Professional Documents
Culture Documents
:
1)
2) (Lobroso)
3)
4) (Labelling theory)
2
=
T =
3
(
)
(, )
11.1
1983-1991
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1991
1994
1.306
1.505
2.560
2.886
3.332
4.455
4.624
6.551
5.811
15
16
28
32
392.200
350.983
288.795
291.414
299.850
306.724
282.553
352.447
297.500
4.425
3.931
3.213
3.221
49
69
60
3.348
3.733
3.072
120.991
113.988
108.011
123.958
140.403
132.925
108.983
112.203
83.818
11.2
1983-1994
( )
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1994
12.116
2.771
4.631
6.586
7.547
2.325
4.163
4.359
14.327
3.636
5.638
6.864
10.247
2.667
5.599
9.170
10.447
2.275
4.893
11.034
6.448
1.521
3.846
8.454
1.429
19.344
1.011
20.715
1.558
19.226
1.472
17.250
1.465
14.603
1.210
10.131
4.182
4.378
5.810
4.753
7.464
4.205
32.505
30.778
36.091
27.577
29.991
20.340
35.873
1.554
30.932
1.803
43.496
3.727
28.248
2.000
29.027
1.004
26.681
982
83.818
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19
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20
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21
,
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Edwin Sutherland
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23
, Quinney
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24
,
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25
;
Travis Hirschi (1969)
1.
2.
3.
4.
27
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28
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29
5.2
,
, 1973-2001
: .
30
()
16-18.
18-19
6%
, , .
, , ,
31
()
,
32
,
(UCR)
FBI
(NCVS)
33
2001
50%
34
20%
2000 : 17%
30%
50%
.
35
15%
()
2
20%
36
37
() , 2000
()
, 1998 ( )
() , 2000
5.3
: () Bureau of Justice Statistics (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/prisons.htm) ()
() Pastore and Maguire, 2003.
38
100.000
5.4
*
1989
: www.sentencingproject.org/policy/9030.htm Walmsley, 2003.
39
, , ,
68 13 (2002)
40