fdG oAG - dG oc

dG - Y dG t``dG

2008 - 2007 hCG dG

IG HdG GQeEG dhO e eAGdG d

QdG SL MCG .CG
IOM S S .CG
Y e QOdG Y .CG
Sb MCG QYa .CG
U HCG Sj .CG :dG bdG

LhHL cT jfdG Md AMCG IOe J

hQT c
SQCG S
S AS
:dG bdG
qjY f

ALL
PRINTS

Td X HdG dH G L
J hCG jJ hCG dG Gg e AL CG f Rj
.TdG e N aGe hO jJ hCG Sh CH

jG
15
18
22
26
28

dq a J Y a Yj G c
J JGSG
jdG GhOCG
dG Y GQe J
q ah eBG efH

G c
6
10
13
14

eT efH
jdG QdG efH
aVEG J OQGe
dG adG

hCG oAG
2

fEG L ILCG

1 IrMdG
n
1 dG

4
5
9
15
21

dG Ro Gh
t dG Ro G

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fEG p L o J 1 ` 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG Ro G 2 ` 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG Ro G 3 ` 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe

2 dG

24
25
32
38
43

tdG Ro Gh
t QhdG Ro G

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QhdG Ro G 1 ` 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG 2 ` 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tdG Ro G 3 ` 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe
3 dG

46
47
51
60
63

d
o YadG oILCG

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . edG oYadG 1 ` 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . YG Ro L :UdG oYadG 2 ` 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RjEG Ve
3`3
o
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe

4 dG

p oAYCGh

q G
t dG Ro G

66
67

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG odGh o dG jG 1 ` 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG Rp G ocJ 2 ` 4
p oAYCG 3 ` 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . q G
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG Ro Gh o bdG 4 ` 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe

72
78
83
87

5 dG

A
q dG Op dG Ro L

90
91
94
103

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fedG 1 ` 5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aq dG Oo dG 2 ` 5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe

GOG

106

dG oAG
6 dG

112
113
116
120
125

SdG Ro G

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cdG t SdG Ro G 1 ` 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fCG t SdG Ro G 2 ` 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G 3 ` 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe

128

oqjG oqdGh pKGQdG oY

2 oIMdG
7 dG

pKGQdG p Y SC
G
o

130
131
138
145

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e o YCG 1 ` 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o q KGQdG o LhGdG 2 ` 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p dG o LGe
8 dG

pJhdG oAHh
o qjhdG VMC
G
o

148
149
152
156
160
167

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DNA
o cG 1 ` 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DNA
o cJ 2 ` 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DNA
o YJ 3 ` 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pJhdG Ao H 4 ` 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p dG o LGe
9 dG

pfEG Y pKGQdG oYh pQGdG oCG

170
171
177
185

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QGdGh oeSehdG 1 ` 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fEG Y pKGQdG oY 2 ` 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG o LGe
10 dG

188
189
195
200
205

208

pG
o sJ

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DNA o q J 1 ` 10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u dG p G o he 2 ` 10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pG o Sg 3 ` 10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p dG o LGe

oGOG


dG
6

6 dG

SdG RG
dG adG

YCGh j fCG
MjEG

VGdG
112 U ,dG jJ

G GG cGJh G cGJ ,48 adG

KdGh jcdG fedG ,49 adG
cdG SdG RG ,50 adG

113 U ,GOG ,f

fCG SdG RG ,51 adG

Gh G JQhO ,52 adG

,jH Me ,MjEG Y VY
116 U
,fEG Y jdG fEG ,f
117 U

120 U ,fEG L ,f

113 U ,cdG SdG RG

1-6

113 U ,jcdG SdG cGdG

116 U ,fCG SdG RG

bO 45

114 U ,jG fGG jJ

2-6

117 U ,jdG jJ
118 U ,d dG

bO 90

SGfGh bdG QJh ,53 adG

fEG L QJh GMCG ,54 adG
G cJ ,55 adG

3-6

120 U ,NEG
121 U ,G

bO 45

,IdG dG ,MjEG Y VY
122 U
123 U ,Gh bdG ,f
,JU a QU GSG ,f
123 U

120 U ,G

G ``````bdG

116 U ,jfCG SdG cGdG

bO 90

GOe / e ,6 dG LGe
125 U

G c CG 111


dG

J OQGe

dG adG

112 U ,HdG aG J

112 U ,G QdGh dG ,IQdG a

115 U ,1-6 dG LGe

114 U ,G GG AGLCG ,2-6 dG ,H HGQ

116 U ,MdGh jG ,4-6 dG ,H HGQ

121 U ,dSdG UG ,9-6 dG ,H HGQ

121 U ,H e

115 U ,qdG jJ
115 U ,jQNG SCG
1-6 dG LGe

119 U ,2-6 dG LGe

119 U ,qdG jJ
119 U ,jQNG SCG
2-6 dG LGe

124 U ,3-6 dG LGe

124 U ,qdG jJ
124 U ,jQNG SCG
3-6 dG LGe

127-126 U ,6 dG LGe
6 dG QNG
G c

J JGSG

dGh LGG

111

G efdG

ddG c
G c
e - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
dW - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c

114 U ,.CG.CG ,IAGdG GQe AH

114 U ,G GG Qe ,3-6 dG ,H HGQ

117 U ,VjdG GQe ,GQG AH

118 U ,G IQhO ,7-6 dG ,H HGQ

122 U ,G QJh ,10-6 dG ,H HGQ

122 U ,QdG J ,GQG AH

125 U ,gG jN

6 dG

FbO 5

dG J

IQdG a
IQdG g J G QdGh dG
G j jCG G S .kL
O .(MdG Qjh G j) Qjh
.Gh dG G GMj G
c Y Hk GL GMj CG dEG WG
EG CG e FGdG OGGh cCG QY
Jh G fH Y J) G
jGdGh IOQhCG Y dG i EG
.(dG G j dG G

FbO 5

AdG uS
HdG aG J

.ddG gG LGQ
TdG dG - 4 dG G fG
G
fG tj GP :G S
u
G
fG aj) ?Kd vjQhV
u
dG V OdG eSehc OY Y
j c :r o dCSG K .(LCG Y MGdG
jOMCG jG L G KdG
fG Y dG ,eSehdG OdG
FdG OdG J ,G
jOMCG N J) ?eSehd
OdG FK N d OdG
.(eSehdG
EG WG - 5 dG AdG OdG RL
fedG GfCG H j G
SdG Rd jQhdG GdG J dG
AH Y G YJ dGh ,fCG
Ie dM cdG SdG RG
.(hdGh ,hLhdG ,LhSEG)
FdG G

XdGh cdG
cP Od KGQdG IOG OG jW Y IjL M Fc fEG g SdG RG Xh EG
,eCG J EG .cdGh fCG SdG jRG Y fedG J .fCG NBGh
RG cGJ H HGdG Y eCG g fedG fEG Jh ,dGh QdGh ,Gh
.FXhh SdG

G c

112

1-6 dG

SQdG s
cdG SdG RG

1-6 dG

bO 40 G bdG

dG EG eT If
1-6 dG

AYCGh jG fGG J
t j
.jcdG SdG
Y jG fGG J c Vj
q
j ch ,cdG SdG RG
.fCG SdG RG EG djEG
FbO 5

AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe

G e LGQ ,dG GH AdG b

.ddG c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe

G GTEG 
Rd vJ kSQ e qc YCG
EG WG .J hH cdG SdG
dG RG AGLCG qc Gqj CG G
eSQ Y Gj YO .faj
eY dcEGh LG dG
J CG j) dG Gg LGe j
.(3-6 dG c dG
FbO 5

uM
f

O .bH dG EG MCG GOG

GOe jd bH Ghj
G
u
e L Y IOG Gj YO .dG Gg
.iNCG G Y jJh bdG

WdG HCG LJ
ShdG WS
WS NCJ dG Lh GfCG KCJ MG ,MH j
d VJ
bCG SdG b Lh cCJ kfGa CG GhLh bh .QJh ShdG
k
qC H iNCG dOCG MJh .jOY Lh cCJ Ga e fWdG ShdG GQhCG
a ,q IOjdG gh .hdG cJ jJ gdG e We c cCG
WS hM e qfC H SGQdG g Jh .ShdG GQhCG ,hj
jdG e e e SdG dG WCG e M SGH ShdG
.WdGh

113 G c

1-6 dG

bO 20

SQu O

G cGJ{ ,48 adG SG

cGJ LG ,zG GG cGJh
.G GGh G
fedG{ ,49 adG SG
fedG b ,zKdGh jcdG
.QcdG Y KdH G

H HGQ
2-6 dG

G O G GG AGLCG
Y dP H Gjh 2-6 dG GMj
:ddG dGDdG
?G e SdG dG GPe .1
.(jQfcG)
H J dG QhdG e ,jCGH .2
OhJ)
q ?e GM jQfcG
.(jdG jd bdH
IAGdG GQe
A``H
,dG Gg G GC j CG b ..CG.CG
H UN Ib FGb Gj YO
.dGh KdG Y faj dG ATCG
hCG IQdG Y QaCG g H cG
GLQj YO q K .SCGdG VdG RL
KdG Y ae hjj dG ATCG
dS FGH Gjh ,dGh
.dG jf

H HGQ
3-6 dG

dH

VG HQCG GdG N nuSo jG fGG fEG

50% H LdG Y jG fGG OGYCG e VfG
,bdc ,dG dG EG Gg MdG H j .kjJ
qce IgdG H HQ bh .GG Geh ,UUdGh
jdG LdGh .SdG keY LJh fedG c
fEG dc gY j b qdG NGdG HG j
,H G J OJ HG g C jG fGG
e J dP Y dG IQGG LQO IOjdG CH kY
.jG fGG

,3-6 dG EG IOdH G GG Qe
G GG Qe Gj G O
J) cdG SdG RG Y
EG jG fCG e jG fGG
.(MEG Y Jh bdG AYda HdG

d Ie Ia
Iq Z J qGC G NCG dG
LdG Y ek Y dM ShdG
j ShdG Jh .dG QdG
.k U dG
q jh MEG V
SdG RG{ ,50 adG SG
SdG RG cJ LG ,zcdG
.cdG
G c

114

1-6 dG

FbO 10

NG
dG LGe

M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,115 dG ,1-6 dG LGe ,
.7-1 SCG

qdG jJ
a GLQj khL Gj G O
SdG RG FXhh FdG cGdG
.cdG

jQNG SCG
J) ?HdGh G FXh e .1
gh ,hdGh jG fGG G
.jG fGG fEG qj dG edG
Jh HdG jG fGG J
.(cG Y IQdG a
j) G FdG cJ U .2
FGdGh jG fGG e G FdG
jG :jb OZ K gRJ dG
.(ShdG Iq Zh ,Hc Jq Zh ,jG
Rj cdG SdG RG e AL
q GC .3
dG jqdG Y dG FGdG
?bW dd jG jG J
.(jG jG)

e LGh
zLGe{ ,6 dG LGe
,9-8 ,4 ,2 SCG ,127-126 dG

.15-12

RG{ ,1-6 dG LGe

IAGb G j .zcdG SdG
bQh Y SCG Y jh dG
.G b e He J dG ,dG

jJ j gh MEGh HdG H Hj bdG AYdG

.fh jG fGG
IqZh ,Hc JqZh ,jG jG :jb OZ K g
.ShdG
SdG RG NGO jG fGG cCG C
H jG fGG e dG EG LM a ,fCG
.NEG feEG jJ
LQO ja ,G Y dG H J qdG HG
H tJ g JG IQGG LQO .dG c IQGM
.jG fGG OY e j Ggh .jG fGG jJ
115 G c

.4
.5
.6

.7

1-6 dG LGe Y HLEG

IQGM LQO X aCG H QJh jG fGG J .1

c G Y GkH G J .G IQGM LQO e bCG
.Se IQGM LQO FHE dG
AGLCG KK e dCJ jW N g VdG G GG .2
jPh ,jQfce e Sh bh ,IGf e SCGQ) VGh
.(WS
AYda HdG EG jG fCG e jG fGG J .3
.MEG Y QOJh ,bdG

2-6 dG

SQdG s
fCG SdG RG

2-6 dG

bO 90 G bdG

dG EG eT If
2-6 dG

.fCG SdG RG cGJ j

.Gh G JQhO MGe Vj
u
FbO 5

AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe

G e LGQ dG GH AdG b
.ddG c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe

G GTEG 
dG QG Gj CG G EG WG
J) MdG EG G e jH J
,da Jb MCG EG G e jdG
.(MdG EG J dP Hh
FbO 5

uM

MjEG Y VY
VY RL SG jH Me
LLO H J
q fCGh j SCGQ
R j G EG WG .H W
CG e
e EG WG .q Gh ,dG
u
j b .dG G e Oj
dG g .qG S Y f EG G

d IOY gh ,jdG g
q
GPEa .G e jf dG ,dG
Ghj CG G j
fc
q
.jJ G
bO 70

SQu O
H HGQ
4-6 dG

EG G fG L
u h MdGh jG
cGdG Gaj YOh 4-6 dG
.dG N e jfCG SdG

G c

116

2-6 dG

SdG RG{ ,51 adG SG

SdG RG cGJ LG ,zfCG
.fCG
GQG
A``H
j ,dG S VjdG GQe
400, 000 e cCG e IdG id
G O .Vf Z jH N
jdG g e jG dG Gj
13 qGC VGaG Y ,VHEG S dG
Y e AGHG ,S c M IQhO
gOe Y EG Y dG IdG Oe
494 = S / jH 13 * S 38) .G
494
;jH
400,000 = 0.12%

f
fEG Y jdG fEG
FGTh , G e FK c OhR
u
fHh fEG VY IgL
c OhR
q .G IQhO MGe J MQ
Rd P hCG HfG eq GE FK
G O .Lc fCG SdG
fdG :ddG cGdG Gaqjh GhOj
,(d LQG dG) FdG
q e UM jN Iq Y) dhCG UG
UG ;(QJh J jH
FGS e jG e W IqY) jfdG
UCG G ,(ce jh cGe
e j dG dG G cdG)
.(IG UG

117 G c

2-6 dG

H HGQ
7-6 dG

dG ,7-6 dG EG IOdH GIQhO

,Gh G JQhO MGe Vj
WG .G e QW qc GMCG LGQ
fedG uJ c GVj CG dEG
G edG j) G IQhO
jN RJ .UG Ud
j j dG LhSEG UG
edG GC j .UCG d G edG
Oq D j e gh ,VHEG UCG d G
UCG G Rj .UCG G QW EG
j jdG ,LhSEGh hLhdG
Ud G edG cJ VfG
GPEG .UCG d G edGh
Y UCG G bj , jdG J
q
WG .(hLhdGh LhSEG fEG
fHh UG J Uh G EG
J) .Gh G JQhO AKCG MdG
VHEG Y J K QJh UG
IG UG jN J
q gHh
.(MdG fH S OGOjh UCG G
cJ j OG CG Y cCG
LGdG jdG dBH jh fedG
.fedG cJ uJ dG

d Ie Ia
GP G CSG G IQhO
OLEc ,dG eGdG H KDJ CG
G jdGh fRGG Z jdGh
g qKD J CG ) G IQhO ,G
b e gh ,fedG cJ eGdG
.(G IQhO e GQk GWCG hCG GQk W bj
G JQhO{ ,52 adG SG
G JQhO GMCG LG ,zGh
.Gh

G c

118

2-6 dG

FbO 10

pN
r G
dG LGe

M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,119 dG ,2-6 dG LGe ,
.8-1 SCG

qdG jJ
G O fCG SdG RG
cGdG a LQj khL Gj
.fCG SdG Rd FdG FXdGh

jQNG SCG
IOY j) ?NEG j jCG .1
.(da Ib
g VHEG) ? e ?VHEG e .2
gh ;Ie UM e jH j
.(G IQhO e
IQhO Me g) ?G e .3
e MdG ofH dN oOnoJ G
Y IG jedG YhCG e dG
.(G

e LGh
zLGe{ ,6 dG LGe
11- ,3 ,1 SCG ,127-126 dG
.19-16 ,10
RG{ ,2-6 dG LGe
IAGb G j .zfCG SdG
bQh Y SCG Y jh dG
.G GTEH J dG ,dG

VdG UG QfG UCG d G edG q j

.VHEG g dG g .G e jdG jh
IG UG e j dG cdG UCG G
LhSEG RGaE bDe Iq c j ,VHEG H G
.G jdG S MdG q j jdG ,hLhdGh
e cCG QJh G ODj e ,IMGh jH e cCG J b
.MGh L
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119 G c

.5
.6

.7
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2-6 dG LGe Y HLEG

.G ,MdG ,da Jb ,G
a dG fCG SdG RG dG g MdG qEG
.Qjh jh Sj CG d
d eSehdG e OMCG OY Y j e gc
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OGGh FGdG u MdG fH j fedG Gg
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.1
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3-6 dG

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dG EG eT If
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k G j
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AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe

G e LGQ ,dG GH AdG b

.ddG c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe

G GTEG 
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cCG jdG c SCG Ghuj YO
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FbO 5

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f
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dG Gtodh .0.5 mm H f
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q
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.QJh

jdG H G dG jdG M
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G efG Nh ,jdG jJ Y a
J dG G RHS j dGh hCG
dG g Y j dd ,dG jG Y hdH
CG J Gv L IU jN Kh IMGh Ic jH
j ,jG fGG jJ Y AKCG h .qJ
G
efG N J dG G RHS
u
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120

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SQu O

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G jJ jE ,zSGfGh bdG
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d Ie Ia
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H e

121 G c

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dG dG

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H HGQ
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MjEG Y VY
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q
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GQG

WCG W LJ
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CG Y iNCG dOCH H aGj .Sudden infant death syndrome
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VJ G EG WG QdG J
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d J QXEG ve c GPh dG e
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Y J dG ,G e A G
k J
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jedG YhCGh qC G e JCJ dG jedG
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G c

122

3-6 dG

f
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s
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J YG
k
ka t J bdG L CG G
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f
G O JU a QU GSG
CG j .qLCd JU a GkQU Gj
NCG Y G Y H QdG Gtj
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IN
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123 G c

C G gG J
G uj b G EG VG fG
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Vh
u .G j eO C
s CG ,Shdc Os Ge qGC d
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Jj GG Mh G Ia 
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16 g G Ia e ,G S a
425 h ,d e
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J
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e LGh
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3-6 dG LGe Y HLEG

gdG dG a ,qdH AG MdG Y GC J .6

H ajo h .Gh MdG Y dG JJh
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OdG OMCG e GM IGf efH bdG J

.eSehdG OdG jOMCG jH eSehdG
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n dSdG oUG o J
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jH J
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dG SCd HLEG Y Gj CGh
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SGQd Ie Ia
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G IQhO
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29 GDdG Y HLEG

jH

da Ib

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CG O e cCGh FGdG OGG J .24
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Y dG j ,dG RG j .26
eh
dGh SH G GC j ,G
u
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dG bG fC MdG fH OJ CG
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GG SCGQ LJ ,g fCG u
j .jd LQG dG ,G
G GG IGf NJh ,G GAZ
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(bO 45) LGe

GdH g jGh G .1
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q .15
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126

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(HJ) HLEG
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bf J
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M fEd G jdG AH Ua
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.QJh G KDJh G Y
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dG aBG SJ
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b J G GWCGh ,zGWCG Y{
j M c Yh .ddG dG J
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127

G c

FGKEG e LGh
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G c

128

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G c

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ASG UH dG

dH UdG GQdG

dG
dGh dG FGW a

AGLE jQhdG GQG

dG ASG
dG ASG a

dG Yh VQCG Y

AMCG Y

G FdG qdG Qe

VQCG cc Y
Wh dG jQJ

fEd c dG

jQdG OHCG

IMdG
2

IMdG gdG

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GdGh PdGh dOCG

SdG Yh dGh tdG

FjdG dG

FNh IqOG cJ

FdG YdG

dG o dG a dG
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Gh OdG U

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dGh

ju dGh dG
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dG
KGQdG Y SCG

jhdG VMCG
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Yh QGdG CG
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G J 10

HdG je a L gCG e ZdH AMCG Y j JG UdG

dG AMCG d SdG jdG J dG UhCG LJ ,a S gh ,WdG dG
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dG fCG a dGh bdGh IOG
LM e dG FdG NGO dGh dG j

eCd HdG bdGh IOdG EG FdGGg
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dG
G FXh J j

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J GP Ije jN e fe IGh jG
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G c CG 129

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AMCG Y L
t J
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G dG dBG
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e GM

OdG N
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OdG N
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dG opoS Gg j GPEa .G e Ya f Y G
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129

G c

dG QOf GVG g Angelman CG eRe

fEG Y cdGh G NG e OH j
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bYEH Jh IQOf ,CG eRe c ,Prader-Willi
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OZh , W Z H J U e bh j jh , ch
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Jg S CG EG GUJ eY Gk c AdG gO bh
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15 S eh dG jh- jOG H eR H G OG a
CG
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J d ?fd jdG dG Gg J c
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r en Y G KCJ j M ,G dG q J kjM
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jJ N J Y gh) G W j eY ?G
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G e e iNCG fh G e Ya f Y
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G IWh G dG dBG c ,QdG EG
Y hDG G W j .jh-jOGH eRe GME
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dG
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VGdG
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134 U

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1-7

131 U ,e QjL
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139 U ,MG
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143 U ,dG FK LhGdG Ff bJ

bO 135

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q fe
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bO 90

,YEG ,f
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bO 90

GOe / e ,7 dG LGe
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G c 129


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J OQGe

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130 U ,AdG SdG ,IQdG a

136 U ,1-7 dG LGe

132 U ,dG ,2-7 dG ,H HGQ

136 U ,qdG jJ
136 U ,jQNG SCG
1-7 dG LGe

144 U ,2-7 dG LGe

144 U ,qdG jJ
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2-7 dG LGe

147-146 U ,7 dG LGe
7 dG QNG

O 129 G c

G efdG

ddG c
G c
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Qd dG GG ,3-7 dG,H HGQ

132 U ,e
133 U , .CG .CG ,IAGdG GQe AH
133 U ,VjdG GQe ,GQG AH
133 U ,V JGSG
gGLCG dG LhGdG ,1-7 hG ,H HGQ
134 U ,e
135 U ,G jRdG ,5-7 dG ,H HGQ

141 U ,GOG ,IAGdG GQe AH

142 U ,edG Z IOdG ,11-7 dG ,H HGQ
142 U ,V JGSG
144 U ,fH Hq e ,13-7 dG ,H HGQ

141 U ,H e
145 U ,gG jN

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FbO 10

dG J

IQdG a
Gg CG G NCG AdG SdG
HCG kM 18 MCG g jeCG dG
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dG Gg j c Gu j G
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qcGC .(GhbQR Yh HCG L dG
d HCG jeCG dG CG Y
L eCG id .eCG dh k Yk f
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dG EG .jOQh Y a ,fe
q
VH J HCG dG Gd KGQdG
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HdG aG J
.ddG gG LGQ
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TdG
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KGQdG eG J jY
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jG aNG G fG
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h ,KG eSehdG H KGQh
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FdG G

QGdGh KdG
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G c

130

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SQdG s
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1-7 dG

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dG EG eT If
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EG AHBG J KhQe U H
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k G qQJ b
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FbO 5

uM
be

dh IdG d CG G NCG dG
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131 G c

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SQu O

d Ie Ia
GQk U VYG KGQdG dG j
Jf MCG hCG ,jgR Jf d
Vh G EG WG .dG EG M
.QJ CG dG JdG H Fb
e dG dG Y G
q T
T g eCG H) G dG
Y IgdG beh ,IgdG dh ,IgdG
h ,bQdG dh ,bQdG Th ,dG
Y GT OLhh ,dG h ,hdG
.(QgRCd NGdG cdGh ,dG

H HGQ
2-7 dG

IgdG cGJ EG fG dG dG
,jfCGh jcdG
2-7 dG IQG
q
SGh ,dG EG ]jcP[ G)
H NG VhCG .(QdG EG ]jfCG[
dGREG gCGh ,JGdG dGh G dG
dG ) dG EG IgdG e G
IMGh IgR e dG M J ,G
NBG f Y Igd jfCG cGdG EG
J ,JGdG dG .f dG e
jfCG cGdG EG IgR e dG M
dG Y iNCG IgR EG hCG f Igd
S ,Igd jcdG G dGREH .f
.(G dG Y f c AHCG

H HGQ
3-7 dG

C G gG J

KGQdG Y LJ

dGh MGdG G GP dG
Y e Y XCG G IOG

e CG SGQdG J dG OdG
.KGQdH Je d IOdG je
FGdG CG J ,jLGoC SGQd kah
IOdG e Ke ie jd KG
id CG M .JM ie e 44% j
e Ke ie KG Z FGdG
.JM ie e 8% j IOdG

qJ dG H CG FGG ARH Jf
QGdG Lh ,SdG ia .IOe L a
KhQe S 600 GM MGdG G hP
Ve e ,IFS M h e H
Ve e ,H cCG VGeC
k G d .fg
Veh dG V JQGh dG fG
,G OG QGdG gOj ,qdG
.H eGY IYh L IY a J dG

EG WG e Qd dG GG
Ff d 3-7 dG EG IOdG G
.e gGLCG dG LhGdG

G c

132

1-7 dG

IAGdG GQe

AH

Gg IAGb G GC j CG b ..CG.CG
H Ib FGb Gj YO ,dG
fCG j hCG) faj dG QeCG
CG dEG WG .QGdG Y (faj
Fb FGb Vh GcQj
VdG RL Y hCG IQdG Y eL
ATCH Fb dP H Gdh .SCGdG
Gjh QGdG Y ae hjj dG
.dG jf M FGH
GQG

A``H

G EG WG VjdG GQe
dTCG EG u dG j M j J
OGYCG H Y dG HG .HCG
G OY Y S ,ke .H d
Gj YOh .SM ILCG jdG
Y (dG G OY) dG OY
Gjh (SG de) UCG OdG
ke 30 g c GPEG) c dG
da ,SGM e 10h dG
30 = 3 d .10 EG 30 J
10
.(1:3 dG a , 10
10 = 1 h

d Ie Ia
GPEG G S IgdG Z dG
QgRCG EG dG SGH ,feEG c
CG ae ,3-7 dG AGG ARdG
d e CGh AGG d f e
kFGO J fCG EG fG dG .dc
Oq M Fd G cdG ae
CG hGd c S .dEG dG
sf e f c GPEG e j Y Yj
e d ) e d ddG
c GPEG e j Y YJ CG LhGdG
S JGdG dG C ,v f s e f
.(jHCd f G RGdG GP Jf

133 G c

JGSG

cdG dG

dG NCdG

tdG bYEG

dG e hCG ,dG NCdG e hCG ,qdG bYEG e j jdG G

Oe d u ob GPEG IqG gG d aCG SG EG Uj ,cdG
c a VJ d kWf uf .H SMEG hCG jDhQ ,d M
q
c S LQq e jQ MCG .dG M jdG OGYCG GSG j
O .QhdG e 25 mL NBG h ,QhdG e 75 mL gMCG V .100 mL e
c OY IQU Y JSb Gjh QhdG OeY W Gj G
.f jdH 1:1 f Gj G O .( 25/75 = 1/3 = 1:3) HCG T

1-1 dG
1-7

H HGQ
1-7 hG

SG e gGLCG dG LhGdG
e qJ .e HCG Vd 1-7 hG
GC J H c CG j G CG
S d jHCG Jf H hGJ AGLEH
dG Y f dG G CGh ,
.hCG G OGaC JGdG

f
kfYEG Gj G O YEG
e e T
j CG U
k
Pisum sativum FGG ARH Jf AGd
CG YEG j CG j) KGQdG d
Jh ,YH J gh ,S J
Y IQOb gh ,OGaCG e G
k c GOk Y
d M e Ye
u gh ,JGdG dG
Wh ,QhdG eh ,QhdG dh ,QgRCG
.(...QgRCG beh ,JdG
(FbO 10) f
M{ ,6.CG jS f
.zdG dG

KGQdG Y LJ
AdG e dG j GjdGh HdG
cdG HHP KGQdG Y SQj jdG
fGSCG IOhdG hCG Drosophila melanogaster
g .KH Caenorhabditis elegans
eh ,dG YJ J G FdG
,gKJ Y dGh Y G dG
e bCG) Ib IM IQhO e L dh
Gjd jCG 3 e bCGh ,cdG Hd YSCG
.OGaCG e G
k c GOk Y J gh ,(fGSCG
G c

134

1-7 dG

,ze eGY{ ,56 adG SG

.GfG fb jE

d Ie Ia
J GP G S Gh FdG
.iNCG S e cCG mGe dG H
e GOk Y cCG cGdG dG hhP SdG ,ke
g Y cCd .dG dG dG hP
dG d hdG dH b ,dG
,dG dh ,dG d e IOG
IFdG dG J .FdG PCG Th
IFdG dG bf .G e Y
IFdG dG CG VhCG .Gh
J c dh .a MGh udCG EG J d
d qdCG nQs jo CG j ,G dG
IFdG jG RdG CG Y qcGC d .k e
jG RdG e Yk T cCG k FGO d
e Gv L b OY g c GPEG .G
YG FS e RGd qdCG
QX QG j d RGdG Ga ,FMCG
.G dG

f
GhOj G O dG GP UG
NCG .Ue a T jd c GPEG e
S UG a dG OLh CG G
RGdG j dEG WG K .H ,FS qdCG
a T jd d jdG UTCd G
c Ghcj G O .(hh) Ue
Ue a T hH CG oj CG
j CG j) Ue a T GP kW
.(UG a d duC G dG CG id

H HGQ
5-7 dG

e GhOj CG G S G jRdG
dG ARdG f e g ,5-7 dG
kqdGC S IMGh d Gk FS kqdGC j
udCG C ,f) ?jC
k G iNCG d Gk FS
ucGC .(NBG Y go MGh e H RS
e GhRCG S ARd CG Y
e SQO S c CGh ,eSehdG
c S . Sehc Y IOLe
JFdG dG fc d udC G qRJ
dGh MGh Sehc Y Je
SehdG Y Je G
Y eCG J mFY) KG
.(ry h RY :udC G cGdG e Yf
135 G c

jQdH

H .GkQa e YCG gCG noJ e YCG

e Gk L AJ h ,jU jZ e W
SGh .QGdG M bdG dP FdG jdG
Z c ,MG GMC vVjQ k e
,jdG dG FGhCG .bdG dP OYG
j c dG ,Hugo DeVries a O Lg cG
e e YCG ,KGQdG eGdG GfG VJ
u QH
e CG Lhh ,dG GQG H AKCG ,jL
.S 35 e cCG b JLSG qbJ

1-7 dG

bO 15

pN
r G

dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,136 dG ,1-7 dG LGe ,
.7-1 SCG

dG jJ
CG G EG WG GN K
Qd dG GG ,bQh Y ,GhQj
,3-7 dG QU J c ,e
hCG IG) dG W U ee
,kjW kJfh G
k b kJf J CG j
j fdG IG .v JGP j gch
Jfh IOq e Ib Jf J CG
j .AHBG L Jh ,ke IOe jW
IG vN JdG g qJ CG
Jd ddG IQdG fE fdG
JdG g J CG jh .a jdG
JdG g qJ CG jh hCG G
jW Jf KK e IQU fE vJGP
Gg j CG jh .MGh b fh
.(dG G G

jQNG SCG
J ARdG Jf e J GP .1
GC j CG b LCG ie Y vJGP
CG e qd) ?JLhGJ AGLEH
.(f c G JdG
dG fG g KGQdG) ?KGQdG e .2
.(AHCG EG AHBG e
e kLhR CG Y tj e fGb CG .3
J
q AKCG fe
u j eGdG
.(GfG fb) ?eCG
1-7 dG LGe Y HLEG
Y bGdG qdCG CG Y G jRdG
AHCG kFGO j ddG dG dG
e H J , eSehc
.vJGP j eY f dG
.G fG AKCG
J Sehc Y DNA b g G .5 JdG hGR K .khCG f Jf e fCG
K .v N JOe d f fc dG
. jH T g qdC G .e KGQh H
.v JGP qJ hCG G Jf J
qY dG G dG f c hCG G .6
d iNCG qdGC GKCJ j FdG qdCG
c dG G .FdG qdC G Y AHCG c a
gX KCJ d d G qdC G .f
bh ,hCG G Jd JGdG dG f
.FS qdC H kfe j eY M Fc
.G EG IFdG d 1:3 dG EG iOCG
G dGh ,k e G j CG j .7 qdC G GhRCG CG Y GfG fb j
fb j .G fG AKCG J
.CG c e k e kudGC j

.1

e LGh
.2

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zLGe{ ,7 dG LGe
.12-10 ,2 SCG ,147-146 dG
YCG{ ,1-7 dG LGe
dG IAGb G j .ze
,dG bQh Y SCG Y jh
.He G j dG

.4

G c

136

7 dG
````Y GAG````b

N
fQc eL ce IQHH SQO
ge eb M ,IG jdG
UGh .KGQdG Yh jG Y e
eSehdG GdG M H
.fQc SDe h Qe eL
WdG OcCd ce fG
KGQdG Y h ,1944 Y d
e ce Y .1945 Y jeCG
.IadG G ac Hf IFL
e HJ g IadG G
Y be e fG GJcdG
,Gg dfHh .NBG be EG Sehc
HJ MCG ZCG e
,dd f .GJcdG e IQh
,dH IadG G J CG
.e JhH fEG N hCG IOjH dPh
fCG fEG qJ IadG G
Y hDG ,Transposase SfGdG
j SfGdG fCG C .dG
Ea ,GJcdG e e HJ
bGe EG IadG G fG
G g .vFGY j G e
IjG G cGdG e Y dhDe
.G FdG J dG

be
:ddG SCG H TdG uLh
EG ce Ob dG MG U .1
V HK d G CH SG
dG IQdG f GQhCG XCG) SehdG
g eSehc Hh ,dG jZ kH
.(AHBG eSehc Y JdG
ce zgO{ GP VhCG .2
dG JdG Y f dG JdH
JdG Y f dG JdG id c)
dG EG J be Z H dG
.(OYG NCG

137 G c

2-7 dG

SQdG s
KGQdG LhGdG

2-7 dG

bO 135 G bdG

dG EG eT If
2-7 dG

,jG RdGh G RdG j

Ff bd MG GSG ch
.LhGdG
qHe) VjdG PdG bj
Ff bd eGSG ch (fH
LhGJh dG jOMCG LhGJ
.dG FK
FbO 5

AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe

e LGQ ,dG Gg e AdG b

c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe G
.ddG

G GTEG 
jo c GVj CG G EG WG
QRCG HG dG p s H jHC j CG
jHCG EG .G HLEG bG) dG
udC G HG Qh .dG d g
fCH G NCG .(ke G
be Z LhGJ M cCG S
.dG Gg

FbO 5

uM

be
jQdH

H SQCG eBG Pangenesis dG ddG

j SdG c .dG ddG j GQd
J FbO Y j G CG bdG dP
G U J FbdG g CGh ,Gemmules
CG s nK eh .SdG jG EG Jh
.Pangenes J FbO SGH AHCG EG J
CG M QGd ve GkJ c dG ddG
.(1809) GG Y a Hc ZU Qe

CG MG Y G CSG MG
dh ,QcP AHCG KK jd Lhd j
dG j b .( 50% hCG 1/2 ) fCG HGQ
kM HGdG OdG CH G e
u f .QcP ATCG KK d C fCG S
Ou j ATCG L CG EG G
MG Lj fCGh ,dG OdG L
fCG j CG Ode d 50% hCG 1/2 H
.GkcP hCG

G c

138

2-7 dG

bO 125

SQu O

SGH MG{ ,57 adG SG

e b ,zfe jf b
.MG

jS Y f
MG M
bO 20 G bdG
GcCj qGC G EG WG eCG HGJ
.G M
j CG j Ie FGLEG QaCG
d GdCG KK NG .v FK G
dG (AHh AGMh AGN M e)
G M V .dH g
c (AGN 2h ,AGM 6 ,AH 12)
qGC G EG WG .G AH b c
.ScCG Ghj
,HLEG J b dG Y HLEG
Ke Ff Y G feEG dh
jC
k G g .dG M OjORG e OGOJ
.GvL Ff Y G feEG
,Y d MG c e H
OdG j e G j CG j
LJ .d c e G dG
:dG MC fd Y fOCG
AGM 6 ,(45%) AH 9 :hCG YG
(25%) AGN 5 ,(30%)
AGM 5 ,(65%) AH 13 :fdG YG
(10%) AGN 2 ,(25%)
AGM 5 ,(70%) AH 14 :ddG YG
(5%) AGN 1 ,(25%)
AGM 9 ,(55%) AH 11 :HGdG YG
(0%) AGN 0 ,(45%)
:G M e d d LEG G
9 + 13 + 14 + 11 = 47 = 11.75 12:AH
4
6 + 5 + 5 + 9 = 25 = 6.25 6:AGM
4
8
5 + 2 + 1 + 0 = = 2 :AGN
4
(FbO 10) f
qbJ{ ,7.CG jS f
.zMG GSH LhGJ Ff

139 G c

C G gG J
e d fCG G H j b
S HG id j CG G
H VhCG .c jHCG S Y
CG AHBG IgdG Z dG
,ke .AHCG Jh
j CG dG dG ej jHC
.idG dG ej kAHCG

dH

J SdG c J c
T kJGUCG QJ CG dh ,dG
GP IU c g SdG c .AdH
e Uh b jM Th He GPBG
S dG Y IQdG .L Y YdG
SdG c c d .dG id IFS
.dG d e qdGC GP g

2-7 dG

MjEG Y VY
e KK OG ?g hCG f
EG S .dG Gg cQd
NBGh MCG gMCG ,GRdG e LhR
NBGh MCG gMCG ,bh ,HCG
,FdG qdC G S MCG dG .HCG
.G qdC G HCG dG H
,qdCG GRdG e hH ke OhR
u
RGdG f dG e bh
e NBG hdH NBG k e OhR
u .G
j .NBG dG e dHh GRdG
jjCGh dG db G j CG
c j j CG hO eh .gX N
.dK e EG GRdG MCG G e
dG dG d e dG Qj CG j
dG UGh .ddG G j CG j
H hCG g jOa H LhGJ AGLEH
.g Oah f Oa

be
NCG Jd FMCG YG
a .vJGP qJ kjW kJf CG G
.b f 100h jW f 300 dP Y
d G RdG e G S
(hCG G) UCG jdG JdG
G RGdG) ?(dG G) AHCdh
G RdGh ,Tt g hCG G Jd
.tt 1 ,Tt h TT 3 g dG G Jd
4

OMCG hGJ{ ,58 adG SG

hGJ LG ,zf Jf H dG
.f Jf H dG OMCG
OMCG hGJ{ ,59 adG SG
LG ,zg Jf H dG
.g Jf H dG OMCG hGJ
(FbO 10) f
{ ,8.CG jS f
.zQNG J Ff

G c

140

2-7 dG

d Ie Ia
k e Gj G O G jRdG
,dG SCG OQGdG dd k He v fH
WG .G jRdG fb Vj dGh
IOeh SsBb G RGdG GSG dEG
.G jRdG
IAGdG GQe

AH

H dG G EG WG GOG
He bJ) MGh fH qHe
dG c VH hGd FdG fH
bJh .hGdG eCd G
M bd VjdG feEG MG
.(hGdG f e ,qe

H e
dG g G RGW Oa

SsBb
fG jW Y kLeCG S
Y dG
Cj CG h ,G
q
G jRdG
J HQCG j

SB

141 G c

sB

Sb

sb

2-7 dG

H HGQ
11-7 dG

RdG CG Y OT edG Z IOdG

IFS L Y c J jG
S .J H e hCG J H
,dG QgRCG hJ c G
IgdG d d c GPEG ,11-7 dG
G EG WG .(AGM) eJ IOS
d d c GPEG QgRCG d qbJ
,k e MCGh HCG) ce IOS IgdG
.(jk OQh d
Z IOdG{ ,60 adG SG
edG IOdG M SCG d ,zedG
.G Y edG Z IOdGh

JGSG

dG G

tdG bYEG

M e edG e IOaEG ,qJ bYEG hCG dG N e j jdG G

QaCG M eCG Y dG Y G ADg YJ ea .bY ebE ghN b Se
dGh IOdG XCG .ed VhCG a c Y gYJ fEa ,UG Y IO
aS b Y FdG udCG eQ cG .SCGdG VdG RL fH He J a d
GPe :ddG SCG G CSEG .fe Z aS b Y G qdCG eQh fe
XCG K ?GP ?iS d CG ?iNCG a IMGdG adG b Vh fCG d j
G EG WG . H aS b Y qdC G e c eQ HH edG Z IOdG
.v Y FdG Vh .iNCG a IMGdG fG adG b Vh f Gbj CG
G c

142

2-7 dG

jS Y f
G RdG j
FbO 10 G bdG
Gj G O Ie FGLEG QaCG
dG d Y IQb hP jHCG c .v FK
.Tt G gRGWh
e c .g GHCG dG Y HLEG
dG d Y IQdG hP KdG WCG
Ljh ,(TT) FS f hCG (Tt) g eEG g
IQdH j h (tt)
x eh f MGh W
.fd d Y

MjEG Y VY
.dCG Gj G O dG d
dG Y jQOb G cCG S
d Y IQdG CG G NCG .dH
RGdG e CSG K .FS udGC S dG
d Y IQdH qj d G
c GhOqj G O .(tt) fd
CG dG d Y IQdH q j C
CG j) dG d Y IQb GP kW j
d G RGdG dG CG id j
.(dG
FK LhGdG{ ,61 adG SG
FK LhGdG e jE ,zdG
.dG

d Ie Ia
:dG jQdG G YCG dG
:dG dG Y AGL U c CG
KKh ,AGOS fCG GPh AGOS AGL J
AGL KKh ,jOQh fCG GPh OS AGL
HCG hLh ,AGOS fCG GhPh H
f Y G S .OQh fCG P MGh
FK hGJ) G Gg dG hGdG
RdG Hc G EG WG .(dG
AGd G RdG fh G
: BbNn h BBNn h BbNN h BBNN 9)
: Bbnn h BBnn 3 : bbNn h bbNN 3
= N ;HCG = b ;OSCG = B M ,bbnn 1
.(OQh fCG = n ;OSCG fCG

143 G c

adH

.dH QGdG adG e dG Hj dG S

cGJ e ee j dG CG SdG H j
EG J CG dG U CGh ,G G
IdG d ,U Z Gg CG f .dG Y AHCG
d HJ g .dG e dG IQe
,HdG dG ,ke .dH QGdG HJ Ic
.zdG g{ :e HJ g LJ

2-7 dG

H HGQ
13-7 dG

qHe Gj G O fH qHe
RdG GhOu jh ,13-7 dG fH
jG RdGh G dG G
M Y G T .G HQCG
.fCH udG
bO 15

pN
r G
dG LGe

M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,144 dG ,2-7 dG LGe ,
.7-1 SCG

qdG jJ
cEG G EG WG fH He
q
,g HG H hGd fH qHe
Ghcj CG G EG WG .13-7 dG
J) dG fh jG RdG
KK ;AGN Ae KK ;AGU Ae
.(NCG MGh ;AGU I

jQNG SCG
FS udC G RdG J c .1
c J M ) ?x e udGC h
,f JdG Gh ,FdG qdCG
.(G udC G ,dG H
P ARH d G RGdG e .2
.(Rr hCG RR) ?AGM QgRCG
hGdG) ?dG FK hGdG e .3
dG e LhH j dG
.(IOG
2-7 dG LGe Y HLEG
dG Jh fH H jCG fG Y (RW)
f L RGd f G RGdG j b
aCG fG Y (WW) NBG CG udGC
RGdG J qKC j b hCG ,g L RGWh FSh
U He c G
C CG j .qHd
.H eGH G
RdG c HG J .FG jedH
a j CG bj dG GG OY :dc dOG
.(WW,WW,RW,RW) G G
IMGh U J j dG OMCG hGdG .5 .G bh Ua OY Y e e M
dG hCG ,jdG OGYCH MG Y dG
j ,dG FK hGdG .IQdG d e
.dG hCG ,jdG OGYCG hCG ,jG
.eh IQdG d e ,U J
AGG QgRCG P dG H L
Z H GFS udGC fdG b CG c id .6
k hGJ LCG ,khCG
dG AHCG fc GPEG .AdG QgRCG P fh
.fP hH MGhh jW fH MGh ,J
kg hCG GkFSh vf c bCG Y jHCG MCG .7 da ,QgRCG AH Jf J hGdG Y
.IgdG d g GDdG Ve
GHCG c ,fdG dG .hCG dG
jHCG MCG qdGC GkReQ dG j CG j
.d g gc

.1

.2

.3

e LGh
,zLGe{ ,7 dG LGe
,9-3 ,1 SCG ,147-146 dG
.19-13
LhGdG{ ,2-7 dG LGe
dG IAGb G j .zKGQdG
,dG bQh Y SCG Y jh
.G b e He J dG

.4
G c

144

7 dG LGe

jH J
EG GhOj CG G EG WG ..CG.CG
Y ae hjj dG QeCG FGb
VH G j CG j .QGdG
Y G GDH NG .J Fb
dCSG .Y HLEG J dG SCG
.IjL SCG jd c GPEG q Y

SGQd Ie Ia
J dG GG LGQ uh LGQ
g uW K .dG e GASG
O .KGQdG M e acG Y dG
.e bJh Va G
u j G

19 GDdG Y HLEG

e SQO
KGQdG
GSH

ARdG Jf
J s dG

dG G
145 G c

fE

vJGP

s dG
J

fc dG

vN

fCa

`d

hCG G

7 dG LGe

HLEG
(bO 45) LGe
j L RGW EG f c J (CG) .1
EG g c J ;f qdC G e KG
j () .jOe udGC j L RGW
eGdG e kLhR CG Y GfG fb
fb j .eCG J
q AKCG j
J dG eGY CG Y G jRdG
.eCG J
q AKCG e H
EG AHBG e dG f g QGdG ()
j c SGQO g KGQdG Y .AHCG
.QGdG
dG g dG TCG e T .2
e e dG M f gh ,JGdG
Y IgR hCG f IgdG e EG IgR
f gh ,G dGh ,f dG
IgR e EG IgR e e dG M
.f dG e NBG f e
G cdG g G RGdG (CG) .3
Fc e g G RGdG .M Fd
.G RGdG qdGC J Y f M
e hH j dG OMCG hGdG ()
dG FK hGdG .IOG dG
.IOG dG e LhH j
Oj KGQh eY MCG g qdC G ()
.S Y dG
CG .5
O .4
.7
.6
.9
.8
dG JdG CG e j CG e OGQCG .10
.e d f SQj c
J dG g IFdG dG EG .11
dG g G dG .g M Fc
.g M Fc IgX Z J
hGdG HCG EG P AHBG L j .12
hCG G j .f IOq e d hCG
GP J dGh hCG hGdG AHCG EG F1
j .g IQH jHCG MCG S
fh dG hGdG AHCG EG F2 dG G
.jGh G gRW
,G G RGdG j d .13
.vf OdG j CG j
H j jOa H hGdG .14
hGdG .dG OMCG L
k hGJ j IMGh
hGJ g U j jOa H
.dG FK
G c

146

7 dG LGe

(HJ) HLEG
udC G CG Y GfG fb j .15
J
q eY j udC G e hR c
.G fG AKCG Gg j .eCG
H kLhGJ j CG dG j .16
c GPEG .Iq GQk hH j fh dG
hGdG ODS ,AG Qhd v f dG
c GPEG .Ae GkQhH J L AHCG EG
AHCG f GM poS ,kg dG
.Iq GQk hH
Ff tbd MG Oe J .17
.KGQdG Y SGQO qe LhGJ
f ;Bb 100% G RGdG f .18
.OSCG 100% :G RGdG
.145 dG SCG IOLe HLEG .19

bf J
jHCG c . dG FK hGJ .CG .1
, 2 QQTt , 1 qqtt , 1 QQTT . QqTt
,

16
16
16
2 ttqQ , 2 qqTt , 2 QqTT, 4 QqTt
16
16
16
16
1
. qqTT , 1 QQtt
16
16

HLEG c J :HLEG J
q b .2
Hq e CG G Qj CG j .G
QN KGQd a ej fGG
Z S QX h ,HZe S
cj b .NGdG hGdG qH HZe
TGh Gh dGh G G
.UN VGZC Hq J fGc ,iNCG

dG aBG SJ
e jb AHCd G RGdG f EG .CG
FK hGJ (1:3:3:9) qbG dG

k LJ cCG G RGdG EG .dG

.AaIi g jHCd
RW 4 h L RW 9 fH qHe j .
. je

FGKEG e LGh
AI

Ai

aI

ai

AaII

AaIi
Aaii

AI

AAII AAIi

Ai

AAIi

AAii AaIi

aI

AaII

AaIi

aaII

aaIi

ai

AaIi

Aaii

aaIi

aaii

147 G c

.2-1 GDdG ,147 dG ,zbf J{ ,7 dG LGe

.147 dG ,zdG aBG SJ{ ,7 dG LGe





dG
8

8 dG

JhdG AHh jhdG VMCG

dG adG

YCGh j fCG
MjEG

VGdG
148 U ,dG jJ

,1.O jG d j fCG
dh DNA GSG :jG dG

DNA `d hOG hG ,64 adG

152 U ,DNA P ,MjEG Y VY

149 U ,DNA cG

1-8

149 U ,KGQdG IOe DNA CG J dG dOCG

152 U ,DNA cJ

bO 135

d
t jL H ,62 adG
Jh Tg H ,63 adG

2-8

152 U ,DNA `d hOG hG

154 U ,G LhdG YGdG

157 U ,Yd P Vh ,f
157 U ,G M ,MjEG Y VY

156 U ,DNA YJ

3-8

156 U ,DNA YJ j c

dG ,66 adG

160 U ,Y aK ,f

160 U ,JhdG AH

4-8

160 U ,KGQdG eG fG
161 U ,FXhh RNA cJ

162 U ,dG
163 U ,KGQdG IdG
164 U ,LdG
166 U ,dG G

bO 135

Ue RjGdG ,MjEG Y VY
161 U ,cCG
164 U ,fhOdG LJ ,f
ReQ a ,9.CG jS f
KGQdG IdG
GfCG H fQe ,jS Y f
165 U ,RNA
165 U ,LdGh dG ,f
P U ,8 d Y f
JhdG AHh DNA Yd
166 U ,dG G he ,f
,2.O jG d j fCG
DNAh RNA U :jG dG

bO 45

157 U ,DNA YJ ANCG

G ``````bdG

DNA YJ ,65 adG

bO 45

153 U ,DNA GJcdG cJ

bO 90

GOe / e ,8 dG LGe
167 U

G c CG 147


dG

J OQGe

dG adG

J JGSG

dGh LGG
148 U ,HdG aG J

148 U ,DNA P ,IQdG a

151 U ,1-8 dG LGe

150 U ,dG ,2-8 dG ,H HGQ

151 U ,dG jJ
151 U ,jQNG SCG
1-8 dG LGe
155 U ,2-8 dG LGe
155 U ,dG jJ
155 U ,jQNG SCG
2-8 dG LGe

158 U ,3-8 dG LGe

158 U ,dG jJ
158 U ,jQNG SCG
3-8 dG LGe

166 U ,4-8 dG LGe

166 U ,dG jJ
166 U ,jQNG SCG
4-8 dG LGe

150 U ,f IAGb ,IAGdG GQe AH

153 U ,DNA HGhQ ,5-8 dG ,H HGQ

153 U ,.CG.CG ,IAGdG GQe AH

157 U ,DNA YJ ,9-8 dG ,H HGQ

162 U ,RNA GfCG ,13-8 dG ,dG ,H HGQ

165 U ,V JGSG

169-168 U ,H e
167 U ,gG jN

153 U ,GJcdG ,5-8 dG ,H HGQ

162 U ,dG ,14-8 dG ,H HGQ

163 U ,fhOdG ,1-8 hG ,H HGQ
163 U ,VjdG GQe ,GQG AH
164 U ,LdG ,15-8 dG ,H HGQ

170-169 U ,8 dG LGe
8 dG QNG

147

G c

G efdG

ddG c
G c
e - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
dW - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c

8 dG

FbO 10

dG J

IQdG a
QdG EG IgdG IQdG DNA P
u GPe :G S .DNA P g
.(GqQP) ?PdG e G AGLCG
?H H GQq dG JJ c dCSG
EG fG dG .(Fc HGhQ SGH)
cdG CG EGh ,AL g DNA CG
,j dG g DNA `d FdG
.G fCH ,jdG

HdG aG J

FdG G

.ddG gG LGQ
dG -2 dG Xhh JhdG cJ
TdG
AGOCG c Ouj dG e :G S
dG KdG dG) ?Xd JhdG
.(Jhd
dG -3 dG G Y Xh
TdG
M N IQU G Y VYG
IGdG be GhOu j CG dEG WG .IGdG
,NGdG eRdG dGh eSjGdGh
g e qY c Xh Ghcj CGh
;G DNA uJ IGdG) qdG
;JhdG AH Y dhDe eSjGdG
bc J NGdG eRdG dGh
.(JhdG Ad
dG - 4 dG G KdG Xh
TdG
j CG G e GP :G S
G DNA `d K DNA IjG jd
QJ
q a ,dc j GPEG) f CG
.(G Fd Ie Z FN jG

FXhh G cJ
.JhdG AHh eG jJ RNA h DNA jODj dG QGhOCd qJ ,CGJ fCGh

G c

148

1-8 dG

SQdG s
DNA cG 1-8 dG

bO 125 G bdG

dG EG eT If
1-8 dG

gYG dG QdGh dG j
.KGQdG AG Y H AdG
SG EG HQ Ob c bj
AG g ,JhdG dh ,DNA CG
.KGQdG
FbO 5

AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe

e LGQ ,dG Gg e AdG b

c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe G
.ddG

G GTEG 
aGZJa GQk U G Y VYG
CG dEG WG .Ye M Fd
H UG DNA c GPEG e Gbj
iNCG kYGfCG j
dG DNA Y k
q
cdG CG gNCG) G FdG e
FdG c id f g DNA `d SSCG
. GJcdG HJ CG EG .G
FdG f V H aNG gh
H aNG QH cCG Jh ,G
.(G FdG
FbO 5

uM
be

c G e bf FdG dG
acG EG FdG dG AHh iOCG
c jL CG G NCG) jL
eY d jdG SQj G
sJ fc c KGQdG UG cG
CG G NCG .fEG id VGeCG
N J e kdZ idG acG
.(iNCG QeCG Y dG

149 G c

1-8 dG

SQu O

bO 100

jL H{ ,62 adG SG
.HdG e IN c LG ,zd
t

H HGQ
2-8 dG

c LG 2-8 dG SG dG
t
G uT .jL H IN
H ,UG H dG ZU Y
eeh HdG Ff a e Gqj
.aCG H

d Ie Ia
s j CG DNA `d IQGG eY
qKC j CG hO 90C QJ IQGM LQO
LQO Y T qa JhdG eCG .H
KCJ c e CSG .60C QJ IQGM
qKC j ) jL YCG IQGG LQO
bh ,IQGH b dG jdG DNA
.(G jdG DNA e GkAL UCG
IAGdG GQe

AjdH

Tg H IAGb b YTEG dG
id .Radioactive e dG LGQ ,Jh
FbO Q Iqe Z jfCG G UdG
.eL TCG IQU Y bdG Qu hCG ,Hh dCG
UdG Qe tJh tJ AdG Y uj Gg
OGe e YJ AKCG hCG ,iNCG OGe e ,G
.jCG dG N d
t AKCG hCG .iNCG
YTEG dG UN CG EG fG dG
j CG Fc Y C dG ,g
.jQdG dG jGJ e kYT cCG J ,H

dH

,HQH jL b AKCG DNA J

dG .G H ,b Z Y dY
Sg SH G e Y J
dGh .cdG Oe DNA J hCG G
ke .FTh jM L Sg J g
jZ L NOE jdG GSG
Jf J dH .Jf jN EG
dsG KGQdG OGG e kbfG ec
Ia :e e ,HZe S GP Jf j
.GG ehe ,dG IG

A``H

bH G YCG f IAGb
hj M gj YOh ,U
.H 1-8 dG hDhj a HU
SG eY Gej G O
eYh VGh Z e EG IQTEd
ucP .id a EG IQTEd jEG
Y dG SGQO LH G
.IAGdG AKCG MjEG TCGh IQdG
Gj YO ,dG e G AfG H
.j eh a e be v FK
Y jd G SCG Gj YO
.kM b IQdG
Tg H{ ,63 adG SG
.Jh Tg H Vd ,zJh
(bO 45) f
jG d jG fCG
DNA GSG :jG dG{ ,1.O
.zqdh

G c

150

1-8 dG

bO 15

pN
r G

dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,151 dG ,1-8 dG LGe ,
.5-1 SCG

dG jJ
G O H GN JJ
OG e hR c OhR
u .v FK Gj
d keSQ Y huj bH d
,aBGh ,jL Q GN e IN
U e FfG H .Jh Tgh
IFdG bdG Gj YO ,bdG
JhW Y gjh H d
HdG J H ,dG JdH
.YCG EG qLe

jQNG SCG
:CN / U
jdG Y jL Q sH .1
jdG CG ,GdG Y S.pneumoniae
jH EG J
s CG jPDG Z
b ,cq a jH Le Y cq a
.(U) IQGH
KGQdG IOG CG aBG Q VhCG .2
.(U) DNA e fe
s
dG Jh Tg Q J .3
d ,CN) KGQdG IOG g DNA CG
KGQdG IOG g DNA CG KCG
.(ShdG

e LGh
zLGe{ ,8 dG LGe
.14-12 SCG ,169-168 dG
cG{ ,1-8 dG LGe
dG IAGb G j .z DNA
,dG bQh Y SCG Y jh
.G b e He J dG

151 G c

1-8 dG LGe Y HLEG

e jG J jdG jN
.DNA Y dG ShdG
fCG cJ J EG IQGG Oq GC .4
Y Ad jQhdG jdG JhdGh
.IG b
NO Jh Tg SG d .5
jN EG k e DNAh JhdG adG
e CG j e fc h ,jdG
.KGQdG IOG g KG

dG cqdG jdG CG jL qH .1
f v KGQh Gk Y QM ,IQGH b
EG VG t dG Y IQdG
.jPDG Z jdG
DNA `d G fCG CG aBG sH .2
dh ,dG
hM e dG g
q
.Jhd G fCG
ShdG DNA CG Jh Tg q H .3
L Gg DNA CGh jdG jN NO

2-8 dG

SQdG s
DNA cJ 2-8 dG

bO 45 G bdG

dG EG eT If
2-8 dG

hOG hG cdG cG j
.GJcdGh DNA cJh DNA `d
.q G LhdG YGdG GhORG bj
FbO 5

AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe

e LGQ ,dG Gg e AdG b

c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe G
.ddG

G GTEG 
kqe vJU kjT G Y VYG
c G S .aGZJa IQUh
YW) eG e c j
S .(FV Fc k H ,e
J qj dG e G
QgdG ,e b) ?eG
DNA CG EG fG dG .(jQdG
Gv L b Qb e GG BG jh j
.UCG DNA tdG e
FbO 5

uM

MjEG Y VY

jQdH

G ,(1896-1833) Hf OdCG Hf IFL

J e qUh N ejd jdG
Bac J c ceCG QhO je
jh jY Y j jdG UTCd
hCG FGG e .Lh aCG Y ffEG
.OCGh dGh AjdGh AdG Ge
f .ObGh dG fGe dEG VCG ,kMh
1962 Y dG Hf IFL jch JGh
.DNA cJ M dYC

a DNA `d L
k P UG DNA P
J qOGe SG .cJ UH J
SCG hCG iG c ,edG IG
kfGdCG SG .RG hCG bQdG HG hCG
ch ,SdGh ,jdG
.HQCG LhdG YGdG e

G c

152

2-8 dG

SQu O

bO 25

H HGQ
5-8 dG

d ,5-8 dG SG DNA HGhQ

H LhQdG HGhdG EG fG
G EG WG .LhdG YGdG
H JQG dSG S Y SG
SjdG H hCG ,fGGh jOCG
HGdG bGe OY j CG j) dGh
a G OMCG A h ,jk he
Mh ,Gd .G FK AH Jj CG
Mhh ,dH Jj CG jOCG
.(fGH Jj CG SjdG
IAGdG GQe

A``H

,dG Gg G GC j CG b ..CG.CG
UN jOah Ib FGb Gj YO
j hCG) faj dG ATCG H
CG dEG WG .DNA Y (faj fCG
Y Fb Vd JNGe GcQj
dG ATCG GLQj YO K .IQdG
Gjh ,DNA Y ae hjj
.dG jf Y dS FGH

H HGQ
5-8 dG

LQO CG G NG GJcdG
u ,5-8 dG ,DNA `d ddG qdG
EG .Jcf c LhdG YGdG
g LhdG YGd s G JdG
S ev GC IQCa CG J dG IdG
.S dh kfGa
hOG hG{ ,64 adG SG
.DNA cJ LG ,zDNA `d

153 G c

2-8 dG

FbO 10

pN
r G

dG LGe
M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,155 dG ,2-8 dG LGe ,
.8-1 SCG

adH
Jomon feG SG

dG fHd G OGLCG

jdG T CG hjh .S BG IY Y jj e e HdG

Jg e CG M L g .M jQJ HdG S Yoyoi
ADg C f jCGh ,dG fHd G OGLCG u YG
jW Y HdG dG f J cG MdG GC H .SdG
AGLCG SdG Lh fHdG L fQeh SGQO
T CGh ,SBG T e Geb feG CG fdG J.SBG
,AdG j .dG fHdG EG L GQe jdGh eG
feG DNA SGQO EG ,jQdG Gd edG dG jd
.jC
k G jKCG H qJ ee EGh ,jjdGh
G c

154

2-8 dG

dG jJ
Oq Ge G YCG DNA P Vh
Gj YO .SCGh RGh dc Ye
Jcf c Y P d v FK
GVd PdG Gej YO .DNA
.G LhdG YGdG GhORG jW
fC LPH MG d
dG jf dG jJ c ,M
.dG

jQNG SCG
G EG DNA ej) ?DNA ej EG .1
.(cCG Ue RjGdG hdG
jdGh jQdG H q e .2
fe
q Lhf YGb jQdG)
HdG GQP e M e
YGb jdG .LhdGh
e IMGh M e fe
q Lhf
.(LhdGh HdG GQP
?dH DNA AL cJ q j GP .3
,e c hj AG T C)
,SdGh dG jL e fL
.(LhdG YGdG e GhRCG JLQOh

e LGh
zLGe{ ,8 dG LGe
.17-15 ,8 ,6 SCG ,169-168 dG
cJ{ ,2-8 dG LGe
dG IAGb G j .zDNA
,dG bQh Y SCG Y jh
.G b e He J dG

2-8 dG LGe Y HLEG

Y OLe G FK jQH Jj ,dP EG aVEH .dG
Gdh .HG dG Y OLe G OMCG jH e S
.Lhf IYbh ,Sah ,HdG SN qS
.f g dG H aG J
HGhdG P hG fL SdG Yh jdG J
u
-12
Lj ;GL 10 = GLH MGh :J) .DNA e GLH 1.1 .6 H ,DNA hM LQO LhQdG HGhdG LJh ,gdG
.(G jG IOLG DNA c f G jG
.G LhdG YGdG
G-C-T-A-A-C .7
C e hOj G h a T e hOj A C e DNA S EG
dG a ,jOCG e 20% e dG e 20% hOS) 30% .8 dG Ea ,ATTC HdG e fe DNA S fc GPEa .a
fGG GJcf fh .40% dGh jOCG e dLEG
.TAAG G HdG e fe J CG j iNCG
S dd .(100% - 40% = 60%) 60% g G SjdGh
.jOCG e dG hOjh ,SjdG e fGG hOj
.(60% 2 = 30%) 30% SjS fh 30% fGL f
S Y G YGdG GhRCG H LhQdG HGhdG YJ

155 G c

.1
.2

.3

.4
.5

3-8 dG

SQdG s
DNA YJ 3-8 dG

bO 45 G bdG

dG EG eT If
3-8 dG j

.DNA YJ GN
,ANCG UEGh ,YdG qbO
.WdG Veh ANCG H bdGh
FbO 5

AdG uSn
AGOCG GTDe

e LGQ ,dG Gg e AdG b

c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe G
.ddG

G GTEG 
DNA S aj dG e :G S

HGhdG dS e ZdH
YGb H IOLG LhQdG
jb gJ HGhQ EG) ?LhdG
.(DNA g Sah jqS H HJ
FbO 5

uM
be

Vd Hk
q S SG DNA dG a
H ,DNA rnS a d P
G EG WG .S c Ye
b dG G M gP Y AGLEG
HLEG J b) YdG AKCG
e Jcf Ye Y fCG Y
.(jL e dG JJ CG fCG hCG

C G gG J
G j b j f DNA
, DNA jG id j CG j fCG
hJ f G FdG jG C dPh
CH G qcP . FXh dh
hdG M YJ G hCG G
QGJ jh .hG fH J K DNA
dG ,G jN L fE dG g
O .(eCG ASH) f DNA `H J
G eJ dG G iNCG eGY
.IOG XH d
G c

156

3-8 dG

bO 25

SQu O

H HGQ
9-8 dG

IY 9-8 dG SG DNA YJ
,YdG cT tJ Y G
dG a Gh ,dG fCGh
O . 1 IG qG LhOG dG
Y YdG G EG Gj G
NCG . 2 IG ,UCG S c
HJh YdG G CG G
G FdG YdG S CGh ,GO
jRGe S e e
q DNA CG g
G O .ce gG d
Gaq jh 3 IGh 1 IG H GfQj
. 3 IG JjG DNA S

f
d k HJ cG Yd P Vh
G O .IQdG Y Lhf YGb
YGdG HJ GSjh bQh Y gj
GSHh ,gH .G d
CG G Y j ,Pc 9-8 dG
S c SQ jW Y ,dG Gj
O ,GkNCG .IM Y YGb K e fe
q
GfQjh ,S c YJ Ghj G
.UCG HdGh jjG jG H

MjEG Y VY
kLP Gj G O G M
N EG S .E.coli jdG
h ,je Ieh ,dG
AGT ) eh
,0 Sb JL
q
jZCG R e JG a
NCG .(ffEG jW Y hCG dG
W u G e QeCG 10 CG G
10,000 J H E.coli jdG L
G G e QeCG 10 bG .Ie
e EG J CG gY .dG
EG G NOE Yj
q CG KG
Lj G CG EG fG dCG .JG
.SdG Hh E.coli N NGO
,zDNA YJ{ ,65 adG SG
.DNA YJ Y GN LG
157 G c

AdH

OLH G ucP FdG HGhdG

:FdG HGhdG e FQ GfCG KK
c Ge U .jdGh gdGh fjCG
`` fjCG) hdEG dG M e HGQ
;fhdEG cQe `` gdG ;hdEG f
e LGQ K.(fhdEG e H `` jdG
.LhQdG HGdG W

Obh fEG EG dh ,He

JJ j .c H He fdG
5 EG 1 H jd DNA LhdG YGdG
fdG Ohb if GP dHh .a H
g SCG MCG EG ?dG EGh SQG EG gJ
f SGQO Ff OQh d .eOCG NG
j fEG ,Science ,2002 Y ,jHCG 12 OY
Ohb eOCG jH G J
dP EG aVEH .fEG eO q Y fdG
cCG JhdGh G Y dG QGe EG
.fdG Ohb eOCG SdG eOCG

3-8 dG

FbO 10

pN
r G
dG LGe

M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,158 dG ,3-8 dG LGe ,
.7-1 SCG

dG jJ
Gj G O DNA P
DNA P Ad Y
.DNA Yd P Vh eGSG
UG AdG OGe GhQj G O
dCj dG HGhdGh fG
u d H
GSG G EG WG .DNA e
.DNA YJ c jE LP

jQNG SCG
?DNA `d bdG YdG aj c .1
bOh ,G YGdG GhORG jW Y)
IH fCG H J dG IAGdG
.(DNA
We fEG) ?YdG cT e .2
hG gY j dG DNA
.(YdG b hOG

e LGh
,zLGe{ ,8 dG LGe
,11 ,3 SCG ,169-168 dG
.29 ,21-18
YJ{ ,3-8 dG LGe
dG IAGb G j .zDNA
,dG bQh Y SCG Y jh
.G b e He J dG
S EG GJcf DNA IH fCG e fCG c j .5
.IMGh YJ cT IjG DNA
Gd .DNA C N UEG Y Y IW j b .6
FdG G Xh IN GKCJ GP J CG KGQdG
.G
j CG Ljh ,QJ CG eCG dG Gd .7
jG IOe GW cGJ CG j .IQN cCG gKCJ
.IQV J CG b G

3-8 dG LGe Y HLEG

.S d e GJcf Jh ,DNA S J
H IOLG LhQdG HGhdG J dG fCG u
.e GJcf aVEH DNA IH fCG J .dG
,UCG AG e S DNA e jL hOe hM c j
H DNA e jL AL c MG a .IjL iNCG Sh
.DNA `d UCG dG e a IMGh
dG J Y kH GJcdG IAGb DNA IH fCG bJ
IdG fCG J .GW EG ODJ CG dGh UCG HJ
.dGSGh C G GJcdG H
G c

.1
.2
.3

.4

158

8 dG
````Y GAG````b

N
GW Y fWdG VGeCG H J
GdG g Hh ,MUG j L
j ,kfMCG .eCG KM GPEG QJ
HUEd Vqe j keY SdG
,ke .H a TCG Y f QGVCH
EG H HG UTCG j
gOL ddh ,dGh G UCG
AV e jOYG jOG J jOe
kNG GKQh jdG UTCG EG .dG
q j gh `` Xeroderma pigmentosum q j
SdGh `` DNA UEG e e i
,dGh dG h Id dG dG hhP
G WH HUEd Vqe jC
k G g
MdG j .dG Ad Vq dG f
e jbd e M HCH v dM
Gg j .DNA b Y j dG
f IOjH dG e bGdG G
hj BG M ,a DNA UEG fCG
.IYGh GdG Y SGQdG Ff CG
IQdG CG cDJ dOCG Y AdG Y d
N eY g DNA UEG Y fG
fWdG VGeCG e dH HUEd
NG id .G WH a dh
UEG Y IQb FdG WH HG
id IQdG g e H fOCG DNA
.FdG WS e j jdG NG
IH Je dG WS VGeCG H
Gd dG dG CG hj .BRCA1 G
j .DNA UEG Y AH e G
VGeCG H e FQ IY CG
.JGP H DNA UEG dBG g fWdG
Y dhDe DNA UEG dBG CG hjh
J dG QGVCG e dG UEG
G f fWdG VGeCH
.FdG dGh TEH

be
EG dG GhRCG ODJ CG c .1
dG GhRC ) ?G WS
IW dG MUEG j dG
,G fG qJ dG G
.(WdG EG ODj
TG UTCG ,jCGH ,g e .2
fEG) ?jJdG fCG SGH d
WH HUEG IH VG
.(dG dG IdG hP eCG ,G
CG Lj G FdG UCG CG .3
fEG) ?jJdG fCG jd j
J dG G FdG
e d Vq J M ,e H
.(dG AV
159 G c

4-8 dG

SQdG s
JhdG AH

4-8 dG

bO 135 G bdG

dG EG eT If
4-8 dG

dG Y DNA AGMG c j
.JhdG Ad UG
,FXhh KdG RNA GfCG j
c jODj dG QhdGh ,f ch
LdG Y GN RNA e f
.(JhdG AH)
Gh KGQdG IdG gCG Vj
.dG
FbO 5

AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe

e LGQ ,dG Gg e AdG b

c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe G
.ddG

G GTEG 
e IY AGLCG J G EG WG
,G ,dG) JhH Y G
dG .(dGh ,NGdG AYCG ,aXCG
JhH EG G LM EG fG
d ,HLdG V eh ,iNCG
.G FXh d fCh ,cCG

FbO 5

dH

CG G NCG LGdG ShdG

e kH RNA Y LGdG ShdG
DNA Ad dc RNA J fCGh ,DNA
dG dG fCG q j
k fCG sj dG
YG f Sha EG .Reverse transcriptase
d .LGQ Sha g (HIV) fEG id G
Sha YJ AHE bY IY jJ iL
g Zidovudineh Lamivudine jQdG EG .HIV
.bdG g Y e

G G LJ
J HCG vdM RjGdG
KGQdG ANCG UE RjGdG a
g RjGdG .DNA e kH ,mRNA
J ,dG jOMCG RNA jL
jN RNA UEG fCc
b Y IQdG RjGdG id .jdG
GJcf aVEGh RNA eO IOYEGh
.UCG dG EG IjL RNA

uM
f

v FK Gj G O Y aK
e G TCG fQ hL Vd
dP Gu j CG G Y j .RNA
g e T c Xhh cd kUh
RNA j MjEG SQ e ,TCG
.G

G c

160

4-8 dG

SQu O
be

bO 115

GQk e CG EG fG dG fCG
S e dCj ,dc ,vFMCG vFc
IOq fCG CGh ,YdG e Iqe
G S .IOq YJ u
EG) ?LfEG j jCGh fCG J
q
H ;JhH g ,fCG e
.RNA e J ,RjGdc ,fCG
Y hDe DNA L H jY d
.(FH

MjEG Y VY
Y SQG cCG Ue RjGdG
d FdG cdG aT Y hCG IQdG
RjGdGh cCG Ue RjGdG e
GfQj CG G EG WG .fOCG G
Y j) jqdG
t jg cJ H
He cdG CG GMj CG G
RjGdG cCG IQP Z ASH
c G S .(cCG Ue
JOG Jg J QdG Gg j
g cCG Ue RjGdG) jqdG
q j dH gh cCG Ue qS
e chQdG Y e bCG OH
.(RjGdG
HOH2C

OH

HOH2C

OH

CH

HC

C H

HC

CH

HC

CH

OH

OH OH

cCG Ue RjGdG

RjGdG

d Ie Ia
Gdj CG G EG WG SG
LfEGh ,IGdG NGO DNA AH S Y
uLd IGdG QOJ dG RNA j
DNA CG G NCG .JhdG AH Y
qG{ fEG .IGdG NGO v j
.RNA c e j
s dG zFdG

H HGQ
13-8 dG
EG IOdG G EG WG RNA GfCG

:RNA e KdG GfCG jE 13-8 dG

CG dEG WG .rRNA ,tRNA ,mRNA
GfCG H cdG NG GMj
.KdG RNA
161 G c

4-8 dG

LG ,zdG{ ,66 adG SG

.dG Y

d Ie Ia
j b Y G S AfG hOc
fc) IOLe J AfG IQTEG CG d
hO ,dG G M UGJ dG Y
.(qbJ

H HGQ
14-8 dG

e Gasj G O dG
GC J dG ,14-8 dG ,DNA AL
.(AGHG be e) dG Y gY
AL RNA IH fCG KCJ Y dCSG
be d DNA dG j fEG) DNA
IdG dG DNA Sh AGHG
.(KGQdG

be
Y G S G FdG J
t
FdG c H jdG NG S
hCG edH q j DNA CG dG e ,G
c DNA GJcdG HJ) ddG
aN .ja HJ ,M Fc
NG EG ODJ CG HdG Gg H
.(Gv L c
(bO 45) f
,2.O jG d j fCG
.zRNAh DNA U :jG dG{

G c

162

4-8 dG

H HGQ
1-8 hG

c GVj G O fhOdG
jd ,1-8 hG Gej CG
hOdG qdC j) hOc d eCG G
hG j .Lhf YGb K e
e fG
q ,G KdG dG
dG eCG Gh ,HQCG YGdG
G CG EG TCG .(hOc c Oj
e cCG Oj CG MGdG eCG
.MGh hOc

d Ie Ia
Yh dG Y H fQe
k ue Gj G O DNA YJ
SCG q G dd k He v fH
dG Y H hdG jE ,dG
.DNA YJ Yh
GQG

A``H

fCG G NCG VjdG GQe

G dG OY Gbj CG
OdG OY aj Gfc GPEG ,e Od
OdG OYh ,V e QNd IaG
Lj ,ke .Y c S dG
Lhf YGb HQCG
c YGb Kh ,mRNA fhOc
O .( kMG 4 x 4 x 4 = 64 Lj) hOc
G Gg U GhcDj G
EG WG .1-8 hG EG OSH
fhOdG OY Gbj CG G
HQCG g c GPEG LJ b dG G
YGdG e Yfh , YGb
hOc c ,a LhdG
j d fCG EG fG dCG .(4 x 4 = 16)
VMCG jd ac fhOc g
hOc c c GPEG ,c jdG eCG
.JYb e dCj

163 G c

H e
YdG
.DNA IH fCG j
.DNA GJcf HQ j
.DNA AL jJ j

dG
.RNA IH fCG j
.RNA GJcf HQ j
.RNA AL jJ j

.dc dG oJ

.dc dG e a MGh AL j

4-8 dG

f
Gj G O fhOdG LJ
G hCG dG fhOdH Fb
,AUG AdG hOH hDhj ,15-8 dG
mRNA d jCG dG e kbfG
.(AUG ,UGU ,CUG ,CCC ,UUG ,AGU)
1-8 hG Gej CG dEG WG
g u dG eCG VMCG GhOd
VMCG ,dG EG QdG e) fhOdG
,da ,S ,(AH) fe :g eCG
.(jS ,Sd ,dhH

H HGQ
15-8 dG

J Y G YS LdG
G LdG N dG GMCG
CG EG fG dG .15-8 dG
IOG fhOdGh mRNA fhOc
1-8 hG EG SG .e g tRNA
j dG eCG G H Hd
.tRNA e Jj dG hOdGh tRNA
:j e c Xd G a e q
,(JhdG AH IT j) mRNA
EG IO eCG VMC
G j) tRNAh
k
Y J)
u eSjGdGh ,(LdG be
CG G H j b .(JhdG AH
W Y T .VGh Z dG g
a Y k VGQ J eY .SCG
Hch c ZEG dEG WG ,d
.LdG Y Y qe
(bO 20) f
IdG ReQ a{ ,9.CG jS f
.zKGQdG

C G gG J
S LJ G EG jo eY LdG
,IOG fhOdG e hdG j ,mRNA
HJ jd ,fhOdG Y kH ,CG jW Y
HJ CG EG fG dG .eCG VMCG
Y dh mRNA Y Oq j eCG VMCG
.mRNA `d Gh tRNA IOG fhOdG

G c

164

4-8 dG

jS Y f
RNA GfCG H fQe

bO 15 :G bdG
EG J CG :Ie FGLEG QaCG
e f d e
q SQ Vh G
.dG OMCG ,RNA
e T d CG k Y :dG Y HLEG
OMCG mRNA EG :jdG cJ RNA
Lj dG OMCG rRNAh ,dG
dG FK cJ hP tRNAh ,eSjGdG
Je a YGdG GhRCG e dG C
M h .AG iNCG YGb GhRCH
Y J d ,RNA e f CG Z
. LdG

f
HJ G YCG LdGh dG
YGd VGaG HJ KK hCG VGaG
e Y ,DNA
TACAATAGGGTCTCAGCACGCCCCATT
,mRNA HJ GhOj G O

VMCGh ,tRNA IOG fhOdGh

.eCG
:mRNA
AUGUUAUCCCAGAGUCGUGCGGGGUAA
:tRNA
UACAAUAGGGUCUCAGCACGCCCCAUU

:dG EG QdG e eCG VMCG

,eJL ,jS ,Sd ,(AH) fe
.(jEG ,jL ,fCG ,LQCG ,jS
(bO 45) f
P U{ ,8 d Y f
.zJhdG AHh DNA Yd

JGSG

dG NCdG

dG HdG

tdG bYEG

dG NCJ hCG ,dG bYEG hCG ,dG HU e j jdG G EG

QGJ id aCG IQH j G ADg .dG a NCJ e fS
IQH eG jh UCG AGLCG EG eG Y Jh gG
J JGdG bdG W aVEG EG .dH dG GhOCG d aJ eY aCG
dG GN cJ Y G IY .dG Y EG dSG aVEG
G G Y GG bJ j .bH Y IN c Gj YO ,LdGh
bdG Gj CG h ,JJ IOYEGh GG N G j .bd
.dG Hd kaGe JJ c GPEG e Gjh
165 G c

4-8 dG

f
G O dG G he
Ve M vT hCG vN GkjJ Gj
dG Z G Y QdG KGQh
G he N e ,Y hDG
hCG UG dG
t Ve e Y ,dG
jdG j CG j .fg Ve
,H HG dGh ,Vd kUh
.e AdG hCG d hCG dGh
FbO 10

pN
r G
dG LGe

M SCG N e G J j
, bf J SCGh SSCG gG
.7-1 SCG ,166 dG ,4-8 dG LGe

dG jJ
K Y j e cG JhdG AH
,RNA ,DNA ,LdG ,dG : GQhCG
.OG hOdGh ,hOdG ,tRNA ,mRNA
p j k e O K Y GQhCG V
e Y GOG GC bG .dG e bQh
Hd FbO H G YCGh ,dG
EG bQdG YCG .JOG HGJ c
Yj CG EG dG J OhYh ,dG
.iG G

jQNG SCG

IQTEG EG RNA IH fCG j eY .kjM

.DNA Y fCG Gg j ,AfG
LhdG YGdG HJ EG j e g
eCG VMCG HJ Oj dG mRNA
.eSjGdG gDhH S dG JQhdG
FMCG FXh qJ HJ CG ae EG
NG e hCG J j b e
.e jbdGh ,VGeCGh WdGh KGQdG
mRNA GC j ;WEG Y v eCG M

n
.jEG hOH
Gd ,fd IMGdG e dG EG
.S c e mRNA fhOc S
q

4-8 dG LGe Y HLEG

Ue RjGdG Y dh RjGdG Y RNA j .1

RNA .dG Y dh SGQdG Yh ,cCG
.4
.DNA e bCG RNA .dG FK dh dG OMCG
ee J e Z IOe S g mRNA .2
S g tRNA .SdG EG IGdG e KGQh
.5
gh ,M K T Y je ,IOe
jhc ,jOa S g rRNA .k q e v eCG M
k
.eSjGdG LJ ,dG
.6
.O AGHG b RNA IH fCG Jj .3
.7 aVEH RNA IH fCG j .DNA S J
G
RNA AL EG IjL RNA GJcf
q

C N/U
EG ,DNA `d ,cJ ,He RNA EG .1
SGQdG qS Y j RNA CG
RNA j ,CN) dG Y VY
k
IYb SGQdG CG EG ,SGQdG Y
.(Lhf
hOd e HJ g OG hOdG .2
.(U)
e id f g fhOdG .3
.(U) G FdG

e LGh
,zLGe{ ,8 dG LGe
,5 ,4 ,2 ,1 SCG ,169-168 dG
.23 ,10-9 ,7
AH{ ,4-8 dG LGe
IAGb G j .zJhdG
bQh Y SCG Y jh dG
.G b e He J dG ,dG
G c

166

8 dG LGe

jH J
FGb EG GhOj G O ..CG.CG
,DNA M ae hjj dG QeCd
GQe AH f Uh iL dGh
Gj G O .153 U IAGdG
dG SCG QGH jEG eY
CG G Y .Y HLEG j
O .J Fb VH Gj
HLEG J dG SCG GhOj G
.MW dG IjG SCGh ,Y

SGQd Ie Ia
cjo v eR kJ V eG J
EG Ob dG GMCG uJh AdG a
uj dG AG g DNA CG cG
.KGQdG eG

29 GDdG Y HLEG

DNA

e q J

T Y qe

YdG

e q e

hOe hM

GJcf

q J
d

a J dG

e qdC J

DNA IH fCG

J dG

Lhf IYb
J CG

jH
167

G c

jQH

JSa Y

Ue RjGdG
cCG

8 dG LGe

HLEG

e IMGh S RNA IH fCG j .24

GSG jW Y ,G GJcdG
.dc DNA
e Yc KGQdG IdG J .25
e q e HJ j VJ dG fGdG
.q e eCG LhdG YGdG
DNA e KGQdG eG mRNA j .26
IOLG eSjGdG EG IGdG OLG
rRNA Lj .IGdG M N SS
mRNA `d HQ bc jh SjGdG
EG eCG G tRNA j .LdG AKCG
.SjGdG

aVEH DNA IH fCG j .19

.S c EG e GJcf
jH j G YGdG GhORG EG .20
e kbfG DNA e He S
.IMGh UCG S
.GW hM e J fEG .21
JhdG
RNA
DNA .22
RjGdG Y RNA GJcf .23
,(cCG Ue RjGdG a DNA qS eCG)
Y kH SGQdG g LhdG IYdGh
.dG OMCG RNA CG c ,dG

(bO 45) LGe

GP Lhf IYb jQdG (CG) .1
.LhdGh HdG GQP e M
M GP Lhf IYb jdG
.LhdGh HdG GQP e a IMGh
.JhdG AH be g SjGdG ()
.eSjGdG cJ e AL g rRNA
e KGQdG eG mRNA j ()
tRNA j .JhdG Ad DNA
EG (O) .eSjGdG EG eCG VMCG
O HJ g AfG IQTEG
e L jf Oj DNA GJcd
,mRNA ,jEG fhOc J .(dG)
j dG (`g) .LdG Y AfG EG
J
s ,LdG .DNA e RNA AH
.RNA GJcf Hd kah JhdG
Y DNA e b g G . 2
.JhH hCG RNA AH UG eG
GJcf KK e HJ g hOdG
.k q e v eCG M
Ou j mRNA
k
fCG j ,DNA YJ N .3
cT Y DNA S H dG
IH fCG JQH j ,YdG
.DNA
.6
O .5
.4
CG .9
CG .8
O .7
CG .11
.10
ob ca jH jL SG .12
CG k KGQh keY CG d IQGH
.ca dS EG IQV Z dS j
u
e d e H aBG b .13
.ca jH DNAh RNAh JhdG
a iL dG cdG jdG CG Mh
Y IQOb X RNAh JhdG J
.jPDG Z jdG j
e UY Jh Tg SG .14
e KGQdG eG j DNA CG d
.jdG EG (jdG b) ShdG
IYbh JSa Yh qS .15
.Lhf
.gJ HGhQ .16
Jjh ,fGH SjdG Jj .17
.jOCH dG
S H dG fCG j .18
aVEH DNA IH fCG J .DNA
.k e dG EG e GJcf
G c

168

8 dG LGe

(HJ) HLEG
.SjGdG Y b mRNA Jj .27
,veCG M
j dG ,tRNA Jjh
k
VMCG JJ .mRNA Y hOH
a ,H H IQhG eCG
jEG hOc EG UdG Y .H jY
.LdG bJ ,mRNA Y
VGeCG e hCG J .28
hCG ,jG VGeCGh WdGh KGQdG
.e jbdG
.167 dG HLEG .29

bf J
AUG CCA GAG UCG `` mRNA

.1

VMCG UAC GGU CUC AGC `` tRNA

fe :dG EG QdG e `` eCG
.jS ,eJG M ,dhH ,(AH)
fG
DNA jL e KG .2
u
.UCG AG S Y jS
j CG dG Gg .3
.bGdG EG bCG G G

dG aBG SJ
c J DNA YJ AKCG (CG) .1
eY DNA YJ GC j .dc S
.DNA S H dG fCG J
aVEH DNA IH fCG J
e S c EG e GJcf
Qs oJ ,gH .UCG DNA S
jL dP Y j .DNA IH fCG
`d UCG AG e He DNA e
.DNA
,DNA YJ ANCG eY ()
kjM J
q dG DNA YGb HJ j
u j ,UCG DNA YGb HJ Y
DNA f Y .DNA UCG IdG
YGdG HJ S ,IdG e j dG
mRNA LJ EG .U Z mRNA Y
QX EG ODJ CG dG Z
,JhdG cJ KDj b eCG M
.Xh dHh

169 G c

FGKEG e LGh
.3-1 SCG ,169 dG ,zbf J{ ,8 dG LGe
.2-1 GDdG ,169 dG ,zdG aBG SJ{ ,8 dG LGe


dG
9

9 dG

fEG Y KGQdG Yh QGQdG CG

dG adG

YCGh j fCG
MjEG

VGdG
170 U ,dG jJ

eSehdG qG ,67 adG

fEd cdGh fCG

,Fd f q J ,f
177 U
178 U ,hR QNG ,f
SGH QNG ,MjEG Y VY
179 U ,dG q J Qh
Y P U ,MjEG Y VY
181 U ,fG Y
182 U ,KGQdG NG ,f
183 U ,u c Vh ,f

171 U ,QGdGh eSehdG

1-9

171 U ,eSehdG
173 U ,G be GKCJ
175 U ,GdG

bO 135

177 U ,fEG Y KGQdG Y

2-9

177 U ,dG QGJ

178 U ,KGQdG NGh dG

181 U ,KGQdG VGeCG J

bO 135

183 U ,KGQdG VG e

bO 90

GOe / e ,9 dG LGe
185 U

G ``````bdG

nH J Fd n u dG t pSp ,68 adG

G j ,MjEG Y VY
172 U
P U ,jS Y f
173 U ,JQG Y
174 U ,GdG ,f
175 U ,VG GdG ,f
,9 d Y f
eSehc

G c CG 169


dG

J OQGe

dG adG

J JGSG

dGh LGG
170 U ,HdG aG J

170 U ,eSehdG ,IQdG a

176 U ,1-9 dG LGe

172 U ,eSehdG t Y
n ,2-9 dG ,H HGQ

176 U ,dG jJ
176 U ,jQNG SCG
1-9 dG LGe

184 U ,2-9 dG LGe

184 U ,dG jJ
184 U ,jQNG SCG
2-9 dG LGe

187-186 U ,9 dG LGe
9 dG QNG
169 G c

G efdG

ddG c
G c
e - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
dW - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c

,cdG HP Y dG d ,3-9 dG ,H HGQ

173 U
174 U ,V JGSG
174 U ,eSehdG GdG ,6-9 dG ,H HGQ
175 U ,G GdG ,8-9 dG ,H HGQ

178 U ,dG ,9-9 dG ,H HGQ

180 U ,IOG qd
C G ,10-9 dG ,H HGQ
180 U ,GdCG jDhQ ,11-9 dG ,H HGQ

eSehdG qG ,12-9 dG ,H HGQ

181 U ,G
181 U ,V JGSG
,G KGQdG NG ,1-9 hG ,H HGQ
182 U
183 U ,V JGSG

178 U ,H e
185 U ,gG jN

9 dG

FbO 10

dG J

IQdG a
CG G Y j eSehdG
IQdG dG jdG cGdG Gaqj
O .eSehc fCG Y aGZJdG
eSehdG MCG AGLCG GhOu j G
EG IQTEG e Gqj CG j)
.(jcG dG e EGh GJehdG
eSehdG OY Y G S
.(46) dG dG G IOLG
j Sehc c CG EG fG dG
qJ dG G e jdG Y
GPEG Y G CSG K .FXhh G
Y IOG G jDhQ YSH c
.(c) eSehdG

HdG aG J

FdG G

QGdGh KdG

.ddG gG LGQ
7 dG KGQdG dG
IOdG H dG G EG WG
OLh udGC j eY :IOdG) qdGh
j eY :
q dG ;f d NBG udCG
d NBG udGC OLh H Hk udCG
IFS S Y eCG Gj YO .(f
f id IFS S) e Sh
,AGG QgRCG ,AGdG QhdG :ARdG
dG ,G hdG ,AGG hdG
:e S jq QG QgRCG ,jdG
hdG ,AdG QgRCG ,AGG QhdG
,dG dG ,IG hdG ,AGdG
.(adG QgRCG
8 dG G dG
G dG H bdG Y G S
dG EG) dG QGJh (LdGh dG)
d GKCJ g QJ dG
.(LJh f Y Jh ,Me

cd aeh , QGdG fGb gS c M ,dG Gg GC J fCGh

.KGQdG Y SGQO ,JhdG AH Yh eSehdG

G c

170

1-9 dG

SQdG s
QGdGh eSehdG

1-9 dG

bO 125 G bdG

dG EG eT If
1-9 dG

Gh G eSehdG j
.H JG
G GdG GfCG bj
.KhM ch eh eSehdGh

AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe

FbO 5

e LGQ ,dG Gg e AdG b

c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe G
.ddG

G GTEG 
cdG HHH GS g G S
b) HdG Drosophila melanogaster
dG SG g Gg CG G j
HHP CG gNCG .(FdG cdG HHd
,VdG QdG b IOY LJ cdG
3 mm GM ddG GG W jh
HCG Ic SGQO Ve fEG .a
HJ j kjM iL bh ,KGQdG Y
.KGQdG eL LhdG YGdG
FbO 5

uM
HdG gG j

,G j H G dG
J H G dG CG ,kfMCG
eSehdG Y LJ L td
d bY dG dG CGh ,G
.L eSehc Y LJ H
Y hDG G CG EG fG dG
.L Sehc Y j dG f Ve
fEG sJ dG G eCG
Y La G fedG
G NCG dh .L eSehc
Y IOLG G H CG
.G j uKD J Y SehdG

171 G c

1-9 dG

bO 100

SQu O

qG{ ,67 adG SG

,zfEd cdGh fCG :eSehdG
cdG eSehdG qG H fQd
.fEd fCG eSehdG qGh

d Ie Ia
QGJ CG G NCG QGdGh KdG
G e Y SehdG hCG X SehdG
id dG L Ou j dG g cdG
.fEG

MjEG Y VY
qHe GSj G O G j
eSehdG a Gejh fH
S .fCGh cP H hGJ jE G
AHCG j CG MG e :G
e 50% j CG qLj) ?kKfEG hCG GkQcP
.(kKfEG 50% j CG L
q jh ,GQk cP AHCG
g jHCG e CG :G CSG K
.(CG) ?AHCG L j Y hDG

H HGQ
2-9 dG

jQdH

cG ,1990 dG G j
,Y SehdG Y Lj k L Y ja
GM iMG GPEa .SRY SG Y WCGh
SRY L Y Y Sehc hP ,e
fCG d S G Ea ,e
,jd Y SehdG OLh e ZdH
ja SG a .jC
k G U dGh
aVCGh cP QCa e SRY G NBG Y
L a ,X eSehdG e hR EG
.Gk cP UCGh QCdG

C G gG J
j b X SehdH JG dG
H JG dG e dG CG G
dG Y dG C ,Y SehdG Y Lj
OLh e ZdH .QcdG id FT H JG
dG Ea ,Y SehdH JG dG H
.X SehdG e k dZ aGJ H JG
,X SehdH JGh G dG J
Gk MGh ek Sehc QcdG id C ,QcdG id ,k dZ
Gg Y d a Gk MGh k be dHh ,a X
j Gdh ,X eSehc Lj fEG id .G
G G RGdG QXE f J CG
.H JG

G EG WG eSehdG t Yn
IOQGdG eSehdG qG
t J
eSehdG OY Y S .2-9 dG
46 jDhQ G Y j) fhj dG
CH j b H CG EG ,keSehc
e hR c hqj fC 23 g OdG
.(MGh Sehc bG eSehdG
Sehc c Jehc CG gNCG
Sh ) jcG dG SGH Je
EG fG dG K .(SehdG
dG dG) G eSehdG
H dG Gbj G Oh ,(Y hCG X
qGh cdG eSehdG qG
.fCG eSehdG

G c

172

1-9 dG

H HGQ
3-9 dG

VhCG cdG HP Y dG d
id dG d S JQG d
H QdG Yh H cdG HP
dG N e KG eSehdG
QhO H GfQj CG G EG WG .3-9
f Y SehdG QhOh X SehdG
JQ k J) H JG dG
,Y SehdH hCG ,X SehdH dG
GPEG .dG j dG SehdG Oj
Ea ,X SehdH Je dG fc
j dh ,dG S X SehdG
.(dG g f QhO CH Y SehdG

jS Y f
JQG Y P U
bO 20 :G bdG
qGC Y j fCG G NCG eCG
qNJ LH gucP .iG M GcCj
SCG J GY GSG Y jdG
.IOG GWCG GP
Gj G O Ie FGLEG QaCG
U EG S .IU Y a
. GdCG HQCH ,iG M e
M e 20 EG Y ja c jh
hGdG EG M .d c e iG
M IY GSG j d ,U H
fCG dG a H NCG .d c e
H qJ ,Je L Y j
.SCG J GY Y qe iM
H Je IdG GPBG S ,ke
IdG GPBG Sh ,IdG fCG
a NCG .jdG fCG H Je
Z L Y j fCG iNCG dG
.Je
RGdG f EG dG Y HLEG
,Je Z G fc GPEG ,G
fCG 3 :Jc fPCG/jW fCG 9 :g
fPCG/b fCG 3 :JU fPCG/jW
.JU fPCG/b fCG 1 :Jc
j ,Je Z G fc GPEa
RW HQCG iS Gdh ,k G jRdG
a ,Je G fc GPEG eCG .je
jRGW iSh ,k G jRdG j
Jc fPCG/jW fCG 3 :a je
.JU fPCG/b fCG 1h
173 G c

1-1 dG
1-9

d Ie Ia
udGC ,cdG HHP id jG GMh
G udGC Y FS (G) OedG G
FS (R) jhGG dG udGC h ,(g) OSCG
CG VaG .(r) jhdG dG udCG Y
GP g fCG H kLhGJ iLCG LQe
cPh ,(RrGg) OeQ Lh jhGM Y
e .(rrgg) OSCG Lh jhH Y P
Y hP AHCG 7 Lho 500 `dG AHCG H
Y hP AHCG 8h OSCG Lh jhGM
Y G CSG .OeQ Lh jhH
udC G H J dG jG GMh OY
15 ,3% fc Qd jG dG CG )
H UdG aG Ea ,500 UCG e
.(jN GMh 3 g udCG

d Ie Ia
G Y WG JG G
g ABC KdG G :ddG dCG
,MGh Sehc Y LJ Je L
Je L g abc KdG Gh
HdH KG SehdG Y LJ
AHBG H LhGJ AGLEG Y .a-b-c :dG
eSehc AHCG H j ,g
NBG H j a ,abC hCG ABc GP
QX f CG M ,aBC hCG Abc AHCG e
QX f V hJ ,ABc/abC
GSG G EG WG .Abc/aBC
dG aG H fQd QdG fH
CG ) H Y H G J
V hJ H j ch b H QdG
dG aG Ea b h a H QdG f
dG aG V g ch b G J
.(bh a G H J

JGSG

cdG dG

dG NCdG

tdG bYEG

H HGQ

bYEG e j jdG G id IqG gG GQOEG MG jj CG L

q j
OG dG FSh VY M ,cdG dG hCG ,dG N
q CdG hCG ,qdG
e Ke eSehc Gj G O .H SMEG hCG jDhQ dG
J QdG j c d uH .G ReQ Y Gjh bQh FGT
QdG M GPEG ,ke .GkQs keSehc j jdG AHCG id G e
hGJ AGLEG Y ,Gd .aB NBGh Ab Sehc S ab/AB Ke eSehc H
hNBG j H ,k e ]A,b[ jG jRGdG AHCG H j ,aabbh AaBb H
.]a,b[ h ]A,B[ jG jRGdG EG aVEH ke ]a,B[ jG jRGdG

6-9 dG

EG WG eSehdG GdG
GfCG Vd 6-9 dG EG IOdG G
.eSehdG GdG

f
e b HQCG e c pYCG GdG
(UCGh ,NCG ,HCG ,MCG) fG
q FGdG
G O .kU kjTh eh
v
G c

174

1-9 dG

n ud jT c Sh Y eY Gj
Y P Gj YO K .jcG dG
jdG e b b jW Y G
P Gj YO K .Gk H eQh MCG
e IU b b jW Y fG Y
dh HCG jd CG fG
YO ,G
k NCG .f jd jCG fH
b jW Y fG Y P Gj
dG dG dh ,NCG jdG e b
.UCG jdH jce b Y

f
Gj G O VG GdG
e Ic MH Y c OhR
u .Y
QHG Y c EG WG .iG
q QdG
`d LhdG YGd H UN HJ
Iqee) ASCG Hc jW Y ,DNA
.MdG Y Lhf IYb 24 (MCH
,TAC hCG dG YGdG J CG j
hCG ,ATC hCG ,ATT INCG dG YGdGh
CG a ,H bGdG YGdG eCG .ACT
KK IAGb id ,d .FGY J
He e CG J CG j ,YGdG
c O .YCG cP dG HQCG Kd
`d LhdG YGdG HJ Ou Y
dG JhdGh ,S
dG mRNA
q
KGQdG IdG GSG jW Y S
c uLh K .163 dG IOQGdG
hCG GSG ,Ve IW QN Y
DNA IdG poJh ,M hCG aVEG
IdG KDJ c Ouh ,H UG
.dG JhdG
(bO 45) f
{ ,9 d Y f
.zeSehc

H HGQ
8-9 dG

dG G EG WG G GdG
.G GdG jE ,8-9 dG EG
bO 15

pN
r G
dG LGe

M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,176 dG ,1-9 dG LGe ,
.7-1 SCG
175 G c

adH

dZjJ ..CG
n U
n hn ,1914 dG hGO eRe
hGO eRe hP QdG OhCG A.F.Tredgold
.zH j e Y ,c H ,e{ fCH
MdG Lh ,dG Qj e Ih ,dP KEG
id hj hGO eRe hP OhCG CG QGSH
jLCG dG SGQdG s Hn .aGO bY jNBG
eRe e j WCG jd dG FdG Y
hjh gOhCG e GkJJ tbCG gCG EG ,hGO
OhCG jd jdG gCH fQe ,c eH
.iNCG HU e j

1-9 dG

dG jJ
O jG RdGh G RdG
IU Y Gj G
UG ddG LhGdG H fQd
HP (r HCG ;R ,MCG) dG H
H hGJh ,XrYh XRXr H hGJ :cdG
WG .XrYh XRXR H hGJh ,XRYh XrXr
RdGh G RdG j G EG
fEGh QcdG AHCd bG jG
MG g ,LhGdG c ) hGJ c
j CG 50%h GkQcP AHCG j CG 50%
hGdG bG AHCG .kKfEG AHCG
.XrYh XRYh XrXrh ,XRXr S hCG
GP ke fEGh QcdG e 50% Sh
QcdG e bdG 50% `dGh ,AGM Y
AHCG .AH Y GP S fEGh
XRXr S dG hGdG bG
,AH Y GP S QcdG c .XrYh
AHCG .AGM Y GP S fEG ch
XRXr S ddG hGdG bG
.(AGM Y GP S AHCG c .XRYh

jQNG SCG
j L gOj dG dG SG e .1
Je S) ?a X SehdG Y
.(X SehdH
JG dG GP .2
,Yk T cCG IQH ,X SehdH
QcdG id) ?fEG id QcdG id
id c GPEG .a MGh X Sehc
,X SehdG Y e udGC cdG
.(H JG dG S
dG GdG Y j dG SG e .3
?MGh mJcf GkqJ
.(VG GdG)
1-9 dG LGe Y HLEG

gh ,Y SehdGh X SehdG g cdG id G eSehdG EG .1

,X SehdG GP eCGh Y SehdG GP eCG e k jJ jhe OGYCG
.jdG NE f UdG e d CG H
cdG HHd j CG j Gdh ,X SehdH Je jhdG dG udCG EG .2
.AH fY J c udG fCG
U Y dhDe L fCG c ,FdG L G eSehdG O .3
dhDe L L eSehc g iNCG eSehdG .Fd
.Fd iNCG dG Y

e LGh
,zLGe{ ,9 dG LGe
,9 ,7 ,5-2 SCG ,187-186 dG
.23 ,16-11
,1-9 dG LGe
j .zGQdGh eSehdG{
Y jh dG IAGb G
J dG ,dG bQh Y SCG
.G b e He
G c

176

2-9 dG

SQdG s
fEG Y KGQdG Y

2-9 dG

bO 135 G bdG

dG EG eT If
2-9 dG

ch fEG Y QGdG CG j
Y ,LCG Y KhQG dG qJ
.FdG f S jW
NG J c bj
.KGQdG
FbO 5

AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe

e LGQ ,dG Gg e AdG b

c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe G
.ddG

G GTEG 
ce S GhOj CG G EG WG
GPEG Y dCSG .gOGLCGh FHBG Hh H
LCG OGaCG H cG dG fc
adG jW Y JCG b JFd G
Y VYG .H Y H KQh CG
e S fG J Fd f S
fCG gNCG .bCG Y LCG KK Y
QGJ d Fd f S Vh
.e S
FbO 5

uM
f

G O Fd f S J
S e noj CG b
GdDj
k
QHG Y uT .e Fd f
dG JSh dG QNG
.LCG IY Y gq d fhQj

177 G c

,Sehc Y L H UdG aG e SJ Qd jG dG EG
GSa .qdC G H J IMGh jN IMh ae hJ Qd 1% f
.JG G be j jG dG
eSehdG e e hR eSehc j ,fG Y M
a vaVEG keSehc MGh e a .G fG AKCG KG
.eSehdG jg e kjGC NBG G j
Y cPh hCG G e g fCG H kLhGJ j CG LQ c
.AH fY fEG f Sh ,(XrY * XRXr) dG G e GhH
jj ,LQO YCH bGG OJh eSehdG J ,hdG fG AKCG
.gQfG N hCG U Z be dM N e

.4

.5

.6
.7

2-9 dG

FbO 110

SQu O

FY f S{ ,68 adG SG
Y G jd ,zH J
.KhQG dG qJ

H HGQ
9-9 dG

CG c G S dG
,9-9 dG ,dG CG e Gj
CG M dG AHCG S) e
c G CSG .(fGj jHCG
S) L dG CG e dG
gHCG j dG fCG dG
.(Hk e

d Ie Ia
GdGh G GdG H fQe
Gj G O eSehdG
SCG OQGdG dd kHe vfH k ue
GdG H fQd dPh ,dG g
.eSehdG GdGh G

H e
G GdG
HdG Gt J G GdG qJ
IOLG DNA `d LhdG YGd dG
.Sehc Y
VG G GdG eCG qJ
.aVEG GWh MGREG GWh

eSehdG GdG

Gt J eSehdG GdG qJ
.gOY hCG eSehdG cJ
eSehdG GdG Y eCG qJ
Yh fGh fGh Gh aVEG
.fG

j H Fb V hR QNG
e hH h aJ G
T ,GRZ ,FS PCG T) dCG
dG gR UEG ,HUCG Ue Y
Fb Gej G O .(eh
c CG VaG . hR Ud dG
.MGh L d J U
MCG hCG T
zGhQj{ CG d
k
j K .dG Gg Y c gG
U d v L GkRGW GhOj CG Y
j dc .hQNG dG G hd
gRH Fb Gj CG G Y
LG .fC H Gjh G
G GhRCd jG RdG UhCG
O .G Y jRJ YCG K ,NGh
dG eQ SCG Gej G
dCG jd AGdG fG jdG
RGdG ae H .AHCG gS dG
G RGdG Gj G O ,G
.dd

G c

178

2-9 dG

MjEG Y VY
dG qJ Qh SGH QNG
aGZJa GQk U G Y VYG
QgRCG CG gNCG .SWdG f QgRC
HJ QJ eY AbQR J SWdG
dG qJ Qh SG K .M
jb IOeh ,c ,V M QN
EG WG .dG GOU c V
q J bQh d t J EG Gj CG G
,jdG IOd QRCG EG MCG e dG
IOd (MCG) OQdG EG QRCG eh
Gfc GPEG G CSG .G
QNGh QgRCG d H HdG j
QgRCG d EG) dG q J Qh SGH
qJ Qh d e VQe d g
GSG c G S .(dG
bdG Y FMCG TDc SWdG f
f QR M ) ?Hd LhQdG
GSG ,d HJ SWdG
fc GPEG e jd J dG QgRCG d
jb hCG (AbQR QgRCG ) M HdG
LQe GdCG) KG H hCG (jOQh QgRCG)
CG dG e .(dG dG e
f dG NG S Vj
dG KCj QgREG Y) ?SWdG
.(dH G

d Ie Ia
G NCG QcdG id dG WS
dG WH GUCG LQ 1400 GM CG
1% e bCG a RGj bdG Gg .1995 Y
WdG V IjG HUEG M e
CG Qj .dG J J iL dG
Y dG WS Ve e GaJ kLQ 240
e 0.5% RGj e CG ,1995
WS a J dG LEG adG
id dG WS j e k dZ .dG
M EG ,J j CG hO LdG
GP G S .eue Me ZH
LdG id dG WS j CG
id ,dG WS EG) J hO
Ua
hj fEa Gdh ,QOf ,LdG
k
hCG Qh OLh Y J CG JGP
.(He c

179 G c

C G gG J
Ve dG fG EG dG fG
,dG fG d .gP bYEG dMh ee
GOk t J{ ,FdG C G gG Hh
AS Y dG VG g dh ,zdG
Ve fEG .dG hCG dG dG hCG HdG
hCG WdG Ve M g c ,L S hP
dh FY VG Gg Qj .dG Ve
Gd FY jQJ CG d d UTC
G j
k
L e cCG Lj fCG j ,dG Gd .VG
.dG fG V e MGh

2-9 dG

H HGQ
10-9 dG

G EG WG IOG udCG
e jE 10-9 dG EG IOdG
.IOG udCG

d Ie Ia
G O dG H aNG
dGh H JG dG GLGj
H fQG dEG WG .H IKCG
IKCG dGh H JG dG
g e c Y eCG AYEGh ,H
j S H JG dG) dG
L Sehc Y Y hDG udCG
H IKCG dG ;GdCG Y ,e
jfCG L feg OLH KCJ S
OhR
u .(QcdG id dG e ,jcP hCG
LGh ,ddG LhGdH G
H Je dG fc GPEG e GhOu j
Je) XCXC * XCY :H IKCe hCG
Sehc Y IOLe udC a ;H
;H IKCe) HBHB * HBHN (L
,L Sehc Y IOLe udC a
.(L Sehc Y dh

be
be G EG WG dG a
jHC G G RdG
(IAih ,IBi ,ii) O eO a mAHCG EG
MG c) AB eO a mAHCGh
.(ii ASH

H HGQ
jQdH

Oh ABh Bh A dG Fa J ABO dG a

.jG SCG Y f jdG dG OLH L

jN idh ,VEG S A dG jN id
AB dG jN id ,VEG S B dG
jN fEG MdG eCj .k e aVEG GdG
d fCG GSG jW Y O dG a e O
EG .ABh Bh A FdG jN e aVEG jdG
j Ga .ve j b dG REG Gg
L e aGe j O dG EG O a CG
.Y fc iNCG dG Fa

11-9 dG

H CG G NCG GdCG jDhQ

,GdCG Y e j jdG UTCG
UCGh JdGh MCG GdCG J
Gg .MGh H ,11-9 dG ,NCGh
dG EG dH jC
k G U
G e bf .QRCGh edGh
CG dG UG G H
e j dG aZ ke VJ
.GdCG Y

G c

180

2-9 dG

MjEG Y VY
Y LGQ fG Y Y P U
GSG jW Y G e fG
,eSehdG d fe
q SCG
O .jcG dG d bQh Heh
fG Y kLP Gj G
G fG Yh hCG G
a j eCh W eC ,dG
fCG G NCG .fG Y
dG M ee Y G
jW Y L Mh d KGQdG
FdG Hh fjQdG G a
Y Y dG NG MCG .gdG
g ,J dGh fG
.21 SehdG KK hCG hGO eRe

H HGQ
12-9 dG

O G eSehdG qG
GMjh 12-9 dG Gj G
FdG H H FGLEG aNG
NCG .fjQdG G ah gdG
IOY j gdG FdG H CG G
Y SOdGh Y HGdG YSCG H
a AGLEG fCG M ,G e
edG YSCG H fjQdG G
NG d j a ,TdGh
.e bh G

JGSG

cdG dG

dG NCdG

tdG bYEG

hCG ,dG qNC dG hCG ,qdG bYEG e j jdG G EG dH

VY M IG gd cGQOEG MG jj CG L
s j ,cdG dG
k G AYE .H SMEG hCG jDhQ dG OG dG FSh
IMGdG jG JG V .j H je Ie eG ,fG d k S
,gH .G fG N IOY j e jE ,gHGh iNCG QGH
ke JG j jW Y fG Y N j e d VhCG
.f G

181 G c

2-9 dG

f
EG G b
u KGQdG NG
.N EG KG e e ,Y
iMEG zN{ `c e c u Y
Ve :ddG KGQdG NG
dG a ,UG tdG ,fg
Ve ,jQfc a Ve ,G
WG .dG QdG Veh ,dG f
OJh HCH dG G EG
a QGe QN SCG Vhh ,eG
.KGQdG Nd jNBG G

d Ie Ia
NCG jQG Veh G dG a
IFa G dG a V CG G
aCG jbh PEG jaCd J
cCG jQG Ve EG .jQG Ve e
Kj jdG OGaCa ,jaCG kYT
G dG a V GkMGh kudCG
.jQG Ve e e M EG

H HGQ
1-9 hG
1-9 hG GhDhj CG G EG WG

G KGQdG NG Y Wd
.hG

dH

HG AdG EG jQfc a Ve
He kWCG k dZ j PKU V
GH e dG C d ,gdG qdH
AKCG qJ CG L Ac C H ,VG
jW Y WCG ADg IYe .G
tdG hM t fCG EG .UN M
QGe GP M CG qJG e GPEG gdG
.FKCG h G b ,fCG a e e

G c

182

2-9 dG

f
G e ja c qc uc Vh
K ,KGQh NG M u c VH
V .W IOY qaJ dG u d
CG bJ dG ed FQ GQk aCG
CGh VGYCc ,G j
Yh hCq G dGh QGdG
g P Y G .YdG
O .Ye
u q W SDe e u dG
FeR Y Ju c GVj G
.dG

d Ie Ia
jG HCG J UG dG
t
Pseudomonas aeruginosa jdG CG EG
Y UG tdG Ve IM e jJ
.fCG YdG e S J jW
IOjH g u G fCG J
FdG a ,FdG SG fEG
.jdG g Kd kU kbe
OG f J j dP EG aVEH
N OLh H ,Defensin FdG G
.jFdG jG EG G NO KGQh
FdG t qj hOG dG Gg
.e UM EG
bO 15

pN
r G
dG LGe

M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,184 dG ,2-9 dG LGe ,
.8-1 SCG

JGSG

UG t dG Ve LJ

HgG

Y JGQb SG Ua e HgG G j
e c uc .cCG YG eGSGh QHG
,G IOu G dG ,f S :ddG VGG MCH
dG ,edG Z IOdG ,IOu G udCG ,cG dG
IQSG hCG ,MGdG qdC G GP dG ,X SehdH JG
dG G dj uc Vh G EG WG .KGQdG
.H Gc dG nVG jNBG GSuQd fhQj

183 G c

,Yk T KGQdG VGeCG cCG e UG dG

t Ve
t dG .G G j dG UG t dG Ve
YG e 3% J e L S g UG
Yj IG b Y AdG Y Se EG .FMCG
dG LdG ucJ .S 30 `dG v dM qJ bh ,QGSH
dG EG .SjdG QdGh jFdG HUEG e Y
dG G G g IQb ibCH sj dG
gh ,II QdG Q e euG MG fEG .tgAAVCF SG
.IYGdG FdG g e XCG dG hCG G G

2-9 dG

dG jJ
V kudGC j LQ tbdG AGLEG
. ICGeG e hJ
s UG t dG
jg EG MG Y G S
) UG t dH Hk e kW jHCG
f j CG qboj fCG EG ,MG
K .(gdGh udGC e eM gOhCG
CG fc M MG Y dCSG
CG ch UG tdG V eM
) JHLEG GVj YO .j
L S UG t dG C ,MG
fj CG k e jHCG Y j ;e
t dG V dG j c g
.(UG

jQNG SCG
M e d S Y ke pYCG
:ddG G RGdG
,dG d) G IOu G dG .1
.(dG ,dG d
.(ABO dG Fa) IOu G udCG .2
.(G
dG) edG Z IOdG .3
u

e LGh
zLGe{ ,9 dG LGe
,10 ,8-6 ,1 SCG ,187-186 dG
.22-17
KGQdG Y{ ,2-9 dG LGe
IAGb G j .zfEG Y
bQh Y SCG Y jh dG
.G b e He J dG ,dG

kH G fCG H AWCd fjQdG G a j

gdG FdG e uY NDJ ,gdG FdG H .KGQh Ve Y
.L jN H
EG CG ,1:1 g UG tdG V gOhCG HUEG MG EG
EG ,Hk e NBG dG j dh VH S AHCG f
.keM S
j fEa ,eh X SehdH Je S GdCG Y CG
e c e Gk MGh kudCG CG ,GdCG Y udCG qJ CG fCG Y
.GdCG H He J c ,jHCG
.25% hCG ,4 e 1 g AB dG gdd dG a J CG MG EG
.25% hCG ,4 e 1 g B dG gdd dG a J CG MGh

.5

.6

.7

.8

2-9 dG LGe Y HLEG

dG udC G jdGdG e c id CG dG S u j CG j
dH gh ,UG t dG V G udC Gh ,FdG
jd HGh ,eh f HG EG .UG t d peM
.S FS bCG Y MGh udCG
dG .IOue H qKC J dG g G IOuG dG
.ke dHh H ,c xM EG ,KCJ dG g cG
.B hCG A J CG gOhCG O Fd
j e c EG .IFS L c fg Ve Qs j
dG a Ve Qs j .VH S fg V udCG
a V dG dG EG .e L c G
.Vd keM S G dG
G c

.1

.2
.3
.4

184

9 dG LGe

jH J
v FK Gj G O QGdG CG
CG M ee uj hL Vh
dG CG e Gk J cCG QGdG
CG G Y j .G ``` IFdG
,jEG :v aCG ddG fGdG Gj
Gj CG G Y j .eCG hCG e
dG :vjOeY ddG KGQdG dG
udCG ,cG dG ,G IOu G
dG ,edG Z IOdG ,IOu G
IKCG dG ,X SehdH JG
.MGdG udC G GP dGh ,H
(eCG hCG) e

jEG

KGQdG dG
IOG dG
G
cG dG
IOG qdC G
Z IOdG
edG
JG dG
X SehdH
IKCG dG
H
GP dG
MGdG dCG

SGQd Ie Ia
CG G EG WG eG OJ
S EG N e Y Guj
e fhO
q e Gej YO .e
fQd JMe JaO Me
.dhGLh J
q eh JMe H
CGh ,G JJ e Gj CG jh
eGh IG QaCG GdOj
e L e GLGj CG Yh ,dG
.Me

23 GDdG Y HLEG

DNA t dG
q j

IW
J CG

SJ N IW

Jb IW

EG Oq D J

eCG

G
eSehc IW

Ve IW

e Y

e Y

fG Y
185 G c

fG

fG

aVEG

GSG

9 dG LGe

HLEG

IAih IAIA .19

G a ,gdG FdG H .20

.fjQdG
dN j J g G G .21
dG dG jN S L NOEG
.S Z jd G j
MG Y KGQdG IQSG S .22
t dG V gOhCG e c HUEG
keM ddG j CG MG hCG UG
.UG tdG V
.185 dG SCG HLEG .23

tJ g eSehdG IdG .15

qJ .Sehd a hCG Sehc cJ
hCG aVEG hCG GSG VG IdG
.MGh Jcf M
Sehc NG g fG Y EG .16
fG AKCG f Y fG qe
e AL j ,fG .G
u
.K Z SehH s jh Sehc
QGJ c u j jQJ g n s dG t pSp .17
.LCG IY Y ,qe S
.FS L .18

(bO 45) LGe

SdG jG GW (CG) .1
G jG GW h ,eCG
udC G GP dG J () .G
Jh cCG hCG udGC KK d IOuG
hCG L d G IOe dG
H JG dG J () .cCG
L Sehc Y j L d
IuKC G dG Y dG j .a MGh
idh LdG id IQH H
(O) .d f G RGdG hP AdG
H gdG FdG H AGLEG
e Y edGh Y HGdG YSCG
G a AGLEG h ,G
TdGh edG YSCG H fjQdG
.G e
jo SQ g eSehdG jG .2
SehdG Y d G JdG
J dG aG g jG IMh .MGdG
.1% H QdG f J L H
J CG VG Id .3
IW dP Y j h ,cd kGSG
.GJcdG HJ MGREG
CG .6
O .5
.4
CG .9
O .8
.7
.10
L G eSehdG Ou .11
dhDe L fCG c G FdG
iNCG eSehdGh . U Y
L L eSehc g
.iNCG dG Y dhDe
ca HHP H L
k hGJ LQe iLCG .12
cP HHPh ,MCG dG d g fCG
c CG LQe M .jhGM Y GP
Lh ,AH fY fc QcdG AHCG
MG g .AGM fY fc fEG
CH J Va Vh EG LQe Ob
.X SehdG Y Lj dG d L
,Y SehdG Y SRY G j .13
.jcdG dG H Y hDe gh
SehdH JG NG dM .14
Kj CG fEG Y j ,Gh X
QcdG j .VG j c udCG
C ,a Gk MGh kudGC GKQh GPEG VH
.a X GkMGh keSehc jd
G c

186

9 dG LGe

(HJ) HLEG

bf J
L GP 3 `` G RGdG f .1
OSCG L hP 1h ,jW MLh OeQ
:G RGdG f .jb MLh
1 ggll : 2 GgLl 1: GGLL

dG a V dG OGaCG id .2
eh W AGM O jN G
G AGG dG jN CG .BG
,Ya IQH HLdG f J
HU e Gfj CG OGaCG Ca
cCG c J eY jedG IQhdG
.e
.e L ah NG Qs j .3
HG eCG .NG e jHCG e CG j
.H He a
G dGh ATCG Zj b .4
Y hDG G ud
C d KGQh d
dGh ATCG e CG c GPEG .NG
CG LhdG hCG hdG a ,udC G Gd keM
hdG c GPEG .KGQdG d j
CG 25% MG a ,eM LhdGh
.VH Hk e dh CG G j

dG aBG SJ
L EG .dG ddG CG EG .CG .1
.X SehdG Y bGh GdCG Y
Je dG :IaG eG .
= dG fCG :eh X SehdH
G cdG ; XB (S) Xb (GdCG Y)
qbj .Xb (GdCG Y) Y = GdCG H
OhCG e 50% j CG Gg fH qHe
HS 50% .kKfEG e 50%h GkQcP
f hP fS 50%h GdCG H
f hP GkQcP fS e 25 % .S
kKfEG 25% Sh .eM Zh S
fS 25%h ,S f GhP eM
25%h ,GdCG H He kKfEG
.GdCG H He GkQcP fS

FGKEG e LGh
.4-1 SCG ,187 dG ,zbf J{ ,9 dG LGe
.2-1 GDdG ,187 dG ,zdG aBG SJ{ ,9 dG LGe

Xb

XB

XBXb

XBY

Xb

XbXb

XbY

187 G c


dG
10

10 dG

G J
dG adG

YCGh j fCG
MjEG

VGdG
188 U ,dG jJ

191 U ,HdG GWCG ,f

192 U ,DNA H NCG ,f
193 U ,cdG Oe DNA ,f

189 U ,DNA J

1-10

189 U ,DNA t J
190 U ,DNA t J GN
192 U ,cdG Oe DNA

fQe ,jS Y f
194 U ,Ija U
jG d f
d ee :jG dG ,3.O
RhQLCG g Y FHdG dG

193 U ,DNA J J

,G Sg M dG ,f
200 U
201 U ,KGQdG VGeCG ,f
jW Y G JdG ,f
203 U ,G Sg
203 U ,KGQdG UG ,f

195 U ,dG G he

2-10

195 U ,dG d jN Vh

197 U ,dG G Y e

bO 45

G Sg jW Y bY U ,73 adG
G Sg jW Y d U ,74 adG
dG fh G Sg ,75 adG

200 U ,G Sg

G ``````bdG

cdG ,MjEG Y VY
195 U ,QGh
197 U ?JCG jCG e ,f

bO 135

IdG fC G YdG ,69 adG

DNA J ,70 adG
edG FHdG dG ,71 adG
G Sg ,72 adG

3-10

200 U ,dG G dG
203 U ,YGQdG G dG
204 U ,bNCG VGe

bO 90

GOe / e ,10 dG LGe

205 U

bO 45

G c CG 187


dG

J OQGe

10

dG adG

J JGSG

dGh LGG
188 U ,HdG aG J

188 U ,bdG dG ,IQdG a

194 U ,1-10 dG LGe

190 U ,VjdG GQe ,GQG AH

194 U ,qdG jJ
194 U ,jQNG SCG
1-10 dG LGe

199 U ,2-10 dG LGe

199 U ,qdG jJ
199 U ,jQNG SCG
2-10 dG LGe

204 U ,3-10 dG LGe

204 U ,qdG jJ
204 U ,jQNG SCG
3-10 dG LGe

207-206 U ,10 dG LGe

10 dG QNG
187 G c

G efdG

ddG c
G c
e - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c
dW - dG QdGh fCGh jQdG c

191 U , uG fCG ,2-10 dG ,H HGQ

192 U ,V JGSG
193 U ,GeRdG ,5-10 dG ,H HGQ

195 U ,.CG.CG ,IAGdG GQe AH

198 U ,bdG dG GdCG ,10 dG IQU ,H HGQ
198 U ,.CG.CG ,IAGdG GQe AH
198 U ,V JGSG

201 U ,G G ,9-10 dG ,H HGQ

202 U ,H e

202 U ,QdG J ,10-10 dG ,H HGQ

205 U ,gG jN

10 dG

FbO 10

dG J

IQdG a
dG CG G NCG bdG dG
.KGQh OGe Rd T g bdG
L Y dG BG Y dG H c
,cDNA J dG ,dG g J .MGh
e ahe d dG dG jW Y
e d Y snoJ eY .mRNA
Y Jh ,SQa ZH mRNA
mRNA b JJ ,bO f jT
G S .G cDNA H IG
J CG ) dG g gCG Y
dG g GSG .HLEG
.(jG dG d jS J

HdG aG J
.ddG gG LGQ
jG KJ
TdG dG - 4 dG
IQhO QGWCG Ghcj CG G EG WG
gcPh ,S MG Y ucQ .G IM
YJ a j dG MG fCH
Sg e dH gh ,DNA
.G
e LGQ ,8 dG G dG
mRNA e c jODj dG QGhOCG G
j ,jdG .JhdG AH tRNA h
hCG JhH AH N e G Y dG
.RNA AH

FdG G

QGdGh KdG
dPh ,vW KJ S G FdG AdG gY dG dG M ,CGJ fCGh
.JL J N e

G c

188

1-10 dG

SQdG s
DNA J

1-10 dG

bO 125 G bdG

dG EG eT If
1-10 dG

Z DNA gCGh DNA H bj

.JhH CG AH Y hDG
fC G YdG GN bj
,SG Leh IdG
,G fCGh ,GeRdGh
.cdG Oe DNA AH Yh
G DNA J c j
h ,FY DNA V dNOEGh
dG jG c Y dG jdG
.G fG Y
FbO 5

AdG uS
AGOCG GTDq e

e LGQ ,dG Gg e AdG b

c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe G
.ddG

G GTEG 
j g :GDdG Gg G Y WG
j CG ,FY QN e T CG Y
HUEd KGQdG JGOGSH Y Y
.(HLEG J CG ) ?e VGeCH
FbO 5

uM
be

Gbj G O G J
e Ve G J CG dG
J CH Gbd G L
u h) d
Y IQdG eH Md J DNA
TCG e IjLh Ye UCG fEG
,dc .IO GQb hCG U GP IG
id KGQdG OGSG ae ODJ b
dG EG ,VGeCG H HUEd SdG
.(eCdG cT hCG dG HQCG b e

189 G c

1-10 dG

SQu O

bO 100

d Ie Ia
PCR IdG fC G YdG

J BG UCG PCR CG G NCG

Y Y d Ieh Gv L FT
FGG j d ,DNA e ac
eY .jC
k G SSCG HCG H a
j f Z hCG kb DNA Qe j
e FfG cCGh SCG jW PCR
eH j PCR CG h .G SG
GSG j fEa ,QNG HfCG
.G SG c jG
H N ,DNA f e GQG fEG
CG M ,PCR GSH ,YS
.kejCG j b G SG

be
Ghj CG G EG WG JhdG
DNA IH fCG J c
CG ,dG GQhO PCR eG
T s j (fCc) JhdG e
.JG IQGG LQO Y J hCG
jdG e DNA IH fCG j)
.NdG G Hj J dG
T.aquaticus e LG Jhd
H d HG IQGG LQO t
.(DNA SS
GQG

dH

G IG SQEG OGM e Y ,LddG SCG GSG M LddG SCG

jG jdGh dG EG .jS H FMCG dG J EG dhDG j ,jdG SGH
jdG Y JGh G dG M EG dH gCG jZ g Qh G Fd
.JGP H LddG dG ICh ec G J b .fdG gOhM Y ,ObGh fEG
g g ?Qe Y J CG ,H UG DNA ,ee Y jdG hCG ShdG j g
jQKh IjL W jH vdM AdG j ?jG GOGh MdG SM hCG he
Bacillus G IG jH Y L dG HCG EG .SCG g Y HLEG Y d
b (JdG H YdG AHHh G IH HUEG S gh) Yersinia pestis Yh anthracis
N e ,kjS gjh G FdG g qd Ija Jh ,GvL Iah KGQh ee fCG
,UdG d KGQdG jdG Y J dG dOCG ddG g J b .HhG DNA tJ
.MdGh jG GOd ehe jJ Y dhDG KGQdG jdGh ,GG gQeh

A``H

,fCG G NCG VjdG GQe

,PCR SGH dG hX X
FbO N c Ie DNA Yj
b OY GhOj CG dEG WG .k jJ
I PCR J N e S dG DNA
217 CG , ]o 85 5 =17[ :bO 17) bO 85
.(f 105 x 1.31 hCG
G YdG{ ,69 adG SG
c j e Ud ,zIdG fC
.PCR e IN

G c

190

1-10 dG

,zDNA J{ ,70 adG SG

fCG GSG c jE
.DNA d G
FHdG dG{ ,71 adG SG
dG e IN c jE ,zedG
.edG FHdG

f
Y H G OhR HdG GWCG
kfGdCG SG .fOCG OQGdG LPdG HdG
Gjh Gj YO .HJ d
gjh ,H Y H dG
J H dhW S Y
.U H LhOe GJcdG
dGh ,ddG dG dG dG
G S .G dG dG
a j dG EcoRI G fCG
d G HdGh) 5' -GAATTC-3' HdG
jJcdG H nrjn h (3'-CTTAAG-5'
.A h G
:H eRd FGO DNA e b g
5 -GCTGCCCGAATTCCCC-3
3 -CGACGGGCTTAAGGGG-5

dG HdG be GhOj G O
.G SGH U H Gjh
5 -GCTGCCCG AATTCCCC-3)
.( 3 -CGACGGGCTTAA GGGG-5

H HGQ
2-10 dG

EG GhOj G O qG fCG
kqe kHJ l qe lfCG j .2-10 dG
jJcf H nrnjh GJcdG e
Gg gdG fCG j ,ke .jO
AjdH
U
,CTTAAG HdG ,EcoRI ,MjEG SdG
H HdG G YS dhdEG
H jh ,GAATTC d G HdGh
FGdG fjCG Sh FHdG dG
fCG J .G h A jJcdG
YGdG e iNCG HJ iNCG e FHc QJ fG id ,fCG gNCG .dd
J ,dhdEG gh ,g Y
G fCG EG .DNA LhdG
j ,CCGG HdG j dG ,HaeIII GOhdEG EG FGdG fjCG hCG dhdEG
FHdG G dJ Y dhDG (bCG)
.G h C jJcdG H
,RhQLCG g Y FHdG dG a .dG
dGh ,ddG FHdG dG hP DNA j
G , qe fCG SGH J
UCG DNA b fc c .LG OhdEG
.dG Y cCG YH fG ,kM
191 G c

jG AMCG Y LJ
fCG UJ e kdZ jG G
q
jd C jL e J fCH uG
FSh vdM LJ .d h Ic kWCG
j U e jJ YJ IjY J
CG EG .j e
q d g dH .DNA
G fCG cJ CG ,kjM GcG b AdG
JMdG EG PEG ,G
k U e
v dH j
iNCG Y IMGdG ,GJ fCd FdG
JMdG fG EGh ,G cM J cM
.DNA b EG ODj ,iNCG Y IMGdG FdG

1-1 dG
1-10
dG

d Ie Ia
J Y J fCG J
Qe O fGb G fCG
,c H hCG G j .fCG
.FG H hCG KdG MCG Jh
dG jdG d GkRjEG MCG g
M dP j CG .fCG e SG
SG dG dG dS Fe Z
EG fehdG bQCG J .fCG e
f e fCG e SG dG JdG
e SG ,EcoRI ,ke .jdG dSh
,R ddG ,coli (co) Escherichia (E) jdG
g e SG e fCG hCG ch
.ddG

f
Ib CG G NCG DNA H NCG
e Y a NG e Lh O
Gfj CG Ye KK EG WG .SG
G e vc YCG .G H G
M
u .ch IgL DNA H H
Y YRhh dG g Y
k f
u dG iMEG V .dG G
H GfQj G O .G e
Qb .G d DNA H
NCG IOY IG FGdG H ,QNH
IG dGh HEG HUCG H
.DNA H NCG

JGSG

j fCG

dG qdG HU

cdG dG

dG NCdG

````FG`KEG

HU e hCG cdG dG e hCG dG NCdG e j jdG G

Se M d J eY aCG IQH j ,dG dG
e dG H ,Y V dG e G ADg j .e UGdG
dEG WG .G GSH H GhNCj G O .f g gGh gZ
T c CH SG EG Lh .dG FeR H JH GfQj CG
dG H Qb K .H UG DNA H J
u dG G e jd
,CG Y Ou T .DNA Y GSH IPNCG H T HUCG GSH IPNCG
.T c Y ja ,dG Yf e c ,G

d f
:jG dG{ ,3.O jG
FHdG dG d ee
(bO 45) .zRhQLCG g Y

G c

192

1-10 dG

H HGQ
5-10 dG

EG GhOj G O GeRdG
dG SdG Gg SG .5-10 dG
G fCG Xh a jd
DNA NOEG Yh HdG GWCG gCGh
Y ucGC .eRH hCG FY DNA EG e
M .SG L
u e g eRdG CG
N EG eRdG IOYEGh G NOEG j
fG c e eRdG j ,jdG
Y f fEG j dHh ,jH
.G G

f
e vc pYCG cdG Oe DNA
N b ,G e IU Y
,(fEG id keSehc ) U
.G d Y fd j kjW kSh
.kU kjTh (eRdG DNA )
SGH IFGO J G EG WG
.IFGdG bE IMGh Ie aGWCG dh dG
d G Gej G O
GWCG dG ah G e zL{
Y G CSG .d G
EG WG .(e fCG) G
(G b) fEG L NOEG G
GWCG HQh eRdG a NGO EG
Y WG .UdG jdG SGH
dG e :ddG SCG G
dG ,DNA HQ fCG) ?UdG jdG
.(H
k H DNA b HQ j
.(SG uLe) ?eRdG dG e
C) ?cdG Oe DNA Gg j GP
j DNA Y BG j eRdG
Sg ddG IG e .(fEG
N EG eRdG NOEG j) ?G
c) ?GP .(jH N IOY J ,FY
,dP G a c ,FdG G KJ
eh KGQdG IOG c Ye J
.(fEG L V
,zG Sg{ ,72 adG SG
J jH jN L c Vd
.fE dfCG
193 G c

dH

IYG HEG H QhO j HEG H

?e dG e PEa ,fGd QdG dG Y
Y fYJ zMG jONCG{ fEG MdG H j
NBG H j .Gk L H dGh ATCH eEG
Hh ,OdG H J IU K hCG W fCG
J c HUCh jjC jQhdG cG e SGh
e T d CG g af e EG .YCG e H J
O .KG FGdG M e Ija Y
H Qs Jh dG J .a dG G
,FGdG L H ,e M EG j dG ,G
.He Z d He H EG ODj

dG j ShdG hdG M 
Sgh jG AMCG Y GAGLEG e
g .G fCG Y G
jdG S cG fCG
H G J dG ,E. coli
Gd .jdG b H HUEG
dBG g G fCG CH j
hdG eh jdG QJ
DNA b jW Y dPh ,ShdG
.J H ,ShdG

1-10 dG

jS Y f
Ija U fQe
bO 20 G bdG
Vh G EG WG eCG HGJ
NCG H jjCG Zh ,gGaCG G
.dG
I Y jc Ie FGLEG QaCG
b Y UUdG b W M ,NCG
e kec kHe u J CG EG QdG e
.dG NC eSGh ,aGG
GP dG c dG Y HLEG
.dG SCGh YCG Y J aCG G
GP ,eGhdG :a 5 EG dG J
G G GP ,dG G G
.G T GP SdGh ,SdG ,QdG
HUCG H e Ija DNA H EG
.HEG
bO 15

p N
r G
dG LGe

M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
,194 dG ,1-10 dG LGe ,
.8-1 SCG

qdG jJ
IOYEG G EG WG AGOCG GTDe
K .GDS IQU Y AGOCG TDe c Hc
.GDS c Y HLEG dEG WG

jQNG SCG
DNA AL g) ?cdG Oe DNA e

1-10 dG LGe Y HLEG

,OGaCG H ,JhH AH Y hDG Z DNA IQG HdG J

.OdG jg j eGSG Gd
.1- 10 dG EG Y
Y DNA jL J J jH fCG g uG fCG EG
. J eGSG H ,UCG AGLCG EG ,IO bGe
GhRCG J , ue fCG GSG f ,DNA b Y G j eY
Y HdG adG Gg Jj .IM dG e W c Y IOLG YGdG
Y f uG fCG GSG M DNA e e HH QdG

.1

.(cCG hCG qM Fc DNA e e

q
f j Y fEG) ?L
q G e .2
.(iNCG N EG DNA

.1
.2
.3
.4

e LGh
,zLGe{ ,10 dG LGe
9- ,5-4 ,2-1 SCG ,207-206 dG
.18-11 ,8
J{ ,1-10 dG LGe
dG IAGb G j .zDNA
,dG bQh Y SCG Y jh
.G b e He J dG
G c

194

2-10 dG
1-1 dG

SQdG s
dG G he

2-10 dG

bO 45 G bdG

dG EG eT If
2-10 dG

.eJh dG G he GgCG j
bNCG VGG H bj
.dG G h G

AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe

FbO 5

G e LGQ ,dG GH AdG b

.ddG c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe

G GTEG 

G Gj CG G EG WG
IO U P M Fd LQG
e Yf EG OJ ,vKGQh
GSj CG dEG WG .G FdG
.J dG G Fd IQU

uM

FbO 5

MjEG Y VY
G Y VYG QGh cdG
QNh ca UCG Y j kW
fj e j dEG WG .Ye
fdj b dG dG Y dCSG .e
,G GG) dP YSH c GPEG
YS c e bf .(dG ,FGdG
dG Y AdG dG G he
OYH QGh cdG U H
QdG j M) G Sg J
,dYh ,e H j dG G Y
a dG dh AdG eEG j
.(Ye H
IAGdG GQe

AH

,dG Gg G GC j CG b ..CG.CG
H UN Ib FGb Gj YO
fCG j hCG) faj dG QeCG
.dG G he Y (faj
JNGe GcQj CG dEG WG
YO K .IQdG Y eL Fb jd
Y ae hjj QeCH Fb Gj
Gj YO .dG G he
.dG Gg jf dS FGH
195 G c

Jjh ,k e LhOS e HdG adG Ea ,e eRH

.eRdG DNA `H
qM Fc e fh L SG noj eM g SG uLe EG
.NBG EG
.HLEG J b
IdG DNA b CG EG .SdG c id He dG G e
.NBG EG Oa e J dG dG g dG NC IGh IOGh
G ,dG Y fG SCG S kM UCG dG EG ,c
.LG dG P dG

.5
.6
.7
.8

1-1 dG
2-10 dG

bO 25

SQu O

d Ie Ia
CG G NCG IOG DNA
EG j dG G he acG
G e ,cCG Qh bCG Y , 50% CG
e IQe HJ Y IQY g dG
.JhH CG AH Y dhDe Z DNA
DNA{ `H Gg DNA Uj e kdZh
j e Gj AdG C ,zIOG
CH jG HCG MJ .d Xh CG
G e AL g dG HdG g
e b e NCJ L gh) IadG
NJh ,YJ ,V IOLe DNA
G (dG G e NBG be
jW Y dG G J IOYEH
IQH IjL L fEGh ,JJ IOYEG
,kUCG IOLG G jJh ,ec
.H H Nh

C G gG J
G H Vj b JhdGh G
d .a MGh JhH AH Y hDe L c CG
kM cCG G dG JhdG iG
id G dG CG hj .dG G e
c CG ojh .GG id e fd cCG fEG
GM fEG fEG L e e L
dG iMEG J . JhH KK
f ,IMGh RNA f a ODJ jH Y
.MGh mRNA e cCG fEG EG ,f DNA Y
G c

196

2-10 dG

f
Gj CG G EG WG ?JCG jCG e
eSG dG DNA Y Qe Y
.dG G GJcf HJ j
hCG e LGe Ghj CG dEG WG
GPEG e GhOj YO .d ,ffEG T
hCG a MGh T Qe Gg DNA c
DNA Qe c ,G ) UTCG IY
dG G he SG dG
N e DNA Y NCG .kqce
EG jh ,HGb CG HJ UTCG
O .(dG M T HQCG
.hLh e M Gk jJ Gj G

be
G O FMCG JeG GhOCG
dG Gbjh vgP kY Ghj
e FMCG JeG OYG dG
d GgCG gCG MCG EG ,ke .dN
g FMCG JeG j dG
YGdG e HJ V L tJ
eGSG g .DNA LhdG
c ,HdG fQe J iNCG
JeG J .BLAST efH
PdG U :e jOe FMCG
je dGh ,jG
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.fdG dGh ,dGh

dH

eG e jG NO e fH Y G
fdG YGb EG ,JhdHh ,DNA `H G
SCG e Y SG eGH IQb J ,YG
G e UCG d .Ib cCG AMCG Y Ge
fdG Y
103 `d edG HdG j a .ge
k
aVEH .2003 Y e jj T e ,Hhe eL
M M Fd L 13 HJ j iL ,dP EG
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197 G c

2-10 dG

H HGQ
10 dG IQU

GhOj G O bdG dG GdCG

.188 dG aGZJdG IQdG EG
OJ dG Y H c CG gNCG
e eCG EG dG d c j .e
.QNd VG KGQdG dG M
be S ,G dG d kah
IdG hCG G c GPEG Y fh dG
hCG HdG dG IOe GkOLe
dG .QNd VG dG
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dG MCG dG .S f
f e LGh QNd VG
e je g UCG dG .V e
,QNd VG dGh HdG dG
Jj dG WG OSCG dGh
dG hCG HdG dG e CG a
.dG DNA `H QNd VG
IAGdG GQe

AH

EG IOdG G EG WG ..CG.CG
O .195 dG ghM dG FGdG
dG QeCH Fb Gj G
J SCG CG e bf .gJ
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FbO 10

pN
r G
dG LGe

M SCG N e G J j
bf J SCGh SSCG gG
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.8-1 SCG

JGSG

cdG dG

d aJ eY cCG dH hcj cdG dG e j jdG G

G EG WG .Y V dG e hj Gdh ,dGh dG feEG
dH j kGDS e c Y GMd ,bdG e OY cCG Vh
,bdG X Y GDdG Y HLEG Gj YO .dG G ReQ a EG LG
e YJ b JhdG Xh ae EG :HLEG Y) H
k H Ghjh
NG J H DNA Qe J ,e AdGh KGQdG NG
.(fEG id G QdGh dG dBG SGQO ,KGQdG

G c

198

2-10 dG

qdG jJ
b
q dG LJ FQ QaCG
EG KK e ,IU Y EG G
Vh Y ke Gj YO .e HQCG
LdG FdG QaCG e Y
,HJ OM dG G GSH G
e Y G dG eG ch
LJ FQ QaCG Vh dEG WG .dN
dh ,Mdh ,cdh ,OGaC Ie
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jQNG SCG
iGh G H dG e .1
edG YG EG) ?JhdG
,G g M Fc id d
G g edG JJhH Yh
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fGG GfCd PdG gCG e .2
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GMEG ,fEG SGQO e SCG
J h GM P GW
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Y) ?JhdG iG Y e .3
c SGQO g JhdG iG
Yf Jh ,M Fd JhdG
.(JYJh cGJh

e LGh
zLGe{ ,10 dG LGe
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he{ ,2-10 dG LGe
IAGb G j .zdG G
bQh Y SCG Y jh dG
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2-10 dG LGe Y HLEG

Y eCG .M Fd JhdG iG SGQO EG J dG
Y kH SGG GSG a FMCG JeG
j EG j e hO L g dG G he EG .1
.AMCG Y SC HLEG
b jN Vh EGh ,eH dG G GJcf HJ
dG fdG e V Y SGQO dG e c QGe .6
.Sehc c Y L c
M dG Y f G HJ j N e L
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aJ dG SGG IQbh YS IOjR eh FMCG JeG
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.G HH G BG G d
,dG QdG Ve Y dhDG G HJ j iL d .4
CG fdG eSQ J CG j .CGdG G j b .7
AeCG WSh ,ShdG WSh ,UG dG Veh
.G OY f e aGJ G M f
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JGQN GhQj CG G Y j EG ,HLEG J b .8
G he Y f jL Y M g JhdG iG Y EG .5
L C ,fdG Ob aVEG e j b ke .ve
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199 G c

3-10 dG

SQdG s
G Sg

3-10 dG

bO 45 G bdG

dG EG eT If
3-10 dG

Sg DNA J GSG j
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IOjR G Sg J ch
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FbO 5

AdG uS
AGOCG GTDe

G e LGQ ,dG GH AdG b

.ddG c IOQGdG AGOCG GTDe

G GTEG 
c :dG Gg Gj CG G EG WG
,NBG G veCG J CG GM fC
bdG KG en GC Jh ,u S
o f t S
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fCG G NCG .(v S cCG GG
SG M QeCG e jG S
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FbO 5

HCH

SGh f Y J GdG UCG G GdG

dG e GkqL qJ Gda .1984 dG e HCG G
d ,vf U uM e Ic OGYCG Vh h ,G
e EG aVEH ,fEG J g ,KGQdG MdG eh .eM
jdG fGG e GdG e jGG g ,jdG gKJ
J Ga HJ hCG fEG iL d .KGQdG Y HCG dG
Y f S dP V e ,G UG jGG e H
jh dG EG j dG QdG QCdG ,GdG H NGdG hGdG
J J jW Y dEG of L GP Gah ,YG f e
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uM
f

EG WG G Sg M dG
b SCH Fb Ghj CG G
J J fU cT Y fMj
SCG W Y bG .G Sg
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bdG b ,zG Sg jW
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G c

200

3-10 dG

bO 25

SQu O

H HGQ
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Y ,G uLh G G
d ,9-10 dG IOQGdG GG
G eG fCG TdG OGe
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dCSG .(cdG Oe DNA) CFTR G
dG j CG QhdG e j b GP
G C) dG fCG TQ H
Oe DNA s jo CG h ,dG Z
eGSG jh ,jG j cdG
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f
Gj G O KGQdG VGeCG
M HCH d ,IU Y
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Y c O .ShjdGh
f j ,VG M vT GkjJ
YG idh ,e T id H HUEG
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e jbdG EG J dG OG e GAk L
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dH

FdG fch ,G jG e jW Y v L e
a a SdG jd G G eCG . dG M
f H dPh jHCd jG jGh jdG J
fG SdG jd G G .FHCG EG GdG
f HCG v dM .ddG LCG EG dG Z dG
fGG bCG Yh ,SdG jd G G M
M Fb G e dG CG e ZdG Y ,fEGh G IdG
.H G bNCG VGG Mh b

201 G c

UE Ie IjL jW g G G G G
dG J jW Y ,VGeCH HUEG e jbd hCG KGQh N
MGe G G GJ .e T id L Y
e Gj eh .QNG QdG v dM eh IG
.a dG MGe Y fEG dG hG
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dG Gg CG Z ,prG L J j ,G jG
G QGJ EG LG RJ Q ,GHh .dG G EG j
M HCG VGeCG IY g .MdG LCG G

3-10 dG

d Ie Ia
G Sg Y dG bdG
kHe vfH ke Gj G O
dPh ,dG SCG OQGdG ud
hCG bdG U d Vd
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H HGQ
10-10 dG

t J G EG WG QdG J
kGDS WGh ,IN IN , 10-10 dG
JHLEG Gbj YO K .IN c M
e EG OSH SG EG Ud
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e c GP ,hCG IG h ,ke
MdG d) ?jG IQh jEG G
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d) ?jdG e IGdG Yf GP
dG GH UG DNA `H dGSG
jK fGM LJ g .(NSG OGj
FGda .f) ?dG e
Y IMGdG ,e g KG
dG G h ,fCG EG .iNCG
fGG id ,jdG S
Kd f gh ,AHBG G
Y Gj G O .(G
Gj YO K ,10-10 dG SQ IOYE
ee ,UG H dG
dG SGh gbf dG eG
.gM
Y d U{ ,74 adG SG
MdG b ,zG Sg jW
.G Sg Y dG
H e

jdG J
fE Ic OGYCH
G QdG

dG eRdG NOEG
G Y j
jdG EG a ZG

EG G f
H eRH

G j
ZG

G c

202

3-10 dG

d Ie Ia
VQdG fGGh GG Ge
OGeEG e 50% GM CG G NCG
GG H jo AGdH dG
IQH GG J .VQdG fGGh
.Ic S d CG EG ,da
jJ VQdG fGdh Gd
EG LG RJ Gdh ,KGQh ehe
fGGh GG CG c ,ibCG Ge
j bh , hCG iqPC J b aG Z
YGQdG UG EG .SdH QdG G
J G Sg jW Y G
.GG GSG N j kjH

f
Sg jW Y G JdG
Gj G O G
LGe Y H d IU Y
U M ,ffEG T Yh e
jW Y e jR Jf hCG YGQR
Y qc .G Sg
:ddG JdG UCG MCG M dH
b H Sg f
H Sg NBG fh ,FGdG
G hCG IQV I ehe
H Sg NBG fh ,VQb
Y c O .dG b
,ee e JLh GkjJ J
J IG dG jEG ue
HG edG IdGh ,dGh ,dG
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G Sg{ ,75 adG SG
J c b ,zdG fh
.dG Jf Y G Sg

f
G O KGQdG UG
UN b Y Gj
YdG jW Y dPh ,KGQdG eG
dG HQC j g :c SCG e
j g ?KGQh ee Y G
dG Yh IG Y eCdG cd
dhDd j g ?Y G
d j g ?Y G SQGG
M ,H UG KGQdG eG ae
?dd aQ ZH
203 G c

YG Ge LJ
GSH YG cG j Jcf jY GSH YG cG
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g EG MdG j .G FdG ITe eRdG DNA M K eh
jW g ,fGG Y jLCG SGQO dG H M dG jdG
dG QGJ Y OY N hCG Y ASG Y JHjEG J ,IYGh
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j CG feEG V e ,eCH J SSCG VGe IY g d
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3-10 dG

FbO 10

p N
r G
dG LGe

M SCG N e G J j
, bf J SCGh SSCG gG
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qdG jJ
GP GQk U NG Gh DNA J
, e fEG EG dH gCG
O .dG G Y YRhh
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KCj CG ,jCG e j j IQdG
J fc GPEG e Ghcj YO .DNA H
eh ,H QdG S hCG dG YS DNA
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jQNG SCG
,gV d jJ j Ve S .1
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aCG Y G G J e .2
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e LGh
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.28-23
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G H j b .v e IQe HLEG J CG j .5
j dG G e He G fc GPEG fCG
bH LJ h eBG J ,jdG dH LfEG
CH b jNBG G H cj bh .UN jJ
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b h ,v YGQR k GhQj CG G Y j .6
GAGLEd cGQOEG Y dOCG Gej CGh ,G J
YGd cGQOEG Gjh ,gPJG j dG FbdG
.NEG

3-10 dG LGe Y HLEG

.MdGh bdG
dG ,ShajOCG SGH UG dG Ve e J
.CFTR G e S f jh ,Ve j
j .JGf e Yf jH H jK N IGf eJ
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G c

.1
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.4

204

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jH J
jeh bNCG VGe IY g Tf
EG G b
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IMGh Y EG WG .Y
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FGH J IO GQk eCG J H
YG O .d G Sg
fGG VJ ee
fdG
u
bJ YG O .dG d dG
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SGQd Ie Ia
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c IOG e L c VJ CG j
.dG f auoY

28 GDdG Y HLEG

G Sg
eJ

qe fCG
J

HO kaGWCG
205 G c

Le
e Y

GeRdG

ZG DNA
ke J

cdG Oe DNA

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HLEG

c Y L c b jN Vhh dG
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.196-195 dG EG Y .20
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SGG FMCG JeG Y j .22
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Y hDG d S T NOEG j .23
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GdG ShdG Y j TQ j
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EG Jh Y e DNA USG (1) .16

(2) ,e fCG GSG jW Y ,AGLCG
FHdG dG GSH DNA b a
a fQe J dG G L (3) ,edG
ah He GSG jW Y Fe
.GZJa
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e e AGLCGh eG jg jd .18
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G GJcdG HJ jd .19

(bO 45) LGe

aNG g IOG GWCG EG .1
hDe Z DNA V ,DNA AL W
OGG QGdG EG .JhH CG AH Y
IQe HJ Y IQY g OdG G
GWCG TCG e T gh ,be H
.IOG
Y edG FHdG dG EG (CG) .2
hCG jhdG VMCG a dN e j
Jdh dGWC kah JhdG
Y dG G q j .FHdG
H DNA `d edG FHdG dG
G fCG J () .DNA
bGe Y ,jW DNA jL J
cdG Oe DNA .bCG AGLCG EG ,e
e DNA eO Y j dG DNA g
. jQe hCG M Fc
Yj CG DNA g uLG ()
.k jZ DNA j CG h N NGO
H LJ DNA e M g eRdG
Lc eGSG dG jdG
.SG
SG Y J dG GedG .3
NdG EG ODJ IGdG f jW Y
.G fGG id IG
.6
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O .4
O .9
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O .7
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OdG G OGG QGdG j .12
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.OdG jg j
fQe, ,RdG ,dG ,YGh dG .13
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IdG fC G YdG j .14
e IQ npb nr f OY H (PCR)
NC PCR GSG .Y DNA
QdG j IU Y e DNA H
dh ,L e Y
jG e b OY e KGQh NG
DNA e b b SGQdh ,G
.GvL V jO IOLe
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G c

206

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(HJ) HLEG
Oa e L N IGf NOEG j .24
JGf e Ze jH N EG ,e
M Fc dP Y j .NBG Od IFY
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fE G Sg J .25
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H ,jdG YCd eheh
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dq G d fhPCG Y G
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DNA dG G jG
IQTEG ,H JG QGh ,G
.at J YTEG
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bf J
eR Ia dP j b :HjEG .1
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H ,a MGh L AfG j :S
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Y CG e ZdH :dG H G .2
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e bh bG dP GOk Le c
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dG aBG SJ
G dG gCG jQdG J CG j
k KGQh dG FGdG G GSH
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FGKEG e LGh
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.207 dG ,zdG aBG SJ{ ,10 dG LGe

207 G c

G c

208

209 G c

G c

210

211 G c

G c

212