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1

:
1)
2) (Lobroso)
3)
4) (Labelling theory)
2

=


T =


3


(
)



(, )

11.1
1983-1991

1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1991
1994

1.306
1.505
2.560
2.886
3.332
4.455
4.624
6.551
5.811

15
16
28
32

392.200
350.983
288.795
291.414
299.850
306.724
282.553
352.447
297.500

4.425
3.931
3.213
3.221

49
69
60

3.348
3.733
3.072




120.991
113.988
108.011
123.958
140.403
132.925
108.983
112.203
83.818

: .... 1988, 1989, 1997. :


. (*) 100.000

11.2

1983-1994





( )

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1994

12.116
2.771
4.631
6.586

7.547
2.325
4.163
4.359

14.327
3.636
5.638
6.864

10.247
2.667
5.599
9.170

10.447
2.275
4.893
11.034

6.448
1.521
3.846
8.454

1.429
19.344

1.011
20.715

1.558
19.226

1.472
17.250

1.465
14.603

1.210
10.131

4.182

4.378

5.810

4.753

7.464

4.205

32.505

30.778

36.091

27.577

29.991

20.340

35.873
1.554

30.932
1.803

43.496
3.727

28.248
2.000

29.027
1.004

26.681
982

120.991 108.011 140.403 108.983 112.203

83.818

: .... 1988, 1989, 1997. :


.
6

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19


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1.
2.
3.
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21





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22


Edwin Sutherland




: ,
,

23


, Quinney
:

;
Quinney: ,


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24



,


;
25

Lemert, Becker, Erikson











26


;
Travis Hirschi (1969)


1.
2.
3.
4.

27




.


,
, .
28

8 ( ,
)

29

5.2

,

, 1973-2001
: .

30

()


16-18.
18-19

6%





, , .
, , ,

31



()

,





32





,


(UCR)
FBI


(NCVS)

33




2001

50%



34




20%
2000 : 17%
30%



50%
.



35






15%



()
2

20%
36


37

() , 2000

()
, 1998 ( )

() , 2000

5.3



: () Bureau of Justice Statistics (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/prisons.htm) ()
() Pastore and Maguire, 2003.

38



100.000

5.4

*
1989




: www.sentencingproject.org/policy/9030.htm Walmsley, 2003.

39






, , ,

68 13 (2002)





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