Read without ads and support Scribd by becoming a Scribd Premium Reader.
See Premium Plans
 
 
W
ORLD
T
RADE
 O
RGANIZATION
 
WT/DS285/R
10 November 2004
(04-2687)
Original: English
UNITED STATES – MEASURES AFFECTING THECROSS-BORDER SUPPLY OF GAMBLINGAND BETTING SERVICES
Report of the Panel 
 
 
WT/DS285/RPage i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I.
 
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................1
 
II.
 
CONCLUSIONS REQUESTED BY THE PARTIES.........................................................................2
 
III.
 
ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES......................................................................................................3
 
A.
 
F
ACTUAL ARGUMENTS
.....................................................................................................................3
 
B.
 
L
EGAL ARGUMENTS
.......................................................................................................................15
 
1.
 
 Applicability of the GATS...................................................................................................15
 
2.
 
 As to whether the United States has undertaken a specific commitment on gamblingand betting services............................................................................................................16 
 
3.
 
The measure(s) at issue......................................................................................................31
 
4.
 
GATS Article XVI...............................................................................................................51
 
5.
 
GATS Article XVII..............................................................................................................58 
 
(a)
 
"Likeness" of services and service suppliers.............................................................................58
 
(b)
 
Treatment no less favourable....................................................................................................88
 
6.
 
GATS Article VI..................................................................................................................95
 
7.
 
GATS Article XI..................................................................................................................97 
 
8.
 
GATS Article XIV...............................................................................................................99
 
IV.
 
ARGUMENTS OF THE THIRD PARTIES....................................................................................114
 
A.
 
C
ANADA
.......................................................................................................................................114
 
B.
 
E
UROPEAN
C
OMMUNITIES
............................................................................................................120
 
C.
 
J
APAN
...........................................................................................................................................129
 
D.
 
M
EXICO
........................................................................................................................................131
 
E.
 
C
HINESE
T
AIPEI
............................................................................................................................131
 
V.
 
INTERIM SECTION.........................................................................................................................132
 
A.
 
P
UBLIC RELEASE OF THE CONFIDENTIAL
I
NTERIM
R
EPORT
...........................................................132
 
B.
 
E
DITORIAL
 / 
TYPOGRAPHICAL CHANGES
........................................................................................133
 
C.
 
M
EMBERS
'
RIGHT TO REGULATE AND TO PROHIBIT GAMBLING AND BETTING SERVICES
...............134
 
D.
 
T
HE
US S
CHEDULE
......................................................................................................................134
 
E.
 
M
EASURES AFFECTING THE CROSS
-
BORDER SUPPLY OF TRADE IN SERVICES
................................135
 
F.
 
A
RTICLE
XIV...............................................................................................................................136
 
VI.
 
FINDINGS..........................................................................................................................................136
 
A.
 
I
NTRODUCTION
.............................................................................................................................136
 
1.
 
Terms of reference of this Panel.......................................................................................136 
 
2.
 
Structure of this Panel Report..........................................................................................137 
 
3.
 
 Interpretation of WTO provisions.....................................................................................137 
 
4.
 
 Burden of proof.................................................................................................................139
 
5.
 
 Judicial economy..............................................................................................................140
 
6.
 
 Definitional issues............................................................................................................140
 
(a)
 
Definition of "gambling and betting services"........................................................................141
 
(b)
 
"Cross-border" and "remote" supply.......................................................................................143
 
B.
 
H
AS THE UNITED STATES UNDERTAKEN SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS ON GAMBLING ANDBETTING
S
ERVICES
?.....................................................................................................................144
 
1.
 
Claims and main arguments of the parties.......................................................................144
 
2.
 
 Assessment by the Panel...................................................................................................146 
 
(a)
 
Method of interpretation to be adopted by the Panel..............................................................146
 
(b)
 
Application of the general rules of treaty interpretation to this case.......................................148
 
(i)
 
Effective interpretation..................................................................................................148
 
(ii)
 
Ordinary meaning of the term.......................................................................................149
 
(iii)
 
... ordinary meaning ... in light of the context ..............................................................153
 
1993 Scheduling Guidelines and W/120 as part of the context......................................153
 
Interpreting the US Schedule in the context of document W/120 and the 1993Scheduling Guidelines...................................................................................................156
 
Other Members' GATS Schedules as part of the context for the interpretation of theUS Schedule..................................................................................................................160
 
The US Schedule as context for the interpretation of sub-sector 10.D...........................161
 
 
WT/DS285/RPage ii
(iv)
 
... ordinary meaning in light of the object and purpose of the treaty..............................162
 
(v)
 
Conclusions under Article 31 of the Vienna Convention..............................................162
 
(vi)
 
Supplementary means of interpretation.........................................................................163
 
Preparatory work...........................................................................................................163
 
Cover-notes to US draft Schedules during the Uruguay Round...............................163
 
Other supplementary means of interpretation................................................................165
 
US practice – USITC Document.............................................................................165
 
(c)
 
Conclusion..............................................................................................................................169
 
(d)
 
Final comments.......................................................................................................................169
 
C.
 
T
HE MEASURE
(
S
)
AT ISSUE
...........................................................................................................170
 
1.
 
Claims and main arguments of the parties.......................................................................170
 
2.
 
 Relevant WTO provisions.................................................................................................170
 
3.
 
 Assessment by the Panel...................................................................................................172
 
(a)
 
"Measures" being challenged..................................................................................................172
 
(i)
 
Legal standard relating to the identification of the measures being challenged.............172
 
(ii)
 
Identification of "measures" by Antigua in this dispute................................................173
 
(b)
 
Can Antigua challenge a "total prohibition" on the cross-border supply of gambling andbetting services under US law as a measure in and of itself in the present dispute?...............177
 
(c)
 
Measures that the Panel should consider in determining whether the GATS has beenviolated...................................................................................................................................181
 
(i)
 
Specific applications......................................................................................................182
 
(ii)
 
Practice..........................................................................................................................184
 
(iii)
 
Laws..............................................................................................................................184
 
Laws referred to and/or discussed in Antigua's submissions but not contained inAntigua's Panel request..................................................................................................187
 
Laws contained in the Panel request but not discussed to an extent that could enableAntigua to provide a prima facie demonstration............................................................188
 
Laws contained in the Panel request and discussed in Antigua's submissions...............189
 
Federal laws.............................................................................................................190
 
State laws.................................................................................................................190
 
Colorado............................................................................................................190
 
Louisiana...........................................................................................................191
 
Massachusetts....................................................................................................191
 
Minnesota..........................................................................................................192
 
New Jersey........................................................................................................193
 
New York..........................................................................................................193
 
South Dakota.....................................................................................................194
 
Utah...................................................................................................................194
 
(iv)
 
Summary.......................................................................................................................195
 
(d)
 
"Measures ... affecting trade in services"................................................................................196
 
D.
 
C
LAIMS OF VIOLATION OF THE UNITED STATES
'
MARKET ACCESS COMMITMENT UNDER
A
RTICLE
 
XVI OF THE GATS
...........................................................................................................196
 
1.
 
Claims and main arguments of the parties.......................................................................196 
 
2.
 
 Relevant GATS provisions................................................................................................197 
 
3.
 
 Assessment by the Panel...................................................................................................198 
 
(a)
 
Introduction............................................................................................................................198
 
(b)
 
Interpretation and scope of Article XVI..................................................................................198
 
(i)
 
The first paragraph of Article XVI................................................................................198
 
"None" inscribed under "Market Access Limitations"...................................................200
 
"Mode 1" and its inherent "means of delivery"..............................................................202
 
Restrictions with respect to certain services covered in a sector or sub-sector..............203
 
(ii)
 
The second paragraph of Article XVI............................................................................204
 
(iii)
 
The scope of the first and second paragraphs of Article XVI........................................205
 
Ordinary meaning..........................................................................................................205
 
The context: the relationship between Articles XVI, XVII, XVIII, VI:4 and 5.............205
 
Object and purpose of the GATS...................................................................................208
 
(iv)
 
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................209
 
(c)
 
Interpretation of Article XVI:2(a) and Article XVI:2(c).........................................................209
 
(i)
 
Article XVI:2, subparagraph (a)....................................................................................209
 
Service suppliers............................................................................................................210
 
Illustrative or exhaustive list of limitations?..................................................................210
 
"Limitations on the number of service suppliers in the form of numerical quotas".......211
 
Limitation on all or part of a scheduled commitment..............................................212
 
Limitation on one, several or all means of delivery under mode 1..........................212
 
(ii)
 
Article XVI:2, subparagraph (c)....................................................................................212
 
Search
Search History:
Searching...
Result 00 of 00
00 results for result for
  • p.
    • Notes
    Load more