Professional Documents
Culture Documents
From the
Treasures
of
Arabic
Morphology
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Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
email al_inaam@yahoo.com
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Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Contents
Introduction 10
Some Useful Terms 11
Arabic Terms 12
The Types of Words 14
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 15
Positive and Negative 15
Active and Passive 15
The Second Category of Verbs 16
Exercise 1 17
Types of Nouns 18
The Scales of Verbs 20
Exercise 2 22
The Categories of Triliteral Verbs 23
Exercise 3 25
The Perfect Active (
) 26
Exercise 4 28
The Perfect Passive ( ) 29
Exercise 5 33
The Imperfect () 35
Exercise 6 38
The Imperfect Passive ( ) 39
Exercise 7 40
The ( !"#
) 41
Exercise 8 44
The ( $
) 45
Exercise 9 49
The (%&) and ('#) of Emphasis 50
Exercise 10 55
The Imperative (() 56
Exercise 11 61
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 20 99
(/1A 6) 99
Exercise 21 101
( B01 6) 101
Exercise 22 103
(1#@ 6) 103
Exercise 23 105
(*<@ 6) 105
Exercise 24 110
(:<@ 6) 110
Exercise 25 112
(/C1A 6) 112
Exercise 26 114
(/01A 6) 114
Exercise 27 117
(1*2@ 6) 117
Exercise 28 119
(<@ 6) 119
Exercise 29 121
(:<@ 6) 121
Exercise 30 123
(C<@ 6) 123
Exercise 31 125
Four Root-Letter Verbs 126
Exercise 32 129
The Derived Forms of Four Root-Letter 130
Verbs
(/BD1A 6) 130
Exercise 33 132
(EB< 6) 132
Exercise 34 134
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(:< 6) 134
Exercise 35 136
Other Derived Forms 137
Exercise 36 142
The Seven Categories 143
Exercise 37 146
The Rules of (F) 147
Rule 1 147
Rule 2 147
Rule 3 148
Rule 4 148
Rule 5 150
Rule 6 151
Rule 7 152
Rule 8 153
Rule 9 154
Rule 10 156
Exercise 38 156
The Orthography of the Hamzah 157
The Paradigms of (F) 158
Exercise 39 160
Exercise 40 161
Exercise 41 163
Discussion of (G F) 163
Discussion of (%: F) 164
Exercise 42 165
The Rules of (/*) 166
Rule 1 166
Rule 2 167
Rule 3 168
Rule 4 169
Rule 5 170
Rule 6 171
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Rule 7 171
Rule 8 179
Rule 9 184
Rule 10 189
Exercise 43 193
Rule 11 193
Rule 12 194
Rule 13 195
Rule 14 196
Rule 15 199
Rule 16 199
Rule 17 202
Rule 18 203
Rule 19 204
Rule 20 205
Rule 21 206
Rule 22 207
Rule 23 208
Rule 24 209
Rule 25 210
Rule 26 212
Exercise 44 213
The Paradigms of (H) 214
Exercise 45 220
The Paradigms of (
$() 221
Exercise 46 228
The Paradigm of (I>
$() 229
Exercise 47 240
The Paradigms of (JK#) and (L1) 241
Exercise 48 250
Exercise 49 260
Exercise 50 271
Combination of (F) and (/*) 272
Exercise 51 283
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Introduction
Arabic Morphology (
P
P P
PB0) is a branch of Arabic
Grammar dealing with word-forms and patterns. It is
highly essential for the incumbent student of Arabic to
learn this science in order to be proficient in the language.
Acquiring an understanding of word patterns is of prime
importance in learning the language.
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Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
1
The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 256, 1992.
2
Ibid, p. 281.
3
Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 1160.
4
The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 747, 1992.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Arabic Terms
Term Meaning
A diacritical point SP denoting the sound
of ‘a’.
A diacritical point - TP denoting the sound
of ‘u’.
A diacritical point - UP denoting the sound
of ‘i’.
A diacritical point - VP that serves the
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(]
W *W<^)
! #$ The second root letter of a word, e.g. the
(N) of (]
W *W<^)
! % The third root letter of a word, e.g. the (_)
of (]
W *W<^)
&'( Word-form denoting the number, gender
and mood of the verb
)!*+ (6() is the plural of (6) which refers
to a category of verbs belonging to one
class. The first verb of the perfect tense
() and the imperfect tense (),
are used to indicate the diacritical points of
the alphabets of the verbs.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
/ . - , word
6
` W*U
10 2 !- noun
/a $X W
3/ 42 - verb
/^ W <^
5
0 2 . particle – it is dependent on either
[ U
an (P2) or (/P<) in conveying its
meaning
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 1
Term Meaning
.
9:9
0
78
;< =>?
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Types of Nouns
(5) The (=PP) and the (g*PP+) also fall under the
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
in a ( ).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
C 8 5
) >
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 2
(a) (W
W #W)
C 8 5
E
The (') is the ( FBQ ,<), the (n) is the ( PFBQ GP0), the
() is the ( FBQ %X & ^ ).
(b) (O[ FW 2[ @U)
(c) (]X *W1b AW)
(d) (6X U [ #W)
(e) (/D W o
[ W>)
(f) (%W X
^)
(g) (dX Ui [ W>)
(h) (dX pW mb W>)
(i) (^ q^2W )
(j) (rW W 2W )
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(F G! 6@;H ! )!*+)
(1) The first and third letters of a simple triliteral verb in
the active tense is always vowelled with a fathah ( PPi*<).
The second letter or radical may be vowelled by a ( Pi*<),
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(5) The (
P ) of (/^ PU<^) is sometimes (/D PW1b W>) e.g.
(OX FW [ W> OW FU 2W ) and sometimes (/D U 1b W>) e.g. (dX Ui[ W> d W U W ).
(6) The (
P P) of (/ ^ PX<^) is only (/D PX1b W>) e.g.
(%X X Q
b W> %W X ^ ).
(7) The ( ) of all three scales is (/ ^ U <D).
(8) The (8 ) of all three scales is (/ D W 1b X>).
(9) Based on the above-mentioned facts, there are six
categories (6() of (78 9:9) which are as follows:
(X X [W> W W #W)(1)
(6
X U
[ W> 6 W W W ) (2)
(]X *W1b W> ]W *W<^) (3)
(O
X FW [ W> OW FU 2W ) (4)
(%X X Q
b W> %W X ^ ) (5)
(d
X Ui [ W> d W U W ) (6)
(10) There is no rule to specify which verb belongs to
which category (6P
P). It is based on (P
P-) – as heard
from the Arabs. One can also ascertain which
category a verb belongs to from a dictionary. There are
however certain guidelines which are as follows:
[a] If the verb belongs to the category of ( ]W *WPP^<
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5
)B
) are the following six letters:
The (
(x y z y _ y y { y ,).
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(3) Unlike English, Arabic also has a dual form for the
second and third persons. As for the first person, the plural
form is used for both the dual and plural.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 4
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
The (P
P PP) is constructed from the ( PP
P) in all triliteral verbs ( 7P8 P9:9). If we take the
first verb, namely the third person singular form, (/
^ P W <^), a
( FP) is rendered to the first letter, a (sP) is rendered
to the second letter while the third letter remains in its
original condition. The result is (/
^ PU<D). No matter what the
( P
P) of the second letter in the active tense is, in the
W
W #W W
U #X
OW FU 2W OW FU 2X
%W X ^ %W U D
Note that the intransitive verbs can be used in the passive tense if
they are used with a particle (
), e.g.
(U;U d
W pU vD ) – It was taken.
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R
[ B^U <D
rd
singular feminine 3 person
W*B^U <D
rd
dual feminine 3 person
W Bb U <D
rd
plural feminine 3 person
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 5
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
[1] ('
^ ?U W )
[2] (R
W Bb !UKD)
[3] (
h AX[ U D )
[4] (=
W X W)
[5] (W#=
[
U KD)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
After adding the prefix, the first radical or letter of the verb has
('Q2), e.g. the (
) of (/
D W 1b W>) has a sukûn. The second letter
can have any of the three harakât, depending on which category
(6) the verb belongs to.
In the indicative case (O< ), the final vowel of the third
radical ( FBQ %&) is ( F) in the singular form of the verb, e.g.
(/
D W 1b W>), (/D W 1b AW), (/D W <b (^) and (/D W 1b #W). For the subjunctive case (
d), this ( F) is changed to ( i*<), e.g. (/^ W 1b W>), (/^ W 1b AW),
(/
^ W <b (^) and (/^ W 1b #W); while for the jussive case (%? ), it is
replaced by a ('Q2), e.g. (/ b W 1b W>), (/b W 1b AW), (/b W <b (^) and (/b W 1b #W). The
changes in the singular and dual forms will be discussed later.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
I?H7! CDG! 87! 34 ! 6K7! 5 47! 87! 34 ! 6K7! CDG! 87! 34 !
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Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 6
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
X
X [W> X
W [X>
OX FW
[ W> OX FW
[ X>
6
X U
[ W> 6
X W
[ X>
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 7
'^ [ BD
^
[ X> p /D W 1b W> hF0W /D
^ [ X> &^ (1)
X !WB 6X W + [ X> (2)
X .S W X FW h %W [ Wb /D ^ ~[ X> (3)
U WW WiFX b U< U Q^ [ W b /D *W)b X> (4)
^ Q C [ <U =U [U 'D WB X W 1b X> /b pW (5)
(5) (4) ( 3) ( 2) ( 1)
_
X W 1b W> %X ?U [ W> X QD +[ W> r
X X [ W> OX $U [ W>
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
bDBW 1b W> [ ^ :
^ W 1b W> [ ^ /^ W 1b W> [ ^
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/^ W 1b W> [ ^ /^ W 1b X> [ ^
^BW 1b W> [ ^ ^BW 1b X> [ ^
[BDW 1b W> [ ^ [BDW 1b X> [ ^
/^ W 1b AW [ ^ /^ W 1b AX [ ^
^BW 1b AW [ ^ ^BW 1b AX [ ^
W Bb W 1b W> [ ^ W Bb W 1b X> [ ^
/^ W 1b AW [ ^ /^ W 1b AX [ ^
^BW 1b AW [ ^ ^BW 1b AX [ ^
[BDW 1b AW [ ^ [BDW 1b AX [ ^
[ BUW 1b AW [ ^ [ BUW 1b AX [ ^
^BW 1b AW [ ^ ^BW 1b AX [ ^
W Bb W 1b AW [ ^ W Bb W 1b AX [ ^
/^ W <b (^ [ ^ /^ W <b (D [ ^
/^ W 1b #W [ ^ /^ W 1b #X [ ^
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 8
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
U [ h). When they precede the ( /<), they render (%?$)
to the following five words:
dIl m = y /D W 1b W> (1)
dIl w#~ = y /D W 1b AW (2)
m = y /D W 1b AW (3)
BQ* = y /D W <b (^ (4)
BQ* O} y /D W 1b #W (5)
The (60 '#) of the following seven words is deleted:
dIl m HA y 'U B^W 1b W> (1)
dIl m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b W> (2)
dIl w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (3)
m HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (4)
m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b AW (5)
w#~ = y W [BUW 1b AW (6)
w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (7)
The following two words remain unchanged:
dIl w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b W> (1)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
/b W 1b W> [ ^ /b W 1b X> [ ^
^BW 1b W> [ ^ ^BW 1b X> [ ^
[BDW 1b W> [ ^ [BDW 1b X> [ ^
/b W 1b AW [ ^ /b W 1b AX [ ^
^BW 1b AW [ ^ ^BW 1b AX [ ^
W Bb W 1b W> [ ^ W Bb W 1b X> [ ^
/b W 1b AW [ ^ /b W 1b AX [ ^
^BW 1b AW [ ^ ^BW 1b AX [ ^
[BDW 1b AW [ ^ [BDW 1b AX [ ^
[ BUW 1b AW [ ^ [ BUW 1b AX [ ^
^BW 1b AW [ ^ ^BW 1b AX [ ^
W Bb W 1b AW [ ^ W Bb W 1b AX [ ^
/b W <b (^ [ ^ /b W <b (D [ ^
/b W 1b #W [ ^ /b W 1b #X [ ^
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 9
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
' ^BW 1b W^ P dIl m HA y 'U ^BW 1b W> (1)
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(4) The (L) of the ( HA) is retained while the ( B)9 '#) itself
becomes (Q), e.g. (' ^BW 1b W^).
(5) The () of (m O}) and the () of (w#~ =) are also
deleted. The ( F) before the () and the (s) before the
the ('#) of (O}) and the ( B)9 '#) so that three nûns do not
occur in one place. This will occur in the following two word-
forms:
(7) The ( B)9 '#) itself is (Q) in these two words. In short,
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the ( B)9 '#) is (Q) after (L) and (_*1) in the other
instances.
(8) The ( 11M '#) is similar to the ( B)9 '#) except in the
( HA) and (w#~ O}) word-forms. The ( 11M '#) is only used
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 10
d
X BDi [ W> (1)
OX WF[ W> (2)
X QD + [ W> (3)
d
X W Bb W> (4)
6
X X )b W> (5)
X BUF[ W> (1)
OX <^[ W> (2)
=X !X[ W> (3)
X BUo [ W> (4)
/D FW [ W> (5)
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(
[ 0X =[ AW) becomes (X 7[ (D).
(
[ U [ AW) becomes (%U [ @U).
(W+ [ AW) becomes ( W M[ @U).
on the verbs as (
[ ^).
(9) The (=Pq* %&) and (=Pq* 'P#) can also be attached
to the (() word-forms.
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/b W 1b WU /b W 1b XU
^BW 1b WU ^BW 1b XU
[BDW 1b WU [BDW 1b XU
/b W 1b *WU /b W 1b *XU
^BW 1b *WU ^BW 1b *XU
W Bb W 1b WU W Bb W 1b XU
/b W <b @U /b W 1b *XU
^BW <b @U ^BW 1b *XU
[BDW <b @U [BDW 1b *XU
[ BUW <b @U [ BUW 1b *XU
^BW <b @U ^BW 1b *XU
W Bb W <b @U W Bb W 1b *XU
/b W <b q^U /b W <b qDU
/b W 1b WU /b W 1b XU
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[ BDW <b @U [ BDW 1b *XU
[ B^W <b q^U [ B^W <b qDU
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 11
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 12
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
second letter and (>A) to the final letter. Thus, (/ ^ W <^) becomes
(/
a 0U ^<). In the dual forms ( HA), (L) and ('#) are attached to
the end, e.g. (' U: ^ 0U ^<). For the feminine form, a round (s) is
inserted at the end. For the masculine plural (m O}), (') is
inserted, e.g. (' ^ [ BD0U ^<), while for the feminine plural (w#~ O}),
the syllable, (N) is attached, e.g. (N ` :
^ 0U ^<). There are three
scales for the masculine form and three for the feminine form of
the word.
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In the indicative case (O< ), the ( HA) is used with an (L)
while in the accusative and genative cases ( d ), it
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 13
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
second letter and (>A) at the end. The first root letter (
B"() becomes (2) while the second one becomes (%F).
The additions for the dual and plural forms are the same as the
(/01 2). Like the (/01 2), it also has six word-forms.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 14
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(X
W [ (^) - more famous.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 15
%X X Qb W> (1)
/D FX o [ W> (2)
X Xi [ W> (3)
X X +[ W> (4)
D !W [ W> (5)
/D U 5[ W> (6)
/D MX =[ W> (7)
d
X Ui [ W> (8)
/D W o [ W> (9)
OX WF[ W> (10)
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/a X <D d
` X$X impure
a W<D
` WoX brave
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/a [ <^ `
[
W thick
/a [ <U ` 1b "
U empty
/a [ <D X free
/a U <^ _
` U <^ happy
/a 0U ^< d
` U W" companion
/D W <b (^ X FW [ (^ red
Scales
/a W 1b U a B^W 1b U a W1b U
Examples
a W
[ U a W W [ U _
` W*1b U
Meanings needle fan key
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Scales Examples
/a W 1b U `
W [U
'U ^BW 1b U 'U W
W [U
/D 0U ^1W X "
U WW
a B^W 1b U sa W
W [U
'U W*B^W 1b U 'U WAW
W [U
/D 0U ^1W X "
U WW
a W1b U ` W[U
'U ^W1b U 'U WW[U
/D [0U ^1W X ["
U WW
6
Adze: kind of axe with arched blade used for shaping wood.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 16
W 4^ #W (5) r
W W j^ (4) 7W W W (3)
W W^ (2) ]W *W<^ (1)
/^ ^ (^ (10) OW W"
W (9 ) OW f^ K^(8) /^ MW 7W (7) /^
W l^ (6)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
]` 'KHO =!
/D 0U ^1W 'U :
^ W 1b W /a W 1b W scale
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(sa =
W 2W b W ) – a place of many lions - derived from (=` 2W (^) – lion,
(a W !W
[ W )– a place of many predators - derived from (ÒX!2W ) –
predator,
(a
W f^ ![W ) – a place of many ducks - derived from ( ̀[f U) – duck.
There are certain words, which according to the rule should have
a( i*<) on the ( FBQ G0), but have been used with a (s)
instead. These may be regarded as exceptions to the rule. The
scholars have written that it is permissible to pronounce these
words with a ( i*<) as well. These words are:
=` o
U
[ W place of
prostration
` +
Ui
[ W place of assembly
` QU
[ W place of staying
r̀U1b W intersection
`
U [W place of
slaughtering
` ?U o
[ W place of slaughtering
R
` !U[W place of
germinating
r̀U+
[ W east
`
U [W nostril
a h4U W place where one
expects something
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(a B^i
W Qb X ) – antimony bottle, from (/a i
[ D ) - antimony.
The scale of (a ^W<D) indicates the place where a thing falls during
the action, e.g.
(a ^Wl
D ) – the water which falls during bathing,
(a 2
W WD ) – the dirt which falls off the broom when sweeping.
Exercise 17
]W *W<^ (1)
W W^ (2)
7W W W (3)
r
W W j^ (4)
W 4^ #W (5)
/^ W l^ (6)
/^ MW 7W (7)
OW f^ K^ (8)
OW W" W (9)
/^ ^ (^ (10)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
When (/
a [U <^) is in the meaning of (/a 0U ^<), or (a [ X <^) is in the
meaning of (
a [ X 1b W ), a differentiation is made between the
masculine and feminine forms. Examples:
(
` [BU0W W pX ) , (a FW [BU0W W pU )
(
a [ FX W /a FW $W ) , (a ^[ FX W a K^W#).
The following scales are the ones most frequently used for
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
( 5! 5"):
Scale Example Meaning
/a U <^ ` mU W very cautious
/a W 1b U %̀W?o
[ U one who cuts a lot
a W<D 6
` Wo0X very strange
a B^[ <D a Q^ i
[
X one who habitually laughs
a [ <D \
` [ = KD most holy
/a h <D d
` BKD very agile
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 18
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
You have already learnt that the verbs of (78 9:9) –three root-
letter verbs – have six categories (6() – plural of (6).
W X <^
[ #W X W [X> W
U #XW ` "U W# W X <^
[ #W X X [W> W W #W
;X [U
X [ 4 [ X [AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [
X #[(D ;X [U X [ q^b^ ` [
X [W
/U [U 1b *h /D W <b (^W ` W[U W sa W
W [U W ` W [U ;X [U D ^£bW ` W [W
W [ #X ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW X
W #[(^ ;X [U
7
The abbreviated paradigm is where the first ( 5P
P") of each paradigm
of the active and passive tenses is used.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
[
W 6 X W [ X> 6W U X 6 ` U W W X <^ [ W 6 X U [ W> 6 W W W
6
[ U [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW 6 [ U [ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ 6
` [ X [ W W X <^
W a WW
[ U W 6` W [ U ;X [U D ^£bW 6` U [ W ;X [U
X [ 4
W[ X ;X [U wD #h~W FX bW 6
X W [ (^ ;X [U /U [
U 1b *h /D W <b (^W 6` W [ U
8
(]iP") is that word which has no ( PB
P), two letters of the
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
FW BUQ^ b) or ( FW BUQ^ b %X &^ ) is from the ( )B
), will be from
(]*< 6). The abbreviated paradigm of this (6) and the
_
` [ *X1b W W X <^ i*[<^ ]X *W1b X> ]W *U<DW ]` AU^< W X <^ i*[<^ ]X *W1b W> ]W *W<^
]` *W1b W ;X [U
X [ 4 ][ *W1b AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW ][ *W<b @U ;X [U X [ q^b^
;X [U /U [U 1b *h /D W <b (^W _
` W*1b U W a i W *W1b U W ]` *W1b U ;X [U D ^£bW
Wi*[<D ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW ]X *W<b (^
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(/01 2), the ( !+ 1") on the scale of (/a [U <^) has been
used, e.g. (
` [>U ^ ).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
from this (6). However, verbs that are (H)9 or (L1)10 have
d
X Wi [ X> dW U X W d ` 2U W W X <^ ! [ W dX Ui[ W> d W U W
&^ ;X [0W X [ hW d [ U [ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ 6
` [ Xi[ W W X <^ !
[ W
W d ` Wi[ U ;X [U D ^£bW d
` Ui [ W ;X [U
X [ 4 d[ Ui [ AW
w
D #h~W FX bW d
X W [ (^ ;X [U /U [
U 1b *h /D W <b ^(W 6` Wi [ U W a !W Wi [ U
W!
[ X ;X [U
9
A word having a () or () as the ( FBQ ,<).
10
A word having two ( B
).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 19
d
W *W^ (1)
]W !W2W (2)
W BU0W (3)
W U #W (4)
/^ FW W (5)
L
W X W (6)
W X W (7)
W B^l^ (8)
d
OW WW (9)
6
W W pW (10)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Verb Meaning
W "
W W# to support
W
h WAW to try to help
W "
W WAW to render mutual assistance
W
W *W#[(U to come to someone’s aid
W
W [*W2[ (U to ask for assistance
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Verb Meaning
/^ *hK^ to massacre
Very few verb roots have all the other derived forms. Some have
only one (like – 6
h v^ to drive away) or two (like L
W
W MW – to sink),
while others have four or five as in the above examples. There is
often a good deal of overlapping of meaning between the forms.
Sometimes the root form is not in use while the derived forms
are used, e.g. ( d
W AhW - to arrange).
The (6() of (;< =>? 9:9) are twelve in total. They are
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
C/ .4-V A- d
W W*W$[ @U Ny( /" s?
C/ .4- B2A- W f^ 1^ #[@U 'y( /" s?
C/ ,4- V A- h FW [ @U E y ( /" s?
3/ b4, O. /^ !h)^ AW
C yN no hamza
C/ .4V -2 A- W
W [*W2[ @U Ny\y( /" s?
C/ .4'2 4- V A- W W [ +
W M[ @U y( /" s?
C/ ,'2 4- V A- %h Wp7[ @U E y y ( /" s?
C/ !c4- V A- v^ h B^$[ @U C y ( /" s?
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
The (1 2) is like the (/01 2) except that the
these (6(). In ordert to express the meaning of the ( 3 2),
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
the words (;U UW) are added to the (=) for this purpose, e.g.
(6
X W*U$[ Ub ;U UW) – the means of refraining.
To express the (/1* 2), the word (= W (^) is used before the
(6 =), e.g. (W*U$ [ @U = W (^) – more refraining. Words like
(X H^
b (^), (/¦ K^(^) etc. can also be used.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
C4A )*
X [ q^b^ %̀WQb X W X <^ Wb @U %X W Qb X> %W U b (DW %̀UQb X W X <^ Wb @U %X U Qb X> %W W b (^
%[ U Qb AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW %[ U b (^ ;X [U
11
A hamzah that is not deleted in pronunciation when prefixed by any
letter.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
y a P W U Qb X y '^ [ P X U Qb X y 'U P
PW U Qb X y %̀UP Qb X :/P P01 P P2
. N ` WU Qb X y 'U W*W U Qb X
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 20
3'4O )*
W X <^ 1̈[>U
[ AW
X h
W X>
W ¢ " X W
` ¢
W X W X <^ 1̈[>U
[ AW
X ¢
W X>
W h "
W
[ ¢
W AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
[ ¢ "
W ;X [U X [ q^b^
` h
W X
(
a W<^) e.g. (%̀^B2W y %̀^B^ );
(
a h<U) e.g. (6 ` mU );
(a B^U 1b AW) e.g. (a W
U ?[ AW);
(
a W1b AW) e.g. (` WQb AW).
The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
[ ¢
W X> &^
[ ¢
W XU
X ¢
W X>
W h "
W
<^¢
W X> &^ <^¢
W XU 'U <^¢
W X> <^h "
W
[ <D¢
W X> &^ [ <D¢
W XU '^ [ <D¢
W X> [<Dh "
W
[ ¢
W AX &^
[ ¢
W *XU
X ¢
W AX R
[ <^h "
W
<^¢
W AX &^ <^¢
W *XU 'U <^¢
W AX W*<^h "
W
W <b ¢
W X> &^ W <b ¢
W XU W <b ¢
W X> W <b h "
W
[ ¢
W AX &^
[ ¢ "
W
X ¢
W AX R
W <b h "
W
<^¢
W AX &^ <^¢ "
W 'U <^¢
W AX WF*X<b h "
W
[<D¢
W AX &^ [ <D¢ "
W '^ [ <D¢
W AX [ *X<b h "
W
[ <U¢
W AX &^ [ <U¢ "
W W [<U¢
W AX R
U <b h "
W
<^¢
W AX &^ <^¢ "
W 'U <^¢
W AX WF*X<b h "
W
W <b ¢
W AX &^ W <b ¢ "
W W <b ¢
W AX h *X<b h "
W
[ ¢ "
W (DT &^
[ ¢ "
W qDTU
X ¢ "
W (DT R
X <b h "
W
[ ¢
W #X &^
[ ¢
W XU
X ¢
W #X W<b h "
W
Exercise 21
r
W =h "
W (5) W =h K^ (4) W +
h W (3) /^ !hK^ (2) W B2W (1)
$ )*
;X [U X [ q^b^ /a AW^)X W X <^ ¨ B^AW^)X /D AW^)X> /^ AU[ KDW /a AU^)X W X <^ ¨ B^AW^)X /D AU^)X> /^ AW^K
/b AU^)AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /b AU^K
The sign of ( B01 6) is the (s=I L) after the ( FBQ ,<)
in the ( /1) and (c . /<) without a (N)
(%F).
(
a W<U) e.g. (a W*KU);
(
a W[<U) e.g. (a W*[KU).
Exercise 22
C4B! )*
` f^ 1^ [X W X <^ ^f1U #[@U X f^ 1^ [X> W fU 1D #[(DW ` fU 1^ [X W X <^ ^f1U #[@U X fU 1^ [W> W f^ 1^ #[@U
[ fU 1^ [AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ fU 1^ #[@U ;X [U X [ q^b^
The sign of (1# 6) is the (') before the ( FBQ ,<). This
(6) is always intransitive (%&).
y sa W PUf1^ [X y '^ [ X PUf1^ [X y 'U W PUf1^ [X y ` PUf1^ [X :/P01 2
.N` W fU 1^ [X y 'U WAW fU 1^ [X
Exercise 23
W W
W #[@U (5) =W )^ W #[@U (4) d
W B^)^ #[@U (3) L
W +
W Q^ #[@U (2) W
W Q^ #[@U (1)
C4! )*
W X <^ W*U$[ @U d
X W*Wo
[ X> d
W U*X$[ (DW d` U*Wo
[ X W X <^ W*U$[ @U d X U*Wo
[ W> d
W W*W$[ @U
d
[ U*Wo
[ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW d
[ U*W$[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ d
` W*Wo
[ X
(1) The (v) is changed to (7) and the rule of (%l7@) is applied,
e.g. (W Q
^ AWvb @U) changes to (W ^ 7h @U).
(2) Sometimes the (7) is changed to (v) and then the rule of
(%l7@) is applied to the ( FBQ ,<), e.g. (W o W AW[ @U) changes to
(W $
W h @U).
Rule 2
(1) The (ª) is changed to (©) and the rule of (%l7@) is applied,
e.g. (
W B^*Wb @U) changes to (W B^j @U).
(2) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (%l7@),
e.g. (
W B^f^ b @U).
(3) The (©) is changed to (ª) and the rule of (%l7@) is applied,
e.g. (
W B^*Wb @U) changes to (W B^ @U).
change the (N) to (¤) and apply the rule of (%l7@), e.g. (W W*9b @U)
Rule 4
(N) to the same letter as the ( FBQ G0), the ( ) of the (N)
d
[ U*Wo
[ W> &^ d
[ U*Wo
[ WU d
X U*Wo
[ W> d
W W*W$[ @U
!WU*Wo
[ W> &^ !WU*Wo
[ WU 'U !WU*Wo
[ W> !WW*W$[ @U
[!XU*Wo
[ W> &^ [!XU*Wo
[ WU '^ [ !XU*Wo
[ W> [ !XW*W$[ @U
d
[ U*Wo
[ AW &^ d
[ U*Wo
[ *WU d
X U*Wo
[ AW R
[ !WW*W$[ @U
!WU*Wo
[ AW &^ !WU*Wo
[ *WU 'U !WU*Wo
[ AW W*!WW*W$[ @U
W ![U*Wo
[ W> &^ W ![U*Wo
[ WU W ![U*Wo
[ W> W ![W*W$[ @U
d
[ U*Wo
[ AW &^ d
[ U*W$[ @U d
X U*Wo
[ AW R
W ![W*W$[ @U
!WU*Wo
[ AW &^ !WU*W$[ @U 'U !WU*Wo
[ AW WF*X![W*W$[ @U
[ !XU*Wo
[ AW &^ [ !XU*W$[ @U '^ [ !XU*Wo
[ AW [ *X![W*W$[ @U
[ !UU*Wo
[ AW &^ [ !UU*W$[ @U W [!UU*Wo
[ AW R
U ![W*W$[ @U
!WU*Wo
[ AW &^ !WU*W$[ @U 'U !WU*Wo
[ AW WF*X![W*W$[ @U
W ![U*Wo
[ AW &^ W ![U*W$[ @U W ![U*Wo
[ AW h *X![W*W$[ @U
d
[ U*W$[ (^ &^ d
[ U*W$[ q^U d
X U*W$[ (^ R
X ![W*W$[ @U
d
[ U*Wo
[ #W &^ d
[ U*Wo
[ WU d
X U*Wo
[ #W W![W*W$[ @U
y a PW!U*Wo
[ X y '^ [ PX!U*Wo
[ X y 'U PW!U*Wo
[ X y d
` PU*Wo
[ X :/P01 2
.N` !WU*Wo
[ X y 'U W*!WU*Wo
[ X
Exercise 24
/^ 5W *W[ @U (5) OW FW *W2[ @U (4) %W W *W[ @U (3) /^ FW *W[ @U (2) OW FW *W$[ @U (1)
C/ ,4- V A- )*
[ U FW [ @U ¢ FW [ @U h FW [ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ WFi
[ X W X <^ WFU [ @U FW i
[ W> h FW [ @U
[ U FW i
[ AW &^ ¢ FW i [ AW &^ h FW i [ AW &^ ;X W0 X [ hW
12
The rules of (JK#) will be discussed later.
h FW i
[ W> &^ h FW i
[ WU FW i
[ W> h FW [ @U
h FW i
[ W> &^ h FW i
[ WU 'U h FW i
[ W> h FW [ @U
[ FW i
[ W> &^ [ FW i
[ WU '^ [ FW i
[ W> [ FW [ @U
h FW i
[ AW &^ h FW i
[ *WU FW i
[ AW N
[ h FW [ @U
h FW i
[ AW &^ h FW i
[ *WU 'U h FW i
[ AW WAh FW [ @U
'^ [ U FW i
[ W> &^ '^ [ U FW i
[ WU '^ [ U FW i
[ W> '^ [ W FW [ @U
h FW i
[ AW &^ h FW [ @U FW i
[ AW N
W [ W FW [ @U
h FW i
[ AW &^ h FW [ @U 'U h FW i
[ AW WFAX[ W FW [ @U
[ FW i
[ AW &^ [ FW [ @U '^ [ FW i
[ AW [ AX[ W FW [ @U
[ ¢ FW i
[ AW &^
[ ¢ FW [ @U W [>¢ FW i
[ AW N
U [ W FW [ @U
h FW i
[ AW &^ h FW [ @U 'U h FW i
[ AW WFAX[ W FW [ @U
'^ [ U FW i
[ AW &^ '^ [ U FW [ @U '^ [ U FW i
[ AW h AX[ W FW [ @U
h FW [ (^ &^ h FW [ q^U FW [ (^ N
X [ W FW [ @U
h FW i
[ #W &^ h FW i
[ WU FW i
[ #W W#[ W FW [ @U
y sa hS PWFi
[ X y '^ [ T PWFi
[ X y 'U h PWFi
[ X y PWFi
[ X :/P01 2
.N` h FW i
[ X y 'U WAh FW i
[ X
Exercise 25
¬
h W[@U (5) h 1^ "
[ @U (4) h !Wlb @U (3) h
W M[ @U (2) 7h W 2[ @U (1)
3/ b4, O. )*
;X [U X [ q^b^ /a !h)^ *WX W X <^ B̈!)^ AW /D !h)^ *WX> /^ !¢)D AXW /a !¢)^ *WX W X <^ B̈!)^ AW /D !h)^ *WW> /^ !h)^ AW
/b !h)^ *WAW &^ ;X W0 X [ hW /b !h)^ AW
The sign of (/C1A6) is the tashdīd of the ( FBQ G0) and (N)
precedes the ( FBQ ,<) in the ( /1).
Exercise 26
W BW AW (5) d
W o
h W AW (4) W BQ^ AW (3) %W =h )^ AW (2) W B
W AW (1)
3/ $R ,.O )*
/a W^)W*X W X <^ :
¨ X^)WA /D W^)*WX> /^ U[ )D AXW /a U^)W*X W X <^ :
¨ X^)WA /D W^)*WW> /^ W^)WA
/b W^)W*AW &^ ;X W0 X [ hW /b W^)WA ;X [U X [ q^b^
The sign of (/01A6) is that the (N) precedes the ( FBQ ,<)
in the ( /1) and there is an extra (L) after the ( ,<
FBQ).
Rule 1
In (/C1A
6) and (/01A 6), when two (N)’s are adjacent to
one another in the ( /<), it is permissible to delete one,
e.g.
(/
D !h)^ *WAW) (/
D !h)^ AW)
('
^ [ X pW ^4*WAW) ('
^ [ X pW ^4AW).
Rule 2
permissible to change the (N) into the ( FBQ ,<) and apply the
rule of (%l7@). In this case, the ( /1) and (() require a
Examples:
(W
h f^ AW) (W
h f^ j) (W
h j @U)
(/
^ K^^HAW) (/
^ K^^H9) (/
^ K^9@U)
Exercise 27
W "
W WAW (5) W pW ^4AW (4) r
W W ^1AW (3) /^ AW^)AW (2) ¤
^ 7W WiAW (1)
The sign of (
a W1b *U2[ @U 6) is the extra (\) and (N) before the
( FBQ ,<).
It is permissible to delete the (N) from the verb (
W ^f*W2[ @U
OX [fU *W
[ W>). The verbs ([0X ^f2[ WF<^) and (O[ fU
[ AW [ ^ W) mentioned
[
U [*W
[ W> &^ [
U [*W
[ WU X
U [*W
[ W> W
W [*W2[ @U
W
U [*W
[ W> &^ W
U [*W
[ WU 'U W
U [*W
[ W> W
W [*W2[ @U
[X
U [*W
[ W> &^ [ X
U [*W
[ WU '^ [ X
U [*W
[ W> [ X
W [*W2[ @U
[
U [*W
[ AW &^ [
U [*W
[ *WU X
U [*W
[ AW N
[ W
W [*W2[ @U
W
U [*W
[ AW &^ W
U [*W
[ *WU 'U W
U [*W
[ AW WAW
W [*W2[ @U
'^ [
U [*W
[ W> &^ '^ [
U [*W
[ WU '^ [
U [*W
[ W> '^ [
W [*W2[ @U
[
U [*W
[ AW &^ [
U [*W2[ @U X
U [*W
[ AW N
W [
W [*W2[ @U
W
U [*W
[ AW &^ ^U[*W2[ @U 'U W
U [*W
[ AW WFAX[
W [*W2[ @U
[ X
U [*W
[ AW &^ [ X
U [*W2[ @U '^ [ X
U [*W
[ AW [ AX[
W [*W2[ @U
[ U
U [*W
[ AW &^
[ U[*W2[ @U W [>U
U [*W
[ AW N
U [
W [*W2[ @U
W
U [*W
[ AW &^ ^U[*W2[ @U 'U W
U [*W
[ AW WFAX[
W [*W2[ @U
'^ [
U [*W
[ AW &^ '^ [
U [*W2[ @U '^ [
U [*W
[ AW h AX[
W [*W2[ @U
[
U [*W2[ (^ &^ [
U [*W2[ q^U X
U [*W2[ (^ N
X [
W [*W2[ @U
[
U [*W
[ #W &^ [
U [*W
[ WU X
U [*W
[ #W W#[
W [*W2[ @U
y sa W
U [*W
[ X y '^ [ X
U [*W
[ X y 'U ^U[*W
[ X y `
U [*W
[ X :/01 2
.N` ^U[*W[ X y 'U WAW
U [*W
[ X
Exercise 28
%W =W
[ *W2[ @U (5) =W W +
[ *W2[ @U (4) W B^[ *W2[ @U (3) /^ !W)b *W2[ @U (2) W
Wi
[ *W2[ @U (1)
C/ .4'2 4- V A- )*
[ U [ +
W M[ @U ; . ` U [ +
W[ X W X <^ #W+[+
U M[ @U X U [ +
W
[ W> WW [ +
W M[ @U
[ U [ +
W
[ AW &^ ;0
The sign of (
a W[U <b @U
6) is the repetition of the () and the
appearance of a () between the two ()’s. This () has changed
to a () in the (=) due to the preceding (s). This (6)
[ U [ +
W
[ W> &^ [ U [ +
W
[ WU X U [ +
W
[ W> W W [ +
W M[ @U
WU [ +
W
[ W> &^ WU [ +
W
[ WU 'U WU [ +
W
[ W> WW [ +
W M[ @U
[XU [ +
W
[ W> &^ [XU [ +
W
[ WU '^ [ XU [ +
W
[ W> [ XW [ +
W M[ @U
[ U [ +
W
[ AW &^ [ U [ +
W
[ *WU X U [ +
W
[ AW R
[ WW [ +
W M[ @U
WU [ +
W
[ AW &^ WU [ +
W
[ *WU 'U WU [ +
W
[ AW W*WW [ +
W M[ @U
h U [ +
W
[ W> &^ h U [ +
W
[ WU h U [ +
W
[ W> h W [ +
W M[ @U
[ U [ +
W
[ AW &^ [ U [ +
W M[ @U X U [ +
W
[ AW R
W [W [ +
W M[ @U
WU [ +
W
[ AW &^ ^U[ +
W M[ @U 'U WU [ +
W
[ AW WF*X[W [ +
W M[ @U
[ XU [ +
W
[ AW &^ [ XU [ +
W M[ @U '^ [ XU [ +
W
[ AW [ *X[W [ +
W M[ @U
[ UU [ +
W
[ AW &^ [ UU [ +
W M[ @U W [UU [ +
W
[ AW R
U [W [ +
W M[ @U
WU [ +
W
[ AW &^ ^U[ +
W M[ @U 'U WU [ +
W
[ AW WFAX[
W [*W2[ @U
h U [ +
W
[ AW &^ h U [ +
W M[ @U h U [ +
W
[ AW h *X[W [ +
W M[ @U
[ U [ +
W M[ (^ &^ [ U [ +
W M[ q^U X U [ +
W M[ (^ R
X [W [ +
W M[ @U
[ U [ +
W
[ #W &^ [ U [ +
W
[ WU X U [ +
W
[ #W hW [ +
W M[ @U
a WU [ +
W
[ X y '^ [ XU [ +
W
[ X y 'U WU [ +
W
[ X y ` U [ +
W
[ X :/01 2
.N` ^U[ +
W[ X y 'U W*WU [ +
W
[ X y
Exercise 29
C/ ,'2 4- V A- )*
[ U Wp7[ @U %¢ Wp7[ @U %h Wp7[ @U ; . % Wp=[ X W X <^ WF[pU 7[ @U % Wp=[ W> %h Wp7[ @U
[ U Wp=[ AW &^ %¢ Wp=[ AW &^ %h Wp=[ AW &^ ;0
The sign of (
a ^B[U <b @U
6) is the repetition of the () and the
appearance of an extra (L) before the first () in the ( /1
y 'U W*h Wp=[ X y a h Wp=[ X y '^ [ Wp=[ X y 'U h Wp=[ X y % Wp=[ X :/01 2
.N
` h Wp=[ X
Exercise 30
C/ !c4- V A- )*
&^ ;0 vb ¢ B^$[ @U ; . va ¢ B^8[ W X <^ v̈hBU$[ @U vD ¢ B^o
[ W> v^ h B^$[ @U
vb ¢ B^o
[ AW
The sign of (
a hU <b @U 6) is the (C ) after the ( FBQ G0).
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
vb ¢ B^o
[ W> &^ vb ¢ B^o
[ WU vD ¢ B^o
[ W> v^ h B^$[ @U
v^ ¢ B^o
[ W> &^ v^ ¢ B^o
[ WU 'U v^ ¢ B^o
[ W> v^ h B^$[ @U
[vD ¢ B^o
[ W> &^ [ vD ¢ B^o
[ WU '^ [ vD ¢ B^o
[ W> [ vD h B^$[ @U
vb ¢ B^o
[ AW &^ vb ¢ B^o
[ *WU vD ¢ B^o
[ AW N
[ v^ h B^$[ @U
v^ ¢ B^o
[ AW &^ v^ ¢ B^o
[ *WU 'U v^ ¢ B^o
[ AW WAv^ h B^$[ @U
'^ vb ¢ B^o
[ W> &^ '^ vb ¢ B^o
[ WU '^ vb ¢ B^o
[ W> '^ vb h B^$[ @U
vb ¢ B^o
[ AW &^ vb ¢ B^$[ @U vD ¢ B^o
[ AW N
W vb h B^$[ @U
v^ ¢ B^o
[ AW &^ ^v¢B^$[ @U 'U v^ ¢ B^o
[ AW WFAXvb h B^$[ @U
[vD ¢ B^o
[ AW &^ [ vD ¢ B^$[ @U '^ [ vDT ¢ B^o
[ AW [ AXvb h B^$[ @U
[ vU ¢ B^o
[ AW &^
[ vU ¢ B^$[ @U W [>vU ¢ B^o
[ AW N
U vb h B^$[ @U
v^ ¢ B^o
[ AW &^ ^v¢B^$[ @U 'U v^ ¢ B^o
[ AW WFAXvb h B^$[ @U
'^ vb ¢ B^o
[ AW &^ '^ vb ¢ B^$[ @U '^ vb ¢ B^o
[ AW h AXvb h B^$[ @U
vb ¢ B^$[ (^ &^ vb ¢ B^$[ q^U vD ¢ B^$[ (^ N
X vb h B^$[ @U
vb ¢ B^o
[ #W &^ vb ¢ B^o
[ WU vD ¢ B^o
[ #W W#vb h B^$[ @U
Exercise 31
©
^ h W M[ @U (1)
©
^ h B^0[ @U (2)
/ , , 42 , )* e F 6$*
; . ` H^[ !WX W X <^ s̈WH^[ W X H^[ !WX> W HU[ X W ` HU[ !WX W X <^ s̈WH^[ W X HU[ !WX> W H^[ W
[ HU[ !WAX &^ ;0 [ HU[ W
The rule for the ( ) of the ( :0) is that if the ( /1
) has four letters, whether root letters or extra letters, the
( :0) will be (%F) even in the active tense
to gargle, (
W *WF[ AW) – to stammer.
(3) composite roots taken from a familiar phrase or combination
of roots, e.g. (
^ =W F[ W ) – to say Al-hamdulillāh, (/^ FW
[ W) – to say
Bismillāh.
y 'U WAW HU[ !WX y sa W HU[ !WX y '^ [ X HU[ !WX y 'U W HU[ !WX y ` HU[ !WX :/01 2
.N` ^UH[ !WX
Exercise 32
e
W W [ 7W (1)
W Q^ [ 0W (2)
W W M[ W (3)
\
W =W [pW (4)
W f^ [K^ (5)
(B) What is the ( 5") of the following words:
e
[ U [ =W AX &^ (1)
` Q^ [ W X (2)
[ U =U [ =W AX &^ (3)
b ?U bW (4)
\
` =U [W X (5)
'^ [ X fU [)^ X> (6)
[ *X[ K^[ <^ (7)
[BD U Bb MW (8)
a <^U <b W X (9)
W <b U M[ ?W AX &^ (10)
The sign of (/
a BD[ 1^ AW 6) is the extra (N) before the four root
letters.
/b W[
W *WW> &^ /b W[
W *WWU /D W[
W *WW> /^ W[
W AW
:
^ W[
W *WW> &^ :
^ W[
W *WWU 'U :
^ W[
W *WW> :
^ W[
W AW
[BDW[
W *WW> &^ [BDW[
W *WWU '^ [ BDW[
W *WW> [ BDW[
W AW
/b W[
W *WAW &^ /b W[
W *W*WU /D W[
W *WAW R
[ B^W[
W AW
:
^ W[
W *WAW &^ :
^ W[
W *W*WU 'U :
^ W[
W *WAW W*B^W[
W AW
W Bb W[
W *WW> &^ W Bb W[
W *WWU W Bb W[
W *WW> W Bb W[
W AW
/b W[
W *WAW &^ /b W[
W AW /D W[
W *WAW R
W Bb W[
W AW
:
^ W[
W *WAW &^ :
^ W[
W AW 'U :
^ W[
W *WAW WF*XBb W[
W AW
[ BDTW[
W *WAW &^ [ BDW[
W AW '^ [ BDTW[
W *WAW [ *XBb W[
W AW
[ BUW[
W *WAW &^ [ BUW[
W AW W [BUW[
W *WAW R
U Bb W[
W AW
:
^ W[
W *WAW &^ :
^ W[
W AW 'U :
^ W[
W *WAW WF*XBb W[
W AW
W Bb W[
W *WAW &^ W Bb W[
W AW W Bb W[
W *WAW h *XBb W[
W AW
/b W[
W AW(^ &^ /b W[
W AWq^U /DT W[
W AW(^ R
X Bb W[
W AW
/b W[
W *W#W &^ /b W[
W *WWU /D W[
W *W#W WBb W[
W AW
y a B^U[
W *WX y '^ [ BDU[
W *WX y 'U :
^ U[
W *WX y /a U[
W *WX :/01 2
.N
` : ^ U[
W *WX y 'U W*B^U[
W *WX
Exercise 33
W B^
[ FW AW (5) W *W
[ !WAW (4) r
W =W #[?W AW (3) /^ W[
W AW (2) d
W pW mb FW AW (1)
C/ d4- V A- )*
[ U [ +
W Kb @U ¢ U +
W Kb @U h U +
W Kb @U ; . U + W )b X W X <^ W[ +
U Kb @U U +
W )b W> h W +
W Kb @U
[ U [ +
W )b AW &^ ¢ U +
W )b AW &^ h U +
W )b AW &^ ;0
The sign of (
a BU <b @U
6) is having four root letters, the repetition
of the second () and the inclusion of (/" s?) in the ( /1
h U +
W )b W> &^ h U +
W )b WU U +
W )b W> h W +
W Kb @U
hU +
W )b W> &^ hU +
W )b WU 'U hU +
W )b W> hW +
W Kb @U
[ U +
W )b W> &^ [ U +
W )b WU '^ [ U +
W )b W> [ W +
W Kb @U
h U +
W )b AW &^ h U +
W )b *WU U +
W )b AW N
[ h W +
W Kb @U
h U +
W )b AW &^ h U +
W )b *WU 'U h U +
W )b AW WAh W +
W Kb @U
'^ [ U [ +
W )b W> &^ '^ [ U [ +
W )b WU '^ [ U [ +
W )b W> '^ [ W W +
W Kb @U
h U +
W )b AW &^ h U +
W Kb @U U +
W )b AW N
W [ W W +
W Kb @U
h U +
W )b AW &^ h U +
W Kb @U 'U h U +
W )b AW WFAX[ W W +
W Kb @U
[ U +
W )b AW &^ [ U +
W Kb @U '^ [ U +
W )b AW [ AX[ W W +
W Kb @U
[ ¢ U +
W )b AW &^
[ ¢ U +
W Kb @U W [>¢ U +
W )b AW N
U [ W W +
W Kb @U
h U +
W )b AW &^ h U +
W Kb @U 'U h U +
W )b AW WFAX[ W W +
W Kb @U
'^ [ U [ +
W )b AW &^ '^ [ U [ +
W Kb @U '^ [ U [ +
W )b AW h AX[ W W +
W Kb @U
h U +
W Kb (^ &^ h U +
W Kb q^U U +
W Kb (^ N
X [ W W +
W Kb @U
h U +
W )b #W &^ h U +
W )b WU U +
W )b #W W#[ W W +
W Kb @U
'U WAh U +
W )b X y sa h U +
W )b X y '^ [ U +
W )b X y 'U h U +
W )b X y U +
W )b X :/01 2
.N
` h U +
W )b X y
Exercise 34
C/ ,K2 4- V A- )*
;0 g[ +
U #[W [@U ; . g̀U+#[W ![X W X <^ K̈W+#[U [@U gX +
U #[W ![W> gW +
W #[W [@U
g[ +
U #[W ![AW &^
The sign of (
a ^B[U <b @U
6) is the inclusion of (/" s?) in the
( /1) and (() and the extra (') after the ().
g[ +
U #[W ![W> &^ g[ +
U #[W ![WU gX +
U #[W ![W> gW +
W #[W [@U
^)+
U #[W ![W> &^ ^)+
U #[W ![WU 'U )^ +
U #[W ![W> )^ +
W #[W [@U
[)D +
U #[W ![W> &^ [ )D +
U #[W ![WU '^ [ )D +
U #[W ![W> [ )^T +
W #[W [@U
g[ +
U #[W ![AW &^ g[ +
U #[W ![*WU gX +
U #[W ![AW R
[ )^ +
W #[W [@U
)^ +
U #[W ![AW &^ )^ +
U #[W ![*WU 'U )^ +
U #[W ![AW W*)^ +
W #[W [@U
W )b +
U #[W ![W> &^ W )b +
U #[W ![WU W )b +
U #[W ![W> W )b +
W #[W [@U
g[ +
U #[W ![AW &^ g[ +
U #[W [@U gX +
U #[W ![AW R
W )b +
W #[W [@U
)^ +
U #[W ![AW &^ )^ +
U #[W [@U 'U )^ +
U #[W ![AW WF*X)b +
W #[W [@U
[ )D +
U #[W ![AW &^ [ )D +
U #[W [@U '^ [ )D +
U #[W ![AW [ *X)b +
W #[W [@U
[ )U +
U #[W ![AW &^ [ )U +
U #[W [@U W [)U +
U #[W ![AW R
U )b +
W #[W [@U
)^ +
U #[W ![AW &^ )^ +
U #[W [@U 'U )^ +
U #[W ![AW WF*X)b +
W #[W [@U
W )b +
U #[W ![AW &^ W )b +
U #[W [@U W )b +
U #[W ![AW h *X)b +
W #[W [@U
g[ +
U #[W [(^ &^ g[ +
U #[W [q^U gX +
U #[W [(^ R
X )b +
W #[W [@U
g[ +
U #[W ![#W &^ g[ +
U #[W ![WU gX +
U #[W ![#W W)b +
W #[W [@U
y a )^ +
U #[W ![X y '^ [ )D +
U #[W ![X y 'U )^ +
U #[W ![X y g̀U+#[W ![X :/01 2
.N` )^ +
U #[W ![X y 'U W*)^ +
U #[W ![X
Exercise 35
W f^ #[W M[ @U (1)
_
W =W [B^[@U (2)
W Q^ #[W 0[ @U (3)
]W f^ [B^2[ @U (4)
/^ W #[W [ @U (5)
The first category (78 0 giB) has seven (6():
(1) (/ e,, 42 , ) – the () is repeated, e.g. (a PW!!WBb $
W ) – to don a
shawl.
d
[ !UBb $W ; . d
` !UBb o
W X W X <^ ¨ !W!WbB$W d
X !UBb o
W X> d
W !WBb $W : ;X 1D [>U
[ AW
d
[ !UBb o W AX &^ ;0
b U [ 2W ; . a U [
W X W X <^ ¨ ^W [ 2W D U [
W X> ^ W [ 2W : ;X 1D [>U
[ AW
b U [
W AX &^ ;0
(sa W f
^ ["
W ) – to command. This word can be used as (W f^ [2W ) as well.
[ fU ["
W ; . ` fU [
W X W X <^ s̈W f^ ["
W X fU [
W X> W f^ ["
W : ;X 1D [>U
[ AW
[ fU [
W AX &^ ;0
(4) (/ , '.42 , ) – there is an extra () after the (), e.g.
(a 1^ W>[
W ) – to trim the extra leaves of a plant.
L
[ U>[ W ; . L
` U>[ +
W X W X <^ ¨ 1^ W>[ W L
X U>[ +
W X> L
W W>[ W : ;X 1D [>U
[ AW
L
[ U>[ + W AX &^ ;0
(5) (/ , $
. 2 , )– there is an extra () after the (
), e.g.
(a WW
[ $W ) – to make someone don socks.
6
[ U [ $W ; . 6
` U [ o
W X W X <^ ¨ WW [ $W 6
X U[ o
W X> 6
W W [ $W : ;X 1D [>U
[ AW
6
[ U [ o
W AX &^ ;0
(6) (/ , K.42 , )– there is an extra (') after the (), e.g. (a
W WBb K^) – to
make someone don a hat.
[ UBb K^ ; .
` UBb )^ X W X <^ ¨
W WbBK^
X UBb )^ X>
W WBb K^ : ;X 1D [>U
[ AW
[ UBb )^ AX &^ ;0
(7) (/ ,42 , )– there is an extra () after the (), e.g. (sa WBb K^ ) – to
(
XU Bb )^ X>). (s̈WBb K^) was originally (¨ W
W Bb K^). These changes will be
discussed later.
(1) (3
/ N 42 .O) – the extra letters are (N) before the (
) and the ()
is repeated, e.g. (d
` !XBb o
W AW) – to don a shawl.
(2) (C
/ R 42 .O) – the extra letters are (N) before the (
) and the ()
between the () and the (), e.g. (
a X [
W AW) – to don a trouser.
(3) (3
/ 4R '2 , O.) – the extra letters are (N) before the (
) and a ()
(4) (3
/ $R 2 , O.) – the extra letters are (N) before the (
) and a ()
after the (
), e.g. (6
` X [ o
W AW) – to don socks.
(5) (3
/ KR42 , O.) – the extra letters are (N) before the (
) and a (')
after the (), e.g. (
` XBb )^ AW) – to don a trouser.
(6) (3
/ 4R V . O.) – the extra letters are a (N) and a (%) before the (
),
e.g. (
` QD
[ FW AW) – to be poor.
(7) (I
0 N 42 , O.) – the extra letters are a (N) before the (
) and a
(N) after the (), e.g. (N
` X 1b W AW) – to behave like a devil.
(8) (3
h 42 , O.) – the extra letters are a (N) before the (
) and a ()
after the (), e.g. (
¡ Bb )^ AW) – to don a hat.
(/
^ W[
W AW), while the last one, namely, (/¡ [ 1^ AW) is like ([
U Bb )^ X> Bb K^).
; .
`
U [W )b X W X <^ 2W[U Kb @U
X
U [W )b W>
W W [W Kb @U : ;X 1D [>U
[ AW
[ U [W )b AW &^ ;0 [ U [W Kb @U
(2) ("i ,K2 4- V A-) – The () after the (), the (') after the () and the
(/" s?) are extra, e.g. (, ^)[BU2[ @U) – to lie on one’s back.
In all the word-forms of this (6), (%l7@) has been applied and
Exercise 36
13
The ( B0
) are (), (L) and ().
( B
).
2) If there is a ( PB
) in the ( PFBQ ,P<), it is called
(^1b /¦ *W[ X ) or (H), eg (=W 0W W ).
3) If there is a ( PB
) in the ( PFBQ GP0), it is called
([W b /
¦ *W[ X ) or (
$(), e.g. (^ ^K).
4) If there is a ( PB
P) in the ( PFBQ %&), it is called
(%U B /
¦ *W[ X ) or (JK#), e.g. (W07W ).
(W07W ).
eg ((^W K^ ).
18) If the ( ) and the first () and the () and the second
(
^ ?W bW ).
Exercise 37
X [ o X W> (1)
W UW (2)
h <^ (3)
%W =W [ 7W (4)
Wj^ (5)
X [>=U W> (6)
m^ MW (^ (7)
%W U W (8)
W FX W> (9)
W
U2W (10)
W W (^ becomes W W
W U bD becomes W U [ D
#WbU becomes #WF[>U .
nnnnn
Rule 3
(3.1) It is permissible to change a (s?P) that is (_P*1)
Rule 4
(4.1) If two (s?P
P)’s are (ZPPi*) and one of them is
(PQ), then it is permissible to change the second (s?P)
into a ().
Example
Examples
i) %X 7U (^(^ will be read as %X 7U W^
ii) /D ¢ (^(D will be read as /D ¢ W (D
Rule 5
If a (s?P) comes after the () or () that are s=P and
s=I or if a (s?P) comes after the () of (5PA P2), it is
permissible to change the (s?P PP) into the letter that
precedes it and then (%PPl7@) (incorporation of one letter
into another) is made.
The word (
`
UP[<^(D) is the (5PA P2) of (\
` X Pb<(^) which is
the (O}) of (\
` qb <^) - meaning axe.
nnnnn
Rule 6
If there occurs a (s?P) after the (LP) of /P01 and before
changes to (L).
Example
The word (W>^fM
W ) is the plural of (a
^[fU MW ).
The word (PW>^fM
W ) was originally (a U>P^fMW ). The () which
comes after the (LP
P) of (OP
P}) as the second last letter,
changes into a (s?P
P).14 It becomes (, ,U P
Pf^ MW ). Now we
14
This refers to rule no. 18 which you will read under the rules of /* .
Step by Step
Rule 7
If a (s?P) is (ZPi*) and it comes after a (P2) that is
(/
D
W W>).
2) In the words ]
W P^B<b (^ =[ K^ the ( P) of the (s?P) is given to
the (7) and the (s?) is then deleted. It becomes
(]
W B^<b =W K^ ).
3) In the words {X PWM(^ [ PU[ W> the ( P) of the (s?P) is
transferred to the () and the (s?P P) is then deleted. It
becomes ({X WM
W U [ W>).
nnnnn
Rule 8
The rule of (/
D
^PP[W>) is compulsorily applied to all the
(P<() (verbs) of (¯W PW>) and (¯W PX>) (
P P
8).
Example
In (
X (^[ W>) the (
Pi*<) of the (s?P) is given to the () and the
(s?) is deleted. It becomes (¯W W>).
NOTE:
It is permissible to apply this rule to the (N)*P
P+ ,P-)
(derived nouns) too.
The (F =) can be read as (
[ W ) or (
W).
The ( 2) can be read as (sa [U ) or (sa W U ).
The ( Pi*<) of the (s?P) of (sa ^([ PU) is given to the () and
Rule 9
If a (ZPi* s?P) is preceded by a (ZPi*) letter, then
both (dP >K GPP GP
P) and (=P P GPP GP
P) are both
permissible.
9.1 (dP>K G G) is to read the (s?P) between its (eP|)
and the (e|) of the ( B
) corresponding to its
(hamza’s) .
Examples
When (G G) is made on the word (^ q^2W ), then in both
(d>K G G) and (=P) the (eP|) will be that of (s?P)
and (L).
In the word (
W
UPW2) if (dP>K GP GP) is made, then the
(L).
Examples
[1] In the word (,S hKD ), the (s?) is (_*1). Therefore the
(s?) will be read between the (e|) of the (s?) and the
(L).
[3] If (,U hKD ) is read with a (s), the (s?) will be read
Rule 10
(=).
Exercise 38
madd over the initial alif, e.g. (` U ) for (` U ^().
(c) The hamzah tends to be written over the semi-
consonant ( PPB
PP) corresponding to the vowel
15
the correct spelling
([ PPX
[ (D) are correct to use. If the verb is used at the
beginning of the sentence, it is more eloquent to delete the
(\
` (bW ) has been applied. The same rule applies to the
(1 2) and (
4 2).
Exercise 39
(6
W 7W (^)?
(c) What is the paradigm of the (
PP PP() of
(W W (^)?
(/
^S ^ (^)?
(e) How has the word (X 2
U W(^) changed from its original?
Exercise 40
(
W U (^)?
(c) What is the paradigm of the (8 () of (;W ^(^)?
(d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of ( W U (^)?
(e) How has the word ([X
U [>@U) changed from its original?
(1) Conjugate all the verbs of (;P< =P>? P9:9 6() like
the conjugations of (m
^ MW (^) and (W FW *W[>@U).
Exercise 41
(
W U (^)?
(c) What is the paradigm of the (8 () of (;W ^(^)?
(d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of ( W U (^)?
(e) How has the word ([X
U [>@U) changed from its original?
(]*< 6), (
X
^
[ W> W
U2W ) is from (O- 6), (%X ~X PbBW> %W ~X P^) is from
(% 6).
(/
D
^P
[ W>), the (/P
P" s?P
P) is deleted. Therefore ([ P IU[ @U)
becomes ([ U ), (/
b
^P
P[2@U) becomes (/b P
PW2), (W
^P
P[2(U) becomes
(
[ 2W ) and ([
Db(D) becomes ([ D).
The conjugation of the imperative second person ( PP(
) form is as follows:
'^ [ U WU
[ U U [X U WU [ U
W Bb 2W ^B2W [ BU2W [BD2W ^B2W /b 2W
W F[ 2W WF2W [ FU 2W [ FX 2W WF2W [ 2W
W F[ D WFD [ FU D [FX D WFD [ D
(,S U KD).
Exercise 42
Example
The word =
X 0U [ W> becomes =X U W> .
Every () that comes between the
Example
The word d
X pW [ W> becomes d
X W W>.
Note:
Every (¯ P
PH) on the scale of (6P
P) follows this
rule.
nnnnn
16
N:0 are the following letters ' N L
17
The )B
are the following letters: x z _ { ,
Rule 2
If a (=) is on the scale of (/
a [ <U) and its ( FBQ ,<) is a
(), that () is deleted and the ( FB ) is given a
(s). A (s) is then added at the end of the word.
=` 0[ W =` 0[ =` 0U sa =W 0U
Note:
If the (P) has a ( Pi*<) on its ( PFB ), for example
in the word (O
X
W W>), the ( PFBQ ,P<) of the (=P) can also
be given a ( i*<).
Rule 3
(3.1) If a (2 ) is not (7C=+) and is preceded by a
Example
The word 7̀W0
[ U changes to 7̀W[U .
Exception
The word (` hPBU$
[ @U) will remain unchanged, because the ()
is l= (7C=+).
(l=).
into a ().
into a ().
Example
The plural of (6
` Wi
[ U ) is (6
X UWiW ). This changes to
(d
X [>U WiW ) because the (L) is preceded by a (s).
nnnnn
Rule 4
FBQ ,<) of (*< 6) is a (B"( ) or
If the (
(B"( ), the () or () will change into a (N) and
nnnnn
Rule 5
Examples
({`
[ PX$X – plural of ;` P[$W ) changes to ({`
[ PX$D). (This is an
example of an 2).
(R
[ *WPKX – the [ ] of R
` KA) changes to
(R
[ *WPKD). (This is an example of a /<).
(5.2) If (P
PQ ) appears at the beginning of a word, it
is permissible to change it to a (s?).
Example
(_
` WU – swordbelt) can be read as (_
` W@U).
Example
(`
X 7[ ^) can be read as (` X 7[ ^).
Examples
(=
` W W - one) can be read as (=` W ^).
(sa W#
W – a lazy woman) can be read as (sa W#^).
nnnnn
Rule 6
When two (ZP
Pi* ) come together at the beginning of
Rule 7
(7.1) If () or () (ZPi*) is preceded by a Pi*<, the ()
or () is changed into an (L).
Examples
Example of a (Zi* ) in the middle of a (/<):
(
^ W K^) changes to (^ ^K).
Example of a (Zi* ) in the middle of a (/<):
(O
W WW) changes to (
W W).
Example of a (Zi*) at the end of a (/<):
(
W 0W 7W ) changes to (W07W ).
Example of a (Zi* ) at the end of a (/<):
(
W W W ) changes to (WW ).
(6
` W W) changes to (6
` W).
Example of a (Zi* ) in an (2):
(d
` W#W) changes to (6
` W#).
=W 0W W <^ - the () is in the place of the ( FBQ ,<) and the
(
) is a (Lf0
). It will also not apply to (< W AW)
because the () is in the place of the ( PFBQ ,P<) of ( 6P
/1A).
It will also not apply to W h WAW - () is in the place of the
( FBQ ,<) of (/1A 6).
PB
P). Therefore this law will not apply to the word
(¯WP^j) . Here () is in the place of the ( PFB ). The
[3] The () or () must not come before the (LP
P) of
( PPPHPA). Therefore this law will not apply to the word
(WPW07W ), since there is a () before the (LP) of ( PPHPA)
and in the word (P PWW), since there is a () before the
(L) of ( PHPA).
word (a PWWl
^ ), the () is before an (LP
P) which is not a
(B"
).
Objection
In the words ([0
W 7W ), ('^ [ PW+
[ W>), ('^ [ PW+
[ AW) and (W [PW+
[ AW), the
() and () were not supposed to be changed to (LP
P)
because they came before a ({=PI {C=P), but yet this rule
has been applied.
Answer
The () in these words is a separate word and it is the
the () or () changes to (L) and then falls off due to
(G2 F*$@).
'^ [ X+
W
[ W> ('^ [ BDW 1b W>) '^ [ W+
[ W> '^ [ +
W
[ W>
'^ [ X+
W
[ AW ('^ [ BDW 1b AW) '^ [ W+
[ AW '^ [ +
W
[ AW
W [U+
W
[ AW (W [BUW 1b AW) W [>W+
[ AW W [+
W
[ AW
('
a WW 7W ) – ('a ^BW <^) – example of (). [meaning – rotation]
('
a ^BW2W ) – ('a ^BW <^) example of (). [meaning – flowing]
(¯W
W PW") – (P^BW <^) example of (). [meaning – name of a
spring of water]
(¯=
WPPWW ) – (P
P^BW <^) example of (). [meaning – to walk
arrogantly – from =° 7]
and (a P^W W ) – (a P^BW <^) example of (). [meaning – weaver –
plural of
` IUW]
Examples
becomes (
W [
W [ AW).
Examples
1. The word (N
[ W PW07W ) changes to (N
[ PW07W ). Now we have an
(LP) before (wP#A N) of (P /P<). Therefore it is
deleted. It becomes (R
[ 0W 7W ).
(
W bW P^K) changes to (W bP^K). The (LP) is now deleted because
it is followed by a (P2). It becomes (
W PbBK^). The (r) is
now given a ( FPP) because it is (
PP$). It
becomes (
W Bb KD). The word (W Bb KD) is from the (6) of (#).
W bX j^ W b^j W Bb j^ W Bb jD
The word (
W Bb jD ) is from the (6) of (%X).
In the word (
W [ WPW), the (ZPi* ) is preceded by a ( Pi*<).
Therefore the () changes to (LP
P). It becomes (W 0[ P
PW).
nnnnn
Rule 8
Example
¯>).
Examples
case of ( F) and (s), the () or () will be deleted.
In the word (
b [ PD)W> [ ^) because of (GP2 PF*$@) the ()
In the word (O
[ P[!UW>[ P^), the () is followed by a (P2),
therefore the () is deleted. It becomes (O [ !UW> [ ^).
Examples
(
b W )b X> [ ^) changes to (b P^)X> [ P^). After the (LP) is deleted,
it becomes (/
b )^ X> [ ^).
(O
[ WP[!X>
[ ^) changes to ( [ PW!X> [ P^). After the (LP) is deleted,
it becomes (O [ !WX> [ ^).
Important
Page 181
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
The words (
a W)b U ), (a Wi
[ AU) and (?` [PPUF[ AW) remain unchanged
because of the fourth condition - ({=I {= /!K).
(
a [ [ PD)W ). Due to (GP2 PF*$@), the first () is deleted.
It becomes ( a [ )D W ).
Exception
Rule 9
changes to ().
Example 1
^ U KD ^ [ KU /^ [KU.
Example 2
Example 1
In the word (O
W P UX) the (6) is made (P
P2). It becomes
(O
W U[). Now the ( ) of the () is transferred to the
(W U*[ PP M
[ (D). P )
The ( of the () is transferred to the
Examples
^ U KD ^ [ KD
OW UX OW [X W [ X
W U*XM[ (D W [*XM[ (D W [ *XM[ (D
7W U )D #[(D 7W [ )D #[(D
(9.4) It is also permissible to pronounce these words with
(9.5) In (
$(), if the ( FB ) is (_*1) in
(
), after the () is deleted in the
( 5") of (dPIl w#~ O}) until the end (i.e. OP} PHA
R
X bU KD R
X bU Kb R
X b[ KU R
X Bb [KU
R
X Bb KD
Note that the forms of ( P) and (P8) are now the
(
) R
X bW K^ R
X Bb KD
( ) R
X bU KD R
X Bb KD
(
) R
X [ WW R
X [ U
( ) R
X [ UX R
X [ U
(
) R
X <b U MW R
X 1b MU
( ) R
X <b U MX R
X 1b MU
Note:
In the (P8) of (1*P2( 6P), the transferring of the
Rule 10
(10.1) If the ( PPFBQ %&) of the following word form’s
( 5P") is () or (), it becomes (P2) if it is preceded
1. /D W 1b W>
2. /D W 1b AW
3. /D W <b (^
4. /D W 1b #W
Examples
(
X 0X =[ W>) becomes ([ 0X =[ W>) – example of ( JK#)
(
X U [ W>) becomes ([ U [ W>) – example of (I> JK#)
(
X+W
[ W>) becomes (W+
[ W>) – example of (I> JK#)
(
XW [ W>) becomes (W[ W>) – example of ( JK#)
Example of ()
In the word '^ [ X 0X =[ PW> (dPIl mP OP}), before the ()
there is a ( FP P) and after the () there is another ().
Therefore, the first () is made (P2) and the second one
Example of ()
Therefore the first () becomes (P P2) and the second
() falls off. It becomes ( W [U [ AW).
In the word (
W [>U 0X =[ PWA) the () is preceded by a (
FP) and
followed by a (), therefore the preceding letter () is
becomes ( W [>[ 0U =[ PWA). Due to the preceding (sP), the ()
changes into a (). Now due to (GP2 PF*$@) the ()
Example
('
^ [ P[X [ W>). Due to the preceding ( FP), the () changes to
(). It becomes (' ^ [ [ PX[ W>). Now due to (GP2 PF*$@),
the () is deleted. It becomes (' ^ [ X [ W>).
Further Examples
Step by Step
Exercise 43
Rule 11
If a () appears in the place of the ( PPFBQ %&) after a
(). It becomes (
W 0U 7X ).
W 0U 7X W 0U 7X
W0U 7X W0U 7X
'U W 0U W7 'U W0U W7
sa W 0U W7 a W0U W7
Rule 12
Example
In the word W X #W , which is (dPIl mP =) of ( 6P
%W X P^) from the masdar (sa W PW#W), meaning intellect, the () is
in the place of the ( PFBQ %&), preceded by a ( FP). The
( ) changes into a ( ). It becomes ( W X #W).
nnnnn
Rule 13
Examples
originally W"
U.
Examples
1. The word Y
` WPU (the OP} of the word Y ` [ PW) changes
to Y
` PWU . This is an example of a (OP}) in which the () is
(2).
Rule 14
(14.1) If a () or () which are are not changed from any
other letter, come together in one word, which is not
(0P gPiB) (on the scale of e
W W P[7W ) and the first of the
two, namely the () or () is (P2), then the () changes
Examples
1. In the word 7̀U[PW2 , () and () come together, and the
2. In the word (
` [ P
PX[ W ), () and () come together, and
the first of the two i.e. the () is (P2). Therefore the ()
3. In the word (
` [ PXX ), (which is the =P of PWW
[ PUF[ W>), the () and () come together, and the first of the
two i.e. the () is (P2). Therefore the () changes into a
not apply.
Another example where this rule will not apply is the word
('
a W [
W ). No change occurs because it is (0 giB).
Example
(1)
U W
[ @U – the () will not change into a ().
(2)
U U PWFW b
U P[>U W [ PUIW - the () of the word ([ PUIW) and
the () of the word (U P[>U W ) are in different words and will
therefore remain unchanged.
nnnnn
Rule 15
Example
The word (
` [ PD7X ) - (OP} of ` Pb7W ) is on the scale of (a [ PX<D).
Therefore, according to the above rule, both the ()’s are
Rule 16
(16.1) If there is a () in the ( P FBQ %&) of an (P
P2)
preceded by a ( FP
P), the ( FP
P) will be changed into a
(sP
P) and the () into a (). The () is then made
Example
In the word (
` PD7[ (^) - (OP} of ` Pb7W ), the () is on the ( %&
PFBQ) of an (P2) preceded by a ( FP). Therefore the
( FP) will be changed into a (sP) becoming ( ` PU7[ (^).
Then the () changes into a (), thereby becoming ( ` PU7[ (^),
which can also be written as ( [ XPPU7[ (^). After () is made
(P2), due to (GP2 PF*$@), the () is deleted. It
becomes (
[ U7[ (^) which can also be written as (¡ 7[ (^).
Step by Step Example
Example
The word (
` PPP¦BW AW) undergoes the following changes,
eventually becoming (/́WAW).
Example
The word (
` !Xb (^) - (O} of ` P[!^ ) changes to (` PU!b (^) , which
can also be written as ( [ XPU!b (^). The () is made (P2) so
it becomes ([ [PU!b (^). Due to (GP2 PF*$@), the () is
deleted. It becomes ( [ !UPPb(^), which can also be written as
(d
¡ b (^).
Step by Step Example
Rule 17
(17.1) If a () or () comes in the place of the ( PFB ) of
a word which is (/P0< P2), the () or () changes into a
(,), on condition that change took places in the (/<).
Examples
1. The word (
a U P^K) changes to (/a PUI^K). (Changes took place
in its /< from
^ W K^ to ^ ^K).
2. The word (ÒU>PW) changes to (ÒUIPW). (Changes took place
Exception
In the word (
[ U h) the () will not change into a (s?) because no
change took place in the /< (
[ U [ W> ¯WW ).
nnnnn
Rule 18
If a ( =I ) or (=I ) or (=I L) appears after the (LP) of
(/
D 0U ^1W ), it changes into a (s?).
Examples
1. The word (X
U PWo0W ) changes to (?X IUPWo0W ) - (OP} of the
word `
[oX 0W ). This is an example of ().
2. The word (
X U WPW) changes to (L
X IUWPW) - (OP} of the
word a 1^ [>U
W ). This is an example of ().
3. The word (
D UW2W ) changes to (/D IUPW2W ) - (OP} of the word
a ^W2U ). This is an example of (=I L).
Exception
The (OP}) of the word (a !W[ PUX ) is (d
X IUPWW ). Although the
() is original, it changed into (s?P). This is an exception
to the rule.
nnnnn
Rule 19
If a () or () comes at the end of a word after (=PI LP),
they change into a (s?P). This rule applies to all kinds of
Examples of =
Examples of O}
Rule 20
Examples
1. The word ('
U W0W =[ PX>) was originally ('U W0W =[ PX>). The () is
in the fourth position of the (/P
P<), thus it changes into a
().
2. The word (R
X P[B^0[ (^) was originally (N
X [ P^B0[ (^). The () is in
the 4th position of the (/<), thus it changes into a ().
3. The word (R
X [B^[ *WP[2@U) was originally (N
X [ B^[ *WP[2@U). The ()
is in the sixth position of the (/P<), thus it changes into a
().
(
0U W=PW). The rule of (=` ¢PW2) (Rule number 14, example 2)
is not applicable here because the () has changed from
Rule 21
(21.1) The (LP) that comes after a ( FP) changes into a
().
Examples
1. The word (6
W U [ PPX) was originally (6
W U PPX) - (the
[8 ] of 6 X U PWX> 6WPW). The (LP) is preceded
by a ( F), thus it changes into a ().
( ).
Example
The word dX PP[>U WiW (plural of 6 ` WPP[iU ) was originally
6
X UP
PiW W . The (LP P) is preceded by a (sP P), thus it
changes into a (). It becomes (d X [>U WiW ) .
nnnnn
Rule 22
If there is an (=I
LP) before the (LP) of ( PPHPA) or
(µ2 w#~ O}), it changes into a ().
Example
ii. The (O}) of (^B![ X ) is (N ` WB^![X ). Here also the the (L)
of (^B![
X ) is changed into ().
nnnnn
Rule 23
If () appears as the ( P FB ) of either a plural on the
scale of (/
a P[<D) or it appears in the feminine adjective on the
scale of (^B[ <D), the preceding letter is given a (s).
Examples
1. The word (¬
` [PPU) (plural of ,T PPW[W ¬
X WPP[(^) was
and
originally ¬
` [PPX. The () appears as the ( P
PFB ) of
(/
a PP[<D), thus the preceding letter is made (P PQ). It
becomes (¬
` [U).
2. The word (P
PQ^ [U – meaning ‘to walk arrogantly’) was
originally (P^Q[
X ). The () appears as the ( PFB ) of the
feminine (P
PP^B[ <D), thus the preceding letter is made
(Q). It becomes (^Q[
U ).
Note:
This rule is like an exception to Rule 3 where the ()
!W[jD W[ jD
W [D 2W [ D
nnnnn
Rule 24
If a (=P) comes on the scale of (a P^
[ BD[ <^) and the ( PFB
) is a (), the () will change into a ().
Example
The word ( a #W[ X[^ ) was originally (a #W[ #X[ ^ ), the ( PFB ) is a (),
thus it changes into a () thereby becoming (a #W [ X[^ ).
nnnnn
Rule 25
Example of (sQ#), that is, they are neither (%&P ) nor
(
): (
` U W$W ) changes to (¡ W$W ).
(_*1).
Examples: (¯
X U W
^ ) changes to (¯
[ U W
^ ) or (¯
W U W
^ ).
sQ#
>7U WF*WX '^ ^ 'b @U W n
¡ W0 / QD U 7¡ Wp W pX
<
¯
W 7U WF*WD '^ ^ 'b @U W [ "
U W / QD U ¯
[ 7U ^ W pX
Step by Step
sQ#
` U W [ XU W [ U W %¡ W
<
X U h^ [ U h^
nnnnn
Rule 26
(26.1) If a () comes in place of the (
FBQ %&)of (P^B[ <D) in a
word which is either (=$ 2@) or (/P1A 2@), it changes
into a ().
Examples
Exception
If this word is a ( 1P"), it remains unchanged e.g. ¯W?[ PTlD (a
female warrior).
Example
The word (¯W)b AW) was originally (W)b AW). A () comes in place of
Exercise 44
, WF2W (6)
W U 2X (1)
'U WFW [ X> (7)
U [ W (2)
ÒUF[>W 2X (8)
¡ W=AW (3)
=W pU [ $X (9) ` IUW (4)
'U WW[ X (10) ` IUW7 (5)
(1) The verbs of ( PH) are used in all the (6P()
except (# 6).
(2) The () of (
P P) has been deleted due to
of (/
D"U W(^).
(6) The () of the ( P3 P2) has changed to () according
5P*) of the ( P3 P2) – (=` P[U [>W X ) and in the ( OP}
PQ) – (=X P[0U WW ), because the reason for the change is not
found, namely the ( [ ) and a preceding (s).
- '2 . V! e )
. .
. )* 6nW CH
;X [U X [ q^b^ ` [
X [W W X <^ U [W X 2W [ X> W
U X>W ` 2U > W X <^
U [W X
U [W> W
W W>
[
U [AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ U [>@U
Analysis of the changes
N 4. c
!. ]2. V! e ]. - . )* ko <! CH
W X <^ ¨ W 2W W 2[ W OX 2W [ X> OW 2U X W ÒU2W W X <^ ¨ W 2W W 2[ W OX W W> OW 2U W
O[
W AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW O[ 2W ;X [U X [ q^b^
` [ 2X [ W
N ?.D- V! e p
. ., )* <! CH
X [ q^b^ 6
` [ pX [ W W X <^ ¨ !WpU d
X pW [ X> d
W pU XW d ` pU W W X <^ ¨ !WpU d
X W W> d
W pW W
d
[ W AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW d
[ pW ;X [U
N ^, 7- !. gR . . V! e S
.
R .
qOl-V! e C4A )* 6nW CH
X [ q^b^ `
W *hX W X <^ WA¢@UV X
W *hX> W
U A(D W `
U *hX W X <^ WA¢@UV X
U *hW> W
W Ah@U
[
U *hAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [
U Ah@U ;X [U
Analysis of the changes
the (N).
(1) In both the paradigms, the () has changed into ()
Exercise 45
OW W W (1)
W *WW> (2)
W W Ah@U (3)
²
^ )^ [>(^ (4)
²
^ )^ [*W2[ @U (5)
W 2W W> (6)
6W W W$ (7)
7W ^)#[@U (9)
=W h W (10)
y [ ^[ )D *W^ y [ D[ )D W^ y [ ^[ )D W^ : 11· ' O
^[ )D W^ y [ ^[ KDq^^ y [ U[ )D *W^ y [ D[ )D *W^ y [^[ )D *W^
[ ^^)*X^ y [ ^^)*X^ y [ D^)X^ y [ ^^)X^ : 11· ' O
[ ^^)X^ y [ ^^KqD^ y [ U^)*X^ y [ D^)X*^ y
[ ^[ KD y [ ^[ )D *WU y [ D[ )D WU y [ ^[ )D WU : 11· ' O
.
[ ^[ )D WU y [ ^[ KDq^U y [ U[ KD y [ D[ KD y
y [ ^^)*XU y [ ^^)*XU y [ D^)XU y [ ^^)XU : 11· ' O .
[ ^^)XU y [ ^^KqDU y [ U^)*XU y [ D^)*XU
y [ ^[ )D AW &^ y [ D[ )D W> &^ y [ ^[ )D W> &^ : 11· ' O
[ ^[ )D #W &^ y [ ^[ KD(^ &^ y [ U[ )D AW &^ y [ D[ )D AW &^ y [ ^[ )D AW &^
&^ y [ ^^)AX &^ y [ D^)X> &^ y [ ^^)X> &^ : 11· ' O
[ ^^)#X &^ y [ ^^K(D &^ y [ U^)AX &^ y [ D^)AX &^ y [ ^^)AX
Exercise 46
r
X [ X W> r W W (1)
X [ o X W> W W$ (2)
r
X [ mD W> r W ^v (3)
D [ oX W> ^ W$ (4)
%X [ X W> %W W (5)
W [ 2X (1)
'^ [ <D[ fD W> (2)
[ U [ oX AW [ ^ (3)
' X [ HD*W^ (4)
[X [ D (5)
]R '2 ?.V! e )
. .
. )* 6nW 5+
O[ U ;X [U X [ q^b^ Ò[!UW W X <^ ¨[W X W!X> OW [U W ÒUIW W X <^ ¨[W OX [!UW> W W
ÒW![U ;X [U D ^£bW OX U>W! 'U W[!UW Ò[!UW ;X [U
X [ 4 O[ !UAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
/D W <b (^W OX [U>^!W 'U W0W![U ` W![U OX U>W! 'U W*W W![U a W W![U OX U>W! 'U W W![U
'U W0W [ X W W0[ X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW OX U>W(^ W '^ [ X W[(^ 'U WW[(^ OX W[(^ ;X [U /U [
U 1b *h
N
` W0W [ XW ÒWXW
Analysis
W W!X> [ ^ OW [!UW> [ ^
X W!X> OX [!UW> OW [U
W W
0W W!X> [ ^ W[!UW> [ ^ 'U 0W W!X> 'U W [!UW> W [U W0W
[ 0X W!X> [ ^ [ X [!UW> [ ^ '^ [ 0X W!X> '^ [ X [!UW> [X [U [0X W
W W!AX [ ^ OW [!UAW [ ^
X W!AX OX [!UAW R
[ W [U R
[ 0W W
0W W!AX [ ^ W [!UAW [ ^ 'U 0W W!AX 'U W [!UAW W*W [U W*0W W
W [ !WX> [ ^ W [ !UW> [ ^ W [ !WX> W [ !UW> W [ U W [ U
W W!AX [ ^ OW [!UAW [ ^
X W!AX OX [!UAW R
W [ U R
W [ U
0W W!AX [ ^ W [!UAW [ ^ 'U 0W W!AX 'U W [!UAW WF*X[ U WF*X[ U
[ 0X W!AX [ ^ [ X [!UAW [ ^ '^ [ 0X W!AX '^ [ X [!UAW [ *X[ U [ *X[ U
[ 0U W!AX [ ^ [ U [!UAW [ ^ U [0U W!AX U [U [!UAW R
U [ U R
U [ U
0W W!AX [ ^ W [!UAW [ ^ 'U 0W W!AX 'U W [!UAW WF*X[ U WF*X[ U
W [ !WAX [ ^ W [ !UAW [ ^ W [ !WAX W [ !UAW h *X[ U h *X[ U
W WD [ ^ OW [U(^ [ ^
X WD OX [U(^ R
X [ U R
X [ U
W W!#X [ ^ OW [!U#W [ ^
X W!#X OX [!U#W W[ U W[ U
[ W [!UAW &^ y [ W [!UAW &^ y [ X [!UW> &^ y [ W [!UW> &^ : 11· ' O
[ W [!U#W &^ y [ W [U(^ &^ y [ U [!UAW &^ y [ X [!UAW &^ y
[ 0W W!AX &^ y [ 0W W!AX &^ y [ 0X W!X> &^ y [ 0W W!X> &^ : 11· ' O
[ 0W W!#X&^ y [ 0W W(DT &^ y [ 0U W!AX &^ y [ 0X W!AX &^ y
5
R 2 t
. V!, e ]. - . )* <! 5+
` [
X W W X <^ ¨<[MW
X WX> L W [MU W L` IUWM W X <^ ¨<[MW
X WW>
W WM
` WW ;X [U
X [ 4 L
[
W AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW L
[ MW ;X [U X [ q^b^
3N '2 cK !, e ]. - . )* 6nW 5+
/b #W ;X [U X [ q^b^ /a [UW W X <^ :¨ [#W D WX> /^ [#U W /a IUW# W X <^ :
¨ [#W D WW> ^ W#
a WW ;X [U
X [ 4 /b WAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
h <WWU L
[
W WU
X WX>
X WW> L
W [MU
W WM
' ^<WWU ^<WWU 'U <^WX> 'U <^WW> 1^ [MU <^WM
h <DWWU [ <DWWU '^ [ <DWX> '^ [ <DWW> [1D [MU [<DWM
h <^W*WU L
[
W *WU
X WAX
X WAW R
[ 1^ [MU R
[ <^SWM
'U̧ <^W*WU <^W*WU 'U <^WAX 'U <^WAW W*1^ [MU W*<^WM
' W1b
W WU W 1b
W WU W 1b
W X> W 1b
W W> W 1bV MU W 1bV MU
h <^MW L
[ MW
X WAX
X WAW R
W 1bV MU R
W 1bV MU
' <^WM <^WM 'U <^WAX 'U <^WAW WF*X1bV MU WF*X1bV MU
h <DWM [ <DWM '^ [ <DWAX '^ [ <DWAW [ *X1bV MU [ *X1bV MU
h <UWM [ <UWM U [<UWAX U [<UWAW R
U 1bV MU R
U 1bV MU
' <^WM <^WM 'U <^WAX 'U <^WAW WF*X1bV MU WF*X1bV MU
' W1b MW W 1b MW W 1b
W AX W 1b
W AW h *X1bV MU h *X1bV MU
h <^WMq^U L
[ MW q^U
X WM(D
X WM(^ R
X 1bV MU R
X 1bV MU
h <^WWU L
[
W WU
X W#X
X W#W W1bV MU W1bV MU
(2) The verbs of the perfect tense (P P) in the form of
(dIl m HA) and (dPIl mP OP}) are the same as
imperative (P(), that is (7W PW*Kb @U) and ([7X PW*Kb @U). However, the
originals of the (P) were (W7 W PW*Kb @U) and ([7X W PW*Kb @U) while
the originals of the (P() were (W7 U PW*Kb @U) and ([7X U PW*Kb @U). The
(P() is constructed from the (P) which is (' U W7U PW*)b AW).
Therefore the () is (Q).
to (¨ W S)^ *U2
[ @U).
(4) The change in (
` [)U *W
[ X ) is similar to that of (X [)U *W
[ W>).
PFBQ GP0) is deleted from the (P(), (P¹) and
(5) The (
(
h FW [)U *W
[ AW &^ y h FW [)U *W2[ @U).
Exercise 47
(2) The () in the (
P4 2) – (0= [ PW) and in the ( P2
P3) – (0=[ PU) is deleted due to rule no. 7. If these words
are used with ( b (^) or as a (
P), the (LP) is retained,
e.g. (
[ D W0=[ U W [ D W0=[ W W W0=[ FU bW W0=[ FW b^).
(3) The () in the word (, W0= [ PU) has changed to (s?P) as in
the (=).
words which are (wP#~ HA) of the (/P1* P2) and the
y 'b W 0X =[ *W^ y 'b W 0X =[ *W^ y [ 0X =[ W^ y 'b W X0=[ W^ : 11· ' O
'W0X =[ W^ y 'b W 0X 7[ q^^ y [ 0U =[ *W^ y [ 0X =[ *W^
y [ W0W =[ *X^ y [ W0W =[ *X^ y 'b X 0W =[ X^ y [ W0W =[ X^ : 11· ' O
[ W0W =[ X^ y [ W0W 7[ qD^ y [ U0W =[ *X^ y 'b X 0W =[ *X^
y 'b W 0X 7[ (DS y 'b W 0X =[ *WU y [ 0X =[ WU y 'b W 0X =[ WU : 11· ' O
.
'W0X =[ WU y 'b W 0X 7[ q^U y [ 0U 7[ (D y [ 0X 7[ (DS
y [ W0W =[ *XU y [ W0W =[ *XU y 'b X 0W =[ XU y [ W0W =[ XU : 11· ' O .
[ W0W =[ XU y [ W0W 7[ qDU y [ U0W =[ *XU y 'b X 0W =[ *XU
&^ y 'b W 0X =[ AW &^ y [ 0X =[ W> &^ y 'b W 0X =[ W> &^ : 11· ' O
'W0X =[ #W &^ y 'b W 0X 7[ (^ &^ y [ 0U =[ AW &^ y [ 0X =[ AW &^ y 'b W 0X =[ AW
&^ y [ W0W =[ AX &^ y 'b X 0W =[ X> &^ y [ W0W =[ X> &^ : 11· ' O
[ W0W =[ #X &^ y [ W0W 7[ (D &^ y [ U0W =[ AX &^ y 'b X 0W =[ AX &^ y [ W0W =[ AX
– (P dP O< ), e.g. If the word (0=[ PW) has
(
b ^) attached to it or it is (
PP), the (LPP) will be
written in the form of a () e.g. ( [ QD 0=[ PW W W0=[ PWFb mPp),
(
[ QD 0=[ P
PW W 0=[ P PWFb R
X P P[>(^W ) and ( W 0=[ P PWFbU N
X [ W P
PW
[ QD 0=[ PPW). According to the grammarian, Sībawayh, in
(dP P), the (sP) LP) will be written in the
(5) From (' ^ [ PPW07W ) till the end, all the words are in their
original form.
(6) In the (P P), rule no. 11 has been applied to
all the words whereby the () changes to (). In the word
(
[ 0X 7X ), the () is deleted.
(7) In words like (
[ 0X =[ PW>), the () has become (P2) due
to rule no. 10.1. In ('
^ [ 0X =[ PW>), ('^ [ 0X =[ PWA) and (W [0U =[ PWA), the ()
is deleted due to rule no. 10.2 and 10.3. Besides the ( OP}
wP#~) and all the forms of ( PHA), all the remaining words
are unchanged.
(8) The plural masculine word-forms are the same for the
masculine and feminine, namely ('
^ [ 0X =[ W>) and ('^ [ 0X =[ AW).
(9) In the (P P), the () has changed to () due
to rule no. 20, e.g. (W0= [ X>).
(10) The ( w#~ =) and (P wP#~ O}) have
rendered a ( FP) and the () a (sP), e.g. (' X 0W =[ PX^) and
(
h U0W =[ *X^).
(13) Rule no. 11 has been applied to all the words of
(/P01 P2). Rule no. 10 applies to ( ¡ W7). The rules of
Exercise 48
WAW (1)
W 1U [ *W2[ (^ [ ^ (2)
/ W AX [ ^ (3)
h WBU*W![W^ (4)
W F[ KU(^ (5)
6R 2 c !, e )
. .
. )* 6nW wMB
%U [ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ U [ W W X <^ [ W [ X> W U X W %¡ W W X <^ [ W [ U [ W> W
[ U ;X [U D ^£bW %¡ WW 'U WW [ W [ W ;X [U
X [ 4 %U [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
/D W <b (^W U WW 'U W>^[U , W[ U W %¡ WW 'U WAW[ U sa W[ U %¡ WW 'U WW [ U
'U WW[ X [ X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW '^ [ X [ (^ W %¡ W(^ 'U WW [ (^ [ (^ ;X [U /U [
U 1b *h
N
` WW[ X W X
Hereunder follow the detailed paradigms of this verb.
y [ WU [ *W^ y [ WU [ *W^ y [ X [ W^ y [ WU[ W^ : 11· ' O
[ WU [ W^ y [ WU [ q^^ y [ U [ *W^ y [ X [ *W^
y [ WW [ *X^ y [ WW [ *X^ y 'b X W [ X^ y [ WW [ X^ : 11· ' O
[ WW [ X^ y [ WW [ qD^ y [ UW [ *X^ y 'b X W [ *X^
y [ X [ @U y [ WU [ @U y [ WU [ *WU y [ X [ WU y [ WU [ WU : 11· ' O
.
[ WU [ WU y [ WU [ q^U y [ U [ @U
y [ X [ *XU y [ WW [ *XU y [ WW [ *XU y [ X [XU y [ WW [ XU : 11· ' O .
[ WW [ XU y [ WW [ qDU y [ UW [ *XU
[ WU [ AW &^ y [ WU [ AW &^ y [ X [ W> &^ y [ WU [ W> &^ : 11· ' O
[ WU [ #W &^ y [ WU [ (^ &^ y [ U [ AW &^ y [ X [ AW &^ y
[ WW [ AX &^ y [ WW [ AX &^ y 'b X W [ X> &^ y [ WW [ X> &^ : 11· ' O
[ WW [ #X &^ y [ WW [ (D &^ y [ UW [ AX &^ y 'b XW [ AX &^ y
(11) In the word (%¡ W), the () was made sâkin and then
N !.
2 q !. 6.q !, e ]. - . )* <! wMB
X [ q^b^
U [ W W X <^ U [ X> W U X W Y ¡ W W X <^ U [ W> W U W
Y
¡ WW 'U W W [ W [ W ;X [U
X [ 4 YW [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW Y W [ @U ;X [U
, W[ U Y¡ WW 'U WAW[ U sa W[ U Y ¡ WW U'W W [ U [ U ;X [U D ^£bW
W '^ [
W [ (^ 'U WW [ (^ [ (^ ;X [U /U [
U 1b *h /D W <b (^W
U WW 'U W>^[U
N
` WW
[ X W X 'U WW[ X [ X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW Y¡ W(^
Analysis
N '.Q
2t
. V!, e ]. - . )* 6nW wMB
+ U [ W W X <^ ¨ W+
[ MW + [ X> W + U MX W « ¡ WM W X <^ ¨ W+[ MW + [ W> W +U MW
'U W+W [ W + [ W ;X [U
X [ 4 W [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW W M[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^
«
¡ WW 'U WAW+ [ U sa W+ [ U «¡ WW 'U W+ W[ U + [ U ;X [U D ^£bW «
¡ WW
'U W+W M[ (^ +M[ (^ ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h /D W <b (^W U WW 'U W>^+[U , W+ [ U W
N
` WW+ [ MX W + MX 'U WW+ [ MX + [ MX ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW «
¡ WM(^ W '^ [ + W M[ (^
The verbs of this category are very similar to those of
(
[ U [ W> W ).
Exercise 49
)Bb AW (1)
W U![AW [ ^ (2)
[ 1U Qb AW [ ^ (3)
' W[W
[ *W^ (4)
[+ X [ @U (5)
N W.,M- V!, e )
. .
. )* x y'
r
U ;X [U X [ q^b^ KU[ W W X <^ ¨ W>^KU K[ X> W KUX W r ¡ W W X <^ ¨ W>^KU [ )U W> KW
¨)[U ;X [U D ^£bW r ¡ WW 'U WK^S[ W K̈[W ;X [U
X [ 4 gU AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
/D W <b (^W KUWW 'U W>^)[U , ^)[U W r ¡ WW 'U WAS)^ [U sa^)[U r ¡ WW 'U W)^S [U
'U WWKb X Kb X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW r ¡ W(^ W '^ [ K^S[ (^ 'U WK^[ (^ K[ (^ ;X [U /U [
U 1b *h
N
` WWKb X W K̈X
y [ )D *W^ y [ W)U *W^ y [ W)U *W^ y [ )D W^ y [ W)U W^ : 11· ' O
[ W)U W^ y [ WKUq^^ y [ )U *W^
y [ WK^[ *X^ y [ WK^[ *X^ y [ KD[ X^ y [ W^K[ X^ : 11· ' O
[ WK^[ X^ y [ WK^[ qD^ y [ KU[ *X^ y [ KD[ *X^
y [ KU y [ KD y [ WKU y [ W)U *WU y [ )D WU y [W)U WU : 11· ' O
.
[ W)U WU y [ WKUq^U
'b X K^[ *XU y [ WK^[ *XU y [ WK^[ *XU y 'b X ^K[ XU y [ WK^[ XU : 11· ' O .
[ WK^[ XU y [ WK^[ qDU y [ UK^[ *XU y
&^ y [ W)U AW &^ y [ W)U AW &^ y [ )D W> &^ y [ W)U W> &^ : 11· ' O
[ W)U #W &^ y [ WKU(^ &^ y [ )U AW &^ y [ )D AW
[ WK^[ AX &^ y [ WK^[ AX &^ y 'b X K^[ X> &^ y [ WK^[ X> &^ : 11· ' O
[ WK^[ #X &^ y [ WK^[ (D &^ y [ UK^[ AX &^ y 'b X K^[ AX &^ y
N W.%, - V!, e S
.
- . )* x y'
U ;X [U X [ q^b^ U[ W W X <^ ¨ W>&^ U [ X> W UX W ¡ W W X <^ ¨ W>&^ U [ BUW> UW
B̈[U ;X [U D ^£bW ¡ WW 'U W^[ W ¨[ W ;X [U
X [ 4 /U AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
/U [U 1b *h /D W <b (^W UWW 'U W>^B[U , ^B[U W ¡ WW 'U WASB^[U sa ^B[U ¡ WW 'U WB^S[U
¨X 'U WWbX bX ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW ¡ W (^ W '^ [ ^[ (^ 'U W^[ (^ [ (^ ;X [U
N
` WWbX W
b6dz !, e )
. .
. )*
^ y'
;X [U X [ q^b^
U fb W W X <^ ¶j^ ¯fb X> W U jD W ¡ ^j W X <^ ¶j^ [ U fb W> ¯j^
;X [U D ^£bW ¡ ^fW 'U W>W fb W ¯ fb W ;X [U
X [ 4 U fb AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW U jb @U
'U W>Wfb U , Wfb U W ¡ ^fW 'U WAWfb U sa Wfb U ¡ ^fW 'U W>W fb U ¯ fb U
w
D #h~W FX bW ¡ ^j(^ W '^ [ W jb (^ 'U W>W jb (^ ¯jb (^ ;X [ U /U [
U 1b *h /D W <b (^W
U ^fW
N
` WW>[ jD W ¯ jD 'U WW>[ jD >[ jD ;X [U
N '.-
(G F*$).
Exercise 50
[ 7¢ W #X (1)
W U WAX [ ^ (2)
h W *WAW [ ^ (3)
h W>W W=*W*W^ (4)
[ U ?W #[@U (5)
example, (
D [ ~X W>) was originally (D X qb W>). It required the rule of
(\
` (bW ) to change the (s?) to (L), whereas the rules of (/*)
required the transferring of the harakah to the preceding letter.
Preference was awarded to the latter.
Similarly, (
D [ X (^) was originally (D X ,V (^). The rule of (W W )
required changing the (s?) to (L). However, the rule of
(
D [ X (^). Thereafter, the second hamzah was changed to () due to
the rule of (%X 7U W(^). It became (
D [ X (^).
N
` WW>[ X ¯(¨X 'U WW>[ X ¯[ X ; w#~ '^ [ (^[ (^
Analysis
(1) The verb (¯W>) was originally (
X (^[ W>). The rule of (/D
^
[ W>) is
first applied after which the () is changed to (L) due to rule
no. 7. This change applies to all the word-forms except the dual
form in which only the rule of (/
D
^
[ W>) applies. In the plural
masculine forms and the singular second person feminine, the
(L) is deleted due to (G F*$).
(2) In words like (¯W> [ ^), no visible change has taken place
because the (L) does not accept any harakah.
(3) The (L) is deleted from words like (W W> [ ^) because of the
(
[ ^).
the ( :0), the (L) is deleted from the end. It becomes
(W ).
(7) The imperative ( h W>W ) was originally (W ). The ( B
)
which was deleted due to a (LK) now reverts. However, the
which changed into (L) reverts so that it can carry the ( i*<)
which the ( B)9 '#) requires before it. It becomes ( h W>W ). In (' X W )
and ( h U>W ), the () and () are rendered a dammah and kasrah
respectively because they are not (s=). A harakah is not
() from the original while the kasrah indicates the deletion of a
().
not visible. In the verbs before ( W
bU ), the () was changed to
(L). The original of the (L) could therefore be either (
sQ) or ( *1 ). The question arises as to why the verbs
from (W
bU ) till (W
bU ) have been rendered a kasrah. The answer to
this is that if this verb is from (O- 6), the kasrah of the ( ,<
a (s=I s=).
(5) The () of (D U>WoW ) and similar words is not changed to a
hamzah because it is a root letter. The rule of (?X IUWo0W ) only applies
Exercise 51
(a) List the detailed paradigms (!P
PQ
PP) of the
following verbs:
[ IU[ X> ¯(^[ (^ (4) qb W> (^ (1)
¯vqb W> W vU (^ (5)
[ UW> ¯^(W (2)
qDf^ W> ^ jU W (3)
Rule 1
If there are two letters of the same type (#Po*) or they
In the case of (GP)*), the first letter is changed into the second
letter before (%l7@) is applied. In the above example, (7) is changed
to (N) first, and then the two (N)’s are assimilated. However, the (7)
is still written, although not pronounced.
WU d
[ pW vb @U W¢ d
[ pW vb @U
[#X^ W [ W 0W [#X^ h [ W 0W
Exception
In two words, if the first word is a ({C=)1, the letters will not be
Example
%¡ [ W> [ <U
Example
` [>U 7W
U 7W
nnnnn
1
A ({W=P) is either a () preceded by a ( FC P), a () preceded by a (sP) or
a (L) preceded by a ( i*<)
Rule 2
If two letters of the same type are (ZPi*), and the letter
preceding the first (C( /!K ) is also (ZPi*), the first letter
will be made (2) and then the two letters will be assimilated,
Example
7W =W PW 7W =[ PW =h W
C( /!K
Zi* Zi*
2nd 1st letter
letter
Example
` W W
` X 2X
nnnnn
Rule 3
If the letter preceding the first ( C( /P!K ) is (P2) and not a
({C=), the ( ) of the first letter will be given to its preceding letter
and then (%l7@) will be applied.
Example
Example
d
W !WBb $W (No change is made.)
nnnnn
Rule 4
Examples
¼W $W W ¼W $[ W e
h W
7W 7U [ X (8 /<) of ( B01 6)
7W 7U [ X 7W 7[ [ X 7h [ X
nnnnn
Rule 5
Example
where the (L) interposes between the two final letters, e.g.
(7̀W=[ @U).
Exercise 52
h ^ (1)
¬
h <^ (2)
=h W (3)
18
joined and made into one.
JB )* y$
= X =¢ X =h X ; & 7̀[=X F[ W < ¶=W = FW X> =h X W 7 W < ¶=W = FX W> =h W
= FW W ;
4 7[ =X F[ AW &^ = FX AW &^ =¢ FX AW &^ h=FX AW &^ ;0 7[ =X [ (D
7̀W=F[ U 7 WFW 'U WA=h FW U sa =h FW U 7 WFW 'U h=FW U = FW U ; 3 7 WFW 'U h=FW W
7 W(^ '^ [ = W (^ 'U h=W (^ = W (^ ; /1* /<( =X [>7U WFW 'U W7W=F[ U
N
` W>=h X 7̀W=X 'U W>=h X ¯=C X ; w#~
Analysis
(1) Rule no. 2 has been applied to (=
h W ).
(2) In the words (=
h X ), (= FX W>) and (= FW X>), rule no. 3 has been
applied.
(3) Rule no. 4 has been applied to (7 W), (7 WFW ) and (7 W(^).
(4) In the imperative and prohibition ( .), rule no. 5 has
been applied.
Analysis
(1) From ('
^ 7[ =W W ) till the end, no (%l7@) of the first (7) applies
because the second radical is (2).
Exercise 53
d
X W> d h 2W (1)
4D W> h ^ (2)
d
X W> d h pW (3)
d
BDW> d h ^ (4)
d
QD W> d h ^ (5)
) )* y$
¢ 1U AW &^ h 1U AW &^ ;0 [ U <b @U ¢ <U h <U ; & ^< < W<U 1U W> h <^
1U W ;
4 [ U 1b AW &^
]} )* y$
; & \
` XF[ W < ¶W FW X>
h X \
W < ¶W FW W>
h W
4 [ W F[ AW &^
¢ FW AW &^
h FW AW &^ ;0 [W [ @U
¢ W h W
FW W ;
;
4 L
[ 1
W *WAW &^ ;0 L [ 1
W AW ; & L
` 1
W *WX
L
` 1
W *WX
becomes (%
X (^).
¯7h X ; w#~ 7 W(^ '^ [ 7 W (^ 'U h7W (^ 7 W (^ ; /1* /<(
N
` W>7h X 7̀W7X 'U W>7h X
Analysis
(1) The rules of (L0PP) apply to the doubled letters
transferring of the harakah of the first (7) to the (). The latter
has been given preference.
Examples
(
W ¢h [ U ), (h#=X ^), (d
X l^ [ h> [ W ), (` [U h
` [ ,T W ) and
(¡
^ v^ [ ¢ iUW"). (The tanwīn is a nūn sākin in reality).
If the letters are in one word, (%P Pl7@) will not apply, e.g.
(' ª © Y n « \ v 7 ¤ N)
It is not assimilated in the remaining letters of the
alphabet, e.g. (U F
W )^ bW)
The remaining letters are called ( >FK
).
Exercise 54
6. N"M
(;X A=
[ 0W W <^ =` [U W [ #U=W 0W W) – I and Rashīd made a mutual promise
and I was predominant in the promise.
This (6) most often has verbs which have the meaning of
(2) ( 2''-J
2 O.) – to make the doer (/0<) or the object (1)
obtain the root (mMq) of the verbal noun (=) from which the
(3) (~
0 W2 - 42 O.) – to take the object to the place of the noun (mMq),
e.g. (;X *X[ W(^) – I took it to the place of selling, that is the market.
(4) (
/ !.=2 - ) – to find something described with the (mMq), e.g.
(;X *XBb
W [(^) – I found him to be stingy; (;X *X[ W b (^) - I found him to be
noble; (;X A=
[ FW [ (^) – I found him to be praiseworthy.
(5) (Uj.k\V
. V! S
R V . ) – to remove the (mMq) from something. This
is of two types:
[1] if the verb is intransitive, the (mMq) will be removed from
object e.g. (/
U $X h W [0W R
X [>m^ Kb (^) –I removed dirt from the eye of
the man.
(6) (Uj.k\V
. V! "u ,z$2 A-) – the doer gives the object the (mMq), e.g.
(d
W Bb Q^ b R
X F[ 4^ 0[ (^) – I gave the dog a bone.
(7) (
/ 2 N *R) – the doer reaches the (mMq) or enters it, e.g. ( ]W !W"
[ (^
/D $X h ) – the man reached in the morning; (/D $X h r
W W 0[ (^) – the
man reached Iraq.
(8) (/ .
2 R '2 (
. ) – It has three meanings:
[1] to become the possessor of the (mMq), e.g. (sD W )^ !Wb R
U W!Wb(^) –
the cow became one with milk.
[2] the doer becomes the possessor of something that is described
by the (mMq), that is, it has the quality of the (mMq), e.g. ( 6
W W $[ (^
/D $X h ) – the man became the owner of mangy19 camels.
19
A skin disease affecting hairy animals that causes an itch.
(9) (x
0 ,^
2 -2 A-) – the doer becomes entitled to the (mMq), e.g.
(=
` [pU R
[ $W W [ (^) – Hind was entitled to be married.
(11) (/ &. ,.?R ) – the meaning of the (mMq) is strengthened, either
by making the act more final or making it more intense and wider
in application, e.g. (/
D[ h W FW 9b(^) – the date palm bore much fruit;
(]
X ![
W 1^ 2[ (^) – the morning became very bright.
(12) ("i !.=-*2 A-) – the verb is initially used from (<@ 6). This
can be of two types: either the verb is not used in its root form
(78), e.g. (/
^ K^[ (^) - to hasten; or the verb is used in the root form
but for another meaning, e.g. (g
W 1^ [ (^) – to fear while the root form
(g
W 1^ W ) means to be compassionate.
(14) (/ $
. . ,zR ) – to mention a verb after another verb to indicate
the fact that the object has accepted the effect of the doer, e.g.
(W +
W [q^S<^ ;X AX[ +
h W) – I gave him glad tidings so he became happy.
(15) (/ ?.
(7) (?
B) – Example: (/
^ $X h R
X )b
h <^) – I made a relationship of
transgression to the man.
(8) (
0 .?VA-) – to make something don the (mMq), e.g.
(\
W W 1^ b R
X Bb B$W ) – I draped the horse with a horse cloth.20
(9) (
/ '2 - t
2 O.) – to join the (mMq) to something, e.g. ( R
X ![ph v^
L
W [
h ) – I applied gold to the sword.
(10) (3
/ W2-
2 O.) – to make something into the (mMq) or similar to
the (mMq), e.g. (/
^ $X h W
h #W) – He converted the man into a
20
A cloth used to cover animals to protect them from the cold.
(11) (
0J2 M, ) – to abbreviate a sentence and express it by means of
a single verb, e.g. (/
^ BpW ) – to say ‘Lâ ilâha illallâh’; (]W !h2W ) - to
say ‘Subhānallâh’.
(1) (/
, . .QR ) – the relation or application of the act to another
person, e.g. (d
W *W^ ) – to write; (d
W AW^) – to write to someone, that
is, to correspond.
(3) (
0 '2 '-J
2 O.) – e.g. ( <0 v
B$ (
(1) (
/ .tqOA-) – This is of four types.
(a) to make the (mMq), e.g. (W i
W *W$[ @U) – He made a hole.
(b) to hold, take or choose the (mMq), e.g. (d
W W*W$[ @U) – He held
the side.
(c) to make the object into the (mMq), e.g. (s^ h+ ^m*Wlb @U) –
He made the sheep into food.
(d) to hold the object in the (mMq), e.g. ({X =
W
W *W0[ @U) – He held it
in his armpit.
(2) (5
0 b J
. O.) – to attempt to achieve an act, e.g. (d
W
W *Wb @U) – He
attempted to earn wealth.
(3) (
0 '2 '-t
2 O.) – to do an act for oneself, e.g. (W [U +
W ^ W*b @U) – He
measured the barley for himself.
(4) (/ $
. . ,zR ) – Example: (h *Wlb ^< ;X *XF[ FW l^ ) – I made him grieve, so
he began grieving.
(WF"
W WAW 'U ^B$X h W
W *WM[ @) – The two men disputed among
themselves.
(W $
W qb *W2[ @U W o
W *W[>@U) – He sought a rental.
(a) there is no (78), e.g. (%W W*[ @U) – to slaughter a hungry goat.
(1) (0
2 R N) – to be intransitive, e.g. (W
W Q^ #[@U) – It broke.
(2) (
0;, $- ) – to perceive something with the senses, that is, the
acts are related to the external limbs.
(3) (/ $
. . ,zR ) – Examples: (W
W Q^ #[^< ;X AX[
W ^ ) – I broke it, so it
broke.
(g
W B^5W #[^< 6
W W!b R
X )b B^lb (^) – I locked the door and so it was locked.
(1) (0
2 R N) , (/ &. ,.?R ), (
/ 2 ,) - colours and (S
0 '2 $. ) – defects.
Examples: (h F
W [ @U) – It became very red.
(
W [ @U) – He became one-eyed.
(1) (/ $
. . ,zR ) – Example: (OW f )^ *W<^ ;X *X[ f K^) – I cut it into pieces and
so it became pieces.
(2) (y
0
, O.) – to think or to represent oneself to have a certain
quality or status, e.g. (W !h
W AW) – He represented himself as having
patience.
(3) (S
0 bK
. O.) – to refrain from the (mMq), e.g. (6
W h i
W AW) – He
refrained from sin.
(4) (
0 ?2 ,) – to don the (mMq), e.g. (W *h
W AW) – He wore a ring.
(5) (3
/ b4. O.) – Example: (W ph =W AW) – He used the oil.
(6) (
/ .tqOA-) – This is of four types.
(a) to make the (mMq), e.g. (R
X F[ h
W AW) – I made the tent.
(b) to hold, take or choose the (mMq), e.g. (d
W ho
W AW) – He held
the side.
(c) To make the object into the (mMq), e.g. (W o
Wi
W b =W 2h W AW) –
He used the stone as a pillow.
(d) To hold the object in the (mMq), e.g. (U!
h
^ hq^AW) – He
held the child in his armpit.
(7) (
0 W2- =2 O.) – to do an act slowly and several times. This is then
of two types.
(a) It is possible to achieve the act once but the doer does it
slowly, e.g. (
W h o
W AW) – He drank in sips.
(b) It is not generally possible to achieve the act once, e.g.
('
^ [)D b ²
^ 1 i
W AW) – He memorized the Qur’ân a little at a
time.
(8) (C
/ b
. O.) – to become the (mMq) or similar to the (mMq),
e.g. (W
h WAW) – He became a Christian; (W i
h !WAW) – He became like the
ocean.
(9) (/ .
2 R '2 (
. ) – Example: (^ h FW AW) – He became wealthy.
(11) ("i !.=-*2 A-) – This is of two types. Either there is no (78) or
Examples: (
W Fh +
W AW) – He stood in the sun.
(
W BQ^ AW) – He spoke. (W BU^ ) – to injure.
(1) (
0 R .QO.) – This is similar to ( +) of ( B01 6).
However, the difference between the two is that in ( B01 6),
one is mentioned as the doer (/0<) while the other is mentioned
(2) (3
/ '2 '-t
2 O.) – to simulate a state or status or representing oneself
to have it, e.g. (Y
W W WFAW) – He pretended to be sick.
(3) (/ $
. . ,zR ) – Example: (=W 0W W!*W<^ ;X A=[ 0W W) – I distanced him so he
was at a distance.
(1) (S
0 , , ) – To seek the (mMq), e.g. (
S N
X [ 1^ 5[ *W2[ @U) – I sought
forgiveness from Allâh.
(3) (/ $
. . ,zR ) – (/ $. . ,zR ) – Example: (%W ^)*W2[ ^< ;X *XF[ K^(^) – I made him
stand, so he stood up.
(4) (
/ !.=2 - ) – Example: (;X *X[ W Qb *W2[ @U) – I found him to be noble.
(5) (
/ .?
(6) (C
/ b
. O.) – to become the (mMq) or to become similar to the
(mMq), e.g. (
X [f W o
Wi
[ *W2[ @U) – The mud became a stone.
(7) (
/ .tqOA-) – Example: (=W [U W j^ [ *W2[ @U) – He made India his
homeland.
(8) (
0J2 M, ) – to abbreviate a phrase, e.g. (OW $W [ *W2[ @U) – to say ( ;U BEU h#@U
'^ [ X $U W ;U [^@U h#@UW ).
(1) (0
2 R N) – This verb is mostly intransitive. Sometimes it can be
transitive, e.g. (;X *X[ ^[ B^
[ @U) – I regarded it as sweet.
(3) (/ $
. . ,zR ) – Example: (W#[ W9b^< ;X *X[W9^) – I wrapped it so it was
wrapped.
(2) (
0 .?VA-) – Example: (;X *X[ K^[ W) – I made him don a burqa’.
(3) (/ $
. . ,zR ) – Example: («
W W fb 5W <^ /D [B «
W W fb l^ ) – The night hid
his sight so it became hidden.
This category is used mostly as (]i") and (L0) and
The (>'(k) of (3
/ N 42 , O. )*)
(1) (/ $
. . ,zR ) – Example: (e
W W [ =W *W<^ ;X *X$[ W [ 7W ) – I rolled it so it
began rolling.
(1) (0
2 R N) – Example: (W o
W #[W [ @U) – to gather.
(2) (/ $
. . ,zR ) – Example: (W o
W [W 9b^< ;X AX[ o
W [ 9^) – I made his blood
flow and so it began flowing.
(1) (0
2 R N) – Example: (h W +
W Kb @U) – to shudder.
(2) (/ $
. . ,zR ) – Example: (' q^FW jb ^< ;X *X#[q^F[ j^ ) – I pacified him so he
was calmed.
Quote 1:
(
W [UU ~[ FX b ^ ^?U [W ^B0[ (^
[ mU ;U BEU =X F[ i
W b^) – excerpt from ( "(
+)
Translation: “All praises are due to Allâh who raised the status of
all the believers.”
Teacher: What special meaning of (<@ 6) is found in the
verb (^B0
[ (^)?
Student: The meaning of ( >=A) – to be transitive is found in this
verb because the (78) of this verb is (: ^ 0W ) which means to be
high. This is intransitive. When it was taken to (<@ 6), it
became transitive, having the meaning of ‘raising’.
Quote 2:
(U [ !UQ
b *h
OW W ;U [>=W W> OW <^W W /^ BpW W W !h^ R
W [!Wb W W>W0 ^vU<^) – excerpt from
(=))
Translation: “When he sees the Ka’bah, he should say ‘Allâhu
Akbar’ and ‘Lâ-ilâha illallâh’...”
Teacher: What special meaning of (/1A 6) is found in the
verb (W !h
^ ) and (/^ BpW )?
Student: The meaning of (K) – to abbreviate - is found in this
verb.
Quote 3:
(
W [U WW U *h2U ^B0W r
W =h
W AW ,S W 'b @W) – excerpt from (=))
Translation: “If he wants, he can give charity to six poor
persons...”
Teacher: What special meaning of (/C1A 6) is found in the
verb (r
W =h
W AW)?
Student: The meaning of (,=*@) is found in this verb because the
(78) is (r
W =W "
W ) which means ‘to speak the truth’.
Challenging Words
A few difficult verbs of the Holy Qur’ân and other verbs will be
mentioned here because the purpose of learning morphology and
syntax is to understand the meaning of the glorious Qur’ân. An
explanation of these verbs generally refreshes one’s knowledge
of morphology.
'[)D *h<^
Analysis: This is the imperative (() of the verb (K), the
changed to () was deleted. Due to the entry of the ( ), the ( s?
/") of ([)D Ah@U) was deleted. The final (') is not (60 '#)
but ( >K '#) which enters the end of a verb between the verb
originally (
[ #U[ )D Ah^<). The (BQ* ) was deleted and the (s)
of the ( >K '#) was sufficed upon. This occurs very often.
Due to a (LK), the (s) is also not pronounced. It becomes
('
U [ )D Ah^<).
'[!XpW [ <^
occurs, a (>K '#) is added to the end of the word and (LK)
is made on the ('#) after deleting the (BQ* ). The student is
[ AX(bW h=<^
%:) from (/0<@ 6). It was ([ AX(bW h7U). Due to the entry of the
(
), the (/" s?) is deleted.
[
1^ [^
Analysis: This verb is (dIl m O}), the tense being (
R!H
) from (1# 6). The () of emphasis entered
the verb, thereby deleting the (/" s?).
N
W [ 1^ 5[ *W2[ (^
'^ [ X pW ^4AW
N
U qb *WbW
Analysis: This is from the verb (
[ AUqb P
PWA), (wPP#~ =P
P
dPIl), the tense being (
P P(). It is ( P1 PF
I> JK#). Due to the (), the () became (2).
;U )b *hW>W
created the scale of (/ U U <^) – (;U )U AW). Therefore the (r) became
(2) as the Arabs tend to make the scale of (/
a U <^) into (/a [ <^) as
in (L
` *U^ ). It is pronounced (L
` *[^ ).
;[ $U [ (^
Analysis: This is the imperative (e
U [ (^) of (< 6), the word-
form being ( m =). The pronoun was added to the
end of the verb making it (;U $ U [ (^). In the Qur’ân, after this word,
the words ({X WM(^
W ) appear. Therefore the form of (/^ U <U) – (W U $U )
was formed, similar to (/ ^ U@U). The Arabs make the middle letter of
such scales also (2). Consequently, the ({) became (2).
It becomes (;[ $
U [ (^).
h
W 0W
([#X^
h [
W 0W ).
h FX #h(^
Analysis: The verb is (
FX #W) with ('b (^) attached to it. The word-
[ Uh*XF[ D
h U>W AW h@U
Analysis: From the verb (W), this is the ( w#~ =)
word-form with the tense being (R!H
). It is
(I> JK# G F). It was originally ( W [>W AW). Due to the
( B)9 '#), the (6 '#) was deleted. The (), not being a
W AW [ ^(^
W [U^K
Analysis: This is the (/01 2) of the verb (^BK^), from the
(6 6). It was originally (W [UU^K). Changes occurred in the
word just as in (
W [U W).
A second possibility is that it could be the imperative of
(
[ U^)X>
^^K) from ( PB01 6P), the word-form being ( OP}
w#~).
It could also be ( w#~ =) of the same (6). A ( '#
>K) and (BQ* ) are attached to the end of the word. The
(BQ* ) was deleted and the (s) of the ( >K '#) was
[ =¢ U W>
'^ [ FX
¢
U W>
W ^ 7h W
'^ [ 0X =h AW
` $W 7W ?[ X
h fD
[ UFW <^
originally (h f
D
[ (D [ FW <^). The (/" s?) was deleted because of
the precedence of the (
). The ('#) of the word ( [ W ) was
rendered a (s) according to the rule ( Z W ¢ X ZW ¢ X v@
Q). The (N) of (*<) was changed to (©).
[ AX[ U fD
[ W
[0X ^f
[ FW <^
O[ fU
[ AW [ ^
1^
[ W^
Analysis: It was originally (
[ W 1^
[ W^) on the scale of ([ B^W 1b W^) with
( 11M '#). It is (BQ* O}) from (]*< 6). Sometimes the
( 11M '#) is written in the form of tanwîn.
U ![#W
[ pX [ FX *X[>(^W =[ )^ <^
Analysis: This was originally (
[ *X[>(^W ) like ([ *XBb W <^). When a
pronoun is added to (
[ AX), an extra () is first added to the verb
after the (%). This rule applies to (
[ AX), ([ pX ) and ([ D ) when
suffixed by a (F).
Wp[ FX QD X ?U Bb #X(^
W*[U
(WBb KD) because the word-form is (> #). The scholars of tafsîr
have answered this objection by stating that this verb is used both
on the scale of (OF> O-) and (> #). In the Qur’ân, the
() is used from (O- 6) and the () from (#).
R
[
Wo
W !WF[ <^
is pronounced as a (%).
Wh27W
[ *XBb 4^ <^
(
[ *XBb 4U <^) after transferring the harakah of the first () to the (ª).
'^ [ K^
[ BU
Analysis: This is the ( w#~ =) of (/¦ !UW> / W) from the
(6 6). It is (L0). It was originally ( [ BUBU[@U). The rule
of assimilation applies. Similar to this is the word (
[ 7U ).
'^ [ QD W>
[D^KW
originally ([D
W Kb W ). The rule of ()>) was applied whereby the
harakah of the () was transferred to the (r) and the () was
^^^
(^
W b W b @U) like (^)+
W #[W [@U). The rule of ()>) was applied. The
(/" s?) was subsequently deleted due to the subsequent
W [U
[ X
[ #W
Wp[ X W7
/01 2). It was originally ('^ [ X>U W7). The rule of (0=>) was
applied and the () was changed to (). One () was then
¶>W
W#[ BD2W
[ ¢W"
(
[ !UUW"). The rule of (%l7@) was applied.
6
h W W
W FW ^
^ WB^[>@U
(L) and then the rule of (7) to change the () to ().
{[ Up[ (^
U [l^
Analysis: This is the ( 78 0
( m =
') L1) from the ( BB< 6). It was originally ( X U [5W AX) like
(e
X U [ =W AX). The rule of (0=>) was first applied, followed by
( B ) was finally deleted from the end. It becomes (U [l^ ).
&^
Analysis: From the (O- 6), this is the ( ( m =
') L1
), the verb being (WBb W> W U ^). It was
originally (
W b@U) like (
W M[ @U). The harakah of the () is transferred
to the () and the () is changed to (L). The (/" s?) is
' @U
' @U ' @U
Analysis: From the (6 6), this is the ( BQ* O}
L0
), the verb being ('¦ UW> ' (^). It was originally
(
X #Uqb #W) like (6X U [ #W). The rule of (%l7@) is applied to the ('). It
becomes (' ¦ U#W). Then ( j 'b @U) is inserted before the verb ( 'b @U
'¦ U#W). The rule of (%l7@) is again applied because the two nûns are
adjacent to each other while the final nûn becomes (6). It
6
h W
W
(6h W W ).
'WF2W
Analysis: This is the (1 F /1* 2 m HA) from
(O- 6). It was originally ('
U WF2W ,V (^). The rule of () is
applied and the end is read as sākin due to (LK).
Wh27W
which then changed to (L). The same rule applies to the word
;[ h
W *WW> [ ^
(
^ ^K). When ($ µ) entered the verb, the ( B
) was
deleted from the end. A ({) was added for (LK).
W=W [$W
[ o
U [D
^WA
W [ 7W
[ U[ X
(
W Bb X &^ [ X [ U[ X [D[ X &^ [ X /b X )
N
X [ FX W>
Analysis: Besides the common verb (N
X W FX W> N
W W), there is a
second possibility. It could be ( L1
BQ* =
gX [>U [ X>
\)).
Appendix A
Morphology or Etymology?
21
The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 670, 1992.
22
Ibid, p. 1016.
a language.” 23
23
Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 1470,.
24
Encyclopaedia Britannica vol. 15 p. 818.
25
World Book vol.18, p. 518, 1992.
26
The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 384, 1992.
27
Colliers Encyclopedia vol. 9 p. 378, 1971; Encyclopaedia
Britannica vol. 8 p. 804.
28
Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 1, p. 782.
29
World Book, vol. 18 p. 518.
30
Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 8 p. 804.
31
Students Encyclopaedia, vol. 6 p. 456, 1970.
32
Universal Standard Encyclopedia, vol. 8 p. 2930, 1956.
33
Al-Mughni Al-Akbar, Hasan S. Karmi, p. 826 & p. 402, 1997.
34
An-Nafees, Madgi Wahbah, p. 868 & p. 381, 2000.
35
Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic P.513, Third
Edition 1976.
Bibliography