3.

2 Procesele combustiei

Bms i a o s

A s h

Te a hr l m Ogn cn r a n E as a xe y x u gs h t os vt e i o

Te a hr l m ee y nr g
Schema procesului de conversie complet a biomaasei

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SISTEME TEHNICE/INSTALAII . PENTRU COMBUSTIA BIOMASEI

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3.3 Principii i tehnici de ardere/combustie

Pregtirea biomasei n vederea arderii

uscare; formare; depozitare

Proiectarea/Alegerea echipamentelor i tehnologiei de ardere

Instalaii folosite la arderea crbunilor (inferiori); Instalaii noi, proiectate funcie de destinaie (producere ap cald menajer, nclzire, producere abur, centrale energetice productoare de cldur (CT), electrice (CE) sau de cogenerare (CET);
cu unul din combustibili fosili, ardere combustibili solizi cu lichizi sau gazoi etc.)

Instalaii speciale pentru co-incinerare (ardere biomas

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Tehnologii de ardere
Co-incinerare
Conceptul I arderea biocomb. Si comb. fosil in acelasi focar, cu o singura
unitate de producere de caldura sau curent electric (instalatii de capacitate mare) Ardere biomasa + aer + Combustibil fosil =ncenuse + gaze de ardere = curent electric sau caldura

Conceptul II - arderea biocomb. si comb. fosil in in doua focare diferite,

gazele de ardere se amesteca fiind folosite la o singura unitate de producere de caldura sau curent electric (Combustibil fosil + aer) sau/i (Biomasa + aer) = cenusa + gaze de ardere = curent electric sau caldura

Conceptul III - arderea biocomb. si comb. fosil in in doua focare diferite, cu

doua unitati separate de producere de caldura sau curent electric, functionand in paralel si caldura sau electricitatea livrate impreuna (Combustibil fosil + aer) sau/i (Biomasa + aer) = cenusa + gaze de ardere = (curent electric-1 sau 2 unitati electrice) sau (caldura-1 sau 2 unitati termice)

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Tehnologii i echipamente de ardere

Ardere biomasa
Clasificarea instalatiilor de ardere/generatoare
A Dupa felul focarului: In generatoare cu focar deschis In generatoare cu focar inchis B Dupa puterea termica nominala: Generatoare de ardere mici, mijlocii si mari C Dupa modul de introducere a aerului: - cu tiraj natural - cu tiraj fortat D Dupa tipul de gratar folosit: Gratar fix si gratar mobil - plan orizontal - plan inclinat - in trepte - inclinat cu bare mobile - rulant - circular etc.

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Clasificarea instalatiilor de ardere/generatoare - continuare

E. Dupa starea biomasei si curentul de aer:

- ardere in strat fix;

- ardere in strat fluidizat (stationar sau circulant); - arderea in suspensie F. Dupa modul de alimentare:
- cu alimentare manuala/discontinua variaza continuu caracteristicile procesului, reglarea dificila a aerului primar si a coeficientului - cu alimentare automata/ continua toate fazele arderii sunt continue, reglare usoara a parametrilor

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3.4 Instalaii de ardere

- In strat fix - In strat fluidizat - In suspensie

3.4.1 Instalaii de ardere n strat fix, cu focare pe grtar

Cu ardere directa Cu ardere inversa Cu ardere mixta

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Th u h b rn n ro g u i g

Up e o t-b rn n pr u u i g

In k o p m ry a r ta e f ri a i Ho g s fl o t a w

Schemele de principiu ale focarelor de ardere n strat fix pe gratar orizontal: cu ardererdirect;i ardere superioar; ardere inversn e o t- b rn n (cu accesul Ve c l u d o t-b rn n rti a n e u u g Si d u d r u u i g e descendent i ascendent al aerului)
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Generatoare cu focar cu gratar

focar cu gratar orizontal fix cu ardere directa focar cu gratar orizontal fix cu ardere inversa Focar cu gratar tronconic fix sau rotativ Focar cu gratar in panta fix Focar cu gratar in panta mobil Focar cu gratar orizontal cu miscare rectilinie Focar cu gratar in panta, mobil, cu zone de combustie distincte
Vezi diopozitivele pe transparente!

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ha et ec agr x hne s c na e o d ry c m u ti n o bs o

c i ny h e m

c aigo l n e n f ehut gs s x as ae

fu l e fe d g ei n c m u ti n o bs o c a br hm e ahd s i s c ag hne

Instalatie de ardere cu gratar tronconic rotativ

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ha ec agr et x hne

c c oe yl n c m u ti o o bs n c a br hm e s c na e o d ry ar in k i ta e

ahds s i c

fu l l fe d n e ei g

Schema instalatiei de ardere a biomasei pe focar dim bare mobile in cascada p m ry a r i n k ri cu ardere in contracurent ( aplicabil pentru combustibil umed) a i ta e
DEE MM 09 RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS g te ra 11

ha ecagr et xhne

c y

scna cm eodry o bs nca br utio hme scna a in k eodry ir tae

ah s p a a in k rimry ir tae cmu cun o bs Schema instalatiei de ardere a biomasei tiofocar fix cu re rt to alimentare prin impingere inferioara ful fed g e ein
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Constructia Sistemelor tehnice pentru combustia lemnului

Faciliati pentru combustia lemnului sub forma de bucati
War m ai r To chi m ney C ast i r on w i t h f i r e cl ay

C har gi ng door B ut t er f l y gat e f or pow er cont r ol F i r e cl ay

C l eani ng door

R appi ng gr at e A sh door D r aught f l ap m anual kont r ol )

Schema functionala a unui generator/cuptor simplu pentruonlemn bucati sau C om bust i ai r O box brichete, cushardere directa
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c him ney

s ec tion 3

hot air c hannel s ec tion 1 w all heating s urfac e

s ec tion 2

Sectiune printr-un cuptor din caramida pentru incalzire si gatit

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c rc l a n i u ti g fe d d c e ut

c m u ti o o bs n ehut gs x as a

d o wi th or i n p c o wi n o s e ti n dw fe d n a g r ei g ue

c m u ti o tu wi th o bs n b ar nz le i oz s e e tri c s rte l c ta r ahbx s o ehut gs x as a Principiul de funcionare al unui generator v n la r e ti to

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cu pelei

c rc l a n a r g d i u ti g i ri
15

RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS

Generator modern pe pelei

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Centrala termic ,P= 4MW, pe peleti si aschii de lemn Danemarca,Prin utilizarea condensatorului de gaze de evacuare,se mai castiga 0,8 MW. Umiditatea aschiilor pana la 50%
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te a a r i n k rti ry i ta e

s c na ar in k e o d ry i ta e p m ry a r i n k ri a i ta e fu l fe d n e ei g i g i ti o n n b rn r u e

Schema instalaiei de ardere a biomaseit sub i n ke de praf sau rumegu, e h u g s form x a s a ta a h o tl a s u y cu focar tip ciclon) (re i rc l a o c u ti n
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ex haus t gas as h

te rti a ry a i r

heat ex c hanger fu e l 2 3 fl u i d i se d b e d s 1

Focar cu ardere in strat fluidizat stationar, cu trei zone de admisie aer, Coef. Exces aer = 1, 1-1,3, aer preincalzit la 200-250 grade celsius
p ri ma ry a i r se co n d a ry a i r bed 1 beds 2 and 3
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fl u d se i i d bd er

re rre t cycl o e cu n n

ha e agr e t xch n e

ha e agr e t xch n e

se n a a r co d ry i

fl u d se b d i i d e Schema unui cazan cu focar de ardere biomasa,rin strat fluidizat circulant co l e o a r g ss a i ro ch ar i

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20

Schema constructiv- funcional a unui emineu cu focar nchis (stnga) i a unei sobe cu focar nchis (dreapta)
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Focar cu circulaia forat a aerului

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Schema constructiv-funcional a 2 generatoare de cldur: cu circulaie natural (stnga i circulaie forat (dreapta)
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Vedere exterioar a unui cuptor cu focar nchis

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4. Echipamente specifice pentru combustia biomasei 4.1 Echipamente specifice pentru combustia reziduurilor agricole - Sobe pentru gatit, boilere/centrale termice si generatoare de aer cald - Alegerea sau proiectarea generatoareleor este determinata de caracteristicile combustibilului si domeniul de utilizare

Forma si necesarul de energie determina capacitatea generatorului

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25

 Generator/boiler cu circulatia gazelor calde prin conducte

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26

 Boiler cu circulatia si incalzirea apei in conducte

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27

PROBLEME SPECIFICE LA COMBUSTIA BiOMASEI DIN REZIDUURI AGRICOLE Continut mare de cenusa a majoritatii reziduurilor agricole Characteristici nefavorabile d.p.d.v. al inmuierii cenusii

Continut ridicat de K, Na,Cl si N pot cauza coroziunea suprafetelor pentru schimbul de caldura
- Eliminarea cenusii trebuie facuta des sau autonat

- Asigurarea unei raciri intense in zona cu temperatura ridicata, pentru evitarea topirii cenusii
- Emisii inalte de praf si particule Reducerea lor prin dispozitive speciale
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ACUMULATOARE DE CALDURA -Folosite pentru marirea capacitatii termice a instalatiei si pentru evitare oscilatiilor puterii termice -Permit reglarea mai usoara a caldurii - Permit stocarea caldurii pentru perioade reduse de timp - Asigura functionarea continua la putere nominala -Capacitatea acumulatorului - Minimum 50 l per kW

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29

s u fa e h tv l o v pm up u i i e t n l s i t rv l e nr c a d o re t c i r o a v T ep t m ra re e s re e t e t m u m u a n h a y tm et s s e pm up fe h t edo wt r a e T re rn g u i t l n t f Ta c m tr c uuo a l pm up B A T T

p fr u e pm up T bm s o s i a Schema be or l i

re rn u t c l wt cu o a d e unui e a v l e incalzire r h sistem t re wy a de v

biomasa boilerc macumulator de h a c cu u t r et u a a lo caldura si acumulator pentru apa calda menajera

h a

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c n lr o tro e

ha ec agr et x hne

fe d wa r e te

fe d g a g r ei n ue

c l wh e e el

m er i pe l
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Focarn aalimentare fortata cu un rotor cu palete s c cury a eod i r

v n l to e ti r ENERGIES IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS a a h rc g te ra RENEWABLE

pm ri vn et fu l a d g t e n u
31

TIPURI DE SISTEME PENTRU ALIMENTAREA CU AER Cu depresiune

- Tiraj natural cu cos de tragere, reglarea dificila a coeficientului de exces de aer si a CO

- Cu exhaustor pentru gazele de evacuare - control usor si securitate mai mare in functionare Cu presiune - Cu ventilator central sau separat pentru aerul primar si secundar reglarea mai usoara Cuptorul sau boilerul si partile aferente trebuie sa fie ermetice

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Generatoare/Boilere pentru combustia balotilor de paie -Diferite solutii constructive si puteri 30 kW 1 MW -Boilerele mici -sunt destinate pentru baloti conventionali (mici), cu ardere directa; este necesar un acumulator de caldura pentru reglarea temperaturii; emisii mari de CO, NOx si particule; control dificil; utilizeaza in general tragere libera a aerului

-Alimentarea manuala sau automata - secvential;

-Exista probleme cu reglarea debitului de aer: in prima faza este necesara o cantitate mare de aer pentru oxidarea rapida a volatilelor; dupa arderea volatilelor ramine o cantitate mica de carbune si aerul trebuie redus; -Eficienta scazuta si emisii ridicate pentru o incarcatura
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Power control thermostat

Heat exchanger Feed water Insulation

To chimney Inspection Flue gas tube Second. combust chamber Combustion chamber Insulation

Connection for door cooling Big charging door with water cooling Small charging door

Grate Door cooling Ash

Dust box

Return line

Schema unui boiler simplu pentru baloti de paie mici/conventionali, utilizat pentru generatoare de puteri mici si mijlocii
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Examplu de acumulator de caldura si schimbator de caldura pentru apa menajera

DEE MM 09 RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS 35

bile rom o r o

s kgrom tai n o

Vedere de ansamblu a unei instalatii pentru combustia balotilor intregi sedo d i l or s kggte tai a n fedg ei n de paie
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fu a to a c l u m ti c n fe d g ra e e i n s c n a a i ta e e o d ry i n k r s c ri y s e eut l r d i cp a

fe d g ei n s ae pc

hd u y ra l c i dv ri e

wte c o d a r ol e g te ra p m ry a ri a r i n k i ta e

ahr s

Schema unei instalatii pentru combustia balotilor intregi de paie pe gratar inclinat din bare
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Expansion tank

Heat accumulator Heat exchanger

Pump

Combustion air Ventilator

Fire clay wall Water cooled door

Heat user Straw bale

Instalatie/boiler pentru incalzire cu baloti intregi de paie si lemne, prevazuta cu acumulator aditional de caldura

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Boilere pentru baloti maruntiti/dezintegrati Separaea balotului prin taiere in straturi, maruntirea sau dezintegrarea Alimentare continua, majoritatea cu aer de admisie sub presiune si posibilitatea de control a combustiei Utilizare pentru centrale de putere mare destinate incalzirii centrale si districtuale Sunt prevazute sisteme pentru separarea particulelor evacuate Nu sunt obligatorii acumulatoarele de caldura

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w er cool d at e r i f edoor e f edw er at r i f egat e r et r nf w u l o

st aw econveyor r bal

Boiler pentru combustia balotilor (maruntiti cu un dispozitiv) si a paielor, kni e f e f cu un ash e n f edi g w er cool d at e prevazuteder gratar adaptat
sl er d i u t be com bust nchannel o i
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cyclone

fire wall

exhaust gas ventilator

Bale desintegrator and storage

scraper shredder cylinders

heat exchanger

combustion chamber

fire trough

cell wheel lock

transport fen

Boiler pentru combustia paielor, prevazut cu dispozitiv de dezintegrare a balotilor

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41

duhn r gt o f a

uepha tbyeet t ecagr xhne

es r s no e p ra re e s r tm e t u s no

fe ul

a tm g i r u ain o c t i t e

ahc pr ssr e e

e h u ta x as s g Boiler cu alimentare continua cu melc a combustibiluli maruntit, prevazut cu c m s ni ob oa ut i r sistem de turbionare a combustibilului

wt a e r u to t o rs u wp s re e fn as

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Vedere de ansamblu a unei instalatii de incalzire centrala pe baza de paie

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Centrala termica districtuala pe paie Danemarca, 1999

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W rm a r a i

Bu rtte fl y fl a p

In i k to th rm d a r e m te e r W rm a r a i F re c a i l y

Ch rg n d o a i g or Ho e h t xa ut gs s s ae Pri m ry a r a i

T l e wi th fi r i s

Se o d ry h a c na e c a br hm e

M v b pentru incalzire cu aer cald, prevazuta cu schimbator de caldura oal Centralae h x d a h n g te e s g ra Co i aditional,i utilizand lemne As b marunt. Poate folosi si schimbator de l d a r taiateo caldura cu apa DEE MM 09 RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS 45

Schema de principiu a unei centrale termice cu doua faze , pe lemne, numita si gazogen, a) 1admisia centrala a aerului, 2peretele din spate din caramida refractara, 3ventilator sub presiune, 4 regulator automat de aer, 5 reglarea aerului primar 6 reglarea aerului secundar, 7 reglarea aerului tertiar b) 1 spatiu de alimentare cu combustibil, 2 zona de gazeificare, 3 zona de ardere indirecta, 4 placa din caramida refractara, 5 camera de combustie, 6 catalizator, 7 zona schimbatorului AND RURAL AREAS DEE MM 09 RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN AGRICULTURE de caldura 46

Vedere de ansamblu a unei centrale cu doua faze tip gazogen

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Schema de principiu a unei centrale pe lemne cu admisia naturala a aerului, 4 reglarea aerului secundar de preincalzire, 5 reglarea aerului secundarr, 12 reglarea zonei de ardere superioare si inferioare, 13 zona flacarii
DEE MM 09 RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS 48

a ilt r e i n c i ny h e m

c a igdo h rg n or p m ry ri a c m u ti n o bs o zn oe st l o

ht o fi e c y tu r l a b

Constructia unui generator de aer cald pentru uscarea materialelortu e ti e h a agricole si t b p e forestiere, pe lemne cu o capacitate de 60 kW
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FACILITATI TEHNICE PRNTRU COMBUSTIA ASCHIILOR DE LEMN, RUMEGUSULUI SI PELETILOR

fe u l

h a s rfr y u l eo dl i ri d c c Schema ra oeai l a m r s t alimentarii cu piston e

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Alimentatoare cu melc pe gratar in cascada, pentru combustia aschiilor de lemn, in curent direct si invers
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Boiler cu functionare pe aschii si rumegus de lemn, cu gratar mobil in cascada si dispunerea mecanica a cenusii
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thermal operations control insulation fire channel pre-furnace fan fire protection

control panel non-return guard

storage for fuel

boiler

ash box

stoker screw security flap

feeding screw

Centrala pe aschii de lemn cu arzator si boiler ca unitati distincte

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fedg ei n agr ue

pl t e e gsi ao ca br ai cti n hm f e

r m al e o b v e cm so o b ti n u bw ol

pi aycm so r m r o b ti n u ca br hm e pl te e fadc l ut

o ah o scnaya pi aya nzl sa i tae fl w s bx eodr r r i m r r i oz e i n k r nze Scheme r r te btto ) ozs l ( de alimentare am pfoa d o peletilor pe gratare tip farfurie

si oscilant

ga ah r te s

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Examplu de boiler cu gratar tip farfurie (fix) pentru peleti si aschii de lemn 2 Ventilator cu turatie reglabila pentru gazele de evacuare, 3sistem semiautomat de curatire a tuburilor de gaz, 4 depozitarea cenusii,
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55

ha ec agr et x hne

e h u t g s v n l to x a s a e ti r a

v n l to e ti r a

s iac m u p l o b r (s c n a c m e o d ry o s n g te wi g ra fl w a h b x o s o

gi r ino t Centrala termica cu miscarea in spirala a gazelor din camera secundara de combustie fu AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS e ei n DEE MM 09 RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN l fe d g

56

Centrala termica pe baza de aschii de lemn cu depozitarea libera a combustibilului

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Probleme generale privind generatoarele/instalatiile de conversie termiaca, tendinte Eficienta instalatiilor Depozitarea si utilizarea cenusii Emisiile de poluanti Legislatia privind instalatiile termice, emisiile si cenusa Tendinte: Perfectionarea instalatiilor si exploatarea optima

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Eficienta inalta inseamna/presupune:

- efecte economice pozitive privind utilizarea biomasei; - combustie completa; - emisii reduse de elemente si compusi chimici; - cunoastere procesului de combustie, functionarea instalatiilor si a proceselor conexe poate controbui la cresterea eficientei acestora; - ca regula generala, instalatiile noi au eficienta mai ridicata, conceptia lor fiind rezultatul ceretarilor efectuate

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BIBLIOGRAFIE

1.

Brkic, M. and M. Martinov. 1984. Proucavanje problema skladistenja vlaznih bala kukuruzovine (Investigation of problem of wet maize straw bales storage), XII International Symposium of Yugoslav Society of AgEng, Becici, Proceedings of the Symposium, 452-461. Brkic, M. 1986. Odredjivanje zakonitosti promene otpora strujanja vazduha kroz sloj kukuruzovine u zavisnosti od nacina pripreme biljnog materijala za skladistenje (Determination of maize straw layer air flow resistance respecting method used for their preparation for storage), PhD thesis, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Zagreb. Djevic, M. and D. Novakovic. 2002. Fruit and vine pruning residues like energy material. International Conference: Energy Efficiency and Agricultural Engineering, Rousse, Bulgaria, Proceedings of the Conference, Vol. 2, 144-148.

2.

3.

4.
5.

Eichhorn, H. 1999. Landtechnik. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart.

Hartmann, H. and A. Strehler. 1994. Die Stellung der Biomasse. Landwirtschaftsverlag, Mnster-Hiltrup.

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6.

Hartmann, 2001: Die energetische Nutzung von Stroh und strohhnlichen Brennstoffen in Kleinanlagen. Glzower Fachgesprche. Band 17, Energetische Nutzung von Stroh, Ganzplanzengetreide und weiterer halmgutartiger Biomasse Stand der technik und Perspektiven fr den lndlichen Raum, Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR), pp. 62-84. Kaltschmitt, Hartmann, 2001. Energie aus Biomasse, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. Kitani, O. and C.W. Hall. 1989. Physical properties of biomass. In Biomass Handbook, pp. 880-882. Gordon and Breach, New York. Martinov, M. 1980. Mogunosti koriscenja slame kao izvora toplotne energije (Possibilities of wheat straw use as a fuel), MSc work, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zagreb.

7. 8. 9.

10. Martinov, M. 1982. Energetski potencijal sporednih proizvoda ratarstva (Energy potential of field crops residues). IV International Symposium: Agricultural engineering and science, Pozarevac, Proceedings of the Symposium, 497-513.

11. Martinov, M. and M. Babic. 1994. Razvoj generatora toplog vazduha koji kao gorivo koristi drvo (Development of hot air generator using wood log a s a fuel). Savremena poljoprivredna tehnika, 20/4, pp.184-188.

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12. Martinov, M. and S Topalov. 1984. Osobine i mogucnosti koriscenja sporednih delova kukuruzne biljke (Characteristics and use possibilities of maize residues). XII International Symposium of Yugoslav Society of AgEng, Beii, Proceedings of the Symposium, 564-572. 13. Muehlenfeld, K.J. 1997. Biomass Energy Sourcebook: A Guide for Economic Development in the Southeast. AL: Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program, Tennessee Balley Authority, Muscle Shoals. 14. Strehler, A. 1988. Biomass Combustion Technologies, Heat from Straw and Wood, CNRE Guideline No.1, FAO, Rome. 15. A1. 1995. Solid mineral fuels Determination of gross calorific value by the calorimeter bomb method, and calculation net calorific value, ISO 1928 standard, International Organisation for Standardization, Geneva. 16. A2. 1998. Straw for Energy Production, TechnologyEnvironmentEconomy, Second edition, The centre for Biomass Technology, Copenhagen. 17. A3. 1999. Wood for Energy Production, TechnologyEnvironmentEconomy, Second edition, The centre for Biomass Technology, Copenhagen. 18. A4. 2000. Kleinfeuerungen fr Holz Verbrennungstechnik/Stand der Technik/ Reglwerke/ Entwicklung. Bundesanstalt fr Landtechnik, Wieselburg.
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Schema constructiv- funcional a unui emineu cu focar nchis (stnga) i a unei sobe cu focar nchis (dreapta)
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Focar cu circulaia forat a aerului

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Schema constructiv-funcional a 2 generatoare de cldur: cu circulaie natural (stnga i circulaie forat (dreapta)
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Vedere exterioar a unui cuptor cu focar nchis

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UTILIZAREA BIOMASEI PENTRU PRODUCTIOA DE CALRURA SI ENERGIE CO-GENERARE CTE

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CTE-urile pe biomasa
Sunt destinate , la fel ca cele pe carbune, producerea de energie termica pentru districte, gererarea de energie electrica in retea. AU capacitati mari si au un grad de automatizare ridicat si un bun control al emisiilor

Reprezentarea schematica procentuala a productiei si pierderilor in diferite variante de functionare, folosind ca si combustibil paiele, aschiile de lemn si gazele naturale
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Gaze evacuate Schimbator de caldura

Motor Consumator caldura

combusti bil
Generator

Schimbator racire cu lichid

Consumator electricitate

Scheme unei CTE

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Scheme of CHP biomass plant with ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) process
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Steam boilers

For conventional electricity generation in steam turbines Optimisation by use of condenser heat for heat Total efficiency, for combination with heating, up to 90%

Steam used for driving of different engines

Steam turbines Steam engines Steam screw engine etc.

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Fig. 5 Scheme of steam turbine CHP plant

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Characteristics of steam turbine process

Gross efficiency of steam turbine plant depends strongly on share of heat energy produced. If this is zero electrical efficiency, for plants up to 20 kWe is up to 27%. For the other cases are known following figures: If 10% of total produced energy is used as heat energy, overall efficiency is 35%. If 30% of total produced energy is used as heat energy, overall efficiency is 46%. If 50% of total produced energy is used as heat energy, overall efficiency is 58%. If 70% of total produced energy is used as heat energy, overall efficiency is 68%. But, it should be considered that the marketing of heat energy is rather complicated, only really used can be paid, and the price of this energy is up to three times lower than electric energy, if the feed-in tariff is applied.

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Fig. 5 Scheme of steam turbine CHP plant

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Characteristics of steam turbine process

Gross efficiency of steam turbine plant depends strongly on share of heat energy produced. If this is zero electrical efficiency, for plants up to 20 kWe is up to 27%. For the other cases are known following figures: If 10% of total produced energy is used as heat energy, overall efficiency is 35%. If 30% of total produced energy is used as heat energy, overall efficiency is 46%. If 50% of total produced energy is used as heat energy, overall efficiency is 58%. If 70% of total produced energy is used as heat energy, overall efficiency is 68%. But, it should be considered that the marketing of heat energy is rather complicated, only really used can be paid, and the price of this energy is up to three times lower than electric energy, if the feed-in tariff is applied.

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Fig. 6 Scheme of CHP biomass plant with ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) process
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ORC process

Organic Rankine Cycle

As medium is organic matter used with lower boiling and condensation temperature
Non toxic, non fleamable mater should be used instead of water for closed process Temperature range of boiler 70-100C Control of upper temperature needed, thermal oil used for a boiler Very low efficiency of electricity generation, under 10%

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ORC process

Organic Rankine Cycle

As medium is organic matter used with lower boiling and condensation temperature
Non toxic, non fleamable mater should be used instead of water for closed process Temperature range of boiler 70-100C Control of upper temperature needed, thermal oil used for a boiler Very low efficiency of electricity generation, under 10%

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Fig. 7 Simplified scheme of ORC process

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Fig. 8 Energy balance of ORC CHP plant

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Stirling process Any heat source can be used for driving Stirling engine Very important to have big regenerator, porous material, high heat capacity Always same gas inside the engine Isochoric heating tact (1) gas is hated by regenerator Isothermal expansion tact (2) gas expands using thermal energy of external heater, working tact Isochoric cooling tact (3) gas flow, thorough regenerator, to the cool zone Isothermal compression tact (4) heating of cool zone Efficiency of thermal energy of heater is 25% (21 to 28%) Total efficiency of electricity generation is up to 10%
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Fig. 9 Simplified scheme of Stirling engine function

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Exhaust gases

Exhaust gas exchanger Fuel, plant oil

Engine Heat energy consumer

Generator

Cooling fluid exchanger

Electricity consumer

Fig. 10 Scheme of CHP for plant oil

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Heat Air O2
Cathode

H2O

Electrolyte Catalyst Anode

e Fuel H2

Fig. 11 Principles of fuel cells

Kanali za Channels for dovod goriva fuel supply

Channels Kanali for oxidant za dovod oksidanta supply

Katoda Cathode Anoda Anode Elektrolit Electrolyte Katalizator Catalyst

84

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Refined manure storage (40.000 m )

3

35 C

35 C

Stable

Liquid manure
Gas reservoir (1.000 m3)

Safety torch Electric grid Gas filter

Compressor Farm Gas analyzer

Legend:
Substrate sampling Gas sampling Fluid flow measurer Thermometer Pilot injection gas engine, 806 KW Forced cooling

Electricity measurer

Fig. 12 Scheme of biogas CHP plant

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Gas washer Gas cooler Gas filter

G

Catalyzer

Gas motor Ambient air Ambient air Isolated boiler

Exhaust gas cooler

Oil burner Exhaust gas cooler Biomass Steam Ambient air Ash Flying ash Exhaust gas filter Chimney

Fig. 13 CHP plant for solid biomass and gasification

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Fig. 14 Schematic diagram of CHP plant using straw, wood chips and natural gas
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Three-generation, cooling with heat

Steam of cooling fluid Para rashladnog sredstva

Kondezator Condenser Generator Teno rashladno Liquid cooling sredstvo fluid Concentrated Koncentrovani apsorbent absorbent

Izvor Heat toplote source Apsorber Rashladna Cooling voda water

Ispariva Evaporator

Cooled Hlaena voda water

Pumpa za Absorbent apsorbent pump

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Economy of biomass CHP

Calculation of the profitability of the CHP plants is rather complex. There are two final products, electricity and heat energy. In most cases the price for heat is fixed, and the price of electricity is calculated. There are lots of factors that have influences on the final price of electricity. The most significant are: 1. Fuel price. 2. Price of the plant investment cost. 3. Annual operation period. 4. Operational costs. 5. Electrical, thermal and overall efficiency.

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Tab. 1 Prices of biomass per kWh of primary energy and net energy for maximal efficiency of primary conversion (combustion)
In c (kWh)-1 Approximate net Price, heating value, gross net t-1 MJ kg-1 38 35 62 50 25 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.6 0.6 1.7 1.5 1.9 2.0 0.8 14 14 15 11.5 15.5

Biomass Crop residues1, straw, MC ca. 15% Maize cobs1, MC ca. 15% Wood chips2, MC ca. 15%, TD up to 50 km Wood chips2, MC ca. 35%, TD up to 20 km Wood processing residues2, MC ca. 10%

Plant oil3
1Efficiency

600

5.3

6.2

41

60% 2Efficiency 80% 3Efficiency 85% MC moisture content TD transport distance

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a)

b)

Fig. 15 Specific investment costs, per kW of electric power, for biomass CHP plants a) for solid biomass (CFB fix fluidized bed), b) for plant oil
For example, the ORC specific investments are reduced for around 20% if the electric power increases from 400 kW to 1.2 MW. The specific investment costs for plant oil CHP plants reduces significantly by increasing its electric power over 150 kW.
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Heating Calculation of heating power in is based on providing indoor temperature e.g. +20 C, if the outside temperature is 18 C. Taking into account the reduced thermal power during the nights and the temperature change during the day and heating period, the average energy needed makes commonly 25% of maximal heating power. This is not a big problem if liquid or gaseous fossil fuels are used, due to relatively simple control of power. If solid biomass CHP plant is used, control is much more difficult and energy losses considerably higher. That is why combination of solid biomass and liquid/gaseous fuel should be applied. If the power of biomass part covers 50% of calculated plant power (Fig. 16 left), the average load of heat energy is 50%, for average climate conditions in the region, and additionally about 7% of fossil fuel is needed. For the share of 40% of thermal power based on biomass, average load is 63%, and the percentage of additional fossil fuel energy makes 13% (Fig. 16 right).

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Fig. 16 Effective heat energy use for heating (bright grey colour) of solid biomass CHP plant with nominal power 50% of maximal (calculated) left, and 40% of maximal right, and share of heat energy from fossil fuel (dark grey)

Tab. 2 Heating surface covered by minimal solid biomass CHP plants produced thermal power mixture of business and household objects
Type of biomass CHP plant
ORC Steam turbine
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1.0 2.7

Minimal heating surface, m2

18.270 49.330
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Four examples of biomass CHP plants, two for technological utilization of produced heat energy (T1 and T2) and two with heat energy utilization for space heating purposes (H1 and H2) were elaborated: T1 is a CHP plant based on a steam turbine process with electric and thermal power of 3.05 MW and 24.60 MW, respectively. The fuel is soybean straw, annual consumption 60,000 tonnes. The data for this CHP plant are taken from the pre-project of a CHP plant of a local soybean processing company. T2 is a biogas plant with electric and thermal power 540 kW and 680 kW, respectively. For the annual production of 700,000 m3 biogas 4,000 tonnes of maize silage, 300 tonnes of manure and vegetable waste are used. The data for this example are taken from the feasibility study of a dried vegetable producer. H1 plant represents a biogas based CHP facility with electric and thermal power 440 kW and 560 kW, respectively. The biogas is generated from on site produced manure. The data of this example are taken from pre-project of livestock farm. H2 is a CHP plant based on ORC process with electric and thermal capacity of 5,000 kW and 19,000 kW, respectively. It uses 32,500 tonnes of soybean straw as fuel. This example is an imaginary CHP plant for a small community and data from literature were used.
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Tab. 3 Technical data of the biomass CHP plants

Technical data Electric power Thermal power Operating hours Electricity consumption (total) Produced electricity Unit MWe MWt h a1 MWhe a1 MWhe a1 CHP plant T1 3.05 24.60 6,600 2,200 20,000 T2 0.54 0.68 2,630 220 1,420 H1 0.44 0.56 8,500 23 2,900 H2 5.00 19.00 4,500 3,400 22,500

Produced heat energy

Share of marketable heat energy Total fuel primary energy input

MWht a1
% MWh a1

162,300
72 240,000

1,790
70 3,850

3,230
45 7,850

85,770
63 136,000

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Tab. 4 Economic appraisal of biomass CHP plants in

Technological utilization CHP facility Investment costs, 106 Total annual costs, 103 a1 Total income, 103 a1 Electricity (5.3 c kWh1) Heat (3.5 c kWh1) Breakeven price of electricity, c kWh1 T1 17.0 5,253 5,129 1,060 4,069 5.9 T2 1.4 308 119 75 44 18.6 Heating H1 1.5 340 199 153 46 10.5 H2 20.5 4,195 3,080 1,190 1,890 10.2

Obviously, use of maize silage for anaerobic digestion, with intermixture of animal manure, is not profitable. If there is need to use co-substrate in a biogas CHP plant, other types of biomass should be considered. The breakeven electricity price varies between 5.9 and 18.6 c (kWh)-1. Based on this, the granted price of electricity from solid biomass should be in the range between 7 and 12 c (kWh)-1, and 1116 c (kWh)-1 for biogas. The price of electricity primarily depends on the fuel price, capacity (electric and heat power) of the plant. The annual operating hours and the share of marketable heat energy.
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