Khi Cu Dien

BI GING
MN HC : KH C IN .
CHUYN NGHNH : IN TU THU - IN T NG CN.
M u
I.Gii thiu mn hc: 1.Mc ch, yu cu: Trnh by nhng c s l thuyt cc kh c in, gii thiu cu to, nguyn l lm vic, nhng c tnh c bn ca cc kh c in thng dng v ang c s dng trong cc h thng in tu thy ni ring v trong cng nghip ni chung . Hc sinh sau khi kt thc mn hc nm c nhng kin thc c bn v kh c in, c kh nng tnh ton la chn, s dng, bo dng v sa cha cc kh c in . 2. Ni dung chng trnh: Ton b chng trnh c chia lm 2 phn ln: + Phn I: Trnh by nhng c s l thuyt ca cc kh c in . y l phn quan trng nht ca chng trnh . Ton b cc l thuyt ny l c s xy dng, tnh ton thit k cc kh c in s c cp n phn sau . + Phn II: Trnh by nguyn l cu to, hot ng ca cc kh c in h p l cc kh c thng gp nht trn tu thu v trong cc nghnh cng nghip .Trnh by s lc kt cu v nguyn l hot ng ca cc kh c cao p; Mc d trn tu thu rt t gp cc kh c loi ny, xong vi mong mun trang b cho cc k s in kin thc tng th v mt loi thit b in rt ph bin trong cc h thng in nng v v vy nhng l thuyt v loi kh c ny l rt cn thit. Trnh by nhng nguyn l lp t, kim tra bo dng, sa cha v hiu chnh cc kh c in . II.Ti liu tham kho: 1.Kh c in . NXBKHKT 2004 . Phm vn Chi Bi tn Hu Nguyn tin Tn 2. Kh c in L thuyt kt cu, tnh ton la chn v s dng. NXB KHKT. 2001. T ng Nguyn Xun Ph 3. Cc ti liu ca cc hng c th su tm c .
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Phn I: L THUYT C S KH C IN Chng 1: KHI NIM CHUNG V KH C IN . 1.1. Khi nim, phn loi .
1.1.1.Khi nim: Kh c in (KC ) l nhng thit b dng ng ngt, iu khin, kim tra, t ng iu chnh, khng ch cc i tng in cng nh khng in v bo v chng trong cc trng hp s c. Kh c in c nhiu chng loi vi chc nng, nguyn l lm vic v kch thc khc nhau, c dng rng ri trong mi lnh vc ca cuc sng . 1.1.2.Phn loi: Kh c in thng c phn loi theo chc nng, theo nguyn l v mi trng lm vic, theo in p . a. Theo chc nng KC c chia thnh nhng nhm chnh nh sau: 1) Nhm kh c ng ct: Chc nng chnh ca nhm KC ny l ng ct bng tay hoc t ng cc mch in . Thuc v nhm ny c: Cu dao , ptmt, my ct, dao cch ly, cc b chuyn i ngun 2) Nhm KC hn ch dng in, in p: Chc nng ca nhm ny l hn ch dng in, in p trong mch khng qu cao . Thuc v nhm ny gm c: Khng in, van chng st 3) Nhm KC khi ng, iu khin: Nhm ny gm cc b khi ng, khng ch, cng tc t, khi ng t 4) Nhm KC kim tra theo di: Nhm ny c chc nng kim tra, theo di s lm vic ca cc i tng v bin i cc tn hiu khng in thnh tn hiu in . Thuc nhm ny : Cc rle, cc b cm bin 5) Nhm KC t ng /C , khng ch duy tr ch lm vic, cc tham s ca i tng nh : Cc b n nh in p, n nh tc , n nh nhit 6) Nhm KC bin i dng in , in p cho cc dng c o: Cc my bin p o lng, bin dng o lng b.Theo nguyn l lm vic KC c chia thnh: 1) KC lm vic theo nguyn l in t . 2) KC lm vic theo nguyn l cm ng nhit . 3) KC c tip im . 4) KC khng c tip im . c.Theo ngun in KC c chia thnh : 1) KC mt chiu . 2) KC xoay chiu . 3) KC h p (C in p <1000 V ) . 4) KC cao p (C in p > 1000 V). d. Theo iu kin mi trng, iu kin bo v KC c chia thnh: 1) KC lm vic trong nh, KC lm vic ngoi tri . 2) KC lm vic trong mi trng d chy, d n . 3) KC c v kn, v h, v bo v
1.2. Yu cu c bn i vi kh c in . 1.2.1.Nhng yu cu c bn i vi KC: Cc KC cn tho mn cc yu cu sau: Phi m bo lm vic lu di vi cc thng s k thut nh mc . Ni mt cch khc nu dng in qua cc phn dn in khng vt qu gi tr cho php th thi gian lu bao nhiu cng c m khng gy h hng cho KC. KC phi c kh nng n nh nhit v n nh in ng . Vt liu phi c kh nng chu nng tt v cng c kh cao v khi xy ra ngn mch hoc qu ti dng in ln c th gy h hng cho kh c . - Vt liu cch in phi tt khi xy ra qu p trong phm vi cho php cch in khng b chc thng . - KC phi m bo lm vic chnh xc an ton, xong phi gn nh, r tin, d gia cng lp t, kim tra sa cha . - Ngoi ra KC phi lm vic n nh cc iu kin kh hu, mi trng khc nhau. 1.2.2.Nhng yu cu c bn i vi cc KC tu thu: Trn tu thu do iu kin lm vic rt khc so vi trn b, cc KC phi c kh nng lm vic n nh trong nhng iu kin khc nghit do cn phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: - Chu c s rung lc vi bin cc i ln ti 0, 5 mm v tn s ti 35 Hz. - in p dao ng trong khong 80% - 110%. Um . - Mi trng c hi nc, m cao, c th c hi du, hi mui . - Di nhit thay i trong phm vi rng t 50 oC n + 50 oC . - S ln ng ct ln c th ln n 300ln / gi.
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Chng 2: C CU IN T V NAM CHM IN 2.1. Khi nim chung .

2.1.1. Khi nim : Nam chm in l mt loi c cu in t bin i in nng thnh c nng trong cc kh c in, n c s dng rt rng ri trong cc rle in t, cngtct, thit b ng ct, thit b bo v Hnh dng v kt cu ca nam chm in rt a dng, tu thuc vo chc nng v mc ch s dng . NC c hai b phn chnh l mch t (phn t ) v cun dy (phn in ). Nu cun dy c mc ni tip vi ph ti ta c cun dng in, nu cun dy c mc song song vi ph ti ta c cun in p .
Hnh 2-1
2.1.2.Mch t v cc nh lut v mch t: Tu thuc vo dng in chy trong cun dy ta c nam chm in xoay chiu hay mt chiu . Nam chm in xoay chiu c mch t c ghp t cc l thp KT mng, cch in ln nhau gim tn hao. Nam chm in mt chiu , mch t c cu to dng khi . Cc tham s c bn ca mch t bao gm: - Sc t ng (S.T.S) F = i.w [ampe-vng] , c tnh theo tr bin hoc tr hiu dng . - T thng m [ Wb] - Tr bin . - T cm (Mt t thng ) Bm = din ca ng t . - Cng t trng H =
F l
m [ T = Wb/m2 ] ; Trong : S [ m2] l tit S
[ A/m ] ; Trong l [m] l chiu di mch t .

=
B H
- H s t thm vt liu t: khng) = 0 = 4.. 10-7 [ H/ m]. - T tr ca mch t:

R = 1
[ H/m ] ;
Vi khng kh (Chn
l S .
[ H-1 ] .
1 R = . S l
- T dn ca mch t (Nghch o vi t tr ) : G =
[ H ].
Cc nh lut mch t bao gm: nh lut m, nh lut kic khp I, II v nh lut ton dng in. nh lut m: Trong mt phn on ca mch t, t p ri trn n bng tch gia t thng v t tr hoc thng gia t thng v t dn .
U = .R = G
(2- 1)
nh lut kic khp 1: Trn mi im ca mch t, tng t thng vo bng tng t thng ra:
1 n
=0
(2 2 )
nh lut kic khp 2: Trong mt on mch t khp kn, tng t p ca cc on mch bng tng sc t ng:
.R = F
i i 1 1
(2 3 )
nh lut ton dng in: Tch phn ng ca cng t trng theo vng t khp kn bng tng cc S.T. ca vng t :
H.dl = F
l
(24)
nh lut ton dng in c th bin i nh sau:

hoc:
H .dl = .dR = F
l l
(25)
y chnh l nh lut kic khp 2 vi mch t khp kn . c tnh c bn nht ca vt liu t l ng cong t ha ( Hnh 2-2) . y l quan h phi tuyn rt phc tp, khng th biu din di dng hm gii tch c . Mt khc t thng khp kn qua khng kh c nhiu thnh phn, nn vic xc nh chnh xc t dn khe h khng kh cng khng n gin .V vy vic tnh ton mch t tr nn phc tp .
Hnh 2-2
2.1.3. T dn khe h khng kh : Vi mch t c t cm nm trong vng tuyn tnh ca ng cong t ho , v t thm ln nn t tr mch t rt b, c th b qua c . Do chnh xc ca bi ton ph thuc vo tnh t dn ca cc khe h khng kh . Cng thc tng qut tnh t dn khe h khng kh da vo nh lut m cho mch t nh sau:
G = U
(2-6 )
trong : U - l t p ri trn khe h khng kh ; - l t thng i qua khe h khng kh . Nu khe h khng kh gia hai cc t tng i b so vi kch thc ca cc t (hnh 2-3 ).
Hnh 2-3
c th coi tit din t thng bng tit din cc t th:

G = B.S S = = 0 . U H .
[H]
2-7
) Trong trng hp ny ta b qua t dn ca t thng tn, l t thng bao bc xung quanh khe h khng kh . Sai s ca t dn G cng ln khi khe h cng ln . Cng thc (2-7) c s dng tnh t dn khe h khng kh trong t trng u khi: Cc t l hnh tr: S = d2 / 4 ; /d 0.2 ; Cc t l hnh ch nht: S = a.b ; a/ , b/ 2 ; Trong thc t khe h khng kh thng c tr s ln v hnh dng cc t tng i phc tp, v vy vic tnh ton t dn khe h khng kh cng phc tp . C ba phng php tnh t dn khe h khng kh nh sau: Phng php phn chia t trng (cn gi l phng php Roster) ; Phng php dng cng thc kinh nghim; Phng php th . a) Phng php phn chia t trng: Trong phng php ny t trng khe h khng kh c chia thnh cc t trng thnh phn c dng hnh hc n gin, sau tnh t dn ca cc t trng thnh phn v cui cng tng hp cc kt qu li tm t dn tng ca khe h khng kh . Cng thc c s tnh t dn ca cc hnh n gin da vo php bin i sau: S S . V ( 2-8 ) G = 0 . tb = 0 . tb 2 tb = 0 . 2 tb tb tb trong t: Stb - mt ct trung bnh ca hnh, vung gc vi ng sc t . tb - di trung bnh ca ng sc t trong hnh . V - th tch ca hnh . b) Phng php tnh t dn bng biu thc kinh nghim: Da vo nhng s liu thc nghim v m hnh ha cng nh l thuyt tng t, cc tc gi a ra cc cng thc gii tch, tnh ton t dn cc dng khe kh ca cc mch t thng gp cho thnh bng (Bng 1-3 ) . TT Cc t T dn
.d 2 .d ) x1 + 0,96d + 4 0,69. + 0,63
c
G = o (
1 vi :
2 Ro = 6,0 v 0; x1 = 1,0 . d
ab G = o . .x 2 + 0,58(a + b) 2 Ro 0; x2 = 1,0 vi : = 6,0 v d
G = o .(
x.d .d 2 1,51.d 2 + 0,48d . + + 4 2,4d + 0,22 + 0,4 x vi : x = (1 2)
G = o .(
a2
+ 0,58a +
0,14a
ln(105 + ) a vi : x = (1 2)
(a + k )(b + k
x.a ) 0,17 + 0,4 x
G = o .
vi :
< 1,0; k = 1,0 vi :
c 1,0; k = 0,307 d
G = o .(
.d 2 0,157 d + 0,75d ) 2 4 . sin sin 2
c)Phng php tnh t dn bng cch v t trng: Phng php ny dng xc nh t dn khe kh m cc t c dng phc tp kh xc nh bng cc phng php khc . Trc tin ta dng mt ng th m mt u tin v mt cui cng l mt bao ca b mt cc t, cc ng sc ct cc ng ng th di nhng gc vung . T trng gia hai cc t c chia thnh nhng Hnh 2-10
ng t thng bng nhau: = 1 = 2 = = n .(Hnh 2-10) Nu cc t p gia cc mt ng th l nh nhau: U1 U2 = U2 -U3 = = Un-1 - Un = U . Th t dn trn mi phn t c tnh bng cng thc:
g1 = g 2 = ... = g n = a.h = 0 . =g U b
( 2-9 )
Nu chiu di trung bnh ca t gic a = b v b dy ca t trng h nh, bng 1 n v chiu di th t dn:

g = 0 . a.h = 0 . b
( 2-10 )
Gi m l s ng t thng gia hai cc t; n l s t gic cong trong mi ng; h l chiu cao ca cc t . T dn c tnh bng cng thc sau:
G = 0 . m .h . n
( 2-11 )
chnh xc ca kt qu hon ton ph thuc vo bc tranh ca t trng .
2.2. Tnh ton mh t .

2.2.1. Tnh ton mch t mt chiu : bi ton mch t mt chiu, v dng in trong cun dy l dng mt chiu, nn s.t. v t thng khng bin i theo thi gian, do khng c tn hao do t tr v dng xoy trong mch t . Vt liu lm mch t mt chiu thng l thp t ccbon th khi, c ng cong t ha tng i cao . Nhng bi ton v mch t thng quy v hai dng: - Bi ton thun: Bit t thng , cn tm s.t. ( i.w) . y l bi ton thit k, ngha l phi tnh ton kch thc mch t v cc tham s c lc in t cn thit . - Bi ton ngc: Bit s.t. ca mch t, cn tm t thng .y l bi ton kim nghim, c ngha l vi mch t v cun dy cho trc, cn tnh lc in t . Vic tnh ton mch t tng i phc tp v cc l do sau: - Quan h phi tuyn ca ng cong t ho v t thm ca vt liu mch t; - T thng r trn li thp ca mch t phn b ri v thay i khi khe h khng klh thay i . a) Mch t mt chiu khng tnh n t thng r : T thng r l phn t thng khp kn mch t nhng khng i qua khe h khng kh lmvic . T thng r s b qua nu n rt b so vi t thng lm vic; tc l t thng i qua khe h khng kh lm vic . Xt mch t hnh xuyn, vi tit din S , chiu di trung bnh l, ln khe h khng kh v ng cong t ho vt liu mch t B(H) cho nh hnh v 2-11.
Hnh 2-11 Vi mch t ny, xt hai bi ton thun v ngc: *) Bi ton thun: Bit t thng khe h khng kh , tm s.t. (I.w) ca mch t . V: H. T tr mch t biu thc:
H .l S ; G = 0 . Vy s.t. ca mch t c xc nh theo 1 (2-13 ( I .w) = .R = / G = .( R + ) . G R =
r = 0 = B = B =
T ng B (H) ta tm c
) *) Bi ton ngc: Bit ( I.w) tm . T phng trnh ( 1-9 ), ta c:

( I .w) = .( R +
I .w B.S =H+ l G .l
1 B.S ) = H .l + G G
( 2-14 ).
Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho l ta c : ( 2-15 ) .
y l phng trnh c hai n s l B v H . V vy gii th phng php kinh in phng php r . Vi trng hp ny cng c th dng phng php dng hnh( Hnh 2-12). Trn ng cong B(H) t O ly mt on OA = I.w/l trn trc OH . Ti A dng mt gc vi tag = S/G.l ct ng cong ti M . T M chiu sang trc tung ta c B v chiu xung trc honh (im N ) ta c: Hnh 2-12
ON = H ; NA = OA ON =
I .w B.S H = l G .l
Vy t thng cn tm l:
= B.S .
b) Mch t mt chiu c tnh n t thng r: *) Trng hp th nht: B qua t tr st t R , t tr st t c th b qua khi mch t lm vic on tuyn tnh ca ng cong t ha . Xt mt mch t nh hnh (2-13 ) : c cun dy phn b u trn chiu di l . Gi f =
I .w l s.t. trn mt l x l l
n v chiu di tr; gr l sut t dn r trn tr; U = f .x = I .w. t p im x . T thng r ti phn on dx cch gc mt on x l: Hnh 2-13 (2-16) .
I .w x2 .g r . l 2 x d rx = U x dGrx = I .w. .g r dx l
Tch phn hai v ca phng trnh trn ta c: rx =

r =
(2-17).
T thng r trn ton b chiu cao tr l ca mch t c tnh bng:

I .w l2 l .g r = I .w.g r = I .w.Gr l 2 2 1 T dn r ca mch t quy i theo t thng l T: Gr = .g r .l 2
( 2-18). ( 2-19
). T thng tng hoc:
0 = + r = I.w( G + Gr ) = I.w.G .
0 = I .w.G (1 + Gr ) G
(2-20).
*) Trng hp th hai: Mch t mt chiu c xt n t thng r v t tr ca st t . Trong trng hp ny im lm vic ca mch t nm trn on phi tuyn ca ng cong t ho vt liu t nn cn gi l mch t bo ho .Nu t p ri trn phn st t vt qu 10% s.t. cun dy th khng th b qua t tr st t . Phng php thng gp nht tnh ton mch t bo ho c tnh n t thng r l phng php phn on mch t v phng php s dng h s t r . + Phng php phn on mch t: Xt mt mch t c dng hnh ch U ht thng ( Hnh 2-14)
H s t r r l t s gia t thng tng 0 v t thng i qua khe h khng kh
Hnh 2-14 Chia mch t thnh 3 phn on l12 , l23 , l34 sao cho s.t. ca cc phn on tha mn iu kin:
E = E1 + E 2 + E3 = E. l l l12 + E. 23 + E. 34 = I .w . l l l
(2-21)
Vic tnh ton mch t da vo s thay th v cc nh lut kic khp c tin hnh theo trnh t sau : Bc 1: Xc nh t p gia hai im 1v 1:
U 11, = U + U n = + H n .l n G
( 2-22)
trong : Bn =
l cng t cm np mch t; ln l chiu di ca np Sn
mch t; Sn l tit din ca np . Bc 2: Tnh t thng r gia hai im 1 v 1:

1 r1 = U 11' .Gr1 = U 11' .g r .l12 2
(1-23)
Trong thc t t thng r phn b ri trn chiu di ca li, xong d tnh ton ta coi h n tp trung ti im 1, v vy t thng phn on 1 s l: 1 = + r1 . (2-24) Bc 3: Xc nh t p gia cc im 2v 2 theo cng thc: U22 = U11 + 2H12.l12 E1 (2-25) Mun xc nh HM2 phi da vo ng cong t ho ca vt liu t v t cm on ny:
B12 = 1 . S
Bc 4: Tng t nh cc im trn ta c t thng r phn on hai:

1 r 2 = U 22' .Gr 2 = U 22 ' .g r .l 23 . 2
(1-23)
Bc 5: T thng phn on th hai: hai:

B23 = 2 . T ta tm c H23 . S
2 = 1 + r2 . v t cm phn on
Tng t ta tnh tip nhng im sau: Bc 6: U33 = U22 + 2H23.l23 E2 . Bc 7: 3 = 2 + r3 . Bc 8:

B34 = 3 Tm c H34 S
Bc 9: U44 = U33 + 2H34.l34 E3 . = B .S = 0 . Bc 10: U = U11 + 2H 12.l12 + 2H23.l23 + 2H34.l34 + H.l . Bc 11: Vi bi ton thun sau khi tnh xong phi so snh kt qu xem U v I.w nu sai s vt qu 10% th phi tnh ton li E1 v ta ly s b E = ( 1,2 1,3 ) ; /G = I.w. Vi bi ton ngc th trnh t tnh ngc li . + Phng php dng h s t r: Phng php ny cho kt qu tng i chnh xc song khi lng tnh ton ln nht l khi gp trng hp cun dy phn b ri trn ton b mch t . T thng ti bt k tit din x no ca mch t bng tng t thng lm vic v t thng r
x = + sx = (1 + sx ) = x . .
(2-26)
Trong :
x = 1+
sx l h s t r .
T ta thy nu xc nh c h s
t r x th s xc nh c t thng ti x . minh ho ta xt mt mch t dng ht chp nh hnh v 2-15 : (1-12TL1)
Hnh 2-15
Mch t c hai khe h khng kh 1 , 2 c ln khc nhau, cun dy phn b ri : n1 = + r1 = trn mt tr ca mch t . T thng ti tit din n1 l x1. . T thng r phn on x1 c tnh bng cng thc sau:
r1 = ( I .w) x .g r .dx = I .w.
0 0
x1
x1
lx g r .dx l
( 2-27). ( 2-28).
r1 = I .w.
g r .x1 x (2 1 ) 2 l g r .x 2 x (2 2 ) . 2 l
T thng r tit din n2 vi chiu di x2 c tnh tng t:

r 2 = I .w.
Nu b qua t tr st t th t thng khe h khng kh lm vic c tnh = I.w.G hay I.w = / G . theo cng thc sau: (2-29) Trong :
G = G 1 .G 2 l t dn tng ca khe h khng kh . G 1 + G 2 r1 = g r .x1 x . (2 1 ) . 2 G l
Thay I.w vo cng thc tnh t r (1-26) r1 ta c:
Vy t thng tng ti tit din n1 s l:

1 g .x x n1 = + r1 = 1 + . r 1 2 1 = . x1 l 2 G x 1 g .x trong : x1 = 1 + . r 1 2 1 l h s t r ti phn on x1 . l 2 G
T thng trung bnh ti phn on vi chiu di x1 l: + x1 1 + x . x1tb = . x 0 = V khi x = 0 th x0 = v x0 =1. Tng t ta c t thng trung bnh phn on n1 n2 : + x2 . n1n 2tb = . x1
2 2 2
Nh vy bng cch phn on mch t v tnh h s t r trn cc phn on, ta tm c t thng trung bnh . 2.2.2.Tnh ton mch t xoay chiu: Nu cun dy ca nam chm in c cp bi dng in xoay chiu th mch t ca n l mch t xoay chiu . Dng in trong cun dy xoay chiu khng ch ph thuc vo in tr R ca n m cn ph thuc vo in khng X ca n:
I= U R +X
2 2
U R + (.L )
2 2
Mt khc in cm L ph thuc vo t dn ca khe h mch t nn khi khe h khng kh bin i, t dn cng bin i v s.t. ca mch t cng thay i theo. T tr mch t xoay chiu khng ch ph thuc vo khe h khng kh , kch thc mch t, h s t thm ca vt liu m cn ph thuc vo tn hao nng lng trong mch t (Do dng in xoy v t tr ) v tn hao trong vng ngn mch (cn gi l vng chng rung ) . Nu st p trn in tr cun dy rt b so vi st p trn in khng th lc :
U=
( I . R ) 2 + ( I . X )2
I . X = I .2 . f .w 2 .G .
(2-30) (2-31)
U = I .w.G.2. . f .w = 2. . f .w.
m 2
= 4,44. f .w. m .
T ta nhn thy nu in p ngun khng i th t thng m cng khng i; cn mch t mt chiu s.t. ca cun dy ( I.w) khng i v dng chy trong cun dy ch ph thuc vo in tr ca n . mch t xoay chiu tn hao nng lng trong li thp v trong vng ngn mch s lm chm s bin thin ca t thng, ngha l to ra s lch pha gia s.t. v t thng . Tng t nh mch in, s xut hin ca in khng lm chm pha gia dng in v in p cn mch t s xut hin ca t khng lm chm pha gia t p v t thng . Xt mt mch t xoay chiu c vng ngn mch nh hnh v 2-16.
Hnh 2-16 w l s vng dy cun dy xoay chiu, ni song song vi ngun in U ; wn l s vng ca cun ngn mch vi in tr rn v in khng xn . a) Trng hp th nht : B qua t tr st t v tn hao trong li thp, phng trnh cn bng s.t. trong mch t c dng: i.w = .R =in.wn trong :
in = en w d = n. . rn rn dt
in l dng in chy trong cun dy ngn mch ( coi r=0). Thay vo ta c:
U = i.w = .R +
2 wn d . . rn dt
(2-32).
Vi mch in R -L ni tip phng trnh cn bng in p nh sau:

u = i.R + L di . dt d dt
C th vit phng trnh (1-31) nh sau:

u = .R + L .
(2-33).
Trong :
L =
2 wn w2 ; X = .L = . n l t cm v t khng ca mch t . Vy rn rn
phng trnh cn bng t p c dng:

U = .R + j.. X .
Tng t trong mch in ta c t khng tng ca mch t: Z = R + jX .

2 2 z = R + X .
Nu vng ngn mch h ( rn =0 ) th t khng mch t bng 0 v mch t ch cn t tr thun . b) Trng hp hai: Mch t c tn hao t tr v dng in xoy . Tn hao ny c th thay th bng mt in tr cun dy ngn mch o c tn hao tng ng . Nu t thng bin thin dng sin th s.. cm ng trong vng ngn mch c dng: .wn . n E n = 4,44.wn . n = . (2-34)
2
Suy ra :
wn =
En . 2 . . n
T iu kin tn hao tng ng ta c:

2 2 En En . PFe = rn = rn PFe
Vy t khng ca tn hao st t RFe l: 2 .wn 2 PFe . X = = rn . 2 n Tng t nh trong mch in ta c th dng khi nim sut t tr, sut t khng v sut tng t tr: R , X , Z . Cng thc tnh t tr t khng v tng tr mch t l:
R = R . X = X . 2.PFe l = S . 2 m l . S 2. p 0 . .l.S 2. p 0 . l = = . . 2 2 .B m .Bm S
(2-35) (2-36)
l Z = p Z . = S
2 R
2 X
l l 1 2. p 0 . . = . 2 + .B 2 S S m
(2-37)
Trong : p0 l sut tn hao t cho 1 n v khi lng . l t thm mch t . l khi lng ring ca vt liu t . l l chiu di mch t . S l tit din mch t . Cc phng php tnh mch t xoay chiu cng tng t nh phng php tnh mch t mt chiu .
2.3. Tnh lc ht in t .
2.3.1.Lc ht in t nam chm in mt chiu : Lc ht in t c tnh theo hai phng php: Dng cng thc Maxwell v phng php cn bng nng lng . a) Lc ht in t c tnh theo cng thc Maxwell : Lc in t c sinh ra do s tc ng tng h gia t trng khe h khng kh v b mt cc t c tnh theo cng thc Maxwell:
F=
2 1 . B .n B B n dS . 0 S 2
( )
(2-38)
trong : B l vc t t cm khe h khng kh .

n l vc t n v php tuyn ca b mt cc t .
S l din tch mt cc t tc dng vi t trng . 0 = 4. .10 7 H/m l t thm ca khng kh . Nu t thm ca st t rt ln so vi t thm khng kh ( Fe > 0) th c th coi hai vc t t cm B v vc t n v php tuyn n cng hng, do cng thc c dng n gin hn:
F=
1 2 0 . B2 .dS .
S
(2-39)
Trong trng hp khe h khng kh b v u c th coi t l t trng song phng, ngha l B = const ton khe kh do cng thc trn c dng:
F=
1 2 0 .B2 .S
[N]
(2-40)
trong : B l mt t cm tnh bng T hay Wb /m2 . S l din tch cc t tnh bng m2 . tin cho victnh ton cng thc trn c th vit: F = 4,06.B2.S [ kG ] . Vi : B[T] , S [cm2] . b) Tnh lc in t theo phng php cn bng nng lng : Khi ng in vo cun dy ta c phng trnh cn bng in p:
u = i.R +
d . dt
(2-41)
Nhn hai v ca phng trnh trn vi idt ta c: u.i.dt = i 2 .R.dt + i.d . Trong : u.i.dt l nng lng ngun cung cp cho cun dy . i.d l nng lng t trng ca nam chm in . Quan h gia t thng mc vng v dng in i c tnh phi tuyn, c trnh by hnh v (2-17 ) .
Hnh 2-17 Nng lng t trng khi = 1 = const c tnh bng cng thc:
W1 = i.d = S oabo .
0
(2-42)
Khi khe h khng kh gim t K 1 n 2 nng lng t trong NC s tng:

W12 = i.d = S abcda .
1 2
Khi = 2 = const , nng lng t trng l:

W 2 = i.d = S odco .
0
Vy khi khe kh gim t 1 n 2 , nng lng t trng s thay i mt lng : W = W1 + W12 W 2 = S oado . Soado chnh l din tch tam gic cong c phn gch cho trong hnh v . Vi s thay i ny s sinh ra cng c hc chuyn ri np ca NC t 1 n 2 : W = A = F ( 1 2 ) = F . .
Vy lc chuyn ri np s l:
F=
W dW W A = = lim( )= . d
Nh vy mun tnh c lc in t bng phng php cn bng nng lng ta phi bit cc quan h (i) khi = const v phi xc nh c biu thc gii tch ca W qua din tch ca tam gic cong biu din nng lng W1 , W12 v W2 . n gin vic tnh ton, coi quan h (i) l tuyn tnh tc l b qua t tr st t ca mch t Fe > 0 , nn d dng tnh c din tch cc hnh:
1 W1 = S oabo = . 1 .i1 . 2 1 W 2 = S odco = 2 .i2 . 2 1 = S abcda = .( 2 1 )(i 2 + i1 ) . 2
W12
Ta t: 2 = 1 + ; i2 = i1 + i v thay chng vo biu thc tnh nng lng t s c:
W = W1 + W12 - W2 = Soado =
1 ( i1 - 1i ) . 2
Thay vo biu thc trn ta c cng thc tnh lc in t: dW 1 d di F= = (i. . ) . d d 2 d Ta xt hai trng hp: i = const f() . = const f( ). Trng hp th nht: i = const . Vi i = const th di/d =0 , do cng thc tnh lc in t trong trng hp ny c dng: 1 d F = i. . 2 d Thay = L.i ; L =w2.G vo ta c:
F=
Cng thc trn dng tnh lc in t khi i = const f()ngha l cho NC mt chiu . Mun tnh lc ta phi bit s.t. ( i.w) v biu thc gii tch t dn G ( ). Trng hp th hai : = const f ( ). Vi f ( ) d /d = 0. Vy :
1 di F = . . 2 d
1 dG . (i.w) 2 . 2 d
Du ( -) c ngha khi gim th lc in t tng . V =w. ; i =
; L = w 2 .G
Nn thay vo cng thc ta c:
Cng thc trn dng tnh lc in t khi =const ngha l cho nam chm in xoay chiu . 2.3.2.Lc ht in t nam chm in xoay chiu: Phng php tnh lc ht in t y ging nh nam chm in mt chiu, nhng thay i = Im .sin t v =m .sint, ta c:
2 m sin 2 t S 2 2 1 . sin t dG 1 m dG F= m . = . . sin 2 t 2 2 G d 2 G d 1 cos 2t sin 2 t = ta c cng thc tnh lc ht in t ca nam chm 2
1 dG . F = ( )2 2 G d
F = 4,06.Bm sin 2 t = 4,06.

2
Thay
in xoay chiu:
F = Fm sin 2 t = 1 1 Fm Fm . cos 2t = F + F 2 2
trong :
l thnh phn khng i ca lc; Fl thnh phn bin i ca lc: F Tr s trung bnh ca lc c tnh theo cng thc:
Ftb =
T T F 1 1 1 Fdt = Fm (1 cos 2t )dt = m = F T 0 T 02 2
th ca t thng v lc in t c trnh by trn hnh v (2-18) ;
Hnh 2-18 Trong mt chu k ca t thng c hai chu k ca lc in t . Lc in t thay i t Fmax = Fm n Fmin = 0.
Nu lc c hc ca np l hng th khi F > Fc np s b ht; cn khi F < Fc th np b nh . Hin tng ny lp i lp li gi l np b rung ca nam chm in xoay chiu . Mun chng rung cn tho mn iu kin F > Fc mun vy ngi ta to ra hai t thng lch pha nhau trong mt mch t . Khi lc t thng th nht i qua 0 th lc t thng th hai khc 0 do vy m lc tng s khc 0 . C hai bin php to ra t thng lch pha nhau l: - Bin php th nht: Dng hai cun dy c thng s khc nhau thng mt cun c tnh cm cn mt cun c tnh dung nh hnh v 2-19.
Hnh 2-19 - Bin php th hai: t vng ngn mch hay cn gi l vng chng rung . Bin php th nht t c dng nam chm in v cng ngh phc tp cn bin php th hai n gin t tn km . cc t c vng ngn mch t thng i qua cc t gm hai phn: 1 ngoi vng ngn mch v 2 trong vng ngn mch . T khng ca vng ngn mch lm 2 chm pha so vi 1 mt gc vi tg c tnh nh sau: 2 X .wnm 1 2f tg = = . = .G 2
R rnm R 2 rnm
trong : rnm l in tr vng ngn mch; wnm =1 l s vng ca cun ngn mch . G2 = 1/R2 l t dn khe h khng kh trong vng ngn mch . iu kin l tng np khng rung l = /2 . nam chm in ba pha c ba cun dy nh nhau , v dng in mi pha lch nhau 120o nn t thng do chng sinh ra cng lch nhau 120o lc in t do chng sinh ra s l: FA = Fm sin2t. FB = Fm sin2(t +2/3 ). FC = Fm sin2(t +4/3 ).
Lc tc ng tng ln phn ng ca NC s l:
F = FA + FB + FC = 3 Fm . 2
T ta thy lc in t tng tc ng ln np hon ton khng bin i theo thi gian nn khng cn chng rung ( Hnh 2-20).
Hnh 2-21
2.4. Cun dy nam chm in .

Cun dy phi sinh ra s.t. cn thit cho mch t , ng thi tn hao nng lng trong cun dy phi nh nhit pht nng ca cun dy khng vt qu gi tr cho php ca cp cch in ca cun dy . Ty theo cch u ni ta c cun dng in hoc cun in p . Cu to ca cun dy c trnh by nh hnh v 2-22.
Hnh 2-22 Cun dy hnh tr c khung lm bng vt liu cch in thng c bng nha cng chu nhit . Dy qun ca cun dy lm bng dy ng bc men cch in, tit din trn hoc dt . - Thng s quan trng nht ca cun dy l h s lp y:
K ld =
S Cu S Cd
trong : SCu l din tch chim ch ca ng trong cun dy . SCd l din tch ca cun dy. H s lp y ca cun dy ph thuc vo nhiu yu t v dao ng trong phm vi kh rng: Kld = ( 0,3 0,7) . - in tr ca cun dy c tnh bng cng thc:
R = . w.l tb q
trong : l in tr sut ca vt liu; w l s vng cun dy; ltb l chiu di trung bnh ca mt vng dy . q l tit din ca dy qun . - tng nhit ca cun dy khi lm vic ch n nh nhit c xc nh bng biu thc:
=
P K t .S t
l tng nhit cun dy so vi mi trng . trong : = - 0 P ( W) l cng sut tn hao trong cun dy . KT h s to nhit bng i lu v bc x . iu kin t nhin Kt = ( 6 14) W/m2.deg. ST l din tch b mt ta nhit ca cun dy . - Mt thng s quan trng i vi tng nhit ca cun dy l mt dng in:
j= I q
[ A/mm2]
ch lm vic di hn ca cun dy ty thuc vo iu kin to nhit cng nh cp cch in ca dy qun ngi ta thng ly j =( 1,5 4) A/mm2 vi dy qun c ch to bng ng . ng knh ca dy qun cng nh tit din ca dy c th xc nh c nh cch chn mt dng in t:
S vng cun dy c xc nh t cng thc : S Cu w. .d 2
K ld = S Cd 4l.h K .l.h w = ld 2 .d = q= I j
[ mm2] ;
d=
4q
[mm]
vi m = h/l gi l h s hnh dng . Tn hao cng sut trong cun dy: P = I2. R
2.5. c tnh ng ca nam chm in.
Mt thng s quan trng ca nam chm in l thi gian tc ng v thi gian nh ca n . Thi gian tc ng M ( tt ) l qung thi gian k t thi im a tn hiu vo cho n khi np chuyn ng xong ( =min). Thi gian nh ( tnh) l qung thi gian t khi ct tn hiu vo n khi np kt thc xong chuyn ng ( =max) : tt = t1 + t2 ; tnh = t3 + t4 . trong : t1 l thi gian khi ng khi tc ng . t2 l thi gian chuyn ng khi tc ng . t3 l thi gian khi ng khi nh . t4 l thi gian chuyn ng khi nh . 2.5.1. c tnh ng ca nam chm in mt chiu: - Khi a dng in vo cun dy, dng in tng t t theo hm m v t n tr s khi ng Ik .Ti thi im ny lc in t bng lc l xo v np bt u chuyn ng, l thi gian khi ng t1 hnh 2-23. T thi im ny tr i v np bt u chuyn ng nn khe h gim dn, t cm tng dn nn dng in suy gim n lc = min th kt thc thi gian chuyn ng t2. Sau dng in tng cho n khi t gi tr n nh I . Khi m dng in suy gim ti tr s Inh , lc ny lc in t bng lc l xo v dng in tin ti 0. T thi im ny tr i v np bt u chuyn ng nn khe h gim dn, t cm tng dn nn dng in suy gim n lc = min th kt thc thi gian chuyn ng t2. Sau dng in tng cho n khi t gi tr n nh I . Khi m dng in suy gim ti tr s Inh , lc ny lc in t bng lc l xo v dng in tin ti 0. a) Thi gian khi ng khi ng t1 : *) Trng hp mch t tuyn tnh c mt cun dy: Phng trnh cn bng in p c dng : d di dL
u = i.R +
trong thi gian khi ng t1 , v =max=const nn L = L0 = const do vy phng trnh c dng:

U = i.R + L0 L di di U i = 0 . dt R R dt
dt
= i.R + L
dt
+ i.
dt
L U = Lod , 0 = T0 v thay vo biu thc trn ta c: R R
dt =
t1
L0 di . R I od i
I kd
(1-73).
Tch phn (1-73) t 0 n t1 , vi dng in t 0 n Ik :
dt = T0
0
I
0
di od i
do thi gian khi ng t1 s l:

t1 = T0 ln Ki I d = T0 ln I od I kd Ki 1
trong : K i =
=max). T ta nhn thy mun thay i thi gian khi ng t1 th phi thay i thng s ca cun dy L0 , R v thay i h s d tr dng in Ki . *) Trng hp mch t tuyn tnh c thm cun dy ngn mch: Trong trng hp ny phng trnh cn bng in p s l : d
i.R + dt = 0 d in .Rn + =0 dt
I od l h s d tr theo dng in ca NC. I kd L T0 = 0 l hng s thi gian in t ca cun dy khi np m ( R
trong k hiu n ch cun dy ngn mch . Gii h phng trnh vi phn ta c:

Ki R t1 = T0 1 + , ln R K 1 i n
w trong : R = Rn w n
, n
l in tr qui i ca cun dy ngn mch v cun in p
w ca nam chm in . b) Thi gian khi ng khi nh t3 : Vi nam chm in c mt cun dy th phng trnh cn bng in p khi nh c dng: d
i.R + dt =0
Nu mch t tuyn tnh th pt trn c th vit di dng:

0 = i.R + L1
I
dL di di + i. 1 = i.R + L1 . . dt dt dt
I
Vy thi gian khi ng khi nh t3 c tnh bng cng thc:

od I L nh di di t 3 = 1 . = T1 = T1 ln od R I od i i I nh I nh
trong : L1 l in cm ca NC khi np ht . T1 = L1/R l hng s thi gian in t ca NC khi np ht . Nu c thm vng ngn mch v in tr xoy ca mch t th:
t 3 = T1 (1 + I R R + , ) ln od , I nh Rn R x
Nu mch t phi tuyn th:

t3 = 1 R R d d (1 + , + , ) R Rn R x nh i
Nh vy cng ging nh thi gian khi ng t1 khi ng, thi gian khi ng khi nh t3 cng ln nu in tr vng ngn mch Rn v in tr xoy ca mch t cng b . c) Thi gian chuyn ng khi ng t2 : Khi dng in trong cun dy t tr s khi ng K = Ik lc in t ln hn lc c F > Fc v phn np bt u chuyn ng: - Khe h khng kh ca mch t gim dn t max n min . - in cm ca cun dy tng t L0 n L1. - T thng mc vng thay i t k n . Trong trng hp ny h phng trnh trng trng thi c dng : d
u = i.R + dt 2 F .dx = Fc .dx + d ( mv ) 2
trong : F l lc in t . Fc l lc c. m l khi lng phn ng.

v= dx l vn tc ca phn ng. dt
Thi gian chuyn ng khi ng t2 c xc nh t h phng trnh trn . Gii h phng trnh bng phng php th gn ng ta tm c:
t 2 = t i =
1 1 n n
2mx ( F Fc ) i
trong : xi l qung ng on th i xi = i - i+1 (F Fc )i l lc trung bnh phn on th i tc ng ln phn ng ca NC c tnh bng:

( F Fc ) i = Si xi
vi Si l din tch b gii hn bi ng cong F () phn on th i .T ta nhn thy mun gim thi gian chuyn ng t2 , ta phi gim khi lng m phn ng, gim hnh trnh x ca phn ng, tng lc in t F v gim phn lc Fc. d) Thi gian chuyn ng khi nh t4 :
Khi ct in cun dy, t thng mch t gim dn t tr s nh nh , lc in t b hn lc c F < Fc v np bt u chuyn ng t min n max vi thi gian chuyn ng t4 c tnh tng t nh t2 :
t4 = 2m.x . Fc F
2.5.2. c tnh ca NC xoay chiu: Tng t nh NC mt chiu thi gian tc ng v thi gian nh ca nam chm in xoay chiu gm thi gian khi ng v thi gian chuyn ng . im khc c bn ca NC xoay chiu l in p dng in, t thng bin thin tun hon vi tn s f , cn lc in t theo tn s 2f . Trong thi gian t1 , v khe h khng kh ln ( =max ) nn dng in trong cun dy kh ln (Gp t 4 n 15 ln so vi khi np ht G = min). v vy nu ng in vo thi im dng in i qua gi tr 0, ch sau 1/4 chu k th t thng t gi tr cc i, cn nu ng in vo thi im i 0 th qung thi gian t thng t gi tr cc i cng khng vt qu 1/2 chu k, do lc in t t tr s cc i vi thi gian b hn 1/2 chu k v t1 do vy nh hn 1/2 chu k . Thi gian khi ng khi nh t3 cng nh hn so vi NC mt chiu v h quang xoay chiu d tt hn dng in suy gim nhanh v t d hu nh khng tn ti .Thi gian chuyn ng t2 v t4 cng c th tnh nh NC mt chiu .
2.6. ng dng ca nam chm in

2.6.1. Cn cu in t: Cn cu in t dng bc d hng ho C, vn chuyn hng ho bng vt liu st t . B phn ch yu ca n l mt nam chm in . y l mt nam chm in mt chiu ch c cun dy v mch t tnh . Np ca n chnh l hng ho cn bc . Khi a in vo cun dy, lc in t s gi cht hng ho trn cc t . Sau khi dch chuyn n ch cn thit ch vic ct in cun dy l d xong . Nhng c im chnh ca cn cu in t l: - Khng cn ngi mc v dy buc hng . - Bc v d hng ho t xa qua thao tc ng v ct in cun dy . - C th vn chuyn hng ho st t c trng thi nng (Nh hn im Quiri). - Ti trng c ch ph thuc vo kch thc, tnh dn t, hnh dng b mt ca hng ho . - trnh hin tng ri hng khi mt in bt thng th cn cu in phi c ngun d phng . 2.6.2.Phanh in t: Phanh in t l c cu in t dng hm cc thit b ang quay , o mmen ca ng c in . Loi phanh thng dng nht l phanh guc v phanh ai , b phn ch yu ca phanh in t l mt nam chm in , tng lc v lm gim kch thc ca phanh thng kt hp vi c cu tay n .Trong cc phanh in t lc l xo dng hm , cn lc in t dng nh phanh .Trong phanh hm nam
chm in mt chiu c dng thng dng hn v d ch to , lc ht ln , khng gy n . 2.6.3. Van in t : Van in t dng ng m cc ng ng dn cht lng hoc cht kh , bng cch ng , ct in vo cun dy .Mch t ca van thng c dng kiu bc , phn ng c gn vi c cu lm vic ( ty van ) c lc in t ln vi khe h lm vic ln nam chm in thng c ch to kiu ht ng dy ( solenoid) .
Chng 3: S PHT NNG CA CC KH C IN 3.1. i cng

3.1.1. Khi nim: trng thi lm vic, trong cc b phn ca thit b in ni chung v ca kh c in ni ring u c tn hao nng lng v bin thnh nhit nng . Mt phn nhit nng ny lm tng nhit ca kh c v mt phn ta ra mi trng xung quanh . trng thi xc lp nhit, nhit ca kh c khng tng na m n nh mt gi tr no , ton b tn hao cn bng vi nhit nng ta ra mi trng xung quanh . Nu khng c s cn bng ny nhit ca kh c s tng cao lm cho cch in b gi ho v bn c kh ca cc chi tit b suy gim v tui th ca kh c gim i nhanh chng . tng nhit ca kh c c tnh bng: (3-1) = 0 vi v: l tng nhit (hay chnh nhit ) . l nhit ca kh c . 0 l nhit ca mi trng . 3.1.2. Cc ngun nhit v cc phng php trao i nhit: a) Cc ngun nhit: Nhit nng do cc tn hao trong kh c in to nn, c ba dng tn hao: Tn hao trong cc chi tit dn in, tn hao trong vt liu st t v tn hao trong vt liu cch in . - Tn hao trong cc chi tit dn in: Nng lng tn hao trong cc dy dn do dng in i i qua trong khong thi gian t c tnh bng cng thc:
W = i 2 .R.dt
0
(3-2)
in tr R ca dy dn ph thuc vo in tr sut ca vt liu, kch thc dy dn v tn s dng in, v tr ca dy dn trong h thng . - Tn hao trongcc phn t st t: Nu cc phn t st t nm trong vng t trng bin thin t trong chng s c tn hao do t tr v dng in xoy to ra v c tnh theo cng thc: 1, 6 2 PFe = ( T .Bm + x . f .Bm ) f .G (3-3) trong : PFe tn hao st t [ W ]. Bm tr bin ca t cm [ T ]. f tn s ca li [ Hz ].
G khi lng ca mch t . T cng thc trn ta nhn thy rng tn hao st t ph thuc vo t cm, tn s, in tr xoy ca vt lu . thun tin cho vic tnh ton ngi ta xc nh sut tn hao t p0 cho mt n v khi lng vt liu tn s cho trc f v t cm B v nh vy tn hao s c tnh n gin hn: (3-4) PFe = p0.G gim tn hao trong cc chi tit dng khi, ngi ta thng s dng cc bin php sau: + To khe h phi t tnh theo ng i ca t thng tng t tr, gim t thng tc l gim Bm.. + t thm vng ngn mch tng t khng, gim t thng. + Vi cc chi tit cho thit b c dng in ln hn 1000 A, c ch to bng vt liu phi t tnh nh uyara, gang khng dn t . - Tn hao trong vt liu cch in: Di tc dng ca in trng bin thin, trong vt liu cch in s sinh ra tn hao in mi: P = 2. . f .U 2 .tg (3-5) trong : P - l cng sut tn hao [ W ]. f - l tn s in trng [ Hz ]. U - l in p [ V ]. Tg - l tang ca gc tn hao in mi . T biu thc trn ta thy tn hao cch in t l vi bnh phng in p vy tn hao cch in ch ng k khi in p cao. b) Cc phng php trao i nhit: Nhit c truyn t ni c nhit cao sang ni c nhit thp theo ba cch: Dn nhit, i lu, bc x; Dn nhit l qu trnh truyn nhit gia cc phn t c tip xc trc tip . i lu l qu trnh truyn nhit trong cht lng hoc cht kh, gn lin vi s chuyn ng ca cc phn t mang nhit . C hai dng i lu i lu t nhin v i lu cng bc; Bc x nhit l qu trnh to nhit ca vt th nng ra mi trng xung quanh bng pht x sng in t .
T , x h s tn hao do t tr v dng in xoy .
3.2. Cc ch lm vic v phng php xc nh nhit

3.2.1. Cc ch lm vic: a) Ch xc lp nhit: Khi lm vic phng trnh cn bng nhit c dng :
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
(3-6)
trong : Q1 = P.dt - l nng lng tn hao ng vi cng sut P Q2 = KT.ST..dt - l nng lng to ra mi trng xung quanh . Q3 = c.G.d. - l nng lng lm tng nhit ca kh c, vi khi lng G v nhit dung ring c . Thay vo phng trnh trn ta c:
P.dt = KT.ST..dt + c.G.d. (3-7) ch xc lp nhit, nhit khng thay i theo thi gian ( d = 0.) nn phng trnh c dng: P.dt = KT.ST..dt (3-8) C ngha l ton b nhit lng sinh ra ch ta ra mi trng xung quanh do tng nhit xc lp s l:
=
P . K T .S T
b) Ch qu : Khi bt u lm vic , nhit ca kh c tng dn, sau mt thi gian qu n khng tng na v t gi tr xc lp . Qu trnh qu c m t bng phng trnh cn bng nhit: (3-9) P.dt = KT.ST..dt + c.G.d. CT = c.G l nhit dung ring ca kh c . S hng th nht l nhit ta ra mi trng xung quanh vi nhit 0 = const ; S hng th hai l nhit lng hp th ca thit b . Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn ny c dng:
= 0 .e T + (1 e T ) trong : - l chnh nhit so vi mi trng . 0 - l chnh nhit ban u ( t =0 ). =
P l chnh nhit xc lp . K T .S T CT T= = RT .CT - l hng s thi gian pht nng . K T ST
t t
Nu 0=0 ngha l khi bt u lm vic nhit ca kh c bng nhit mi trng th:

= (1 e T )
Quan h (t) c biu din trn hnh 2-7 trong ng 1 ng vi trng hp 0 0, ng 2 ng vi 0 =0 . Qu trnh ngui lnh ca kh c xy ra khi ta ct in cho n , nhit ca kh c gim dn n nhit mi trng .
Hnh 2-7
Trong trng hp ny phng trnh cn bng nhit s l: 0 = KT.ST..dt + c.G.d. Vi iu kin t =0 0= th nghim ca phng trnh l:
(3-10)
= .e T th cho qu trnh ngui lnh ng 3 hnh 2-7. Ngi ta phn bit ba ch lm vic ca thit b in: Ch lm vic di hn; ch lm vic ngn hn v ch lm vic ngn hn lp li . - ch lm vic di hn thi gian lm vic ln = v thi gian ngh di =0 . V 0(t) l hm m nn v l thuyt t khi pht nng v =0 vi thi gian v cng . Trong thc t nu t 4T th c th coi l ch lm vic di hn, hoc tng nhit 2oC/h cng c th coi l ch lm vic di hn . th v quan h (t) ch di hn nh hnh 2-7. - ch lm vic ngn hn thi gian lm vic cha ln tng nhit cha t n gi tr xc lp, cn thi gian ngh di nhit ca kh c bng nhit mi trng . th ca qu trnh ny c biu din hnh 2-8 . - Ch lm vic ngn hn lp li: Vi ch ny, mi chu k lm vic c c trng bi thi gian ngh v thi gian lm vic: tck = tlv + tngh Thi gian lm vic trong mi chu k cha ln nn tng nhit cha t ti gi tr xc lp , thi gian ngh cha di nn nhit ca kh c vn ln hn nhit mi trng . Nu s chu k ln th nhit s dao ng xung quanh tr s max v min xc lp cn gi l tr s xc lp gi nh . Qu trnh ny c biu din hnh 2-9. c) Ch ngn mch : Khi b ngn mch, dng in chy trong dy dn c tr s rt ln, gp vi chc ln dng in ch nh mc, nhng v thi gian ngn mch khng di nn nhit pht nng cho php ch ny thng ln hn ch di hn . V thi gian ngn mch b nn c th coi qu trnh ny l qu trnh on nhit , ngha l ton b nhit lng sinh ra dng t nng kh c ch khng to ra mi trng xung quanh . Do phng trnh cn bng nhit: i 2 .R.dt = CT .d (3-11) trong t: R l in tr ca dy dn . l nhit ca dy dn . CT l nhit dung ring ca kh c: CT = c0 (1 + . ).G c0 l nhit dung ring ca vt liu 0oC l h s nhit ca nhit dung ring . G l khi lng ca vt dn . 3.2.2.Phng php xc nh nhit :
Trong cc thit b in , qu trnh o nhit thng gn lin vi qu trnh khng ch nhit khng vt qu gi tr cho php , kim tra xc nh hng hc ca thit b .v.v C nhiu cch o nhit vi nhng c im khc nhau : a) o bng nhit k : Loi nhit k thng dng l loi thy ngn , c th o c ti 300oC . u im chnh ca phng php o ny l n gin , trc tip , song tn hiu khng truyn c i xa v kh o nhit cc im , qun tnh nhit ln . b) o bng nhit ngu (Cp nhit): Nu hai si kim loi khc nhau c hn mt pha , im chung c nh ni c nhit cao , cn u t do t ni c nhit thp th s xut hin mt s , t l vi chnh nhit v ph thuc vo bn cht ca kim loi lm nhit ngu . (3-12) eT = k. = k.( 1 - 2 ) . trong : k l h s t l ph thuc vo vt liu lm nhit ngu . Trong mt phm vi nht nh k l mt hng s v vy o s nhit in eT ta c th bit c tng nhit . u im chnh ca phng php o ny l c th o nhit tng im , qun tnh nhit b , c th o c nhit n 2000oC v c th truyn tn hiu i xa . c) o nhit bng in tr : Vi kim loi , khi nhit tng th din tr cng thay i theo quan h : (3-13) R = Ro ( 1 + T. ) Nu xc nh c Ro v R th ta s xc nh c . C hai phng php o nhit qua in tr : o trc tip v o gin tip . o trc tip : o in tr cun dy trc lc lm vic v sau khi lm vic , qua c th xc nh c tng nhit trung bnh ca cun dy . o gin tip : Ngi ta ch to cc u o bng vt liu c h s nhit in tr ln , tuyn tnh v t u o gn im cn o nhit , cch in vi cc phn dn in ca thit b .Phng php ny c th o nhit ca thit b khi chng ang lm vic , c th truyn tn hiu i xa v d dng khng ch cng sut hay nhit . d) o nhit bng pht x hng ngoi : y l phng php o tin tin , thng dng kim tra nhit cc b phn ca thit b trng thi lm vic nht l cc thit b cao p .Thit b o nhn tn hiu t b phn pht x hng ngoi t im cn o , sau phn tch ph v so snh vi ph chun t bit c nhit im cn o .
Chng 4: LC IN NG TRONG CC KH C IN 4.1.Khi nim chung .

4.1.1.Khi nim : Lc in ng l lc sinh ra khi mt vt dn mang dng in t trong t trng . Lc tc dng ln vt dn v c xu hng lm thay i
hnh dng ca vt dn t thng xuyn qua mch vng vt dn t gi tr cc i. Trong mt h thng gm vi vt dn mang dng in , bt k mt vt dn no trong chng cng c th c coi l t trong t trng to bi cc dng in chy qua cc vt dn khc . Do vy gia cc vt dn mang dng in lun c t thng tng tng h mc vng , kt qu lun c cc lc c hc( c gi l lc in ng ) . Tng t nh vy cng c cc lc in ng sinh ra gia vt dn mang dng in v khi st t . Chiu ca lc in ng c xc nh bng quy tc bn tay tri , hoc theo nguyn tc chung nh sau : Lc tc dng ln vt dn mang dng in c xu hng lm bin i hnh dng mch vng dng in sao cho t thng mc vng qua n tng ln . 4.1.2.Lc in ng trong cc kh c in : Cc kh c in bao gm nhiu mch vng dn in c hnh dng , kch thc khc nhau , vi cc v tr tng h khc nhau . Trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng cc lc in ng u nh v khng gy nn bin dng cc chi tit mang dng in ca cc kh c in . Tuy nhin khi c ngn mch , cc lc ny tr ln rt ln c th gy nn bin dng hay ph hng chi tit v thm ch c kh c in . Tnh n nh in ng ca kh c l kh nng chu lc tc ng pht sinh khi c dng ngn mch i qua . Tnh n nh in ng ny c biu th bng bin dng in ng hc ih , cng c kh trong cc chi tit ca kh c khng vt qu gii hn cho php ,hoc cho bng bi s ca dng in ny vi bin ca dng nh mc :
K dh = i dh 2 I dm
i khi tnh n nh in ng hay tnh bn ng hc c nh gi bng gi tr hiu dng ca dng din xung , qua mt chu k sau khi bt u xy ra ngn mch .
4.2.Cc phng php tnh lc in ng

4.2.1.Phng php tnh lc in ng da trn nh lut v lc tc dng tng h gia dy dn mang dng in v t trng ( nh lut Bi - Xava Laplace): Nu mt on mch vng dl1 [ m ] c dng in i1 [ A ] i qua ( hnh 3 -1a TL1) c t trong t cm B [ T ] , th s c mt lc df [ N ] tc ng ln dl1 : (4-1) df = i1dl1xB = i1 B.dl1 .sin trong : - l gc gia B v dl1 , hng ca dl1 theo chiu ca dng in i1 . Lc in ng tc ng ln ton b mch vng c chiu di l [ m ] bng tng hp cc lc thnh phn :
F = dF = i1 .B. sin .dl
0 0 l l
(4-2)
Nu mch vng nm trong mi trng c t thm c nh = const ( Trong chn khng hoc khng kh , vic xc nh t cm B tng i thun tin khi s dng nh lut Bi - Xava Laplace . 4.2.2. Phng php cn bng nng lng Phng php da trn c s s dng cn bng nng lng ca h thng dy dn c dng in chy qua . Nu b qua nng lng tnh ca h thng th lc c th c tm c theo phng trnh:
F= w x
(4-3)
Trong : W - l nng lng in t . X - l dch chuyn c th theo phng tc dng ca lc . Nh vy lc bng o hm ring ca nng lng in t ca h thng cho theo to , theo chiu tc dng ca lc .Nh bit trong k thut in , nng lng in t ca mt h thng cho l:
w= 1 1 2 L1i12 + L2 i2 + M 12 i1i2 2 2
(4-4)
Trong phng trnh trn, hai thnh phn u xc nh nng lng ca cc mch vng c lp , thnh phn th ba cho ta nng lng quy c bng quan h in t gia chng . Phng trnh trn cng cho php xc nh lc tc dng ln mch vng c lp cng nh lc tc dng tng h ca mch vng ln tt c cc mch vng cn li . xc nh lc tc dng ln mch vng c lp ta s dng phngtrnh :
F= w 1 2 L = i x 2 x
(4-5)
Khi tnh ton lc tc dng tng h ca cc mch vng, ngi ta coi rng nng lng ch bin thin do kt qu bin i khong cch tng h ca cc mch vng . Khi nng lng qui c bng t cm coi nh khng i . Nh vy lc tc dng gia cc mch vng bng :
F= M w = i1i2 x x
(4-6)
Phng php ny tin li, khi bit mi quan h gii tch ca in cm (T cm hoc h cm ) vi cc thng s hnh hc khc . Chiu dng ca lc tc dng tng ng vi tng nng lng ca h thng . Nng lng in t trng ca mch vng bng:
A= 1 2 1 2 1 1 Li = i = i = i 2 2 i 2 2
(4-7)
Trong :
- tng t thng mc vng . - T thng mc vng mt vng dy.
W - S vng dy.
Lc tc dng trong mch vng s c chiu sao cho in cm, t thng mc vng v t thng khi bin dng mch vng di tc dng ca lc ny tng ln. 4.2.3. Lc in ng ca mt s dng dy dn: 4.2.3a. Tnh L cc thanh dn song song: Trong trng hp ny L c tnh theo nh lut Bi-xavar-Laplace . Hng ca chng ph thuc vo dng in trong thanh dn . Xt hai dy dn song song c ng knh rt b so vi chiu di ca chng (hnh v) v c dng in i1, i2 chiu di tng ng l l1 , l2 . T cm dB do dng i1 trong phn on dy sinh ra ti phn on dx trn dy dn l2 vi khong cch r (t dx n dy ) c tnh nh sau: i dy dB = 0 dH = 0 . 1 2 sin ( 4-8 )
4 r
trong l gc gia dy v r. T cm do dng in i1 trong dy dn l1 to ti im dx trn l2 l: l 0 sin ( 4-9 ) B= i1 dy .

1
t cc bin mi:
y= a a a ;r = ; dy = 2 dx sin tg sin i1
Thay chng vo phng trnh trn ta c: 0 0 cos 1 + cos 2 sin

B= 4
2
dx =
i1
a dx
( 4-10)
Lc in ng tc ng tng h gia dy dn l1v dx l: 0 cos 1 + cos 2

dFx = B.i 2 dx =
2
i1i2
2
( 4-11 )
T suy ra cng thc tnh L gia dy dn l1 tc ng ln dy dn l2 l: l l 0 cos 1 + cos 2 ( 4-12) Fx = dFx = i1i2 dx
0
Thay
cos 1 =
l1 x1
(l1 x )
7
+a
; cos 2 =
x x + a2
2
V nu l1 = l2 th biu thc trn c dng:

2 2l a a F = 10 i1i2 1 + a l l
(4-13 )
F=10-7 i1 i2 Kc Vi: Nu
Kc = a a 2l 1+ a l l
2
( 4-14) l h s kt cu ca mch vng .
a <<1 ngha l chiu di dy dn ln hn rt nhiu so vi khong cch gia l
chng th lc L s l:
2l [ N]. (4-15) a Trng hp l1 l2 v chng t lch nhau th h s kt cu Kc c th tnh theo biu thc sau: Di S i = (D1 + D2 ) (S1 S 2 ) (4-16) Kc = a a Trong Di l tng cc ng cho hnh thang Si l tng cc cnh bn ca hnh thang, a l tng cc ng cao. 4.2.3b.L.. thanh dn vung gc: Trong thit b in thng gp trng hp cc chi tit mch vng dn in nm vung gc vi nhau. n gin ho vic tnh ton, coi dng in ch tp trung trc thanh dn v chiu di thanh dn ng rt ln so vi thanh ngang l > a. Lc in ng tc ng ln phn on dx ca thanh dn ngang c tnh theo cng thc: dFx = i.Bx.dx. (4-17) F = 10 7 i1i2
Trong :
Bx =
0 i
4 x
thay vo ta c:
F=
0
4
i 2 ln
a r
Nu chiu di thanh dn ng l hu hn th L s nh hn biu thc trn . 4.2.3c.Lc in ng vng dy v bi dy: Trong trng hp ny lc in ng c tnh theo phng php cn bng nng lng . Lc in ng vng dy c bn knh trung bnh R, ng knh dy 2r vi dng in chay trong vng dy l i . Vi r/R = 0.25 th in cm ca vng dy c tnh theo cng thc:
8R 1,75 L = 0 R ln r
Lc in ng tc ng ln vng dy theo hng knh l:
Fr =
1 2 dL i 2 dR
Thay (
) vo ( ) v bin i ta c: 0 2 8R
FR =
Lc FR phn b u trn ton vng dy vi chiu di 2R v vy L tc ng ln mt n v chiu di ca vng dy c tnh bng: 0 2 8R F

fR = 2R
2
0,75 . i ln 2 r
4R
0,75 i ln r
Thnh phn lc Fq c xu hng ko t na vng dy l:
Fq =
8R f R R sin .d = 10 7 i 2 ln 0,75 r
Lc in ng hai vng dy song song c tnh theo phng php cn bng nng lng . Nng lng t do h cm gia hai vng dy c dng in i1, i2 i qua l: W = i1. i2 .M Lc in ng tc dng ln chng theo chiu dc trc s l:
F= dW dM = i1i2 dh dh
h 0,2 th h cm M c th tnh theo: 2R 8R M = 0 R ln 2 h
Vi
o hm theo khong cch gia hai vng dy ta c:

dM R = 0 dh h
Vy L gia hai vng dy vi bn knh R v khong cch h:

Fh = 0 i1i2 R h
Lc ny cng ln khi dng in cng ln, khong cch gia hai vng dy cng b v ng knh bi dy cng ln .Trong mt cun dy lc ny c xu hng nn thp chiu cao ca cun dy . 4.2.4.Lc in ng in xoay chiu: in xoay chiu, v dng in thay i tun hon theo thi gian nn L cng thay i theo quy lut nht nh . 4.2.4a. Lc in ng mch mt pha: ch xc lp dng in ch c thnh phn chu k theo quy lut: i = 2 I . sin t = I m sin t . Lc in ng gia hai dy dn c dng:
2 F = 10 7 K c I m sin 2 t =
Trong Fm = 10-7KcI2m l gi tr bin ca lc in ng [ N];Im l gi tr bin ca dng in [A]. Nh vy lc in dng c hai thnh phn: Thnh phn khg i F1 v thnh phn bin i F2 :
F = F1 + F2 = Fm Fm . cos 2t. 2 2
1 Fm (1 cos 2t ) . 2
Trong thnh phn bin i F2 c tn s gp i tn s dng in . 4.2.4b.Lc in ng mch in ba pha: Xt ba dy dn ba pha cng nm trong mt mt phng c cc dng in iA , iB , iC vi IA = IB = IC . Nu khng k ti thnh phn khng chu k th dng in cc pha lch nhau mt gc 2/3 :
2 4 i A = I m . sin t ; i B = I m . sin t ; iC = I m . sin t 3 3
Lc in ng tc dng ln tng thanh dn c tnh nh sau: FA = FAB + FAC . FB = FBA + FBC . FC = FCA + FCB . Trong Fpq = Fqp l lc gia cc dy dn pha p v pha q .
2 2 FAB = FBA = C1 I m . sin t. sin t . 3 1 4 2 FAC = FCA = C1 I m . sin t. sin t . 2 3 2 4 2 FBC = FCB = C1 .I m . sin t . sin t . 3 3 2l Vi: C1 = 10 7. ; l l chiu di dy dn; a l khong cch gia hai pha cnh a
nhau. Thay gi tr ca cc lc va tm c vo biu thc trn ri tm gi tr max ta thu c: 2 2 FAmD = 0.805.C1 I m ; FAmK = 0.055C1 I m .
2 FBmD = FBmK = 0.870C1 .I m .
2 FCmD = 0.805C1 I m ; 2 FCmK = 0.055C1 .I m .
K hiu D Lc y; K Lc ko . 4.2.5.Cng hng c kh v n nh in ng ca kh c: 4.2.5a. Cng hng c kh:

Khi dng in xoay chiu i qua thanh dn, L pht sinh s gy chn ng v c th pht sinh cng hng c kh nu tn s dao ng ca L bng tn s dao ng ring ca thanh dn . Khi bin ca L tng ln nhiu ln, c th ph hng kt cu ca thit b . trnh hin tng cng hng khng mong mun ny ngi ta tnh ton sao cho tn s dao ng c kh ca h khc xa tn s dao ng ca L . thanh dn thanh dn tit din ch nht hoc trn, tn s dao ng ring c tnh theo cng thc:
f0 = K l2 E.J .g.q
trong : - l khi lng ring ca vt liu lm thanh dn; kg/m3. g = 9,81 [ m/s2 ]- l gia tc trng trng . E - l mdun n hi thanh dn; [ Pa ]. J - l mmen qun tnh tit din thanh dn; [ m4 ]. q - l tit din thanh dn; [ m2 ]. l - l chiu di thanh dn; [ m ]. K l h s ph thuc vo cch c nh thanh dn: thanh dn bt cht c hai u trn s cch in K =11,2 ; thanh dn mt u bt cht mt u t do trn s K = 7,8; thanh dn c hai u nm t do trn s K = 4,9. T cng thc tnh tn s dao ng ring ca thanh dn ta thy c th thay i f0 bng cch thayi l , k , J . Mt trong nhng bin php trnh cng hng c kh l s dng dy dn mm . 4.2.5b. bn in ng ca kh c in: bn in ng ca kh c in l kh nng chu tc ng c kh do lc in ng khi ngn mch nguy him nht gy ra . Nhn chung m bo lm vic an ton ca kh c in lp t phi c iu kin sau : i m > i xk i m Dng in ln nht cho php i qua kh c. i xk Dng in xung kch tnh ton khi ngn mch 3 pha nguy him nht
gy ra . Ngoi ra cn c th dng gi tr h s Km l bi s dng in cho php ln nht kim tra n nh: 2 I dm .K m ik . vi I m - l dng nh mc . Trong trng hp trn kh c khng ghi gi ca i m th ta c th xc nh tr s hiu dng ca n theo biu thc tham kho sau: I gii hn = Ixkma x = 2,55. Png/ 3 Um. (KA) vi : Png- Cng sut ngt ( MVA). Um- in p nh mc. ( KV).
Chng 5: H QUANG IN 5.1.i cng v h quang in.

5.1.1.Khi nim chung: H quang in l s phng in trong cht kh vi mt dng in ln ( 2 10 n 103A/mm2) , in p ri trn catt b (10V n 20V) , nhit h quang cao (6000 n 18000o K ) v km theo nh sng . Trn hnh 4-2 trnh by s phn b in p, cng in trng ca h quang: UAC = UA + UC + U thq Vng Catt vi khong cch ngn (c 10c-3mm) vi UC vo khong 10V n 20V nn cng in trng vng ny kh ln (vo khong 20.10vV/mm ) Tr s ny ph thuc vo vt liu lm in cc v c tnh ca cht kh . Vng Ant c in p ri thp, c 5V n 20V v vy EA thp hn nhiu so vi EC . Vng thn h quang c cng in trng Ehq hu nh khng i, c t 1V/mm2 n 20V/mm2 ph thuc vo tnh dn nhit, tc chuyn ng ca cc phn t kh, vn tc di chuyn ca h quang . in p ri trn thn h quang Uthq ph thuc vo chiu di h quang v c tnh theo cng thc: Uthq = Ehq . lhq Trong cng ngh, h quang c s dng nh nhn t hu ch cc qua, l h quang v.v, v vy y cn h quang chy n nh . Trong cc thit b ng ct, h quang pht sinh trong qu trnh chuyn mch in, v l nhn t khng mong mun, v vy cn phi gim h quang ti mc ti thiu . 5.1.2. Qu trnh pht sinh v dp tt h quang: Qu trnh pht sinh v dp tt h quang l qu trnh ion ho v qu trnh kh ion a) Qu trnh ion ho: iu kin bnh thng, mi trng cht kh gm cc phn t trung ho nn n khng dn in . Nu cc phn t trung ho b phn tch thnh cc in t t do, cc ion dng, v cc ion m th n tr nn dn in . Qu trnh to ra cc in t t do, cc ion trong cht kh gi l qu trnh ion ho . Qu trnh ny c th xy ra di tc dng ca nh sng, nhit , in trng, va p v c cc dng sau: - T pht x in t . - Pht x nhit in t .
- Ion ho do va chm . - Ion ho do nhit cao . *)Qu trnh t pht x in t: Cn gi l pht x ngui in t, nu c mt in trng mnh t ln in cc, cc in t t do c cp nng lng v c th bt ra khi in cc .Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo cng in trng E v vt liu lm in cc:
b
J ae = 120.E 2 .e E
trong : Jae - l mt dng in t pht x in t sinh ra. E - l cng in trng catt . b - l thng s ph thuc vo vt liu lm catt . *)Qu trnh pht x nhit in t: Khi nhit d ca catt cao cc in t t do trong in cc c ng nng ln, c th thot ra khi b mt kim loi to nn dng in trong cht kh l hin tng pht x nhit in t . Qu trnh pht x nhit in t ph thuc vo nhit in cc, vt liu lm in cc v dc biu din theo cng thc:
J Te = 120.T 2 .e
b T
trong : JTe - l mt dng in do pht x nhit in t sinh ra . T - l nhit tuyt i ca catt . b - l thng s ph thuc vo kim loi lm in cc . *) Ion ho do va chm: Di tc dng ca in trng vi cng cao (c 103 V/mm ) cc in t t do chuyn ng vi vn tc ln, bn ph cc phn t trung ho, to nn cc ion m v ion dng mi, l qu trnh ion ho do va chm . Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo cng in trng, mt cc phn t trong vng in cc, lc lin kt phn t, khi lng phn t . *) Ion ha do nhit cao: Khi nhit cht kh cng cao, chuyn ng nhit ca n ln, d va chm v tch thnh cc ion, l qu trnh ion ho do nhit . Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo nhit vng h quang, mt cc phn t kh v c tnh ca cht kh . b)Qu trnh kh ion : - Qu trnh kh ion l qu trnh ngc vi qu trnh ion ho, kt qu ca qu trnh ny s lm gim s lng ion trong vng h quang . Qu trnh kh ion c c trng bi hai hin tng hin tng ti hp v hin tng khuych tn . Hin tng ti hp l hin tng cc ht mang in tri du kt hp vi nhau thnh cc ht trung ho , qu trnh ny ph thuc vo mt cc phn t trong vng h quang, nhit h quang . Hin tng khuych tn l hin tng di chuyn cc ion vng c mt cao sang vng c mt thp . Trong h quang in, tn ti song song hai qu trnh ion ho v kh ion . Nu qu trnh ion ho ln hn qu trnh kh ion th h quang s pht trin mnh dng in h quang tng . Nu qu trnh kh ion cn bng vi qu trnh kh ion th
dng in h quang khng tng h quang chy n nh . Nu qu trnh kh ion ln hn qu trnh ion ho th h quang s tt .
5.2. H quang in mt chiu .

5.2.1. c tnh Von Ampe: c tnh quan trng nht ca h quang l in p trn chng vi dng in . c tnh ny c gi l c tnh von ampe . Dng in tng ko theo nhit h quang tng, qu trnh ion ho do nhit cng tng, in tr vng h quang gim . in p trn h quang Uhq = i.rhq khi dng in h quang tng, in tr h quang gim t ngt lm gim in p trn h quang . Quan h gia in p theo dng in trn h quang khi dng in bin i chm gi l c tnh tnh von ampe ca h quang . c tnh tnh ca h quang ph thuc vo khong cch gia cc in cc Q (Chiu di h quang ) , vt liu lm in cc v cc thng s ca mi trng m h quang chy trong . 5.2.2.iu kin chy n nh v dp tt h quang: Kho st phng trnh cn bng in p hnh v 4 -3b vi chiu di h quang khng i:
U = i.R + L. di + u hq dt
Trn th ta xy dng c tnh tnh Von Ampe h quang v ng thng: u = U i.R . i vi dng in i, ti cc im A, B i lng L.
di =0 ti cc im ny c dt
di >0 nh vy dng in trn in dt di cm pht sinh in p dng L. lm dt di tng dng in cho n khi L. =0 tc dt L.
trng thi dng . i vi dng in i2 on U i.R > Uhq do im ny
l ri vo im B . Nu v mt l do no dng i2 tng ln th s pht sinh in
p L.
di <0 khi y dng in i2 lm dng i2 gim i ngha l ko v im B hay dt
im B l im cn bng n nh . By gi ta xt qu trnh bin thin in p gn im A, gi s dng in trong mch bng i1 < i1 r rng trong trng hp ny pht sinh in p L. > i1 th s pht sinh in p L. in trong mch s gim xung ti mc h quang s tn li cn nu dng in i1
di <0 v dng dt
di > 0 v dng in quay tr li gi tr im B. dt
Nh vy im A l im cn bng khng n nh, ra khi n dng in trong mch hoc s bng i2 hoc s bng 0 h quang b dp tt. Trong cc kh c in , ngi ta s dng cc bin php sao cho h quang b dp tt trong thi gian ngn nht . R rng l dp tt h quang mi gi tr dng in, in p
L. di phi m . thc hin c iu ny cn phi sao cho uhq > U dt
i.R . iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch nng c tnh Von Ampe ln hoc tm cch tng in tr ca mch . c tnh Von Ampe c th nng ln c v tng chiu di h quang, tng cng lm lnh, nng cao p lc mi trng trong h quang ang chy . 5.2.3. Qu in p trong khi ngt h quang in mt chiu : in p trn cc tip im ti thi im 0 ca dng in gi l in p dp h quang . Khi i = 0 phng trnh cn bng in p c dng:
U = L. di + u hq dt di = U L. dt
u hq
Nhng v L.
di <0 nn c th vit: dt u hq = U + L. di dt
i =0
Nh vy ti thi im dp h quang in p trn cc tip im bng in p ngun cng vi mdul ca in p trn in cm . S tng in p trn cc tip im ti thi im ngt so vi in p ngun cung cp gi l s qu in p . in cm cng ln, tc ngt cng ln th qu in p cng ln . Cn lu rng vi mt mch in cho trc h s in cm cng ln th tc suy gim dng in cng nh . H s qu in p c nh ngha:
k= u hq U L. = 1+ di dt U
i =0
in p pht sinh trn cc tip im c th vt qu in p ngun hng chc ln . Khi cch in ca bn thn kh c v mch in b ngt lm vo tnh trng qu ti nguy him .
trnh hin tng ny ngi ta s dng cc bin php sau y : - Mc mt in tr song song vi ti . - Mc song song vi ti mt t in v mt in tr . - Mc mt it song song vi ti .
5.3. H quang in xoay chiu .

5.3.1.c im ca h quang in xoay chiu: h quang in xoay chiu, dng in v in p bin thin tun hon theo chu k ca li in . V h quang l in tr phi tuyn nn dng in v in p ca h quang trng pha nhau . c tnh Von Ampe ca h quang in xoay chiu c trnh by trn hnh 4-5b . Trong 1/4 chu k u, in p h quang tng nhanh n tr s chy (Theo in p ngun) Khi h quang chy, in p gim dn . Dng in tng t 0 n im chy v khi t = T/4 , dng in t tr s cc i v in p trn h quang gn nh khng i . 1/4 chu k sau, dng in gim dn, n thi im tt, in p h quang tng sau v 0 v dng in cng v 0 . Nu h quang chy n nh th qu trnh lp li na chu k sau . Ti thi im dng in i qua 0, h quang khng c cp nng lng nn qu trnh kh ion xy ra vng in cc rt mnh v nu in p t ln hai in cc b hn tr s in p chy th h quang s tt hn . Cn ch rng dng in i qua gi tr 0 n khng cn bin thin theo quy lut hnh sin lin tc na, v lc ny qu trnh kh ion xy ra rt mnh nn in tr h quang ln c th coi nh dng in bng 0 . Khong thi gian ny ph thuc vo c tnh ti , dng in h quang v gi l thi gian khng dng in h quang.
. 5.3.2. Qu trnh phc hi bn in v phc hi in p: Khi ct mch in hai tip im tch ri nhau v gia chng pht sinh h quang . Khi dng in i qua gi tr 0 , khu vc h quang ng thi xy ra hai qu trnh: qu trnh phc hi bn in v qu trnh phc hi in p . Qu trnh phc hi bn in c c trng bi qu trnh kh ion mnh lit khi dng in i qua 0 lm khu vc h quang mt tnh dn in . i lng c trng cho cch in gia hai in cc l in p chc thng Uct . Vi i = 0 ta c Uct0 v n c tr s vo khong 150v n 250v mi trng khng kh v h quang chy t nhin . Vi thi gian tng Uct tng tuyn tnh, ph thuc vo mi trng chy ca h quang v trang b dp h quang . Qu trnh phc hi in p l qu trnh thnh lp in p trn hai cc k t khi h quang tt cho ti khi in p t tr s in p ngun . Qu trnh ny din ra phc tp v ph thuc vo c tnh ca mch in ct . Sau thi im dng in bng 0 nu tr s in phc hi thp hn tr s in p chc thng th h quang s tt hn
5.4. Cc bin php v trang b dp h quang .

tng qu trnh kh ion ngi ta thng dng cc bin php dp h quang nh : Ko di h quang, phn on h quang, thi h quang bng t, cho h quang tip xc vi b mt kh ion, thi h quang v lm ngui h quang bng du bin p, thi h quang bng kh nn, cho h quang chy trong mi trng c bit, ni in tr sun cho h quang 5.4.1. Ko di h quang bng c kh: Khi h quang b ko di, thn h quang b nh li v di ra, tng b mt tip xc vi mi trng, v vy h quang b ta nhit v khuych tn nhanh, lm tng qu trnh kh ion . Mun ko di h quang bng c kh phi tng khong cch gia cc tip im . Bin php ny ch p dng ch cc tht b ng ct c dng in b v in p thp . Vi cc thit b ng ct c dng in ln hn chiu di t do ca h quang kh ln nn khng th tng khong cch v s lm tng kch thc ca thit b .Vi cc thit b ng ct cao p , dng in nh c th s dng phng php ny. 5.4.2.Phn on h quang: Phn on h quang tc l chia h quang thnh tng on nh . Dng in xoay chiu trn mi phn on c in p chc thng c 150V n 250V do vy cc
cng tc t c in p n 500V c th phn lm 2 on mt pha vi cc tip im dng cu . i vi dng in mt chiu th chiu di tng khi phn on s ln hn hn nhiu so vi khi khng phn on do tc dng ca lc in ng, cho nn h quang d b dp tt hn . Dp h quang bng phng php phn on c s dng rng ri cc thit b h p . 5.4.3. Thi h quang bng t: Nguyn l ny c s dng rng ri cho cc thit b ng ct h p vi mi c dng in . Vi dng in mt chiu h quang kh b dp tt hn nn ngi ta cn dng cun thi t ni ni tip vi dng in h quang . Khi dng in ct cng ln lc thi h quang cng mnh . Ngi ta cn c th ko di h quang bng cch thi h quang qua cc bung dp h quang c dng quanh co dc dc . 5.4.4. Dp tt h quang in trong du bin p: cc thit b ng ct in p cao v dng in ln , mi trng chy ca h quang l du bin p. Du bin p c bn in cao, dn nhit tt . Khi h quang chy trong du di tc dng ca nhit lng h quang du khu vc chy b phn tch thnh cc cht kh, hi c bn in kh cao nn h quang d b dp tt hn . Ngi ta cn li dng p sut cao ca hn hp kh hi thi bay h quang .Tu thuc vo hng thi, cch thi ta c thi dc hay ngang, t thi hoc t sinh kh . 5.4.5. Thi h quang bng kh nn: y l phng php thi cng bc , khng kh sch v kh c nn vi p sut cao c bn in ln . Khi h quang xut hin ngi ta dng kh ny dp tt n . C th thi theo nguyn l thi dc, thi ngang hoc thi hn hp . 5.4.6. Dp h quang trong mi trng c bit: H quang c th c dp tt trong cc cht kh c bit hoc trong chn khng . Phng php ny thng s dng vi cc thit b ng ct c in p cao . 5.4.7. Ni in tr song song vi h quang: y l bin php c s dng nhiu vi cc thit b ng ct cao p , c ch ct trong mt pha t hai ch tr ln .
Chng 6: TIP XC IN. 6.1. i cng.

6.1.1.Khi nim: Tip xc in l ni gp g chung ca hai hay nhiu vt dn cho dng in i qua t vt dn ny sang vt dn khc . B mt tip xc cho dng in i qua gi l b mt tip xc in . Da vo mi lin kt tip xc ngi ta chia tip xc in ra lm ba dng: Tip xc c nh, tip xc ng m v tip xc trt. Da vo hnh dng ch tip xc ngi ta chia tip xc thnh ba loi: Tip xc im, tip xc ng v tip xc mt .
6.1.2.in tr tip xc : Khi hai vt dn tip xc vi nhau , thc t ch c mt s im tip xc . Ti nhng im tip xc ny mt dng in tng cao tn hao nng lng ln nn st p v nhit ti im tip xc cao. Nu c lc p ln tip im ln , cc im tip xc ny s bin dng do v to ra cc im tip xc mi . V din tch tip xc thc t b thu nh li nn ng i ca dng in b cong v di ra do vy lm cho in tr tng ln . Vy in tr tip xc l in tr do hin tng ng i ca dng in b ko di ti ch tip xc to nn. in tr tip xc c xc nh bng biu thc kinh nghim :
Rtx = K Fm
trong : K l h s ph thuc vo vt liu lm tip im v trng thi b mt ca n . m l h s ph thuc vo kiu tip xc . F l lc p ln tip im . R l in tr tip xc . Cc yu t nh hng ti in tr tip xc gm : cng ca vt liu , in tr sut ca vt liu , tnh trng b mt tip xc , dng b mt , lc p ln tip im v nhit ca tip im . Nu vt liu lm tip im mm th d lc p ln tip im nh in tr tip xc cng nh .V vy cc tip xc c nh c dng in ln ngi ta thng ph ln b mt tip xc mt lp vt liu mm trc khi c nh chng bng bulng , x p . in tr tip xc gim nu lc p ln tip im tng v din tch tip xc tng . Quan h gia in tr tip xc v lc p ln tip im nh trong hnh 5-4 . in tr tip xc ph thuc vo dng tip xc ; Khi lc p ln tip im nh tip xc im c in tr tip xc b hn , cn khi lc p ln th ngc li , tip xc mt c in tr tip xc nh nht ri n tip xc ng v cui cng mi n tip xc im . V vy tip xc im ch dng cho nhng tip im c dng in b . Nhit tip im cng c nh hng ti in tr tip xc . Khi nhit tip im tng in tr tip xc cng tng theo quan h : trong : Rtx0 l in tr tip xc 0oC ; T l h s nhit in tr ca vt liu . Lp xt cng c nh hng ti in tr tip xc , lp xt lm in tr tng cao . Khi nhit tng tip im cng d b xy ha nn cng lm tng in tr tip xc . bn , m ca mi trng xung quanh cng lm in tr tip xc
2 Rtx = Rtx 0 .(1 + T . tx ). 3
tng . trnh hin tng trn ngi ta thng s dng cc bin php nh : Ph cc lp c bit chng tc ng ca mi trng , nng cp bo v ca cc thit b ng ct ...
6.2.Tip im kh c in
6.2.1.Vt liu lm tip im : Cc yu cu chnh i vi vt liu lm tip im l : Dn in , dn nhit tt , t b tc ng ca mi trng nh xy ho , n mn in ho , in tr tip xc b , t b mn v c v in , chu c nhit cao , tr s dng in , in p to h quang ln , d gia cng , gi thnh h . - ng l kim loi mu c dng nhiu nht trong cc thit b in . u im chnh ca ng l dn in tt , dn nhit tt , tng i cng , c tr s dng in , in p to h quang trung bnh , d gia cng , gi thnh h . Nhc im ca ng l nhit nng chy thp , d b tc ng ca mi trng ,nn b mt c mt lp xt ng c in tr sut cao . gim in tr tip xc , trong trng hp tip im bng ng cn lc p ln tip im ln . V ng t c kh nng chu h quang nn khng dng ch to cc loi tip im thng xuyn ng ct vi dng in ln . - Bc c cc u im chnh l dn in , dn nhit rt tt , kh b tc ng ca mi trng. Lp xt bc mng , d b ph v v c bn c kh km . in tr tip xc ca bc b , n nh nn khng cn lc p ln tip im ln . Nhc im ca bc l chu h quang , va p km do vy n khng dng lm tip im thng xuyn ng ct vi dng in ln . Cc tip im h quang b v cc tip im khng chu h quang cc thit b dng ct c dng in ln thng c ch to bng bc . - Vonfram l kim loi c nhit nng chy kh cao nn chu c h quang . Kim loi ny kh hn , t b xy ho , c cng cao , t mn nhng in tr sut cao . V vy thng dng lm tip im h quang cc thit b ng ct c cng sut ln . - Kim loi gm : cc kim loi nguyn cht khng p ng c y cc yu cu ca tip im . Ngi ta ch to cc kim loi gm t cc bt kim loi thnh phn , gia cng theo phng php c bit .Tu thuc vo yu cu ca tip im m thnh phn vt liu c pha trn theo t l thch hp . 6.2.2. Kt cu ca tip im : Ty theo chc nng , yu cu ca thit b ng ct v cng sut ( dng in , in p ) m tip im phi chu , ngi ta s dng nhng kt cu thch hp ca tip im . a.Tip im kiu cngson : ( Hnh 5-7 ) thng dng cho dng in b ( n 5A) ti nh dng tip xc im khng c l xo tip im m li dng tnh n hi ca thanh dn ng to lc p ln tip im .
b)Tip im kiu bc cu ( hnh 5-8) : Vi c im mt pha c hai ch ngt nn h quang b phn on , tip im chuyn ng thng , l xo p tip im dng xon , hnh tr lm vic ch nn . Kt cu ny thng dng trong cc cng tc t , khi ng t c dng in nh mc t vi chc n vi trm ampe. c) Tip im hnh ngn ( Hnh 5-9): Vi tip im kiu ny mt pha c mt ch ngt nn phn ng chuyn ng quay , s dng dy dn mm ni vi tip im ng . Loi kt cu ny thng s dng trong cc my ct h p , thit b ng ct c ch lm vic nng n . d) Tip im kiu dao ( hnh 5-11) : Kt cu ny thng dng cho cu dao vi dng in thp ( Vi chc ampe) . Lc p ln tip im nh lc n hi ca ng l tip im tnh . Vi tip im c dng in ln ngi ta dng tm thp lo xo dng phng to lc p tt hn. e) Tip im kiu nm( hnh 5-12) : Vi kt cu kiu ny cho php dng nh mc ln i qua , nhng dp h quang khng c li , v d lm hng b mt tip xc. Loi ny thng dng dao cch ly in p cao . g) Tip im kiu i ( hnh 5-13): Tip im ng c dng hnh tr c phn u c dng hnh cu bng kim loi chu h quang .
6.2.3.Nguyn nhn h hng tip im v bin php khc phc : Xung quanh im tip xc c nhiu hc nh ly ty , hi nc ng li cc cht c hot tnh ha hc ln thm vo gy nn cc phn ng ha hc to nn lp mng mng gin d v khi va p , do vy b mt tip xc b mn dn l hin tng n mn kim loi . in tr sut ca lp mng mng rt ln so vi in tr sut ca kim loi lm vt dn , do in tr tip xc tng khi hnh thnh mng mng . S xy ha lm in tr tip xc tng ln , c bit nhit > 70oC , khi t nng v lm ngui lin tc lm tng tc xy ha . Ngoi ra vi mi kim loi c mt in th ha hc nht nh , khi hai kim loi tip xc vi nhau s c hiu in th gia chng v ta iu kin thun li cho s xy ha . Hn na nu hi nc ng trn b mt c cht in phn th do c hiu in th nn s c dng in chy qua gia chng , kim loi c ha tan ln s b n mn trc . gim bt in tr tip xc thng tin hnh m in . Lp kim loi bao ph c tc dng bo v kim loi chnh .ng thi bo v tt b mt kim loi , kim loi m cn c in th ha hc cng gn vi kim lm tip im cng tt , tng lc p ln tip im v gim bt khe h khng kh s lm gim bt n mn . 6.2.4.S lm vic ca kim loi khi ngn mch : Khi qu ti , c bit l khi ngn mch nhit ch tip xc ca tip im ln rt cao lm gim tnh n hi v cng c kh ca tip im . Nhit cho php khi ngn mch i vi ng thau l 200oC n 300oC cn ca nhm l 150oC n 200oC . Ta phn bit ba trng hp sau : - Tip im ang trng thi ng th xy ra ngn mch : Tip im s b nng chy v b hn dnh . Kinh nghim cho thy nu lc p ln tip im cng ln th tr s dng in lm cho tip im nng chy v b hn dnh cng ln . Do tip im cn c lc p ln . - Tip im ang trong qu trnh ng th xy ra ngn mch : Lc s pht sinh llc in ng lm tch ri tip im ra xa nhng do chn ng cng d sinh hin tng b hn dnh . - Tip im ang trong qu trnh m th b ngn mch : Trng hp ny s pht sinh h quang lm nng chy v mi mn tip im .
Phn II: KH C IN H P V CAO P . Chng 7: KH C IN IU KHIN BNG TAY. 7.1.Cu dao .

7.1.1.Khi qut v cng dng: Cu dao l kh c in ng ngt bng tay n gin, dng ng ngt cc mch in c in p ngun cung cp n 220V DC v 380V- AC Cu dao thng s dng ng ct cc mch in cng sut nh v khi lm vic khng yu cu thao tc ng ct nhiu .Vi mch in c cng sut trung bnh v ln cu dao c dng ng ct khng ti.
Ring cu dao ph ti c th ng ct dng in nh mc, k c khi qu ti nh . Loi ny c th chu c dng ngn mch nhng khng c kh nng ct ngn mch . Mt cu dao n gin c cu to nh hnh v 1.cchin . 2.Tipxctnh . 3.Lidaochnh . 4.Lidaoph. 5.Lxobtnhanh . 6.Tay nm . Cc tip im ca cu dao thng lm bng ng . Khi ng, thn dao chm vo m dao, nh lc n hi ca m dao p vo thn dao nn in tr tip xc b .Tip xc tnh ca cu dao c dng kp . Vi dng in ln , gim in tr tip xc tip dim tnh cn c thm l xo tip im . Trong qu trnh ngt, h quang xut hin gia tip im ng v tip im tnh , n c dp tt nh s ko di h quang bng c kh v l.. hng knh tc ng ln h quang . Lc in ng tc dng ln h quang c tnh theo cng thc:
F= I 2 dL 4l dl
trong I l dng in ngt; l l chiu di h quang; L in cm ca mch in . V dL /dl thay i rt t nn l.. ln khi dng in ngt ln v chiu di thn dao b . tng kh nng ngt ca cu dao, mt vi loi ngi ta c lp thm dao ph v bung dp h quang . Khi ng dao ph tip xc vi tip im tnh trc, khi ngt dao ph ngt sau .Bng cch ny h quang khng xut hin trn li dao chnh, bo v c li dao chnh . 7.1.2. Phn loi: C th phn loi cu dao theo cc cch khc nhau: - Theo s cc c loi 1cc, 2 cc, 3cc. - Theo in p nh mc: 250V,500V. - Theo dng in nh mc c loi: 15A, 25A, 30A, 1000A. - Theo vt liu cch in c: s, , nha baklt . - Theo iu kin bo v: loi c hp loi khng c hp. - Theo yu cu s dng c loi: c cu ch, loi khng c cu ch . 7.1.3.Mt s thng s k thut: - Loi cu dao . - Dng in nh mc . - Dng in gii hn khi ct . - Tn s dng in .
- in p nh mc. (V d chi tit bng 10.10V; 10.11;10.12 TL2).
7.2.Cng tc .
7.2.1. Khi qut v cng dng: Cng tc l mt loi kh c ng ct bng tay kiu hp, dng ng ct mch in c cng sut b, c in p mt chiu n 440V v in p xoay chiu n 500V . Cng tc hp thng dng cp ngun cho cc my cng c, ng m trc tip cc ng c in c cng sut b, hoc dng i ni Y /. 7.2.2.Phn loi v cu to: *)Phn loi: - Theo hnh dng bn ngoi ngi ta chia ra: Loi h, loi bo v, loi kn . - Theo cng dng ngi ta chia ra: Cng tc ng ngt trc tip, cng tc chuyn mch (cng tc vn nng c) , cng tc hnh trnh . *)Cu to: a) Cng tc i ni kiu hp: (Hnh 9-6). Phn chnh l tip im tnh 3 gn trn cc vnh nha baklt cch in 2 c hai u vn vt th ra khi hp . Cc tip im ng 4 gn trn cng trc v cch in vi trcC, nm cc mt phng khc nhau tng ng vi vnh 2.Khi quay trc n v tr thch hp s c mt s tip im ng n tip xc vi tip im tnh, cn mt s khc s ri khi tip im tnh . Chuyn dch tip im ng nh c cu c kh c nm vn 5. Ngoi ra cn c l xo phn khng t trong v to nn sc bt nhanh lm cho h quang c dp tt nhanh chng . b) Cng tc vn nng : (Hnh 9-7;9-8). Gm cc on ring r cch in vi nhau v lp trn cng mt trc c tit din vung . Cc tip im 1v 2 s ng v m nh xoay vnh cch in 3 lng trn trc 4 khi ta vn cng tc .Tay gt cng tc c mt s v tr chuyn i trong cc tip im s ng hoc ngt theo yu cu .
c) Cng tc hnh trnh : (Hnh 9-9;9-10;9-11). Cng tc hnh trnh v cng tc im cui dng ng ct chuyn i mch in iu khin trong truyn ng in t ng theo tn hiu hnh trnh cc c cu chuyn ng c kh nhm t ng iu khin hnh trnh lm vic hay t ng ngt in cui hnh trnh m bo an ton.Ty theo cu to cng tc hnh trnh v cng tc im cui c th chia thnh: Kiu n, kiu n, kiu tr v kiu quay . + Cng tc hnh trnh kiu nt n: Hnh 9-9 l s cu to ca cng tc hnh trnh BK -111 . Cng tc gm cch in 1 trn c lp cc cp tip im (Tip im ng 4 v tip im tnh 2T). Cng tc ny thng lp cui hnh trnh .Khi c cu iu khin tc ng ln nt 6 trc 3 s i xung m cp tip im trn v ng cp tip im di . sau khi c cu iu khin nh ra l xo 5s y trc 3 v cc tip i s tr li v tr ban u . +Cng tc hnh trnh kiu t vi: Hnh 9-10. Khi cn chuyn i trng thi vi chnh xc cao (0,3 0,7mm) ngi ta dng cng tc hnh trnh kiu t vi. Cng tc ny c mt tip im thng ng v mt tip im thng m. Cc tip im lp trn d nha 5, tip im ng 3 Gn trn u t do ca l xo l 4 . Khi n ln nt 6 l xo l 4 b bin dng Sau khi n nt 6 tt xung mmt khong xc nh l xo l 4 s bt nhanh xung di lm cho tip im trn m ra v tip im di ng li .Khi thi n nt 6 cng tc t ng tr v trng thi ban u . + Cng tc hnh trnh kiu n: Hnh 9-11. Khi cn c ng tc chuyn i chc chn trong iu kin hnh trnh di, ngi ta s dng cng tc hnh trnh kiu n .Then kho 6 c tc dng gi cht tip im v tr ng . Khi c cu cng tc tc dng ln con ln 1, n 2 s quay ngc chiu kim ng h, con ln 12 nh l xo 14 s lm cho a 11 quay i, cp tip im 7-8 m ra cp 9-10 ng li .L xo 5 s ko
n 2 v v tr ban u khi khng c lctc ng ln 1 na . 7.2.3. Cc thng s k thut: - Kiu cng tc . - Dng in nh mc: in p mt chiu; in p xoay chiu . - Kh nng ng ct . - Tn s.
7.3. Nt n
7.3.1.Khi qut v cng dng: Nt n cn gi l nt iu khin, l loi kh c dng ng ct t xa cc thit b in t khc nhau, cc dng c bo hiu v chuyn i cc mch in iu khin, tn hiu, lin ng, bo v . 7.3.2.Phn loi v cu to: - Theo hnh dng bn ngoi ngi ta chia ra lm 4 loi: Loi h, loi bo v, loi chng nc chng bi, loi bo v chng n . -Theo yu cu iu khin ngi ta chia ra loi mt nt, loi hai nt, loi ba nt . - Theo kt cu bn trong ngi ta chia ra loi c n v loi khng c n Hnh v 9-12, m t mt nt n c tip im thng ng 3 v tip im thng m 5, tip im ng kiu cu 4 . Tip im c ch to bng ng hay bc . Khi ta n ln nt 1, thng qua trc 7 s m tip im thng ng v ng tip im thng m .Khi thi khng n na th phn ng s tr li trng thi ban u di tc dng ca l xo nh 2 . 7.3.3.Cc thng s k thut: - in p nh mc . - Dng in nh mc . - Tn s ca li. - Kh nng ng ct . 7.4. B khng ch . 7.4.1.Khi qut v cng dng: B khng ch l kh c dng chuyn i mch in bng tay gt hay v lng quay, iu khin trc tip hoc gin tip t xa, thc hin cc chuyn i phc tp iu khin, khi ng, o chiu quay , iu chnh tc .v.v cc my in, thit b in . 7.4.2.Phn loi v cu to: Tu theo cu to b khng ch c th chia thnh: - B khng ch phng . - B khng ch hnh trng . - B khng ch hnh cam . a) B khng ch phng :
B khng ch phng c nhiu cp tip xc, kh nng ti nh . Loi ny c dng ni cn nhiu cp tip xc iu chnh kch t, khi ng v iu chnh tc ng c . B khng ch phng c th iu khin bng tay hoc ng c b)B khng ch hnh trng : Trn hnh v l b khng ch hnh trng; Trn trc quay 1 bc cch in, ngi ta bt cht cc on vnh trt bng ng 2 c cung di lm vic khc nhau . Cc don ny c dng lm vnh tip im ng sp xp cc gc khc nhau . Mt vi on vnh c ni in vi nhau t bn trong . Cc tip im tnh 3 c l xo n hi, kp cht trn mt cn c nh bc cch in, mi tip im tng ng vi mt on vnh trt b phn quay . Cc tip im c cch in vi nhau v c ni vi mch ngoi . Khi quay trc 1 cc on vnh trt 2 tip xc vi cc tip im tnh 3 v do thc hin ng mch hoc ngt mch . Hnh v 9-15 , m t b khng ch hnh cam ; Cc tip im ca b khng ch ny lm theo kiu tip xc ng . Tip im ng 1 c th quay quanh im ta O t trn thanh tip im 2 . Tip im ny c ni vi u dy dn mm 4 . L xo 5 to ra lc p ln tip im . Khi cam 7 i ln con ln s 8 th cc tip im s tch ra.Thi im ng ngt ca cc tip im do hnh dng ng bao ca cam quyt nh .
(Hnh 9-14). c) B khng ch hnh cam :
Chng 8: CU CH, PTMT, CNGTCT, KHI NG T 8.1.Cu ch .

8.1.1. Khi qut v cng dng:
Cu ch l mt kh c in dng bo v mch in khi b ngn mch, cu ch s t ng ct mch khi c s c qu ti (ln) hoc ngn mch . Cc phn t c bn ca cu ch l dy chy v thit b dp h quang dp tt h quang sau khi dy chy b chy t . Yu cu i vi cu ch nh sau: 1-c tnh Ampe -giy ca cu ch phi thp hn c tnh ampe -giy ca i tng cn c bo v. 2-Khi c ngn mch cu ch phi lm vic c chn lc . 3-c tnh lm vic ca cu ch phi n nh . 4-Cng sut ca thit b cng tng, cu ch cng phi c kh nng ct cao hn . 5-Vic thay th dy chy phi d dng, tn t thi gian. 8.1.2.Nguyn l lm vic: c tnh c bn ca cu ch l s ph thuc ca thi gian chy t ca dy chy vi dng in chy qua (c tnh Ampe -giy). c tc dng bo v, dng c tnh ampe -giy ca cu ch (ng 1-hnh) ti mi im u phi thp hn ng c tnh ca thit b cn c bo v (ng 2-hnh). ng c tnh thc t ca cu ch (ng 3-hnh) ct ng cong 2. Trong min qu ti ln (Vng B ) cu ch bo v c thit b, trong vng qu ti nh cu ch khng bo v c thit b .
Trong thc t khi qu ti khng ln (1,5 2) Im, s pht nng ca cu ch din ra rt chm v phn ln nhit lng u to ra mi trng xung quanh.Do cu ch khng bo v c qu ti nh. Tr s dng in m ti dy chy bt u b chy t gi l dng in ti hn Ith . dy chy khng b chy t dng in nh mc cn tho mn iu kin I m < Ith . Mt khc bo v c thit b , dng in ti hn phi khng ln hn dng nh mc nhiu . Theo kinh nghim: Ith / Im .= 1, 6 2 i vi ng. Ith / Im .= 1,25 1, 45 i vi ch. Ith / Im .= 1, 15 i vi hp kim ch thic. Dng in nh mc ca cu ch c chn sao cho khi chy lin tc qua dy chy, ch pht nng ln nht ca dy chy khng lm cho kim loi b oxy ho qu mc v bin i c tnh bo v, ng thi nhit lng pht ra b phn bn ngoi cu ch cng khng vt qu tr s n nh. dng in gn dng in gii hn, cc phn t ca cu ch lm vic ch nhit nng n nht (Nhit gn
nhit nng chy ca vt liu). trnh cho cc phn t ca cu ch b t nng qu mc khi dng in gn bng dng in ti hn ngi ta dng hai bin php: + Dng dy chy hnh dt ( c b mt to nhit ln) c nhng ch tht nh li; + Dng hiu ng luyn kim i vi cc dy chy trn . Trn chiu di ca dy chy c hn cc git kim loi c nhit nng chy thp hn nhit nng chy ca dy chy . Khi b t nng kim loi ny s b nng chy trc ho tan mt phn dy chy, do ti nhng im ny nhit s cao hn, in tr cng ln hn v s t trc . 8.1.3.Phn loi v kt cu: Da vo kt cu ngi ta chia cu ch thnh nhng loi sau: - Loi h: Loi ny khng c v ch bao gm dy chy, hnh dng dy chy nh sau .Cc dy chy ny c bt cht vo cc in nh cc vt . Loi vn (Xoy ) : Cu ch loi vn thng c dng nh hnh v .Dy chy 1 c ni vi np 2 pha trong . Np 2 c dng rng vt vn cht vo 3. Dy chy lm bng ng hoc bc .
Loi hp: Hp v np u lm bng s cch in c bt cht cc tip im bng ng , dy chy c bt cht bng vt vo cc tip im . Dy chy lm bng dy ch c tit din trn hoc dt. Loi kn khng c cht nhi: Hnh v l kt cu ca loi cu ch ny . Dy chy c t trong mt ng php 1, hai u c np ng 4 c rng vt vn cht kn . Dy chy 3 c ni vi cc cc tip xc 5 bng cc vt hoc vng m ng 6 . Dy chy loi cu ch ny lm bng km l vt liu c nhit nng chy thp, c kh nng chng r .
Khi xy ra ngn mch dy chy s t ch c tit din hp v pht sinh h quang . Di tc dng ca nhit cao do h quang sinh ra, v xenlun ca ng b t nng bc hi, lm p lc kh trong ng tng ln rt ln s dp tt h quang . Loi kn c cht nhi: Loi ny c c tnh bo v tt hn loi trn, hnh dng cu to loi ny nh hnh .Loi ny thng l cu ch ng s .V cu ch lm bng s hoc Stealt, c dng hnh hp rng t dy chy hnh l , sau y ct thch anh, dy chy c hn dnh vo a v c bt cht vo phin 5 c cc tip xc 6 .Cc phin 5 c bt cht vo ng s bng vt 7. Dy chy lm bng ng l dy 0, 2mm c dp l di to tit din hp . gim nhit nng chy ca ng ngi ta hn cc git thic vo cc on hp. 8.1.4.Dy chy v cch tnh gn ng dng in gii hn: Dng in gii hn nng chy c tnh gn ng nh cng thc sau:
3
I gh = a.d 2
trong : Igh dng in gii hn nng chy ( A). d ng knh dy chy (mm) . a Hng s ca vt liu c cho trong bng . Vt liu a Ag 60 Cu 80 Al 59,2 Pb 10,8 Pt 40 Zn 12,9 Sn 12,8 (2Pb+1Sn) 10,4
8.1.5. Mt s thng s k thut ca cu ch : - Cp I dng in nh mc ca cu ch: (T 36A T 200A). - Cp II dng in nh mc ca cu ch: (T 30A T 355A) . - Cp III dng in nh mc ca cu ch: (T 300A T 600A). Dung lng ct ca chng t 2000 A (hiu dng) n 500.000A (hiu dng).
8.2. pt mt.
8.2.1.Khi qut v yu cu: pt mt l kh c in dng t ng ct mch in khi c s c: qu ti, ngn mch, st p v.v Thng gi l p tmt khng kh v h quang c dp tt trong khng kh ( ACB) . . ptmt thng c s dng trong cc mch in h p c in p nh mc ti 660V xoay chiu v 330V mt chiu, dng in nh mc ti 6000A.
Yu cu i vi p tmt nh sau: 1.Ch lm vic nh mc ca p tmt phi l ch di hn, ngha l tr s dng in nh mc chy qua p tmt lu bao nhiu cng c . Mt khc mch vng dn in ca p tmt phi chu c dng ngn mch ln lc cc tip im ca n ng hoc ang ng . 2.pt mt phi ct c tr s dng ngn mch ln c th ln n hng chc kil ampe . Sau khi ct vn phi m bo lm vic tt tr s dng in nh mc . 3. nng cao tnh n nh nhit v tnh n nh in ng ca cc thit b, hn ch s ph hoi ca dng ngn mch, ptmt phi c thi gian ct b . Mun vy phi kt hp gia lc thao tc c hc v thit b dp h quang bn trong ptmt. thc hin yu cu thao tc c chn lc ptmt phi c kh nng iu chnh c dng in tc ng v thi gian tc ng . 8.2.2.Nguyn l lm vic ca ptmt: S nguyn l ca ptmt c trnh by trn hnh (7-10 a,b,c,d,e) trong quan trng nht l ptmt dng in cc i v ptmt in p thp. trng thi bnh thng sau khi ng in ptmt c gi trng thi ng nh mc rng s 1 n khp vi cn rng s 5 cng vi cm tip im ng . Khi xy ra qu ti hoc ngn mch (Vi p tmt dng in cc i ) , nam chm in s 2 s ht phn ng s 4 xung lm nh mc 1 cn 5 c t do, kt qu l cc tip im ca ptmt c nh nh l xo s 6, mch in b ngt . Khi st p qu thp (Vi ptmt in p thp ) , nam chm in s 2 s nh phn ng s 4 lm nh mc rng 1 gii phng cn rng s 5 do cc tip im ca ptmt cng c nh nh lc l xo s 6, mch in b ct . 8.2.3.Phn loi v cu to ca ptmt: *)Phn loi: - Da vo kt cu ngi ta chia ra: Aptmt mt cc, hai cc, ba cc . - Da vo cc thng s iu chnh ngi ta chia thnh: p tmt vn nng, p t mt nh hnh v p tmt tc ng nhanh . **) Cu to: ptmt gm cc b phn chnh : H thng tip im , h thng dp h quang , c cu truyn ng ng ct ptmt v cc mc bo v . a) H thng tip im :
H thng tip im gm tip im tnh v tip im ng , yu cu ca tip im l trng thi ng , in tr tip xc phi nh gim tn hao do tip xc . Khi ngt , dng in rt ln tip im phi c bn nhit , bn in ng khng b h hng do dng in ngt gy nn . ptmt thng c ch to c hai cp hoc ba cp tip im , nu c hai cp th bao gm tip im chnh v tip im h quang , nu c ba cp th c tip im chnh , tip im ph v tip im h quang .Khi ng tip im h quang ng trc tip theo l tip im ph ri n tip im chnh cn khi ngt th ngc li tip im chnh ngt trc sau n tip im ph ri cui cng n tip im h quang , tip im ca ptmt lm bng hp kim gm c kh nng chu c h quang nh : bc vonfram , ng vonfram , bc niken grapht . b) H thng dp h quang : H thng dp h quang ca p tmt c nhim v dp tt h quang khi ngt trong mi ch cng tc ca li in . C hai kiu thit b dp h quang l kiu na kn v kiu h . Kiu na kn c t trong v ca ptmt v c l thot kh , loi ny c dng in ct khng vt qu 50kA . Kiu h c s dng vi dng in ct ln hn 50kA v c in p ln ( cao p ) .Trong cc bung dp h quang thng dng ngi ta dng cc tm thp xp thnh li ngn phn chia h quang thnh nhiu on ngn thun li cho vic dp tt h quang . Hnh dng ,kt cu ca hp dp h quang c trnh by trn hnh 3 -14 TL2 . c) C cu truyn ng ct ptmt : Truyn ng ct ptmt c thc hin bng hai cch : Bng tay hoc bng c in ( in t , ng c in ) .iu khin bng tay c thc hin vi cc ptmt c dng in khng ln hn 600A . tng lc iu khin bng tay thng kt hp cnh tay n ph theo nguyn tc n by vi khp nh t do .iu khin bng c in thc hin vi dng in ngt ln hn 600A , ngoi ra cn iu khin bng ng c hoc kh nn ( Hnh v 3 -15 TL2 ). d) Mc bo v : ptmt t ng ct nh cc mc bo v : Mc bo v qu ti ( Cn gi l mc qu dng in ) dng bo v thit b khi b qu ti , ng c tnh thi gian http://www.ebook.edu.vn
dng in ca mc bo v phi nm di ng c tnh ca thit b cn c bo v . Ngi ta thng dng h thng in t hoc rle nhit lm mc bo v t bn trong ptmt .Mc bo v thp p ( Cn gi l mc bo v st p ) dng bo v khi in p thp qu gi tr cho php hoc mt in p , mc c cun dy mc song song vi mch in .Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta kt hp cc mc bo v trong p tmt thnh p tmt vn nng . 8.2.4.La chon v phi hp p tmt : *) La chn ptmt : Vic la chon ptmt ch yu da vo : - Dng in tnh ton i trong mch . - Dng in qu ti . - Tnh thao tc c chn lc . Ngoi ra vic la chon ptmt cn phi cn c vo c tnh lm vic ca ph ti l p tmt khng c php ct khi c qu ti ngn hn thng xy ra trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca thit b nh dng in khi ng , dng in nh trong qu trnh cng ngh . Yu cu chung l dng in nh mc ca mc bo v Iaptmt khng c nh hn dng in tnh ton Itt ca mch : Iaptmt> Itt Ty theo iu kin lm vic c th ca ph ti ngi ta hng dn la chn dng nh mc ca mc bo v bng 125% , 150% hay hn na so dng in tnh ton ca mch . Sau cng vic la chn p tmt cn cn c vo cc s liu k thut ca nh sn xut . *) Phi hp lm vic gia cc p tmt : Mi quan h trong vic s dng cng sut gii hn ca nhng ptmt l : pha h lu ta t cc ptmt c cng sut gii hn nh hn . Do cc p tmt pha thng lu ng vai tr ngn cn cc dng in ngn mch ln Ch rng kh nng ct ca cc ptmt phi lun lun ln hn hoc bng dng in ngn mch tnh ton ti thi im ang xt ca mng .
8.3.Cng tc t.
8.3.1.Khi qut v yu cu: - Khi nim: Cngtct l mt kh c in dng ng ct thng xuyn cc mch in ng lc, t xa bng tay hoc t ng .Vic ng ct cngtct c th thc hin bng nam chm in , thu lc hay bng kh nn . Thng thng ta gp loi bng nam chm in.
- Cngtct c hai v tr ng ct c ch to vi s ln ng ct ln tn s ng ct c th ln n 1500ln /gi . - Theo nguyn l truyn ng ngi ta chia cngtct ra cc loi: Cngtct ng ct bng in t, cngtct ng ct bng kh nn, cngtct ng ct bng thu lc . - Theo dng dng in ng ct c cngtct in mt chiu v cngtct in xoay chiu . - Theo kt cu c: Cngtct hn ch chiu rng, cngtct hn ch chiu cao. Cngtct gm nhng b phn chnh nh sau: H thng tip im chnh, h thng dp h quang, c cu in t, h thng tip im ph. Cc tham s c bn ca cngtct: 1)in p nh mc U m l in p ca mch in tng ng m tip im chnh ca cngtct phi ng ct . in p nh mc c cc cp: 110V ; 220V ; 440V mt chiu v 127V; 220V ; 380V; 500V xoay chiu . 2)Dng in nh mc I m l dng in i qua tip im chnh ca cngtct trong ch lm vic gin on lu di ch thi gian ng ca cngtct khng qu 8 gi . 3)in p cun dy Ucdm l in p nh mc t ln cun dy . Khi tnh ton, thit k cn phi m bo cngtct lm vic n nh trong di t 85% - 110% Ucd m. 4)S cc: L s tip im chnh ca cngtct . 5)S cp tip im ph: L s cp tip im khng ch mch iu khin ca cngtct. 6)Kh nng ct v kh nng ng: L gi tr dng in cho php i qua tip im chnh khi ct Ing hoc ng I g . 7)Tui th ca cngtct: L s ln ng ct m sau s ln ng ct cngtct c th b h hng khng dng c na . S h hng c th do mt bn v c kh hoc bn v in . - bn v c kh c nh gi bng s ln ng m khng ti, tui th ca cc cngtct hin i c th t ti 2.107 ln . - bn v in c nh gi bng s ln ng ct vi ti nh mc . thng bn v in bng vo khong 1/5 hoc 1/10 bn c kh . 8)Tn s thao tc: L s ln ng ct cho php ca cngtct trong mt gi . Tn s thao tc b gii hn bi s pht nng ca tip im chnh do h quang v s pht nng ca cun dy do dng in khi ng tng ln. 9)Tnh n nh in ng: L kh nng cho php dng ngn mch ln nht i qua m lc in ng sinh ra khng lm tch ri tip im.Thng ly dng in n nh in ng bng 10 I m . 10)Tnh n nh nhit: L kh nng cho php dng ngn mch i qua trong khong thi gian cho php (ton ) m cc tip im khng b nng chy v b hn dnh . 8.3.2.Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca cng tct kiu in t: a) Cu to :cng tc t kiu in t bao gm nhng b phn chnh nh sau :
H thng mch vng dn in , h thng dp h quang , h thng cc l xo nh , l xo tip im , nam chm in v cc chi tit cch in . - H thng mch vng dn in : Mch vng dn in ca cngtct do cc b phn khc nhau v hnh dng ,kch thc hp thnh . N bao gm thanh dn , dy ni mm , u ni , h thng tip im ( Gi tip im , tip im ng , tip im tnh ) , cun dy dng in ( Nu c k c cun dy thi t dp h quang ) . Hnh 10 -1TL1 m t mch vng dn in ca cng tct : Thanh dn ng v tnh c lm bng ng , tip im c dng hnh ngn hoc bc cu mt pha c hai ch ngt v c ch to bng vt liu dn in tt , chu c mi mn v chu c h quang nh kim loi gm : Bc Niken Than ch . trng thi ngt m ca tip im phi c gi tr ln ngn khng cho h quang chy tr li , ng thi cng khng qu ln gim kch thc ca nam chm in . trng thi ng m bo tip xc tt , cc tip im ca cng tc t c h thng l xo tip im to lc p cn thit ln tip im . - H thng dp h quang : H thng dp h quang ca cngtct m bo nhanh chng dp tt h quang sinh ra trong qu trnh ng ct ca tip im . + Thit b dp h quang trong cngtct in mt chiu : Trong cngtct in mt chiu , ngi ta thng dng cun thi t to ra t trng , tc dng ln dng in h quang , sinh ra lc in ng ko di h quang v y h quang vo bung dp h quang . Cun thi t thng c mc ni tip vi tip im . Kki dng in cng ln , lc in ng sinh ra cng ln , h quang c y su vo bung dp h quang . Bung dp h quang c ch to t nhng tm thp non to thnh dn dp h quang , hay kiu bung dp h quang c khe h hp vi hnh dng quanh co dc dc + Thit b dp h quang trong cngtct in xoay chiu : Cc cng tc t in xoay chiu thng dng trong cng nghip thng c ch to loi kt cu mt pha c hai ch ngt , s dng tip dim dng bc cu t trong bung dp h
quang kiu dn dp ( hnh 10 -3 TL1) hay trong khoang dp h quang dc bit ( hnh 10 -3 TL1 ) , cng c th c ch to di dng tip im chuyn ng quay , c b tr cun thi t tng cng kh nng dp h quang . - Nam chm in : Nam chm in l b phn sinh ra lc ht in t , dm bo cho h thng tip im thng m ng li chc chn khi cho dng in vo cun dy ca n .Yu cu lc ht in t lun lun ln hn ng c tnh c ( Tng hp tt c cc lc tc ng vo phn ng ca cng tc t ) ngay c khi in p gim xung 85% Um . Thng thng nam chm in hot ng chc chn v trnh va p c kh trn tip im , nam chm in c thit k sao cho ng c tnh lc ht gn ging c tnh c. Cu to ca nam chm in gm hai phn : Mch t v cun dy . Mch t nam chm in mt chiu c lm bng thp khi , phn thn mch t ni c cun dy c tit din trn . Mch t nam chm in xoay chiu c ch to t cc l thp k thut in dy 0,35mm hoc 0,5 mm , ghp li trnh tn hao li thp . Hnh dng mch t c dng ch hoc ht thng hoc ht quay . u cc c gn vng ngn mch chng rung cho nam chm in . Mch t c chia lm hai phn : Phn c nh ( Tnh ) , phn np ( gi l phn ng hay phn ng ) , c ni vi tip im qua h thng tay n . Cun dy nam chm in thng ch to t dy ng , c qun trn khung bng vt liu cch in , sau lng vo mch t . Cun dy ca nam chm in c tnh ton sao cho in p t vo cun dy bng 110% Ucdm s pht nng ca n vn khng vt qu gi tr cho php i vi cp cch in cho trc .Cun dy ca nam chm in mt chiu thng c y l hnh tr trn , chiu cao ln hn chiu rng . T l gia chiu cao h v chiu rng l ca cun dy bng :
l = 4 8. h
Cun dy ca nam chm in xoay chiu thng ngn v to t l

l = 24. h
Cun dy nam chm in xoay chiu c in tr rt nh so vi in khng . Dng in vo cun dy ph thuc rt nhiu vo khe h khng kh gia np v li mch
t V vy khng c php cho in p vo cun dy khi v l do no np khng c ht hon ton v pha li .T s gia in p ht ( hay dng in tc ng ) v in p nh ( hay dng in nh ) gi l h s tr v . b) Nguyn l lm vic : + Cng tct in mt chiu : Hnh 10 10 TL1 trnh by cu to ca cng tc t in mt chiu ; Tip im tnh 1 c gn trn quai 2 ng thi c ni vi cun thi t 3 , u kia ca cun thi t c ni vi u ra 4, cch in vi gi ng thi l mch t 6 bng tm cch in 5 . Tip im ng 7 c ch to dng tm , u cui c th quay xung quanh im ta 8 . u ra 9 c ni vi tip im 7 nh dy ni mm 10 .Lc p ln tip im sinh ra do l xo tip im 12. gim nng chy cho cc tip im chnh bi h quang khi dng in > 50 A cng tct c tip im dp h quang kiu sng . Di tc dng ca cun thi t h quang nhanh chng chuyn dch v pha quai 2 bt cht vi tip im tnh 1 v chuyn v sng bo v ca tip im ng 11 . Sau khi ct in phn ng tr v v tr ban u nh l xo 13 . + Cng tc t in xoay chiu : Cng tc t in xoay chiu c dng nhiu trong h thng in n chung , hnh dng ca chng rt a dng . Thng dng nht l loi cng tc t c mch t hnh ch , np ht thng , tip im dng bc cu . Hnh 10 -11TL1 trnh by cu to ca cngtct loi ny . Khi cho in p vo cun dy , np mch t 6 s c ht thng v pha li tnh 5 , trn 5 c gn vng ng chng rung 8 , lm cho tip im ng 1 tip xc vi tip im tnh 4 . Tip im tnh c gn vi thanh dn 3 , u kia ca thanh dn c vt bt dy in vo . Cc l xo tip im 2 c tc dng duy tr mt lc p cn thit ln tip im . ng thi h thng tip im ph 12 cng c ng vo , m ra . L xo nh 7 y ton b phn ng ca cngtct 9 ln pha trn khi ct in vo cun dy . Ton b c t trong v nha 10 . 8.3.3.Cng tc t khng cc tip xc : Cng tc t khng cc tip xc thc hin ng m mch in ng lc bng cc van in t bn dn ( Thy ristor, hoc tric) c cu to loi mt cc hoc ba cc . Cc tip im ph c th l van bn dn hoc rle c tip im .
u im chnh ca cng tc t khng cc tip xc l c th lm vic vi tn s ng ct ln , thi gian ng ct nh ,tui th cao do khng c ng ct c kh , khng gy h quang khi ng ct , khng c ting n . Hnh 10 -14 l s cng tc t khng cc tip xc v s dng iu khin ca cng tc t .
8.4.Khi ng t .
8.4.1. Khi qut v: Khi ng t l kh c in dng iu khin t xa vic ng ct , o chiu quay , bo v qu ti cho ng c in xoay chiu ba pha rotor lng sc . Cu to ca khi ng t gm cng tct , rle nhit lp chung mt hp . Khi ng t c mt cng tc t gi l khi ng t n . Khi ng t c hai cng tc t gi l khi ng t kp . 84.2. Yu cu c bn : - Tip im c bn , chu mi mn cao . - Kh nng ng ct cao . - Thao tc ng ct dt khot . - Tiu th t cng sut . - Bo v tin cy ng c in khi b qu ti lu di . - Tha mn iu kin khi ng ca ng c in khng ng b rotor lng sc ( Dng in khi ng t 5 7 ln dng in m . 8.4.3.Nguyn l lm vic : a)Khi ng t n: Trn hnh 10 -15TL1 trnh by s nguyn l ca khi ng t n Cc phn t ca s : CB : ptmt ngun. M : ng c khng ng b ba pha . Cc : Cu ch K : Cngtct . RT: Rle nhit . K,D : Cc nt n khi ng v dng Khi ng : n nt K cun dy ca cngtct c in , cc tip im K ca n mch ng lc ng li , ng c in c cp in v s quay . ng thi tip im k mch k ng li duy tr cho cun K khi khng n nt K na . Dng : n nt dng D, cun dy ca cngtct mt in , cc tip im ca K m ra ct in vo cun dy , ng c dng . Cc bo v :
Bo v qu ti : Khi ng c ang lm vic b qu ti , tm kim loi kp ca rle nhit b t nng lm cho rle nhit tc ng , tip im thng ng ca n m ra , cun dy cngtct K mt in , ng c c ct khi li . Bo v khng : Tip im duy tr ca cng tc t K mch k ngoi nhim v duy tr cho cun dy cngtct K khi b tay khi nt n D cn dng bo v 0 . Bo v ngn mch : Dng cu ch CC v ptmt CB. b) Khi ng t kp :
s 10 -15b , thc hin o chiu quay ng c bng cch i th t hai trong ba pha t vo ng c .Khi ng t kp gm hai cng tc t K1 v K2 c ni lin ng v in v c th c v c kh . Lin ng c thc hin bng cc tip im ph thng ng k1 v k2 ca cng tc t K1 v K2 mch k ng thi cc nt khi ng theo chiu thun ( KT) hoc theo chiu ngc ( KN) cng c th c ni lin ng vi nhau . Khi n nt KT cun dy cng tc t K1 c in , cc tip im K1 mch ng lc ng li , ng c c cp in v quay theo chiu thun ng thi k1 m ra m bo cho cun dy cng tc t K2 khng th c in .Qu trnh quay ngc cng tng t khi ta n nt KN .Dng ng c cho c hai chiu bng nt dng D , bo v qu ti bng rle nhit v bo v ngn mch dng cu ch . 8.4.4.La chn khi ng t : Hin nay cc ng c rotor lng sc c cng sut t 0,6 100Kw c s dng nhiu hn c . iu khin vn hnh chng , ngi ta thng dng khi ng t . Do thun tin cho vic la chn ,nh sn xut thng khng ch cho chng ta cng dng in nh mc ca khi ng t m cn cho c cng sut ng c in ( m khi ng t c th phc v ) ng vi in p khc nhau . i khi cn cho c cng sut ln nht v nh nht ca ng c in m khi ng t c th lm vic c . Khi la chn ta cn c vo cng sut nh mc ca ng c , gi tr ng in nh mc trong cc ch lm vic lin tc hay ngn hn , ngn hn lp li .v.v..
iu kin la chn l dng in lm vic ca ng c i qua tip im chnh ca khi ng t khng nh hn dng in nh mc ca khi ng t .Khi la chn khi ng t o chiu hm ng c in theo ch hm ngc th cng sut ca khi ng t dng iu khin phi ln hn 1,5 3 ln cng sut cho trc trn bng ca khi ng t .
Chng 9 : RLE 9.1. Khi nim chung v rle.

9.1.1.Khi nim chung , phn loi , cc b phn chnh ca rle: Rle l mt loi kh c in t ng m c tnh vo ra c tnh cht nh sau : Tn hiu u ra thay i nhy cp ( t ngt ) khi tn hiu u vo t gi tr xc nh . i lng cn rle hot ng c gi l i lng tc dng .Cc i lng tc dng c t vo cc u vo khc nhau ca rle , chng c th l mt hoc nhiu i lng khc nhau . Rle c i lng tc dng l i lng in ( dng in , in p , cng sut ) c gi l rle in , sau y ni gn l rle . C nhiu cch phn loi rle : Theo nguyn l hot ng ca b phn thu , rle c chia ra lm cc loi : a) Rle in t: Da trn tc dng ca lc t trng do dng in chy qua cun dy sinh ra ln phn np bng vt liu st t lm cho np chuyn ng b) Rle t in : Da trn tc dng lc ca t trng do nam chm vnh cu to ra ln dng in chy trong cun dy lm cun dy dch chuyn . c) Rle phn cc : Rle in t c thm t trng phn cc do nam chm vnh cu to ra . V tr ca np ph thuc vo cc tnh ca tn hiu vo ( cn gi l rle cc tnh ) . d) Rle din ng : Da trn lc tc dng tng h gia hai t trng do hai dng in chy trong hai cun dy sinh ra , lm cho cun dy dch chuyn . e) Rle cm ng : Trn c s ca tc dng tng h gia t trng ca cun dy ng yn vi dng in cm ng trong phn ng lm phn ng dch chuyn . f) Rle nhit : Da trn s thay i v nhit v th tch , p sut , kch thc .v.vca vt liu. g) Rle in t , bn dn : Da trn s thay i cc thng s v t v in ( t thm , in cm , in tr , in dung .v.v ) ca cc dng c ( linh kin ) t tnh , bn dn , in t . Theo nguyn l tc ng ca b phn chp hnh rle c chia ra lm loi c tip im hoc khng c tip im .
Theo tnh cht ca i lng u vo , chia ra cc nhm rle : Rle dng in , in p , cng sut , hng cng sut , lch pha , tng tr , thnh phn i xng , tn s , thi gian Cc i , cc tiu , so lch .v.v Theo phng php ni b phn thu vo mch in chia ra : Rle s cp , th cp , trung gian . Theo mc ch s dng chia lm ba nhm : Rle bo v , rle iu khin , rle t ng thng tin lin lc . Theo tnh cht bin i ca tn hiu vo v tn hiu c trao i x l trong rle : Rle tng t , rle s . Theo loi dng in : Mt chiu , xoay chiu . Kt cu ca rle gm nhng b phn chnh nh : B phn thu : Tip nhn nhng i lng vo v bin i thnh nhng i lng cn thit cho rle hot ng . B phn trung gian : So snh nhng i lng bin i vi i lng mu ( chun ) . Theo kt qu so snh , nu t gi tr tc ng th truyn tn hiu n b phn chp hnh . B phn chp hnh : Pht tn hiu cho mch iu khin ni sau rle . 9.1.2.c tnh c bn ca rle : ng biu din quan h gia i lng u vo x v i lng u ra y ca rle gi l c tnh vo ra v c coi l c tnh c bn ca rle . Nn c tnh ny cn gi l c tnh rle . Dng c tnh rle c trnh by trn hnh 8 -2TL1 .c tnh rle c c im sau: - Khi i lng u vo x thay i t 0 n gi tr xt , i lng u ra lun lun bng 0 ( Vi rle c tip im ) hoc bng gi tr ymin ( Vi rle khng tip im ) . - Khi x t n gi tr tc ng x = xt ; i lng u ra tng t ngt n gi tr cc i ymax .Sau d x tip tc tng th y vn gi nguyn gi tr ymax ( Hoc thay i rt t ) . Tng ng vi qu trnh ny , ta ni rle tc ng hay rle ng . - Khi i lng u vo gim t xlv n tr s nh xnh , i lng ra y vn khng thay i . - Khi x = xnh , y gim t ngt t ymax v 0 (hoc ymin) v khng i mc d x tip tc gim . Qu trnh ny ta ni rle nh . i lng u vo ng vi rle tc ng gi l gi tr tc ng xt v ng vi lc rle nh gi l gi tr nh xnh ca rle .
9.2. Rle in t .
9.2.1. Nguyn l hat ng : Rle in t lm vic da trn nguyn l in t , nu t mt vt bng vt liu st t trong t trng do cun dy c dng in sinh ra . T trng ny s tc dng ln np t mt lc hoc mmen lm np chuyn ng .
Nguyn l cu to ca rle in t nh sau : 1. Phn c nh . 2. Phn np chuyn ng . 3. Cun dy in t . 4. L xo . 5. Tip im c nh ( Tnh). 6. Tip im ng . Khi cho dng in chy vo cun dy s sinh ra lc ht in t ht np v pha li c nh . Lc ht in t c quan h :
2 trong : i cng dng in . - Chiu di khe h khng kh gia np v li c nh . k H s t l . Vy lc ht in t t l nghch vi bnh phng chiu di khe h khng kh v t l thun vi bnh phng dng in . L xo 4 to ra lc phn khng chng li lc ht ca np . Nu dng in nh , lc khng ca l xo s thng lc ht ca cun dy v np s ng yn khng chuyn ng . Cho n khi dng in vt qu gi tr dng tc ng It , khi lc ht ca cun dy s thng lc khng ca l xo , np bt u chuyn ng v b ht thng v pha li 1. Do np chuyn ng nn chiu di khe h khng kh gim v v vy lc ht tng lun lun thng lc khng ca l xo cho n lc np b ht hon ton v pha li . Kt qu l np s ng tip im 5 6 v ng mch iu khin . Khi dng in trong cun dy gim n gi tr Itv ( Dng in tr v ) . Lc l xo s thng lc ht in t , np s tr v v tr ban u ct mch in iu khin .
F= k .i 2
T s :
k tv =
I tv I t
gi l h s tr v .
k < 1 ta c r le cc i . k > 1 ta c rle cc tiu . T s gia cng sut iu khin Pk v cng sut cn thit tc ng gi l h s iu khin :
k k = Pk Pt
Rle cng nhy khi kk cng ln , nm trong khong ( 5 20 ). S ln tc ng trong mt n v thi gian gi l tn s tc ng . R le in t c chia thnh : Rle in t mt chiu v rle in t xoay chiu .i vi rle in t xoay chiu lc ht in t s trit tiu khi dng in i qua gi tr 0, v lc ht in t c tn s 2f ( f l tn s dng in ). Khi gi tr trung bnh ca lc ht c tnh :
2 trong : I - l dng in hiu dng . Nu cun dy c ni song song vi ngun in p th : 2 y U l in p hiu dng i vo rle . Vi dng in xoay chiu lc ht tc thi s trit tiu tn s 2f , nn khi gi tr lc ht b hn lc l so , np c xu hng tr v v tr ban u , do vy b rung v np s ku . khc phc hin tng ny ngi ta dng vng ngn mch . 9.2.2.ng dng ca rle in t : Rle in t c cu to n gin , khe , rt m bo trong vn hnh nn c dng nhiu trong cc s bo v , iu khin t ng . Ty thuc vo yu cu c th m ngi ta s dng rle dng in hoc rle in p ,cc i hoc cc tiu , rle cng sut , rle thi gian , rle trung gian .v.v
Ftb = k "" . U2
Ftb = k ''
I2
9.3. Rle in ng .
9.3.1.Nguyn l lm vic: Rle in ng lm vic da trn nguyn l tc dng tng h gia hai dng in chy trong hai cun dy t gn nhau (cun dy ny nm trong lng cun kia ) . (hnh 8-40. ) Nu cho dng i1 v i2 chy vo cun dy 1 v 2, lc in ng do chng sinh ra s to ra mmen lm quay cun dy phn ng v ng h thng tip im . Cc dng in i1 v i2 c th c cp t mt ngun hoc hai ngun . Rle in ng c hai loi: loi khng c li st v loi c li st . Loi khng c li st c cu to nh hnh 840 ; cn loi c li st c cu to nh hnh 8-41. Rle in ng c th ch to dng cho c in mt chiu v xoay chiu . i vi rle in ng mt chiu, chiu quay ca phn ng ph thuc vo chiu dng in cn i vi rle in ng xoay chiu, chiu quay ca phn ng ph thuc vo gc lch pha gia hai dng in . ln ca mmen quay ph thuc vo gi tr hiu dngca cc dng in v gc lch pha gia chng . i vi rle xoay chiu cun dy ng c th c ni ngn mch, dng in trong phn ng chnh l dng cm ng vi mt trong hai dng in trong cun chnh ca rle. Loi rle ny va lm vic theo nguyn l cm ng va lm vic theo nguyn l in ng nn gi l rle cm ng in ng . Hnh v 8-42 .
c tnh ca rle in ng ph thuc nhiu vo kt cu ca chng . Nu mch t khng bo ha, mmen quay tc dng ln cun dy ng c th c tnh bng: M = 2.r.F = C.r.l.W1.I1.W2.I2. cos.cos . Trong : r l bn knh khung quay . l l chiu di cnh tc dng ca khung quay. W1, I1 - l s vng v dng in trong cun dy tnh . W2 , I2 - l s vng v dng in trong cun dy ng . . l gc lch pha gia dng in I1 v I2. - l gc gia mt phng cun dy v phng ca t trng ti ch t cnh tc dng ca khung . C l h s t l ph thuc h n v o . i vi rle dng dng mt chiu, mmen quay c xc nh bng cng thc: M = C . I1.I2. cos Ty thuc vo cch ni dy m ta c th c c c tuyn M ( I ) c dng tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn . (Hnh 8 43). 9.3.2.ng dng ca rle in ng : Rle in ng c s dng rng ri lm rle bo v v rle iu khin .
9.4.Rle cm ng
9.4.1.Nguyn l lm vic : Rle cm ng lm vic da trn nguyn l tc dng tng h gia t trng xoay chiu vi dng in cm ng trong phn ng ca rle . V vy rle cm ng ch lm vic vi dng in xoay chiu . V cu to rle cm ng gm hai phn : phn tnh v phn ng - Phn ng: C cc dng hnh a hoc hnh tr rng (cc ) mng v thng c lm bng nhm . - Phn tnh l mt mch t hnh ch C hoc mt khung vung c 4 cc . Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng cm ng trong rle nh sau : Trn mm cc ca mch t phn cm c t vng ng ngn mch m ly mt phn din tch ca cc t . T l gia din tch phn cc t nm trong vng ngn mch so vi phn cc t nm ngoi vng ngn mch c tnh ton sao cho t c mmen quay a nhm l ln nht v dng tc ng phn cm l nh nht .T a nhm c t di mm cc trong khe h , khe h gia a nhm v mt cc khng nh hn 0, 3 mm . Khi c dng in i chy trong cun dy , trong mch t s xut hin t thng . vng mm cc t, t thng ny chia lm hai phn;
phn t thng 1 i phn din tch ngoi vng ngn mch v phn t thng 2 phn din tch trong vng ngn mch . Do c vng ngn mch, t thng 2 s chm pha so vi t thng 1 mt gc . Cc t thng 1 v 2 khp mch qua khe h v a nhm s to ra cc dng in cm ng l i1 v i2 cng lch pha nhau. Tng tc gia 1 vi i2 v 2 vi i1 s sinh ra mmen lm quay a nhm . Nu mch t cha bo ha, mmen quay a c th xc nh theo cng thc: Mq = k1. f . 1. 2.sin. = k2.I2 trong : k1 l h s ph thuc kch thc, vt liu a quay v v tr tng i gia cc t v tm quay ca a - l gc lch pha gia 1 v 2 . f l tn s ca dng in . 9.4.2.ng dng ca rle cm ng: Dng ch to rle dng in, in p, cng sut, tn s .
9.5.Rle thi gian

9.5.1.Khi qut v yu cu : Trong t ng k , bo v thng gp nhng trng hp cn c mt khong thi gian gia nhng im tc ng ca hai hay nhiu thit b , hoc trong cc qu trnh t ng ha , nhiu khi phi tin hnh nhng thao tc k tip nhau cch nhau nhng khong thi gian xc nh . to nn nhng khong thi gian cn thit , ngi ta dng rle thi gian . Nh vy c th nh ngha rle thi gian l rle c c tnh : Khi tn hiu vo rle t gi tr tc ng th sau mt thi gian c t trc rle mi cho tn hiu u ra . Nhng yu cu chung i vi rle thi gian l : - Kh nng duy tr thi gian n nh , chnh xc , tin cy , khng ph thuc vo dao ng ca in p ngun cung cp , tn s , nhit v cc iu kin mi trng ( Nhit , m , rung ). - Cng sut ngt ca h thng tip im ln . - Cng sut tiu th nh . - Kt cu , s dng n gin . Cu trc chung ca rle thi gian : a) B phn ng lc : C chc nng nhn tn hiu vo l nng lng in , bin i thnh nng lng thch hp cho b phn to thi gian hot ng . b) B to thi gian : C chc nng to thi gian tr ca rle . B phn ny hot ng theo nhiu nguyn l khc nhau nh : in t , c kh , kh nn , thy lc , in t .v.v Cn c vo b to thi gian ta c rle tng ng .
c) B phn u ra : Rle pht tn hiu ra bng s thay i trng thi ng m cc tip im .Ngoi ra cc rle cn c b phn hiu chnh thi gian tc ng v b phn hin th K hiu rle thi gian trong s nh hnh v 8 -61 TL1 9.5.2.Rle thi gian in t : Hnh 8 -62 TL1 v kt cu ca rle thi gian in t Mch t gm li 1 , np 2 v tm m phi t tnh 3 ( Thng dng cc tm ng mng 0,1mm). Li st 1 c bt cht ln bng in nh nhm 5 . Trn cn lp h thng tip im 6 .Nam chm in mt chiu c li bng thp armk . Nhnh phi c tit din trn ch to lp rp cun dy c thun tin . Nhnh tri c tit din ch nht , nh tng c chiu di ch tip xc gia li v np t l phn chuyn ng , do d tng c bn c chng mi mn ca cnh quay . Trn nhnh tri c lp vng ngn mch c dng ng tr rng 8 , tit din ln , lm bng vt liu dn in tt nh ng hoc nhm . B phn duy tr thi gian ca rle lm vic theo nguyn l in t , trn c s s dng dng in cm ng xut hin trong ng dn in tr rng khi t thng chnh do cun dy sinh ra trong mch t bin thin . Theo nh lut Lenx , dng in cm ng ny c chiu sao cho t thng do n sinh ra chng li s bin thin ca t thng chnh .Do vy tc tng hoc gim t thng chnh khi cun dy c ng hoc ct in s chm i , ngha l thi gian tc ng v thi gian nh ca rle cng c tng ln . 9.5.3.Rle thi gian thy lc : Rle thi gian thy lc c cu to nh hnh ( 8-65TL1).B phn ch yu l mt nam chm in 1 , b phn to thi gian v h thng tip im .Rle hot ng nh sau : Khi c tn hiu in iu khin a vo cun dy ca nam chm in 1, lc ht in t ko np chuyn ng nhanh ( coi nh tc thi ) v pha li , nam chm trng thi ht .Khi np ht h thng tip im tc thi thay i trng thi ng thi l xo 3 b ko cng ra s ko pt tng chuyn ng xung di , du nhn t khoang di b pttng p s y ln khoang trn qua l thng . V l ny nh nn du hn to nn lc cn chuyn ng ca pt tng lm pttng chuyn ng chm li . Phi mt thi gian sau , pttng mi i ht hnh trnh nh v tay ngang u pttng mi t ln h tip im tc ng chm lm thay i trng ti ng m ca chng , nh vy h pttng v du lm chm thi gian tc dng ca rle .Khi pt tng i xung l xo 5 nn li v van mt chiu 8 ng .Khi ngt in cun dy nam chm in , l xo 3 , 5 lm np nam chm v pt tng v v tr ban u . 9.5.4.Rle thi gian kiu ng h : Trong rle thi gian kiu ng h , b phn ng lc lm r le hot ng l cun l xo l . Khi vn l xo cun cht li , l xo c np nng lng . Do tnh n hi , khi l xo x th gii phng nng lng lm rle hot ng .B phn to ra lc cun l xo c th l mt nam chm in . Khi c tn hiu iu khin , phn np ca nam chm c ht v pha li nh lc ht in t v lm cng l xo
trng thi np nng lng .B phn to thi gian l h thng bnh rng gim tc v cc dao ng lm cho cc bnh rng chuyn ng chm li v khng i ging nh ng h c kh thng thng . Trn hnh v l rle thi gian kiu ng h dng in xoay chiu ( hnh 8-66a ) v dng in mt chiu ( hnh 8-66b) . 9.5.5.Rle thi gian kiu ng c : Khi iu khin cc qu trnh hot ng ca thit b cn thi gian tr ln t vi pht n vi gi hoc lu hn hay cc qu trnh lp li c tnh chu k ngi ta thng dng rle thi gian kiu ng c . Loi ny c cu trc nh hnh 8-67 gm cc b phn chnh nh sau : B phn ng lc l cc ng c c cng sut nh t 2 n 5 w c ba loi ng c c dng l ng c khng ng b mt pha kiu vng ngn mch ng c khng ng b mt pha kiu t ( hnh 8-68a v 8-68b) v ng c bc ( hnh 8-68c) . B phn to thi gian l cc b gim tc c kh v b phn tip im . 9.5.6.Rle thi gian in t : Rle thi gian in t l cc r le c cu to v lm vic da trn cc linh kin in t nh : n in t chn khng , tranzixtor , it , thyristor , mch t hp IC Hnh 8-69 l nguyn l lm vic ca rle dng n in t cn hnh 8-70 l rle thi gian bn dn . i vi loi rle thi gian vi mch ( IC) c s khi nh sau ( hnh 8-71). Cc b phn chnh ca rle bao gm : - B phn to thi gian l cc mch to dao ng c tn s khng i vo khong vi trm kHz , cc rle thi gian dng ngun xoay chiu li in quc gia ngi ta thng s dng tn s ngun lm xung thi gian chun , mi xung ng vi 0,01 giy tn s 50 Hz - B phn m xung : B phn ny m cc xung xut hin t thi im rle lm vic n khi r le tc ng . Kt qu s xung m c s cho thi gian tr cn thit . - B phn so snh : So snh kt qu ca xung m c vi mc chun thi gian t , khi kt qu xung bng hoc ging kt qu t trc th cho ra tn hiu tc ng . - B phn ngun cung cp : B phn ny c chc nng bin i in p ngun cp cho rle thnh cc cp in p ph hp vi cc mch lm vic ca rle . - B phn u ra : B phn ny c nhim v ghp ni v chuyn cc tn hiu tc ng ca rle n cc thit b pha sau rle . -B phn chnh nh : B phn ny dng thay i thi gian , la chn ch hot ng hoc t trc . - B phn hin th . 9.5.7.Mt s dng r le thi gian :
9.6. Rle nhit .

9.6.1. Khi qut v cng dng :
Rle nhit l loi kh c dng bo v ng c v mch in khi b qu ti , thng c s dng km vi cng tc t hoc khi ng t . V cu to r le nhit bao gm : B phn nhy cm vi nhit u vo , b phn so snh , h thng tip im u ra v b phn hiu chnh thng s lm vic ca rle . Ty thuc vo b phn cm bin nhit ta c cc loi rle nhit vi c tnh k thut v phm vi ng dng khc nhau .Cc cm bin nhit dng trong rle nhit l : - Cm bin kiu kim loi kp ( Bimetal , lng kim ) . - Cm bin kiu kh nn . - Cm bin kiu nhit ngu . - Cm bin kiu in tr nhit .
9.6.2.Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca rle nhit bimetal : Nguyn l chung ca rle nhit Bimetal l da trn tc dng nhit ca dng in vi mt thanh kim loi kp ( Lng kim loi ) gm hai kim loi c h s gin n nhit khc nhau . B phn chnh ca rle nhit ny l mt tm kim loi c ghp t hai kim loi c h s gin n nhit khc nhau nhiu ( Thng dng l hp kim ca st niken v crm niken ) . Hai kim loi ny c ghp cht vi nhau thnh mt phin bng phng php cn nng hoc phng php hn . Khi b t nng tm kim loi kp s un cong v pha kim loi c h s gin n b . S pht nng l do dng in trc tip i qua tm kim loi hoc gin tip qua phn t in tr . Cu to ca mt rle nhit loi ny c trnh by trn hnh v : Rle gm hai mch in c lp : Mch ng lc c dng in ph ti i qua v thao tc ngt in cun dy iu khin . Phn t pht nng 1 c du ni tip vi mch ng lc bi cc vt 2 v m ly phin kim loi kp 3 .
Vt 6 cy trn gi nha cch in 5 dng iu chnh mc un cong ca u t do ca phin 3 . Gi 5 c th quay xung quanh trc 4 . Ty theo tr s dng in chy qua phn t pht nng m phin kim loi kp cong nhiu hay t , yvo vt 6 lm xoay gi 5 m ngm n by 9 . Di tc dng ca l xo 8 , n by 9 xoay c xung quanh trc 7 ngc chiu kim ng h lm m tip im ng 11 khi tip im tnh 12 . Nt n 10 dng khi phc rle v v tr ban u sau khi phin kim loi kp ngui tr li . iu chnh vt 6 c th iu chnh c dng tc ng khi qu ti . 9.6.3. Phn loi v kt cu : - Theo kt cu ngi ta chia rle nhit ra lm hai loi : kiu kn v kiu h . - Theo phng thc t nng ngi ta chia lm ba loi : + t nng trc tip : Dng in trc tip i qua tm kim loi kp . Loi ny c cu to n gin , nhng khi thay i dng nh mc ta phi thay tm kim loi kp . + t gin tip : Dng in i qua phn t t nng c lp , nhit lng ca n ta ra gin tip lm tm kim loi kp cong ln . Loi ny c u im l mun thay i dng nh mc ta ch cn thay phn t t nng ch khng cn thay tm kim loi kp . Khuyt im ca loi ny l kh nng chu qu ti km , khi c qu ti ln phn t t nng c th t ti nhit cao , nhng v khng kh dn nhit km nn tm kim loi kp cha kp tc ng m phn t t nng b chy t . + t hn hp : Loi ny tng i tt v kt hp c u im ca hai loi trn , c tnh n nh cao v c th lm vic bi s qu ti ln (12 15 ) Im . - Theo yu cu s dng ngi ta chia ra lm hai loi : loi mt cc v loi hai cc .Loi hai cc thng c dng trong bo v qu ti ng c xoay chiu ba pha . 9.6.4.La chn rle nhit : c tnh c bn ca rle nhit l quan h gia thi gian tc ng v dng in chy qua ph ti ( Cn gi l c tnh thi gian - dng in ) . Mt khc vi mi ph ti c c tnh thi gian dng in tng ng . La chn ng n rle nhit l sao cho c tnh ampe giy ca rle lun nm di ng c tnh ampe giy ca i tng v cng gn vi c tnh ca i tng cng tt . Chn thp qu s khng tn dng ht cng sut ca thit b , chn cao qu s lm gim tui th ca thit b . Trong thc t s dng , cch la chn ph hp l chn dng nh mc ca rle bng dng nh mc ca ng c in cn c bo v , v r le s tc ng gi tr (1,2 1,3 )Im . Ty thuc vo ch lm vic ca ph ti l lin tc hay ngn hn m xt n hng s thi gian pht nng ca r le khi c qu ti lin tc hay ngn hn . Ngoi ra , nhit ca mi trng cng tc cng nh hng ti ti dng tc ng v vy khi nhit mi trng thay i cn iu chnh li dng tc ng . 9.6.5.Mt s thng s k thut : - Kiu rle . - K hiu kt cu .
- S tip im ; Thng ng , thng m . - Phn t t nng . - Thi gian tc ng . - Trng lng kch thc .
9.7 Rle k thut s .

R le k thut s, gi tt l rle s l loi rle trong vic x l cc i lng tn hiu lm vic trn cc b phn chc nng ca rle c thc hin theo k thut s (Digital hoc numeric ) hay k thut lgic . V cu to rle s c xy dng t cc linh kin bn dn, ch yu l cc vi mch s (Vi mch logic ) , nn i khi cn gi l rle bn dn k thut s . Ngi ta to ra nhng rle s c cc tnh nng lm vic ngy cng a dng v phc tp hn, vi cc u im vt tri so vi cc rle kiu khc nh rle in c, rle nhit v rle bn dn tng t . Rle s ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc . 9.7.1. Phn loi rle s: - Theo chc nng s dng c rle bo v v rle iu khin . - Theo kh nng x l thng tin c rle khng c b vi x l v rle c b vi x l. - Theo s lng u vo u ra c: + Rle mt i lng nh rle dng in, rle in p, rle nhit . + Rle hai i lng nh rle cng sut, rle h s cng sut . - Theo loi dng in s dng c rle mt chiu, rle xoay chiu . Rle s thuc loi rle tnh theo ngha l trong cu to v hot ng khng c b phn chuyn ng nh trong cc loi rle in c . Rle s c hiu theo ngha rng l thit b c tn hiu ra thay i theo ng c tnh rle . 9.7.2.u im ca rle s: - Rle s lm vic v x l tn hiu theo k thut s . Cc tn hiu ny ch mt trong hai mc cc i hoc cc tiu khc bit nhau khng c tn hiu trung gian v lin tc nh tn hiu tng t .Nn hn ch c nh hng ca cc tn hiu nhiu n ni dung thng tin v kt qu ra ca rle . - Cu to ca rle s ch yu l vi mch bn dn v cc linh kin in t lm vic vi in p thp (T 5V n 12V) , dng in nh (C n hng chc miliampe ) nn cng sut tiu th di dng nhit trn chng nh, dn n nhit lm vic ca rle khng cao, t nh hng n thng s v c tnh lm vic ca cc linh kin v ca rle . - Rle s khng c cc b phn chuyn ng c hc nh trong rle c, nn khng b nh hng do s trc trc , yu km ca cc b phn ny khi chng b mn, gy, v .. - Rle s c nhy, chnh xc cao . C th iu chnh t thng s lm vic ca rle ph hp vi kh nng lm vic ca thit b c bo v .
Chng 10 : KH C IN CAO P 10.1. My ct cao p

10.1.1.Khi nim chung : - My ct in p cao ( cn gi l my ct cao p ) l mt thit b in dng ng ct mch in c in p t 1000 V tr ln mi ch vn hnh : Ch khng ti , ch c ti nh mc , ch s c trong ch ng ct dng in ngn mch l nng n nht . - Cc thng s chnh ca my ct l : in p nh mc ( Cn gi l in p danh nh ) , dng in nh mc , dng in n nh nhit ng vi thi gian n nh nhit tng ng , dng in n nh in ng , dng in ct nh mc , cng sut ct nh mc , thi gian ct , thi gian ng . + in p nh mc l in p dy t ln thit b vi thi gian lm vic di hn m cch in ca my ct khng b h hng, tnh theo tr s hiu dng . + Dng in nh mc l tr s hiu dng ca dng in chy qua my ct trong thi gian lm vic di hn m my ct khng b h hng. + Dng in n nh nhit ng vi thi gian tng ng l tr s hiu dng ca dng ngn mch chy qua thit b vi thi gian cho trc m nhit ca mchj vng dn in khng vt qu gi tr cho php ch lm vic ngn hn . + Dng in n nh in ng ( cn gi l dng xung kch ) l tr s ln nht ca dng in m lc in ng do n sinh ra khng lm h hng my ct : I xk = 1,8 2 I nm . Trong : Ixk l dng xung kch ; Inm l dng ngn mch . Nu my ct ng khi li b ngn mch th chnh l dng xung kch .Dng in ct nh mc ca my ct l dng in ngn mch m my c th ct c vi thi gian ct cho . + Cng sut ct nh mc ca my ct ba pha ( cn gi l dung lng ct ) c tnh theo cng thc sau :
Scdm = 3U dm I cdm
trong : Um l in p nh mc ca li in ; Icm l dng in ct nh mc . + Thi gian ng l khong thi gian t khi c tn hiu ng c a vo my ct n khi my ct ng hon ton . + Thi gian ct l khong thi gian t khi c tn hiu ct n khi h quang c dp tt hon ton . Cc yu cu c bn ca my ct l : + tin cy cao cho mi ch lm vic . + Qu in p khi ct thp . + Thi gian ng v thi gian ct nhanh . + Khng nh hng ti mi trng . + D bo qun bo dng , kim tra thay th . + Kch thc nh gn tui th cao . + C th ng lp lai c chu trnh : CT - 180s NG CT 180s NG CT
180 s l khong thi gian gia hai ln thao tc cn ng ct l my ct ng dng ngn mch, sau li ct ra. - Phn loi my ct : Da theo mi trng dp h quang ngi ta chia ra my ct du, my ct kh nn, my ct chn khng , my ct t sinh kh , my ct SF6 .Da vo mi trng lm vic my ct c chia thnh my ct lm vic ngoi tri , my ct lm vic trong nh . Da vo kt cu ta c my ct ri v my ct hp b . 10.1.2.My ct kh nn : Khng kh nn kh v sch c nn vi p sut cao ( t 20 n 40 at ) dng thi h quang v thao tc ct my v vy my ct loi ny c gi l my ct khng kh hay my ct kh nn . Nguyn l kt cu ca my ct rt a dng ph thuc vo in p ,dng in nh mc , phng thc truyn kh nn vo bnh ct v trng thi tip im sau khi ct . u im chnh ca my ct loi ny l kh nng ct ln , c th ct dng in ti 100 KA , thi gian ct b , c tui th cao , khng gy n . Nhc im l phi lun c bnh kh nn i km nn ch c dng trong cc trm c s lng my ct ln . Cc thng s k thut c bn ca my ct : - in p nh mc ca my ct [KV] : UmMC Um Mng - Dng in nh mc ca my ct [ KA] : Im MC IlvMax - Dng in n nh nhit ng vi thi gian n nh nhit : [ KA] - Dng in n nh in ng In [ KA] . - Cng sut ct nh mc Smct [ MVA]. 10.1.3.My ct ph ti : My ct ph ti l mt thit b ng ct n gin r tin hn my ct in . N gm hai b phn cu thnh : B phn ct iu khin bng tay v cu ch . V b phn dp h quang ca my ct ph ti c cu to n gin nn my ct ph ti ch ng ct c dng in ph ti ch khng ct c dng ngn mch . Ty thuc vo ph ti ta la chn cu ch c dng in thch hp. Cc thng s k thut c bn gm : - in p nh mc ca my ct ph ti [KV] : UmMCPT Um Mng - Dng in nh mc ca my ct ph ti [ KA] : Im MCPT IlvMax - Dng in n nh nhit ng vi thi gian n nh nhit : [ KA] - Dng in n nh in ng In [ KA] . - Dng in nh mc ca cu ch IMax [ KA] - Cng sut ct nh mc ca cu ch Smct CC [ MVA]. 10.1.4.Dao cch ly : Dao cch ly c nhim v ch yu l to ra mt khong h nhn thy gia b phn ang mang dng in v b phn ct in nhm mc ch m bo an ton v khin cho nhn vin sa cha an tm khi lm vic . Do vy nhng ni cn sa cha lun lun t dao cch ly ngoi cc thit b ng ct . Dao cch ly khng c b phn dp h quang nn khng th ct c dng in ln .Do vy ch c s dng ct khi khng c dng in . Dao cch ly c ch to vi cc cp
in p khc nhau , loi mt pha hoc ba pha , loi dng trong nh hoc ngoi tri .
10.2.Cu ch cao p .
10.2.1. Khi nim : Cu ch l mt loi kh c dng bo v mch in khi b qu ti hay ngn mch . Thi gian ct ca cu ch ph thuc nhiu vo vt liu lm dy chy . Dy chy ca cu ch cao p lm bng hp kim ca ch vi ng hoc bc .v.vCu ch l mt kh c n gin v r tin nhng nhy km . N ch tc ng khi dng in ln hn dng nh mc nhiu ln ch yu khi xut hin dng ngn mch .Cu ch cao p thng c dng bo v cc mng hnh tia , bin p ng lc cng sut nh . tng cng kh nng dp h quang khi dy chy b chy t v an ton cho ngi vn hnh cng nh cc thit b khc xung quang cu ch thng chn y ct thch anh v c v lm bng xenluyl 10.2.2.Cc thng s k thut : - in p nh mc ca cu ch UmCC [ KV] - Dng in nh mc ca cu ch ImCC [ KA] - Cng sut ct nh mc ca cu ch Smct CC [ MVA].
10.3.S cao p .
10.3.1.Khi nim : S c tc dng va lm gi cc b phn mang in va lm vt cch in gia cc b phn vi t . Do s phi c bn chu c lc in ng do dng ngn mch gy ra , ng thi chu c in p mng k c khi qu in p . Theo chc nng s c chia lm hai loi chnh : - S hay s treo dng hay treo thanh ci , dy dn v cc b phn mang in trong cc thit b in . - S xuyn : Dng dn nhnh cc thanh ci hoc dy dn xuyn qua tng vch . Theo v tr s dng c th phn ra s dng cho trm , dng cho ng dy hoc cho thit b Theo iu kin lm vic c s dng trong nh hoc ngoi tri . Ty thuc vo cht lng ca vt liu lm s mi s c th chu c mt lc ph hng F ph khc nhau ; Lc cho php tc dng ln s c qui nh nh sau : Fcp = 0,6 Fph 10.3.2.Cc thng s k thut : - in p nh mc : Um [ KV] - Dng in nh mc ca s xuyn v s u ra Im [ KA] - Lc cho php tc dng ln s Fcp - Dng in n nh nhit In
Chng 11 : LP T,VN HNH, KIM TRA, BO DNG HIU CHNH, SA CHA CC KH C IN 11.1.o in tr cch in , tiu chun kim tra in tr cch in.
S lm vic an ton , lin tc v m bo ca thit b in , my in , kh c in v.v... trc tin ph thuc vo trng thi tt xu ca in tr cch in . Do vy , vic o in tr cch in bt buc phi thc hin vi kh c in . Ngi ta quy nh tiu chun v gii hn cho php ca in tr cch in , di gii hn , khng c dng v phi c bin php s l . in tr cch in ca cc mch in ng lc , mch nhnh theo tiu chun i vi in p di 1000 V phi tho mn : Rc 0.5 M i vi cc kh c in dng trong sinh hot , yu cu cch in ca bi dy i vi v khng nh hn 1M . in tr cch in ca cun dy cc thit b ng ct in p thp ( Cc cng tc t , cc khi ng t ) c o bng megam mt 1000V cn phi c gi tr ln hn 2 M .Thc t in tr cch in trong nh kh ro khng c b hn 5 M in tr ca thanh dn c do bng mgam mt 500V 1000V cn c gi tr ln hn 2 M. in tr cch in ca tt c cc kh c in mch iu khin ni chung phi ln hn 2 M ( o bng mgam mt 500V 1000V ). o in tr cch in c tin hnh trc khi a vo vn hnh cc thit b , kh c hoc sau khi tin hnh sa cha v nh k 2 nm mt ln . o in tr cch in ngi ta tin hnh nh sau : - o in tr cch in ca mch i vi v . - o in tr cch in gia cc mch in i vi nhau . kim tra in tr cch in ca cm kh c c lp t so vi v . V d nh hnh v , u tin phi tho cu ch m bo kh c , thit b c o khng cn in p . Sau ng tt c cc cu dao a vo mch tt c cc kh c c trong mch , k c cc n in , nh vy ton b kh c v thit b to thnh mch thng nht cn c kim tra trng thi cch in . o c in tr mt u kh c c ni vi u E ca mgam mt ,u kia ca mgam mt ni vi v my . Quay tay hoc n nt P sau c ch s trn ng h o , nu ch s ny 0.5 M th ni chung cch in ca cm so vi t l tt . Trong trng hp in tr cch in nh hn gi tr nu trn , ta phi o in tr cch in ca tng kh c in , tng mch ring l , ch khng cho g tr ton b cm ; Lc c th lm nh sau :
11.2. Lp t , vn hnh , kim tra , bo qun , bo dng cc kh c in .

11.2.1. Lp t , kim tra kh c trong bng in :
a)Lp t : Cc bng in kiu h c kch thc khng ln , trng lng nh , c th treo trn tng bng cch bn gc khoan bn l trn bt bulng hoc vt qua cc l vo tng . Cc bng in nng hn phi bt vo khung thp chn vo tng hay ct . Cc bng in ca mng chiu sng ca cc khu nh dn dng thng t trn tng cch mt t t 1.6m n 2.0m . nhng ni sn xut cc bng in ca mch thp sng t cao hn mt t t 1.5m n 1.8m . Cc bng in ng lc c cu dao , t cch mt t t 1.5m n 1.8m . nhng ni sn xut trong mi trng hp bng in phi t trong t kim loi hoc hp kn bng kim loi . Cc bng in phi c t theo qu di hoc thc thng bng chng c v tr thng ng . Mun t cc bng in bng hoc cc vt liu khc vo tng , btng , phi c l vo tng ri trt va ximng chn cc gi t trong l . t cc bng in trn tng g thng c thc hin trn cc gi c hnh dng ch bt vo tng bng vt g hay bulng bt g .Mun gim st kim tra thun li c th tham kho khong cch trong bng sau : Kch thc bng,mm 250x40 0 400x50 0 500x60 0 600x80 800x1000 1000x1800 0
Khong cch gia bng v 100 150 250 350 600 800 tng,mm Khi t cc thit b phn phi in nng cho nhng ni tiu th nhiu , cc phn xng , nh gc v.v.. ta dng t phn phi . Cc t c xng bng thp nh hnh hoc tn un , pha trc bng tn dy 2mm . Cc t c kch thc tu thuc yu cu . Nu hai t i din nhau phi c khong cch b nht gia chng t 1m n 1,6m ngi phc v i li d dng . Khong cch gia cc thanh dn b nht l 100mm , t mp t phn phi n thanh dn gn nht l 100mm . Thanh dn lm bng ng hay nhm . Ba pha c sn ba mu khc nhau , , vng , xanh . Nhng kh c o c lp sao cho trc ngang ca n nm gia 1.5m n 2m k t mt nn . Cng t v my ghi c th t thp hn chiu cao t mt nn c th l 0.8m. Kh c in ng m h p c lp chiu cao thch hp thao tc nh nhng v thng tnh t mt nn t 1.4m dn 1.8m . Cu ch nn lp pha trc bng thay th d dng . cu ch h khng nn dng . Khi lp cc thit b iu chnh , bin tr , khi ng t v.v.. phi kim tra xem xt cc cun dy bn trong c b t , chp mch hay khng . Nu cch in khng m bo , phi em sy trong t sy . Yu cu chnh i vi vic lp t cc thit b khi ng l lm sao bt cht v thng . Cn ch khi lp cc thit b o , ptmt v cc rle bo v v chng ch lm vic tin cy khi c t thng ng . b)Kim tra :
Sau khi lp t bng in , t in , thit b t ng , thit b iu khin cn tin hnh kim tra . Vic kim tra c th dng ng h vn nng , chung hay thit b gi l ci d mch . Trc khi kim tra cn tho tch cp lin h vi bn ngoi v h mch nhng lin h bn trong bng c th to thnh nhng mch vng n th . S lp phi chnh xc , vic lp v k hiu thc t phi ph hp nhau . Khi kim tra cn ch n cc cm tip im ca thit b : Tip im thng ng hoc thng m ca rle . V tr tip im phi tng ng vi s tnh trng khng c in ca thit b hoc rle . Cn ch rng khi thit b lm vic tip im s chuyn mch . Sau khi kim tra vic lp cn o in tr cch in cc phn dn in vi v , gia cc mch iu khin , tn hiu , o lng v bo v bng mga m mt nh nu trn . Cn lu cch in gia cc mch in p v dng in trong cc thit b c th khng chu c in p cao ca thit b o do vy cn tch trc khi o . cc u ra ca t in v cc dng c bn dn cn u tt trc khi o . Sau khi kim tra vic lp t cc bng cc thit b ,ta chuyn sang kim tra h thng cp v cc phn khc . Khi kim tra lp rp thy ch no cha tht ng trong phm vi cho php vi s thit k cng cn ghi vo s . Cn trao cho ngi s dng nhng s liu , ti liu , vn bn th nghim . 11.2.2.Bo qun , bo dng , kim tra , hiu chnh v sa cha cc kh c in : a)p tmt v cc kh c in khc trong t in : *)i vi cc ptmt hot ng trong cc thit b vn hnh lin tc , hng thng nn tin hnh bo dng vi ni dung sau : - Kim tra lm sch tip im chnh , hp dp h quang . - Kim tra lm sch cc chi tit cch in bng gi tm xng hoc du ra v gi kh . Khng nn dng vt cng lm sch - Kim tra lm sch tip im ph , tip im iu khin nu c . - Kim tra lm sch mch iu khin , mch tn hiu v mch t ng . - Kim tra lm sch , sit cht cc bulng ai c ca cc ng dy dn in n cc s bng cl thch hp , trnh dng km vn . - Th ng cc ptmt bng h thng mch t ng hay bng nt bm iu khin t xa . - Kim tra v lm sch c cu ng np t ng (nu c ), ng thi kim tra khong thi gian gia lc m v ng lp li . - Kim tra hnh trnh tip im ng . - Kim tra b phn truyn ng v kim tra p lc lxo. - Ngoi ra cn lm thm cc yu cu ring cho tng loi . *)Bo dng v sa cha nh k hng nm : Thc hin ni dung ca bo dng hng thng ng thi tin hnh thm cc ni dung sau : - Thay th nhng chi tit h hng .
Tho v lm sch b dp tt h quang . o v kim tra in tr cc cun dy duy tr , cun dy ng v cun dy ct ( nu c ). - Thc hin kim tra cch in cu dao . - Lp cc b phn tho kim tra theo th t ngc li . - Kim tra hnh trnh tip im ng . - iu chnh in v c kh . - Xem xt v kim tra lc lo xo theo ca ta l ( bng lc k ). - Ngoi cc yu cu trn cn phi lm thm cc yu cu ring cho tng loi . *) T t cc kh c v t iu khin gm cc kh c in nh k 3 thng nn tin hnh vi ni dung sau : - Lm sch cc b phn thit b kh c trong v ngoi bng . - Tt c cc b phn cch in ca kh c phi c lau bng gi tm xng ( Hoc du ra ), sau lau bng gi kh, khng c dng vt cng lau. - Xit cc bulng bng cl ng thi xem xt cc bulng c b pht nng qu mc cho php hay khng . - Lm sch , kim tra tt c cc cu dao , cu ch , kh c iu khin , kh c o lng kh c bo v , dy dn in . - Kim tra vnh ai tip t , dy ni n vnh ai ny , lm sch v xit cht dy ni tip t . - Nhng phn tip xc ca cu dao phi c lm sch , phi kim tra cc c cu thao tc , hnh dng li , l xo . - Kim tra trng thi m ca t v c mt s kh c nm trong t c h thng lin ng ch cho php lm vic khi ca ng . Cn ch rng vic thc hin cc thao tc trn ch tin hnh khi ct in v kim tra trng thi ct mt cch chc chn . b)Rle iu khin v bo v : *) Kim tra chung : rle pht huy c nhim v khi c s c bt thng th yu cu phi bo dng v kim tra thng xuyn rle. tm nguyn nhn v loi tr kh nng h hng ca rle , ng thi duy tr nhng thng s theo quy nh th nht thit phi bo dng tt , tng cng kim tra v th tc ng ca r le trong vn hnh .Tu thuc tng loi rle m s kim tra c tnh cht phc tp khc nhau . Bo dng rle c thc hin trong phng th nghim hoc ngay ti ch lm vic ; Vic th , kim tra phng th nghim c thc hin trc khi a vo vn hnh v sau mt thi gian vn hnh nht nh . Kim nghim rle trong phng th nghim c u im cho php xc nh tt c cc c tnh ca n nh s dng mt s thit b kim tra c chnh xc cao . Th nghim ti ch c thc hin nh mt s thit b o lng xch tay c chnh xc thp hn thit b phng th nghim . Tuy vy vic th ny c u im l th vi s c th , khi th cn loi
khi vng lm vic s cp v ch cn theo di hot ng ca kh c khi c tn hiu bo v . Khi a vo lm vic hay sau mt thi gian ci to sa cha , ngng lm vic cn tin hnh kim tra trng thi cch din bng cch o in tr cch in hoc th vi din p xoay chiu tng cao . Vic kim tra v iu chnh rle cn c tin hnh theo ba bc nh sau : - Bt u xem xt rle bng vic quan st bn ngoi , v , knh , cp ch cn nguyn vn hay khng . Khi m np cn ch cht lng ca m ngn bi vo rle . Tin hnh quan st bn trong lau sch bi , phoi , mt kim loi bng bt lng nh hay khn lau sch, tin hnh kim tra sch ca tip im ( lm sch tip im nu cn ) , sn cch in v chng n mn tt . Kim tra cht lng mi hn nhn thy c , kim tra s bt cht cc vt v cu bng tucnvt v cl . Ch quan st lxo , sa cha cc ch b cong vnh ca l xo . H thng ng ca rle phi chuyn dch t do , khng st , khng vnh . Khi quay hoc x dch h thng phi cm thy ch c mmen l xo chng li . L xo phi lm cho h thng quay v v tr ban u ngay sau khi dng tay x dch khi v tr cn bng . Kim tra vic t v tr vt t gii hn ca h thng ng ca rle . Kim tra s lm vic ca cc b phn hiu chnh ca ng h o lng , b m thi gian ca rle thi gian phi lam cho rle tc ng tt c cc v tr t . Tin hnh iu chnh cc tip im ca rle trong thi gian xem xt phi tun theo cc hng dn c bit . - Giai on hiu chnh th hai l kim tra tng phn t ring bit ca thit b v rle . Kim tra s nguyn vn v o in tr cch in ca cun dy . i vi cc rle nhiu cun dy , cn xc nh cc u ra cng cc tnh ca cc cun dy , h s bin i in p ca cc bin p ph .v.v... - Giai on th ba l iu chnh rle m bo cc iu kin chuyn mch ca cc tip im .
11.3. Mt vi hin tng h hng thng thng v cch khc phc .

11.3.1. Nhng nguyn nhn chung : Cc kh c in ni chung thng b h hng do cc nguyn nhn sau : - Vic iu khin t ng truyn ng in hu ht trong cc my cng c c thc hin theo hm thi gian hay hm hnh trnh , lm cho kh c phi ng ngt nhiu trong iu kin nng n v thng xuyn xut hin cc qu trnh qu . - Tn s ng ngt ca cc kh c ln lm chn ng v mau hng cc c cu c in t v cc mi ghp . - Mi trng xung quanh c bi , nhiu cht n mn lm nh hng ti tui th ca kh c . Kinh nghim thc t cho thy dng s c hay xy ra l chy hng cc tip im , h hng cun dy , trong thng gp nht i vi cng tc t v khi ng t , rle trung gian . 11.3.2. H hng v tip im : *) Nguyn nhn c th :
La chn khng ng cng sut kh c in : V dng in nh mc , tn s thao tc cho php ca kh c khng ng vi thc t . - Lc p ln tip im khng . - Gi tip im khng bng phng , cong vnh .v.v...hoc lp ghp lch . - B mt tip im b xy ho do xm thc ca mi trng lm vic ( C ho cht , m t ). - Do hu qu ca vic xut hin dng ngn mch mt pha vi t hoc hai pha vi nhau pha sau cng tc t hay khi ng t. *) Bin php sa cha : - La chn kh c cho ng cng sut , dng in , in p v ch lm vic tng ng . - Kim tra , nn thng bng phng gi tip im , iu chnh trng kht gia tip im ng v tip im tnh . - Kim tra li l xo ca tip im ng c b mo , bin dng hay b lch khi ct gi hay khng . Phi iu chnh ng lc p ln tip im nu c th kim tra bng lc k . - Thay th bng tip im d phng khi ttip im b qu mn , chy hng . Trong iu kin lm vic c o chiu hoc hm ngc , cc tip im nhanh chng b mi mn , h hng nn ch 2,3 thng phi thay th ,tip im ng hay hng hn tip im tnh . 11.3.3.H hng v cun dy : *) Nguyn nhn c th : - Ngn mch cc b gia cc vng dy do cch in xu ; - Ngn mch gia cc dy dn do cch in xu hoc do ngn mch gia dy dn ra v cc vng dy qun ca cun dy do t giao nhau khng c lp lt cch in . - t dy qun . - in p tng qu cao so vi in p nh mc ca cun dy . - Cch in ca cun dy b ph hng do va p c kh . - Cch in ca cun dy b ph hu do cun dy b qu nng hoc v tnh ton sai thng s khi qun li cun dy , li thp khng c ht hon ton , iu chnh khng ng hnh trnh li thp . - Do nc , do hi du ,hi mui , ho cht .v.v.. ca moi trng xm thc lm thng cch in gia cc vng dy . *) Bin php sa cha : - Kim tra loi tr cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi c th gy h hng cun dy v qun li cun theo mu , tnh ton li cun dy theo ng in p , cng sut tiu th yu cu. - Khi qun li cun dy , cn dm bo cng ngh sa cha ng k thut v l yu t quan trng m bo bn v tui th ca cun dy .
11.3.4.V hin tng h hng cu ch ng v cu dao ng ngt bng tay : Nguyn nhn h hng thng l do dy chy sai quy cch , khi chy t , khng kh bn trong ng tng nhanh chng gy p lc y h quang ra thnh ng lm chy ng php , hoc lm hng cch in nha cch in hoc ca cu dao . Vic s dng ng k thut cng rt cn thit , chng hn phi vn cht np cu ch ng , ng m dt khot cu dao .v.v..
11.4. Tnh ton sa cha cc kh c in .

11.4.1.Tnh ton cun dy kh c in : a)Tnh ton cun dy mt chiu : Nhng s liu dy qun ca cun dy vi ch lm vic di hn phi tnh ton sao cho s pht nng ca phn cch in khng vt qu gi tr cho php . Khi lm vic di hn , cng sut cho php ln nht ca cun dy Nmax c xc nh bi din tch b mt v cc iu kin truyn nhit . S ph thuc ny c th biu din bng phng trnh sau y : Nmax = k.Skk.kk + k.Skl.kl trong : Skk - Din tch b mt ngoi khng kh . Skl - Din tch b mt tip xc vi kim loi . kk ,kl - tng nhit cc b mt Skk , Skl . k , k- H s to nhit ng vi 1oC. Cc cun dy c qun bng cc dy dn cch in may hoc dy bc si , vinyl c nhit pht nng cho php gn ging nhau ( 105 110oC ) .T cng thc trn c th vit : N = k1.Skk + k2.Skl . y : k1 = k .kk v k2 = k .k l l h s to nhit cc i ng vi kk vkl 1 n v din tch . Nhit cun dy c tr s ln nht lp gia cun dy v gim dn khi ra n b mt ngoi hay trong .B dy cun dy cng ln th s chnh lch nhit cng ln . tnh ton ta dng bng xc nh k1 v k2 vi ba loi sau : Loi I : Nhng cun dy t t do trn li , c sn tm cch in qun trn cc ng lt bng cactng cch in hoc loi khng c ct ( sn). Loi II : Cun dy qun st trn li , c sn tm cch in . Loi III : Cc cun dy c qun xp chng trn ng lt bng cctng cch din khng nhng tm , ch sn b mt . Chiu dy cun dy :
a= Dng Dtr 2
Loi II
H s k1 k2
Chiu dy cun dy a (mm) 10 -17 17- 25 25 -35 0,125 0.115 0,10 0,075 0.065 0,06
II III
k1 k2 k1 k2
0,135 0,190 0,114 0,068
0,125 0,77 0,104 0,059
0,105 0,145 0,091 0,054
Bit cng sut cun dy c th tnh sc t ng v cc s liu ca cun dy :

FM = N . S . l tb
[ Ampe vng ]
vi : S l din tch ca s [mm2] ltb l chiu di trung bnh mt vng dy . [mm] - l h s lp y - l in tr sut ca vt liu lm dy [ cm ] Bit s.t. c th tm c tit din dy dn v s vng cun dy ng vi in p U :
FM = U .q U U . W = . W = .ltb . W .ltb R q
vi : q l tit din dy dn khng k lp cch in . Vy : FM . .l tb

q= U S . cd q cd
ng knh dy dn v s vng :
vi : cd l h s lp y ca dy dn c cch in . qcd l tit din dy dn c cch in . =
W .q v cd = S q = . cd = 0,5 0,6 q W .q cd S d= 4 .q 1,13. q ; W =
nn ta ly : cd
b)Tnh ton gn ng cun dy xoay chiu v xc nh h s lp y : tnh ton cng sut v cc s liu qun dy ca cun dy xoay chiu , ngoi kch thc cn cn phi bit c im ca mch t . bo ha , tn hao trong thp , cm ng v dng in cun dy ph thuc vo tit din v cu trc ca mch t . Ta hy tnh ton gn ng cun dy khi s dng cc i th tch ca n : T cng thc : U E = 4,44.W.f.Bm.Qm trong : B l cng t cm [ T = Wb/m2] Q l tit din ca li thp [m2] khi B tnh bng Gaux ; Q tnh bng cm2 th : E = 4,44.W.f.Bm.Qm.10-8.
Nu s dng tt mch t kh c in xoay chiu vi cun dy in p th cng t cm Bm = ( 7 11).103 [ Gaux] khi cun dy vi tn s li 50Hz c th vit : E = 4,44.50.W. ( 7 11).103.Qm. 10-8 = ( 1,6 2,5 ).10-2.W.Qm. gi :
W' = W 10 2 (40 60) = = E (1,6 2,5).Qm Qm W' = 50 Qm
mt cch gn ng ta c th ly :
Cun dy lm vic in p U cn c s vng : W = W.U ( vng ) Sau qu trnh tnh ton ging nh cun dy mt chiu : Din tch ca s :
Dng Dtr S = 2 .h
ng knh dy v tit din dy :

q=
.S
W
; v
d = 1.13. q
Cn c vo bng kch thc dy dn la chn dy dn cho ph hp . H s lp y c nh ngha :

=
W .q S
2 Trong trng hp c mt vng dy th din tch ca s s l : S1vg = d cd vi dcd l ng knh ca dy dn c cch in .Nh vy h s lp y l thuyt s l : 2 d .d 2 lt = = 0,785. 2
4.d cd
d cd
Trn thc t gia cc dy dn ngay c trong trng hp qun thc s st vng th vn tn ti khe h v din tch s dng ca s thc t ch t 80 % 90% nn :
d th = 0,785. d cd d .(0,8 0,9) = (0,63 0,74). d cd
2
Ph thuc vo lp cch in m gi tr ca lt v th khc nhau . Trn hnh v cho ta quan h gia d vi lt v th. 11.4.2.Tnh ton li cun dy kh c in : Khi tnh ton li cun dy kh c in phi m bo gi nguyn th tch ca cun dy ng thi cn c vo iu kin ban u : - T thng gi nguyn do s.t. FM = I.W khng i . - Cc ng dy c hnh dng khng i v c din tch ca s khng i. - Tn hao nhit ca cun dy khng i : R1I12t1 = R2I22t2 = const
H s lp y c ca s khng i :
cd =
w1 .q1 cd w2 .q 2 cd = S S
a)Tnh ton li cun dy theo gi tr in p khc v dng in khc : *)Theo in p khc : i vi cun dy mt chiu ta c :
U 1 = R1 .I 1 U 2 I 2 .R 2 = do U 2 = R2 .I 2 U1 I 1 .R1 R w .q w w R1 = .ltb 1 v R2 = .ltb 2 do 1 = 1 2 R2 w2 .q1 q1 q2 U 2 I 2 .w2 .q1 nhng t iu kin ban u ta c : I1.w1 = I2.w2 nn : = U 1 I 1 .w1 .q 2 U 2 q1 U hay q 2 = q1 1 = U 1 q2 U2 q=
m Vy :
m :
.d 2
4
nn :
w2 = w1 . q1cd U w1 . 2 q 2cd U1
d 2 = d1 .
U1 U2
t iu kin trn ta c :
i vi cun dy dng ngun xoay chiu s ng vi mt vng dy c tnh bng biu thc : Ew = 4,44.f.max Khi tnh ton li cun dy i lng Ew vn khng thay i nn ta c :
U 1 = E w .w1 U 2 = E w .w2
do
U 1 w1 U = w2 = w1 . 2 U 2 w2 U1
t iu kin trn ta c : w1.q1c = w2.q2c do

w1 q 2 cd w v d 2cd = d1cd . 1 = w2 q1cd w2
mt cch gn ng ta c :
d 2 cd = d1cd . U w1 d1 . 1 U2 w2
*) Theo dng in khc : T iu kin ta c : Do : Thay vo cng thc trn :
I1.w1 = I2.w2
w2 I 1 = w1 I 2 q 2cd w I = 1 = 2 q1cd w2 I 1
Vy :
q 2 cd = q1cd .
I1 I2
d 2 cd = d1cd .
I2 I1
b) Tnh ton li cun dy vi h s thng in khc (T%): Mt s cun dy cho php lm vic vi T% nht nh ; song cn tnh ton li cun dy c th lm vic vi h s thng in T% khc trc . Vic tnh ton phi da trn c s ca iu kin l tn hao nhit lng hai trng hp phi khng thay i tc l : R1.I12t1 = R2I22t2 T ta c :
R1 I 12
Do vy : R1I12T1 = R2I22T2 y t1,t2 l thi gian lm vic ng vi T1, v T2 trong mt chu k tck *) i vi cun dy mt chiu : T biu thc trn ta c :
2 R1 I 2 TD2 = 2. R2 I 1 TD1
t1 2 t = R2 I 2 2 t ck t ck
(*)
mt khc in p a vo cun dy khng i nn U1 = U2 v v th :

I 1 R1 = I 2 R2 ; R1 I 2 = R2 I 1
Thay vo v gin c ta c :
R2 TD2 = R1 TD1
t trn ta c :
R1 w1 .q 2 TD1 w1 .q 2 = nn = R2 w2 .q1 TD2 w2 .q1
T iu kin cui cng ta c :

w1 q 2 cd = w2 q1cd
Nn c th vit :
2 2 TD1 q 2 cd .q 2 d 2 cd .d 2 = = TD2 q1cd .q1 d12cd .d1 2 4 TD1 TD1 d 2 mt cch gn ng : = 4 hay d 2 = d1 .4 TD2 TD2 d1
*)i vi cun dy xoay chiu : Khi in p vo cun dy khng i ta c st ng vi mt vng dy ca cun dy khng i : Ew = 4,44.max = const Do vy : U1 = Ew .w1 U2 = Ew.w2 Suy ra : w1 = w2 T iu kin : FM = I1w1 = I2w2 do vy I1 = I2 thay vo biu thc (*) trn ta c :
R1 TD2 = R2 TD1
hay :
R1 q1 d12 TD1 = = 2 = R2 q 2 d 2 TD2 d 2 = d1 TD2 TD1
Nh vy i vi dng xoay chiu , khi gim TD% cho php qun li cun dy vi ng knh nh hn.
11.5. Tnh ton bo v cu ch , ptmt

bo v cc thit b in khng b ph hng do qu ti hay ngn mch ta dng cu ch hoc ptmt . Mun pht huy c vai tr nhim v ca kh c in bo v c tt cn phi tnh ton cho ph hp cc thng s ca cu ch v ptmt . Dng in nh mc ca cu ch v dng in tc ng ca ptmt c tnh nh sau : 1.Xc nh dng in tnh ton Itt tng ng vi cng sut Ptt ca tt c cc trang thit b in tiu th in nng ca nhm ( dng in 3 pha ) :
I tt = Ptt 3U . cos
vi : Ptt - L tng cng sut ca thit b in nng tiu th dng ba pha c trong nhm U in p ca li ( in p dy ) cos - H s cng sut ca nhm 2. Xc nh dng in ln nht ( Dng in khi ng ln nht ) i vi mt ng c : Ik =Knm.Im y : Im dng in nh mc ca ng c in Knm Bi s dng in khi ng ( Thng ly vi ng c KB rotor lng sc = 4 8 cn i vi ng c KB rotor dy qun = 2 vi ng c mt chiu = 1,7) i vi nhiu ng c trong cng mt nhm nhng khng ng thi khi ng : Ik =Im + (Knm. -1)Immax y : Im tng dng in nh mc ca tt c cc ng c Immax dng in nh mc ca ng c c cng sut ln nht ng thi c h s khi ng ln nht . 3.Xc nh dng in tc ng ca ptmt : - Rle nhit s iu chnh vi dng in bng dng tnh ton ; - R le in t tc ng nhanh tc thi s iu chnh dng tc ng : It 1,2 Ik Hoc It 1,2 Ik nu Itt = Ik 4. Xc nh dng in nh mc ca cu ch : Dng in nh mc ca cu ch tha mn iu kin sau :
Icc Itt Icc Ik/c Trong c = 2,5 i vi nhng ng c c thi gian khi ng ngn ( t 3 n 10 giy ) khi ng nh nhng v sau thi gian di mi khi ng tr li . C = 1,6 n 2 i vi nhng ng c khi ng trong thi gian di ( c th n 40 giy ) v sau thi gian ngn li khi ng tr li .
Chng 12 : CC KH C H P KHC 10.1.Thit b n p xoay chiu .

12.1.1.Khi nim chung : Cc b n p xoay chiu l cc thit b in t ng duy tr i lng in p xoay chiu u ra khng i khi u vo thay i trong mt phm vi nht nh . Mi thit b in c ch to lm vic vi mt gi tr in p nht nh c gi l in p nh mc . Trong thc t li in cung cp lun b bin ng tron mt phm vi cho php ( t 0,85 n 1,1Um) . Nu thit b in lm vic di in p khng n nh , c tnh ca thit b s khng n nh theo , tui th ca n b gim , v vy cc b n p xoay chiu m bo cung cp in p n nh cho thit b hot ng . Cht lng ca cc b n p c nh gi bng h s n nh v mo ca dng sng u ra . H s n nh ca n p l :
K od = U R U V U V .U R : = UR UV U R .U V
trong : UV , UR l in p nh mc u vo , u ra . UV ,UR l dao ng in p vo , u ra . Nu in p m u vo , u ra nh nhau th h s n nh s l :

K od = U R U V
nu ko nh th n nh tt . Cht lng ca b n p cn c nh gi bng mo ca in p u ra so vi in p u vo hnh sin , nu in p ra b mo ( khng sin) th ngoi thnh phn sng c bn ( bc1) , n cn c cc sng hi bc cao , nh hng n ch lm vic ca thit b v gy nhiu cho li in . C nhiu kiu n p xoay chiu vi cc nguyn l lm vic khc nhau . Chng thng c phn lm hai nhm : Nhm n p thng s ( khng c iu khin ) v nhm n p b ( c iu khin ) . 12.1.2.n p st t : Nguyn l lm vic ca loi n p ny nh sau : Gm hai cun khng ni tip nhau , mt cun tuyn tnh , mt cun phi tuyn . in p t vo c hai cun cn in p ly ra trn cun phi tuyn nn n nh hn ( hnh 12 1TL1) .Nhc im ca s ny l in p ly ra thp hn in p vo v dng t ha ln v cun khng lm vic trng thi bo ha . khc phc , cun khng bo ha qun kiu bin p t ngu , c t ni song song v c thm cun b , qun ngc cc tnh v chung li vi cun tuyn tnh ( hnh 12 2TL1) . tr s t in c
chn sao cho to thnh mch cng hng LC vi sng bc 3 lc mo ca sng nn gi l n p st t cng hng . Ti ca n p l ti tr ,nu ti c tnh khng ln , im lm vic khng nh thit k v khng cn m bo iu kin bo ha ban u ca L2 . 12.1.3.n p kiu supvolter( Bin p t ngu ): a) n p kiu Supvolter nhy cp : Nguyn l lm vic ca loi ny c trnh by trn hnh 12 -3TL1 . N gm mt b chuyn mch u vi mt bin p t ngu , c nhiu nc u vo .Khi in p ra thay i c cu so snh s ly tn hiu t in p ra v so snh vi in p mu ( chun ) v cp tn hiu cho b iu khin . B iu khin c nhim v khuych i tn hiu so snh v iu khin b chuyn mch chn nc in p thch hp cho in p ra gn in p nh mc nht . c im ca loi n p kiu ny l in p ra nhy cp c 2% Um , dng sng hnh sin . B chuyn mch lm vic di ti nn ch lm vic nng n ( H quang ln ) . n p kiu t ngu kt hp vi bn dn :

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Chng 2: C CU IN T V NAM CHM IN 2.1. Khi nim chung .

[ A/m ] ; Trong l [m] l chiu di mch t .

- H s t thm vt liu t: khng) = 0 = 4.. 10-7 [ H/ m]. - T tr ca mch t:

nh lut ton dng in c th bin i nh sau:

c th coi tit din t thng bng tit din cc t th:

ab G = o . .x 2 + 0,58(a + b) 2 Ro 0; x2 = 1,0 vi : = 6,0 v d

x.d .d 2 1,51.d 2 + 0,48d . + + 4 2,4d + 0,22 + 0,4 x vi : x = (1 2)

x.a ) 0,17 + 0,4 x

< 1,0; k = 1,0 vi :

.d 2 0,157 d + 0,75d ) 2 4 . sin sin 2

Nu chiu di trung bnh ca t gic a = b v b dy ca t trng h nh, bng 1 n v chiu di th t dn:

chnh xc ca kt qu hon ton ph thuc vo bc tranh ca t trng .

2.2. Tnh ton mh t .

) *) Bi ton ngc: Bit ( I.w) tm . T phng trnh ( 1-9 ), ta c:

Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho l ta c : ( 2-15 ) .

Tch phn hai v ca phng trnh trn ta c: rx =

T thng r trn ton b chiu cao tr l ca mch t c tnh bng:

). T thng tng hoc:

H s t r r l t s gia t thng tng 0 v t thng i qua khe h khng kh

l cng t cm np mch t; ln l chiu di ca np Sn

mch t; Sn l tit din ca np . Bc 2: Tnh t thng r gia hai im 1 v 1:

Bc 4: Tng t nh cc im trn ta c t thng r phn on hai:

Bc 5: T thng phn on th hai: hai:

Tng t ta tnh tip nhng im sau: Bc 6: U33 = U22 + 2H23.l23 E2 . Bc 7: 3 = 2 + r3 . Bc 8:

t r x th s xc nh c t thng ti x . minh ho ta xt mt mch t dng ht chp nh hnh v 2-15 : (1-12TL1)

T thng r tit din n2 vi chiu di x2 c tnh tng t:

Thay I.w vo cng thc tnh t r (1-26) r1 ta c:

Vy t thng tng ti tit din n1 s l:

in l dng in chy trong cun dy ngn mch ( coi r=0). Thay vo ta c:

Vi mch in R -L ni tip phng trnh cn bng in p nh sau:

C th vit phng trnh (1-31) nh sau:

phng trnh cn bng t p c dng:

Tng t trong mch in ta c t khng tng ca mch t: Z = R + jX .

T iu kin tn hao tng ng ta c:

trong : B l vc t t cm khe h khng kh .

Khi khe h khng kh gim t K 1 n 2 nng lng t trong NC s tng:

Khi = 2 = const , nng lng t trng l:

Ta t: 2 = 1 + ; i2 = i1 + i v thay chng vo biu thc tnh nng lng t s c:

Du ( -) c ngha khi gim th lc in t tng . V =w. ; i =

Nn thay vo cng thc ta c:

F = 4,06.Bm sin 2 t = 4,06.

th ca t thng v lc in t c trnh by trn hnh v (2-18) ;

2.4. Cun dy nam chm in .

2.5. c tnh ng ca nam chm in.

trong thi gian khi ng t1 , v =max=const nn L = L0 = const do vy phng trnh c dng:

L U = Lod , 0 = T0 v thay vo biu thc trn ta c: R R

Tch phn (1-73) t 0 n t1 , vi dng in t 0 n Ik :

do thi gian khi ng t1 s l:

I od l h s d tr theo dng in ca NC. I kd L T0 = 0 l hng s thi gian in t ca cun dy khi np m ( R

trong k hiu n ch cun dy ngn mch . Gii h phng trnh vi phn ta c:

l in tr qui i ca cun dy ngn mch v cun in p

Nu mch t tuyn tnh th pt trn c th vit di dng:

Vy thi gian khi ng khi nh t3 c tnh bng cng thc:

Nu mch t phi tuyn th:

trong : F l lc in t . Fc l lc c. m l khi lng phn ng.

trong : xi l qung ng on th i xi = i - i+1 (F Fc )i l lc trung bnh phn on th i tc ng ln phn ng ca NC c tnh bng:

2.6. ng dng ca nam chm in

Chng 3: S PHT NNG CA CC KH C IN 3.1. i cng

T , x h s tn hao do t tr v dng in xoy .

3.2. Cc ch lm vic v phng php xc nh nhit

Nu 0=0 ngha l khi bt u lm vic nhit ca kh c bng nhit mi trng th:

Chng 4: LC IN NG TRONG CC KH C IN 4.1.Khi nim chung .