thp

Thp chm
Thp mm xuyn Thp mm chp
l
u im
- n gin.
- Tr lc thp. Lm vic vi cht

Nhc im

- Hiu sut tng i

- Hot ng kh n lng bn.

cao.

nh.

- Hiu sut cao

- Hiu sut thp.

nh.
- n nh km.

- Tr lc kh cao.

- Yu cu lp t

- Cu to phc tp.

kht khe -> lp a vi cht lng bn.

Hot

ng n
- Thit b nng.
- Khng lm vic

tht phng.
- Tr lc ln.

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PHN II. TNH TON CNG NGH THP CHNG CT KH QUYN

Mt thp chng ct c 24 a, lm vic p sut kh quyn cc sn phm
sn c m t trong hnh 1.
Thp chng ct:
Cng sut ca thp:

120 m3/h

S a:

24

Du th:
T khi (d):

0.84

KUOP:

12,3

W0 = 58800.0,14=4116 Kg/h = 228,68 kmol/h

Ta dng Vo =3% , gi s L0 =6% nn ta c:
51 = Va + V0 L0
Hay
Va = 54%,La = 46%
c trng ca du th, bao gm ng cong TBP v t khi tc thi c cho trong
bng 1.
Sn phm chng ct:
Phn on (P) kh:

1 % th tch

Phn on (P) xng nh:

12 % th tch

Phn on (P) xng nng:

16 % th tch

Phn on (P) kerosen:

6 % th tch

Phn on (P) Vng

Gas nh
Oil:

16 % th tch

Phn on (P) cn kh quyn AR:

49 % th tch

thp

P kh
Xng nh
Nc

Vng xng
nng
Xng nng
Vng
kerosen
Kerosen
Vng Gas
Oil
Vng np
liu

Gas Oil

Du th
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Hnh 1. S thp chng ct kh quyn

Xc nh iu kin ti cc vng ly sn phm, s lng v phng thc b tr
a chp cho thp chng ct trn thp hot ng bnh thng.
I. TNH NHIT , LU LNG THP CHNG CT KH QUYN
I.1. c trng du th
Bng 1. c trng ca du th
Phn chng
ct [%V]
3
5
10
15
20
25
30
35

Nhit
[oC]
61
79
120
139
168
196
222
252

T khi tc
thi
0.682
0.706
0.729
0.752
0.767
0.781
0.793
0.807

Phn chng
ct [%V]
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75

Nhit
[oC]
272
296
322
349
375
401
427
461

T khi tc
thi
0,821
0.836
0.849
0.861
0.869
0.877
0.885
0.891

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T d liu v tnh cht du Bng 1 ta v c cc ng c trng ca du th:

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
3

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
V(%)

Hnh 2: Quan h nhit v th tch

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
3

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

V(%)

Hnh 3: ng c trng V-d ca du th

Gi s, coi s chng ct l l tng. Khi ng TBP ca nguyn liu xem
nh trng vi ng TBP ca tng phn on. T ta c c trng ca tng
phn on, nh sau :

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Phn on
Kh

%V

Th tch
(m3/h)

1,2

T khi
d
0,667*

Khi
lng
(tn/h)
0,8

Phn t
lng M

S
Kmol/h

64

12,5

Xng nh

12
14,4
0,722
10,397
99
105,05
Xng nng
16
19,2
0.775
14,88
140
106,29
Kerosen
6
7,2
0,806
5,803
183
31,69
Gas Oil
16
19,2
0,837
16,07
220
73,05

51
61,2
0,783
47,95
146
328,58
AR
49
58,8
0,9
52,85
430
122,91
Du th
100
120
0,84
100,8
223
451,49
Bng 2: c trng cc phn on (coi s o t khi bng s o khi lng ring)
2. Tm v tr ly xng nng
S dng vng ly xng nng c th hin trn hnh 4
W3

V3

R3 W0 W1

S3

a ly
xng nng
W2

L3

Thp
stripping

R3

W3
W2
S2

T2 = 204 C
V2

R2

Wo

W1

R2

L3 = 19,2 m3/h

L2

Hnh 4: S dng vng xng nng

S liu lin quan n vng ly xng nng c cho trong bng 2

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Bng 2. S liu lin quan n vng ly xng nng ( nhit T3 = 158oC)

.
Dng
Nhit
T
Th tch Khi lng
Entanpy
[oC]

khi

[m3/h]

[kg/h]

[kcal/kg]

[kcal/h]

V2 (hi)

212

0,759

42,0

31880

185

5897800

R2 (hi)

212

0,804

68360

180

12304800

S2 (hi)

212

0,775

295

184

54280

R3 (lng)

158

0,772

R3

88

88R3

Wo + W1+W2
Ra

212

8345

691

5766395

V3 (hi)

158

0,749

26077

156

4068012

R2+ L2 (lng)

212

0,804

74458

120

8934960

R3 (hi)

158

0,772

R3

155

155R3

Wo +W1+ W2

158

666

5557770

Vo

0,38

34,8

8345
(L2 = 1000x7,2x0,806 + 295 = 6098)

p dng phng trnh cn bng nhit lng ta c:

24023275 + 88R3 = 18560742 + 155R3
5462533 = 67R3
R3 = 81530 kg/h hay 81530/140 = 582,36 kmol/h.
Lu lng mol dng xng nng L3:
19,2x0,775x103/140 = 106,29 kmol/h.
S mol hi xng nng ti a ly xng nng:
582,36 + 106,29 = 688,65 kmol/h.
Tng s mol hi qua a ly xng nng:
582,36 + 106,29 + 105,05 + 12,5 + (8345/18) = 1269,81 kmol/h.
p sut hi ring phn ca xng nng ti a ly sn phm:
P3' =

688,65
(1,5 760 + 8 t ) (mmHg)
1269,81

(1)

(Vi t l v tr ca a ly phn on xng nng)

Do ta ly ng TBP ca phn on xng nng chnh l on ng TBP tng
ng vi phn on xng nng trn ng TBP ca du th hnh 2.1.
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Ta d dng v c ng flash 1 atm ca phan on xng nng thng qua

ng TBP ca n. Ta v ng flash ca phn on xng nng 158oC bng cch
t im To = 158oC ta k ng song song vi ng flash ti 1 atm. ng TBP,
ng flash ca phn on xng nng 760 mmHg v ng flash ca xng nng c
To = 158oC c th hin trn hnh 5.
Da vo hnh 5 ta xc nh c T 50 ca hai ng flash, vi ng flash 1
atm c T50 = 176oC v ng cn li c T50 = 168oC. Do , theo hnh 3.12 ti liu s
[2] ta xc nh c p sut ca ng flash c To = 158oC l 644 mmHg. iu
c ngha l p sut hi ring phn ca xng nng ti a ly sn phm l 644 mmHg.
Ta c:
P3' = 645 mmHg

Thay vo phng trnh (1) ta xc nh c: t = 6.

Nh vy v tr ly phn on xng nng l a s 6 t trn xung.

240
210
180
TBP xng nng

150
120

Flash xng nng

760mmHg

90

Flash 644 mmHg

60
30
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

%V

Hnh 5: ng chng ct ca phn on xng nng

II. Xy dng s iu khin v m t qu trnh iu khin thp chng ct
trn thay i nhit vng ly xng nng tng ln 100C
II.1. Nhng iu cn lu khi iu chnh, khng ch ch lm vic ca thp
chng ct
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duy tr s lm vic n nh ca thp chng ct, chng ta cn phi nm vng

cc nguyn tc sau y:
- iu chnh p sut trong thp s lm thay i im si ca cht lng
- Nu p sut tng ln, cht lng si nhit cao hn. Nu p sut tng cao qu,
lng cht lng trong thp s nhiu v nh vy s dn n hin tng sc thp, lm
gim hiu qu phn tch
- Nu cc iu kin khc trong thp l c nh, th sn phm nh, sn phm cnh
sn v sn phm y s tr nn nh hn nu p sut trong thp tng ln
- Nu nhit y qu thp, sn phm y s cha nhiu phn nh hn
- Nu nhit cp liu vo thp qu thp, lng hi trn cc khay cha a s nh,
nh vy phn lng s nhiu v chng chy xung pha di vo b phn chng s
cng nhiu
- Vi s chng ct c s dng thit b ti un, nu nhit ca thit b ti un qu
thp s khng tch ht phn nh trong cn v lm tng lng cn
- Nu nhit nh qu cao, sn phm nh qu thp, sn phm nh s qu nh v s
c t sn phm hn
- Nhit cn thit tch phn on du th nng s cao hn so vi tachs du th
nh
- Ch nht l nhit nh thp, trnh nhit qu cao do lm lnh khng ( v
d, do mt nc lm lnh 0 dn n thay i ch hi lu, nh hng nhiu n
cht lng sn phm.
II.2. Xy dng s iu khin thp chng ct nng nhit vng ly xng
nng ln 10oC
xy dng s iu khin thp chng ct nng nhit vng ly xng
nng ln 10oC th trc ht ta phi cn xc nh r c yu t cn tc ng ti, m
bo c n nh v cht lng cng nh sn lng ca dng sn phm, t tc
ng n cc vng ly cc phn on sn phm khc trong thp v duy tr c ch
hot ng n nh ca thp chng ct.
Ta xc nh c mc ch trong qu trnh iu y l nng nhit ca vng
ly xng nng trong thp chng ct ln 10oC. Qua , ta xc nh c cc yu t c
th tc ng ln nh: nhit dng nguyn liu, lu lng dng hi lu y thp,
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lu lng dng hi lu nh thp, lu lng dng hi lu sn ti vng ly xng

nng v nhit dng hi lu sn ca vng ly xng nng. Ta phi tin hnh nhn
xt nh gi v la chn ra yu t ti u nht tin hnh iu chnh hay tc ng
ln. Cc yu c nhn xt v nh gi nh sau:
-

i vi yu t nhit dng nguyn liu: Khi iu chnh nhit ca dng

nguyn liu s gy nh hng n qu trnh truyn cht v trao i cht trong thp,
tc ng n ton b cc vng ly sn phm, cc phn on cng nh nhit v p
sut c trong thp, lm cho thp hot ng khng n nh. C th y nu ta s
dng n phng n l thay i nhit dng nguyn liu th trong trng hp ny
ta phi tng nhit dng nguyn liu ln, khi s lm thay i trng thi ca
nguyn liu a vo thp chng ct. Do s lm tng nhit ca cc vng ly
phn on sn phm y, Gas Oil, Kerosen, xng nng v phn on nh. Lm thay
i qu trnh cn bng lng hi cng nh qu trnh trao i cht v lm thay i
nng v cht lng ca cc phn on. V vy m ta s khng s dng phng n
lm thay i nhit ca dng nguyn liu vo thp. Trong cng nghip ch bin
du kh, th nhit ca dng nguyn liu vo thp chng ct c t c nh.

- i vi yu t lu lng dng hi lu y thp: Khi ta thay i lu lng dng

hi lu y thp th n s lm thay i nhit ca y thp, nng cng nh l
lu lng ca phn sn phm y. Ngoi ra n cn lm thay i c nhit ca cc
vng ly sn phm trong thp, lm thay i qu trnh trao i cht v qu trnh cn
bng lng hi trong thp chng ct. C th trong trng hp ny, nu ta s dng
phng n l tng lu lng dng hi lu y tng nhit trong vng ly sn
phm xng nng th n s tc ng lm tng nhit ca tt c cc vng phn on
ly sn phm sn cng nh sn phm nh v y. Ngoi ra, n cn lm gim i lu
lng dng sn phm y. Chnh v vy m phng n s dng yu t lm thay i
lu lng dng hi lu y l khng ti u v khng c chp nhn.

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- i vi yu t lu lng dng hi lu nh : thay i lu lng dng hi lu

nh thp s lm thay i nhit v p sut ca vng nh thp, thay i lu lng
ca dng lng quay li thp, dng hi lu ni trong thp, do lm thay i nhit
cng nh p sut cc phn on trong thp, nh hng n cn bng lng hi v
qu trnh trao i cht. Kt qu l lm thay i cht lng, lu lng ca dng sn
phm nh cng nh cc phn on sn phm khc trong thp. tng nhit vng
ly sn phm xng nng ln 10oC th ta phi lm gim lu lng dng hi lu nh,
khi lm s tng nhit cng nh p sut ti nh thp, ngoi ra cn lm cho lu
lng ca dng sn phm nh tng ln gy ra tc ng khng cn thit. ng thi
lm tng nhit ca tt c cc phn on ly sn phm sn cng nh sn phm
y ca thp v thay i cht lng ca tt c cc sn phm. Chng ta cng s khng
tin hnh iu chnh theo phng php ny.

- i vi yu t lu lng ca dng hi lu sn: Bin php ny nh hng n

lng sn phm xng nng c ly ra, nhit ti vng ly phn on cng nh
cn bng lng hi ti vng ny. Ngoi ra n cng nh hng n cc vng phn on
khc. mt chng mc no , th phng n s dng thay i lu lng dng hi
lu sn c th chp nhn c v n l phng php cha hon ton l ti u.

- i vi yu t nhit ca dng hi lu sn: Bin php ny khng nh hng

n s thay i lu lng ca dng sn phm. Do bin php s dng vic thay i
nhit ca dng hi lu sn trong trng hp ny l c chp nhn v coi l ti
u nht so vi cc yu t k trn. Vy ta chn yu t tc ng y l nhit ca
dng hi lu sn ti vng ly sn phm xng nng.
Trong trng hp ny, tng nhit ca vng ly sn phm xng nng th ta
tin hnh iu chnh tng nhit ca dng hi lu sn ca thp chng ct ti vng
ly xng nng thng qua vic lm gim lu lng ca dng du th em trao i
nhit vi dng hi lu trc khi a vo thp chng ct. V s iu khin c
xy dng nh trn hnh 6
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Hnh 6. S iu khin thay i nhit vng ly sn phm xng nng trong

thp chng ct.
TT kh c o v truyn xa nhit ; TRC b iu chnh nhit , t ghi v kh c o lp
t ti t iu khin; FT kh c o v truyn xa lu lng; FRC b iu chnh lu lng,
t ghi, tc ng vo van iu chnh v kh c lp t ti t iu; SP th hin cho gi tr t
(set point).

M t qu trnh iu khin thp chng ct tng nhit vng ly sn phm

xng nng ln 10oC
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Khi nhit ca vng ly sn phm xng nng tng ln 10 oC th lc nhit

ti v tr ly xng nng lc ny l 168oC. Qu trnh iu chnh nhit ti v tr ly
xng nng trong thp chng ct c miu t nh sau:
Trc ht ta tin hnh thay thay i m van ca dng du th thng qua b
iu chnh lu lng, c th l s lm gim m van t s lm gim lu lng
dng du th dn n lm cho nhit ca dng hi lu sn tng ln tc khi vo
thp chng ct. Sau cm bin o nhit s o nhit ti v tr ly sn phm
xng nng ca thp v nhit s c chuyn ti b iu chnh nhit , ti y
nhit ti v tr ly sn phm s c so snh vi gi tr nhit t ti v tr ly
sn phm xng nng l 168oC. Nu m nhit ti v tr ly sn phm ng bng
nhit t l 168oC th lc ny n s khng tin hnh tc ng iu chnh ln b
iu chnh lu lng na m s gi nguyn m van (lu lng ca dng du th).
Nu nhit ti v tr ly sn phm xng nng nh hn gi tr t (SP) th lc ny b
iu chnh nhit s tip tc tc ng ln b iu chnh lu lng v lm gim m
van qua lm gim lu lng ca dng du th. Qua li lm cho nhit ca
dng hi lu sn tng ln. C tin hnh nh vy cho ti khi nhit ti v tr ly
sn phm xng nng chnh bng gi tr nhit t trc. Nu nhit ti v tr
ly sn phm xng nng m ln hn gi tr t th b iu chnh tip tc tc dng ln
b iu chnh lu lng lm tng m van, do s lm gim nhit ca dng
hi lu sn v khi a vo thp s lm gim nhit ti v tr ly sn phm. C tin
hnh nh vy cho ti khi nhit ti v tr ly sn phm xng nng ng bng gi tr
nhit t.

Phn III : Kt lun.

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Thng qua n ny gip em hiu r hn phn no v thp chng ct, v cc

qu trnh din ra trong thp v cch xc nh cc thng s k thut trong thp.
Vic duy tr ch lm vic n nh ca thp v cc thng s k thut cng nh
cht lng ca sn phm phi c quan tm hng u.Vic duy tr ch lm vic
v iu chnh cc thng s vn hnh thng qua h thng c iu khin t ng cho
ton thp v cho tng vng ring bit ly sn phm . Do qu trnh iu khin
trong thp l rt quan trng , gp phn hn ch cc hin tng bt thng cng nh
cc s c c th gp trong thp v gip chng ta d dng iu chnh cc thng s
mong mun .

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Phan T Bng , Ha hc du m v kh t nhin , NXB Giao thng vn ti , H
Ni ,1999.
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2. Phan T Bng , Gio trnh ha l, Nh xut bn Giao thng vn ti , H Ni ,

1997.
3. PGS. TS. inh Th Ng, Gio trnh ha hc du m v kh, Nh xut bn Khoa
Hc v K Thut 2009.
4 .Th.S, Phm Trung kin, Bi ging k thut o v iu khin qu trnh cng ngh,
Trng i hc M a Cht.

MC LC
Trang
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PHN I . Tng quan ...2

I . Li m u......2
II . Mt s loi thp chng ct c bn .................3
PHN II. Tnh ton cng ngh thp chng ct kh quyn ......5
I. Tnh nhit , lu lng thp chng ct kh quyn ......6
I.1 c trng du th......7
I.2 Tm v tr ly xng nng.......................... 8
II. Xy dng s iu khin v m t qu trnh iu khin thp chng ct
trn thay i nhit vng ly xng nng tng ln 100C11
II.1 Nhng iu cn lu khi iu chnh, khng ch ch lm vic ca
thp chng ct...11
II.2 Xy dng s iu khin thp chng ct nng nhit vng ly
xng ln 100C .....................................................11
PHN III. Kt lun.. .16
TI LIU THAM KHO.17

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