INTRODUCTION

Ceramic materials are best able to mimic the appearance of natural teeth. However, two obstacles have limited the use of ceramics in the fabrication of dental prostheses: 1) brittleness leading to a lack of mechanical reliability and 2) greater effort and time required for processing in comparison to metal alloys and dental composites. Recent advances in ceramic processing methods have simplified the work of the dental technician and have allowed greater quality control for ceramic materials, which has increased their mechanical reliability. As a result, the proportion of restorative treatments using allceramic prostheses is rapidly growing.

EVOLUTION IN ADVANCES IN ALL CERAMICS Dental ceramics are materials that are part of systems designed with the purpose of producing
dental prostheses that in turn are used to replace missing or damaged dental structures.

Ceramics and glasses are brittle, which means that they display a high compressive strength
but low tensile strength and may be fractured under very low strain (0.1%, 0.2%).

As restorative materials, dental ceramics have disadvantages mostly due to their inability to
withstand functional forces that are present in the oral cavity. Hence, initially, they found limited application in the premolar and molar areas, although further development in these materials has enabled their use as a posterior long-span fixed partial prosthetic restorations and structures over dental implants. All dental ceramics display low fracture toughness when compared with other dental materials, such as metals.

Metal ceramic systems combine both the exceptional esthetic properties of ceramics and the
extraordinary mechanical properties of metals. Some metals used as restorative materials in dentistry may constitute a problem for some patients. These problems may reveal themselves as allergies, gum staining and release of metallic ions into the gingival tissue and the gingival fluid. These drawbacks, as well as the search for more esthetic materials by patients and dentists, have stimulated research and development of metal-free ceramic systems. For the last ten years, the application of high-technology processes to dental ceramics allowed for the development of new materials such as heat-pressed, injection-molded, and slip-cast ceramics and glass-ceramics. These advances include improved processing techniques and greater mechanical properties. An overview of the processing techniques available for allceramic materials is given, including Sintering Casting

 Machining Slip-casting Heat-pressing The most recent ceramic materials are reviewed with respect to their principal crystalline phases, including leucite Alumina Zirconia Mica Hydroxyapatite Lithium disilicate Spinel.

DIFFERENT ADVANCE MATERIAL IN ALL CERAMIC RESTORATION LEUCITE-REINFORCED CERAMICS

The most common leucite material is IPS EmpressTM (Ivoclar Vivadent). Leucite-reinforced ceramics are monolithic restorations, meaning the material is the same throughout the restoration. There is no additional veneering ceramic on top of a coping. The leucites scatter light naturally and have a translucent and lifelike appearance but lack strength when used in certain clinical situations. This material possesses flexural strength of approximately 160 MPa and is used for fabricating veneers, inlays, onlays, 3/4 crowns, and single unit anterior and premolar crowns.

ALUMINA-BASED CERAMICS
Alumina-based ceramics include ProceraTM (Nobel Biocare), In-Ceram AluminaTM (VITA Zahnfabrik), and In-Ceram SpinellTM (VITA Zahnfabrik). These systems have been in use since the late 1980s. Alumina restorations have a high-strength aluminum oxide core that is veneered with the same type of porcelain used with metal ceramic crowns. This material can be used for anterior and posterior crowns. The fabrication of Procera framework uses CAD/CAM technology.

HYDROXYAPATITE BASED CERAMICS

Cerapearl (Kyocera, San Diego, CA) is a castable glass ceramic in which the main crystalline phase is oxyapatite, transformable into hydroxyapatite when exposed to moisture (HoboandIwata,1985).

MICA BASED CERAMICS

Dicor (Dentsply Inc., York, PA) is a mica-based machinable glass-ceramic. The machinability of Dicor glass-ceramic is made possible by the presence of a tetrasilicic fluormica(KMg25Si4O10F2)